{ "data": [ { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Library of Congress (\"LOC\") is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the \"de facto\" national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States. The Library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C.; it also maintains the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, which houses the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center.", "qas": [ { "id": "30293", "question": "what is the research library ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Library of Congress" } ] }, { "id": "30294", "question": "what is the research library of congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "de facto\" national library of the United States" } ] }, { "id": "30295", "question": "how many buildings does the library have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "30296", "question": "where is the packard campus located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 353, "text": "Culpeper, Virginia" } ] }, { "id": "30297", "question": "what is the packard campus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 390, "text": "National Audio-Visual Conservation Center" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Library of Congress is the largest library in the world. Its \"collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 450 languages. Two-thirds of the books it acquires each year are in languages other than English.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "30298", "question": "what is the largest library in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Library of Congress" } ] }, { "id": "30299", "question": "what are universal not limited by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "subject, format, or national boundary" } ] }, { "id": "30300", "question": "how many languages are in the library ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "450" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Library of Congress moved to Washington in 1800, after sitting for eleven years in the temporary national capitals of New York (New York City) and Philadelphia. John J. Beckley, who became the first Librarian of Congress, was paid two dollars per day and was required to also serve as the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The small Congressional Library was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century until the early 1890s. Most of the original collection had been destroyed by the British in 1814, during the War of 1812. To restore its collection in 1815, the library bought from former president Thomas Jefferson his entire personal collection of 6,487 books.", "qas": [ { "id": "30301", "question": "when did the library of congress move to washington ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "1800" } ] }, { "id": "30302", "question": "where did the national capitals of congress take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "New York City) and Philadelphia" } ] }, { "id": "30303", "question": "who was the first librarian of congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "John J. Beckley" } ] }, { "id": "30304", "question": "when was most of the original collection destroyed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 525, "text": "1814" } ] }, { "id": "30305", "question": "in what year did thomas jefferson 's library restore its collection ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 584, "text": "1815" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After a period of slow growth, another fire struck the Library in its Capitol chambers in 1851, again destroying a large amount of the collection, including many of Jefferson's books. The Library of Congress then began to grow rapidly in both size and importance after the American Civil War and a campaign to purchase replacement copies for volumes that had been burned from other sources, collections and libraries (which had started to appear throughout the burgeoning United States). The Library received the right of transference of all copyrighted works to have two copies deposited of books, maps, illustrations and diagrams printed in the United States. It also began to build its collections of British and other European works and then of works published throughout the English-speaking world.", "qas": [ { "id": "30306", "question": "in what year was the capitol chambers struck ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "1851" } ] }, { "id": "30307", "question": "what war did the library begin to grow in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "American Civil War" } ] } ] }, { "context": "This development culminated in the construction between 1888 and 1894 of a separate, extensive library building across the street from the Capitol, in the Beaux Arts style with fine decorations, murals, paintings, marble halls, columns and steps, carved hardwoods and a stained glass dome. It included several stories built underground of steel and cast iron stacks.", "qas": [ { "id": "30308", "question": "during what years did the construction of the construction building occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "1888 and 1894" } ] }, { "id": "30309", "question": "what were the stories of the stories of iron ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 339, "text": "steel and cast iron stacks" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Library's primary mission of researching inquiries made by members of Congress is carried out through the Congressional Research Service, traces its origin to 1914, and was first permanently authorized (as the Legislative Reference Service) with the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946.", "qas": [ { "id": "30310", "question": "where is the primary mission of researching inquiries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Congressional Research Service" } ] }, { "id": "30311", "question": "when was the library 's primary mission ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "1914" } ] }, { "id": "30312", "question": "what is the name of the act of the library ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although the Library is open to the public, only high-ranking government officials may check out books and materials (except through Inter-Library Loan, which is available to the public). The Library promotes literacy and American literature through projects such as the American Folklife Center, American Memory, Center for the Book, and Poet Laureate.", "qas": [ { "id": "30313", "question": "what is available to the public library ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Inter-Library Loan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "James Madison is credited with the idea for creating a congressional library, first making such a proposition in 1783. The Library of Congress was established April 24, 1800, when President John Adams signed an act of Congress providing for the transfer of the seat of government from Philadelphia to the new capital city of Washington. Part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 \"for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress ..., and for fitting up a suitable apartment for containing them...\" Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and 3 maps, was housed in the new Capitol.", "qas": [ { "id": "30314", "question": "who is credited with creating a congressional library ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "James Madison" } ] }, { "id": "30315", "question": "when did james madison die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "1783" } ] }, { "id": "30316", "question": "when was the library of congress established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "April 24, 1800" } ] }, { "id": "30317", "question": "how much did the legislation cost to be necessary for the purchase of congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 374, "text": "$5,000" } ] }, { "id": "30318", "question": "what two books were housed in the new capitol ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 591, "text": "740 books and 3 maps" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As president, Thomas Jefferson played an important role in establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. On January 26, 1802, he signed a bill that allowed the president to appoint an overseer of the Library of Congress and for the establishment of a Joint Committee on the Library to regulate and oversee the Library. The new law also extended to the president and vice president the ability to borrow books. In the midst of the War of 1812, invading British Regulars led a Burning of Washington in August 1814, including the Capitol, and destroyed the Library of Congress and its collection of 3,000 volumes. One of the only congressional volumes to have survived was a government account book of receipts and expenditures for the year 1810. It was taken as a souvenir by a British Commander whose family later returned it to the United States government.", "qas": [ { "id": "30319", "question": "who played an important role in establishing the structure of the library of congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "Thomas Jefferson" } ] }, { "id": "30320", "question": "when did thomas jefferson announce a bill to appoint an overseer of the library of congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "January 26, 1802" } ] }, { "id": "30321", "question": "when did the capitol of washington begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 509, "text": "August 1814" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Within a month, former president Jefferson offered to sell his personal library as a replacement. Jefferson had spent 50 years accumulating a wide variety of books, in several languages, in many subjects (philosophy, science, literature, architecture, law, religion, and mathematics) and other topics not normally viewed as part of a legislative library, such as cookbooks, writing that: \"I do not know that it contains any branch of science which Congress would wish to exclude from their collection; there is, in fact, no subject to which a Member of Congress may not have occasion to refer\". In January 1815, Congress accepted Jefferson's offer, appropriating $23,950 to purchase his 6,487 books. Jefferson's collection was unique in that it was a working collection of a scholar, not a gentleman's collection for display. Jefferson's original collection was organized into a scheme based on Francis Bacon's organization of knowledge. Specifically, he grouped his books into Memory, Reason, and Imagination, which broke down into 44 more subdivisions. The Library followed Jefferson's organization scheme until the late 19th century, when librarian Herbert Putnam began work on a more flexible Library of Congress Classification structure that now applies to more than 138 million items. In 1851, a fire destroyed two thirds of the Jefferson collection, with only 2,000 books remaining. In 2008, after working for ten years, the librarians at the Library of Congress had found replacements for all but 300 of the works that were in Jefferson's original collection.", "qas": [ { "id": "30322", "question": "how long did jefferson have to exclude a wide variety of books ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "50 years" } ] }, { "id": "30323", "question": "how much did jefferson 's offer to purchase his books ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 663, "text": "$23,950" } ] }, { "id": "30324", "question": "how many items did the library classification structure have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1272, "text": "138 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The antebellum period was difficult for the Library. During the 1850s the Smithsonian Institution's librarian Charles Coffin Jewett aggressively tried to move that organization towards becoming the United States' national library. His efforts were blocked by the Smithsonian secretary Joseph Henry, who advocated a focus on scientific research and publication and favored the Library of Congress' development into the national library. Henry's dismissal of Jewett in July 1854 ended the Smithsonian's attempts to become the national library, and in 1866 Henry transferred the Smithsonian Institution's library of forty thousand volumes to the Library of Congress.", "qas": [ { "id": "30325", "question": "who tried to move that organization towards becoming the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Charles Coffin Jewett" } ] }, { "id": "30326", "question": "who was the smithsonian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "Joseph Henry" } ] }, { "id": "30327", "question": "when did henry 's dismissal to become the national library ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 467, "text": "July 1854" } ] }, { "id": "30328", "question": "when did henry transferred the smithsonian institution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 549, "text": "1866" } ] } ] }, { "context": "December 24, 1851, the largest fire in the Library's history destroyed 35,000 books, about two\u2013thirds of the Library's 55,000 book collection, including two-thirds of Jefferson's original transfer. Congress in 1852 quickly appropriated $168,700 to replace the lost books, but not for the acquisition of new materials. This marked the start of a conservative period in the Library's administration by librarian John Silva Meehan and joint committee chairman James A. Pearce, who worked to restrict the Library's activities. In 1857, Congress transferred the Library's public document distribution activities to the Department of the Interior and its international book exchange program to the Department of State. Abraham Lincoln's political appointment of John G. Stephenson as librarian of Congress in 1861 further weakened the Library; Stephenson's focus was on non-library affairs, including service as a volunteer aide-de-camp at the battles of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg during the American Civil War. By the conclusion of the war, the Library of Congress had a staff of seven for a collection of 80,000 volumes. The centralization of copyright offices into the United States Patent Office in 1859 ended the Library's thirteen-year role as a depository of all copyrighted books and pamphlets.", "qas": [ { "id": "30329", "question": "when was the largest fire in the library destroyed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "December 24, 1851" } ] }, { "id": "30330", "question": "how many books did the largest fire in the library have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "35,000" } ] }, { "id": "30331", "question": "how much did congress spend to replace the lost books ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "$168,700" } ] }, { "id": "30332", "question": "who was chairman of the conservative period ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 457, "text": "James A. Pearce" } ] }, { "id": "30333", "question": "who was the political appointment of lincoln ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 756, "text": "John G. Stephenson" } ] }, { "id": "30334", "question": "in what year did the united states patent office ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1203, "text": "1859" } ] } ] }, { "context": " The Library of Congress reasserted itself during the latter half of the 19th century under Librarian Ainsworth Rand Spofford, who directed the Library from 1865 to 1897. Aided by an overall expansion of the federal government and a favorable political climate, Spofford built broad bipartisan support for the Library as a national library and a legislative resource, began comprehensively collecting Americana and American literature, and led the construction of a new building to house the Library, and transformed the Librarian of Congress position into one of strength and independence. Between 1865 and 1870, Congress appropriated funds for the construction of the Thomas Jefferson Building, placed all copyright registration and deposit activities under the Library's control, and restored the Library's international book exchange. The Library also acquired the vast libraries of both the Smithsonian and historian Peter Force, strengthening its scientific and Americana collections significantly. By 1876, the Library of Congress had 300,000 volumes and was tied with the Boston Public Library as the nation's largest library. When the Library moved from the Capitol building to its new headquarters in 1897, it had over 840,000 volumes, 40% of which had been acquired through copyright deposit.\nA year before the Library's move to its new location, the Joint Library Committee held a session of hearings to assess the condition of the Library and plan for its future growth and possible reorganization. Spofford and six experts sent by the American Library Association, including future Librarian of Congress Herbert Putnam and Melvil Dewey of the New York State Library, testified before the committee that the Library should continue its expansion towards becoming a true national library. Based on the hearings and with the assistance of Senators Justin Morrill of Vermont and Daniel Voorhees of Indiana, Congress more than doubled the Library's staff from 42 to 108 and established new administrative units for all aspects of the Library's collection. Congress also strengthened the office of Librarian of Congress to govern the Library and make staff appointments, as well as requiring Senate approval for presidential appointees to the position.", "qas": [ { "id": "30335", "question": "who directed the library of congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "Ainsworth Rand Spofford" } ] }, { "id": "30336", "question": "when was the library of congress directed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "1865 to 1897" } ] }, { "id": "30337", "question": "what building did congress appropriated funds for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 670, "text": "Thomas Jefferson Building" } ] }, { "id": "30338", "question": "what was the largest library in boston ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1042, "text": "300,000" } ] }, { "id": "30339", "question": "what percentage of the library had been acquired ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1246, "text": "40%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Library of Congress, spurred by the 1897 reorganization, began to grow and develop more rapidly. Spofford's successor John Russell Young, though only in office for two years, overhauled the Library's bureaucracy, used his connections as a former diplomat to acquire more materials from around the world, and established the Library's first assistance programs for the blind and physically disabled. Young's successor Herbert Putnam held the office for forty years from 1899 to 1939, entering into the position two years before the Library became the first in the United States to hold one million volumes. Putnam focused his efforts on making the Library more accessible and useful for the public and for other libraries. He instituted the interlibrary loan service, transforming the Library of Congress into what he referred to as a \"library of last resort\". Putnam also expanded Library access to \"scientific investigators and duly qualified individuals\" and began publishing primary sources for the benefit of scholars.", "qas": [ { "id": "30340", "question": "what year did the reorganization of congress begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "1897" } ] }, { "id": "30341", "question": "who overhauled the library 's bureaucracy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "John Russell Young" } ] }, { "id": "30342", "question": "who held the office for forty years from 1899 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 421, "text": "Herbert Putnam" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Putnam's tenure also saw increasing diversity in the Library's acquisitions. In 1903, he persuaded President Theodore Roosevelt to transfer by executive order the papers of the Founding Fathers from the State Department to the Library of Congress. Putnam expanded foreign acquisitions as well, including the 1904 purchase of a four-thousand volume library of Indica, the 1906 purchase of G. V. Yudin's eighty-thousand volume Russian library, the 1908 Schatz collection of early opera librettos, and the early 1930s purchase of the Russian Imperial Collection, consisting of 2,600 volumes from the library of the Romanov family on a variety of topics. Collections of Hebraica and Chinese and Japanese works were also acquired. Congress even took the initiative to acquire materials for the Library in one occasion, when in 1929 Congressman Ross Collins of Mississippi successfully proposed the $1.5 million purchase of Otto Vollbehr's collection of incunabula, including one of three remaining perfect vellum copies of the Gutenberg Bible.", "qas": [ { "id": "30343", "question": "in what year was the president of congress persuaded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "1903" } ] }, { "id": "30344", "question": "who was the president of the founding of the founding fathers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Theodore Roosevelt" } ] }, { "id": "30345", "question": "how much money did incunabula receive ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 893, "text": "$1.5 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1914, Putnam established the Legislative Reference Service as a separative administrative unit of the Library. Based in the Progressive era's philosophy of science as a problem-solver, and modeled after successful research branches of state legislatures, the LRS would provide informed answers to Congressional research inquiries on almost any topic. In 1965, Congress passed an act allowing the Library of Congress to establish a trust fund board to accept donations and endowments, giving the Library a role as a patron of the arts. The Library received the donations and endowments of prominent individuals such as John D. Rockefeller, James B. Wilbur and Archer M. Huntington. Gertrude Clarke Whittall donated five Stradivarius violins to the Library and Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge's donations paid for a concert hall within the Library of Congress building and the establishment of an honorarium for the Music Division. A number of chairs and consultantships were established from the donations, the most well-known of which is the Poet Laureate Consultant.", "qas": [ { "id": "30346", "question": "when was the legislative reference service ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1914" } ] }, { "id": "30347", "question": "what was established in 1914 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "Legislative Reference Service" } ] }, { "id": "30348", "question": "what is the most well-known of the poet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1040, "text": "Poet Laureate Consultant" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Library's expansion eventually filled the Library's Main Building, despite shelving expansions in 1910 and 1927, forcing the Library to expand into a new structure. Congress acquired nearby land in 1928 and approved construction of the Annex Building (later the John Adams Building) in 1930. Although delayed during the Depression years, it was completed in 1938 and opened to the public in 1939.", "qas": [ { "id": "30349", "question": "what building did the library 's expansion expansion take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Library's Main Building" } ] }, { "id": "30350", "question": "when did the expansion of the library 's expansion end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "1910 and 1927" } ] }, { "id": "30351", "question": "when did congress acquire nearby land ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "1928" } ] }, { "id": "30352", "question": "what was the name of the building that was approved in 1930 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "John Adams Building" } ] }, { "id": "30353", "question": "in what year did the john adams building take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "1930" } ] }, { "id": "30354", "question": "when was congress completed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 362, "text": "1938" } ] }, { "id": "30355", "question": "in what year was congress opened ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 395, "text": "1939" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When Putnam retired in 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Archibald MacLeish as his successor. Occupying the post from 1939 to 1944 during the height of World War II, MacLeish became the most visible Librarian of Congress in the Library's history. MacLeish encouraged librarians to oppose totalitarianism on behalf of democracy; dedicated the South Reading Room of the Adams Building to Thomas Jefferson, commissioning artist Ezra Winter to paint four themed murals for the room; and established a \"democracy alcove\" in the Main Reading Room of the Jefferson Building for important documents such as the Declaration, Constitution and \"The Federalist\" Papers. The Library of Congress even assisted during the war effort, ranging from the storage of the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution in Fort Knox for safekeeping to researching weather data on the Himalayas for Air Force pilots. MacLeish resigned in 1944 to become Assistant Secretary of State, and President Harry Truman appointed Luther H. Evans as Librarian of Congress. Evans, who served until 1953, expanded the Library's acquisitions, cataloging and bibliographic services as much as the fiscal-minded Congress would allow, but his primary achievement was the creation of Library of Congress Missions around the world. Missions played a variety of roles in the postwar world: the mission in San Francisco assisted participants in the meeting that established the United Nations, the mission in Europe acquired European publications for the Library of Congress and other American libraries, and the mission in Japan aided in the creation of the National Diet Library.", "qas": [ { "id": "30356", "question": "when did president franklin die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "1939" } ] }, { "id": "30357", "question": "who appointed archibald macleish ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" } ] }, { "id": "30358", "question": "who did roosevelt marry in 1939 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "Archibald MacLeish" } ] }, { "id": "30359", "question": "what was the most visible librarian of congress in the library 's history ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "MacLeish" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Evans' successor L. Quincy Mumford took over in 1953. Mumford's tenure, lasting until 1974, saw the initiation of the construction of the James Madison Memorial Building, the third Library of Congress building. Mumford directed the Library during a period of increased educational spending, the windfall of which allowed the Library to devote energies towards establishing new acquisition centers abroad, including in Cairo and New Delhi. In 1967, the Library began experimenting with book preservation techniques through a Preservation Office, which grew to become the largest library research and conservation effort in the United States. Mumford's administration also saw the last major public debate about the Library of Congress' role as both a legislative library and a national library. A 1962 memorandum by Douglas Bryant of the Harvard University Library, compiled at the request of Joint Library Committee chairman Claiborne Pell, proposed a number of institutional reforms, including expansion of national activities and services and various organizational changes, all of which would shift the Library more towards its national role over its legislative role. Bryant even suggested possibly changing the name of the Library of Congress, which was rebuked by Mumford as \"unspeakable violence to tradition\". Debate continued within the library community until the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 shifted the Library back towards its legislative roles, placing greater focus on research for Congress and congressional committees and renaming the Legislative Reference Service to the Congressional Research Service.", "qas": [ { "id": "30360", "question": "who took over in 1953 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "L. Quincy Mumford" } ] }, { "id": "30361", "question": "in what year did evans ' successor end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "1953" } ] }, { "id": "30362", "question": "when was the tenure of the construction of the james madison memorial building ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "1974" } ] }, { "id": "30363", "question": "what was the name of the third library of congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "James Madison Memorial Building" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After Mumford retired in 1974, Gerald Ford appointed Daniel J. Boorstin as Librarian. Boorstin's first challenge was the move to the new Madison Building, which took place between 1980 and 1982. The move released pressures on staff and shelf space, allowing Boorstin to focus on other areas of Library administration such as acquisitions and collections. Taking advantage of steady budgetary growth, from $116 million in 1975 to over $250 million by 1987, Boorstin actively participated in enhancing ties with scholars, authors, publishers, cultural leaders, and the business community. His active and prolific role changed the post of Librarian of Congress so that by the time he retired in 1987, \"The New York Times\" called it \"perhaps the leading intellectual public position in the nation\".", "qas": [ { "id": "30364", "question": "when did gerald ford die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "1974" } ] }, { "id": "30365", "question": "who appointed daniel j. boorstin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Gerald Ford" } ] }, { "id": "30366", "question": "who was appointed librarian in 1974 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "Daniel J. Boorstin" } ] }, { "id": "30367", "question": "what was the name of the building that took place in 1980 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "Madison Building" } ] }, { "id": "30368", "question": "how much money did budgetary get in 1975 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 405, "text": "$116 million" } ] }, { "id": "30369", "question": "how much money did budgetary spend in 1975 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 434, "text": "$250 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "President Ronald Reagan nominated James H. Billington as the 13th Librarian of Congress in 1987, and the U.S. Senate unanimously confirmed the appointment. Under Billington's leadership, the Library doubled the size of its analog collections from 85.5 million items in 1987 to more than 160 million items in 2014. At the same time, it established new programs and employed new technologies to, \"get the champagne out of the bottle.\" These included:\nDuring Billington's tenure as the 13th Librarian of Congress, the Library acquired Lafayette's previously inaccessible papers in 1996 from a castle at La Grange, France; and the only copy of the 1507 Waldseem\u00fcller world map (\"America's birth certificate\") in 2003 for permanent display in the Library's Thomas Jefferson Building. Using privately raised funds, the Library of Congress reconstructed Thomas Jefferson's original library, which was placed on permanent display in the Jefferson building in 2008. Billington also enlarged and technologically enhanced public spaces of the Jefferson Building into a national exhibition venue, and hosted over 100 exhibitions. These included exhibits on the Vatican Library and the Biblioth\u00e8que Nationale de France, several on the Civil War and Lincoln, on African-American culture, on Religion and the founding of the American Republic, the Early Americas (the Kislak Collection became a permanent display), on the global celebration commemorating the 800th anniversary of Magna Carta, and on early American printing featuring the Rubenstein Bay Psalm Book. Onsite access to the Library of Congress was also increased when Billington advocated successfully for an underground connection between the U.S. Capitol Visitors Center and the Library in 2008 to increase congressional usage and public tours of the Library's Thomas Jefferson Building.", "qas": [ { "id": "30370", "question": "who was the 13th librarian of congress in 1987 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "James H. Billington" } ] }, { "id": "30371", "question": "in what year did james reagan write the 13th librarian of congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "1987" } ] }, { "id": "30372", "question": "how many items did the library have in 1987 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "85.5 million" } ] }, { "id": "30373", "question": "how many items did the library have in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "160 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Under Billington, the Library launched a mass deacidification program in 2001, which has extended the lifespan of almost 4 million volumes and 12 million manuscript sheets; and new collection storage modules at Fort Meade, the first opening in 2002, to preserve and make accessible more than 4 million items from the Library's analog collections. Billington established the Library Collections Security Oversight Committee in 1992 to improve protection of collections, and also the Library of Congress Congressional Caucus in 2008 to draw attention to the Library's curators and collections. He created the Library's first Young Readers Center in the Jefferson Building in 2009, and the first large-scale summer intern (Junior Fellows) program for university\nstudents in 1991. Under Billington, the Library also sponsored the Gateway to Knowledge in 2010-2011, a mobile exhibition to 90 sites covering all states east of the Mississippi in a specially designed 18-wheel truck, increasing public access to Library collections off-site, particularly for rural populations.", "qas": [ { "id": "30374", "question": "in what year did the library open a mass deacidification program ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "2001" } ] }, { "id": "30375", "question": "how many volumes did the library have in 2001 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "4 million" } ] }, { "id": "30376", "question": "how many manuscript sheets did the library have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "12 million" } ] }, { "id": "30377", "question": "how many items did the new collection of fort meade have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "4 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Billington raised more than half a billion dollars of private support to supplement Congressional appropriations for Library collections, programs, and digital outreach. These private funds helped the Library to continue its growth and outreach in the face of a 30% decrease in staffing caused mainly by legislative appropriations cutbacks. He created the Library's first development office for private fundraising in 1987, and, in 1990, established the James Madison Council, the Library's first national private sector donor-support group. In 1987, Billington also asked the GAO to conduct the first Library-wide audit, and he created the first Office of the Inspector General at the Library to provide regular independent review of library operations. This precedent led to regular annual financial audits, leading to unmodified (\"clean\") opinions from 1995 onwards.", "qas": [ { "id": "30378", "question": "how much did the private funds continue to continue its growth and outreach in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "30%" } ] }, { "id": "30379", "question": "what was the name of the private funds that helped the library to continue its growth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 304, "text": "legislative appropriations cutbacks" } ] }, { "id": "30380", "question": "when was the first development office office created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 418, "text": "1987" } ] }, { "id": "30381", "question": "when was the james madison council established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 432, "text": "1990" } ] }, { "id": "30382", "question": "what was the name of the first national private sector donor-support group ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 454, "text": "James Madison Council" } ] }, { "id": "30383", "question": "when was the first office of the inspector general at the library operations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 545, "text": "1987" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In April 2010, it announced plans to archive all public communication on Twitter, including all communication since Twitter's launch in March 2006. , the Twitter archive remains unfinished.", "qas": [ { "id": "30384", "question": "when did it announce plans to archive all public communication on twitter ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "April 2010" } ] }, { "id": "30385", "question": "in what month and year did plans to archive all communication on twitter occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "March 2006" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When Billington announced his plans to retire in 2015, commentator George Weigel described the Library of Congress as \"one of the last refuges in Washington of serious bipartisanship and calm, considered conversation,\" and \"one of the world's greatest cultural centers.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "30386", "question": "when was the library of congress announced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "2015" } ] }, { "id": "30387", "question": "who described the library of congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "George Weigel" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Carla Hayden was sworn in as the 14th Librarian of Congress on September 14, 2016, to become the first woman and first African-American to hold the position.", "qas": [ { "id": "30388", "question": "who was sworn in as the first woman and first african-american ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Carla Hayden" } ] }, { "id": "30389", "question": "where was the first woman and first african-american ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "14th Librarian of Congress" } ] }, { "id": "30390", "question": "when was the 14th librarian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "September 14, 2016" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The collections of the Library of Congress include more than 32 million cataloged books and other print materials in 470 languages; more than 61 million manuscripts; the largest rare book collection in North America, including the rough draft of the Declaration of Independence, a Gutenberg Bible (originating from the St. Blaise Abbey, Black Forest) (one of only three perfect vellum copies known to exist); over 1 million U.S. government publications; 1 million issues of world newspapers spanning the past three centuries; 33,000 bound newspaper volumes; 500,000 microfilm reels; over 6,000 titles in all, totaling more than 120,000 issues comic book titles; films; 5.3 million maps; 6 million works of sheet music; 3 million sound recordings; more than 14.7 million prints and photographic images including fine and popular art pieces and architectural drawings; the Betts Stradivarius; and the Cassavetti Stradivarius.", "qas": [ { "id": "30391", "question": "how many books are in the library of congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "32 million" } ] }, { "id": "30392", "question": "how many languages are in the library of congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "470" } ] }, { "id": "30393", "question": "how many manuscripts are in the library ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "61 million" } ] }, { "id": "30394", "question": "where is a gutenberg bible located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "St. Blaise Abbey, Black Forest" } ] }, { "id": "30395", "question": "how many u.s. government publications are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 414, "text": "1 million" } ] }, { "id": "30396", "question": "how many issues of world newspapers are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 454, "text": "1 million" } ] }, { "id": "30397", "question": "how many newspaper volumes are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 526, "text": "33,000" } ] }, { "id": "30398", "question": "how many microfilm reels are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 558, "text": "500,000" } ] }, { "id": "30399", "question": "how many prints and photographic images are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 757, "text": "14.7 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Library developed a system of book classification called Library of Congress Classification (LCC), which is used by most US research and university libraries.", "qas": [ { "id": "30400", "question": "what is the name of the classification of book classification ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Library of Congress Classification" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Library serves as a legal repository for copyright protection and copyright registration, and as the base for the United States Copyright Office. Regardless of whether they register their copyright, all publishers are required to submit two complete copies of their published works to the Library\u2014this requirement is known as \"mandatory deposit\". Nearly 22,000 new items published in the U.S. arrive every business day at the Library. Contrary to popular belief, however, the Library does not retain all of these works in its permanent collection, although it does add an average of 10,000 items per day. Rejected items are used in trades with other libraries around the world, distributed to federal agencies, or donated to schools, communities, and other organizations within the United States. As is true of many similar libraries, the Library of Congress retains copies of every publication in the English language that is deemed significant.", "qas": [ { "id": "30401", "question": "what is the legal repository ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "copyright protection and copyright registration" } ] }, { "id": "30402", "question": "what is the name of the office of the library ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "United States Copyright Office" } ] }, { "id": "30403", "question": "what is the requirement of the library called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 331, "text": "mandatory deposit\"" } ] }, { "id": "30404", "question": "how many new items published every business day at the library ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 358, "text": "22,000" } ] }, { "id": "30405", "question": "how many items does the library have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 587, "text": "10,000 items per day" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Library of Congress states that its collection fills about of bookshelves, while the British Library reports about of shelves. The Library of Congress holds more than 155.3 million items with more than 35 million books and other print materials, against approximately 150 million items with 25 million books for the British Library. A 2000 study by information scientists Peter Lyman and Hal Varian suggested that the amount of uncompressed textual data represented by the 26 million books then in the collection was 10 terabytes.", "qas": [ { "id": "30406", "question": "how many items does the library of congress have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "155.3 million" } ] }, { "id": "30407", "question": "how many books does the library of congress have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "35 million" } ] }, { "id": "30408", "question": "how many books does the library have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "150 million" } ] }, { "id": "30409", "question": "how many books does the library have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 295, "text": "25 million" } ] }, { "id": "30410", "question": "who wrote the 2000 study ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 376, "text": "Peter Lyman and Hal Varian" } ] }, { "id": "30411", "question": "what was the amount of textual data represented by the 26 million books ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 521, "text": "10 terabytes" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Library also administers the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, an audio book and braille library program provided to more than 766,000 Americans.", "qas": [ { "id": "30412", "question": "what is the name of the book that the library is administers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped" } ] }, { "id": "30413", "question": "how many americans are in the national library program ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "766,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Library's first digitization project was called \"American Memory.\" Launched in 1990, it initially planned to choose 160 million objects from its collection to make digitally available on laserdiscs and CDs that would be distributed to schools and libraries. After realizing that this plan would be too expensive and inefficient, and with the rise of the Internet, the Library decided to instead make digitized material available over the Internet. This project was made official in the National Digital Library Program (NDLP), created in October 1994. By 1999, the NDLP had succeeded in digitizing over 5 million objects and had a budget of $12 million. The Library has kept the \"American Memory\" name for its public domain website, which today contains 15 million digital objects, comprising over 7 petabytes.", "qas": [ { "id": "30414", "question": "what was the first digitization project called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "American Memory" } ] }, { "id": "30415", "question": "in what year was the library launched ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "1990" } ] }, { "id": "30416", "question": "how many objects did the library choose to choose from laserdiscs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "160 million" } ] }, { "id": "30417", "question": "what program was created in 1994 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 490, "text": "National Digital Library Program" } ] }, { "id": "30418", "question": "when was the national digital library program created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 542, "text": "October 1994" } ] }, { "id": "30419", "question": "how many objects did the 1999 objects have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 607, "text": "5 million" } ] }, { "id": "30420", "question": "what was the budget of the budget in 1999 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 645, "text": "$12 million" } ] }, { "id": "30421", "question": "how many digital objects does the library have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 758, "text": "15 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "American Memory is a source for public domain image resources, as well as audio, video, and archived Web content. Nearly all of the lists of holdings, the \"catalogs\" of the library, can be consulted directly on its web site. Librarians all over the world consult these catalogs, through the Web or through other media better suited to their needs, when they need to catalog for their collection a book published in the United States. They use the Library of Congress Control Number to make sure of the exact identity of the book. Digital images are also available at Snapshots of the Past, which provides archival prints.", "qas": [ { "id": "30422", "question": "what is a source of public domain image ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "American Memory" } ] }, { "id": "30423", "question": "what types of content does american memory have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "audio, video, and archived Web content" } ] }, { "id": "30424", "question": "where are digital images also available ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 567, "text": "Snapshots of the Past" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Library has a budget of between $6\u20138 million each year for digitization, meaning that not all works can be digitized. It makes determinations about what objects to prioritize based on what is especially important to Congress or potentially interesting for the public. The 15 million digitized items represent less than 10% of the Library's total 160-million item collection.", "qas": [ { "id": "30425", "question": "what is the budget of the library ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "$6\u20138 million" } ] }, { "id": "30426", "question": "how many digitized items represent less than 10 % of the library ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 276, "text": "15 million" } ] }, { "id": "30427", "question": "what percentage of the library is the 15 million digitized items ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "10%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Library has chosen not to participate in other digital library projects such as Google Books and the Digital Public Library of America, although it has supported the Internet Archive project.", "qas": [ { "id": "30428", "question": "what are the two digital library projects ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "Google Books and the Digital Public Library of America" } ] }, { "id": "30429", "question": "what is the name of the digital public library ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "Internet Archive project" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Library of Congress also provides an online archive of the proceedings of the U.S. Congress at THOMAS, including bill text, Congressional Record text, bill summary and status, the Congressional Record Index, and the United States Constitution.", "qas": [ { "id": "30430", "question": "what library provides an online archive ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Library of Congress" } ] }, { "id": "30431", "question": "who is the library of congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "THOMAS" } ] }, { "id": "30432", "question": "what are the congressional archive of congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "the Congressional Record Index, and the United States Constitution" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Library of Congress is physically housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill and a conservation center in rural Virginia. The Library's Capitol Hill buildings are all connected by underground passageways, so that a library user need pass through security only once in a single visit. The library also has off-site storage facilities for less commonly requested materials.", "qas": [ { "id": "30433", "question": "how many buildings are in the library of congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "30434", "question": "where is the library of congress located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Capitol Hill" } ] }, { "id": "30435", "question": "who connected the capitol hill buildings ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "underground passageways" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Thomas Jefferson Building is located between Independence Avenue and East Capitol Street on First Street SE. It first opened in 1897 as the main building of the Library and is the oldest of the three buildings. Known originally as the Library of Congress Building or Main Building, it took its present name June 13, 1980.", "qas": [ { "id": "30436", "question": "which building is located between independence avenue and east capitol ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Thomas Jefferson Building" } ] }, { "id": "30437", "question": "where is the thomas jefferson building located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "Independence Avenue and East Capitol Street" } ] }, { "id": "30438", "question": "where is the thomas jefferson building located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "First Street SE" } ] }, { "id": "30439", "question": "when was the thomas jefferson building first opened ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "1897" } ] }, { "id": "30440", "question": "what was the name of the building that took place in 1980 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "Library of Congress Building or Main Building" } ] }, { "id": "30441", "question": "when did the thomas jefferson building become its present name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 311, "text": "June 13, 1980" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The John Adams Building is located between Independence Avenue and East Capitol Street on 2nd Street SE, the block adjacent to the Jefferson Building. The building was originally built simply as an annex to the Jefferson Building. It opened its doors to the public January 3, 1939.", "qas": [ { "id": "30442", "question": "what is located between independence avenue and east capitol ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "John Adams Building" } ] }, { "id": "30443", "question": "where is the john adams building located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Independence Avenue and East Capitol Street" } ] }, { "id": "30444", "question": "where is the john adams building located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "2nd Street SE" } ] }, { "id": "30445", "question": "where is the block adjacent to the john adams building ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "Jefferson Building" } ] }, { "id": "30446", "question": "what building was the building originally built to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "Jefferson Building" } ] }, { "id": "30447", "question": "when did the john adams building open its doors ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 265, "text": "January 3, 1939" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The James Madison Memorial Building is located between First and Second Streets on Independence Avenue SE. The building was constructed from 1971 to 1976, and serves as the official memorial to President James Madison.", "qas": [ { "id": "30448", "question": "what building is located between first and second streets ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "James Madison Memorial Building" } ] }, { "id": "30449", "question": "what is the james madison memorial building located between ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "First and Second Streets" } ] }, { "id": "30450", "question": "where is the james madison memorial building located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "Independence Avenue SE" } ] }, { "id": "30451", "question": "when was the building the building building constructed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "1971 to 1976" } ] }, { "id": "30452", "question": "who is the official memorial to the building ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "President James Madison" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Madison Building is also home to the Mary Pickford Theater, the \"motion picture and television reading room\" of the Library of Congress. The theater hosts regular free screenings of classic and contemporary movies and television shows.", "qas": [ { "id": "30453", "question": "what is the `` motion picture and television reading room '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Mary Pickford Theater" } ] }, { "id": "30454", "question": "what is the name of the library of congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "motion picture and television reading room" } ] }, { "id": "30455", "question": "where is the `` motion picture and television reading room '' located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "Library of Congress" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Packard Campus for Audio-Visual Conservation is the Library of Congress's newest building, opened in 2007 and located in Culpeper, Virginia. It was constructed out of a former Federal Reserve storage center and Cold War bunker. The campus is designed to act as a single site to store all of the library's movie, television, and sound collections. It is named to honor David Woodley Packard, whose Packard Humanities Institute oversaw design and construction of the facility. The centerpiece of the complex is a reproduction Art Deco movie theater that presents free movie screenings to the public on a semi-weekly basis.", "qas": [ { "id": "30456", "question": "where is the library of congress located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "Audio-Visual Conservation" } ] }, { "id": "30457", "question": "in what year was the packard campus opened ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "2007" } ] }, { "id": "30458", "question": "where is the library of congress located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "Culpeper, Virginia" } ] }, { "id": "30459", "question": "what was the packard campus constructed out of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "Federal Reserve storage center and Cold War bunker" } ] }, { "id": "30460", "question": "what is the name of the campus of the campus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 372, "text": "David Woodley Packard" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Library of Congress, through both the Librarian of Congress and the Register of Copyrights, is responsible for authorizing exceptions to Section 1201 of Title 17 of the United States Code as part of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. This process is done every three years, with the Register receiving proposals from the public and acting as an advisor to the Librarian, who issues a ruling on what is exempt. After three years have passed, the ruling is no longer valid and a new ruling on exemptions must be made.", "qas": [ { "id": "30461", "question": "what is the library of congress called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "Librarian of Congress and the Register of Copyrights" } ] }, { "id": "30462", "question": "what is the part of the digital millennium copyright act ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "Section 1201 of Title 17 of the United States Code" } ] }, { "id": "30463", "question": "the library of congress is part of what act ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "Digital Millennium Copyright Act" } ] }, { "id": "30464", "question": "how long does it take for the process to be exempt to the public ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "every three years" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The library is open for academic research to anyone with a Reader Identification Card. One may not remove library items from the reading rooms or the library buildings. Most of the Library's general collection of books and journals is in the closed stacks of the Jefferson and Adams Buildings; specialized collections of books and other materials are in closed stacks in all three main Library buildings, or are stored off-site. Access to the closed stacks is not permitted under any circumstances, except to authorized Library staff. Only the reading room reference collections are on open shelves.", "qas": [ { "id": "30465", "question": "what is the library open for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Reader Identification Card" } ] }, { "id": "30466", "question": "what two buildings are closed in the library ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "Jefferson and Adams Buildings" } ] }, { "id": "30467", "question": "what is the name of the library that is not permitted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 520, "text": "Library staff" } ] }, { "id": "30468", "question": "what are the reading room reference to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 586, "text": "open shelves" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since 1902, American libraries have been able to request books and other items through interlibrary loan from the Library of Congress if these items are not readily available elsewhere. Through this system, the Library of Congress has served as a \"library of last resort\", according to former Librarian of Congress Herbert Putnam. The Library of Congress lends books to other libraries with the stipulation that they be used only inside the borrowing library.", "qas": [ { "id": "30469", "question": "when did american libraries begin to request books ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 6, "text": "1902" } ] }, { "id": "30470", "question": "what is the name of the library that american libraries have to request ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Library of Congress" } ] }, { "id": "30471", "question": "what is the `` library of last resort '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 293, "text": "Librarian of Congress Herbert Putnam" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In addition to its library services, the Library of Congress is also actively involved in various standard activities in areas related to bibliographical and search and retrieve standards. Areas of work include MARC standards, Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS), Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS), Z39.50 and Search/Retrieve Web Service (SRW), and Search/Retrieve via URL (SRU).", "qas": [ { "id": "30472", "question": "what is actively involved in various standard activities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Library of Congress" } ] }, { "id": "30473", "question": "the library of congress is related to what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "bibliographical and search and retrieve standards" } ] }, { "id": "30474", "question": "what does mets stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Law Library of Congress seeks to further legal scholarship by providing opportunities for scholars and practitioners to conduct significant legal research. Individuals are invited to apply for projects which would further the multi-faceted mission of the Law Library in serving the U.S. Congress, other governmental agencies, and the public.", "qas": [ { "id": "30475", "question": "what library seeks to conduct significant legal research ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Law Library of Congress" } ] }, { "id": "30476", "question": "what does the law library of congress seeks to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "scholars and practitioners to conduct significant legal research" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Architecture", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Library of Congress" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Czech Republic ( ; , ), also known by the short name Czechia (, ; , ), is a nation state in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast. The Czech Republic covers an area of with mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate. It is a unitary parliamentary republic, has 10.5\u00a0million inhabitants and the capital and largest city is Prague, with over 1.2\u00a0million residents. The Czech Republic includes its historical territories of Bohemia, Moravia, and Czech Silesia.", "qas": [ { "id": "30477", "question": "what is the short name of the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Czechia" } ] }, { "id": "30478", "question": "how many inhabitants does prague have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 360, "text": "10.5\u00a0million" } ] }, { "id": "30479", "question": "how many residents are in prague ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 434, "text": "over 1.2\u00a0million residents" } ] }, { "id": "30480", "question": "what are the historical territories of the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 520, "text": "Bohemia, Moravia, and Czech Silesia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Czech state was formed in the late 9th century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire. After the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power transferred from Moravia to Bohemia under the P\u0159emyslid dynasty. In 1004, the duchy was formally recognized as part of the Holy Roman Empire, becoming the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 and reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century. Besides Bohemia itself, the king of Bohemia ruled the lands of the Bohemian Crown, he had a vote in the election of the Holy Roman Emperor, and Prague was the imperial seat in periods between the 14th and 17th century. In the Hussite wars of the 15th century driven by the Bohemian Reformation, the kingdom faced economic embargoes and defeated five crusades proclaimed by the leaders of the Roman Catholic Church.", "qas": [ { "id": "30481", "question": "when was the czech state formed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "9th century" } ] }, { "id": "30482", "question": "what was the czech state formed in the late 9th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "Duchy of Bohemia" } ] }, { "id": "30483", "question": "who formed the czech state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "Great Moravian Empire" } ] }, { "id": "30484", "question": "when did the centre of power begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "907" } ] }, { "id": "30485", "question": "where was the duchy of bohemia recognized ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "1004" } ] }, { "id": "30486", "question": "the duchy of bohemia was formally recognized as what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 288, "text": "Holy Roman Empire" } ] }, { "id": "30487", "question": "when was the kingdom of bohemia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 342, "text": "1198" } ] }, { "id": "30488", "question": "who defeated the hussite wars ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 686, "text": "Bohemian Reformation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Following the Battle of Moh\u00e1cs in 1526, the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy alongside the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary. The Protestant Bohemian Revolt (1618\u201320) against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years' War, after which the monarchy consolidated its rule, reimposed Catholicism, and adopted a policy of gradual Germanization. With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Bohemian Kingdom became part of the Austrian Empire and the Czech language experienced a revival as a consequence of widespread romantic nationalism. In the 19th century, the Czech lands became the industrial powerhouse of the monarchy and were subsequently the core of the Republic of Czechoslovakia, which was formed in 1918 following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after World War I.", "qas": [ { "id": "30489", "question": "when was the battle of moh\u00e1cs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "1526" } ] }, { "id": "30490", "question": "where was the battle of bohemia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "Habsburg Monarchy" } ] }, { "id": "30491", "question": "what two countries did the battle of bohemia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary" } ] }, { "id": "30492", "question": "what revolt led to the thirty years ' war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "The Protestant Bohemian Revolt" } ] }, { "id": "30493", "question": "when was the protestant bohemian revolt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "1618\u201320" } ] }, { "id": "30494", "question": "when was the holy roman empire established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 451, "text": "1806" } ] }, { "id": "30495", "question": "when was the republic of czechoslovakia formed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 783, "text": "1918" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Czech part of Czechoslovakia was occupied by Germany in World War II, and was liberated in 1945 by the armies of the Soviet Union and the United States. The Czech country lost the majority of its German-speaking inhabitants after they were expelled following the war. The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia won the 1946 elections. Following the 1948 coup d'\u00e9tat, Czechoslovakia became a one-party communist state under Soviet influence. In 1968, increasing dissatisfaction with the regime culminated in a reform movement known as the Prague Spring, which ended in a Soviet-led invasion. Czechoslovakia remained occupied until the 1989 Velvet Revolution, when the communist regime collapsed and a multiparty parliamentary republic was formed. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully dissolved, with its constituent states becoming the independent states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia.", "qas": [ { "id": "30496", "question": "in what war was the czech part of czechoslovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "World War II" } ] }, { "id": "30497", "question": "when was the czech part of czechoslovakia liberated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "1945" } ] }, { "id": "30498", "question": "who liberated the czech part of czechoslovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "the armies of the Soviet Union and the United States" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004; it is a member of the United Nations, the OECD, the OSCE, and the Council of Europe. It is a developed country with an advanced, high income economy and high living standards. The UNDP ranks the country 14th in inequality-adjusted human development. The Czech Republic also ranks as the 6th most peaceful country, while achieving strong performance in democratic governance. It has the lowest unemployment rate in the European Union.", "qas": [ { "id": "30499", "question": "when did the czech republic joined nato ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "1999" } ] }, { "id": "30500", "question": "when did the czech republic join nato ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "2004" } ] }, { "id": "30501", "question": "which united nations joined nato in 1999 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "the OECD, the OSCE, and the Council of Europe" } ] }, { "id": "30502", "question": "what are the advanced , advanced , and advanced standards ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "high income economy and high living standards" } ] }, { "id": "30503", "question": "where does the undp originate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "14th in inequality-adjusted human development" } ] }, { "id": "30504", "question": "what is the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 354, "text": "the 6th most peaceful country" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The traditional English name \"Bohemia\" derives from Latin \"Boiohaemum\", which means \"home of the Boii\". The current name comes from the endonym \"\u010cech\", spelled \"C\u017eech\" until the orthographic reform in 1842.\nThe name comes from the Slavic tribe (Czechs, ) and, according to legend, their leader \u010cech, who brought them to Bohemia, to settle on \u0158\u00edp Mountain. The etymology of the word \"\u010cech\" can be traced back to the Proto-Slavic root \"*\u010del-\", meaning \"member of the people; kinsman\", thus making it cognate to the Czech word \"\u010dlov\u011bk\" (a person).", "qas": [ { "id": "30505", "question": "what does bohemia stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Boiohaemum" } ] }, { "id": "30506", "question": "what is the current name for the current name of the current name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "\u010cech" } ] }, { "id": "30507", "question": "in what year was the orthographic reform reform ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "1842" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The country has been traditionally divided into three lands, namely Bohemia (\"\u010cechy\") in the west, Moravia (\"Morava\") in the southeast, and Czech Silesia (\"Slezsko\"; the smaller, south-eastern part of historical Silesia, most of which is located within modern Poland) in the northeast. Known as the \"lands of the Bohemian Crown\" since the 14th century, a number of other names for the country have been used, including \"Czech/Bohemian lands\", \"Bohemian Crown\", and the \"lands of the Crown of Saint Wenceslas\". When the country regained its independence after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian empire in 1918, the new name of \"Czechoslovakia\" was coined to reflect the union of the Czech and Slovak nations within the one country.", "qas": [ { "id": "30508", "question": "what is the name of the three lands in the west ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "Bohemia" } ] }, { "id": "30509", "question": "what is another name for czech silesia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "Slezsko" } ] }, { "id": "30510", "question": "what was the name of the number of names that the bohemian crown was used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 420, "text": "Czech/Bohemian lands" } ] }, { "id": "30511", "question": "in what year did the new name of czechoslovakia take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 609, "text": "1918" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia at the end of 1992, the Czech part of the former nation found itself without a common single-word geographical name in English. The name \"Czechia\" was recommended by the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs (minister Josef Zieleniec). In a memorandum to all Czech embassies and diplomatic missions in 1993, the full name \"Czech Republic\" was recommended for use only in official documents and titles of official institutions. The geographical name still has not reached general recognition, but its usage is increasing. Czech president Milo\u0161 Zeman uses the name \"Czechia\" in his official speeches. Czechia was approved by the Czech government on 2 May 2016 as the Czech Republic's official short name and was published in the United Nations UNTERM and UNGEGN country name databases on 5 July 2016. \"Czechia\" appears on some U.S. government web pages alongside \"Czech Republic\", and \"Czechia\" is included in the ISO 3166 country codes list. In languages such as German (\"Tschechien\"), Danish (\"Tjekkiet\") and Swedish (\"Tjeckien\"), the short-name has been in common use for many years.", "qas": [ { "id": "30512", "question": "in what year was the czech part of czechoslovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "1992" } ] }, { "id": "30513", "question": "what was the name of the czech ministry of foreign affairs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "Czechia" } ] }, { "id": "30514", "question": "who recommended the name `` czechia '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs" } ] }, { "id": "30515", "question": "who uses the name `` czechia '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 577, "text": "Milo\u0161 Zeman" } ] }, { "id": "30516", "question": "when was the czech republic 's official name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 687, "text": "2 May 2016" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Archaeologists have found evidence of prehistoric human settlements in the area, dating back to the Paleolithic era. The figurine Venus of Doln\u00ed V\u011bstonice, together with a few others from nearby locations, found here is the oldest known ceramic article in the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "30517", "question": "what time period has the evidence of prehistoric human settlements ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "the Paleolithic era" } ] }, { "id": "30518", "question": "what is the oldest known ceramic article in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Doln\u00ed V\u011bstonice" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the classical era, from the 3rd century BC Celtic migrations, the Boii and later in the 1st century, Germanic tribes of Marcomanni and Quadi settled there. Their king Maroboduus is the first documented ruler of Bohemia. During the Migration Period around the 5th century, many Germanic tribes moved westwards and southwards out of Central Europe.", "qas": [ { "id": "30519", "question": "in what century did the germanic tribes arrive in the classical era ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "3rd century BC Celtic migrations" } ] }, { "id": "30520", "question": "what germanic tribes settled in the classical era ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "Marcomanni and Quadi" } ] }, { "id": "30521", "question": "who is the first documented ruler of bohemia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "Maroboduus" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Slavic people from the Black Sea\u2013Carpathian region settled in the area (a movement that was also stimulated by the onslaught of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe: Huns, Avars, Bulgars and Magyars). In the sixth century they moved westwards into Bohemia, Moravia and some of present-day Austria and Germany. During the 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo, supporting the Slavs fighting against nearby settled Avars, became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe, the Samo's Empire. The Moravian principality Great Moravia arose in the 8th century and reached its zenith in the 9th, when it held off the influence of the Franks and won the protection of the Pope.", "qas": [ { "id": "30522", "question": "which slavic people settled in the area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "Huns, Avars, Bulgars and Magyars" } ] }, { "id": "30523", "question": "what was the name of the frankish merchant who became the ruler of the first known slav state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 359, "text": "Samo" } ] }, { "id": "30524", "question": "where was the slavs fighting ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 418, "text": "Avars" } ] }, { "id": "30525", "question": "what was the ruler of the first known slav state in central europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 495, "text": "Samo's Empire" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Duchy of Bohemia emerged in the late 9th century, when it was unified by the P\u0159emyslid dynasty. In 10th century Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia conquered Moravia, Silesia and expanded farther to the east. The Kingdom of Bohemia was, as the only kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire, a significant regional power during the Middle Ages. It was part of the Empire from 1002 till 1806, with the exception of the years 1440\u20131526. In 1212, King P\u0159emysl Ottokar I (bearing the title \"king\" from 1198) extracted the Golden Bull of Sicily (a formal edict) from the emperor, confirming Ottokar and his descendants' royal status; the Duchy of Bohemia was raised to a Kingdom. The bull declared that the King of Bohemia would be exempt from all future obligations to the Holy Roman Empire except for participation in imperial councils. German immigrants settled in the Bohemian periphery in the 13th century. Germans populated towns and mining districts and, in some cases, formed German colonies in the interior of Bohemia. In 1235, the Mongols launched an invasion of Europe. After the Battle of Legnica in Poland, the Mongols carried their raids into Moravia, but were defensively defeated at the fortified town of Olomouc. The Mongols subsequently invaded and defeated Hungary.", "qas": [ { "id": "30526", "question": "who unified the duchy of bohemia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "P\u0159emyslid dynasty" } ] }, { "id": "30527", "question": "where was the kingdom of bohemia located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "Holy Roman Empire" } ] } ] }, { "context": "King P\u0159emysl Otakar II earned the nickname \"Iron and Golden King\" because of his military power and wealth. He acquired Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, thus spreading the Bohemian territory to the Adriatic Sea. He met his death at the Battle on the Marchfeld in 1278 in a war with his rival, King Rudolph I of Germany. Ottokar's son Wenceslaus II acquired the Polish crown in 1300 for himself and the Hungarian crown for his son. He built a great empire stretching from the Danube river to the Baltic Sea. In 1306, the last king of P\u0159emyslid line was murdered in mysterious circumstances in Olomouc while he was resting. After a series of dynastic wars, the House of Luxembourg gained the Bohemian throne.\nThe 14th century, in particular, the reign of the Bohemian king Charles IV (1316\u20131378), who in 1346 became King of the Romans and in 1354 both King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor, is considered the Golden Age of Czech history. Of particular significance was the founding of Charles University in Prague in 1348, Charles Bridge, Charles Square. Much of Prague Castle and the cathedral of Saint Vitus in Gothic style were completed during his reign. He unified Brandenburg (until 1415), Lusatia (until 1635), and Silesia (until 1742) under the Czech crown. The Black Death, which had raged in Europe from 1347 to 1352, decimated the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1380, killing about 10% of the population.", "qas": [ { "id": "30528", "question": "who earned the nickname `` iron and golden king ? ''", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "King P\u0159emysl Otakar II" } ] }, { "id": "30529", "question": "what was the name of the nickname given to king p\u0159emysl ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Iron and Golden King" } ] }, { "id": "30530", "question": "what were the names of the bohemian territory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola" } ] }, { "id": "30531", "question": "what sea did king king acquired the bohemian territory to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Adriatic Sea" } ] }, { "id": "30532", "question": "in what year did the battle on the marchfeld occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "1278" } ] }, { "id": "30533", "question": "what was the name of the king who met the battle on the marchfeld ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 301, "text": "King Rudolph I of Germany" } ] }, { "id": "30534", "question": "what percentage of the population was the black death ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1389, "text": "10%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By the end of the 14th century started the process of the so-called Bohemian (Czech) Reformation. The religious and social reformer Jan Hus formed a reform movement later named after him. Although Hus was named a heretic and burnt in Constance in 1415, his followers seceded from the Catholic Church and in the Hussite Wars (1419\u20131434) defeated five crusades organized against them by the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund. Petr Chel\u010dick\u00fd continued with the Hussite Reformation movement. During the next two centuries, 90% of the inhabitants became adherents of the Hussite movement. Hus's thoughts were a major influence on the later emerging Lutheranism. Luther himself said \"we are all Hussites, without having been aware of it\" and considered himself as Hus' direct successor.", "qas": [ { "id": "30535", "question": "what was the name of the reformation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "Bohemian (Czech) Reformation" } ] }, { "id": "30536", "question": "who formed a reform movement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "Jan Hus" } ] }, { "id": "30537", "question": "when was hus named ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "1415" } ] }, { "id": "30538", "question": "what percentage of the inhabitants became adherents ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 514, "text": "90%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After 1526 Bohemia came increasingly under Habsburg control as the Habsburgs became first the elected and then in 1627 the hereditary rulers of Bohemia. The of the 16th century, the founders of the central European Habsburg Monarchy, were buried in Prague. Between 1583\u20131611 Prague was the official seat of the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II and his court.\nThe Defenestration of Prague and subsequent revolt against the Habsburgs in 1618 marked the start of the Thirty Years' War, which quickly spread throughout Central Europe. In 1620, the rebellion in Bohemia was crushed at the Battle of White Mountain, and the ties between Bohemia and the Habsburgs' hereditary lands in Austria were strengthened. The leaders of the Bohemian Revolt were executed in 1621. The nobility and the middle class Protestants had to either convert to Catholicism or leave the country.", "qas": [ { "id": "30539", "question": "in what year did bohemia become the habsburgs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "1627" } ] }, { "id": "30540", "question": "what monarchy was buried in prague ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "European Habsburg Monarchy" } ] }, { "id": "30541", "question": "what was the official seat of the holy emperor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 311, "text": "Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II" } ] }, { "id": "30542", "question": "in what year was the habsburgs against the habsburgs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 431, "text": "1618" } ] }, { "id": "30543", "question": "when was the bohemian revolt executed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 753, "text": "1621" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The following period, from 1620 to the late 18th century, has often been called colloquially the \"Dark Age\". The population of the Czech lands declined by a third through the expulsion of Czech Protestants as well as due to the war, disease and famine. The Habsburgs prohibited all Christian confessions other than Catholicism. The flowering of Baroque culture shows the ambiguity of this historical period.\nOttoman Turks and Tatars invaded Moravia in 1663. In 1679\u20131680 the Czech lands faced a devastating plague and an uprising of serfs.", "qas": [ { "id": "30544", "question": "in what year was the `` dark age '' called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "1620" } ] }, { "id": "30545", "question": "what is the name of the age that the period has been called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "Dark Age" } ] }, { "id": "30546", "question": "the population of the czech lands declined by what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "Czech Protestants" } ] }, { "id": "30547", "question": "in what year did tatars invaded moravia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 452, "text": "1663" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The reigns of Maria Theresa of Austria and her son Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor and co-regent from 1765, were characterized by enlightened absolutism. In 1740, most of Silesia (except the southernmost area) was seized by King Frederick II of Prussia in the Silesian Wars. In 1757 the Prussians invaded Bohemia and after the Battle of Prague (1757) occupied the city. More than one quarter of Prague was destroyed and St. Vitus Cathedral also suffered heavy damage. However, soon after, at the Battle of Kol\u00edn Frederick was defeated and had to leave Prague and retreat from Bohemia. In 1770 and 1771 Great Famine killed about one tenth of the Czech population, or 250,000 inhabitants, and radicalised the countryside leading to peasant uprisings. Serfdom was abolished (in two steps) between 1781 and 1848.", "qas": [ { "id": "30548", "question": "who was the reigns of joseph ii ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "Maria Theresa of Austria" } ] }, { "id": "30549", "question": "in what year was the holy roman emperor characterized ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "1765" } ] }, { "id": "30550", "question": "in what year was most of silesia seized ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "1740" } ] }, { "id": "30551", "question": "who seized most of silesia in 1740 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "King Frederick II of Prussia" } ] }, { "id": "30552", "question": "when did the prussians invade bohemia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 276, "text": "1757" } ] }, { "id": "30553", "question": "when was the battle of prague ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 343, "text": "1757" } ] }, { "id": "30554", "question": "what cathedral was destroyed by prague ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 418, "text": "St. Vitus Cathedral" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 led to degradation of the political status of the Kingdom of Bohemia. Bohemia lost its position of an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire as well as its own political representation in the Imperial Diet. Bohemian lands became part of the Austrian Empire and later of Austria\u2013Hungary. During the 18th and 19th century the Czech National Revival began its rise, with the purpose to revive Czech language, culture and national identity. The Revolution of 1848 in Prague, striving for liberal reforms and autonomy of the Bohemian Crown within the Austrian Empire, was suppressed. In 1866 Austria was defeated by Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War. The Austrian Empire needed to redefine itself to maintain unity in the face of nationalism. At first it seemed that some concessions would be made also to Bohemia, but in the end the Emperor Franz Joseph I effected a compromise with Hungary only. The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and the never realized coronation of Franz Joseph as King of Bohemia led to a huge disappointment of Czech politicians. The Bohemian Crown lands became part of the so-called Cisleithania (officially \"The Kingdoms and Lands represented in the Imperial Council\"). The first elections under universal male suffrage were held in 1907. The last King of Bohemia was Blessed Charles of Austria who ruled in 1916\u20131918.", "qas": [ { "id": "30555", "question": "when was the end of the holy roman empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "1806" } ] }, { "id": "30556", "question": "what was the name of the bohemian crown lands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1146, "text": "Cisleithania" } ] }, { "id": "30557", "question": "who was the last king of bohemia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1332, "text": "Blessed Charles of Austria" } ] } ] }, { "context": "An estimated 1.4\u00a0million Czech soldiers fought in World War I, of whom some 150,000 died. Although the majority of Czech soldiers fought for the Austro-Hungarian Empire, more than 90,000 Czech volunteers formed the Czechoslovak Legions in France, Italy and Russia, where they fought against the Central Powers and later against Bolshevik troops. In 1918, during the collapse of the Habsburg Empire at the end of World War I, the independent republic of Czechoslovakia, which joined the winning Allied powers, was created. This new country incorporated the Bohemian Crown (Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia) and parts of the Kingdom of Hungary (Slovakia and the Carpathian Ruthenia) with significant German, Hungarian, Polish and Ruthenian speaking minorities.", "qas": [ { "id": "30558", "question": "how many czech soldiers fought in world war i ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "1.4\u00a0million" } ] }, { "id": "30559", "question": "how many czech soldiers died in world war i ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "150,000" } ] }, { "id": "30560", "question": "how many czech volunteers were formed in france ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "90,000" } ] }, { "id": "30561", "question": "where were the czechoslovak legions formed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "France, Italy and Russia" } ] }, { "id": "30562", "question": "when was the independent republic of czechoslovakia created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 349, "text": "1918" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1929 compared to 1913, the gross domestic product increased by 52% and industrial production by 41%. In 1938 Czechoslovakia held a 10th place in the world industrial production.\nAlthough Czechoslovakia was a unitary state, it provided what were at the time rather extensive rights to its minorities and remained the only democracy in this part of Europe in the interwar period. The effects of the Great Depression including high unemployment and massive propaganda from Nazi Germany, however, resulted in discontent and strong support among ethnic Germans for a break from Czechoslovakia.", "qas": [ { "id": "30563", "question": "what year was the gross domestic product increased in 1929 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "1913" } ] }, { "id": "30564", "question": "what percentage of industrial production increased in 1929 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "52%" } ] }, { "id": "30565", "question": "what percentage of industrial production was increased in 1929 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "41%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Adolf Hitler took advantage of this opportunity and, using Konrad Henlein's separatist Sudeten German Party, gained the largely German speaking Sudetenland (and its substantial Maginot Line-like border fortifications) through the 1938 Munich Agreement (signed by Nazi Germany, France, Britain, and Italy). Czechoslovakia was not invited to the conference, and Czechs and Slovaks call the Munich Agreement the Munich Betrayal because France (which had an alliance with Czechoslovakia) and Britain gave up Czechoslovakia instead of facing Hitler, which later proved inevitable.", "qas": [ { "id": "30566", "question": "who gained advantage of the munich agreement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Adolf Hitler" } ] }, { "id": "30567", "question": "who was adolf hitler 's german party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Konrad Henlein" } ] }, { "id": "30568", "question": "what was the name of the party that gained the german speaking sudetenland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "Sudeten German Party" } ] }, { "id": "30569", "question": "what was the name of adolf hitler 's german party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "Sudetenland" } ] }, { "id": "30570", "question": "what was the name of the border that adolf hitler gained ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "Maginot Line-like border fortifications" } ] }, { "id": "30571", "question": "who signed the munich agreement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "Nazi Germany, France, Britain, and Italy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Despite the mobilization of 1.2\u00a0million-strong Czechoslovak army and the Franco-Czech military alliance, Poland annexed the Zaolzie area around \u010cesk\u00fd T\u011b\u0161\u00edn; Hungary gained parts of Slovakia and the Subcarpathian Rus as a result of the First Vienna Award in November 1938. The remainders of Slovakia and the Subcarpathian Rus gained greater autonomy, with the state renamed to \"Czecho-Slovakia\". After Nazi Germany threatened to annex part of Slovakia, allowing the remaining regions to be partitioned by Hungary and Poland, Slovakia chose to maintain its national and territorial integrity, seceding from Czecho-Slovakia in March 1939, and allying itself, as demanded by Germany, with Hitler's coalition.", "qas": [ { "id": "30572", "question": "when did the first vienna award occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "November 1938" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The remaining Czech territory was occupied by Germany, which transformed it into the so-called Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. The protectorate was proclaimed part of the Third Reich, and the president and prime minister were subordinated to the Nazi Germany's \"Reichsprotektor\". Subcarpathian Rus declared independence as the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine on 15 March 1939 but was invaded by Hungary the same day and formally annexed the next day. Approximately 345,000 Czechoslovak citizens, including 277,000 Jews, were killed or executed while hundreds of thousands of others were sent to prisons and Nazi concentration camps or used as forced labour. Up to two-thirds of the citizens were in groups targeted by the Nazis for deportation or death. One concentration camp was located within the Czech territory at Terez\u00edn, north of Prague.", "qas": [ { "id": "30573", "question": "who occupied the remaining czech territory into the so-called protectorate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Germany" } ] }, { "id": "30574", "question": "what was the remaining czech territory occupied by germany ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia" } ] }, { "id": "30575", "question": "what was the name of the prime minister ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "Reichsprotektor" } ] }, { "id": "30576", "question": "when did rus become the republic of carpatho-ukraine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 364, "text": "15 March 1939" } ] }, { "id": "30577", "question": "how many czechoslovak citizens were killed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 467, "text": "345,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There was Czech resistance to Nazi occupation, both at home and abroad, most notably with the assassination of Nazi German leader Reinhard Heydrich by Czechoslovakian soldiers Jozef Gab\u010d\u00edk and Jan Kubi\u0161 in a Prague suburb on 27 May 1942. On 9 June 1942 Hitler ordered bloody reprisals against the Czechs as a response to the Czech anti-Nazi resistance. The Czechoslovak government-in-exile and its army fought against the Germans and were acknowledged by the Allies; Czech/Czechoslovak troops fought from the very beginning of the war in Poland, France, the UK, North Africa, the Middle East and the Soviet Union. The German occupation ended on 9 May 1945, with the arrival of the Soviet and American armies and the Prague uprising. An estimated 140,000 Soviet soldiers died in liberating Czechoslovakia from German rule.", "qas": [ { "id": "30578", "question": "who was the nazi german leader ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "Reinhard Heydrich" } ] }, { "id": "30579", "question": "when was the prague suburb ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "27 May 1942" } ] }, { "id": "30580", "question": "when did the german occupation end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 645, "text": "9 May 1945" } ] }, { "id": "30581", "question": "how many soviet soldiers died in liberating czechoslovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 746, "text": "140,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1945\u20131946, almost the entire German-speaking minority in Czechoslovakia, about 3 million people, were expelled to Germany and Austria. During this time, thousands of Germans were held in prisons and detention camps or used as forced labour. In the summer of 1945, there were several massacres. The only Germans not expelled were some 250,000 who had been active in the resistance against the Nazi Germans or were considered economically important, though many of these emigrated later. Following a Soviet-organised referendum, the Subcarpathian Rus never returned under Czechoslovak rule but became part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, as the Zakarpattia Oblast in 1946.", "qas": [ { "id": "30582", "question": "when did the entire german-speaking minority in czechoslovakia begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1945\u20131946" } ] }, { "id": "30583", "question": "how many people were expelled to germany in 1945 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "3 million" } ] }, { "id": "30584", "question": "who were the entire minority in czechoslovakia in 1945 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "Germany and Austria" } ] }, { "id": "30585", "question": "in what year was there several massacres of several massacres ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "1945" } ] }, { "id": "30586", "question": "how many germans were active in the germans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 337, "text": "250,000" } ] }, { "id": "30587", "question": "in what year did the oblast take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 680, "text": "1946" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Czechoslovakia uneasily tried to play the role of a \"bridge\" between the West and East. However, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia rapidly increased in popularity, with a general disillusionment with the West, because of the pre-war Munich Agreement, and a favourable popular attitude towards the Soviet Union, because of the Soviets' role in liberating Czechoslovakia from German rule. In the 1946 elections, the Communists gained 38% of the votes and became the largest party in the Czechoslovak parliament. They formed a coalition government with other parties of the National Front and moved quickly to consolidate power. A significant change came in 1948 with coup d'\u00e9tat by the Communist Party. The Communist People's Militias secured control of key locations in Prague, and a single party government was formed.\nFor the next 41 years, Czechoslovakia was a Communist state within the Eastern Bloc. This period is characterized by lagging behind the West in almost every aspect of social and economic development. The country's GDP per capita fell from the level of neighboring Austria below that of Greece or Portugal in the 1980s. The Communist government completely nationalized the means of production and established a command economy. The economy grew rapidly during the 1950s but slowed down in the 1960s and 1970s and stagnated in the 1980s. The political climate was highly repressive during the 1950s, including numerous show trials and hundreds of thousands of political prisoners, but became more open and tolerant in the late 1960s, culminating in Alexander Dub\u010dek's leadership in the 1968 Prague Spring, which tried to create \"socialism with a human face\" and perhaps even introduce political pluralism. This was forcibly ended by invasion by all Warsaw Pact member countries with the exception of Romania and Albania on 21 August 1968.", "qas": [ { "id": "30588", "question": "what percentage of votes did the communists receive in 1946 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 436, "text": "38%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The invasion was followed by a harsh program of \"Normalization\" in the late 1960s and the 1970s. Until 1989, the political establishment relied on censorship of the opposition. Dissidents published Charter 77 in 1977, and the first of a new wave of protests were seen in 1988. Between 1948 and 1989 about 250,000 Czechs and Slovaks were sent to prison for political reasons, and over 400,000 emigrated.", "qas": [ { "id": "30589", "question": "in what year did the political establishment of the opposition of the opposition era end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "1989" } ] }, { "id": "30590", "question": "when was charter published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "1977" } ] }, { "id": "30591", "question": "when were the first of a new wave of protests seen ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "1988" } ] }, { "id": "30592", "question": "how many czechs were sent to prison for 1948 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": "250,000" } ] }, { "id": "30593", "question": "how many emigrated to the political reasons between 1948 and 1989 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 379, "text": "over 400,000 emigrated" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In November 1989, Czechoslovakia returned to a liberal democracy through the peaceful \"Velvet Revolution\". However, Slovak national aspirations strengthened and on 1 January 1993, the country peacefully split into the independent Czech Republic and Slovakia. Both countries went through economic reforms and privatisations, with the intention of creating a market economy. This process was largely successful; in 2006 the Czech Republic was recognised by the World Bank as a \"developed country\", and in 2009 the Human Development Index ranked it as a nation of \"Very High Human Development\".", "qas": [ { "id": "30594", "question": "when did czechoslovakia join a democracy through the peaceful `` velvet revolution '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "November 1989" } ] }, { "id": "30595", "question": "what was the name of the liberal democracy through czechoslovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "Velvet Revolution" } ] }, { "id": "30596", "question": "when did slovak national aspirations split ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "1 January 1993" } ] }, { "id": "30597", "question": "where did the country peacefully split into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "Czech Republic and Slovakia" } ] }, { "id": "30598", "question": "when was the czech republic recognised ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 413, "text": "2006" } ] }, { "id": "30599", "question": "when was the human development index ranked ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 503, "text": "2009" } ] }, { "id": "30600", "question": "what was the human development index ranked as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 562, "text": "Very High Human Development" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From 1991, the Czech Republic, originally as part of Czechoslovakia and since 1993 in its own right, has been a member of the Visegr\u00e1d Group and from 1995, the OECD. The Czech Republic joined NATO on 12 March 1999 and the European Union on 1 May 2004. On 21 December 2007 the Czech Republic joined the Schengen Area.", "qas": [ { "id": "30601", "question": "when was the czech republic originally originally as part of czechoslovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 5, "text": "1991" } ] }, { "id": "30602", "question": "in what year did the czech republic begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "1993" } ] }, { "id": "30603", "question": "in what year was the czech republic originally a member ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "1995" } ] }, { "id": "30604", "question": "when did the czech republic joined nato ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "12 March 1999" } ] }, { "id": "30605", "question": "when did the czech republic invade nato ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 240, "text": "1 May 2004" } ] }, { "id": "30606", "question": "when did the czech republic joined the schengen area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 255, "text": "21 December 2007" } ] }, { "id": "30607", "question": "what area did the czech republic join ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "Schengen Area" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Czech Republic lies mostly between latitudes 48\u00b0 and 51\u00b0 N (a small area lies north of 51\u00b0), and longitudes 12\u00b0 and 19\u00b0 E.", "qas": [ { "id": "30608", "question": "the czech republic lies between what latitudes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "48\u00b0 and 51\u00b0 N" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Czech landscape is exceedingly varied. Bohemia, to the west, consists of a basin drained by the Elbe () and the Vltava rivers, surrounded by mostly low mountains, such as the Krkono\u0161e range of the Sudetes. The highest point in the country, Sn\u011b\u017eka at , is located here. Moravia, the eastern part of the country, is also quite hilly. It is drained mainly by the Morava River, but it also contains the source of the Oder River ().", "qas": [ { "id": "30609", "question": "what are the names of the two rivers in bohemia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "the Elbe () and the Vltava rivers" } ] }, { "id": "30610", "question": "what is the name of the range of bohemia in bohemia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "Krkono\u0161e range of the Sudetes" } ] }, { "id": "30611", "question": "which city is the eastern part of the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "Moravia" } ] }, { "id": "30612", "question": "what river is drained by the oder river ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 364, "text": "Morava River" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Water from the landlocked Czech Republic flows to three different seas: the North Sea, Baltic Sea and Black Sea. The Czech Republic also leases the Moldauhafen, a lot in the middle of the Hamburg Docks, which was awarded to Czechoslovakia by Article 363 of the Treaty of Versailles, to allow the landlocked country a place where goods transported down river could be transferred to seagoing ships. The territory reverts to Germany in 2028.", "qas": [ { "id": "30613", "question": "what are the names of the different seas in the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "North Sea, Baltic Sea and Black Sea" } ] }, { "id": "30614", "question": "what is the name of the lot of the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "Moldauhafen" } ] }, { "id": "30615", "question": "where was the hamburg docks awarded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "Czechoslovakia" } ] }, { "id": "30616", "question": "who awarded the hamburg docks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "Article 363 of the Treaty of Versailles" } ] }, { "id": "30617", "question": "in what year did the territory reverts to germany ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 434, "text": "2028" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Phytogeographically, the Czech Republic belongs to the Central European province of the Circumboreal Region, within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, the territory of the Czech Republic can be subdivided into four ecoregions: the Western European broadleaf forests, Central European mixed forests, Pannonian mixed forests, and Carpathian montane conifer forests.", "qas": [ { "id": "30618", "question": "what does the czech republic belongs to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "Central European province of the Circumboreal Region" } ] }, { "id": "30619", "question": "where is the czech republic located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "Boreal Kingdom" } ] }, { "id": "30620", "question": "how many ecoregions can the czech republic be subdivided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 240, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "30621", "question": "what are the four ecoregions of the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 329, "text": "Pannonian mixed forests, and Carpathian montane conifer forests" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are four national parks in the Czech Republic. The oldest is\nKrkono\u0161e National Park (Biosphere Reserve), \u0160umava National Park (Biosphere Reserve), Podyj\u00ed National Park, Bohemian Switzerland.", "qas": [ { "id": "30622", "question": "how many national parks are in the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "30623", "question": "what is biosphere ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Krkono\u0161e National Park" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The three historical lands of the Czech Republic (formerly the core countries of the Bohemian Crown) correspond almost prefectly with the river basins of the Elbe () and the Vltava basin for Bohemia, the Morava one for Moravia, and the Oder river basin for Czech Silesia (in terms of the Czech territory).", "qas": [ { "id": "30624", "question": "who was the three historical lands of the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "the Bohemian Crown" } ] }, { "id": "30625", "question": "what was the oder river basin for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "Czech Silesia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Czech Republic has a temperate continental climate, with warm summers and cold, cloudy and snowy winters. The temperature difference between summer and winter is relatively high, due to the landlocked geographical position.", "qas": [ { "id": "30626", "question": "what are the temperate continental climate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "warm summers and cold, cloudy and snowy winters" } ] }, { "id": "30627", "question": "why is the temperature difference between summer and winter ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "the landlocked geographical position" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Within the Czech Republic, temperatures vary greatly, depending on the elevation. In general, at higher altitudes, the temperatures decrease and precipitation increases. The wettest area in the Czech Republic is found around B\u00edl\u00fd Potok in Jizera Mountains and the driest region is the Louny District to the northwest of Prague. Another important factor is the distribution of the mountains; therefore, the climate is quite varied.", "qas": [ { "id": "30628", "question": "what is one of the temperatures in general , at higher altitudes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "the temperatures decrease and precipitation increases" } ] }, { "id": "30629", "question": "what is the wettest area in the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "B\u00edl\u00fd Potok" } ] }, { "id": "30630", "question": "where is the czech republic found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "Jizera Mountains" } ] } ] }, { "context": "At the highest peak of Sn\u011b\u017eka (), the average temperature is only , whereas in the lowlands of the South Moravian Region, the average temperature is as high as . The country's capital, Prague, has a similar average temperature, although this is influenced by urban factors.", "qas": [ { "id": "30631", "question": "what is the average peak of the south moravian region ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "Sn\u011b\u017eka" } ] }, { "id": "30632", "question": "where is the average temperature in the lowlands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "South Moravian Region" } ] }, { "id": "30633", "question": "what is the average temperature in the south moravian region ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "high" } ] }, { "id": "30634", "question": "what is the capital of prague ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Prague" } ] }, { "id": "30635", "question": "what is the capital of prague ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "urban factors" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The coldest month is usually January, followed by February and December. During these months, there is usually snow in the mountains and sometimes in the major cities and lowlands. During March, April and May, the temperature usually increases rapidly, especially during April, when the temperature and weather tends to vary widely during the day. Spring is also characterized by high water levels in the rivers, due to melting snow with occasional flooding.", "qas": [ { "id": "30636", "question": "when was the coldest month of the coldest month ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "January" } ] }, { "id": "30637", "question": "when did the coldest month occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "February and December" } ] }, { "id": "30638", "question": "when did the temperature begin to vary during the day ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "April and May" } ] }, { "id": "30639", "question": "what is spring characterized by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 380, "text": "high water levels" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The warmest month of the year is July, followed by August and June. On average, summer temperatures are about \u2013 higher than during winter. Summer is also characterized by rain and storms.", "qas": [ { "id": "30640", "question": "when was the warmest month ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "July" } ] }, { "id": "30641", "question": "when did the warmest month occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "August and June" } ] }, { "id": "30642", "question": "what is summer characterized by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "rain and storms" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Autumn generally begins in September, which is still relatively warm and dry. During October, temperatures usually fall below or and deciduous trees begin to shed their leaves. By the end of November, temperatures usually range around the freezing point.", "qas": [ { "id": "30643", "question": "when does autumn generally begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "September" } ] }, { "id": "30644", "question": "what do temperatures do in october , temperatures ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "fall below or and deciduous trees begin to shed their leaves" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The coldest temperature ever measured was in Litv\u00ednovice near \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice in 1929, at and the hottest measured, was at in Dob\u0159ichovice in 2012.", "qas": [ { "id": "30645", "question": "where was the coldest temperature ever measured ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "\u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice" } ] }, { "id": "30646", "question": "when was the coldest temperature ever measured ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "1929" } ] }, { "id": "30647", "question": "where was the hottest measured in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "Dob\u0159ichovice" } ] }, { "id": "30648", "question": "when was the hottest measured measured ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "2012" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most rain falls during the summer. Sporadic rainfall is relatively constant throughout the year (in Prague, the average number of days per month experiencing at least 0.1\u00a0mm of rain varies from 12 in September and October to 16 in November) but concentrated heavy rainfall (days with more than 10\u00a0mm per day) are more frequent in the months of May to August (average around two such days per month).", "qas": [ { "id": "30649", "question": "what is the average number of rain in prague ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "12" } ] }, { "id": "30650", "question": "what is the concentrated heavy rainfall in prague ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 294, "text": "10\u00a0mm per day" } ] }, { "id": "30651", "question": "when is the average number of rain in prague ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 344, "text": "May to August" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Czech Republic ranks as 27th most environmentally conscious country in the world in Environmental Performance Index. The Czech Republic have four National Parks and 25 Protected Landscape Areas.", "qas": [ { "id": "30652", "question": "what is the czech republic in environmental performance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "27th" } ] }, { "id": "30653", "question": "the czech republic ranks as 27th most environmentally conscious country in what index ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "Environmental Performance Index" } ] }, { "id": "30654", "question": "how many national parks does the czech republic have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "four National Parks and 25 Protected Landscape Areas" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Czech Republic is a pluralist multi-party parliamentary representative democracy, with the Prime Minister as the head of government. The Parliament (\"Parlament \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky\") is bicameral, with the Chamber of Deputies () (200 members) and the Senate () (81 members).", "qas": [ { "id": "30655", "question": "what is the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "pluralist multi-party parliamentary representative democracy" } ] }, { "id": "30656", "question": "who was the head of the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "Prime Minister" } ] }, { "id": "30657", "question": "what is the name of the parliament ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "Parlament \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky\"" } ] }, { "id": "30658", "question": "who is the parliament of the parliament ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "the Chamber of Deputies" } ] }, { "id": "30659", "question": "what are the deputies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "200 members) and the Senate" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The president is a formal head of state with limited and specific powers, most importantly to return bills to the parliament, appoint members to the board of the Czech National Bank, nominate constitutional court judges for the Senate's approval and dissolve the Chamber of Deputies under certain special and unusual circumstances. The president and vice president of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President of the Republic. He also appoints the prime minister, as well the other members of the cabinet on a proposal by the prime minister. From 1993 until 2012, the President of the Czech Republic was selected by a joint session of the parliament for a five-year term, with no more than two consecutive terms. Since 2013 the presidential election is direct.", "qas": [ { "id": "30660", "question": "the president appoint members of what board ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Czech National Bank" } ] }, { "id": "30661", "question": "what does the czech national bank do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "nominate constitutional court judges for the Senate's approval and dissolve the Chamber of Deputies under certain special and unusual circumstances" } ] }, { "id": "30662", "question": "who appointed the president of the supreme court ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 403, "text": "the President of the Republic" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Government of the Czech Republic's exercise of executive power derives from the Constitution. The members of the government are the Prime Minister, Deputy ministers and other ministers. The Government is responsible to the Chamber of Deputies.", "qas": [ { "id": "30663", "question": "where does the government of the czech republic 's exercise of executive power come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "the Constitution" } ] }, { "id": "30664", "question": "who are the members of the government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "the Prime Minister, Deputy ministers and other ministers" } ] }, { "id": "30665", "question": "who is the government responsible for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "the Chamber of Deputies" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Prime Minister is the head of government and wields considerable powers, such as the right to set the agenda for most foreign and domestic policy and choose government ministers. The current Prime Minister of the Czech Republic is Bohuslav Sobotka, serving since 17 January 2014 as 11th Prime Minister.", "qas": [ { "id": "30666", "question": "who is the head of government ministers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Prime Minister" } ] }, { "id": "30667", "question": "what is the current prime minister of the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 235, "text": "Bohuslav Sobotka" } ] }, { "id": "30668", "question": "when was the current prime minister of the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "17 January 2014" } ] }, { "id": "30669", "question": "what was the prime minister of the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "11th Prime Minister" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected for a four-year term by proportional representation, with a 5% election threshold. There are 14 voting districts, identical to the country's administrative regions. The Chamber of Deputies, the successor to the Czech National Council, has the powers and responsibilities of the now defunct federal parliament of the former Czechoslovakia.\nThe members of the Senate are elected in single-seat constituencies by two-round runoff voting for a six-year term, with one-third elected every even year in the autumn. The first election was in 1996, for differing terms. This arrangement is modeled on the U.S. Senate, but each constituency is roughly the same size and the voting system used is a two-round runoff. The Senate is unpopular among the public and suffers from low election turnout.", "qas": [ { "id": "30670", "question": "what is the election of the election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "5%" } ] }, { "id": "30671", "question": "how many voting districts are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "14" } ] }, { "id": "30672", "question": "who is the successor to the czechoslovakia chamber ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "Czech National Council" } ] }, { "id": "30673", "question": "in what year was the first election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 586, "text": "1996" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Czech Republic has a civil law system based on the continental type, rooted in Germanic legal culture. Czech judiciary has triumvirate system of the main courts, the Constitutional Court which oversees violations of the Constitution by either the legislature or by the government consisting of 15 constitutional judges, the Supreme Court is the court of highest appeal for almost all legal cases heard in the Czech Republic formed of 67 judges and the Supreme Administrative Court decides on issues of procedural and administrative propriety. It also has jurisdiction over many political matters, such as the formation and closure of political parties, jurisdictional boundaries between government entities, and the eligibility of persons to stand for public office.", "qas": [ { "id": "30674", "question": "what type of culture does the czech republic have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "Germanic legal culture" } ] }, { "id": "30675", "question": "what is the name of the constitutional court that oversees czech ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "the Constitutional Court which oversees violations of the Constitution by either the legislature or by the government consisting of 15 constitutional judges" } ] }, { "id": "30676", "question": "how many judges are in the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 438, "text": "67" } ] }, { "id": "30677", "question": "what are the supreme administrative court decides on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 506, "text": "procedural and administrative propriety" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Czech Republic has an established structure of foreign relations. It is a member of the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Council of Europe and is an observer to the Organization of American States. The embassies of most countries with diplomatic relations with the Czech Republic are located in Prague, while consulates are located across the country.", "qas": [ { "id": "30678", "question": "what is the name of the council of europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "the European Union, NATO, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development" } ] }, { "id": "30679", "question": "what is nato 's observer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "Council of Europe" } ] }, { "id": "30680", "question": "where is nato an observer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "Organization of American States" } ] }, { "id": "30681", "question": "where are the embassies of most countries located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 364, "text": "Prague" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to a 2016 World Tourism Organization report, Czech citizens have visa-free entry to 156 countries (ranking tied with New Zealand), which makes them one of the least restricted by visas to travel abroad. The US Visa Waiver Program applies to Czech nationals.", "qas": [ { "id": "30682", "question": "in what year did the world tourism organization report czech citizens ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 15, "text": "2016" } ] }, { "id": "30683", "question": "what does czech citizens report to travel with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "visa-free entry to 156 countries" } ] }, { "id": "30684", "question": "what is one way that czech citizens have them restricted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "visas to travel abroad" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs have primary roles in setting foreign policy. Membership in the European Union is central to the Czech Republic's foreign policy. The Czech Republic held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union for the first half of 2009.", "qas": [ { "id": "30685", "question": "who have primary roles in setting foreign policy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs" } ] }, { "id": "30686", "question": "what is the membership in the european union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "the Czech Republic's foreign policy" } ] }, { "id": "30687", "question": "what did the czech republic held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "the Presidency of the Council of the European Union" } ] }, { "id": "30688", "question": "the czech republic held the presidency of the european union for what year ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 279, "text": "2009" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Czech Republic has strong ties with Slovakia, Poland and Hungary as member of Visegrad Group, as well as with Germany, Israel, United States and European Union and their members.", "qas": [ { "id": "30689", "question": "the czech republic has strong ties with which countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Slovakia, Poland and Hungary" } ] }, { "id": "30690", "question": "the czech republic has strong ties with what group ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "Visegrad Group" } ] }, { "id": "30691", "question": "which countries have strong ties with the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Germany, Israel, United States and European Union and their members" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Czech officials have supported dissenters in Burma, Belarus, Moldova and Cuba.", "qas": [ { "id": "30692", "question": "where were czech officials supported ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "Burma, Belarus, Moldova and Cuba" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Czech armed forces consist of the Czech Land Forces, the Czech Air Force and of specialized support units. The armed forces are managed by the Ministry of Defence. The President of the Czech Republic is Commander-in-chief of the armed forces. In 2004 the army transformed itself into a fully professional organization and compulsory military service was abolished. The country has been a member of NATO since 12 March 1999. Defense spending is approximately 1.04% of the GDP (2015). The armed forces are charged with protecting the Czech Republic and its allies, promoting global security interests, and contributing to NATO.", "qas": [ { "id": "30693", "question": "the czech armed forces consist of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "Czech Land Forces" } ] }, { "id": "30694", "question": "what is the czech armed forces consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "the Czech Air Force" } ] }, { "id": "30695", "question": "who managed the armed forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "the Ministry of Defence" } ] }, { "id": "30696", "question": "when did the country become a member of nato ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 413, "text": "12 March 1999" } ] }, { "id": "30697", "question": "what percentage of the gdp is defense spending in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 462, "text": "1.04%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Currently, as a member of NATO, the Czech military are participating in KFOR and ISAF (renamed to Resolute Support) operations and have soldiers in Afghanistan, Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Somalia, Israel and Mali. The Czech Air Force also served in the Baltic states and Iceland. Main equipment includes: multi-role fighters JAS 39 Gripen, combat aircraft Aero L-159 Alca, modernized attack helicopters Mi-35, armored vehicles Pandur II, OT-64, OT-90, BVP-2 and Czech modernized tanks T-72 (T-72M4CZ).", "qas": [ { "id": "30698", "question": "what is the czech military renamed to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "Resolute Support" } ] }, { "id": "30699", "question": "where are the czech military participating ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "Afghanistan, Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Somalia, Israel and Mali" } ] }, { "id": "30700", "question": "what is the name of the main fighters of combat aircraft ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 330, "text": "JAS 39 Gripen" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since 2000, the Czech Republic has been divided into thirteen regions (Czech: \"kraje\", singular \"kraj\") and the capital city of Prague. Every region has its own elected regional assembly (\"krajsk\u00e9 zastupitelstvo\") and \"hejtman\" (a regional governor). In Prague, the assembly and presidential powers are executed by the city council and the mayor.", "qas": [ { "id": "30701", "question": "when was the czech republic been divided into thirteen regions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 6, "text": "2000" } ] }, { "id": "30702", "question": "how many regions has the czech republic been divided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "thirteen" } ] }, { "id": "30703", "question": "what are the names of the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "\"kraje\", singular \"kraj\") and the capital city of Prague" } ] }, { "id": "30704", "question": "what are the names of the regional governor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "krajsk\u00e9 zastupitelstvo\") and \"hejtman\"" } ] }, { "id": "30705", "question": "who executed the assembly and presidential powers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 315, "text": "the city council and the mayor" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The older seventy-six districts (\"okresy\", singular \"okres\") including three \"statutory cities\" (without Prague, which had special status) lost most of their importance in 1999 in an administrative reform; they remain as territorial divisions and seats of various branches of state administration.", "qas": [ { "id": "30706", "question": "what is another name for the older seventy-six districts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "okresy" } ] }, { "id": "30707", "question": "what does the older seventy-six districts consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "okres" } ] }, { "id": "30708", "question": "how many cities are in prague ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "three \"statutory cities" } ] }, { "id": "30709", "question": "in what year did the older seventy-six districts take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "1999" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Czech Republic possesses a developed, high-income economy with a per capita GDP rate that is 87% of the European Union average. The most stable and prosperous of the post-Communist states, the Czech Republic saw growth of over 6% annually in the three years before the outbreak of the recent global economic crisis. Growth has been led by exports to the European Union, especially Germany, and foreign investment, while domestic demand is reviving.", "qas": [ { "id": "30710", "question": "what is the per capita gdp rate in the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "87%" } ] }, { "id": "30711", "question": "what percentage of annually did the czech republic have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "6%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most of the economy has been privatised, including the banks and telecommunications. A 2009 survey in cooperation with the Czech Economic Association found that the majority of Czech economists favour continued liberalization in most sectors of the economy. Dividends worth CZK 300 billion were paid to foreign owners in 2013.", "qas": [ { "id": "30712", "question": "who found the majority of czech economists ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "Czech Economic Association" } ] }, { "id": "30713", "question": "how many were paid to foreign owners in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "CZK 300 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The country has been a member of the Schengen Area since 1 May 2004, having abolished border controls, completely opening its borders with all of its neighbours (Germany, Austria, Poland and Slovakia) on 21 December 2007. The Czech Republic became a member of the World Trade Organisation on 1 January 1995. In 2012, Nearly 80% of Czech exports went to, and more than 65% of Czech imports came from, other European Union member states.", "qas": [ { "id": "30714", "question": "when did the schengen area begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "1 May 2004" } ] }, { "id": "30715", "question": "what countries were the neighbours border in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Germany, Austria, Poland and Slovakia" } ] }, { "id": "30716", "question": "when did the schengen area begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "21 December 2007" } ] }, { "id": "30717", "question": "when did the czech republic become a member of the world trade organisation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "1 January 1995" } ] }, { "id": "30718", "question": "what percentage of czech exports went to in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 317, "text": "Nearly 80%" } ] }, { "id": "30719", "question": "what percentage of czech imports came from , in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 368, "text": "65%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Czech Republic would become the 49th largest economy in the world by 2050 with a GDP of US$ $342\u00a0billion.", "qas": [ { "id": "30720", "question": "in what year did the czech republic become the largest economy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "2050" } ] }, { "id": "30721", "question": "what was the gdp of the czech republic in 2050 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "US$ $342\u00a0billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Monetary policy is conducted by the Czech National Bank, whose independence is guaranteed by the Constitution. The official currency is the Czech crown, and it had been floating until 7. 11. 2013, when the central bank temporarily pegged the exchange rate at 27 crowns per euro in order to fight deflation. When it joined EU, the Czech Republic obligated itself to adopt the euro, but the date of adoption has not been determined.", "qas": [ { "id": "30722", "question": "who conducted monetary policy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "Czech National Bank" } ] }, { "id": "30723", "question": "what is the czech national bank guaranteed by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "the Constitution" } ] }, { "id": "30724", "question": "what is the name of the official currency ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "the Czech crown" } ] }, { "id": "30725", "question": "what does the central bank temporarily pegged ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "27 crowns per euro" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks the Czech education system as the 15th best in the world, higher than the OECD average. The Czech Republic is ranked 24th in the 2015 Index of Economic Freedom.", "qas": [ { "id": "30726", "question": "what is the czech education system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Programme for International Student Assessment" } ] }, { "id": "30727", "question": "who ranks the czech education system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "the OECD" } ] }, { "id": "30728", "question": "what is the czech republic of economic freedom ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "24th" } ] }, { "id": "30729", "question": "when was the czech republic ranked ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "2015 Index of Economic Freedom" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Leading Czech transportation companies include \u0160koda Auto (automobiles), \u0160koda Transportation (tramways, trolleybuses, metro), Tatra (the third oldest car maker in the world), Karosa (buses), Aero Vodochody (airplanes) and Jawa Motors (motorcycles). http://www.worlddiplomacy.org states that \"Elections in 2013 brought a new government for the Czech republic. Although starting off 2013 rather weakly, the economy rebounded strongly in the coming quarters and most recently (Q1,2015) the economy has enjoyed the fastest GDP increase in the entire EU, clocking at 2.8% compared with Q4,2014, or 3.9% year-on-year.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "30730", "question": "what is another name for czech transportation companies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "\u0160koda Auto" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In November 2015, Czech GDP growth was 4.5%, giving the Czech economy the highest growth rate in Europe.", "qas": [ { "id": "30731", "question": "when was czech gdp growth growth in europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "November 2015" } ] }, { "id": "30732", "question": "what was czech gdp growth in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "4.5%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The unemployment rate is 4.1%, giving the Czech Republic the lowest unemployment rate in the European Union.", "qas": [ { "id": "30733", "question": "what is the unemployment rate in the european union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "4.1%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Production of Czech electricity exceeds consumption by about 10 TWh per year, which are exported. Nuclear power presently provides about 30 percent of the total power needs, its share is projected to increase to 40 percent. In 2005, 65.4 percent of electricity was produced by steam and combustion power plants (mostly coal); 30 percent by nuclear plants; and 4.6 percent from renewable sources, including hydropower. The largest Czech power resource is Temel\u00edn Nuclear Power Station, another nuclear power plant is in Dukovany.", "qas": [ { "id": "30734", "question": "how much are czech electricity exceeds ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "10 TWh per year" } ] }, { "id": "30735", "question": "what percentage of the total power needs to nuclear power ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "30 percent" } ] }, { "id": "30736", "question": "what is the share rate of nuclear power presently ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "40 percent" } ] }, { "id": "30737", "question": "what is the largest czech power resource ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 454, "text": "Temel\u00edn Nuclear Power Station" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Czech Republic is reducing its dependence on highly polluting low-grade brown coal as a source of energy. Natural gas is procured from Russian Gazprom, roughly three-fourths of domestic consumption and from Norwegian companies, which make up most of the remaining one-fourth. Russian gas is imported via Ukraine (Druzhba pipeline), Norwegian gas is transported through Germany. Gas consumption (approx. 100 TWh in 2003\u20132005) is almost double electricity consumption. South Moravia has small oil and gas deposits.", "qas": [ { "id": "30738", "question": "what is the czech republic reducing its dependence on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "highly polluting low-grade brown coal" } ] }, { "id": "30739", "question": "where is natural gas procured ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Russian Gazprom" } ] } ] }, { "context": "V\u00e1clav Havel Airport in Prague is the main international airport in the country. In 2010, it handled 11.6\u00a0million passengers, which makes it the fifth busiest airport in Central and Eastern Europe. In total, the Czech Republic has 46 airports with paved runways, six of which provide international air services in Brno, Karlovy Vary, Mo\u0161nov (near Ostrava), Pardubice, Prague and Kunovice (near Uhersk\u00e9 Hradi\u0161t\u011b).", "qas": [ { "id": "30740", "question": "what is the main airport in prague ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "V\u00e1clav Havel Airport" } ] }, { "id": "30741", "question": "where is v\u00e1clav havel airport located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "Prague" } ] }, { "id": "30742", "question": "how many passengers are in prague ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "11.6\u00a0million passengers" } ] }, { "id": "30743", "question": "how many airports does the czech republic have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "46" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\u010cesk\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy (the Czech Railways) is the main railway operator in the Czech Republic, with about 180\u00a0million passengers carried yearly. With of tracks, the Czech Republic has one of the densest railway networks in Europe. Of that number, is electrified, are single-line tracks and are double and multiple-line tracks. Maximum speed is limited to 160\u00a0km/h. In 2006 seven Italian tilting trainsets Pendolino \u010cD Class 680 entered service.", "qas": [ { "id": "30744", "question": "how many passengers are in the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "180\u00a0million" } ] }, { "id": "30745", "question": "what is maximum speed limited to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 345, "text": "160\u00a0km/h" } ] }, { "id": "30746", "question": "what class entered service in 2006 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 395, "text": "Pendolino \u010cD Class 680" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Russia, via pipelines through Ukraine and to a lesser extent, Norway, via pipelines through Germany, supply the Czech Republic with liquid and natural gas.", "qas": [ { "id": "30747", "question": "what two countries do russia supply the czech republic with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "liquid and natural gas" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The road network in the Czech Republic is long. There are 1,247\u00a0km of motorways. The speed limit is 50\u00a0km/h within towns, 90\u00a0km/h outside of towns and 130\u00a0km/h on motorways.", "qas": [ { "id": "30748", "question": "how many km of motorways are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "1,247" } ] }, { "id": "30749", "question": "how much is the speed limit in towns ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "50\u00a0km/h" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Czech Republic ranks in the top 10 countries worldwide with the fastest average internet speed. By the beginning of 2008, there were over 800 mostly local WISPs, with about 350,000 subscribers in 2007. Plans based on either GPRS, EDGE, UMTS or CDMA2000 are being offered by all three mobile phone operators (T-Mobile, Telef\u00f3nica O2, Vodafone) and internet provider . Government-owned \u010cesk\u00fd Telecom slowed down broadband penetration. At the beginning of 2004, local-loop unbundling began and alternative operators started to offer ADSL and also SDSL. This and later privatisation of \u010cesk\u00fd Telecom helped drive down prices.", "qas": [ { "id": "30750", "question": "how many subscribers were there in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "800" } ] }, { "id": "30751", "question": "how many subscribers were in 2007 in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "350,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 1 July 2006, \u010cesk\u00fd Telecom was acquired by globalized company (Spain-owned) Telef\u00f3nica group and adopted the new name Telef\u00f3nica O2 Czech Republic. As of June 2014, VDSL and ADSL2+ are offered in many variants, with download speeds of up to 40 Mbit/s and upload speeds of up to 2Mbit/s. Cable internet is gaining popularity with its higher download speeds ranging from 2 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s.", "qas": [ { "id": "30752", "question": "when was the new name of the name czech acquired ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1 July 2006" } ] }, { "id": "30753", "question": "who acquired the name of the new name czech ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "globalized company" } ] }, { "id": "30754", "question": "what was the new name of the new name of the new name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "Telef\u00f3nica O2 Czech Republic" } ] }, { "id": "30755", "question": "what was the download speeds in june 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "40 Mbit/s" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Two major antivirus companies, Avast and AVG, were founded in the Czech Republic. It was announced in July 2016, that Avast is acquiring rival AVG for US$1.3\u00a0billion, together these companies have a user base of about 400 million people and 40% of the consumer market outside of China.", "qas": [ { "id": "30756", "question": "which major antivirus companies were founded in the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Avast and AVG" } ] }, { "id": "30757", "question": "where were two major antivirus companies founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "Czech Republic" } ] }, { "id": "30758", "question": "when was it announced that it was announced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "July 2016" } ] }, { "id": "30759", "question": "what was the rival price of rival people in 2016 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "US$1.3\u00a0billion" } ] }, { "id": "30760", "question": "how many people have been announced in 2016 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "400 million" } ] }, { "id": "30761", "question": "what percentage of the consumer market outside of china was announced in 2016 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "40%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Czech lands have a long and rich scientific tradition. The research based on cooperation between universities, Academy of Sciences and specialised research centers brings new inventions and impulses in this area. Important inventions include the modern contact lens, the separation of modern blood types, and the production of Semtex plastic explosive. In March 1978, Czechoslovakian Vladim\u00edr Remek was the first person outside of the Soviet Union and the United States to go into space.", "qas": [ { "id": "30762", "question": "what is the production of the production of the separation of modern blood types ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 331, "text": "Semtex plastic explosive" } ] }, { "id": "30763", "question": "when was the first person outside of the soviet union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 360, "text": "March 1978" } ] }, { "id": "30764", "question": "who was the first person outside of the soviet union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 372, "text": "Czechoslovakian Vladim\u00edr Remek" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A number of other scientists are also connected in some way with the Czech lands, including astronomers Johannes Kepler and Tycho Brahe, the founder of the psychoanalytic school of psychiatry Sigmund Freud, physicists Christian Doppler, Ernst Mach, Nikola Tesla, Albert Einstein, engineer Viktor Kaplan, automotive engineer Ferdinand Porsche and logician Kurt G\u00f6del.", "qas": [ { "id": "30765", "question": "who was the founder of the psychoanalytic school of psychiatry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "Johannes Kepler and Tycho Brahe" } ] }, { "id": "30766", "question": "who was the engineer viktor kaplan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "Ferdinand Porsche and logician Kurt G\u00f6del" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Czech economy gets a substantial income from tourism. Prague is the fifth most visited city in Europe after London, Paris, Istanbul and Rome. In 2001, the total earnings from tourism reached 118\u00a0billion CZK, making up 5.5% of GNP and 9% of overall export earnings. The industry employs more than 110,000 people \u2013 over 1% of the population.\nThe country's reputation has suffered with guidebooks and tourists reporting overcharging by taxi drivers and pickpocketing problems mainly in Prague, though the situation has improved recently. Since 2005, Prague's mayor, Pavel B\u00e9m, has worked to improve this reputation by cracking down on petty crime and, aside from these problems, Prague is a safe city. Also, the Czech Republic as a whole generally has a low crime rate. For tourists, the Czech Republic is considered a safe destination to visit. The low crime rate makes most cities and towns very safe to walk around.", "qas": [ { "id": "30767", "question": "what countries have the fifth most visited city in europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "London, Paris, Istanbul and Rome" } ] }, { "id": "30768", "question": "what percentage of earnings in 2001 were earnings in 2001 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "5.5%" } ] }, { "id": "30769", "question": "how many people does the industry have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 300, "text": "110,000" } ] }, { "id": "30770", "question": "what percentage of the population is the industry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "1%" } ] }, { "id": "30771", "question": "who was prague 's mayor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 567, "text": "Pavel B\u00e9m" } ] } ] }, { "context": "One of the most visited tourist attractions in the Czech Republic is the Nether district V\u00edtkovice in Ostrava, a post-industrial city on the northeast of the country. The territory was formerly the site of steel production, but now it hosts a technical museum with many interactive expositions for tourists.\nThere are several centres of tourist activity. The spa towns, such as Karlovy Vary, Mari\u00e1nsk\u00e9 L\u00e1zn\u011b and Franti\u0161kovy L\u00e1zn\u011b and J\u00e1chymov, are particularly popular relaxing holiday destinations.\nArchitectural heritage is another object of interest to visitors \u2013 it includes many castles and ch\u00e2teaux from different historical epoques, namely Karl\u0161tejn Castle, \u010cesk\u00fd Krumlov and the Lednice\u2013Valtice area.", "qas": [ { "id": "30772", "question": "what is the most visited tourist attractions in the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "Nether district V\u00edtkovice" } ] }, { "id": "30773", "question": "where is the most visited tourist attractions in the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "Ostrava" } ] }, { "id": "30774", "question": "what was the territory formerly the site of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "steel production" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are 12 cathedrals and 15 churches elevated to the rank of basilica by the Pope, calm monasteries, many modern and ancient churches \u2013 for example Pilgrimage Church of Saint John of Nepomuk is one of those inscribed on the World Heritage List. Away from the towns, areas such as \u010cesk\u00fd r\u00e1j, \u0160umava and the Krkono\u0161e Mountains attract visitors seeking outdoor pursuits.", "qas": [ { "id": "30775", "question": "how many cathedrals and 15 churches are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "12" } ] }, { "id": "30776", "question": "how many churches elevated to the rank of basilica by the pope ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "15" } ] }, { "id": "30777", "question": "what is one of the those inscribed on the world heritage list ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "Pilgrimage Church of Saint John of Nepomuk" } ] }, { "id": "30778", "question": "what is the pilgrimage church of saint john of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "World Heritage List" } ] }, { "id": "30779", "question": "which areas of areas attract outdoor pursuits pursuits ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 283, "text": "\u010cesk\u00fd r\u00e1j, \u0160umava and the Krkono\u0161e Mountains" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The country is also known for its various museums. Puppetry and marionette exhibitions are very popular, with a number of puppet festivals throughout the country.\nAquapalace Praha in \u010cestlice near Prague, is the biggest water park in central Europe.", "qas": [ { "id": "30780", "question": "what are very popular with a number of puppet festivals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "Puppetry and marionette exhibitions" } ] }, { "id": "30781", "question": "what is the biggest water park in prague ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "Aquapalace Praha" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Czech Republic has a number of beer festivals, including: Czech Beer Festival (the biggest Czech beer festival, it is usually 17 days long and held every year in May in Prague), Pilsner Fest (every year in August in Plze\u0148), The \"Olomouck\u00fd pivn\u00ed festival\" (in Olomouc) or festival \"Slavnosti piva v \u010cesk\u00fdch Bud\u011bjovic\u00edch\" (in \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice).", "qas": [ { "id": "30782", "question": "what is the biggest czech beer festival ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "Czech Beer Festival" } ] }, { "id": "30783", "question": "how long is the czech beer festival ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "17 days" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to preliminary results of the 2011 census, the majority of the inhabitants of the Czech Republic are Czechs (63.7%), followed by Moravians (4.9%), Slovaks (1.4%), Poles (0.4%), Germans (0.2%) and Silesians (0.1%). As the 'nationality' was an optional item, a substantial number of people left this field blank (26.0%). According to some estimates, there are about 250,000 Romani people in the Czech Republic.", "qas": [ { "id": "30784", "question": "what are the majority of the inhabitants of the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "Czechs" } ] }, { "id": "30785", "question": "what percentage of the inhabitants of the czech republic are czechs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "63.7%" } ] }, { "id": "30786", "question": "what percentage of the czech republic is moravians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "4.9%" } ] }, { "id": "30787", "question": "how many romani people are in the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 374, "text": "250,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There were 437,581 foreigners residing in the country in September 2013, according to the Czech Statistical Office, with the largest groups being Ukrainian (106,714), Slovak (89,273), Vietnamese (61,102), Russian (32,828), Polish (19,378), German (18,099), Bulgarian (8,837), American (6,695), Romanian (6,425), Moldovan (5,860), Chinese (5,427), British (5,413), Mongolian (5,308), Kazakh (4,850), Belarusian (4,562).", "qas": [ { "id": "30788", "question": "how many foreigners were there in september 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "437,581" } ] }, { "id": "30789", "question": "what was the name of the office that was the largest groups in september 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "Czech Statistical Office" } ] }, { "id": "30790", "question": "what was the largest groups in the czech statistical office ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "Ukrainian" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Jewish population of Bohemia and Moravia, 118,000 according to the 1930 census, was virtually annihilated by the Nazi Germans during the Holocaust. There were approximately 4,000 Jews in the Czech Republic in 2005. The former Czech prime minister, Jan Fischer, is of Jewish origin and faith.", "qas": [ { "id": "30791", "question": "what was the jewish population of bohemia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "118,000" } ] }, { "id": "30792", "question": "who annihilated the jewish population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "Nazi Germans" } ] }, { "id": "30793", "question": "how many jews were in the czech republic in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "4,000" } ] }, { "id": "30794", "question": "in what year were 4,000 jews in the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "2005" } ] }, { "id": "30795", "question": "who is the former czech prime minister ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "Jan Fischer" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2015 was estimated at 1.44 children born/woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1, and one of the lowest in the world. In 2015, 47.8% of births were to unmarried women.\nThe life expectancy in 2013 was estimated at 77.56 years (74.29 years male, 81.01 years female). Immigration increased the population by almost 1% in 2007. About 77,000 people immigrate to the Czech Republic annually. Vietnamese immigrants began settling in the Czech Republic during the Communist period, when they were invited as guest workers by the Czechoslovak government. In 2009, there were about 70,000 Vietnamese in the Czech Republic. Most decide to stay in the country permanently.", "qas": [ { "id": "30796", "question": "what was the total fertility rate in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "1.44 children born/woman" } ] }, { "id": "30797", "question": "what was the replacement of the fertility rate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "2.1" } ] }, { "id": "30798", "question": "what percentage of births were to unmarried women in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "47.8%" } ] }, { "id": "30799", "question": "how long was the life expectancy in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "77.56 years" } ] }, { "id": "30800", "question": "what percentage of immigration increased the population in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 356, "text": "1%" } ] }, { "id": "30801", "question": "how many vietnamese in the czech republic were there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 616, "text": "70,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "At the turn of the 20th century, Chicago was the city with the third largest Czech population, after Prague and Vienna. According to the 2010 US census, there are 1,533,826 Americans of full or partial Czech descent.", "qas": [ { "id": "30802", "question": "what two countries was chicago the city with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "Prague and Vienna" } ] }, { "id": "30803", "question": "how many americans are in the 2010 us census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "1,533,826" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Historically, the Czech people have been characterised as \"tolerant and even indifferent towards religion\". After the Bohemian Reformation, most Czechs (~85%) became followers of Jan Hus and other regional Protestant Reformers. After the Habsburgs regained control of Bohemia, they were forcibly converted to Roman Catholicism. The Catholic Church lost the bulk of its adherents during the Communist era and continues to lose in the modern, ongoing secularization.", "qas": [ { "id": "30804", "question": "what have the czech people been characterised as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "tolerant and even indifferent towards religion" } ] }, { "id": "30805", "question": "what was most czechs czechs followers of jan hus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "~85%" } ] }, { "id": "30806", "question": "where were the habsburgs forcibly converted to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "Roman Catholicism" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the 2011 census, 34% of the population stated they had no religion, 10.3% was Roman Catholic, 0.8% was Protestant (0.5% Czech Brethren and 0.4% Hussite), and 9% followed other forms of religion both denominational or not (of which 863 people answered they are Pagan). 45% of the population did not answer the question about religion. From 1991 to 2001 and further to 2011 the adherence to Roman Catholicism decreased from 39% to 27% and then to 10%; Protestantism similarly declined from 3.7% to 2% and then to 0.8%.", "qas": [ { "id": "30807", "question": "according to the 2011 census , what percentage of the population had no religion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "34%" } ] }, { "id": "30808", "question": "what percentage of the population was roman catholic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "10.3%" } ] }, { "id": "30809", "question": "what percentage of the population did not answer religion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "45%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to a Eurobarometer Poll in 2010, 16% of Czech citizens responded that \"they believe there is a God\" (the lowest rate among the countries of the European Union), whereas 44% answered that \"they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force\" and 37% said that \"they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force\".", "qas": [ { "id": "30810", "question": "what percentage of czech citizens believe there is a god '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "16%" } ] }, { "id": "30811", "question": "according to a eurobarometer poll , what was the lowest rate of czech citizens ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "\"they believe there is a God" } ] }, { "id": "30812", "question": "what percentage of czech citizens believe there is some sort of spirit ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "44%" } ] }, { "id": "30813", "question": "what percentage of czech citizens do not believe there is any sort of spirit ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "37%" } ] }, { "id": "30814", "question": "according to a eurobarometer poll , what is the sort of spirit ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "God or life force" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to new polls about Religiosity in the European Union in 2012 by Eurobarometer found that Non believer/Agnostic is the largest group in the Czech Republic accounting for 39% of Czech citizens. Christianity account 34% of Czech citizens, Catholics are the largest Christian group in the Czech Republic, accounting for 29% of Czech citizens, while Protestants make up 2%, and Other Christian make up 3%. Atheist accounts for 20%, Undeclared accounts for 6%.", "qas": [ { "id": "30815", "question": "what percentage of czech citizens were the largest group in the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "39%" } ] }, { "id": "30816", "question": "what percentage of czech citizens are the largest christian group ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "34%" } ] }, { "id": "30817", "question": "how much of czech 's citizens are accounting ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 326, "text": "29%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Education in the Czech Republic is compulsory for 9 years, but the average number of years of education is 13.1. Additionally, the Czech Republic has a relatively equal educational system in comparison with other countries in Europe.", "qas": [ { "id": "30818", "question": "how long is education in the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "9 years" } ] }, { "id": "30819", "question": "what is the average number of years of education in the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "13.1" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Czech Republic is known worldwide for its individually made, mouth blown and decorated art glass and crystal. One of the best Czech painters and decorative artists was Alphonse Mucha (1860\u20131939) mainly known for Art Nouveau posters and his cycle of 20 large canvases named the Slav Epic, which depicts the history of Czechs and other Slavs. , the Slav Epic can be seen in the Veletr\u017en\u00ed Palace of the National Gallery in Prague, which manages the largest collection of art in the Czech Republic.\nOther notable Czech artists include:", "qas": [ { "id": "30820", "question": "the czech republic is known as what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "mouth blown and decorated art glass and crystal" } ] }, { "id": "30821", "question": "who was the best czech painters ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "Alphonse Mucha" } ] }, { "id": "30822", "question": "when was alphonse mucha born ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "1860\u20131939" } ] }, { "id": "30823", "question": "what depicts the history of czechs and other slavs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "Slav Epic" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The earliest preserved stone buildings in Bohemia and Moravia date back to the time of the Christianization in the 9th and 10th century. Since the Middle Ages, the Czech lands have been using the same architectural styles as most of Western and Central Europe. The oldest still standing churches were built in the Romanesque style. During the 13th century it was replaced by the Gothic style. In the 14th century Emperor Charles IV invited to his court in Prague talented architects from France and Germany, Matthias of Arras and Peter Parler. During the Middle Ages, many fortified castles were built by the king and aristocracy, as well as many monasteries. During the Hussite wars, many of them were damaged or destroyed.\nThe Renaissance style penetrated the Bohemian Crown in the late 15th century when the older Gothic style started to be slowly mixed with Renaissance elements (architects Mat\u011bj Rejsek, Benedikt Rejt). An outstanding example of the pure Renaissance architecture in Bohemia is the Royal Summer Palace, which was situated in a newly established garden of Prague Castle. Evidence of the general reception of the Renaissance in Bohemia, involving a massive influx of Italian architects, can be found in spacious ch\u00e2teaux with elegant arcade courtyards and geometrically arranged gardens. Emphasis was placed on comfort, and buildings that were built for entertainment purposes also appeared.\nIn the 17th century, the Baroque style spread throughout the Crown of Bohemia. Very outstanding are the architectural projects of the Czech nobleman and imperial generalissimo Albrecht von Wallenstein from the 1620s. His architects Andrea Spezza and Giovanni Pieroni reflected the most recent Italian production and were very innovative at the same time. Czech Baroque architecture is considered to be a unique part of the European cultural heritage thanks to its extensiveness and extraordinariness. In the first third of the 18th century the Bohemian lands were one of the leading artistic centers of the Baroque style. In Bohemia there was completed the development of the Radical Baroque style created in Italy by Francesco Borromini and Guarino Guarini in a very original way. Leading architects of the Bohemian Baroque were Jean-Baptiste Mathey, Franti\u0161ek Maxmili\u00e1n Ka\u0148ka, Christoph Dientzenhofer, and his son Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer.\nIn the 18th century Bohemia produced an architectural peculiarity \u2013 the \"Baroque Gothic style\", a synthesis of the Gothic and Baroque styles. This was not a simple return to Gothic details, but rather an original Baroque transformation. The main representative and originator of this style was Jan Bla\u017eej Santini-Aichel, who used this style in renovating medieval monastic buildings.", "qas": [ { "id": "30824", "question": "when did the earliest preserved stone buildings occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "9th and 10th century" } ] }, { "id": "30825", "question": "who invited to his court in prague ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 421, "text": "Charles IV" } ] }, { "id": "30826", "question": "what is the name of the pure renaissance architecture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1003, "text": "Royal Summer Palace" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the 19th century, the revival architectural styles were very popular in the Bohemian monarchy. Many churches were restored to their presumed medieval appearance and there were constructed many new buildings in the Neo-Romanesque, Neo-Gothic and Neo-Renaissance styles. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries the new art style appeared in the Czech lands \u2013 Art Nouveau. The best-known representatives of Czech Art Nouveau architecture were Osvald Pol\u00edvka, who designed the Municipal House in Prague, Josef Fanta, the architect of the Prague Main Railway Station, and Jan Kot\u011bra.", "qas": [ { "id": "30827", "question": "what styles were constructed in the medieval period ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 237, "text": "Neo-Gothic and Neo-Renaissance" } ] }, { "id": "30828", "question": "what is the name of the new art style in the czech lands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 367, "text": "Art Nouveau" } ] }, { "id": "30829", "question": "what architecture was the best-known representatives of the prague main ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 414, "text": "Czech Art Nouveau" } ] }, { "id": "30830", "question": "who designed the best-known representatives of czech art nouveau architecture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 450, "text": "Osvald Pol\u00edvka" } ] }, { "id": "30831", "question": "who was the architect of the prague main railway station ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 510, "text": "Josef Fanta" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bohemia contributed an unusual style to the world's architectural heritage when Czech architects attempted to transpose the Cubism of painting and sculpture into architecture. During the first years of the independent Czechoslovakia (after 1918), a specifically Czech architectural style, called Rondo-Cubism, came into existence. Together with the pre-war Czech Cubist architecture it is unparalleled elsewhere in the world. The first Czechoslovak president T. G. Masaryk invited the prominent Slovene architect Jo\u017ee Ple\u010dnik to Prague, where he modernized the Castle and built some other buildings. Between World Wars I and II, Functionalism, with its sober, progressive forms, took over as the main architectural style in the newly established Czechoslovak Republic. In the city of Brno, one of the most impressive functionalist works has been preserved \u2013 Villa Tugendhat, designed by the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. The most significant Czech architects of this era were Adolf Loos, Pavel Jan\u00e1k and Josef Go\u010d\u00e1r.", "qas": [ { "id": "30832", "question": "when was the first czech architectural style ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 240, "text": "1918" } ] }, { "id": "30833", "question": "what was the czech architectural style called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "Rondo-Cubism" } ] }, { "id": "30834", "question": "who invited the slovene architect ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 459, "text": "T. G. Masaryk" } ] }, { "id": "30835", "question": "what was the name of the slovene architect that built prague ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 513, "text": "Jo\u017ee Ple\u010dnik" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After the World War II and the Communist coup in 1948 the art in Czechoslovakia came under the strong Soviet influence. Hotel International in Prague is a brilliant example of the so-called Socialist realism, the Stalinistic art style of the 1950s. Czechoslovak avant-garde artistic movement known as the \"Brussels style\" (called after the Brussels World's Fair Expo 58) became popular in the time of political liberalization of Czechoslovakia in the 1960s.", "qas": [ { "id": "30836", "question": "when did the communist coup occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "1948" } ] }, { "id": "30837", "question": "what is the hotel international in prague ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "Socialist realism" } ] }, { "id": "30838", "question": "what was the `` brussels style '' called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 340, "text": "Brussels World's Fair Expo 58" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Even today, the Czech Republic is not shying away from the most modern trends of international architecture. This fact is attested to by a number of projects by world-renowned architects (Frank Gehry, Jean Nouvel, Ricardo Bofill, and John Pawson). There are also contemporary Czech architects whose works can be found all over the world (Eva Ji\u0159i\u010dn\u00e1, Jan Kaplick\u00fd).", "qas": [ { "id": "30839", "question": "who is the contemporary czech architects ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 338, "text": "Eva Ji\u0159i\u010dn\u00e1, Jan Kaplick\u00fd" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In a strict sense, Czech literature is the literature written in the Czech language. A more liberal definition incorporates all literary works written in the Czech lands regardless of language. The literature from the area of today's Czech Republic was mostly written in Czech, but also in Latin and German or even Old Church Slavonic. Thus Franz Kafka, who\u2014while bilingual in Czech and German\u2014wrote his works in German, during the era of Austrian rule, can represent the Czech, German or Austrian literature depending on the point of view.", "qas": [ { "id": "30840", "question": "where was the czech republic mostly written ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "Czech" } ] }, { "id": "30841", "question": "what languages were written in czech ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "Latin and German or even Old Church Slavonic" } ] }, { "id": "30842", "question": "where did bilingual rule his works ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 377, "text": "Czech and German" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Influential Czech authors who wrote in Latin include Cosmas of Prague (\u2020 1125), Martin of Opava (\u2020 1278), Peter of Zittau (\u2020 1339), John Hus (\u2020 1415), Bohuslav Hasi\u0161tejnsk\u00fd z Lobkovic (1461\u20131510), Jan Dubravius (1486\u20131553), Tade\u00e1\u0161 H\u00e1jek (1525\u20131600), Johannes Vodnianus Campanus (1572\u20131622), John Amos Comenius (1592\u20131670), and Bohuslav Balb\u00edn (1621\u20131688).", "qas": [ { "id": "30843", "question": "what was the name of influential czech authors ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "Cosmas of Prague" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the second half of the 13th century, the royal court in Prague became one of the centers of the German Minnesang and courtly literature (Reinmar von Zweter, Heinrich von Freiberg, Ulrich von Etzenbach, Wenceslaus II of Bohemia). The most famous Czech medieval German-language work is the \"Ploughman of Bohemia\" (\"Der Ackermann aus B\u00f6hmen\"), written around 1401 by Johannes von Tepl. The heyday of Czech German-language literature can be seen in the first half of the 20th century, which is represented by the well-known names of Franz Kafka, Max Brod, Franz Werfel, Rainer Maria Rilke, Egon Erwin Kisch, and others.", "qas": [ { "id": "30844", "question": "what is the most famous czech medieval german-language work ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "Ploughman of Bohemia" } ] }, { "id": "30845", "question": "where is the ploughman of bohemia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 359, "text": "1401" } ] }, { "id": "30846", "question": "who wrote the `` ploughman of bohemia '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 367, "text": "Johannes von Tepl" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bible translations played an important role in the development of Czech literature and standard Czech language. The oldest Czech translation of the Psalms originated in the late 13th century and the first complete Czech translation of the Bible was finished around 1360. The first complete printed Czech Bible was published in 1488 (Prague Bible). The first complete Czech Bible translation from original languages was published between 1579 and 1593 and is known as the Bible of Kralice.", "qas": [ { "id": "30847", "question": "bible translations played an important role in what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "Czech literature and standard Czech language" } ] }, { "id": "30848", "question": "when was the oldest czech translation of the psalms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "late 13th century" } ] }, { "id": "30849", "question": "when was the first complete czech translation of the bible finished ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 265, "text": "1360" } ] }, { "id": "30850", "question": "when was the first complete czech bible published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 327, "text": "1488" } ] }, { "id": "30851", "question": "when was the first complete czech bible translation published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 437, "text": "1579 and 1593" } ] }, { "id": "30852", "question": "what was the first complete czech bible translation published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 471, "text": "Bible of Kralice" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Jaroslav Seifert was the only Czech writer awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. A famous antiwar comedy novel \"The Good Soldier \u0160vejk\" by Jaroslav Ha\u0161ek is the most translated Czech book in history. It was depicted by Karel Stekl\u00fd in two color films \"The Good Soldier Schweik\" in 1956 and 1957.", "qas": [ { "id": "30853", "question": "who was the only czech writer awarded the nobel prize in literature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Jaroslav Seifert" } ] }, { "id": "30854", "question": "what is the most translated czech book in history ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "The Good Soldier \u0160vejk" } ] }, { "id": "30855", "question": "who is the most translated czech book in history ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "Jaroslav Ha\u0161ek" } ] }, { "id": "30856", "question": "who depicted the novel `` the good soldier '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "Karel Stekl\u00fd" } ] }, { "id": "30857", "question": "what was the name of the two color films in 1956 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "The Good Soldier Schweik" } ] }, { "id": "30858", "question": "when was the good soldier schweik ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "1956 and 1957" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Czech literature and culture played a major role on at least two occasions, when Czechs lived under oppression and political activity was suppressed. On both of these occasions, in the early 19th century and then again in the 1960s, the Czechs used their cultural and literary effort to strive for political freedom, establishing a confident, politically aware nation.", "qas": [ { "id": "30859", "question": "when did the czechs used their cultural and literary effort ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "early 19th century" } ] }, { "id": "30860", "question": "when did the czechs used their cultural and literary effort ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "1960s" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The musical tradition of the Czech lands arose from first church hymns, whose first evidence is suggested at the break of 10th and 11th century. The first significant pieces of Czech music include two chorales, which in their time performed the function of anthems: \"Hospodine pomiluj ny\" (Lord, Have Mercy on Us) from around 1050, unmistakably the oldest and most faithfully preserved popular spiritual song to have survived to the present, and the hymn \"Svat\u00fd V\u00e1clave\" (Saint Wenceslas) or \"Saint Wenceslas Chorale\" from around 1250. Its roots can be found in the 12th century and it still belongs to the most popular religious songs to this day. In 1918, in the beginning of the Czechoslovak state, the song was discussed as one of the possible choices for the national anthem. The authorship of the anthem \"Lord, Have Mercy on Us\" is ascribed by some historians to Saint Adalbert of Prague (sv.Vojt\u011bch), bishop of Prague, living between 956 and 997.\nThe wealth of musical culture in the Czech Republic lies in the long-term high-culture classical music tradition during all historical periods, especially in the Baroque, Classicism, Romantic, modern classical music and in the traditional folk music of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia. Since the early eras of artificial music, Czech musicians and composers have often been influenced by genuine folk music (e.g. polka which originated in Bohemia). Among the most notable Czech composers are Adam Michna, Jan Dismas Zelenka, Jan V\u00e1clav Anton\u00edn Stamic, Ji\u0159\u00ed Anton\u00edn Benda, Jan K\u0159titel Va\u0148hal, Josef Myslive\u010dek, Anton\u00edn Rejcha, Bed\u0159ich Smetana, Anton\u00edn Dvo\u0159\u00e1k, Gustav Mahler, Josef Suk, Leo\u0161 Jan\u00e1\u010dek, Bohuslav Martin\u016f, Alois H\u00e1ba, Miloslav Kabel\u00e1\u010d and Petr Eben, not forgetting the famous musicians and interpreters, e.g. Franti\u0161ek Benda, Jan Kubel\u00edk, Emma Destinnov\u00e1, Rudolf Firku\u0161n\u00fd, Czech Philharmonic Orchestra, Panocha Quartet and many others.", "qas": [ { "id": "30861", "question": "when was the first evidence of the czech lands arose ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "10th and 11th century" } ] }, { "id": "30862", "question": "in what year did the first significant pieces of czech begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 326, "text": "1050" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Czech music can be considered to have been beneficial in both the European and worldwide context, several times co-determined or even determined a newly arriving era in musical art, above all of Classical era, as well as by original attitudes in Baroque, Romantic and modern classical music.", "qas": [ { "id": "30863", "question": "what types of music can be found in czech music ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "Baroque, Romantic and modern classical music" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The most famous music festival in the country is Prague Spring International Music Festival of classical music, a permanent showcase for outstanding performing artists, symphony orchestras and chamber music ensembles of the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "30864", "question": "what is the most famous music festival in the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "Prague Spring International Music Festival" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Czech Republic first entered the Eurovision Song Contest in 2007. They qualified for the grand final for the first time in 2016 when they finished in 25th place.", "qas": [ { "id": "30865", "question": "what contest did the czech republic first win ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Eurovision Song Contest" } ] }, { "id": "30866", "question": "when was the czech republic first entered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "2007" } ] }, { "id": "30867", "question": "when was the grand final for the first time ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "2016" } ] }, { "id": "30868", "question": "when did the grand final for the first time in 2016 occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "25th" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The roots of Czech theatre can be found in the Middle Ages, especially in cultural life of gothic period. In the 19th century, the theatre played an important role in the national awakening movement and later, in the 20th century it became a part of the modern European theatre art. Original Czech cultural phenomenon came into being at the end of the 1950s. This project called Laterna magika (The Magic Lantern) was the brainchild of renowned film and theater director Alfred Radok, resulting in productions that combined theater, dance and film in a poetic manner, considered the first multimedia art project in international context", "qas": [ { "id": "30869", "question": "when is the roots of czech theatre found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "Middle Ages" } ] }, { "id": "30870", "question": "what was the name of the first multimedia art project ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 379, "text": "Laterna magika" } ] }, { "id": "30871", "question": "who was the first multimedia art project in international context ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 395, "text": "The Magic Lantern" } ] }, { "id": "30872", "question": "who was the theater director ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 471, "text": "Alfred Radok" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The tradition of Czech cinematography started in the second half of 1890s. Peaks of the production in the era of silent movies represent historical drama \"The Builder of the Temple\", social and erotic (very controversial and innovative at that time ) drama \"Erotikon\" directed by Gustav Machat\u00fd. Early sound film era of Czech film was very productive, above all in mainstream genres with special role of comedies by Martin Fri\u010d or Karel Lama\u010d, however more internationally \nsuccessful were drammatic movies, above all famous romantic drama film \"Ecstasy\" by Gustav Machat\u00fd, and romantic \"The River\" by Josef Rovensk\u00fd. \nAfter the repressive period of Nazi occupation of the country and early communist official dramaturgy of socialist realism in movies at the turn of 1940s and 1950s with a few exceptions such a \"Krakatit\" by Otakar V\u00e1vra or \"Men without wings\" by Franti\u0161ek \u010c\u00e1p (awarded by Palme d'Or of the Cannes Film Festival in 1946), new era of the Czech film begun by outstanding animated films by important filmmakers such as Karel Zeman, a pioneer with special effects (culminating in successful films such as artistically exceptional \"Vyn\u00e1lez zk\u00e1zy\" (A Deadly Invention), performed in anglophone countries under the name \"The Fabulous World of Jules Verne\" from 1958, which combined acted drama with animation, and Ji\u0159\u00ed Trnka, the founder of the modern puppet film. Another Czech cultural phenomenon came into being at the end of the 1950s. This project called Laterna magika (The Magic Lantern), resulting in productions that combined theater, dance and film in a poetic manner, considered the first multimedia art project in international context (mentioned also in \"Theatre section\" above).", "qas": [ { "id": "30873", "question": "when did the tradition of czech cinematography started ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "1890s" } ] }, { "id": "30874", "question": "what does silent movies represent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "The Builder of the Temple" } ] }, { "id": "30875", "question": "who directed the drama `` the builder of the temple '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "Gustav Machat\u00fd" } ] }, { "id": "30876", "question": "what is the name of the first multimedia art project ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1471, "text": "Laterna magika" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1960s, so called Czech New Wave (also Czechoslovak New Wave) received international acclaim. It is linked with names of Milo\u0161 Forman, V\u011bra Chytilov\u00e1, Ji\u0159\u00ed Menzel, J\u00e1n Kad\u00e1r, Elmar Klos, Evald Schorm, Vojt\u011bch Jasn\u00fd, Ivan Passer, Jan Schmidt, Juraj Herz, Jan N\u011bmec, Jaroslav Papou\u0161ek, etc. The hallmark of the films of this movement were long, often improvised dialogues, black and absurd humor and the occupation of non-actors. Directors are trying to preserve natural atmosphere without refinement and artificial arrangement of scenes. The unique personality of 1960s and the beginning of 1970s with original manuscript, deep psychological impact and extraordinarily high quality art is the director Franti\u0161ek Vl\u00e1\u010dil. His films Marketa Lazarov\u00e1, \u00dadol\u00ed v\u010del (\"The Valley of The Bees\") or Adelheid belong to the artistic peaks of Czech cinema production. The film \"Marketa Lazarov\u00e1\" was voted the all-time best Czech movie in a prestigious 1998 poll of Czech film critics and publicists. Another internationally well-known author is Jan \u0160vankmajer (in the beginning of the career conjoined with above mentioned project \"Laterna Magika\"), a filmmaker and artist whose work spans several media. He is a self-labeled surrealist known for his animations and features, which have greatly influenced many artists worldwide.", "qas": [ { "id": "30877", "question": "what received international acclaim in 1960s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "Czech New Wave" } ] }, { "id": "30878", "question": "what did czech do in 1960s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Czechoslovak New Wave" } ] }, { "id": "30879", "question": "who is the director of original manuscript ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 703, "text": "Franti\u0161ek Vl\u00e1\u010dil" } ] }, { "id": "30880", "question": "what film was voted the all-time best czech movie in a prestigious 1998 poll ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 866, "text": "Marketa Lazarov\u00e1" } ] }, { "id": "30881", "question": "who is the internationally well-known author ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1034, "text": "Jan \u0160vankmajer" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Films The Shop on Main Street (1965), Closely Watched Trains (1967) and Kolya (1996) won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film while six others earned \na nomination: Loves of a Blonde (1966), The Fireman's Ball (1968), My Sweet Little Village (1986), The Elementary School (1991), Divided We Fall (2000) and \u017delary (2003). \nThe Czech Lion is the highest award for Czech film achievement.", "qas": [ { "id": "30882", "question": "when was the shop on main street on main street ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "1965" } ] }, { "id": "30883", "question": "when did closely watched trains ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "1967" } ] }, { "id": "30884", "question": "what was the academy award for main street ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "Best Foreign Language Film" } ] }, { "id": "30885", "question": "in what year did the academy award the academy award ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "1966" } ] }, { "id": "30886", "question": "when was the ball 's ball ball won ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "1968" } ] }, { "id": "30887", "question": "what is the highest award for czech film achievement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 335, "text": "The Czech Lion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Barrandov Studios in Prague are the largest film studios in country and one of the largest in Europe with many many popular film locations in the country. Filmmakers have come to Prague to shoot scenery no longer found in Berlin, Paris and Vienna. The city of Karlovy Vary was used as a location for the 2006 James Bond film Casino Royale.", "qas": [ { "id": "30888", "question": "what are the largest film studios in prague ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Barrandov Studios" } ] }, { "id": "30889", "question": "where do filmmakers shoot scenery ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "Berlin, Paris and Vienna" } ] }, { "id": "30890", "question": "what city was used for the 2006 james bond film casino ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "Karlovy Vary" } ] }, { "id": "30891", "question": "what was the name of the location that was used in 2006 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 329, "text": "Casino Royale" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Karlovy Vary International Film Festival is one of the oldest in the world and has become Central and Eastern Europe's leading film event. It is also one of few film festivals have been given competitive status by the FIAPF. Other film festivals held in the country include Febiofest, Jihlava International Documentary Film Festival, One World Film Festival, Zl\u00edn Film Festival and Fresh Film Festival.", "qas": [ { "id": "30892", "question": "what festival is one of the oldest in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Karlovy Vary International Film Festival" } ] }, { "id": "30893", "question": "who has one of the film festivals festivals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "the FIAPF" } ] }, { "id": "30894", "question": "what is the name of the world film festival ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "Febiofest, Jihlava International Documentary Film Festival" } ] }, { "id": "30895", "question": "what is the name of the film festival festival ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 359, "text": "Zl\u00edn Film Festival and Fresh Film Festival" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since the Czech Republic is a democratic republic, journalists and media enjoy a great degree of freedom. There are restrictions only against writing in support of Nazism, racism or violating Czech law. The country was ranked as the 13th most free press in the World Freedom Index by Reporters Without Borders in 2014.", "qas": [ { "id": "30896", "question": "what are some of the support of czech 's restrictions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "Nazism, racism or violating Czech law" } ] }, { "id": "30897", "question": "where was the most free press in the world freedom index ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "13th" } ] }, { "id": "30898", "question": "where was the 13th most free press ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "World Freedom Index" } ] }, { "id": "30899", "question": "who ranked the 13th most free press in the world freedom ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 284, "text": "Reporters Without Borders" } ] }, { "id": "30900", "question": "when was the 13th most free press in the world freedom index ranked ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 313, "text": "2014" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The most most viewed main news program have TV Nova. The most trusted news webpage in the Czech Republic is ct24.cz, which owns Czech Television, the only national public television service with the 24-hour news channel \u010cT24. Other public services are Czech Radio and the Czech News Agency (\u010cTK). Privately owned television services such as TV Nova, TV Prima and TV Barrandov are also very popular, with TV Nova being the most popular channel in the Czech Republic.", "qas": [ { "id": "30901", "question": "what is the most viewed main news program ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "TV Nova" } ] }, { "id": "30902", "question": "what is the most trusted news webpage in the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "ct24.cz" } ] }, { "id": "30903", "question": "what is the only trusted news webpage in the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "Czech Television" } ] }, { "id": "30904", "question": "what is the name of the news channel in the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "\u010cT24" } ] }, { "id": "30905", "question": "what are the two public services in czech ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "Czech Radio and the Czech News Agency" } ] }, { "id": "30906", "question": "what are the most popular television services in the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 341, "text": "TV Nova, TV Prima and TV Barrandov" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Newspapers are quite popular in the Czech Republic. The best-selling daily national newspapers are Blesk (average 1.15M daily readers), Mlad\u00e1 fronta DNES (average 752,000 daily readers), Pr\u00e1vo (average 260,00 daily readers) and Den\u00edk (average 72,000 daily readers).", "qas": [ { "id": "30907", "question": "what is the average daily national newspapers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "Blesk" } ] }, { "id": "30908", "question": "how many daily readers are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "1.15M" } ] }, { "id": "30909", "question": "how many daily readers are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "260,00" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Czech Republic is home to several globally successful video game developers, including Illusion Softworks (2K Czech), Bohemia Interactive, Keen Software House, Amanita Design and Madfinger Games. The Czech video game development scene has a long history, and a number of Czech games were produced for the ZX Spectrum, PMD 85 and Atari systems in the 1980s. In the early 2000s, a number of Czech games achieved international acclaim, including \"Hidden & Dangerous\", \"\", \"Vietcong\" and \"\". Today, the most globally successful Czech games include \"ARMA\", \"DayZ\", \"Space Engineers\", \"Machinarium\", \"Shadowgun\" and \"BLACKHOLE\". The Czech Game of the Year Awards are held annually at the Anifilm festival in T\u0159ebo\u0148.", "qas": [ { "id": "30910", "question": "where is the czech game of the year awards ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 706, "text": "T\u0159ebo\u0148" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Czech cuisine is marked by a strong emphasis on meat dishes. Pork is quite common; beef and chicken are also popular. Goose, duck, rabbit and wild game are served. Fish is rare, with the occasional exception of fresh trout and carp, which is served at Christmas.", "qas": [ { "id": "30911", "question": "czech cuisine is marked by what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "meat dishes" } ] }, { "id": "30912", "question": "what are the game served as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "Goose, duck, rabbit and wild game" } ] }, { "id": "30913", "question": "where is fish rare ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "Christmas" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Czech beer has a long and important history. The first brewery is known to have existed in 993 and the Czech Republic has the highest beer consumption per capita in the world. The famous \"pilsner style beer\" (pils) originated in the western Bohemian city of Plze\u0148, where the world's first-ever blond lager Pilsner Urquell is still being produced, making it the inspiration for more than two-thirds of the beer produced in the world today. Further south the town of \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice, known as Budweis in German, lent its name to its beer, eventually known as Budweiser Budvar. Apart from these and other major brands, the Czech Republic also boasts a growing number of top quality small breweries and mini-breweries seeking to continue the age-old tradition of quality and taste, whose output matches the best in the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "30914", "question": "where is the first brewery per capita in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "993" } ] }, { "id": "30915", "question": "what is the first-ever blond lager ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "Pilsner Urquell" } ] }, { "id": "30916", "question": "what is the name of the beer beer in german ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 558, "text": "Budweiser Budvar" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Tourism is slowly growing around the Southern Moravian region too, which has been producing wine since the Middle Ages; about 94% of vineyards in the Czech Republic are Moravian. Aside from slivovitz, Czech beer and wine, the Czechs also produce two unique liquors, Fernet Stock and Becherovka. Kofola is a non-alcoholic domestic cola soft drink which competes with Coca-Cola and Pepsi in popularity.", "qas": [ { "id": "30917", "question": "what percentage of vineyards are moravian in the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "94%" } ] }, { "id": "30918", "question": "what is the 94 % of vineyards in the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "Moravian" } ] }, { "id": "30919", "question": "what are the two unique unique liquors of czech beer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "Fernet Stock and Becherovka" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nThere is also a large variety of local sausages, wurst, p\u00e2t\u00e9s, and smoked and cured meats. Czech desserts include a wide variety of whipped cream, chocolate, and fruit pastries and tarts, cr\u00eapes, creme desserts and cheese, poppy-seed-filled and other types of traditional cakes such as \"buchty\", \"kol\u00e1\u010de\" and \"\u0161tr\u016fdl\".", "qas": [ { "id": "30920", "question": "what are some local local sausages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "wurst, p\u00e2t\u00e9s, and smoked and cured meats" } ] }, { "id": "30921", "question": "what are some types of traditional types of czech desserts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "\"buchty\", \"kol\u00e1\u010de\" and \"\u0161tr\u016fdl\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sports play a part in the life of many Czechs, who are generally loyal supporters of their favorite teams or individuals. The two leading sports in the Czech Republic are ice hockey and football. Tennis is also a very popular sport in the Czech Republic. The many other sports with professional leagues and structures include basketball, volleyball, team handball, track and field athletics and floorball. The Czech ice hockey team won the gold medal at the 1998 Winter Olympics and has won twelve gold medals at the World Championships (including 6 as Czechoslovakia), including three straight from 1999 to 2001. In total the country has won 14 gold medals in summer (plus 49 as Czechoslovakia) and five gold medals (plus two as Czechoslovakia) in winter Olympic history.", "qas": [ { "id": "30922", "question": "what are the two leading sports in the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "ice hockey and football" } ] }, { "id": "30923", "question": "how many gold medals has the country won ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 643, "text": "14" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Czechoslovakia national football team was a consistent performer on the international scene, with eight appearances in the FIFA World Cup Finals, finishing in second place in 1934 and 1962. The team also won the European Football Championship in 1976, came in third in 1980 and won the Olympic gold in 1980. After dissolution of Czechoslovakia, the Czech national football team finished in second (1996) and third (2004) place at the European Football Championship.", "qas": [ { "id": "30924", "question": "how many appearances did the czechoslovakia national football team have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "eight" } ] }, { "id": "30925", "question": "when was the czechoslovakia national football team finals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "1934 and 1962" } ] }, { "id": "30926", "question": "when did the european football championship win the european football championship ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "1976" } ] }, { "id": "30927", "question": "when did the european football championship win the european football championship ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "1980" } ] }, { "id": "30928", "question": "when was the olympic gold championship won ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "1980" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sport is a source of strong waves of patriotism, usually rising several days or weeks before an event. The events considered the most important by Czech fans are: the Ice Hockey World Championships, Olympic Ice hockey tournament, UEFA European Football Championship, UEFA Champions League, FIFA World Cup and qualification matches for such events. In general, any international match of the Czech ice hockey or football national team draws attention, especially when played against a traditional rival.", "qas": [ { "id": "30929", "question": "how long is strong waves of patriotism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "rising several days or weeks before an event" } ] }, { "id": "30930", "question": "what are the events of czech fans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "Ice Hockey World Championships, Olympic Ice hockey tournament, UEFA European Football Championship, UEFA Champions League, FIFA World Cup and qualification matches" } ] }, { "id": "30931", "question": "what does the football national team have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 360, "text": "any international match of the Czech ice hockey or football national team draws attention" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Czech Republic also has great influence in tennis, with such players as Tom\u00e1\u0161 Berdych, Lucie \u0160af\u00e1\u0159ov\u00e1, Kv\u011bta Peschke, Wimbledon Women's Singles winners Petra Kvitov\u00e1 and Jana Novotn\u00e1, 8-time Grand Slam singles champion Ivan Lendl, and 18-time Grand Slam champion Martina Navratilova.", "qas": [ { "id": "30932", "question": "who are the champion champion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "Ivan Lendl, and 18-time Grand Slam" } ] }, { "id": "30933", "question": "who is the grand slam champion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "Martina Navratilova" } ] } ] }, { "context": "One of the most popular Czech sports is hiking, mainly in the Czech mountains. The word for \"tourist\" in the Czech language, \"turista\", also means \"trekker\" or \"hiker\". For beginners, thanks to the more than 120-year-old tradition, there is a unique system of waymarking, one of the best in Europe. There is a network of around 40,000\u00a0km of marked short- and long-distance trails crossing the whole country and all the Czech mountains.", "qas": [ { "id": "30934", "question": "where is one of the most popular czech sports hiking ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "Czech mountains" } ] }, { "id": "30935", "question": "what is the word for `` tourist '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "turista" } ] }, { "id": "30936", "question": "what does the word `` tourist '' mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "\"trekker\" or \"hiker\"" } ] }, { "id": "30937", "question": "what type of tradition is one of the best in europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "120-year-old tradition" } ] }, { "id": "30938", "question": "how many km of marked short - long-distance trails are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "40,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Czech Republic men's national volleyball team winner silver medal 1964 Summer Olympics and two gold medalist in FIVB Volleyball World Championship 1956, 1966.", "qas": [ { "id": "30939", "question": "what is the name of the gold olympics in 1966 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Czech Republic men's national volleyball team winner silver medal 1964 Summer Olympics and two gold medalist" } ] }, { "id": "30940", "question": "what is the name of the two gold medalist winner in 1964 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "FIVB Volleyball World Championship 1956, 1966" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] }, { "context": "News", "qas": [] }, { "context": "Trade", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Czech Republic" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Egypt ( ; ', , \"Khemi\"), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan, and across from the Sinai Peninsula lies Saudi Arabia, although Jordan and Saudi Arabia do not share a land border with Egypt. It is the world's only contiguous Afrasian nation.", "qas": [ { "id": "30941", "question": "what is the official name of egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Arab Republic of Egypt" } ] }, { "id": "30942", "question": "what peninsula is egypt formed by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "Sinai Peninsula" } ] }, { "id": "30943", "question": "what part of egypt borders egypt to the east ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 300, "text": "the Gulf of Aqaba" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt has among the longest histories of any modern country, emerging as one of the world's first nation states in the tenth millennium BC. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt experienced some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx, as well the ruins of Memphis, Thebes, Karnak, and the Valley of the Kings, reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of archaeological study and popular interest worldwide. Egypt's rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity, which has endured, and at times assimilated, various foreign influences, including Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman, and European. One of the earliest centres of Christianity, Egypt was Islamised in the seventh century and remains a predominantly Muslim country, albeit with a significant Christian minority.", "qas": [ { "id": "30944", "question": "when did egypt become one of the world 's first nation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "tenth millennium BC" } ] }, { "id": "30945", "question": "what is the name of the iconic monuments of the kings ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 348, "text": "Giza Necropolis" } ] }, { "id": "30946", "question": "what was one of the earliest centres of christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 835, "text": "Islamised" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With over 92 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa and the Arab world, the third-most populous in Africa (after Nigeria and Ethiopia), and the fifteenth-most populous in the world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about , where the only arable land is found. The large regions of the Sahara desert, which constitute most of Egypt's territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.", "qas": [ { "id": "30947", "question": "how many inhabitants are in egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "92 million" } ] }, { "id": "30948", "question": "the great majority of its people live near which river ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "Nile River" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Modern Egypt is considered to be a regional and middle power, with significant cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Egypt's economy is one of the largest and most diversified in the Middle East, and is projected to become one of the largest in the 21st century. Egypt is a member of the United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, Arab League, African Union, and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.", "qas": [ { "id": "30949", "question": "what is modern egypt considered to be ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "regional and middle power" } ] }, { "id": "30950", "question": "what are the names of modern egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "the Middle East and the Muslim world" } ] }, { "id": "30951", "question": "where is egypt 's economy located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "Middle East" } ] }, { "id": "30952", "question": "what are egypt 's member of the united nations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 365, "text": "Non-Aligned Movement, Arab League, African Union, and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "' ( or ; ) is the Classical Quranic Arabic and modern official name of Egypt, while ' (; ) is the local pronunciation in Egyptian Arabic. The name is of Semitic origin, directly cognate with other Semitic words for Egypt such as the Hebrew ('). The oldest attestation of this name for Egypt is the Akkadian \ud808\uddb3 \ud808\ude2a \ud808\udd11 \ud808\ude92 mi-i\u1e63-ru\"' \"mi\u1e63ru,\" related to \"mi\u1e63ru/mi\u1e63irru/mi\u1e63aru\", meaning \"border\" or \"frontier\".", "qas": [ { "id": "30953", "question": "what is the official name of egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "Classical Quranic Arabic" } ] }, { "id": "30954", "question": "where is the local pronunciation of egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "Egyptian Arabic" } ] }, { "id": "30955", "question": "what is the name of the origin of egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "Semitic origin" } ] }, { "id": "30956", "question": "what is the name of egypt 's name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "the Hebrew" } ] }, { "id": "30957", "question": "what is the oldest attestation of this name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "Akkadian \ud808\uddb3 \ud808\ude2a \ud808\udd11 \ud808\ude92 mi-i\u1e63-ru" } ] }, { "id": "30958", "question": "what does the oldest attestation of egypt mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 378, "text": "\"border\" or \"frontier\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There is evidence of rock carvings along the Nile terraces and in desert oases. In the 10th millennium BC, a culture of hunter-gatherers and fishers was replaced by a grain-grinding culture. Climate changes or overgrazing around 8000 BC began to desiccate the pastoral lands of Egypt, forming the Sahara. Early tribal peoples migrated to the Nile River where they developed a settled agricultural economy and more centralised society.", "qas": [ { "id": "30959", "question": "what is the evidence of the evidence of the nile terraces and in desert ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "rock carvings" } ] }, { "id": "30960", "question": "when was the culture of hunter-gatherers replaced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "10th millennium BC" } ] }, { "id": "30961", "question": "what replaced a culture in the 10th millennium bc ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "grain-grinding culture" } ] }, { "id": "30962", "question": "what year did the sahara begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "8000 BC" } ] }, { "id": "30963", "question": "where did early tribal peoples migrated to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 342, "text": "Nile River" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By about 6000 BC, a Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile Valley. During the Neolithic era, several predynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt. The Badarian culture and the successor Naqada series are generally regarded as precursors to dynastic Egypt. The earliest known Lower Egyptian site, Merimda, predates the Badarian by about seven hundred years. Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years, remaining culturally distinct, but maintaining frequent contact through trade. The earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the predynastic period on Naqada III pottery vessels, dated to about 3200 BC.\nA unified kingdom was founded c. 3150 BC by King Menes, leading to a series of dynasties that ruled Egypt for the next three millennia. Egyptian culture flourished during this long period and remained distinctively Egyptian in its religion, arts, language and customs. The first two ruling dynasties of a unified Egypt set the stage for the Old Kingdom period, \"c\". 2700\u20132200 BC., which constructed many pyramids, most notably the Third Dynasty pyramid of Djoser and the Fourth Dynasty Giza pyramids.", "qas": [ { "id": "30964", "question": "when did the neolithic culture rooted in the nile valley ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "6000 BC" } ] }, { "id": "30965", "question": "where did a neolithic culture rooted in about 6000 bc ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "Nile Valley" } ] }, { "id": "30966", "question": "where were the cultures developed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Upper and Lower Egypt" } ] }, { "id": "30967", "question": "what are the successor naqada series precursors to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "dynastic Egypt" } ] }, { "id": "30968", "question": "what was the earliest known lower egyptian site ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "Merimda" } ] }, { "id": "30969", "question": "how long did the earliest lower egyptian site last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 359, "text": "seven hundred years" } ] }, { "id": "30970", "question": "when was the earliest known evidence of egyptian hieroglyphic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 730, "text": "3200 BC" } ] }, { "id": "30971", "question": "who founded the unified kingdom ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 783, "text": "King Menes" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The First Intermediate Period ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150 years. Stronger Nile floods and stabilisation of government, however, brought back renewed prosperity for the country in the Middle Kingdom \"c\". 2040 BC, reaching a peak during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III. A second period of disunity heralded the arrival of the first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt, that of the Semitic Hyksos. The Hyksos invaders took over much of Lower Egypt around 1650 BC and founded a new capital at Avaris. They were driven out by an Upper Egyptian force led by Ahmose I, who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty and relocated the capital from Memphis to Thebes.", "qas": [ { "id": "30972", "question": "how long did the first intermediate period last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "150 years" } ] }, { "id": "30973", "question": "what year did the reign of pharaoh begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "2040 BC" } ] }, { "id": "30974", "question": "who was the reign of 2040 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "Pharaoh Amenemhat III" } ] }, { "id": "30975", "question": "when did the hyksos invaders take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 477, "text": "1650 BC" } ] }, { "id": "30976", "question": "who founded the eighteenth dynasty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 577, "text": "Ahmose I" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The New Kingdom \"c\". 1550\u20131070 BC began with the Eighteenth Dynasty, marking the rise of Egypt as an international power that expanded during its greatest extension to an empire as far south as Tombos in Nubia, and included parts of the Levant in the east. This period is noted for some of the most well known Pharaohs, including Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II. The first historically attested expression of monotheism came during this period as Atenism. Frequent contacts with other nations brought new ideas to the New Kingdom. The country was later invaded and conquered by Libyans, Nubians and Assyrians, but native Egyptians eventually drove them out and regained control of their country.", "qas": [ { "id": "30977", "question": "when did the eighteenth dynasty begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "1550\u20131070 BC" } ] }, { "id": "30978", "question": "what dynasty did the rise of egypt begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "Eighteenth Dynasty" } ] }, { "id": "30979", "question": "who were the wife 's wife ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 379, "text": "Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II" } ] }, { "id": "30980", "question": "who conquered the country country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 634, "text": "Libyans, Nubians and Assyrians" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 525\u00a0BC, the powerful Achaemenid Persians, led by Cambyses II, began their conquest of Egypt, eventually capturing the pharaoh Psamtik III at the battle of Pelusium. Cambyses II then assumed the formal title of pharaoh, but ruled Egypt from his home of Susa in Persia (modern Iran), leaving Egypt under the control of a satrapy. The entire Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt, from 525 BC to 402 BC, save for Petubastis III, was an entirely Persian ruled period, with the Achaemenid kings all being granted the title of pharaoh. A few temporarily successful revolts against the Persians marked the fifth century BC, but Egypt was never able to permanently overthrow the Persians.", "qas": [ { "id": "30981", "question": "who led the achaemenid persians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "Cambyses II" } ] }, { "id": "30982", "question": "who was the pharaoh of the achaemenid persians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "Psamtik III" } ] }, { "id": "30983", "question": "who assumed the formal title of pharaoh ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "Cambyses II" } ] }, { "id": "30984", "question": "what was the name of the achaemenid ruled period ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 390, "text": "402 BC" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Thirtieth Dynasty was the last native ruling dynasty during the Pharaonic epoch. It fell to the Persians again in 343 BC after the last native Pharaoh, King Nectanebo II, was defeated in battle. This Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt, however, did not last long, for the Persians were toppled several decades later by Alexander the Great.", "qas": [ { "id": "30985", "question": "what was the last native ruling dynasty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Thirtieth Dynasty" } ] }, { "id": "30986", "question": "when was the persians defeated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "343 BC" } ] }, { "id": "30987", "question": "who was the last native pharaoh ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "King Nectanebo II" } ] }, { "id": "30988", "question": "who toppled the persians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 318, "text": "Alexander the Great" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state, extending from southern Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia. Alexandria became the capital city and a centre of Greek culture and trade. To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace, they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs. The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions, had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian religious life.", "qas": [ { "id": "30989", "question": "what did the ptolemaic kingdom do to the west ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "Cyrene" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The last ruler from the Ptolemaic line was Cleopatra VII, who committed suicide following the burial of her lover Mark Antony who had died in her arms (from a self-inflicted stab wound), after Octavian had captured Alexandria and her mercenary forces had fled.\nThe Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians often caused by an unwanted regime and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome. Nevertheless, Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt well after the Muslim conquest.", "qas": [ { "id": "30990", "question": "who was the last ruler of the ptolemaic line ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Cleopatra VII" } ] }, { "id": "30991", "question": "what was the name of the last ruler from the ptolemaic line ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Mark Antony" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Christianity was brought to Egypt by Saint Mark the Evangelist in the 1st century. Diocletian's reign (from 284 to 305 AD) marked the transition from the Roman to the Byzantine era in Egypt, when a great number of Egyptian Christians were persecuted. The New Testament had by then been translated into Egyptian. After the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451, a distinct Egyptian Coptic Church was firmly established.", "qas": [ { "id": "30992", "question": "who brought christianity to egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Saint Mark the Evangelist" } ] }, { "id": "30993", "question": "when did diocletian die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "284 to 305 AD" } ] }, { "id": "30994", "question": "when was the council of chalcedon established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 346, "text": "AD 451" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Sasanian Persian invasion early in the 7th century amidst the Byzantine\u2013Sasanian War of 602\u2013628 during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Egypt, until 639\u201342, when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Islamic Empire by the Muslim Arabs. When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt, the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country. Early in this period, Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices, leading to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day. These earlier rites had survived the period of Coptic Christianity.", "qas": [ { "id": "30995", "question": "when did the byzantines regain control of the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "7th century" } ] }, { "id": "30996", "question": "what was the name of the war that the byzantines established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "Byzantine\u2013Sasanian War of 602\u2013628" } ] }, { "id": "30997", "question": "what was the name of the new short-lived province of egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "Sasanian Egypt" } ] }, { "id": "30998", "question": "how old was sasanian egypt when he established egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "639\u201342" } ] }, { "id": "30999", "question": "who conquered the byzantines ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "Islamic Empire" } ] }, { "id": "31000", "question": "who conquered the islamic empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 344, "text": "Muslim Arabs" } ] }, { "id": "31001", "question": "what was the name of the period that earlier rites survived ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 668, "text": "Coptic Christianity" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Muslim rulers nominated by the Caliphate remained in control of Egypt for the next six centuries, with Cairo as the seat of the Fatimid Caliphate. With the end of the Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty, the Mamluks, a Turco-Circassian military caste, took control about 1250. By the late 13th century, Egypt linked the Red Sea, India, Malaya, and East Indies. The mid-14th-century Black Death killed about 40% of the country's population.", "qas": [ { "id": "31002", "question": "what did the caliphate call cairo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "Fatimid Caliphate" } ] }, { "id": "31003", "question": "what is the mamluks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "Turco-Circassian military caste" } ] }, { "id": "31004", "question": "how many military caste dynasty did the mamluks take ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "1250" } ] }, { "id": "31005", "question": "what percentage of the population was killed by the black death ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 395, "text": "40%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt was conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1517, after which it became a province of the Ottoman Empire. The defensive militarisation damaged its civil society and economic institutions. The weakening of the economic system combined with the effects of plague left Egypt vulnerable to foreign invasion. Portuguese traders took over their trade. Between 1687 and 1731, Egypt experienced six famines. The 1784 famine cost it roughly one-sixth of its population.", "qas": [ { "id": "31006", "question": "who conquered egypt in 1517 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "Ottoman Turks" } ] }, { "id": "31007", "question": "when was egypt conquered by the ottoman turks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "1517" } ] }, { "id": "31008", "question": "what empire did egypt become a province of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "the Ottoman Empire" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt was always a difficult province for the Ottoman Sultans to control, due in part to the continuing power and influence of the Mamluks, the Egyptian military caste who had ruled the country for centuries.", "qas": [ { "id": "31009", "question": "what was egypt always a difficult province for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Ottoman Sultans" } ] }, { "id": "31010", "question": "who ruled the country for centuries of centuries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "the Egyptian military caste" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt remained semi-autonomous under the Mamluks until it was invaded by the French forces of Napoleon Bonaparte 1798 (see French campaign in Egypt and Syria). After the French were defeated by the British, a power vacuum was created in Egypt, and a three-way power struggle ensued between the Ottoman Turks, Egyptian Mamluks who had ruled Egypt for centuries, and Albanian mercenaries in the service of the Ottomans.", "qas": [ { "id": "31011", "question": "who invaded egypt in the mamluks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "Napoleon Bonaparte 1798" } ] }, { "id": "31012", "question": "who defeated the french vacuum ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "the British" } ] }, { "id": "31013", "question": "who ruled egypt for centuries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "Egyptian Mamluks" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After the French were expelled, power was seized in 1805 by Muhammad Ali Pasha, an Albanian military commander of the Ottoman army in Egypt. While he carried the title of viceroy of Egypt, his subordination to the Ottoman porte was merely nominal. Muhammad Ali established a dynasty that was to rule Egypt until the revolution of 1952.", "qas": [ { "id": "31014", "question": "when was power seized ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "1805" } ] }, { "id": "31015", "question": "who seized power in 1805 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "Muhammad Ali Pasha" } ] }, { "id": "31016", "question": "who established a dynasty that was to rule egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "Muhammad Ali" } ] }, { "id": "31017", "question": "when did muhammad ali die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 330, "text": "1952" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The introduction in 1820 of long-staple cotton transformed its agriculture into a cash-crop monoculture before the end of the century, concentrating land ownership and shifting production towards international markets.", "qas": [ { "id": "31018", "question": "in what year was the introduction of cotton agriculture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "1820" } ] }, { "id": "31019", "question": "what did cotton do in 1820 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "concentrating land ownership and shifting production towards international markets" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Muhammad Ali annexed Northern Sudan (1820\u20131824), Syria (1833), and parts of Arabia and Anatolia; but in 1841 the European powers, fearful lest he topple the Ottoman Empire itself, forced him to return most of his conquests to the Ottomans. His military ambition required him to modernise the country: he built industries, a system of canals for irrigation and transport, and reformed the civil service.", "qas": [ { "id": "31020", "question": "when did muhammad ali annexed northern sudan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "1820\u20131824" } ] }, { "id": "31021", "question": "in what year did syria invade northern sudan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "1833" } ] }, { "id": "31022", "question": "in what year did the european powers capture the ottoman empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "1841" } ] }, { "id": "31023", "question": "what system did muhammad ali built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 345, "text": "irrigation and transport" } ] } ] }, { "context": "He constructed a military state with around four percent of the populace serving the army to raise Egypt to a powerful positioning in the Ottoman Empire in a way showing various similarities to the Soviet strategies (without communism) conducted in the 20th century.", "qas": [ { "id": "31024", "question": "what percentage of the populace serving the army to raise egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "four percent" } ] }, { "id": "31025", "question": "what was the name of the empire that egypt constructed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "Ottoman Empire" } ] }, { "id": "31026", "question": "in what century did the ottoman empire begin to raise egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "the 20th century" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Muhammad Ali Pasha evolved the military from one that convened under the tradition of the corv\u00e9e to a great modernised army. He introduced conscription of the male peasantry in 19th century Egypt, and took a novel approach to create his great army, strengthening it with numbers and in skill. Education and training of the new soldiers was not an option; the new concepts were furthermore enforced by isolation. The men were held in barracks to avoid distraction of their growth as a military unit to be reckoned with. The resentment for the military way of life eventually faded from the men and a new ideology took hold, one of nationalism and pride. It was with the help of this newly reborn martial unit that Muhammad Ali imposed his rule over Egypt.", "qas": [ { "id": "31027", "question": "who evolved the military from the tradition ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Muhammad Ali Pasha" } ] }, { "id": "31028", "question": "in what century did muhammad ali write conscription ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "19th century Egypt" } ] }, { "id": "31029", "question": "who imposed his rule over egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 713, "text": "Muhammad Ali" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The policy that Mohammad Ali Pasha followed during his reign explains partly why the numeracy in Egypt compared to other North-African and Middle-Eastern countries increased only at a remarkably small rate, as investment in further education only took place in the military and industrial sector.", "qas": [ { "id": "31030", "question": "who was the policy of mohammad 's policy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 16, "text": "Mohammad Ali Pasha" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Muhammad Ali was succeeded briefly by his son Ibrahim (in September 1848), then by a grandson Abbas I (in November 1848), then by Said (in 1854), and Isma'il (in 1863) who encouraged science and agriculture and banned slavery in Egypt.", "qas": [ { "id": "31031", "question": "who succeeded muhammad ali ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Ibrahim" } ] }, { "id": "31032", "question": "when did muhammad ali die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "September 1848" } ] }, { "id": "31033", "question": "when did muhammad ali die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "1854" } ] }, { "id": "31034", "question": "when did isma'il ali die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "1863" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty remained nominally an Ottoman province. It was granted the status of an autonomous vassal state or \"Khedivate\" in 1867, a status which was to remain in place until 1914.", "qas": [ { "id": "31035", "question": "who remained the ottoman province in egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 16, "text": "Muhammad Ali dynasty" } ] }, { "id": "31036", "question": "what was egypt 's autonomous vassal state called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "Khedivate" } ] }, { "id": "31037", "question": "when was the status of an autonomous vassal state granted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "1867" } ] }, { "id": "31038", "question": "when was the status of an autonomous vassal state in 1867 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "1914" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Suez Canal, built in partnership with the French, was completed in 1869. Its construction led to enormous debt to European banks, and caused popular discontent because of the onerous taxation it required. In 1875 Ismail was forced to sell Egypt's share in the canal to the British government. Within three years this led to the imposition of British and French controllers who sat in the Egyptian cabinet, and, \"with the financial power of the bondholders behind them, were the real power in the Government.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "31039", "question": "what canal was built in 1869 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Suez Canal" } ] }, { "id": "31040", "question": "who built the suez canal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "the French" } ] }, { "id": "31041", "question": "when was the suez canal completed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "1869" } ] }, { "id": "31042", "question": "when was egypt forced to sell egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "1875" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other circumstances like epidemic diseases (cattle disease in the 1880s), floods and wars drove the economic downturn and increased Egypt's dependency on foreign debt even further.", "qas": [ { "id": "31043", "question": "when did epidemic occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "1880s" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In later years, the dynasty became a British puppet. Isma'il and Tewfik Pasha governed Egypt as a quasi-independent state under Ottoman suzerainty until the British occupation of 1882.", "qas": [ { "id": "31044", "question": "who governed egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "Isma'il and Tewfik Pasha" } ] }, { "id": "31045", "question": "in what year did isma'il and tewfik die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "1882" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Local dissatisfaction with Ismail and with European intrusion led to the formation of the first nationalist groupings in 1879, with Ahmad Urabi a prominent figure. Fearing a reduction of their control, the UK and France intervened militarily, bombarding Alexandria and crushing the Egyptian army at the battle of Tel El Kebir. They reinstalled Ismail's son Tewfik as figurehead of a \"de facto\" British protectorate.", "qas": [ { "id": "31046", "question": "when was the first nationalist groupings of the first nationalist groupings ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "1879" } ] }, { "id": "31047", "question": "who led the prominent figure in 1879 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "Ahmad Urabi" } ] }, { "id": "31048", "question": "what two countries intervened in the battle of tel el el kebir ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "the UK and France" } ] }, { "id": "31049", "question": "which battle did bombarding alexandria defeat ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 313, "text": "Tel El Kebir" } ] }, { "id": "31050", "question": "what was the name of the son of a british son ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 384, "text": "de facto\" British protectorate" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1906, the Dinshaway Incident prompted many neutral Egyptians to join the nationalist movement.", "qas": [ { "id": "31051", "question": "in what year did egyptians join the nationalist movement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1906" } ] }, { "id": "31052", "question": "what prompted many neutral egyptians to join the nationalist movement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "Dinshaway Incident" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Khedivate of Egypt remained a de jure Ottoman province until 5 November 1914, when it was declared a British protectorate in reaction to the decision of the Young Turks of the Ottoman Empire to join World War I on the side of the Central Powers.", "qas": [ { "id": "31053", "question": "when did egypt become a british protectorate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "5 November 1914" } ] }, { "id": "31054", "question": "who was egypt 's decision to join world war i ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Young Turks of the Ottoman Empire" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1914, the Protectorate was made official, and the title of the head of state was changed to \"sultan\", to repudiate the vestigial suzerainty of the Ottoman sultan, who was backing the Central powers in World War I. Abbas II was deposed as khedive and replaced by his uncle, Hussein Kamel, as sultan.", "qas": [ { "id": "31055", "question": "in what year was the protectorate official , the protectorate was made ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1914" } ] }, { "id": "31056", "question": "what was the title of the head of the head of state in 1914 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "sultan" } ] }, { "id": "31057", "question": "who was the central powers of the ottoman empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "World War I. Abbas II" } ] }, { "id": "31058", "question": "what was abbas ii deposed as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "khedive" } ] }, { "id": "31059", "question": "what was the name of the uncle sultan replaced by sultan ii ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 276, "text": "Hussein Kamel" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After World War I, Saad Zaghlul and the Wafd Party led the Egyptian nationalist movement to a majority at the local Legislative Assembly. When the British exiled Zaghlul and his associates to Malta on 8 March 1919, the country arose in its first modern revolution. The revolt led the UK government to issue a unilateral declaration of Egypt's independence on 22 February 1922.", "qas": [ { "id": "31060", "question": "who led the egyptian nationalist movement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 19, "text": "Saad Zaghlul and the Wafd Party" } ] }, { "id": "31061", "question": "what was the name of the british exiled by the british ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Zaghlul" } ] }, { "id": "31062", "question": "on what date did the first modern revolution take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "8 March 1919" } ] }, { "id": "31063", "question": "when did the revolt of egypt begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 359, "text": "22 February 1922" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The new government drafted and implemented a constitution in 1923 based on a parliamentary system. Saad Zaghlul was popularly elected as Prime Minister of Egypt in 1924. In 1936, the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty was concluded. Continued instability due to remaining British influence and increasing political involvement by the king led to the dissolution of the parliament in a military \"coup d'\u00e9tat\" known as the 1952 Revolution. The Free Officers Movement forced King Farouk to abdicate in support of his son Fuad. British military presence in Egypt lasted until 1954.", "qas": [ { "id": "31064", "question": "when was the constitution drafted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "1923" } ] }, { "id": "31065", "question": "who was the prime minister of egypt in 1924 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "Saad Zaghlul" } ] }, { "id": "31066", "question": "what was egypt 's position in 1924 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "Prime Minister of Egypt" } ] }, { "id": "31067", "question": "when was the prime minister of egypt elected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "1924" } ] }, { "id": "31068", "question": "who did the free officers movement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 459, "text": "King Farouk" } ] }, { "id": "31069", "question": "when did british military presence begin in egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 559, "text": "1954" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Following the 1952 Revolution by the Free Officers Movement, the rule of Egypt passed to military hands. On 18 June 1953, the Egyptian Republic was declared, with General Muhammad Naguib as the first President of the Republic.", "qas": [ { "id": "31070", "question": "what movement passed the rule of egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Free Officers Movement" } ] }, { "id": "31071", "question": "when was the egyptian republic declared the first president ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "18 June 1953" } ] }, { "id": "31072", "question": "who was the first president of the republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "General Muhammad Naguib" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Naguib was forced to resign in 1954 by Gamal Abdel Nasserthe real architect of the 1952 movementand was later put under house arrest. Nasser assumed power as President in June 1956. British forces completed their withdrawal from the occupied Suez Canal Zone on 13 June 1956. He nationalised the Suez Canal on 26 July 1956, prompting the 1956 Suez Crisis.", "qas": [ { "id": "31073", "question": "when was naguib forced to resign ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "1954" } ] }, { "id": "31074", "question": "who forced naguib to resign in 1954 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "Gamal Abdel Nasserthe" } ] }, { "id": "31075", "question": "when did nasser become president ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "June 1956" } ] }, { "id": "31076", "question": "where did british forces move their withdrawal from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "Suez Canal Zone" } ] }, { "id": "31077", "question": "when did the occupied suez canal end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "13 June 1956" } ] }, { "id": "31078", "question": "when did the suez canal occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "26 July 1956" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1958, Egypt and Syria formed a sovereign union known as the United Arab Republic. The union was short-lived, ending in 1961 when Syria seceded, thus ending the union. During most of its existence, the United Arab Republic was also in a loose confederation with North Yemen (or the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen), known as the United Arab States. In 1959, the All-Palestine Government of the Gaza Strip, an Egyptian client state, was absorbed into the United Arab Republic under the pretext of Arab union, and was never restored.", "qas": [ { "id": "31079", "question": "in what year did egypt and syria form a sovereign union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1958" } ] }, { "id": "31080", "question": "what was the sovereign union known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "the United Arab Republic" } ] }, { "id": "31081", "question": "when did the union ending the union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "1961" } ] }, { "id": "31082", "question": "when was the gaza strip absorbed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 353, "text": "1959" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the early 1960s, Egypt became fully involved in the North Yemen Civil War. The Egyptian President, Gamal Abdel Nasser, supported the Yemeni republicans with as many as 70,000 Egyptian troops and chemical weapons. Despite several military moves and peace conferences, the war sank into a stalemate. Egyptian commitment in Yemen was greatly undermined later.", "qas": [ { "id": "31083", "question": "in what war did egypt become involved in the early 1960s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "North Yemen Civil War" } ] }, { "id": "31084", "question": "who was the egyptian president ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "Gamal Abdel Nasser" } ] }, { "id": "31085", "question": "how many egyptian troops did nasser have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "70,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In mid May 1967, the Soviet Union issued warnings to Nasser of an impending Israeli attack on Syria. Although the chief of staff Mohamed Fawzi verified them as \"baseless\", Nasser took three successive steps that made the war virtually inevitable: On 14 May he deployed his troops in Sinai near the border with Israel, on 19 May he expelled the UN peacekeepers stationed in the Sinai Peninsula border with Israel, and on 23 May he closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping. On 26 May Nasser declared, \"\"The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel\"\".", "qas": [ { "id": "31086", "question": "who was the chief of the staff that nasser deployed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "Mohamed Fawzi" } ] }, { "id": "31087", "question": "what was the name of the chief of staff mohamed fawzi ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "baseless" } ] }, { "id": "31088", "question": "when did nasser closed the straits ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 420, "text": "23 May" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Israel re-iterated that the Straits of Tiran closure was a Casus belli. In the 1967 Six Day War, Israel attacked Egypt, and occupied Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip, which Egypt had occupied since the 1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War. During the 1967 war, an Emergency Law was enacted, and remained in effect until 2012, with the exception of an 18-month break in 1980/81. Under this law, police powers were extended, constitutional rights suspended and censorship legalised.", "qas": [ { "id": "31089", "question": "what was israel 's straits of tiran ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Casus belli" } ] }, { "id": "31090", "question": "where did israel invade egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip" } ] }, { "id": "31091", "question": "when did the gaza strip end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War" } ] }, { "id": "31092", "question": "during the 1967 war , what was the exception to the emergency law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 356, "text": "1980/81" } ] }, { "id": "31093", "question": "what were police powers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 410, "text": "constitutional rights suspended and censorship legalised" } ] } ] }, { "context": "At the time of the fall of the Egyptian monarchy in the early 1950s, less than half a million Egyptians were considered upper class and rich, four million middle class and 17 million lower class and poor. Fewer than half of all primary-school-age children attended school, most of them being boys. Nasser's policies changed this. Land reform and distribution, the dramatic growth in university education, and government support to national industries greatly improved social mobility and flattened the social curve. From academic year 1953\u201354 through 1965\u201366, overall public school enrolments more than doubled. Millions of previously poor Egyptians, through education and jobs in the public sector, joined the middle class. Doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, journalists, constituted the bulk of the swelling middle class in Egypt under Nasser. During the 1960s, the Egyptian economy went from sluggish to the verge of collapse, the society became less free, and Nasser's appeal waned considerably.", "qas": [ { "id": "31094", "question": "how many egyptians were considered upper class ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "half a million" } ] }, { "id": "31095", "question": "how many middle class were there in the early 1950s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "four million" } ] }, { "id": "31096", "question": "how many lower class were there in the early 1950s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "17 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1970, President Nasser died and was succeeded by Anwar Sadat. Sadat switched Egypt's Cold War allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States, expelling Soviet advisors in 1972. He launched the Infitah economic reform policy, while clamping down on religious and secular opposition. In 1973, Egypt, along with Syria, launched the October War, a surprise attack to regain part of the Sinai territory Israel had captured 6 years earlier. It presented Sadat with a victory that allowed him to regain the Sinai later in return for peace with Israel.\nIn 1975, Sadat shifted Nasser's economic policies and sought to use his popularity to reduce government regulations and encourage foreign investment through his program of Infitah. Through this policy, incentives such as reduced taxes and import tariffs attracted some investors, but investments were mainly directed at low risk and profitable ventures like tourism and construction, abandoning Egypt's infant industries. Even though Sadat's policy was intended to modernise Egypt and assist the middle class, it mainly benefited the higher class, and, because of the elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs, led to the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots.", "qas": [ { "id": "31097", "question": "when did nasser die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1970" } ] }, { "id": "31098", "question": "who succeeded nasser ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "Anwar Sadat" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sadat made a historic visit to Israel in 1977, which led to the 1979 peace treaty in exchange for Israeli withdrawal from Sinai. Sadat's initiative sparked enormous controversy in the Arab world and led to Egypt's expulsion from the Arab League, but it was supported by most Egyptians. Sadat was assassinated by an Islamic extremist in October 1981.", "qas": [ { "id": "31099", "question": "when did sadat make a historic visit to israel ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "1977" } ] }, { "id": "31100", "question": "when was sadat assassinated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 336, "text": "October 1981" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hosni Mubarak came to power after the assassination of Sadat in a referendum in which he was the only candidate.\nHosni Mubarak reaffirmed Egypt's relationship with Israel yet eased the tensions with Egypt's Arab neighbours. Domestically, Mubarak faced serious problems. Even though farm and industry output expanded, the economy could not keep pace with the population boom. Mass poverty and unemployment led rural families to stream into cities like Cairo where they ended up in crowded slums, barely managing to survive.", "qas": [ { "id": "31101", "question": "what came to power after the assassination referendum ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hosni Mubarak" } ] }, { "id": "31102", "question": "who reaffirmed egypt 's relationship with israel ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "Hosni Mubarak" } ] }, { "id": "31103", "question": "who did israel want to eased the tensions with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "Egypt's Arab neighbours" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy\u2014tourism\u2014and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support.", "qas": [ { "id": "31104", "question": "what was the name of egypt 's target target ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "Christian Copts" } ] }, { "id": "31105", "question": "what were the christian attacks in the 1980s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "foreign tourists and government officials" } ] }, { "id": "31106", "question": "what was the islamist group in the 1990s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During Mubarak's reign, the political scene was dominated by the National Democratic Party, which was created by Sadat in 1978. It passed the 1993 Syndicates Law, 1995 Press Law, and 1999 Nongovernmental Associations Law which hampered freedoms of association and expression by imposing new regulations and draconian penalties on violations. As a result, by the late 1990s parliamentary politics had become virtually irrelevant and alternative avenues for political expression were curtailed as well.", "qas": [ { "id": "31107", "question": "who dominated the political scene in 1978 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "National Democratic Party" } ] }, { "id": "31108", "question": "who created the national democratic party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "Sadat" } ] }, { "id": "31109", "question": "when was the national democratic party created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "1978" } ] }, { "id": "31110", "question": "in what year was the 1993 syndicates law passed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "1995" } ] }, { "id": "31111", "question": "what law hampered freedoms of association and expression ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "Nongovernmental Associations Law" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 17 November 1997, 62 people, mostly tourists, were massacred near Luxor.", "qas": [ { "id": "31112", "question": "on what date was tourists massacred in 1997 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "17 November 1997" } ] }, { "id": "31113", "question": "how many people were massacred in 1997 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "62" } ] }, { "id": "31114", "question": "where were tourists massacred in 1997 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Luxor" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In late February 2005, Mubarak announced a reform of the presidential election law, paving the way for multi-candidate polls for the first time since the 1952 movement. However, the new law placed restrictions on the candidates, and led to Mubarak's easy re-election victory. Voter turnout was less than 25%. Election observers also alleged government interference in the election process. After the election, Mubarak imprisoned Ayman Nour, the runner-up.", "qas": [ { "id": "31115", "question": "in what year did the presidential election begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "1952" } ] }, { "id": "31116", "question": "what percentage of voter turnout was voter turnout ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 304, "text": "25%" } ] }, { "id": "31117", "question": "what was the name of the mubarak imprisoned by mubarak ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 429, "text": "Ayman Nour" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Human Rights Watch's 2006 report on Egypt detailed serious human rights violations, including routine torture, arbitrary detentions and trials before military and state security courts. In 2007, Amnesty International released a report alleging that Egypt had become an international centre for torture, where other nations send suspects for interrogation, often as part of the War on Terror. Egypt's foreign ministry quickly issued a rebuttal to this report.", "qas": [ { "id": "31118", "question": "in what year did human rights watch rights violations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "2006" } ] }, { "id": "31119", "question": "what were some human rights violations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "routine torture, arbitrary detentions and trials before military and state security courts" } ] }, { "id": "31120", "question": "in what year did amnesty international released ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "2007" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Constitutional changes voted on 19 March 2007 prohibited parties from using religion as a basis for political activity, allowed the drafting of a new anti-terrorism law, authorised broad police powers of arrest and surveillance, and gave the president power to dissolve parliament and end judicial election monitoring. In 2009, Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki, Media Secretary of the National Democratic Party (NDP), described Egypt as a \"pharaonic\" political system, and democracy as a \"long-term goal\". Dessouki also stated that \"the real center of power in Egypt is the military\".", "qas": [ { "id": "31121", "question": "when did constitutional changes begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "19 March 2007" } ] }, { "id": "31122", "question": "who was the media secretary of the national democratic party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki" } ] }, { "id": "31123", "question": "who was dr. ali el deen hilal dessouki ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 360, "text": "Media Secretary of the National Democratic Party" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 25 January 2011, widespread protests began against Mubarak's government. On 11 February 2011, Mubarak resigned and fled Cairo. Jubilant celebrations broke out in Cairo's Tahrir Square at the news. The Egyptian military then assumed the power to govern. Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, became the \"de facto\" interim head of state. On 13 February 2011, the military dissolved the parliament and suspended the constitution.", "qas": [ { "id": "31124", "question": "on what date did mubarak begin against mubarak ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "25 January 2011" } ] }, { "id": "31125", "question": "where did the celebrations begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "Cairo's Tahrir Square" } ] }, { "id": "31126", "question": "who was the chairman of the supreme council ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "Mohamed Hussein Tantawi" } ] }, { "id": "31127", "question": "on what date did the parliament of the parliament take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 382, "text": "13 February 2011" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A constitutional referendum was held on 19 March 2011. On 28 November 2011, Egypt held its first parliamentary election since the previous regime had been in power. Turnout was high and there were no reports of major irregularities or violence. Mohamed Morsi was elected president on 24 June 2012. On 2 August 2012, Egypt's Prime Minister Hisham Qandil announced his 35-member cabinet comprising 28 newcomers including four from the Muslim Brotherhood.", "qas": [ { "id": "31128", "question": "when was a constitutional referendum held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "19 March 2011" } ] }, { "id": "31129", "question": "when did egypt host its first parliamentary election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "28 November 2011" } ] }, { "id": "31130", "question": "when was mohamed morsi elected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 284, "text": "24 June 2012" } ] }, { "id": "31131", "question": "who was egypt 's prime minister ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "Prime Minister Hisham Qandil" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Liberal and secular groups walked out of the constituent assembly because they believed that it would impose strict Islamic practices, while Muslim Brotherhood backers threw their support behind Morsi. On 22 November 2012, President Morsi issued a temporary declaration immunising his decrees from challenge and seeking to protect the work of the constituent assembly.", "qas": [ { "id": "31132", "question": "what was the result of the constituent assembly ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "Muslim Brotherhood backers threw their support behind Morsi" } ] }, { "id": "31133", "question": "when did president morsi issued a temporary declaration ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "22 November 2012" } ] }, { "id": "31134", "question": "who issued a temporary declaration of the constituent assembly ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "President Morsi" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The move led to massive protests and violent action throughout Egypt. On 5 December 2012, tens of thousands of supporters and opponents of president Morsi clashed, in what was described as the largest violent battle between Islamists and their foes since the country's revolution. Mohamed Morsi offered a \"national dialogue\" with opposition leaders but refused to cancel the December 2012 constitutional referendum.", "qas": [ { "id": "31135", "question": "when was the largest violent battle between islamists and their foes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "5 December 2012" } ] }, { "id": "31136", "question": "who offered a `` national dialogue '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "Mohamed Morsi" } ] }, { "id": "31137", "question": "when did mohamed morsi offered a national dialogue ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 364, "text": "cancel the December 2012 constitutional referendum" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 3 July 2013, after a wave of public discontent with autocratic excesses of Morsi's Muslim Brotherhood government, the military removed President Morsi from power in a coup d'\u00e9tat and installed an interim government.", "qas": [ { "id": "31138", "question": "on what date did the president of the coup take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "3 July 2013" } ] }, { "id": "31139", "question": "what was the name of the excesses that the military removed president morsi ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "Morsi's Muslim Brotherhood government" } ] }, { "id": "31140", "question": "what was the name of the president that the military removed from power in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "President Morsi" } ] }, { "id": "31141", "question": "what was the name of the president that the military removed from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "a coup d'\u00e9tat" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 4 July 2013, 68-year-old Chief Justice of the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt Adly Mansour was sworn in as acting president over the new government following the removal of Morsi. The military-backed Egyptian authorities cracked down on the Muslim Brotherhood and its supporters, jailing thousands and killing hundreds of street protesters. Many of the Muslim Brotherhood leaders and activists have either been sentenced to death or life imprisonment in a series of mass trials.", "qas": [ { "id": "31142", "question": "on what date was the president of egypt sworn ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "4 July 2013" } ] }, { "id": "31143", "question": "who was the chief justice of egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "Adly Mansour" } ] }, { "id": "31144", "question": "where did egyptian authorities work on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "Muslim Brotherhood" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 18 January 2014, the interim government instituted a new constitution following a referendum in which 98.1% of voters were supportive. Participation was low with only 38.6% of registered voters participating although this was higher than the 33% who voted in a referendum during Morsi's tenure. On 26 March 2014 Abdel Fattah el-Sisi the head of the Egyptian Armed Forces, who at this time was in control of the country, resigned from the military, announcing he would stand as a candidate in the 2014 presidential election. The poll, held between 26 and 28 May 2014, resulted in a landslide victory for el-Sisi. Sisi was sworn into office as President of Egypt on 8 June 2014. The Muslim Brotherhood and some liberal and secular activist groups boycotted the vote. Even though the military-backed authorities extended voting to a third day, the 46% turnout was lower than the 52% turnout in the 2012 election.", "qas": [ { "id": "31145", "question": "when was the interim government instituted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "18 January 2014" } ] }, { "id": "31146", "question": "what percentage of voters were supportive of a referendum ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "98.1%" } ] }, { "id": "31147", "question": "what percentage of registered voters participating in a referendum ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "38.6%" } ] }, { "id": "31148", "question": "what percentage of voters voted in a referendum ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "33%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt lies primarily between latitudes 22\u00b0 and 32\u00b0N, and longitudes 25\u00b0 and 35\u00b0E. At , it is the world's 30th-largest country. Due to the extreme aridity of Egypt's climate, population centres are concentrated along the narrow Nile Valley and Delta, meaning that about 99% of the population uses about 5.5% of the total land area. 98% of Egyptians live on 3% of the territory.", "qas": [ { "id": "31149", "question": "what are the latitudes between egypt and egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "22\u00b0 and 32\u00b0N" } ] }, { "id": "31150", "question": "what percentage of the population uses about 5.5 % of the total land area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "99%" } ] }, { "id": "31151", "question": "what percentage of the total land area does the population of egypt produce ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "5.5%" } ] }, { "id": "31152", "question": "what percentage of egyptians live on 3 % of the territory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 331, "text": "98%" } ] }, { "id": "31153", "question": "what percentage of egyptians live in the territory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 356, "text": "3%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt is bordered by Libya to the west, the Sudan to the south, and the Gaza Strip and Israel to the east. Egypt's important role in geopolitics stems from its strategic position: a transcontinental nation, it possesses a land bridge (the Isthmus of Suez) between Africa and Asia, traversed by a navigable waterway (the Suez Canal) that connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean by way of the Red Sea.", "qas": [ { "id": "31154", "question": "what countries borders egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "Libya to the west, the Sudan to the south, and the Gaza Strip and Israel to the east" } ] }, { "id": "31155", "question": "what is the name of egypt 's land bridge ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 235, "text": "the Isthmus of Suez" } ] }, { "id": "31156", "question": "what is the suez canal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 294, "text": "a navigable waterway" } ] }, { "id": "31157", "question": "what is the name of the sea that connects the suez canal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 404, "text": "Red Sea" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Apart from the Nile Valley, the majority of Egypt's landscape is desert, with a few oases scattered about. Winds create prolific sand dunes that peak at more than high. Egypt includes parts of the Sahara desert and of the Libyan Desert. These deserts protected the Kingdom of the Pharaohs from western threats and were referred to as the \"red land\" in ancient Egypt.", "qas": [ { "id": "31158", "question": "where is the majority of egypt 's landscape located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 15, "text": "Nile Valley" } ] }, { "id": "31159", "question": "what is the majority of egypt 's landscape ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "desert" } ] }, { "id": "31160", "question": "what are the parts of egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "Sahara desert and of the Libyan Desert" } ] }, { "id": "31161", "question": "what were the kingdom of the pharaohs called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 339, "text": "red land" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Towns and cities include Alexandria, the second largest city; Aswan; Asyut; Cairo, the modern Egyptian capital and largest city; El Mahalla El Kubra; Giza, the site of the Pyramid of Khufu; Hurghada; Luxor; Kom Ombo; Port Safaga; Port Said; Sharm El Sheikh; Suez, where the south end of the Suez Canal is located; Zagazig; and Minya. Oases include Bahariya, Dakhla, Farafra, Kharga and Siwa. Protectorates include Ras Mohamed National Park, Zaranik Protectorate and Siwa.", "qas": [ { "id": "31162", "question": "what is the second largest city in the suez canal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "Alexandria" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 13 March 2015, plans for a proposed new capital of Egypt were announced.", "qas": [ { "id": "31163", "question": "when was plans for a proposed new capital of egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "13 March 2015" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most of Egypt's rain falls in the winter months. South of Cairo, rainfall averages only around per year and at intervals of many years. On a very thin strip of the northern coast the rainfall can be as high as , mostly between October and March. Snow falls on Sinai's mountains and some of the north coastal cities such as Damietta, Baltim and Sidi Barrani, and rarely in Alexandria. A very small amount of snow fell on Cairo on 13 December 2013, the first time in many decades. Frost is also known in mid-Sinai and mid-Egypt. Egypt is the driest and the sunniest country in the world, and most of its land surface is desert.\nEgypt has an unusually hot, sunny and dry climate. Average high temperatures are high in the north but very to extremely high in the rest of the country during summer. The cooler Mediterranean winds consistently blow over the northern sea coast, which helps to get more moderated temperatures, especially at the height of the summertime. The Khamaseen is a hot, dry wind that originates from the vast deserts in the south and blows in the spring or in the early summer.", "qas": [ { "id": "31164", "question": "when did the northern coast of the northern coast begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "October and March" } ] }, { "id": "31165", "question": "what are some of the north coastal cities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "Damietta, Baltim and Sidi Barrani" } ] }, { "id": "31166", "question": "when did a small amount of snow fell on cairo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 429, "text": "13 December 2013" } ] } ] }, { "context": "It bringing scorching sand and dust particles, and usually brings daytime temperatures over and sometimes over more in the interior, while the relative humidity can drop to 5% or even less. The absolute highest temperatures in Egypt occur when the Khamaseen blows. The weather is always sunny and clear in Egypt, especially in cities such as Aswan, Luxor and Asyut. It is one of the least cloudy and least rainy regions on Earth.", "qas": [ { "id": "31167", "question": "what are the particles of sand particles ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 12, "text": "scorching sand and dust particles" } ] }, { "id": "31168", "question": "what is the relative to the relative of humidity and dust ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "5% or even less" } ] }, { "id": "31169", "question": "what blows the absolute temperatures in egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "Khamaseen blows" } ] }, { "id": "31170", "question": "what are some cities in egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 342, "text": "Aswan, Luxor and Asyut" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Prior to the construction of the Aswan Dam, the Nile flooded annually (colloquially \"The Gift of the Nile\") replenishing Egypt's soil. This gave Egypt a consistent harvest throughout the years.", "qas": [ { "id": "31171", "question": "what is the construction of the nile flooded annually ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "Aswan Dam" } ] }, { "id": "31172", "question": "what does aswan dam mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "The Gift of the Nile\") replenishing Egypt's soil" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The potential rise in sea levels due to global warming could threaten Egypt's densely populated coastal strip and have grave consequences for the country's economy, agriculture and industry. Combined with growing demographic pressures, a significant rise in sea levels could turn millions of Egyptians into environmental refugees by the end of the 21st century, according to some climate experts.", "qas": [ { "id": "31173", "question": "what did global warming do in sea levels ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "threaten Egypt's densely populated coastal strip" } ] }, { "id": "31174", "question": "what are the grave consequences of egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "agriculture and industry" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 9 June 1992, and became a party to the convention on 2 June 1994. It has subsequently produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, which was received by the convention on 31 July 1998. Where many CBD National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans neglect biological kingdoms apart from animals and plants, Egypt's plan was unusual in providing balanced information about all forms of life.", "qas": [ { "id": "31175", "question": "when was the rio convention on biological diversity signed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "9 June 1992" } ] }, { "id": "31176", "question": "when did the rio convention become a party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "2 June 1994" } ] }, { "id": "31177", "question": "what has egypt produced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan" } ] }, { "id": "31178", "question": "when was egypt 's action plan received ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "31 July 1998" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The plan stated that the following numbers of species of different groups had been recorded from Egypt: algae (1483 species), animals (about 15,000 species of which more than 10,000 were insects), fungi (more than 627 species), monera (319 species), plants (2426 species), protozoans (371 species). For some major groups, for example lichen-forming fungi and nematode worms, the number was not known. Apart from small and well-studied groups like amphibians, birds, fish, mammals and reptiles, the many of those numbers are likely to increase as further species are recorded from Egypt. For the fungi, including lichen-forming species, for example, subsequent work has shown that over 2200 species have been recorded from Egypt, and the final figure of all fungi actually occurring in the country is expected to be much higher. For the grasses, 284 native and naturalised species have been identified and recorded in Egypt.", "qas": [ { "id": "31179", "question": "what is the name of the plan that recorded the following numbers of species of different groups ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "algae" } ] }, { "id": "31180", "question": "how many species of algae were there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "1483" } ] }, { "id": "31181", "question": "how many species of insects were recorded in egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "15,000" } ] }, { "id": "31182", "question": "how many species of fungi were there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "627" } ] }, { "id": "31183", "question": "what is the term for the plan that the plan had been recorded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "protozoans" } ] }, { "id": "31184", "question": "what type of native species have been recorded in egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 845, "text": "284" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The House of Representatives, whose members are elected to serve five-year terms, specialises in legislation. Elections were last held between November 2011 and January 2012 which was later dissolved. The next parliamentary election was announced to be held within 6 months of the constitution's ratification on 18 January 2014, and were held in two phases, from 17 October to 2 December 2015. Originally, the parliament was to be formed before the president was elected, but interim president Adly Mansour pushed the date. The Egyptian presidential election, 2014, took place on 26\u201328 May 2014. Official figures showed a turnout of 25,578,233 or 47.5%, with Abdel Fattah el-Sisi winning with 23.78 million votes, or 96.91% compared to 757,511 (3.09%) for Hamdeen Sabahi.", "qas": [ { "id": "31185", "question": "when were elections last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "November 2011 and January 2012" } ] }, { "id": "31186", "question": "how long was the parliamentary election announced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 265, "text": "6 months" } ] }, { "id": "31187", "question": "when was the next parliamentary election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "18 January 2014" } ] }, { "id": "31188", "question": "when was the parliamentary election held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 377, "text": "2 December 2015" } ] }, { "id": "31189", "question": "who pushed the date of the parliament ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 494, "text": "Adly Mansour" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After a wave of public discontent with autocratic excesses of the Muslim Brotherhood government of President Mohamed Morsi, on 3 July 2013 General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi announced the removal of Morsi from office and the suspension of the constitution. A 50-member constitution committee was formed for modifying the constitution which was later published for public voting and was adopted on 18 January 2014.", "qas": [ { "id": "31190", "question": "who was the muslim brotherhood ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "President Mohamed Morsi" } ] }, { "id": "31191", "question": "when did el-sisi write his removal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "3 July 2013" } ] }, { "id": "31192", "question": "who announced the removal of morsi from office ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi" } ] }, { "id": "31193", "question": "when was the constitution adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 391, "text": "18 January 2014" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2013, Freedom House rated political rights in Egypt at \"5\" (with 1 representing the most free and 7 the least), and civil liberties at \"5\", which gave it the freedom rating of \"Partly Free\".", "qas": [ { "id": "31194", "question": "in what year did freedom house rated political rights in egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2013" } ] }, { "id": "31195", "question": "at what point did freedom of political rights in egypt rank in egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "5" } ] }, { "id": "31196", "question": "what does freedom house house in egypt represent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "1 representing the most free and 7 the least" } ] }, { "id": "31197", "question": "what is the rating of freedom house in egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "Partly Free" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egyptian nationalism predates its Arab counterpart by many decades, having roots in the 19th century and becoming the dominant mode of expression of Egyptian anti-colonial activists and intellectuals until the early 20th century. The ideology espoused by Islamists such as the Muslim Brotherhood is mostly supported by the lower-middle strata of Egyptian society.", "qas": [ { "id": "31198", "question": "when did egyptian nationalism begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "the 19th century" } ] }, { "id": "31199", "question": "when did egyptian nationalism begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "early 20th century" } ] }, { "id": "31200", "question": "what is the name of the group that is supported by the egyptian society ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "the Muslim Brotherhood" } ] }, { "id": "31201", "question": "what supported the muslim brotherhood ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "the lower-middle strata of Egyptian society" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt has the oldest continuous parliamentary tradition in the Arab world. The first popular assembly was established in 1866. It was disbanded as a result of the British occupation of 1882, and the British allowed only a consultative body to sit. In 1923, however, after the country's independence was declared, a new constitution provided for a parliamentary monarchy.", "qas": [ { "id": "31202", "question": "when was the first popular assembly established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "1866" } ] }, { "id": "31203", "question": "in what year was the first popular assembly disbanded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "1882" } ] }, { "id": "31204", "question": "in what year did a new constitution take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "1923" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The legal system is based on Islamic and civil law (particularly Napoleonic codes); and judicial review by a Supreme Court, which accepts compulsory International Court of Justice jurisdiction only with reservations.", "qas": [ { "id": "31205", "question": "what is the legal system based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "Islamic and civil law" } ] }, { "id": "31206", "question": "who accepts judicial review ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "a Supreme Court" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Islamic jurisprudence is the principal source of legislation. Sharia courts and qadis are run and licensed by the Ministry of Justice. The personal status law that regulates matters such as marriage, divorce and child custody is governed by Sharia. In a family court, a woman's testimony is worth half of a man's testimony.", "qas": [ { "id": "31207", "question": "what is the principal source of legislation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Islamic jurisprudence" } ] }, { "id": "31208", "question": "what two courts are run and licensed by the ministry of justice ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "Sharia courts and qadis" } ] }, { "id": "31209", "question": "who licensed sharia courts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "the Ministry of Justice" } ] }, { "id": "31210", "question": "what are some personal status law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "marriage, divorce and child custody" } ] }, { "id": "31211", "question": "who governed the personal status law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "Sharia" } ] }, { "id": "31212", "question": "what is a woman 's testimony ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 291, "text": "worth half of a man's testimony" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 26 December 2012, the Muslim Brotherhood attempted to institutionalise a controversial new constitution. It was approved by the public in a referendum held 15\u201322 December 2012 with 64% support, but with only 33% electorate participation. It replaced the 2011 Provisional Constitution of Egypt, adopted following the revolution.", "qas": [ { "id": "31213", "question": "when did the muslim brotherhood declare a controversial new constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "26 December 2012" } ] }, { "id": "31214", "question": "when was the public in a referendum ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "15\u201322 December 2012" } ] }, { "id": "31215", "question": "what was the public brotherhood approved in december 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "64%" } ] }, { "id": "31216", "question": "how much of the electorate was participation to the muslim brotherhood ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "33%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Penal code was unique as it contains a \"Blasphemy Law.\" The present court system allows a death penalty including against an absent individual tried \"in absentia\". Several Americans and Canadians were sentenced to death in 2012.", "qas": [ { "id": "31217", "question": "what is the penal code ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Blasphemy Law" } ] }, { "id": "31218", "question": "what does the present court system provide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "a death penalty including against an absent individual tried \"in absentia\"" } ] }, { "id": "31219", "question": "when were several americans and canadians sentenced to death ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "2012" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 18 January 2014, the interim government successfully institutionalised a more secular constitution. The president is elected to a four-year term and may serve 2 terms. The parliament may impeach the president. Under the constitution, there is a guarantee of gender equality and absolute freedom of thought. The military retains the ability to appoint the national Minister of Defence for the next 8 years. Under the constitution, political parties may not be based on \"religion, race, gender or geography\".", "qas": [ { "id": "31220", "question": "when did the interim government begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "18 January 2014" } ] }, { "id": "31221", "question": "what happened to the interim government on 18 january 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "the interim government successfully institutionalised a more secular constitution" } ] }, { "id": "31222", "question": "how long is the president elected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "a four-year term and may serve 2 terms" } ] }, { "id": "31223", "question": "how did the parliament respond to the parliament ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "The parliament may impeach the president" } ] }, { "id": "31224", "question": "what is the constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "a guarantee of gender equality and absolute freedom of thought" } ] }, { "id": "31225", "question": "how long does it take for the national minister of defence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "8 years" } ] }, { "id": "31226", "question": "what are political parties not based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 472, "text": "religion, race, gender or geography" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Egyptian Organization for Human Rights is one of the longest-standing bodies for the defence of human rights in Egypt. In 2003, the government established the National Council for Human Rights. The council came under heavy criticism by local activists, who contend it was a propaganda tool for the government to excuse its own violations and to give legitimacy to repressive laws such as the Emergency Law.\nThe Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life ranks Egypt as the fifth worst country in the world for religious freedom. The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, a bipartisan independent agency of the US government, has placed Egypt on its watch list of countries that require close monitoring due to the nature and extent of violations of religious freedom engaged in or tolerated by the government. According to a 2010 Pew Global Attitudes survey, 84% of Egyptians polled supported the death penalty for those who leave Islam; 77% supported whippings and cutting off of hands for theft and robbery; and 82% support stoning a person who commits adultery.", "qas": [ { "id": "31227", "question": "when was the national council for human rights established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "2003" } ] }, { "id": "31228", "question": "what was established in 2003 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "National Council for Human Rights" } ] }, { "id": "31229", "question": "what is the name of the bipartisan independent agency ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 558, "text": "International Religious Freedom" } ] }, { "id": "31230", "question": "what percentage of egyptians polled supported the death penalty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 879, "text": "84%" } ] }, { "id": "31231", "question": "what percentage of egyptians supported islam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 958, "text": "77%" } ] }, { "id": "31232", "question": "what percentage of egyptians support stoning ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1034, "text": "82%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In April 2016, such violations have also affected international students and tourists, when an Italian PhD student from the University of Cambridge was found brutally murdered in Cairo after he went missing in January of the same year. Subsequently, Italy withdrew its ambassador to Egypt for consultations in Rome regarding the criminal death of Giulio Regeni, who, at the time, conducted critical academic research on Egyptian labour rights and trade unions. Egyptian law enforcement produced conflicting information on the fate of the Italian citizen, which was unacceptable to Italian investigators. As a result, the Italian press and foreign ministry pointed at the systematic human right violations in Egypt, and threatened with political sanctions unless police leadership and practices undergo significant revisions.", "qas": [ { "id": "31233", "question": "in what month and year did the italian phd begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "April 2016" } ] }, { "id": "31234", "question": "what was the name of the criminal death of italy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 347, "text": "Giulio Regeni" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Coptic Christians face discrimination at multiple levels of the government, ranging from disproportionate representation in government ministries to laws that limit their ability to build or repair churches. Intolerance of Bah\u00e1'\u00eds and non-orthodox Muslim sects, such as Sufis, Shi'a and Ahmadis, also remains a problem. When the government moved to computerise identification cards, members of religious minorities, such as Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, could not obtain identification documents. An Egyptian court ruled in early 2008 that members of other faiths may obtain identity cards without listing their faiths, and without becoming officially recognised.\nClashes continue between police and supporters of former President Mohamed Morsi, at least 595 civilians were killed in Cairo on 14 August 2013, the worst mass killing in Egypt's modern history.", "qas": [ { "id": "31235", "question": "what are some non-orthodox muslim sects ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "Sufis, Shi'a and Ahmadis" } ] }, { "id": "31236", "question": "what was the name of the religious group that could not obtain identification documents ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 424, "text": "Bah\u00e1'\u00eds" } ] }, { "id": "31237", "question": "who did clashes and supporters of egypt have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 710, "text": "Mohamed Morsi" } ] }, { "id": "31238", "question": "how many civilians were killed in cairo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 734, "text": "595" } ] }, { "id": "31239", "question": "on what date were clashes killed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 772, "text": "14 August 2013" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt actively practices capital punishment. Egypt's authorities do not release figures on death sentences and executions, despite repeated requests over the years by human rights organisations. The United Nations human rights office and various NGOs expressed \"deep alarm\" after an Egyptian Minya Criminal Court sentenced 529 people to death in a single hearing on 25 March 2014. Sentenced supporters of former President Mohamed Morsi will be executed for their alleged role in violence following his ousting in July 2013. The judgment was condemned as a violation of international law. By May 2014, approximately 16,000 people (and as high as more than 40,000 by one independent count), mostly Brotherhood members or supporters, have been imprisoned after the coup after the Muslim Brotherhood was labelled as terrorist organisation by the post-coup interim Egyptian government.", "qas": [ { "id": "31240", "question": "what was the name of the court that sentenced 529 people to death in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 283, "text": "Egyptian Minya Criminal Court" } ] }, { "id": "31241", "question": "how many people were sentenced to death in a single hearing on 25 march 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "529" } ] }, { "id": "31242", "question": "when did the united nations human rights office death ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 366, "text": "25 March 2014" } ] }, { "id": "31243", "question": "what was the name of the former president that will be executed in july 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 422, "text": "Mohamed Morsi" } ] }, { "id": "31244", "question": "when was mohamed morsi ousting executed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 513, "text": "July 2013" } ] }, { "id": "31245", "question": "how many people have been imprisoned after 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 615, "text": "16,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After Morsi was ousted by the military, the judiciary system aligned itself with the new government, actively supporting the repression of Muslim Brotherhood members. This resulted in a sharp increase in mass death sentences that arose criticism from the US president Barack Obama and the General Secretary of the UN, Ban Ki Moon. In April 2013, one judge of the Minya governatorate of Upper Egypt, sentenced 1,212 people to death. In December 2014 the judge Mohammed Nagi Shahata, notorious for his fierceness in passing on death sentences, condemned to the capital penalty 188 members of the Muslim Brotherhood, for assaulting a police station. \nVarious Egyptian and international human rights organisations have already pointed out the lack of fair trials, that often last only a few minutes and do not take into consideration the procedural standards of fair trials.", "qas": [ { "id": "31246", "question": "who did the new government actively supporting ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Muslim Brotherhood members" } ] }, { "id": "31247", "question": "what was the name of the secretary of the un secretary of the un ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 318, "text": "Ban Ki Moon" } ] }, { "id": "31248", "question": "how many people did the minya governatorate of upper egypt have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 409, "text": "1,212" } ] }, { "id": "31249", "question": "who was the judge in december 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 459, "text": "Mohammed Nagi Shahata" } ] }, { "id": "31250", "question": "how many members did the muslim brotherhood have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 575, "text": "188" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Reporters Without Borders ranked Egypt in their World Press Freedom Index as #158 out of 180. At least 18 journalists were imprisoned in Egypt in August 2015. A new anti-terror law was enacted in August 2015 that threatens members of the media with fines ranging from about US$25,000 to 60,000 for the distribution of wrong information on acts of terror inside the country \"that differ from official declarations of the Egyptian Department of Defense\".", "qas": [ { "id": "31251", "question": "how much did reporters without borders without borders without borders freedom cost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "#158 out of 180" } ] }, { "id": "31252", "question": "how many journalists were imprisoned in egypt in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "18" } ] }, { "id": "31253", "question": "when were 18 journalists imprisoned in egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "August 2015" } ] }, { "id": "31254", "question": "when was the new anti-terror law enacted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "August 2015" } ] }, { "id": "31255", "question": "how much did members of the media with fines ranging from terror ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "US$25,000 to 60,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The military is influential in the political and economic life of Egypt and exempts itself from laws that apply to other sectors. It enjoys considerable power, prestige and independence within the state and has been widely considered part of the Egyptian \"deep state\".", "qas": [ { "id": "31256", "question": "what has the military been widely considered part of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "the Egyptian \"deep state" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the former chair of Israel's Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee, Yuval Steinitz, the Egyptian Air Force has roughly the same number of modern warplanes as the Israeli Air Force and far more Western tanks, artillery, anti-aircraft batteries and warships than the IDF. Egypt is speculated by Israel to be the second country in the region with a spy satellite, EgyptSat 1 in addition to EgyptSat 2 launched on 16 April 2014.\nThe United States provides Egypt with annual military assistance, which in 2015 amounted to US$1.3 billion. In 1989, Egypt was designated as a major non-NATO ally of the United States. Nevertheless, ties between the two countries have partially soured since the July 2013 military coup that deposed Islamist president Mohamed Morsi, with the Obama administration condemning Egypt's violent crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood and its supporters, and cancelling future military exercises involving the two countries. There have been recent attempts, however, to normalise relations between the two, with both governments frequently calling for mutual support in the fight against regional and international terrorism.", "qas": [ { "id": "31257", "question": "who is the former chair of israel ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Yuval Steinitz" } ] }, { "id": "31258", "question": "when did israel die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 431, "text": "16 April 2014" } ] }, { "id": "31259", "question": "how much did the united states pay in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 538, "text": "US$1.3 billion" } ] }, { "id": "31260", "question": "who was the president of egypt in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 764, "text": "Mohamed Morsi" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Egyptian military has dozens of factories manufacturing weapons as well as consumer goods. The Armed Forces' inventory includes equipment from different countries around the world. Equipment from the former Soviet Union is being progressively replaced by more modern US, French, and British equipment, a significant portion of which is built under license in Egypt, such as the M1 Abrams tank. Relations with Russia have improved significantly following Mohamed Morsi's removal and both countries have worked since then to strengthen military and trade ties among other aspects of bilateral co-operation. Relations with China have also improved considerably. In 2014, Egypt and China have established a bilateral \"comprehensive strategic partnership\".", "qas": [ { "id": "31261", "question": "what type of goods does the egyptian military have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "consumer goods" } ] }, { "id": "31262", "question": "who replaced the former soviet union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "more modern US, French, and British equipment" } ] }, { "id": "31263", "question": "what is the name of the significant portion of the soviet union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 382, "text": "M1 Abrams tank" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The permanent headquarters of the Arab League are located in Cairo and the body's secretary general has traditionally been Egyptian. This position is currently held by former foreign minister Nabil el-Araby. The Arab League briefly moved from Egypt to Tunis in 1978 to protest the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty, but it later returned to Cairo in 1989. Gulf monarchies, including the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, have pledged billions of dollars to help Egypt overcome its economic difficulties since the July 2013 coup.", "qas": [ { "id": "31264", "question": "where is the permanent headquarters of the arab league located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Cairo" } ] }, { "id": "31265", "question": "who is the former foreign minister ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "Nabil el-Araby" } ] }, { "id": "31266", "question": "when did the arab league move from egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "1978" } ] }, { "id": "31267", "question": "what treaty did the arab league briefly protest in 1978 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty" } ] }, { "id": "31268", "question": "when was the arab league returned to cairo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 342, "text": "1989" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Following the 1973 war and the subsequent peace treaty, Egypt became the first Arab nation to establish diplomatic relations with Israel. Despite that, Israel is still widely considered as a hostile state by the majority of Egyptians. Egypt has played a historical role as a mediator in resolving various disputes in the Middle East, most notably its handling of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the peace process. Egypt's ceasefire and truce brokering efforts in Gaza have hardly been challenged following Israel's evacuation of its settlements from the strip in 2005, despite increasing animosity towards the Hamas government in Gaza following the ouster of Mohamed Morsi, and despite recent attempts by countries like Turkey and Qatar to take over this role.", "qas": [ { "id": "31269", "question": "what was the name of the hamas that led to the hamas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 664, "text": "Mohamed Morsi" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ties between Egypt and other non-Arab Middle Eastern nations, including Iran and Turkey, have often been strained. Tensions with Iran are mostly due to Egypt's peace treaty with Israel and its rivalry with traditional Egyptian allies in the Gulf. Turkey's recent support for the now-banned Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and its alleged involvement in Libya also made of both countries bitter regional rivals.", "qas": [ { "id": "31270", "question": "which two countries have been strained between egypt and egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "Iran and Turkey" } ] }, { "id": "31271", "question": "what was the name of the support of the support of turkey in egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "Muslim Brotherhood" } ] }, { "id": "31272", "question": "what did the muslim brotherhood call libya ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 368, "text": "both countries bitter regional rivals" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt is a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement and the United Nations. It is also a member of the Organisation internationale de la francophonie, since 1983. Former Egyptian Deputy Prime Minister Boutros Boutros-Ghali served as Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1991 to 1996.", "qas": [ { "id": "31273", "question": "what movement is egypt a founding member of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "Non-Aligned Movement and the United Nations" } ] }, { "id": "31274", "question": "what is egypt 's organisation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "de la francophonie" } ] }, { "id": "31275", "question": "when was egypt 's member of egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "1983" } ] }, { "id": "31276", "question": "who was the former egyptian minister of the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "Boutros Boutros-Ghali" } ] }, { "id": "31277", "question": "when was the united nations prime minister ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "1991 to 1996" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 21st century, Egypt has had a major problem with immigration, as millions of persons from other African nations flee poverty and war. Border control methods can be \"harsh, sometimes lethal.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "31278", "question": "what did egypt do in the 21st century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "millions of persons from other African nations flee poverty and war" } ] }, { "id": "31279", "question": "what is border control of border control ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "\"harsh, sometimes lethal" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt is divided into 27 governorates. The governorates are further divided into regions. The regions contain towns and villages. Each governorate has a capital, sometimes carrying the same name as the governorate.\n]\nEgypt's economy depends mainly on agriculture, media, petroleum imports, natural gas, and tourism; there are also more than three million Egyptians working abroad, mainly in Saudi Arabia, the Persian Gulf and Europe. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1970 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honoured place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population, limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress the economy.", "qas": [ { "id": "31280", "question": "how many governorates is egypt divided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "27" } ] }, { "id": "31281", "question": "how many egyptians working abroad economy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 341, "text": "three million" } ] }, { "id": "31282", "question": "when was the completion of aswan high dam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 474, "text": "1970" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The government has invested in communications and physical infrastructure. Egypt has received United States foreign aid since 1979 (an average of $2.2 billion per year) and is the third-largest recipient of such funds from the United States following the Iraq war. Egypt's economy mainly relies on these sources of income: tourism, remittances from Egyptians working abroad and revenues from the Suez Canal.", "qas": [ { "id": "31283", "question": "what has the government invested in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "communications and physical infrastructure" } ] }, { "id": "31284", "question": "what year did egypt receive united states foreign aid ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "1979" } ] }, { "id": "31285", "question": "how much does egypt pay since 1979 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "$2.2 billion per year" } ] }, { "id": "31286", "question": "where did the egyptians working abroad and revenues ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 396, "text": "Suez Canal" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt has a developed energy market based on coal, oil, natural gas, and hydro power. Substantial coal deposits in the northeast Sinai are mined at the rate of about per year. Oil and gas are produced in the western desert regions, the Gulf of Suez, and the Nile Delta. Egypt has huge reserves of gas, estimated at , and LNG up to 2012 exported to many countries. In 2013, the Egyptian General Petroleum Co (EGPC) said the country will cut exports of natural gas and tell major industries to slow output this summer to avoid an energy crisis and stave off political unrest, Reuters has reported. Egypt is counting on top liquid natural gas (LNG) exporter Qatar to obtain additional gas volumes in summer, while encouraging factories to plan their annual maintenance for those months of peak demand, said EGPC chairman, Tarek El Barkatawy. Egypt produces its own energy, but has been a net oil importer since 2008 and is rapidly becoming a net importer of natural gas.\nEconomic conditions have started to improve considerably, after a period of stagnation, due to the adoption of more liberal economic policies by the government as well as increased revenues from tourism and a booming stock market. In its annual report, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has rated Egypt as one of the top countries in the world undertaking economic reforms. Some major economic reforms undertaken by the government since 2003 include a dramatic slashing of customs and tariffs. A new taxation law implemented in 2005 decreased corporate taxes from 40% to the current 20%, resulting in a stated 100% increase in tax revenue by the year 2006.", "qas": [ { "id": "31287", "question": "what are energy market based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "coal, oil, natural gas, and hydro power" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Egypt increased considerably before the removal of Hosni Mubarak, exceeding $6 billion in 2006, due to economic liberalisation and privatisation measures taken by minister of investment Mahmoud Mohieddin. Since the fall of Hosni Mubarak in 2011, Egypt has experienced a drastic fall in both foreign investment and tourism revenues, followed by a 60% drop in foreign exchange reserves, a 3% drop in growth, and a rapid devaluation of the Egyptian pound.", "qas": [ { "id": "31288", "question": "what was the removal of fdi 's foreign investment ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "Hosni Mubarak" } ] }, { "id": "31289", "question": "how much did fdi spend in 2006 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "$6 billion" } ] }, { "id": "31290", "question": "who was the minister of investment in egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 221, "text": "Mahmoud Mohieddin" } ] }, { "id": "31291", "question": "when did the fall of hosni mubarak occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "2011" } ] }, { "id": "31292", "question": "how much of egypt 's foreign investment drop in foreign exchange ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 381, "text": "60%" } ] }, { "id": "31293", "question": "how much of egypt 's foreign exchange drop in growth , since 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 422, "text": "3%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although one of the main obstacles still facing the Egyptian economy is the limited trickle down of wealth to the average population, many Egyptians criticise their government for higher prices of basic goods while their standards of living or purchasing power remains relatively stagnant. Corruption is often cited by Egyptians as the main impediment to further economic growth. The government promised major reconstruction of the country's infrastructure, using money paid for the newly acquired third mobile license ($3 billion) by Etisalat in 2006. In the Corruption Perceptions Index 2013, Egypt was ranked 114 out of 177.\nEgypt's most prominent multinational companies are the Orascom Group and Raya Contact Center. The information technology (IT) sector has expanded rapidly in the past few years, with many start-ups selling outsourcing services to North America and Europe, operating with companies such as Microsoft, Oracle and other major corporations, as well as many small and medium size enterprises. Some of these companies are the Xceed Contact Center, Raya, E Group Connections and C3. The IT sector has been stimulated by new Egyptian entrepreneurs with government encouragement.", "qas": [ { "id": "31294", "question": "corruption is often cited as what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "Egyptians" } ] }, { "id": "31295", "question": "how much did the third mobile license cost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 520, "text": "$3 billion" } ] }, { "id": "31296", "question": "what was egypt 's corruption ranked in corruption ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 612, "text": "114 out of 177" } ] } ] }, { "context": "An estimated 2.7 million Egyptians abroad contribute actively to the development of their country through remittances (US$7.8 billion in 2009), as well as circulation of human and social capital and investment. Remittances, money earned by Egyptians living abroad and sent home, reached a record US$21 billion in 2012, according to the World Bank.", "qas": [ { "id": "31297", "question": "how many egyptians abroad contribute actively to the development of their country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "2.7 million" } ] }, { "id": "31298", "question": "how much money did egyptians get in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "US$7.8 billion" } ] }, { "id": "31299", "question": "how much money did the world bank receive in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "US$21 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egyptian society is moderately unequal in terms of income distribution, with an estimated 35 \u2013 40% of Egypt's population earning less than the equivalent of $2 a day, while only around 2\u20133% may be considered wealthy.", "qas": [ { "id": "31300", "question": "what percentage of egypt 's population is moderately ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "35 \u2013 40%" } ] }, { "id": "31301", "question": "what is the equivalent of egypt 's population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "$2" } ] }, { "id": "31302", "question": "what percentage of egypt 's population is wealthy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "2\u20133%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Tourism is one of the most important sectors in Egypt's economy. More than 12.8 million tourists visited Egypt in 2008, providing revenues of nearly $11 billion. The tourism sector employs about 12% of Egypt's workforce. Tourism Minister Hisham Zaazou told industry professionals and reporters that tourism generated some $9.4 billion in 2012, a slight increase over the $9 billion seen in 2011.\nThe Giza Necropolis is Egypt's most iconic site. It is also Egypt's most popular tourist destination since antiquity, and was popularised in Hellenistic times when the Great Pyramid was listed by Antipater of Sidon as one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Today it is the only one of those wonders still in existence.", "qas": [ { "id": "31303", "question": "how many tourists visited egypt in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "12.8 million" } ] }, { "id": "31304", "question": "how much money did egypt receive in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "$11 billion" } ] }, { "id": "31305", "question": "what percentage of egypt 's workforce is tourism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "12%" } ] }, { "id": "31306", "question": "how much did reporters that tourism generated in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "$9.4 billion" } ] }, { "id": "31307", "question": "how much money did reporters that tourism generated in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 371, "text": "$9 billion" } ] }, { "id": "31308", "question": "who listed the great pyramid ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 592, "text": "Antipater of Sidon" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt has a wide range of beaches situated on the Mediterranean and the Red Sea that extend to over . The Red Sea has serene waters, coloured coral reefs, rare fish and beautiful mountains. The Akba Gulf beaches also provide facilities for practising sea sports. Safaga tops the Red Sea zone with its beautiful location on the Suez Gulf. Last but not least, Sharm El Sheikh, Hurghada, Luxor (known as world's greatest open-air museum/ or City of the \u2153 of world monuments), Dahab, Ras Sidr, Marsa Alam, Safaga and the northern coast of the Mediterranean are major tourist's destinations of the recreational tourism.", "qas": [ { "id": "31309", "question": "where is egypt 's beaches located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "the Mediterranean and the Red Sea" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With a lot of touristic activities in Egypt it's considered a fun place for historical, religious, medical and entertainment tourism. To enter Egypt, it is necessary to have a valid passport and in most cases a visa.", "qas": [ { "id": "31310", "question": "what types of tourism were used in egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "religious, medical and entertainment tourism" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt was producing 691,000\u00a0bbl/d of oil and 2,141.05\u00a0Tcf of natural gas (in 2013), which makes Egypt as the largest oil producer not member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the second-largest dry natural gas producer in Africa. In 2013, Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa, as more than 20% of total oil consumption and more than 40% of total dry natural gas consumption in Africa. Also, Egypt possesses the largest oil refinery capacity in Africa 726,000\u00a0bbl/d (in 2012).\nEgypt is currently planning to build its first nuclear power plant in El Dabaa, on the northern coast of the country.", "qas": [ { "id": "31311", "question": "how many oil oil was egypt producing in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "691,000" } ] }, { "id": "31312", "question": "what percentage of oil consumption in africa was egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 351, "text": "20%" } ] }, { "id": "31313", "question": "what percentage of natural gas consumption in africa were the largest consumer of oil ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 394, "text": "40%" } ] }, { "id": "31314", "question": "where is egypt 's first nuclear power plant ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 607, "text": "El Dabaa" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Transport in Egypt is centred around Cairo and largely follows the pattern of settlement along the Nile. The main line of the nation's 40,800-kilometre (25,400\u00a0mi) railway network runs from Alexandria to Aswan and is operated by Egyptian National Railways. The vehicle road network has expanded rapidly to over 21,000 miles, consisting of 28 line, 796 stations, 1800 train covering the Nile Valley and Nile Delta, the Mediterranean and Red Sea coasts, the Sinai, and the Western oases.", "qas": [ { "id": "31315", "question": "where is transport in egypt located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Cairo" } ] }, { "id": "31316", "question": "what is the main line of the railway network ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "40,800-kilometre" } ] }, { "id": "31317", "question": "how many railway network runs from alexandria ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "25,400\u00a0mi)" } ] }, { "id": "31318", "question": "who operated the railway network ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "Egyptian National Railways" } ] }, { "id": "31319", "question": "how much has the vehicle road network expanded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "over 21,000 miles" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt is considered one of the pioneer countries in using air transport having established its most important and main flag carrier airline of Egypt, EgyptAir in 1932, founded by Egyptian industrialist Talaat Harb, today owned by the Egyptian government. The airline is based at Cairo International Airport, its main hub, operating scheduled passenger and freight services to more than 75 destinations in the Middle East, Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The Current EgyptAir fleet includes 80 aeroplane.", "qas": [ { "id": "31320", "question": "what is egypt 's main flag ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "EgyptAir" } ] }, { "id": "31321", "question": "in what year was egypt founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "1932" } ] }, { "id": "31322", "question": "who founded egypt in 1932 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "Talaat Harb" } ] }, { "id": "31323", "question": "where is the airline based ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 279, "text": "Cairo International Airport" } ] }, { "id": "31324", "question": "how many destinations does egypt have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 386, "text": "75" } ] }, { "id": "31325", "question": "how many aeroplane are in the current fleet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 498, "text": "80 aeroplane" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt considered the most important centre of the maritime transport in the Middle East, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869 after 10 years of construction work, it allows ship transport between Europe and Asia without navigation around Africa. The northern terminus is Port Said and the southern terminus is Port Tawfiq at the city of Suez. Ismailia lies on its west bank, from the half-way point.", "qas": [ { "id": "31326", "question": "what is the most important sea-level waterway in egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Suez Canal" } ] }, { "id": "31327", "question": "what does the suez canal connecting ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea" } ] }, { "id": "31328", "question": "how long did the suez canal last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "10 years" } ] }, { "id": "31329", "question": "what is the southern terminus of suez suez ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 401, "text": "Port Tawfiq" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The canal is long, deep and wide . It consists of the northern access channel of (14\u00a0mi), the canal itself of and the southern access channel of . The canal is a single lane with passing places in the \"Ballah By-Pass\" and the Great Bitter Lake. It contains no locks; seawater flows freely through the canal. In general, the canal north of the Bitter Lakes flows north in winter and south in summer. The current south of the lakes changes with the tide at Suez.", "qas": [ { "id": "31330", "question": "how far is the northern access of the canal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "14\u00a0mi)" } ] }, { "id": "31331", "question": "where is the canal canal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "Ballah By-Pass\" and the Great Bitter Lake" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 26 August 2014 a proposal was made for opening a New Suez Canal. Work on the New Suez Canal was completed in July 2015. The channel was officially inaugurated with a ceremony attended by foreign leaders and featuring military flyovers on 6 August 2015, in accordance with the budgets laid out for the project.", "qas": [ { "id": "31332", "question": "when was the suez canal made ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "26 August 2014" } ] }, { "id": "31333", "question": "what was the proposal for a proposal called in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "New Suez Canal" } ] }, { "id": "31334", "question": "what canal was completed in july 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "New Suez Canal" } ] }, { "id": "31335", "question": "when was the new suez canal completed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "July 2015" } ] }, { "id": "31336", "question": "when was the channel attended by foreign leaders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "6 August 2015" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Drinking water supply and sanitation in Egypt is characterised by both achievements and challenges. Among the achievements are an increase of piped water supply between 1990 and 2010 from 89% to 100% in urban areas and from 39% to 93% in rural areas despite rapid population growth, the elimination of open defecation in rural areas during the same period, and in general a relatively high level of investment in infrastructure. Access to an improved water source in Egypt is now practically universal with a rate of 99%. About one half of the population is connected to sanitary sewers.", "qas": [ { "id": "31337", "question": "what percentage of piped water supply between 1990 and 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "89% to 100%" } ] }, { "id": "31338", "question": "what is the percentage of piped water supply in rural areas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "93%" } ] }, { "id": "31339", "question": "what is the rate of water in egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 517, "text": "99%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Partly because of low sanitation coverage about 17,000 children die each year because of diarrhoea. Another challenge is low cost recovery due to water tariffs that are among the lowest in the world. This in turn requires government subsidies even for operating costs, a situation that has been aggravated by salary increases without tariff increases after the Arab Spring. Poor operation of facilities, such as water and wastewater treatment plants, as well as limited government accountability and transparency, are also issues.", "qas": [ { "id": "31340", "question": "why do children die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "low sanitation coverage about 17,000 children die each year because of diarrhoea" } ] }, { "id": "31341", "question": "how is salary aggravated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "salary increases without tariff increases after the Arab Spring" } ] }, { "id": "31342", "question": "what are some poor operation of facilities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 412, "text": "water and wastewater treatment plants" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt is the most populated country in the Middle East, and the third most populous on the African continent, with about 88 million inhabitants . Its population grew rapidly from 1970 to 2010 due to medical advances and increases in agricultural productivity enabled by the Green Revolution. Egypt's population was estimated at 3 million when Napoleon invaded the country in 1798.", "qas": [ { "id": "31343", "question": "how many inhabitants are in egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "88 million" } ] }, { "id": "31344", "question": "what enabled the population of egypt in 1970 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "Green Revolution" } ] }, { "id": "31345", "question": "how many estimated napoleon invaded the country in 1798 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "3 million" } ] }, { "id": "31346", "question": "when did napoleon invade the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 375, "text": "1798" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt's people are highly urbanised, being concentrated along the Nile (notably Cairo and Alexandria), in the Delta and near the Suez Canal. Egyptians are divided demographically into those who live in the major urban centres and the fellahin, or farmers, that reside in rural villages.", "qas": [ { "id": "31347", "question": "what two countries are concentrated along the nile and nile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "Cairo and Alexandria" } ] }, { "id": "31348", "question": "where are egypt 's people urbanised ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "the Delta and near the Suez Canal" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While emigration was restricted under Nasser, thousands of Egyptian professionals were dispatched abroad in the context of the Arab Cold War. Egyptian emigration was liberalised in 1971, under President Sadat, reaching record numbers after the 1973 oil crisis. An estimated 2.7 million Egyptians live abroad. Approximately 70% of Egyptian migrants live in Arab countries (923,600 in Saudi Arabia, 332,600 in Libya, 226,850 in Jordan, 190,550 in Kuwait with the rest elsewhere in the region) and the remaining 30% reside mostly in Europe and North America (318,000 in the United States, 110,000 in Canada and 90,000 in Italy). The process of emigrating to non-Arab states has been ongoing since the 1950s.", "qas": [ { "id": "31349", "question": "what war was restricted by nasser ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "Arab Cold War" } ] }, { "id": "31350", "question": "when was egyptian emigration liberalised ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "1971" } ] }, { "id": "31351", "question": "who was the president of egyptian emigration in 1971 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "President Sadat" } ] }, { "id": "31352", "question": "how many egyptians live abroad ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "2.7 million" } ] }, { "id": "31353", "question": "what percentage of egyptian migrants live in arab countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "70%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Among the people of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world's oldest nation. For most of their history, Egypt has been a state, but only in recent years has it been truly a nation-state, with a government claiming the allegiance of its subjects on the basis of a common identity.", "qas": [ { "id": "31354", "question": "what did the egyptians changed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "their language once and their religion twice" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ethnic Egyptians are by far the largest ethnic group in the country, constituting 91% of the total population. Ethnic minorities include the Abazas, Turks, Greeks, Bedouin Arab tribes living in the eastern deserts and the Sinai Peninsula, the Berber-speaking Siwis (Amazigh) of the Siwa Oasis, and the Nubian communities clustered along the Nile. There are also tribal Beja communities concentrated in the south-eastern-most corner of the country, and a number of Dom clans mostly in the Nile Delta and Faiyum who are progressively becoming assimilated as urbanisation increases.", "qas": [ { "id": "31355", "question": "what percentage of the total population in the united states are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "91%" } ] }, { "id": "31356", "question": "where are dom clans located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 488, "text": "Nile Delta and Faiyum" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt also hosts an unknown number of refugees and asylum seekers, estimated to be between 500,000 and 3 million. There are some 70,000 Palestinian refugees, and about 150,000 recently arrived Iraqi refugees, but the number of the largest group, the Sudanese, is contested. The once-vibrant and ancient Greek and Jewish communities in Egypt have almost disappeared, with only a small number remaining in the country, but many Egyptian Jews visit on religious or other occasions and tourism. Several important Jewish archaeological and historical sites are found in Cairo, Alexandria and other cities.", "qas": [ { "id": "31357", "question": "how many refugees does egypt have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "500,000 and 3 million" } ] }, { "id": "31358", "question": "how many palestinian refugees are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "70,000" } ] }, { "id": "31359", "question": "how many recently arrived in iraqi refugees ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "150,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The official language of the Republic is Modern Standard Arabic. Arabic was adopted by the Egyptians after the Arab invasion of Egypt. The spoken languages are: Egyptian Arabic (68%), Sa'idi Arabic (29%), Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic (1.6%), Sudanese Arabic (0.6%), Domari (0.3%), Nobiin (0.3%), Beja (0.1%), Siwi and others. Additionally, Greek, Armenian and Italian are the main languages of immigrants. In Alexandria in the 19th century there was a large community of Italian Egyptians and Italian was the \"lingua franca\" of the city.", "qas": [ { "id": "31360", "question": "what is the official language of the republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Modern Standard Arabic" } ] }, { "id": "31361", "question": "what language is spoken in spoken languages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Egyptian Arabic" } ] }, { "id": "31362", "question": "what percentage of egyptian arabic is egyptian arabic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "68%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The main foreign languages taught in schools, by order of popularity, are English, French, German and Italian.", "qas": [ { "id": "31363", "question": "what are the main foreign languages in schools ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "English, French, German and Italian" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Historical Egyptian languages, also known as Copto-Egyptian, consist of ancient Egyptian and Coptic, and form a separate branch among the family of Afroasiatic languages. The \"Koin\u00e9\" dialect of the Greek language, though not native to Egypt, was important in Hellenistic Alexandria. It was used extensively in the philosophy and science of that culture. Later translations from Greek to Arabic became the subject of study by Arab scholars.", "qas": [ { "id": "31364", "question": "what is another name for historical egyptian languages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "Copto-Egyptian" } ] }, { "id": "31365", "question": "what are the historical egyptian languages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "ancient Egyptian and Coptic" } ] }, { "id": "31366", "question": "where was the dialect of the greek language located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "Hellenistic Alexandria" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt is a predominantly Sunni Muslim country with Islam as its state religion. The percentage of adherents of various religions is a controversial topic in Egypt. An estimated 90% are identified as Muslim, 9% as Coptic Christians, and 1% as other Christian denominations. Non-denominational Muslims form roughly 12% of the population.", "qas": [ { "id": "31367", "question": "what percentage of coptic christians are identified as muslim ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "90%" } ] }, { "id": "31368", "question": "what percentage of coptic christians are coptic christians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "9%" } ] }, { "id": "31369", "question": "what percentage of christian denominations are muslim ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "1%" } ] }, { "id": "31370", "question": "what percentage of the population is non-denominational ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 313, "text": "12%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although Egypt was a majority-Christian country before the 7th Century, after Islam arrived, the country was gradually Islamised into a majority-Muslim country. Egypt emerged as a centre of politics and culture in the Muslim world. Under Anwar Sadat, Islam became the official state religion and Sharia the main source of law. It is estimated that 15 million Egyptians follow Native Sufi orders, with the Sufi leadership asserting that the numbers are much greater as many Egyptian Sufis are not officially registered with a Sufi order.", "qas": [ { "id": "31371", "question": "when did egypt become a country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "7th Century" } ] }, { "id": "31372", "question": "who became the official state religion in islam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "Anwar Sadat" } ] }, { "id": "31373", "question": "how many egyptians follow native sufi orders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 348, "text": "15 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There is also a Shi'a minority. The Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs estimates the Shia population at 1 to 2.2 million and could measure as much as 3 million. The Ahmadiyya population is estimated at less than 50,000, whereas the Salafi (ultra-conservative) population is estimated at five to six million. Cairo is famous for its numerous mosque minarets and has been dubbed \"\"The City of 1,000 Minarets\"\".\nOf the Christian minority in Egypt over 90% belong to the native Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, an Oriental Orthodox Christian Church. Other native Egyptian Christians are adherents of the Coptic Catholic Church, the Evangelical Church of Egypt and various other Protestant denominations. Non-native Christian communities are largely found in the urban regions of Cairo and Alexandria, such as the Syro-Lebanese, who belong to Greek Catholic, Greek Orthodox, and Maronite Catholic denominations.", "qas": [ { "id": "31374", "question": "how many shia population does the jerusalem center have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "1 to 2.2 million" } ] }, { "id": "31375", "question": "how many shia population could the jerusalem center measure ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "3 million" } ] }, { "id": "31376", "question": "how many population is the ahmadiyya population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "50,000" } ] }, { "id": "31377", "question": "what is the population of the ahmadiyya population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "six million" } ] }, { "id": "31378", "question": "what percentage of christian minority belong to the native coptic orthodox church of alexandria ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 450, "text": "90%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ethnic Greeks also made up a large Greek Orthodox population in the past. Likewise, Armenians made up the then larger Armenian Orthodox and Catholic communities. Egypt also used to have a large Roman Catholic community, largely made up of Italians and Maltese. These non-native communities were much larger in Egypt before the Nasser regime and the nationalisation that took place.", "qas": [ { "id": "31379", "question": "what were the names of the armenians that armenians made ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "Armenian Orthodox and Catholic communities" } ] }, { "id": "31380", "question": "what were the roman catholic community made up of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "Italians and Maltese" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt hosts two major religious institutions, the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, established in the middle of the 1st century CE by Saint Mark the Evangelist, and Al-Azhar University, founded in 970 CE by the Fatimids as the first Islamic School and University in the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "31381", "question": "what is the name of the religious church in egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria" } ] }, { "id": "31382", "question": "when was the coptic orthodox church established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "1st century CE" } ] }, { "id": "31383", "question": "what is the name of the university of egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "Al-Azhar University" } ] }, { "id": "31384", "question": "when was al-azhar university founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "970 CE" } ] }, { "id": "31385", "question": "what is the name of the first al-azhar university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "Islamic School and University" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt recognises only three religions: Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. Other faiths and minority Muslim sects practised by Egyptians, such as the small Bah\u00e1'\u00ed and Ahmadi community, are not recognised by the state and face persecution since they are labelled as far right groups that threaten Egypt's national security. Individuals, particularly Baha'is and atheists, wishing to include their religion (or lack thereof) on their mandatory state issued identification cards are denied this ability (see Egyptian identification card controversy), and are put in the position of either not obtaining required identification or lying about their faith. A 2008 court ruling allowed members of unrecognised faiths to obtain identification and leave the religion field blank.", "qas": [ { "id": "31386", "question": "how many religions does egypt have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "31387", "question": "what are egypt 's three religions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "Islam, Christianity, and Judaism" } ] }, { "id": "31388", "question": "who practised minority muslim sects ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "Egyptians" } ] }, { "id": "31389", "question": "what are the egyptians practised by egyptians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "Bah\u00e1'\u00ed and Ahmadi community" } ] }, { "id": "31390", "question": "what are the bah\u00e1 ' \u00ed community not recognised by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "far right groups that threaten Egypt's national security" } ] }, { "id": "31391", "question": "what are atheists put in the position of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 577, "text": "either not obtaining required identification or lying about their faith" } ] }, { "id": "31392", "question": "what did a 2008 court do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 689, "text": "unrecognised faiths to obtain identification and leave the religion field blank" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt is a recognised cultural trend-setter of the Arabic-speaking world. Contemporary Arabic and Middle-Eastern culture is heavily influenced by Egyptian literature, music, film and television. Egypt gained a regional leadership role during the 1950s and 1960s, giving a further enduring boost to the standing of Egyptian culture in the Arabic-speaking world.", "qas": [ { "id": "31393", "question": "what is the main source of contemporary arabic and middle-eastern culture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "Egyptian literature, music, film and television" } ] }, { "id": "31394", "question": "when did egypt join a regional leadership ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "1950s and 1960s" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egyptian identity evolved in the span of a long period of occupation to accommodate Islam, Christianity and Judaism; and a new language, Arabic, and its spoken descendant, Egyptian Arabic which is also based on many Ancient Egyptian words.", "qas": [ { "id": "31395", "question": "what are the egyptian identity evolved from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "Islam, Christianity and Judaism" } ] }, { "id": "31396", "question": "what is the new language of egyptian identity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "Arabic" } ] }, { "id": "31397", "question": "what language is based on many ancient egyptian words ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "Egyptian Arabic" } ] }, { "id": "31398", "question": "what is egyptian arabic based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "Ancient Egyptian words" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The work of early 19th-century scholar Rifa'a al-Tahtawi renewed interest in Egyptian antiquity and exposed Egyptian society to Enlightenment principles. Tahtawi co-founded with education reformer Ali Mubarak a native Egyptology school that looked for inspiration to medieval Egyptian scholars, such as Suyuti and Maqrizi, who themselves studied the history, language and antiquities of Egypt.", "qas": [ { "id": "31399", "question": "who renewed interest in egyptian antiquity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "Rifa'a al-Tahtawi" } ] }, { "id": "31400", "question": "what was the name of the native egyptology school that looked for medieval egyptian scholars ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "Ali Mubarak" } ] }, { "id": "31401", "question": "what were some of the egyptian scholars who studied the history of egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 303, "text": "Suyuti and Maqrizi" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Egyptians were one of the first major civilisations to codify design elements in art and architecture. Egyptian blue, also known as calcium copper silicate is a pigment used by Egyptians for thousands of years. It is considered to be the first synthetic pigment. The wall paintings done in the service of the Pharaohs followed a rigid code of visual rules and meanings. Egyptian civilisation is renowned for its colossal pyramids, temples and monumental tombs.", "qas": [ { "id": "31402", "question": "what is known as calcium silicate silicate silicate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "Egyptian blue" } ] }, { "id": "31403", "question": "what is egyptian blue known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "calcium copper silicate" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Well-known examples are the Pyramid of Djoser designed by ancient architect and engineer Imhotep, the Sphinx, and the temple of Abu Simbel. Modern and contemporary Egyptian art can be as diverse as any works in the world art scene, from the vernacular architecture of Hassan Fathy and Ramses Wissa Wassef, to Mahmoud Mokhtar's sculptures, to the distinctive Coptic iconography of Isaac Fanous. The Cairo Opera House serves as the main performing arts venue in the Egyptian capital.", "qas": [ { "id": "31404", "question": "what is the name of the architect that designed the temple of abu simbel ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "Pyramid of Djoser" } ] }, { "id": "31405", "question": "who was the temple of djoser ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "Abu Simbel" } ] }, { "id": "31406", "question": "who is the vernacular architecture of the world art scene ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 268, "text": "Hassan Fathy and Ramses Wissa Wassef" } ] }, { "id": "31407", "question": "who is a distinctive coptic iconography ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 380, "text": "Isaac Fanous" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egyptian literature traces its beginnings to ancient Egypt and is some of the earliest known literature. Indeed, the Egyptians were the first culture to develop literature as we know it today, that is, the book. It is an important cultural element in the life of Egypt. Egyptian novelists and poets were among the first to experiment with modern styles of Arabic literature, and the forms they developed have been widely imitated throughout the Middle East. The first modern Egyptian novel \"Zaynab\" by Muhammad Husayn Haykal was published in 1913 in the Egyptian vernacular. Egyptian novelist Naguib Mahfouz was the first Arabic-language writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Egyptian women writers include Nawal El Saadawi, well known for her feminist activism, and Alifa Rifaat who also writes about women and tradition.", "qas": [ { "id": "31408", "question": "what was the first modern egyptian novel ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 491, "text": "Zaynab" } ] }, { "id": "31409", "question": "who was the first modern egyptian novel ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 502, "text": "Muhammad Husayn Haykal" } ] }, { "id": "31410", "question": "when was muhammad husayn haykal published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 542, "text": "1913" } ] }, { "id": "31411", "question": "who was the first arabic-language writer to win the nobel prize in literature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 593, "text": "Naguib Mahfouz" } ] }, { "id": "31412", "question": "what is the name of the egyptian women who include egyptian women ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 714, "text": "Nawal El Saadawi" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Vernacular poetry is perhaps the most popular literary genre among Egyptians, represented by the works of Ahmed Fouad Negm (Fagumi), Salah Jaheen and Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi.", "qas": [ { "id": "31413", "question": "what is the most popular genre of egyptians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Vernacular poetry" } ] }, { "id": "31414", "question": "who represented egyptians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Ahmed Fouad Negm (Fagumi), Salah Jaheen and Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt's media industry has flourished, with more than thirty satellite channels and over one hundred motion pictures produced each year.", "qas": [ { "id": "31415", "question": "how many satellite channels does egypt have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "thirty" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egyptian media are highly influential throughout the Arab World, attributed to large audiences and increasing freedom from government control. Freedom of the media is guaranteed in the constitution; however, many laws still restrict this right.", "qas": [ { "id": "31416", "question": "what are the egyptian media attributed to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "large audiences and increasing freedom from government control" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egyptian cinema became a regional force with the coming of sound. In 1936, Studio Misr, financed by industrialist Talaat Harb, emerged as the leading Egyptian studio, a role the company retained for three decades. For over 100 years, more than 4000 films have been produced in Egypt, three quarters of the total Arab production. Egypt is considered the leading country in the field of cinema in the Middle East. Actors from all over the Arab World seek to appear in the Egyptian cinema for the sake of fame. The Cairo International Film Festival has been rated as one of 11 festivals with a top class rating worldwide by the International Federation of Film Producers' Associations.", "qas": [ { "id": "31417", "question": "when was studio misr financed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "1936" } ] }, { "id": "31418", "question": "what was the name of the leading egyptian studio in 1936 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "Studio Misr" } ] }, { "id": "31419", "question": "who financed studio misr ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Talaat Harb" } ] }, { "id": "31420", "question": "how many festivals are in the cairo international film festival ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 571, "text": "11" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egyptian music is a rich mixture of indigenous, Mediterranean, African and Western elements. It has been an integral part of Egyptian culture since antiquity. The ancient Egyptians credited one of their gods Hathor with the invention of music, which Osiris in turn used as part of his effort to civilise the world. Egyptians used music instruments since then.", "qas": [ { "id": "31421", "question": "what are the rich mixture of egyptian music ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Mediterranean, African and Western elements" } ] }, { "id": "31422", "question": "what was the name of egyptians 's gods ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "Hathor" } ] }, { "id": "31423", "question": "who was used as part of the invention of music ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "Osiris" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Contemporary Egyptian music traces its beginnings to the creative work of people such as Abdu al-Hamuli, Almaz and Mahmoud Osman, who influenced the later work of Sayed Darwish, Umm Kulthum, Mohammed Abdel Wahab and Abdel Halim Hafez whose age is considered the golden age of music in Egypt and the whole Middle East and North-Africa. Prominent contemporary Egyptian pop singers include Amr Diab and Mohamed Mounir.", "qas": [ { "id": "31424", "question": "who are some of the creative work in egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Abdu al-Hamuli, Almaz and Mahmoud Osman" } ] }, { "id": "31425", "question": "who is the golden age of music ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "Mohammed Abdel Wahab and Abdel Halim Hafez" } ] }, { "id": "31426", "question": "what are two egyptian pop singers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 387, "text": "Amr Diab and Mohamed Mounir" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Today, Egypt is often considered the home of belly dance. Egyptian belly dance has two main styles \u2013 raqs baladi and raqs sharqi. There are also numerous folkloric and character dances that may be part of an Egyptian-style belly dancer's repertoire, as well as the modern shaabi street dance which shares some elements with raqs baladi.", "qas": [ { "id": "31427", "question": "what is egypt 's home of egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "belly dance" } ] }, { "id": "31428", "question": "what are the two main styles of egyptian belly ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "raqs baladi and raqs sharqi" } ] }, { "id": "31429", "question": "what is the modern name of the dance dance dance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "raqs baladi" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt has one of the oldest civilisations in the world. It has been in contact with many other civilisations and nations and has been through so many eras, starting from prehistoric age to the modern age, passing through so many ages such as; Pharonic, Roman, Greek, Islamic and many other ages. Because of this wide variation of ages, the continuous contact with other nations and the big number of conflicts Egypt had been through, at least 60 museums may be found in Egypt, mainly covering a wide area of these ages and conflicts.", "qas": [ { "id": "31430", "question": "how many museums are in egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 443, "text": "60" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The three main museums in Egypt are The Egyptian Museum which has more than 120,000 items, the Egyptian National Military Museum and the 6th of October Panorama.", "qas": [ { "id": "31431", "question": "what is the three main museums in egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "The Egyptian Museum" } ] }, { "id": "31432", "question": "how many items are in the egyptian museum ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "120,000" } ] }, { "id": "31433", "question": "what are the three main museums in egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "Egyptian National Military Museum and the 6th of October Panorama" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM), also known as the Giza Museum, is an under construction museum that will house the largest collection of ancient Egyptian artifacts in the world, it has been described as the world's largest archaeological museum. The museum was scheduled to open in 2015 and will be sited on of land approximately from the Giza Necropolis and is part of a new master plan for the plateau. The Minister of Antiquities Mamdouh al-Damaty announced in May 2015 that the museum will be partially opened in May 2018.", "qas": [ { "id": "31434", "question": "what is the largest museum in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Grand Egyptian Museum" } ] }, { "id": "31435", "question": "what is the name of the grand egyptian museum ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "Giza Museum" } ] }, { "id": "31436", "question": "when was the museum scheduled to open ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 283, "text": "2015" } ] }, { "id": "31437", "question": "what is the name of the new master plan for the plateau ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 340, "text": "Giza Necropolis" } ] }, { "id": "31438", "question": "when did the minister of antiquities begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 465, "text": "May 2015" } ] }, { "id": "31439", "question": "when did the museum of antiquities begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 518, "text": "May 2018" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt celebrates many festivals and religious carnivals, also known as \"mulid\". They are usually associated with a particular Coptic or Sufi saint, but are often celebrated by Egyptians irrespective of creed or religion. Ramadan has a special flavour in Egypt, celebrated with sounds, lights (local lanterns known as \"fawanees\") and much flare that many Muslim tourists from the region flock to Egypt to witness during Ramadan.", "qas": [ { "id": "31440", "question": "what is another name for religious carnivals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "mulid" } ] }, { "id": "31441", "question": "what are egyptians usually associated with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "Coptic or Sufi saint" } ] }, { "id": "31442", "question": "who celebrated the coptic or sufi or sufi saint ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "Egyptians irrespective of creed or religion" } ] }, { "id": "31443", "question": "what is another name for lights ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 318, "text": "fawanees" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The ancient spring festival of Sham en Nisim (Coptic: \"shom en nisim\") has been celebrated by Egyptians for thousands of years, typically between the Egyptian months of Paremoude (April) and Pashons (May), following Easter Sunday.", "qas": [ { "id": "31444", "question": "what is the ancient spring festival ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Sham en Nisim" } ] }, { "id": "31445", "question": "what are the egyptian months of the ancient spring festival ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "Paremoude (April) and Pashons" } ] }, { "id": "31446", "question": "when was the ancient spring festival celebrated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "Easter Sunday" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egyptian cuisine is notably conducive to vegetarian diets, as it relies heavily on vegetable dishes. Though food in Alexandria and the coast of Egypt tends to use a great deal of fish and other seafood, for the most part Egyptian cuisine is based on foods that grow out of the ground. Meat has been very expensive for most Egyptians throughout history, so a great number of vegetarian dishes have been developed.", "qas": [ { "id": "31447", "question": "what is egyptian cuisine conducive to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "vegetarian diets" } ] }, { "id": "31448", "question": "what does egyptian cuisine focus on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "vegetable dishes" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some consider kushari (a mixture of rice, lentils, and macaroni) to be the national dish. Fried onions can be also added to kushari. In addition, ful medames (mashed fava beans) is one of the most popular dishes. Fava bean is also used in making falafel (also known as \"ta\u2018miya\"), which may have originated in Egypt and spread to other parts of the Middle East. Garlic fried with coriander is added to molokhiya, a popular green soup made from finely chopped jute leaves, sometimes with chicken or rabbit.", "qas": [ { "id": "31449", "question": "what is the mixture of rice ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "kushari" } ] }, { "id": "31450", "question": "what are the mixture of the national dish ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "rice, lentils, and macaroni" } ] }, { "id": "31451", "question": "what can fried onions be added to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "kushari" } ] }, { "id": "31452", "question": "what is one of the most popular dishes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "mashed fava beans" } ] }, { "id": "31453", "question": "what is used in making falafel ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "Fava bean" } ] }, { "id": "31454", "question": "what is known as `` ta ` miya ? ''", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "falafel" } ] }, { "id": "31455", "question": "what is another name for falafel ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "ta\u2018miya" } ] }, { "id": "31456", "question": "what is the popular green soup made to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 402, "text": "molokhiya" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Football is the most popular national sport of Egypt. The Cairo Derby is one of the fiercest derbies in Africa, and the BBC picked it as \"one of the 7 toughest derbies in the world\". Al Ahly is the most successful club of the 20th century in the African continent according to CAF, closely followed by their rivals Zamalek SC. Al Ahly was named in 2000 by the Confederation of African Football as the \"African Club of the Century\". With twenty titles, Al Ahly is currently the world's most successful club in terms of international trophies, surpassing Italy's A.C. Milan and Argentina's Boca Juniors, both having eighteen.", "qas": [ { "id": "31457", "question": "what is the most popular national sport of egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Football" } ] }, { "id": "31458", "question": "how does the bbc view the toughest in africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "\"one of the 7 toughest derbies in the world" } ] }, { "id": "31459", "question": "what is the most successful club of the 20th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "Al Ahly" } ] }, { "id": "31460", "question": "what is the most successful club in the 20th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 315, "text": "Zamalek SC" } ] }, { "id": "31461", "question": "when was al ahly named ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 348, "text": "2000" } ] }, { "id": "31462", "question": "who named al ahly in 2000 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 360, "text": "Confederation of African Football as the \"African Club of the Century" } ] }, { "id": "31463", "question": "what is the most successful club in terms of international trophies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 452, "text": "Al Ahly" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Egyptian national football team known as the \"Pharaohs\" won the African Cup of Nations seven times, including three times in a row in 2006, 2008, and 2010. Considered the most successful African national team and one of the very few African teams that reached the 9th ranking on the FIFA world ranks, Egypt has only qualified to the FIFA World Cup two times only though. The Egyptian Youth National team \"Young Pharaohs\" won the Bronze Medal of the 2001 FIFA youth world cup in Argentina.", "qas": [ { "id": "31464", "question": "what is the name of the egyptian national football team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "\"Pharaohs\" won the African Cup of Nations seven times" } ] }, { "id": "31465", "question": "what is egypt 's most successful african team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": "Egypt has only qualified to the FIFA World Cup two times only though" } ] }, { "id": "31466", "question": "what was the name of the egyptian youth national team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 409, "text": "Young Pharaohs" } ] }, { "id": "31467", "question": "where did young pharaohs `` young pharaohs '' win ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 433, "text": "Bronze Medal of the 2001 FIFA youth world cup in Argentina" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Squash and tennis are other popular sports in Egypt. The Egyptian squash team has been known for its fierce competition in international championships since the 1930s. Amr Shabana and Ramy Ashour are Egypt's best players and both were ranked as \"World's Number One Squash Player\".", "qas": [ { "id": "31468", "question": "when did the egyptian squash team begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "1930s" } ] }, { "id": "31469", "question": "what are egypt 's best players ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "Amr Shabana and Ramy Ashour" } ] }, { "id": "31470", "question": "what were egypt 's best players ranked as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "World's Number One Squash Player" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Among all African nations, the Egypt national basketball team holds the record for best performance at the Basketball World Cup and at the Summer Olympics. Further, the team has won a record number of 16 medals at the African Championship.", "qas": [ { "id": "31471", "question": "what is the egypt national basketball team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "the Egypt national basketball team holds the record for best performance at the Basketball World Cup" } ] }, { "id": "31472", "question": "how many medals has the team won ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "16 medals at the African Championship" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1999, Egypt hosted the IHF World Men's Handball Championship, and in 2001, the national handball team achieved its best result in the tournament by reaching the fourth place. Egypt has won first place five times in the African Men's Handball Championship, five times second place, and four times third place. In addition to that, it also championed the Mediterranean Games in 2013, the Beach Handball World Championships in 2004 and the Summer Youth Olympics in 2010.", "qas": [ { "id": "31473", "question": "in what year did egypt host the world men 's handball championship ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1999" } ] }, { "id": "31474", "question": "what did egypt host in 1999 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "IHF World Men's Handball Championship" } ] }, { "id": "31475", "question": "in what year did the national handball team take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "2001" } ] }, { "id": "31476", "question": "where is egypt won ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "African Men's Handball Championship" } ] }, { "id": "31477", "question": "how many times has egypt won first place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "five times second place" } ] }, { "id": "31478", "question": "how many times has egypt won first place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 288, "text": "four times third place" } ] }, { "id": "31479", "question": "what was the name of the championships in 2004 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 389, "text": "Beach Handball World Championships" } ] }, { "id": "31480", "question": "in what year did the beach handball olympics take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 427, "text": "2004" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt has taken part in the Summer Olympic Games since 1912 and hosted the first Mediterranean Games in 1951, Alexandria.", "qas": [ { "id": "31481", "question": "what games has egypt taken part of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "Summer Olympic Games" } ] }, { "id": "31482", "question": "when was egypt taken part of the summer olympic games ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "1912" } ] }, { "id": "31483", "question": "when was the first mediterranean games hosted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "1951" } ] }, { "id": "31484", "question": "what city hosted the first mediterranean games in 1951 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Alexandria" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt has hosted several international competitions. the last one was 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup which took place between 24 September \u2013 16 October 2009.", "qas": [ { "id": "31485", "question": "when was the fifa u-20 world cup which took place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "2009" } ] }, { "id": "31486", "question": "what was the last 2009 cup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "FIFA U-20 World Cup" } ] }, { "id": "31487", "question": "when was the fifa u-20 world cup which took place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "24 September \u2013 16 October 2009" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On Friday 19 September of the year 2014, Guinness World Records has announced that Egyptian scuba diver \"Ahmed Gabr\" is the new title holder for deepest salt water scuba dive, at . Ahmed set a new world record Friday when he reached a depth of more than . The 14-hour feat took Gabr down into the abyss near the Egyptian town of Dahab in the Red Sea, where he works as a diving instructor.", "qas": [ { "id": "31488", "question": "what is the name of the new title of deepest salt water ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "Ahmed Gabr" } ] }, { "id": "31489", "question": "what is the new title of ahmed gabr ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "deepest salt water scuba dive" } ] }, { "id": "31490", "question": "where was gabr located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 342, "text": "Red Sea" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 1 September 2015 Raneem El Weleily was ranked as the world number one woman squash player. Other Egyptian squash player women are Nour El Tayeb, Omneya Abdel Kawy, Kanzy Emad El-Defrawy and Nour El Sherbini.", "qas": [ { "id": "31491", "question": "when was the world number one woman squash player ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1 September 2015" } ] }, { "id": "31492", "question": "who was ranked as the world number one woman squash player ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "Raneem El Weleily" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The wired and wireless telecommunication industry in Egypt started in 1854 with the launch of the country's first telegram line connecting Cairo and Alexandria. The first telephone line between the two cities was installed in 1881. In September 1999 a national project for a technological renaissance was announced reflecting the commitment of the Egyptian government to developing the country's IT-sector.", "qas": [ { "id": "31493", "question": "when did the wired and wireless telecommunication industry begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "1854" } ] }, { "id": "31494", "question": "the first telegram line in egypt started the first telegram line in which two countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Cairo and Alexandria" } ] }, { "id": "31495", "question": "when was the first telephone line installed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "1881" } ] }, { "id": "31496", "question": "when was a national project for a technological renaissance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 235, "text": "September 1999" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Cellular GSM services were first launched in Egypt in 1996. , it is currently offering 2G/3G service, while LTE is under trials. Egypt has 3 companies offering cellular services:", "qas": [ { "id": "31497", "question": "when were cellular gsm services first launched ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "1996" } ] }, { "id": "31498", "question": "what type of service is used in cellular gsm ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "2G/3G service" } ] }, { "id": "31499", "question": "how many companies does egypt have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "3" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egypt Post is the company responsible for postal service in Egypt. Established in 1865, it is one of the oldest governmental institutions in the country. Egypt is one of 21 countries that contributed to the establishment of the Universal Postal Union, initially named the General Postal Union, as signatory of the Treaty of Bern.", "qas": [ { "id": "31500", "question": "what is the name of the company responsible for postal service ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Egypt Post" } ] }, { "id": "31501", "question": "when was egypt 's oldest governmental institutions established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "1865" } ] }, { "id": "31502", "question": "how many countries are in egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "21" } ] }, { "id": "31503", "question": "who was the general postal union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "Universal Postal Union" } ] }, { "id": "31504", "question": "what was the name of the universal postal union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "General Postal Union" } ] }, { "id": "31505", "question": "what treaty was the general postal union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 314, "text": "Treaty of Bern" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The illiteracy rate has decreased since 1996 from 39.4 to 25.9 percent in 2013.The adult literacy rate as of July 2014 was estimated at 73.9%. The illiteracy rate is highest among those over 60 years of age being estimated at around 64.9%, while illiteracy among youth between 15 and 24 years of age was listed at 8.6 percent.", "qas": [ { "id": "31506", "question": "what was the illiteracy rate in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "39.4 to 25.9 percent" } ] }, { "id": "31507", "question": "what was the adult literacy rate in july 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "73.9%" } ] }, { "id": "31508", "question": "what is the illiteracy rate of the illiteracy rate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "64.9%" } ] }, { "id": "31509", "question": "what is the illiteracy rate of youth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 314, "text": "8.6 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A European-style education system was first introduced in Egypt by the Ottomans in the early 19th century to nurture a class of loyal bureaucrats and army officers. Under British occupation investment in education was curbed drastically, and secular public schools, which had previously been free, began to charge fees.", "qas": [ { "id": "31510", "question": "who introduced a european-style education system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "the Ottomans" } ] }, { "id": "31511", "question": "when was the ottomans first introduced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "early 19th century" } ] }, { "id": "31512", "question": "what did the ottomans do in egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "nurture a class of loyal bureaucrats and army officers" } ] }, { "id": "31513", "question": "along with curbed , what type of schools had been free ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "secular public schools" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 1950s, president Nasser phased in free education for all Egyptians. The Egyptian curriculum influenced other Arab education systems, which often employed Egyptian-trained teachers. Demand soon outstripped the level of available state resources, causing the quality of public education to deteriorate. Today this trend has culminated in poor teacher\u2013student ratios (often around one to fifty) and persistent gender inequality.", "qas": [ { "id": "31514", "question": "what type of teachers did the egyptian curriculum use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Egyptian-trained teachers" } ] }, { "id": "31515", "question": "how many inequality are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 378, "text": "around one to fifty) and persistent gender inequality" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Basic education, which includes six years of primary and three years of preparatory school, is a right for Egyptian children from the age of six. After grade 9, students are tracked into one of two strands of secondary education: general or technical schools. General secondary education prepares students for further education, and graduates of this track normally join higher education institutes based on the results of the Thanaweya Amma, the leaving exam.", "qas": [ { "id": "31516", "question": "what is the age of basic education ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "six" } ] }, { "id": "31517", "question": "what are the two strands of secondary education ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "general or technical schools" } ] }, { "id": "31518", "question": "what is the name of the results in the leaving exam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 427, "text": "Thanaweya Amma" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Technical secondary education has two strands, one lasting three years and a more advanced education lasting five. Graduates of these schools may have access to higher education based on their results on the final exam, but this is generally uncommon.", "qas": [ { "id": "31519", "question": "how many years does technical secondary education have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "one lasting three years and a more advanced education lasting five" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Cairo University is ranked as 401\u2013500 according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities (Shanghai Ranking) and 551\u2013600 according to QS World University Rankings. American University in Cairo is ranked as 360 according to QS World University Rankings and Al-Azhar University, Alexandria University and Ain Shams University fall in the 701+ range.\nEgypt is currently opening new research institutes for the aim of modernising research in the nation, the most recent example of which is Zewail City of Science and Technology.", "qas": [ { "id": "31520", "question": "what is the cairo university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "401\u2013500" } ] }, { "id": "31521", "question": "what is the name of the cairo university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "551\u2013600" } ] }, { "id": "31522", "question": "what is american university in cairo called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "360" } ] }, { "id": "31523", "question": "where is american university and ain shams university located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 340, "text": "701+ range" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Egyptian life expectancy at birth was 73.20 years in 2011, or 71.30 years for males and 75.20 years for females. Egypt spends 3.7 percent of its gross domestic product on health including treatment costs 22 percent incurred by citizens and the rest by the state. In 2010, spending on healthcare accounted for 4.66% of the country's GDP. In 2009, there were 16.04 physicians and 33.80 nurses per 10,000 inhabitants.", "qas": [ { "id": "31524", "question": "how long was egyptian life expectancy in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "73.20 years" } ] }, { "id": "31525", "question": "what percentage of egypt 's gross domestic product is egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "3.7 percent" } ] }, { "id": "31526", "question": "what percentage of the gdp was spending in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "4.66%" } ] }, { "id": "31527", "question": "how many physicians were there in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 357, "text": "16.04" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As a result of modernisation efforts over the years, Egypt's healthcare system has made great strides forward. Access to healthcare in both urban and rural areas greatly improved and immunisation programs are now able to cover 98% of the population. Life expectancy increased from 44.8 years during the 1960s to 72.12 years in 2009. There was a noticeable decline of the infant mortality rate (during the 1970s to the 1980s the infant mortality rate was 101-132/1000 live births, in 2000 the rate was 50-60/1000, and in 2008 it was 28-30/1000).", "qas": [ { "id": "31528", "question": "what percentage of the population of the population is now able to cover ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "98%" } ] }, { "id": "31529", "question": "what was life expectancy in the 1960s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "44.8 years" } ] }, { "id": "31530", "question": "what was the infant mortality rate in the 1970s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 454, "text": "101-132/1000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the World Health Organization in 2008, an estimated 91.1% of Egypt's girls and women aged 15 to 49 have been subjected to genital mutilation, despite being illegal in the country. In 2016 the law was amended to impose tougher penalties on those convicted of performing the procedure, pegging the highest jail term at 15 years. Those who escort victims to the procedure can also face jail terms up to 3 years.", "qas": [ { "id": "31531", "question": "what percentage of egypt 's girls were subjected to genital mutilation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "91.1%" } ] }, { "id": "31532", "question": "how many people were subjected to genital mutilation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "15 to 49" } ] }, { "id": "31533", "question": "how long was the highest jail of the law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 330, "text": "15 years" } ] }, { "id": "31534", "question": "how long can escort victims to the procedure face ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 413, "text": "3 years" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Egyptian government has been keen on extending the coverage of health insurance. The total number of insured Egyptians reached 37 million in 2009, of which 11 million are minors, providing an insurance coverage of approximately 52 percent of Egypt's population.", "qas": [ { "id": "31535", "question": "how many egyptians lived in egypt in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "37 million" } ] }, { "id": "31536", "question": "how many minors are there in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "11 million" } ] }, { "id": "31537", "question": "what percentage of egypt 's population is minors ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "52 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Egypt" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "South Korea (), officially the Republic of Korea (ROK; ), is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula.", "qas": [ { "id": "31538", "question": "what country is the republic of korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "South Korea" } ] }, { "id": "31539", "question": "what is the name of south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "the Republic of Korea" } ] }, { "id": "31540", "question": "where is south korea located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "East Asia" } ] }, { "id": "31541", "question": "what is the sovereign state in east asia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "the southern part of the Korean Peninsula" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Highly urbanized at 92%, South Koreans lead a distinctive urban lifestyle; half of them live in high-rises concentrated in the Seoul Capital Area with 25 million residents and the world's sixth leading global city with the fourth largest economy and seventh most sustainable city in the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "31542", "question": "what was the percentage of south koreans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "92%" } ] }, { "id": "31543", "question": "how many residents were in the seoul capital ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "25 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The earliest Korean pottery dates to 8000 BC, with three kingdoms flourishing in the 1st century BC. The name \"Korea\" is derived from one of them, Goguryeo, also known as \"Kory\u014f\", which was a powerful empire and one of the great powers in East Asia, ruling Northeast China, parts of Russia and Inner Mongolia, and more than two-thirds of the Korean Peninsula under Gwanggaeto the Great. Since their unification into Later Silla and Balhae in the 7th century, Korea enjoyed over a millennium of relative tranquility under long lasting dynasties, with innovations like Hangul, the unique alphabet created by Sejong the Great in 1446, enabling anyone to easily learn to read and write. Its rich and vibrant culture left 19 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity, the third largest in the world, along with 12 World Heritage Sites. Annexed by Imperial Japan in 1910 due to its strategic and central location, Korea was divided after its surrender in 1945. A North Korean invasion led to the Korean War (1950\u201353). Peace has since mostly continued with the two agreeing to work peacefully for reunification and the South solidifying peace as a regional power with the world's 10th largest defence budget.", "qas": [ { "id": "31544", "question": "when did the earliest korean pottery start ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "8000 BC" } ] }, { "id": "31545", "question": "when did the korean pottery end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "1st century BC" } ] }, { "id": "31546", "question": "what is the name of the name of the name `` korea '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Goguryeo" } ] }, { "id": "31547", "question": "what was the name of the name `` korea '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "Kory\u014f" } ] }, { "id": "31548", "question": "who was the korean peninsula under ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 365, "text": "Gwanggaeto the Great" } ] }, { "id": "31549", "question": "in what year was the unique alphabet created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 626, "text": "1446" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korea's tiger economy soared at an annual average of 10% for over 30 years in a period of rapid transformation called the Miracle on the Han River. A long legacy of openness and focus in innovation made it successful. Today, it is the world's fifth largest exporter and seventh largest importer with the G20's largest budget surplus and highest credit rating of any country in East Asia. It has free trade agreements with 75% of the world economy and is the only G20 nation trading freely with China, the US and EU simultaneously. In 1987, it became a multi-party democracy with universal suffrage and is today Asia's most advanced democracy with high government transparency, universal healthcare and freedom of religion. High civil liberties led to the rise of a globally influential pop culture such as K-pop and K-drama, a phenomenon called the Korean Wave, known for its distinctive fashionable and trendy style. Home of the UN Green Climate Fund and GGGI, South Korea is a leader in low carbon green growth, committed to helping developing countries as a major DAC and Paris Club contributor. It is the OECD's most welcoming country by visa-free entry to foreigners and rated highly in peaceful tolerance and inclusion of minorities.", "qas": [ { "id": "31550", "question": "what is the annual average average of south korea 's tiger economy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "10%" } ] }, { "id": "31551", "question": "what is the rapid transformation of south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "the Miracle on the Han River" } ] }, { "id": "31552", "question": "what percentage of the world economy is free trade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 428, "text": "75%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korea is East Asia's most developed country in the Human Development Index. Driven by a highly educated and skilled labor force, it has the world's eighth highest median household income, the highest in Asia, and its singles in particular earn more than all G7 nations. Globally, it ranks highly in personal safety, education, job security, ease of doing business and healthcare quality, with the world's third highest health adjusted life expectancy and fourth most efficient healthcare system. It is the world's largest spender on R&D per GDP, leading the OECD in graduates in science and engineering and ranking third in the Youth Wellbeing Index. Home of Samsung, the world's leading smartphone and TV maker, LG and Hyundai-Kia, South Korea was named the world's most innovative country in the Bloomberg Innovation Index, ranking first in business R&D intensity and patents filed per GDP. In 2005, it became the world's first country to fully transition to high-speed Internet and today it has the world's fastest Internet speed and highest smartphone ownership, ranking first in ICT Development, e-Government and 4G LTE coverage.", "qas": [ { "id": "31553", "question": "where is south asia 's most developed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Human Development Index" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The name \"Korea\" derives from Goryeo (also spelled as Kory\u014f), the successor state of Goguryeo (Kogury\u014f), and the first Korean dynasty visited by Persian merchants, who called it \"Korea\". The name Goryeo (a shortened form of Goguryeo) originally referred to the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo, which referred to itself, and was widely referred to, as \"Goryeo\" since the 5th century. The modern spelling, \"Korea\", first appeared in the late 17th century in the travel writings of the Dutch East India Company's Hendrick Hamel. Despite the coexistence of the spellings \"Corea\" and \"Korea\" in 19th century publications, some Koreans believe that Imperial Japan, around the time of the Japanese occupation, intentionally standardised the spelling on \"Korea\", making Japan appear first alphabetically.", "qas": [ { "id": "31554", "question": "where does the name `` korea '' come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "Goryeo" } ] }, { "id": "31555", "question": "what was the name of korea 's name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "Kory\u014f" } ] }, { "id": "31556", "question": "what was the name of the persian merchants that visited korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "Korea" } ] }, { "id": "31557", "question": "what was the ancient kingdom of goguryeo called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "Goryeo" } ] }, { "id": "31558", "question": "what kingdom was the name of the name `` goguryeo '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "Goguryeo" } ] }, { "id": "31559", "question": "what was the ancient kingdom of goguryeo called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 348, "text": "Goryeo" } ] }, { "id": "31560", "question": "what was the name of the dutch east india company ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 506, "text": "Hendrick Hamel" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After Goryeo was replaced by Joseon in 1392, Joseon became the official name for the entire territory, though it was not universally accepted. The new official name has its origin in the ancient country of Gojoseon (Old Joseon). In 1897, the Joseon dynasty changed the official name of the country from \"Joseon\" to \"Daehan Jeguk\" (Korean Empire). The name \"Daehan\", which means \"great Han\" literally, derives from Samhan (Three Hans). However, the name \"Joseon\" was still widely used by Koreans to refer to their country, though it was no longer the official name. Under Japanese rule, the two names \"Han\" and \"Joseon\" coexisted. There were several groups who fought for independence, the most notable being the \"Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea\" (/).", "qas": [ { "id": "31561", "question": "what was the name of the name that replaced the entire territory for the entire territory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "Joseon" } ] }, { "id": "31562", "question": "when was the official name of the entire territory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "1392" } ] }, { "id": "31563", "question": "what was the official name of the entire territory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "Joseon" } ] }, { "id": "31564", "question": "what is the origin of old joseon ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Gojoseon" } ] }, { "id": "31565", "question": "when did the joseon dynasty begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "1897" } ] }, { "id": "31566", "question": "what is the name of the name `` great han '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 357, "text": "Daehan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Following the surrender of Japan, in 1945, the \"Republic of Korea\" (/) was adopted as the legal name for the new country. Since the government only controlled the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, the informal term \"South Korea\" was coined, becoming increasingly common in the western world. While South Koreans use \"Han\" (or \"Hanguk\") to refer to the entire country, North Koreans and Koreans in China use the term \"Joseon\" as the name of the country.", "qas": [ { "id": "31567", "question": "when was the `` republic of korea '' adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "1945" } ] }, { "id": "31568", "question": "what was adopted as the legal name of the new country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Republic of Korea" } ] }, { "id": "31569", "question": "what was the name of the informal term that was coined in the western world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 221, "text": "South Korea" } ] }, { "id": "31570", "question": "what did south koreans call the term `` joseon '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "Han" } ] }, { "id": "31571", "question": "what is another term for han ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 332, "text": "Hanguk" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The history of Korea begins with the founding of Joseon (often known as \"Gojoseon\" to prevent confusion with another dynasty founded in the 14th century; the prefix Go- means 'older,' 'before,' or 'earlier') in 2333\u00a0BC by Dangun, according to Korean foundation mythology.", "qas": [ { "id": "31572", "question": "what is the history of korea called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "Joseon" } ] }, { "id": "31573", "question": "what is the founding of korea called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "Gojoseon" } ] }, { "id": "31574", "question": "when was the history of korea founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "14th century" } ] }, { "id": "31575", "question": "when did the history of korea begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "2333" } ] }, { "id": "31576", "question": "who founded the history of korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "Dangun" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Gojoseon expanded until it controlled northern Korean Peninsula and some parts of Manchuria. Gija Joseon was purportedly founded in the 12th century BC, and its existence and role have been controversial in the modern era.", "qas": [ { "id": "31577", "question": "where did manchuria take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "northern Korean Peninsula" } ] }, { "id": "31578", "question": "when was the joseon joseon founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "12th century BC" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 2nd century BC, Wiman Joseon fell to Han China near the end of the century. Later the Han Dynasty set up Four Commanderies of Han in 108 BC. There was a significant Chinese presence in northern parts of the Korean peninsula during the next century, and the Lelang Commandery persisted for about 400 years until it was conquered by Goguryeo. After many conflicts with the Chinese Han Dynasty, Gojoseon disintegrated, leading to the Proto\u2013Three Kingdoms of Korea period.", "qas": [ { "id": "31579", "question": "who fell to han china near the end of the century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "Wiman Joseon" } ] }, { "id": "31580", "question": "where did the 2nd century bc take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Han China" } ] }, { "id": "31581", "question": "when did the han dynasty start ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "108 BC" } ] }, { "id": "31582", "question": "how long did the lelang commandery last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "400 years" } ] }, { "id": "31583", "question": "who conquered the lelang commandery ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 338, "text": "Goguryeo" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the early centuries AD, Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye, and the Samhan confederacy occupied the peninsula and southern Manchuria. Of the various states, Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla grew to control the peninsula as the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Goguryeo, the largest and most powerful among them, was a highly militaristic state, and competed with various Chinese dynasties during its 700 years of history. Goguryeo experienced a golden age under Gwanggaeto the Great and his son Jangsu, who both subdued Baekje and Silla during their times, achieving a brief unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea and becoming the most dominant power on the Korean Peninsula. In addition to contesting for control of the Korean Peninsula, Goguryeo had many military conflicts with various Chinese dynasties, most notably the Goguryeo\u2013Sui War, in which Goguryeo defeated a huge force said to number over a million men. Baekje was a great maritime power; its nautical skill, which made it the Phoenicia of East Asia, was instrumental in the dissemination of Buddhism throughout East Asia and continental culture to Japan. Baekje was once a great military power on the Korean Peninsula, especially during the time of Geunchogo, but was critically defeated by Gwanggaeto the Great and declined. Silla was the smallest and weakest of the three, but it used cunning diplomatic means to make opportunistic pacts and alliances with the more powerful Korean kingdoms, and eventually Tang China, to its great advantage.", "qas": [ { "id": "31584", "question": "which confederacy occupied the peninsula and southern manchuria ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye, and the Samhan confederacy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The unification of the Three Kingdoms by Silla in 676 led to the North South States Period, in which much of the Korean Peninsula was controlled by Later Silla, while Balhae controlled the northern parts of Goguryeo. Balhae was founded by a Goguryeo general and formed as a successor state to Goguryeo. During its height, Balhae controlled most of Manchuria and parts of the Russian Far East.", "qas": [ { "id": "31585", "question": "what year was the unification of the three kingdoms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "676" } ] }, { "id": "31586", "question": "what was the name of the period that led the unification of the three kingdoms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "North South States Period" } ] }, { "id": "31587", "question": "what controlled the korean peninsula ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "Later Silla" } ] }, { "id": "31588", "question": "who controlled the northern parts of goguryeo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "Balhae" } ] }, { "id": "31589", "question": "who founded the state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "Goguryeo general" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Later Silla was a golden age of art and culture, as evidenced by the Hwangnyongsa, Seokguram, and Emille Bell. Relationships between Korea and China remained relatively peaceful during this time. Later Silla carried on the maritime prowess of Baekje, which acted like the Phoenicia of medieval East Asia, and during the 8th and 9th centuries dominated the seas of East Asia and the trade between China, Korea and Japan, most notably during the time of Jang Bogo; in addition, Silla people made overseas communities in China on the Shandong Peninsula and the mouth of the Yangtze River. Later Silla was a prosperous and wealthy country, and its metropolitan capital of Gyeongju was the fourth largest city in the world. Buddhism flourished during this time, and many Korean Buddhists gained great fame among Chinese Buddhists and contributed to Chinese Buddhism, including: Woncheuk, Wonhyo, Uisang, Musang, and Kim Gyo-gak, a Silla prince whose influence made Mount Jiuhua one of the Four Sacred Mountains of Chinese Buddhism. However, Later Silla weakened under internal strife and the revival of Baekje and Goguryeo, which led to the Later Three Kingdoms period in the late 9th century.", "qas": [ { "id": "31590", "question": "who evidenced bell 's silla age ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Hwangnyongsa, Seokguram, and Emille Bell" } ] }, { "id": "31591", "question": "what was the maritime prowess of east asia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 243, "text": "Baekje" } ] }, { "id": "31592", "question": "who dominated the seas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 452, "text": "Jang Bogo" } ] }, { "id": "31593", "question": "what was the fourth largest city in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 668, "text": "Gyeongju" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 936, the Later Three Kingdoms were united by Wang Geon, a descendant of Goguryeo nobility, who established Goryeo as the successor state of Goguryeo. Balhae had fallen to the Khitan Empire in 926, and a decade later the last crown prince of Balhae fled south to Goryeo, where he was warmly welcomed and included into the ruling family by Wang Geon, thus unifying the two successor nations of Goguryeo. Like Silla, Goryeo was a highly cultural state and created the Jikji in 1377, using the world's oldest metal movable type printing press. After defeating the Khitan Empire, which was the most powerful empire of its time, in the Goryeo\u2013Khitan War, Goryeo experienced a golden age that lasted a century, during which the Tripitaka Koreana was completed and there were great developments in printing and publishing, promoting learning and dispersing knowledge on philosophy, literature, religion, and science; by 1100, there were 12 universities that produced famous scholars and scientists. However, the Mongol invasions in the 13th century greatly weakened the kingdom. Goryeo was never conquered by the Mongols, but exhausted after three decades of fighting, the Korean court sent its crown prince to the Yuan capital to swear allegiance to Kublai Khan, who accepted, and married one of his daughters to the Korean crown prince. Henceforth, Goryeo continued to rule Korea, though as a tributary ally to the Mongols for the next 86 years. During this period, the two nations became intertwined as all subsequent Korean kings married Mongol princesses, and the last empress of the Yuan dynasty was a Korean princess. After the Mongolian Empire collapsed, severe political strife followed and the Goryeo Dynasty was replaced by the Joseon Dynasty in 1392, following a rebellion by General Yi Seong-gye.", "qas": [ { "id": "31594", "question": "in what year was the later three kingdoms established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "936" } ] }, { "id": "31595", "question": "who established the later three kingdoms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Wang Geon" } ] }, { "id": "31596", "question": "what was the name of the successor state of goguryeo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Goryeo" } ] }, { "id": "31597", "question": "in what year was the empire fallen ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "926" } ] }, { "id": "31598", "question": "who included the ruling family ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 341, "text": "Wang Geon" } ] } ] }, { "context": "King Taejo declared the new name of Korea as \"Joseon\" in reference to Gojoseon, and moved the capital to Hanseong (one of the old names of Seoul). The first 200 years of the Joseon dynasty were marked by peace, and saw great advancements in science and education, as well as the creation of Hangul by Sejong the Great to promote literacy among the common people. The prevailing ideology of the time was Neo-Confucianism, which was epitomized by the seonbi class: nobles who passed up positions of wealth and power to lead lives of study and integrity.", "qas": [ { "id": "31599", "question": "who declared the new name of korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "King Taejo" } ] }, { "id": "31600", "question": "what was the new name of korea 's name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "Gojoseon" } ] }, { "id": "31601", "question": "what was the capital of seoul ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "Hanseong" } ] }, { "id": "31602", "question": "what was the prevailing ideology of wealth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 403, "text": "Neo-Confucianism" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Between 1592 and 1598, Japan invaded Korea. Toyotomi Hideyoshi led the Japanese forces, but his advance was halted by Korean forces (most notably the Joseon Navy led by Admiral Yi Sun-sin and his renowned \"turtle ship\") with assistance from Righteous Army militias formed by Korean civilians, and Ming Dynasty Chinese troops. Through a series of successful battles of attrition, the Japanese forces were eventually forced to withdraw, and relations between all parties became normalized. In 1627 and 1637, Joseon suffered two separate invasions by the Manchu, which also extended to China and led to the conquest of the Ming Dynasty. After the second Manchu invasion in 1637, Joseon experienced a nearly 200-year period of peace. Kings Yeongjo and Jeongjo particularly led a new renaissance of the Joseon Dynasty during the 18th century.", "qas": [ { "id": "31603", "question": "who led the japanese forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi" } ] }, { "id": "31604", "question": "who halted toyotomi hideyoshi ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "Korean forces" } ] }, { "id": "31605", "question": "who led the joseon navy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "Admiral Yi Sun-sin" } ] }, { "id": "31606", "question": "along with toyotomi hideyoshi , who led the japanese forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "Ming Dynasty Chinese troops" } ] }, { "id": "31607", "question": "when was the second manchu invasion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 670, "text": "1637" } ] } ] }, { "context": "However, the latter years of the Joseon Dynasty were marked by isolation from the outside world. During the 19th century, Korea's isolationist policy earned it the name the \"Hermit Kingdom\". The Joseon Dynasty tried to protect itself against Western imperialism, but was eventually forced to open trade. After the First Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War, Korea was occupied by Japan (1910\u201345). At the end of World War\u00a0II, the Japanese surrendered to Soviet and U.S. forces who occupied the northern and southern halves of Korea, respectively.", "qas": [ { "id": "31608", "question": "what was the name of korea 's isolationist policy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "Hermit Kingdom" } ] }, { "id": "31609", "question": "who occupied korea after the first sino-japanese war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 388, "text": "Japan" } ] }, { "id": "31610", "question": "when was korea occupied by japan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 395, "text": "1910\u201345" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Despite the initial plan of a unified Korea in the 1943 Cairo Declaration, escalating Cold War antagonism between the Soviet Union and the United States eventually led to the establishment of separate governments, each with its own ideology, leading to the division of Korea into two political entities in 1948: North Korea and South Korea.", "qas": [ { "id": "31611", "question": "in what declaration did the initial plan of korea take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "1943 Cairo Declaration" } ] }, { "id": "31612", "question": "in what year did the division of korea take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "1948" } ] }, { "id": "31613", "question": "what two countries did the soviet union have in 1948 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "North Korea and South Korea" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the South, Syngman Rhee, an opponent of communism, who had been backed and appointed by the United States as head of the provisional government, won the first presidential elections of the newly declared Republic of Korea in May. In the North, a former anti-Japanese guerrilla and communist activist, Kim Il-sung was appointed premier of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in September.\nIn October the Soviet Union declared Kim Il-sung's government as sovereign over both parts. The UN declared Rhee's government as \"a lawful government having effective control and jurisdiction over that part of Korea where the UN Temporary Commission on Korea was able to observe and consult\" and the Government \"based on elections which was observed by the Temporary Commission\" in addition to a statement that \"this is the only such government in Korea.\" Both leaders began an authoritarian repression of their political opponents inside their region, seeking for a unification of Korea under their control. While South Korea's request for military support was denied by the United States, North Korea's military was heavily reinforced by the Soviet Union.", "qas": [ { "id": "31614", "question": "who won the first presidential elections ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "Syngman Rhee" } ] }, { "id": "31615", "question": "who was kim il-sung appointed premier of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 345, "text": "Democratic People's Republic of Korea" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On June 25, 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea, sparking the Korean War, the Cold War's first major conflict, which continued until 1953. At the time, the Soviet Union had boycotted the United Nations (UN), thus forfeiting their veto rights. This allowed the UN to intervene in a civil war when it became apparent that the superior North Korean forces would unify the entire country. The Soviet Union and China backed North Korea, with the later participation of millions of Chinese troops. After an ebb and flow that saw both sides almost pushed to the brink of extinction, and massive losses among Korean civilians in both the north and the south, the war eventually reached a stalemate. The 1953 armistice, never signed by South Korea, split the peninsula along the demilitarized zone near the original demarcation line. No peace treaty was ever signed, resulting in the two countries remaining technically at war. Over 1.2 million people died during the Korean War.", "qas": [ { "id": "31616", "question": "when did north korea invade south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "June 25, 1950" } ] }, { "id": "31617", "question": "when did the cold war end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "1953" } ] }, { "id": "31618", "question": "what country did the soviet union support ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 421, "text": "North Korea" } ] }, { "id": "31619", "question": "how many people died during the korean war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 926, "text": "1.2 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1960, a student uprising (the \"April 19 Revolution\") led to the resignation of the autocratic, corrupt President Syngman Rhee. A period of political instability followed, broken by General Park Chung-hee's May 16 coup against the weak and ineffectual government the next year. Park took over as president until his assassination in 1979, overseeing rapid export-led economic growth as well as implementing political repression. Park was heavily criticised as a ruthless military dictator, who in 1972 extended his rule by creating a new constitution, which gave the president sweeping (almost dictatorial) powers and permitted him to run for an unlimited number of six-year terms. However, the Korean economy developed significantly during Park's tenure and the government developed the nationwide expressway system, the Seoul subway system, and laid the foundation for economic development during his 17-year tenure.\nThe years after Park's assassination were marked again by political turmoil, as the previously suppressed opposition leaders all campaigned to run for president in the sudden political void. In 1979 there came the Coup d'\u00e9tat of December Twelfth led by General Chun Doo-hwan. Following the Coup d'\u00e9tat, Chun Doo-hwan planned to rise to power through several measures. On May 17, Chun Doo-hwan forced the Cabinet to expand martial law to the whole nation, which had previously not applied to the island of Jejudo. The expanded martial law closed universities, banned political activities and further curtailed the press. Chun's assumption of the presidency in the events of May 17, triggered nationwide protests demanding democracy, in particular in the city of Gwangju, to which Chun sent special forces to violently suppress the Gwangju Democratization Movement.", "qas": [ { "id": "31620", "question": "in what year did the student uprising ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1960" } ] }, { "id": "31621", "question": "what was the name of the student uprising in 1960 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "April 19 Revolution" } ] }, { "id": "31622", "question": "who was the president of the autocratic revolution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Syngman Rhee" } ] }, { "id": "31623", "question": "who broken the political instability ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "General Park Chung-hee's May 16 coup" } ] }, { "id": "31624", "question": "in what year did president park take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 335, "text": "1979" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chun subsequently created the National Defense Emergency Policy Committee and took the presidency according to his political plan. Chun and his government held South Korea under a despotic rule until 1987, when a Seoul National University student, Park Jong-chul, was tortured to death. On , the Catholic Priests Association for Justice revealed the incident, igniting the June Democracy Movement around the country. Eventually, Chun's party, the Democratic Justice Party, and its leader, Roh Tae-woo announced the 6.29 Declaration, which included the direct election of the president. Roh went on to win the election by a narrow margin against the two main opposition leaders, Kim Dae-Jung and Kim Young-Sam.", "qas": [ { "id": "31625", "question": "what was chun subsequently known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "National Defense Emergency Policy Committee" } ] }, { "id": "31626", "question": "in what year did chun and chun become tortured ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "1987" } ] }, { "id": "31627", "question": "what was the name of the seoul national university student ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "Park Jong-chul" } ] }, { "id": "31628", "question": "what was the name of the movement that revealed the incident ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 373, "text": "June Democracy Movement" } ] }, { "id": "31629", "question": "what was the name of the declaration of chun ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 515, "text": "6.29 Declaration" } ] }, { "id": "31630", "question": "who were the main opposition leaders of the election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 678, "text": "Kim Dae-Jung and Kim Young-Sam" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1988, Seoul hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics. It became a member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1996. It was adversely affected by the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. However, the country recovered and continued its economic growth, albeit at a slower pace.\nIn June 2000, as part of president Kim Dae-jung's \"Sunshine Policy\" of engagement, a North\u2013South summit took place in Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea. Later that year, Kim received the Nobel Peace Prize \"for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular.\" However, because of discontent among the population for fruitless approaches to the North under the previous administrations and, amid North Korean provocations, a conservative government was elected in 2007 led by President Lee Myung-bak, former mayor of Seoul. More recently, Park Geun-hye won the South Korean presidential election, 2012.", "qas": [ { "id": "31631", "question": "in what year did seoul hosted the summer olympics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1988" } ] }, { "id": "31632", "question": "when did seoul hosted the summer olympics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "1988" } ] }, { "id": "31633", "question": "what does oecd stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "Economic Co-operation and Development" } ] }, { "id": "31634", "question": "when did seoul become a member of the organization ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "1996" } ] }, { "id": "31635", "question": "what caused seoul seoul ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "1997 Asian Financial Crisis" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2002, South Korea and Japan jointly co-hosted the 2002 FIFA World Cup. However, South Korean and Japanese relations later soured because of conflicting claims of sovereignty over the Liancourt Rocks, in what became known as the Liancourt Rocks dispute.", "qas": [ { "id": "31636", "question": "in what year did south korea begin the fifa world cup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2002" } ] }, { "id": "31637", "question": "which two countries jointly the 2002 fifa cup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "South Korea and Japan" } ] }, { "id": "31638", "question": "what was the name of the fifa world cup in 2002 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "2002 FIFA World Cup" } ] }, { "id": "31639", "question": "what did south korean and japanese relations over ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "Liancourt Rocks" } ] }, { "id": "31640", "question": "what was the name of the claims that the japanese relations became known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "Liancourt Rocks dispute" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2016, a South-Korean political scandal raised accusing President Park Geun-hye's administration for the involvement of Choi Soon Li in state affairs, wherefore Soon Li was officially charged in November 2016. Following the scandal, there has been a series of massive demonstrations that started in the first week of November 2016. On December 9, the National Assembly voted to impeach Park, suspending her from office. As a result, Prime Minister Hwang Kyo-ahn became the acting President. The Constitutional Court of Korea has 180 days to decide whether to accept the impeachment (removing Park from office) or reject it (reinstating Park as President).", "qas": [ { "id": "31641", "question": "in what year was li 's administration charged ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2016" } ] }, { "id": "31642", "question": "what was the name of the administration that li was charged in 2016 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "President Park Geun" } ] }, { "id": "31643", "question": "what was the name of the involvement in state affairs in 2016 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Choi Soon Li" } ] }, { "id": "31644", "question": "when was li charged in 2016 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "November 2016" } ] }, { "id": "31645", "question": "who became the acting president of the acting ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 435, "text": "Prime Minister Hwang Kyo-ahn" } ] }, { "id": "31646", "question": "what is the constitutional court of korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 531, "text": "180 days to decide whether to accept the impeachment" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korea occupies the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula, which extends some from the Asian mainland. This mountainous peninsula is flanked by the Yellow Sea to the west, and the Sea of Japan (East Sea) to the east. Its southern tip lies on the Korea Strait and the East China Sea.", "qas": [ { "id": "31647", "question": "which country occupies the southern portion of the korean peninsula ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "South Korea" } ] }, { "id": "31648", "question": "what peninsula is located in south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "the Korean Peninsula" } ] }, { "id": "31649", "question": "what is the name of the sea that runs the mountainous peninsula ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "the Yellow Sea to the west, and the Sea of Japan" } ] }, { "id": "31650", "question": "where does the southern tip originate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "the Korea Strait and the East China Sea" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The country, including all its islands, lies between latitudes 33\u00b0 and 39\u00b0N, and longitudes 124\u00b0 and 130\u00b0E. Its total area is .", "qas": [ { "id": "31651", "question": "what latitudes are located in the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "33\u00b0 and 39\u00b0N" } ] }, { "id": "31652", "question": "what is the longitudes of the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "124\u00b0 and 130\u00b0" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korea can be divided into four general regions: an eastern region of high mountain ranges and narrow coastal plains; a western region of broad coastal plains, river basins, and rolling hills; a southwestern region of mountains and valleys; and a southeastern region dominated by the broad basin of the Nakdong River.", "qas": [ { "id": "31653", "question": "how many general regions are in south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "31654", "question": "what are the names of the broad region of south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "river basins, and rolling hills" } ] }, { "id": "31655", "question": "what river is the broad basin of south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "Nakdong River" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korea's terrain is mostly mountainous, most of which is not arable. Lowlands, located primarily in the west and southeast, make up only 30% of the total land area.", "qas": [ { "id": "31656", "question": "what is south korea 's terrain terrain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "mountainous" } ] }, { "id": "31657", "question": "where is lowlands located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "the west and southeast" } ] }, { "id": "31658", "question": "what percentage of land is lowlands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "30%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "About three thousand islands, mostly small and uninhabited, lie off the western and southern coasts of South Korea. Jeju-do is about off the southern coast of South Korea. It is the country's largest island, with an area of . Jeju is also the site of South Korea's highest point: Hallasan, an extinct volcano, reaches above sea level. The easternmost islands of South Korea include Ulleungdo and Liancourt Rocks (Dokdo/Takeshima), while Marado and Socotra Rock are the southernmost islands of South Korea.", "qas": [ { "id": "31659", "question": "what is the highest point of south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "Hallasan" } ] }, { "id": "31660", "question": "what are the easternmost islands in south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 382, "text": "Ulleungdo and Liancourt Rocks" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korea has 20 national parks and popular nature places like the Boseong Tea Fields, Suncheon Bay Ecological Park, and the first national park of Jirisan.", "qas": [ { "id": "31661", "question": "how many national parks does south korea have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 16, "text": "20" } ] }, { "id": "31662", "question": "what is the name of the national parks in south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Boseong Tea Fields, Suncheon Bay Ecological Park" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korea tends to have a humid continental climate and a humid subtropical climate, and is affected by the East Asian monsoon, with precipitation heavier in summer during a short rainy season called \"jangma\" (), which begins end of June through the end of July. Winters can be extremely cold with the minimum temperature dropping below in the inland region of the country: in Seoul, the average January temperature range is , and the average August temperature range is . Winter temperatures are higher along the southern coast and considerably lower in the mountainous interior. Summer can be uncomfortably hot and humid, with temperatures exceeding in most parts of the country. South Korea has four distinct seasons; spring, summer, autumn and winter. Spring usually lasts from late-March to early-May, summer from mid-May to early-September, autumn from mid-September to early-November, and winter from mid-November to mid-March.", "qas": [ { "id": "31663", "question": "what is the monsoon affected by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "East Asian monsoon" } ] }, { "id": "31664", "question": "what is the name of the short rainy season in south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "jangma" } ] }, { "id": "31665", "question": "how many distinct seasons does south korea have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 700, "text": "four" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Rainfall is concentrated in the summer months of June through September. The southern coast is subject to late summer typhoons that bring strong winds, heavy rains and sometime floods. The average annual precipitation varies from in Seoul to in Busan.", "qas": [ { "id": "31666", "question": "what are the typhoons of the southern coast ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "heavy rains and sometime floods" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the first 20 years of South Korea's growth surge, little effort was made to preserve the environment. Unchecked industrialization and urban development have resulted in deforestation and the ongoing destruction of wetlands such as the Songdo Tidal Flat. However, there have been recent efforts to balance these problems, including a government run five-year green growth project that aims to boost energy efficiency and green technology.", "qas": [ { "id": "31667", "question": "what is the name of the wetlands flat wetlands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "Songdo Tidal Flat" } ] }, { "id": "31668", "question": "what type of project aims to boost energy efficiency ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 355, "text": "five-year green growth project" } ] }, { "id": "31669", "question": "what does the green growth project that have been used to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 399, "text": "boost energy efficiency and green technology" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The green-based economic strategy is a comprehensive overhaul of South Korea's economy, utilizing nearly two percent of the national GDP. The greening initiative includes such efforts as a nationwide bike network, solar and wind energy, lowering oil dependent vehicles, backing daylight savings and extensive usage of environmentally friendly technologies such as LEDs in electronics and lighting. The country \u2013 already the world's most wired \u2013 plans to build a nationwide next-generation network which will be 10 times faster than broadband facilities in order to reduce energy usage.", "qas": [ { "id": "31670", "question": "what are the nationwide bike network ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "solar and wind energy" } ] }, { "id": "31671", "question": "how many times will a nationwide next-generation network build a nationwide next-generation network ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 511, "text": "10 times" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The renewable portfolio standard program with renewable energy certificates runs from 2012 to 2022.\nQuota systems favor large, vertically integrated generators and multinational electric utilities, if only because certificates are generally denominated in units of one megawatt-hour. They are also more difficult to design and implement than a Feed-in tariff. Around 350 residential micro combined heat and power units were installed in 2012.", "qas": [ { "id": "31672", "question": "when does the renewable portfolio standard program begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "2012 to 2022" } ] }, { "id": "31673", "question": "how many residential micro combined heat were installed in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 367, "text": "350" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Seoul's tap water recently became safe to drink, with city officials branding it \"Arisu\" in a bid to convince the public. Efforts have also been made with afforestation projects. Another multibillion-dollar project was the restoration of Cheonggyecheon, a stream running through downtown Seoul that had earlier been paved over by a motorway. One major challenge is air quality, with acid rain, sulfur oxides, and annual yellow dust storms being particular problems. It is acknowledged that many of these difficulties are a result of South Korea's proximity to China, which is a major air polluter.", "qas": [ { "id": "31674", "question": "what did city officials call seoul 's tap ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "Arisu" } ] }, { "id": "31675", "question": "what was the name of the stream running through downtown seoul ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "Cheonggyecheon" } ] }, { "id": "31676", "question": "what is a major air polluter ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 533, "text": "South Korea's proximity to China" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korea is a member of the Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity Treaty, Kyoto Protocol (forming the Environmental Integrity Group (EIG), regarding UNFCCC, with Mexico and Switzerland), Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (not into force), Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, and Whaling.", "qas": [ { "id": "31677", "question": "what is another name for kyoto protocol ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "Environmental Integrity Group" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Under its current constitution the state is sometimes referred to as the Sixth Republic of South Korea. Like many democratic states, South Korea has a government divided into three branches: executive, judicial, and legislative. The executive and legislative branches operate primarily at the national level, although various ministries in the executive branch also carry out local functions. Local governments are semi-autonomous, and contain executive and legislative bodies of their own. The judicial branch operates at both the national and local levels. South Korea is a constitutional democracy.", "qas": [ { "id": "31678", "question": "what is the state sometimes referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "Sixth Republic of South Korea" } ] }, { "id": "31679", "question": "how many branches does south korea have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "31680", "question": "what are the three branches of south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "executive, judicial, and legislative" } ] }, { "id": "31681", "question": "what is the name of the local local governments who are local governments ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 415, "text": "semi-autonomous" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The South Korean government's structure is determined by the Constitution of the Republic of Korea. This document has been revised several times since its first promulgation in 1948 at independence. However, it has retained many broad characteristics and with the exception of the short-lived Second Republic of South Korea, the country has always had a presidential system with an independent chief executive. The first direct election was also held in 1948. Although South Korea experienced a series of military dictatorships from the 1960s up until the 1980s, it has since developed into a successful liberal democracy. Today, the CIA World Factbook describes South Korea's democracy as a \"fully functioning modern democracy\". South Korea is ranked 37th on the Corruption Perceptions Index, with moderate control on corruption.", "qas": [ { "id": "31682", "question": "who determined the south korean government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "the Constitution of the Republic of Korea" } ] }, { "id": "31683", "question": "in what year did the south korean government begin to be revised ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "1948" } ] }, { "id": "31684", "question": "when was the first direct election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 454, "text": "1948" } ] }, { "id": "31685", "question": "what is south korea ranked on the corruption perceptions index ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 752, "text": "37th" } ] }, { "id": "31686", "question": "what index is south korea ranked on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 764, "text": "Corruption Perceptions Index" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Due to its development and capabilities, political scientists have ranked it among Asia-Pacific's middle powers.\nThe major administrative divisions in South Korea are eight provinces, one special self-governing province, six metropolitan cities (self-governing cities that are not part of any province), one special city and one metropolitan autonomous city.", "qas": [ { "id": "31687", "question": "what have political scientists been ranked among ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "Asia-Pacific's middle powers" } ] }, { "id": "31688", "question": "how many provinces are in south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "eight" } ] }, { "id": "31689", "question": "what is the province of south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "one special self-governing province" } ] }, { "id": "31690", "question": "how many metropolitan cities are there in south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 221, "text": "six" } ] }, { "id": "31691", "question": "what are the six metropolitan cities in south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 304, "text": "one special city and one metropolitan autonomous city" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In April 2016, South Korea's population was estimated to be around 50.8 million by National Statistical Office, with continuing decline of working age population and total fertility rate. The country is noted for its population density, which was an estimated 505 per square kilometer in 2015, more than 10 times the global average. Most South Koreans live in urban areas, because of rapid migration from the countryside during the country's quick economic expansion in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. The capital city of Seoul is also the country's largest city and chief industrial center. According to the 2005 census, Seoul had a population of inhabitants. The Seoul National Capital Area has inhabitants (about half of South Korea's entire population) making it the world's second largest metropolitan area. Other major cities include Busan (), Incheon (), Daegu (), Daejeon (), Gwangju () and Ulsan ().", "qas": [ { "id": "31692", "question": "when was south korea estimated to be around south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "April 2016" } ] }, { "id": "31693", "question": "what was the population of south korea in 2016 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "50.8 million" } ] }, { "id": "31694", "question": "what was south korea 's population in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "505 per square kilometer" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The population has also been shaped by international migration. After World War\u00a0II and the division of the Korean Peninsula, about four million people from North Korea crossed the border to South Korea. This trend of net entry reversed over the next 40 years because of emigration, especially to the United States and Canada. South Korea's total population in 1955 was , and has more than doubled, to 50 million, by 2010.", "qas": [ { "id": "31695", "question": "what shaped the population of the population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "international migration" } ] }, { "id": "31696", "question": "how many people died in north korea after world war ii ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "four million" } ] }, { "id": "31697", "question": "what country did the korean peninsula fall to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "South Korea" } ] }, { "id": "31698", "question": "how long did net entry reversed from the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "40 years" } ] }, { "id": "31699", "question": "what two countries are the net entry over ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "the United States and Canada" } ] }, { "id": "31700", "question": "in what year was south korea 's total population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 360, "text": "1955" } ] }, { "id": "31701", "question": "what was the population of south korea in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 401, "text": "50 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korea is one of the most ethnically homogeneous societies in the world, with more than 99% of inhabitants having Korean ethnicity.", "qas": [ { "id": "31702", "question": "what is one of the most ethnically homogeneous societies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "South Korea" } ] }, { "id": "31703", "question": "how many inhabitants of south korea speak korean ethnicity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "99%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The percentage of foreign nationals has been growing rapidly. , South Korea had 1,106,884 foreign residents, 2.7% of the population; however, more than half of them are ethnic Koreans with a foreign citizenship. For example, migrants from China (PRC) make up 56.5% of foreign nationals, but approximately 70% of the Chinese citizens in Korea are \"Joseonjok (\uc870\uc120\uc871 in Korean)\", PRC citizens of Korean ethnicity. Regardless of the ethnicity, there are 28,500 US military personnel serving in South Korea, most serving a one-year unaccompanied tour (though approximately 10% serve longer tours accompanied by family), according to the Korea National Statistical Office. In addition, about 43,000 English teachers from English-speaking countries reside temporarily in Korea. Currently, South Korea has one of the highest rates of growth of foreign born population, with about 30,000 foreign born residences obtaining South Korean citizenship every year since 2010.", "qas": [ { "id": "31704", "question": "how many foreign residents did south korea have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "1,106,884" } ] }, { "id": "31705", "question": "what percentage of the population was south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "2.7%" } ] }, { "id": "31706", "question": "what percentage of foreign nationals are in china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "56.5%" } ] }, { "id": "31707", "question": "what percentage of the chinese citizens are in korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": "70%" } ] }, { "id": "31708", "question": "how many us military personnel are there in south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 448, "text": "28,500" } ] }, { "id": "31709", "question": "what percentage of us military personnel serve longer tours ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 566, "text": "10%" } ] }, { "id": "31710", "question": "how many english teachers reside in korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 684, "text": "43,000" } ] }, { "id": "31711", "question": "how many foreign born residences does south korea have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 870, "text": "30,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korea's birthrate was the world's lowest in 2009. If this continues, its population is expected to decrease by 13% to in 2050. South Korea's annual birthrate is approximately 9 births per 1000 people. However, the birthrate has increased by 5.7% in 2010 and Korea no longer has the world's lowest birthrate. According to a 2011 report from Chosun Ilbo, South Korea's total fertility rate (1.23 children born per woman) is higher than those of Taiwan (1.15) and Japan (1.21). The average life expectancy in 2008 was 79.10 years, (which was 34th in the world) but by 2015 it had increased to around 81. South Korea has the steepest decline in working age population of the OECD nations. In 2015, National Statistical Office estimated that the population of the country would reach its peak by 2030.", "qas": [ { "id": "31712", "question": "in what year did south korea become the world 's lowest lowest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "2009" } ] }, { "id": "31713", "question": "what is the population of south carolina 's population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "13%" } ] }, { "id": "31714", "question": "how many births does south korea have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "9 births per 1000 people" } ] }, { "id": "31715", "question": "what percentage of korea 's lowest has increased in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "5.7%" } ] }, { "id": "31716", "question": "what was the average life expectancy in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 521, "text": "79.10 years" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A centralized administration in South Korea oversees the process for the education of children from kindergarten to the third and final year of high school. The school year is divided into two semesters, the first of which begins in the beginning of March and ends in mid-July, the second of which begins in late August and ends in mid-February. The schedules are not uniformly standardized and vary from school to school. Most South Korean middle schools and high schools have school uniforms, modeled on western-style uniforms. Boys' uniforms usually consists of trousers and white shirts, and girls wear skirts and white shirts (this only applies in middle schools and high schools). The country adopted a new educational program to increase the number of their foreign students through 2010. According to the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, the number of scholarships for foreign students in South Korea would have (under the program) doubled by that time, and the number of foreign students would have reached 100,000. ", "qas": [ { "id": "31717", "question": "what is the name of the uniforms that modeled school uniforms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 506, "text": "western-style uniforms" } ] }, { "id": "31718", "question": "what do boys ' uniforms consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 565, "text": "trousers and white shirts" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korea is one of the top-performing OECD countries in reading literacy, maths and sciences with the average student scoring 542 and has one of the worlds highest-educated labour forces among OECD countries. The country is well known for its high feverish outlook on education, where its national obsession with education has been called \"education fever\". This obsession with education has catapulted the resource poor nation consistently atop the global education rankings where in 2014 national rankings of students\u2019 math and science scores by the Organization for Economic and Cooperation and Development (OECD), South Korea ranked second place worldwide, after Singapore. Higher education is an overwhelmingly serious issue in South Korea society, where it is viewed as one of the fundamental cornerstones of South Korean life. Education is regarded with a high priority for South Korean families as success in education holds a cultural status as well as a necessity to improve one's socioeconomic position in South Korean society. Academic success is often a source of pride for families and within South Korean society at large. South Koreans view education as the main propeller of social mobility for themselves and their family as a gateway to the South Korean middle class. Graduating from a top university is the ultimate marker of prestige, high socioeconomic status, promising marriage prospects, and a respectable career path. An average South Korean child's life revolves around education as pressure to succeed academically is deeply ingrained in South Korean children from an early age. Not having a university degree carries a major cultural stigma as those who lack a formal university education face social prejudice and are often looked down upon by others.", "qas": [ { "id": "31719", "question": "what is the name of the average student scoring in south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "542" } ] }, { "id": "31720", "question": "what is the name of the national obsession with education ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 343, "text": "education fever" } ] }, { "id": "31721", "question": "in what year was the national rankings of students ' math and science scores ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 488, "text": "2014" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2015, the country spent 4.7% of its GDP on all levels of education \u2013 roughly equal to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) average of 4.7% also. A strong investment in education, a militant drive for success as well as the passion for excellence has helped the resource poor country rapidly grow its economy over the past 60 years from a war torn wasteland. South Korea\u2019s zeal for education and its students\u2019 desires to get into a prestigious university is one of the highest in the world, as the entrance into a top tier higher educational institution leads to a prestigious, secure and well-paid white collar job with the government, banks, a major South Korean conglomerate such as Samsung, Hyundai or LG Electronics. With incredible pressure on high school students to secure places at the nation\u2019s best universities, its institutional reputation and alumni networks are strong predictors of future career prospects. The top three universities in South Korea, often referred to as \"SKY\", are Seoul National University, Korea University and Yonsei University. Intense competition for top grades and academic pressure to be the top student is deeply ingrained in the psyche of South Korean students at a young age. Yet with only so many places at universities and even fewer places at top-tier companies, many young people remain disappointed and are often unwilling to lower their sights with the result of many feeling as underachievers. \nThere is a major cultural taboo in South Korean society attached to those who have not achieved formal university education where those who don't hold university degrees face social prejudice and are often looked down by others as second-class citizens resulting fewer opportunities for employment, improvement of one's socioeconomic position and prospects for marriage.", "qas": [ { "id": "31722", "question": "what percentage of the gdp was spent on all levels of education in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "4.7%" } ] }, { "id": "31723", "question": "what percentage of the gdp was spent in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "4.7%" } ] }, { "id": "31724", "question": "what are some south korean conglomerate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 716, "text": "Samsung, Hyundai or LG Electronics" } ] } ] }, { "context": "International reception on the South Korean education system has been divided. It has been praised for various reasons, including its comparatively high test results and its major role in ushering South Korea's economic development creating one of the world\u2019s most educated workforces.\nSouth Korea's highly enviable academic performance has gotten British education ministers actively remodeling their own curriculum's and exams to try to emulate Korea's militant drive and passion for excellence and high educational achievement. U.S. President Barack Obama has also praised the country's rigorous school system, where over 80 percent of South Korean high school graduates go on to college. The nation's high university entrance rate has created a highly skilled workforce making South Korea among the most educated countries in the world with the one of the highest percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree. Bachelor's degrees are held by 68 percent of South Koreans aged 25\u201334, the most in the OECD.", "qas": [ { "id": "31725", "question": "what percentage of south korean high school graduates are praised by obama ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 620, "text": "over 80 percent" } ] }, { "id": "31726", "question": "what percentage of south koreans are held in the oecd ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 963, "text": "68 percent" } ] }, { "id": "31727", "question": "how old was the most in the oecd ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 996, "text": "25\u201334" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The system's rigid and hierarchical structure has been criticized for stifling creativity and innovation; described as intensely and \"brutally\" competitive, The system is often blamed for the high suicide rate in the country, particularly the growing rates among those aged 10\u201319. Various media outlets attribute the nations high suicide rate on the nationwide anxiety around the country's college entrance exams, which determine the trajectory of students entire lives and careers. Former South Korean \"hagwon\" teacher Se-Woong Koo wrote that the South Korean education system amounts to child abuse and that it should be \"reformed and restructured without delay.\" The system has also been criticized for producing an oversupply of university graduates creating an overeducated and underemployed labor force; in the first quarter of 2013 alone, nearly 3.3 million South Korean university graduates were jobless, leading many graduates overqualified for jobs requiring less education. Further criticism has been stemmed for causing labor shortages in various skilled blue collar labor and vocational occupations, where many go unfilled as the negative social stigma associated with vocational careers and not having a university degree continues to remain deep-rooted in South Korean society.", "qas": [ { "id": "31728", "question": "what is the growing rates of the high suicide rate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "10\u201319" } ] }, { "id": "31729", "question": "how many south korean university graduates were there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 853, "text": "3.3 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": ", just under half of the South Korean population expressed no religious preference. Of the rest, most are Buddhist or Christian. According to the 2007 census, 29.2% of the population at that time was Christian (18.3% identified themselves as Protestants, 10.9% as Roman Catholics), and 22.8% were Buddhist. Other religions include Islam and various new religious movements such as Jeungsanism, Cheondoism and Wonbuddhism. The earliest religion practiced was Korean shamanism. Today, freedom of religion is guaranteed by the constitution, and there is no state religion. There is a conflict however with the long established requirement of mandatory military service which leads to the imprisonment of conscientious objectors, thereby causing many Jehovah's Witnesses to be imprisoned in South Korea for refusing on the same grounds of conscientious objection. The UN Human Rights Committee has determined that the government of South Korea uses arbitrary detention for conscientious objectors and should take steps to resolve the issue.", "qas": [ { "id": "31730", "question": "what percentage of the population was christian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "29.2%" } ] }, { "id": "31731", "question": "what percent of the population identified themselves as protestants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "18.3%" } ] }, { "id": "31732", "question": "what percentage of the population was buddhist ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "22.8%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Christianity is South Korea's largest religion, accounting for more than half of all South Korean religious adherents. There are approximately 13.7 million Christians in South Korea today; about 63% of Korean Christians belong to Protestant churches, while 37% belong to the Roman Catholic Church. The number of Protestant Christians has slightly decreased since the 1990s, while the number of Roman Catholics has rapidly increased since the 1980s. Presbyterian denominations are the biggest Christian denominations in South Korea. About nine million people belong to one of the 100 different Presbyterian churches; among the biggest denominations are the HapDong Presbyterian Church, TongHap Presbyterian Church, the Koshin Presbyterian Church. For more information see Presbyterianism in South Korea. South Korea is also the second-largest missionary-sending nation, after the United States.", "qas": [ { "id": "31733", "question": "how many christians are in south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "13.7 million" } ] }, { "id": "31734", "question": "what percentage of korean christians belong to protestant churches ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "63%" } ] }, { "id": "31735", "question": "what percentage of christians belong to the roman catholic church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "37%" } ] }, { "id": "31736", "question": "how many people belong to one of the 100 presbyterian churches ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 538, "text": "nine million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Buddhism was introduced to Korea in the year 372. According to the national census , South Korea has over Buddhists. Today, about 90% of Korean Buddhists belong to Jogye Order. Most of the National Treasures of South Korea are Buddhist artifacts. Buddhism became the state religion in some of Korean kingdoms since the Three Kingdoms Period, when Goguryeo adopted it as the state religion in 372, followed by Baekje (528). Buddhism had been the state religion of Unified Silla from the North South States Period (not to be confused with the modern division of Korea) to Goryeo before suppression under the Joseon dynasty in favor of Neo-Confucianism.", "qas": [ { "id": "31737", "question": "in what year was buddhism introduced to korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "372" } ] }, { "id": "31738", "question": "what is the national census of south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Buddhists" } ] }, { "id": "31739", "question": "what percentage of korean buddhists belong to jogye ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "90%" } ] }, { "id": "31740", "question": "what do 90 % of korean buddhists belong to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "Jogye Order" } ] }, { "id": "31741", "question": "in what year did goguryeo adopted buddhism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 392, "text": "372" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Fewer than 30,000 South Koreans are thought to be Muslims, but the country has some 100,000 resident foreign workers from Islamic countries such as Bangladesh, Indonesia and Pakistan.", "qas": [ { "id": "31742", "question": "how many south koreans are thought to be muslims ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Fewer than 30,000" } ] }, { "id": "31743", "question": "how many foreign workers does the country have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "100,000" } ] }, { "id": "31744", "question": "what are some of the foreign workers in the us ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "Bangladesh, Indonesia and Pakistan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Korean shamanism, today known as Muism (religion of the mu [shamans]) or Sinism (religion of the gods) encompasses a variety of indigenous religious beliefs and practices of the Korean people and the Korean sphere. In contemporary South Korea, the most used term is \"Muism\" and a shaman is known as a \"mudang\" (, ) or Tangol (\ub2f9\uace8). Since the early 2000s, this religion has regained popularity among Koreans.", "qas": [ { "id": "31745", "question": "what is another name for religion of the gods ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "Muism" } ] }, { "id": "31746", "question": "what is another name for religion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "Sinism" } ] }, { "id": "31747", "question": "what is the most used term for south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "Muism" } ] }, { "id": "31748", "question": "what is the most used term for south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "mudang" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korea has a universal healthcare system.", "qas": [ { "id": "31749", "question": "what country has a universal healthcare system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "South Korea" } ] }, { "id": "31750", "question": "what type of system does south korea have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "universal healthcare system" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Korean hospitals have advanced medical equipment and facilities readily available, ranking 4th for MRI units per capita and 6th for CT scanners per capita in the OECD. It also had the OECD's second largest number of hospital beds per 1000 people at 9.56 beds, which was over triple that of Sweden's 2.71, Canada's 2.75, the UK's 2.95 or the United States' 3.05 beds.", "qas": [ { "id": "31751", "question": "where did the oecd beds come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "9.56 beds" } ] }, { "id": "31752", "question": "what beds did canada have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 356, "text": "3.05 beds" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Life expectancy has been rising rapidly and Korea ranked 9th in the world for life expectancy at 82 years in 2013, ranking 4th in the world at 85 years.", "qas": [ { "id": "31753", "question": "where did korea rank in the world for life expectancy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "9th" } ] }, { "id": "31754", "question": "when did life expectancy 9th in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "82 years" } ] }, { "id": "31755", "question": "how long has korea been 4th in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "85 years" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korea maintains diplomatic relations with more than 188 countries. The country has also been a member of the United Nations since 1991, when it became a member state at the same time as North Korea. On January 1, 2007, South Korean Foreign Minister Ban Ki-moon assumed the post of UN Secretary-General. It has also developed links with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations as both a member of \"ASEAN Plus three,\" a body of observers, and the East Asia Summit (EAS).", "qas": [ { "id": "31756", "question": "how many countries does south korea have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "188" } ] }, { "id": "31757", "question": "when did south korea become a member of the united nations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "1991" } ] }, { "id": "31758", "question": "what country did south korea become a member of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "North Korea" } ] }, { "id": "31759", "question": "in what year did south korean foreign minister declare the post of un secretary-general ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "2007" } ] }, { "id": "31760", "question": "who assumed the post of un secretary-general ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "South Korean Foreign Minister Ban Ki-moon" } ] }, { "id": "31761", "question": "what was the name of the ban that ki-moon assumed the post ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "UN Secretary-General" } ] }, { "id": "31762", "question": "what is the name of the summit that developed the east asian nations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 454, "text": "East Asia Summit" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2010, South Korea and the European Union concluded a free trade agreement (FTA) to reduce trade barriers. South Korea is also negotiating a Free Trade Agreement with Canada, and another with New Zealand. In November 2009 South Korea joined the OECD Development Assistance Committee, marking the first time a former aid recipient country joined the group as a donor member. South Korea hosted the G-20 Summit in Seoul in November 2010.", "qas": [ { "id": "31763", "question": "who concluded a free trade agreement in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "South Korea and the European Union" } ] }, { "id": "31764", "question": "what type of agreement is south korea negotiating with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "Free Trade Agreement" } ] }, { "id": "31765", "question": "in what country is south korea located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "New Zealand" } ] }, { "id": "31766", "question": "what was the name of the assistance in south korea in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "OECD Development Assistance Committee" } ] }, { "id": "31767", "question": "when was the g-20 summit in seoul ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 423, "text": "November 2010" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Historically, Korea has had close relations with China. Before the formation of South Korea, Korean independence fighters worked with Chinese soldiers during the Japanese occupation. However, after World War\u00a0II, the People's Republic of China embraced Maoism while South Korea sought close relations with the United States. The PRC assisted North Korea with manpower and supplies during the Korean War, and in its aftermath the diplomatic relationship between South Korea and the PRC almost completely ceased. Relations thawed gradually and South Korea and the PRC re-established formal diplomatic relations on August 24, 1992. The two countries sought to improve bilateral relations and lifted the forty-year-old trade embargo, and South Korean\u2013Chinese relations have improved steadily since 1992. The Republic of Korea broke off official relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan) upon gaining official relations with the People's Republic of China, which doesn't recognise Taiwan's sovereignty.", "qas": [ { "id": "31768", "question": "what did the people 's republic of china embraced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "Maoism" } ] }, { "id": "31769", "question": "when did the prc end formal diplomatic relations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 611, "text": "August 24, 1992" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The European Union (EU) and South Korea are important trading partners, having negotiated a free trade agreement for many years since South Korea was designated as a priority FTA partner in 2006. The free trade agreement was approved in September 2010, and took effect on July 1, 2011. South Korea is the EU's eighth largest trade partner, and the EU has become South Korea's second largest export destination. EU trade with South Korea exceeded \u20ac65 billion in 2008 and has enjoyed an annual average growth rate of 7.5% between 2004 and 2008.", "qas": [ { "id": "31770", "question": "what countries are important trading partners in korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The European Union (EU) and South Korea" } ] }, { "id": "31771", "question": "when was the free trade agreement approved ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 237, "text": "September 2010" } ] }, { "id": "31772", "question": "when did the free trade agreement take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "July 1, 2011" } ] }, { "id": "31773", "question": "how much did south korea spend in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 446, "text": "\u20ac65 billion" } ] }, { "id": "31774", "question": "what was the average growth rate in south korea in 2004 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 515, "text": "7.5%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The EU has been the single largest foreign investor in South Korea since 1962, and accounted for almost 45% of all FDI inflows into Korea in 2006. Nevertheless, EU companies have significant problems accessing and operating in the South Korean market because of stringent standards and testing requirements for products and services often creating barriers to trade. Both in its regular bilateral contacts with South Korea and through its FTA with Korea, the EU is seeking to improve this situation.", "qas": [ { "id": "31775", "question": "when did the eu become the single foreign investor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "1962" } ] }, { "id": "31776", "question": "what percentage of fdi inflows into korea in 2006 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "45%" } ] }, { "id": "31777", "question": "in what year did the eu have a 45 % of all fdi ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "2006" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although there were no formal diplomatic ties between South Korea and Japan after the end of World War\u00a0II, South Korea and Japan signed the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea in 1965 to establish diplomatic ties. There is heavy anti-Japanese sentiment in South Korea because of a number of unsettled Japanese-Korean disputes, many of which stem from the period of Japanese occupation after the Japanese annexation of Korea. During World War\u00a0II, more than 100,000 Koreans served in the Imperial Japanese Army. Korean women were forced to the war front to serve the Imperial Japanese Army as sexual slaves, called comfort women.", "qas": [ { "id": "31778", "question": "who signed the treaty on basic relations between japan and the republic of korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "South Korea and Japan" } ] }, { "id": "31779", "question": "what were the treaty on south korea signed on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea" } ] }, { "id": "31780", "question": "in what year did the treaty of korea begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "1965" } ] }, { "id": "31781", "question": "how many koreans served in the imperial japanese army ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 486, "text": "100,000" } ] }, { "id": "31782", "question": "in world war ii , where did 100,000 koreans come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 516, "text": "Imperial Japanese Army" } ] }, { "id": "31783", "question": "what was the name of the imperial japanese army ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 643, "text": "comfort women" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Longstanding issues such as Japanese war crimes against Korean civilians, visits by Japanese politicians to Yasukuni Shrine honoring Japanese soldiers killed at war (including some class A war criminals), the negationist re-writing of Japanese textbooks relating Japanese atrocities during World War\u00a0II, and the territorial disputes over Liancourt Rocks, known in South Korea as \"Dokdo\", continue to trouble Korean-Japanese relations. Although Dokdo is claimed by both South Korea and Japan, the islets are administered by South Korea, which had its coast guard stationed there.", "qas": [ { "id": "31784", "question": "what was the name of the japanese war crimes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "Yasukuni Shrine" } ] }, { "id": "31785", "question": "what was the name of the territorial disputes in south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 338, "text": "Liancourt Rocks" } ] }, { "id": "31786", "question": "what was the name of the territorial disputes in south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 380, "text": "Dokdo" } ] }, { "id": "31787", "question": "who claimed the islets are administered by south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 469, "text": "South Korea and Japan" } ] }, { "id": "31788", "question": "who administered the islets islets ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 523, "text": "South Korea" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In response to then-Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi's visits to Yasukuni Shrine, former President Roh Moo-hyun suspended all summit talks between South Korea and Japan in 2009.", "qas": [ { "id": "31789", "question": "what was the name of the former president that suspended south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Yasukuni Shrine" } ] }, { "id": "31790", "question": "who suspended all summit in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "President Roh Moo-hyun" } ] }, { "id": "31791", "question": "which two countries did president talks fight in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "South Korea and Japan" } ] }, { "id": "31792", "question": "in what year did the former president of japan take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "2009" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Both North and South Korea continue to officially claim sovereignty over the entire peninsula and any outlying islands. Despite the animosity, reconciliation efforts have been present from the very beginning of the separation between North and South Korea. Political figures such as Kim Koo worked to reconcile the two governments even after the Korean War. With longstanding animosity following the Korean War from 1950 to 1953, North Korea and South Korea signed an agreement to pursue peace. On October 4, 2007, Roh Moo-Hyun and North Korean leader Kim Jong-il signed an eight-point agreement on issues of permanent peace, high-level talks, economic cooperation, renewal of train services, highway and air travel, and a joint Olympic cheering squad.", "qas": [ { "id": "31793", "question": "the separation of the separation between the separation between the separation between the separation between the separation between the separation between the separation between the separation between the separation between the separation between the separation between the separation between what two groups have been present ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "North and South Korea" } ] }, { "id": "31794", "question": "who worked to reconcile the two governments ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 283, "text": "Kim Koo" } ] }, { "id": "31795", "question": "which two countries signed the agreement to pursue peace ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 430, "text": "North Korea and South Korea" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The United States engaged in the decolonization of Korea (mainly in the South, with the Soviet Union engaged in North Korea) from Japan after World War\u00a0II. After three years of military administration by the United States, the South Korean government was established. Upon the onset of the Korean War, U.S. forces were sent to defend against an invasion from North Korea of the South. Following the Armistice, South Korea and the U.S. agreed to a \"Mutual Defense Treaty\", under which an attack on either party in the Pacific area would summon a response from both. In 1967, South Korea obliged the mutual defense treaty, by sending a large combat troop contingent to support the United States in the Vietnam War. The U.S. Eighth Army, Seventh Air Force, and U.S. Naval Forces Korea are stationed in South Korea. The two nations have strong economic, diplomatic, and military ties, although they have at times disagreed with regard to policies towards North Korea, and with regard to some of South Korea's industrial activities that involve usage of rocket or nuclear technology. There had also been strong anti-American sentiment during certain periods, which has largely moderated in the modern day. In 2007, a free trade agreement known as the Republic of Korea-United States Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA) was signed between South Korea and the United States, but its formal implementation was repeatedly delayed, pending approval by the legislative bodies of the two countries. On October 12, 2011, the U.S. Congress passed the long-stalled trade agreement with South Korea. It went into effect on March 15, 2012.", "qas": [ { "id": "31796", "question": "where were u.s. forces sent to an invasion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 359, "text": "North Korea of the South" } ] }, { "id": "31797", "question": "what did the armistice , south korea and the u.s. want to summon ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 448, "text": "Mutual Defense Treaty" } ] }, { "id": "31798", "question": "in what year did south korea support the mutual defense treaty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 568, "text": "1967" } ] }, { "id": "31799", "question": "on what date did the effect of the effect of it take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1604, "text": "March 15, 2012" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A long history of invasions by neighbors and the unresolved tension with North Korea have prompted South Korea to allocate 2.6% of its GDP and 15% of all government spending to its military (Government share of GDP: 14.967%), while maintaining compulsory conscription for men. Consequently, South Korea has the world's sixth largest number of active troops (650,000 in 2011), the world's second-largest number of reserve troops (3,200,000 in 2011) and the eleventh largest defense budget. The Republic of Korea, with both regular and reserve military force numbering regular personnel among a total national population of people, has the second highest number of soldiers per capita in the world, after the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.", "qas": [ { "id": "31800", "question": "what percentage of south korea 's gdp did the unresolved tension with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "2.6%" } ] }, { "id": "31801", "question": "what percentage of all government spending did the unresolved tension to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "15%" } ] }, { "id": "31802", "question": "what percentage of gdp did the unresolved tension from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "14.967%" } ] }, { "id": "31803", "question": "what was the largest number of active troops in south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 358, "text": "650,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The South Korean military consists of the Army (ROKA), the Navy (ROKN), the Air Force (ROKAF), and the Marine Corps (ROKMC), and reserve forces. Many of these forces are concentrated near the Korean Demilitarized Zone. All South Korean males are constitutionally required to serve in the military, typically 21 months. Previously, Koreans of mixed race were exempt from military duty but no exception from 2011.\nIn addition to male conscription in South Korea's sovereign military, 1,800 Korean males are selected every year to serve 21 months in the KATUSA Program to further augment the United States Forces Korea (USFK). In 2010, South Korea was spending \u20a91.68 trillion in a cost-sharing agreement with the US to provide budgetary support to the US forces in Korea, on top of the \u20a929.6 trillion budget for its own military.\nThe South Korean army has 2,500 tanks in operation, including the K1A1 and K2 Black Panther, which form the backbone of the South Korean army's mechanized armor and infantry forces. A sizable arsenal of many artillery systems, including 1,700 self-propelled K55 and K9 Thunder howitzers and 680 helicopters and UAVs of numerous types, are assembled to provide additional fire, reconnaissance, and logistics support. South Korea's smaller but more advanced artillery force and wide range of airborne reconnaissance platforms are pivotal in the counter-battery suppression of North Korea's large artillery force, which operates more than 13,000 artillery systems deployed in various state of fortification and mobility.", "qas": [ { "id": "31804", "question": "where are many of the forces concentrated near ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "Korean Demilitarized Zone" } ] }, { "id": "31805", "question": "how long are all south korean males required to serve ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "21 months" } ] }, { "id": "31806", "question": "how many korean males are in south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 482, "text": "1,800" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The South Korean navy has made its first major transformation into a blue-water navy through the formation of the Strategic Mobile Fleet, which includes a battle group of Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin class destroyers, Dokdo class amphibious assault ship, AIP-driven Type 214 submarines, and King Sejong the Great class destroyers, which is equipped with the latest baseline of Aegis fleet-defense system that allows the ships to track and destroy multiple cruise missiles and ballistic missiles simultaneously, forming an integral part of South Korea's indigenous missile defense umbrella against the North Korean military's missile threat.", "qas": [ { "id": "31807", "question": "the south korean navy made its first transformation into what fleet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Strategic Mobile Fleet" } ] }, { "id": "31808", "question": "what is the battle of the south korean navy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin class destroyers" } ] }, { "id": "31809", "question": "what is the name of the king that allows the ships to track and destroy multiple cruise missiles ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "King Sejong the Great class destroyers" } ] }, { "id": "31810", "question": "what threat did the great class destroyers against ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 595, "text": "North Korean military's missile threat" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The South Korean air force operates 840 aircraft, making it world's ninth largest air force, including several types of advanced fighters like F-15K, heavily modified KF-16C/D, and the indigenous F/A-50, supported by well-maintained fleets of older fighters such as F-4E and KF-5E/F that still effectively serve the air force alongside the more modern aircraft. In an attempt to gain strength in terms of not just numbers but also modernity, the commissioning of four Boeing\u00a0737 AEW&C aircraft, under Project Peace Eye for centralized intelligence gathering and analysis on a modern battlefield, will enhance the fighters' and other support aircraft's ability to perform their missions with awareness and precision.", "qas": [ { "id": "31811", "question": "how many aircraft does the south korean air force run ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "840" } ] }, { "id": "31812", "question": "what is the name of the advanced fighters of the south korean air force ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "F-15K" } ] }, { "id": "31813", "question": "the south korean air force operates what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "KF-16C/D" } ] }, { "id": "31814", "question": "what is the name of the indigenous largest air force ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "F/A-50" } ] }, { "id": "31815", "question": "what are some of the older fighters of the south korean air force ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "F-4E and KF-5E/F" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In May 2011, Korea Aerospace Industries Ltd., South Korea's largest plane maker, signed a $400 million deal to sell 16 T-50 Golden Eagle trainer jets to Indonesia, making South Korea the first country in Asia to export supersonic jets.\nFrom time to time, South Korea has sent its troops overseas to assist American forces. It has participated in most major conflicts that the United States has been involved in the past 50 years. South Korea dispatched 325,517 troops to fight alongside American, Australian, Filipino, New Zealand and South Vietnamese soldiers in the Vietnam War, with a peak strength of 50,000. In 2004, South Korea sent 3,300 troops of the Zaytun Division to help re-building in northern Iraq, and was the third largest contributor in the coalition forces after only the US and Britain. Beginning in 2001, South Korea had so far deployed 24,000 troops in the Middle East region to support the War on Terrorism. A further 1,800 were deployed since 2007 to reinforce UN peacekeeping forces in Lebanon.\nThe United States has stationed a substantial contingent of troops in South Korea since the Korean War to defend South Korea in case of East Asian military crises. There are approximately 28,500 U.S. Military personnel stationed in Korea, most of them serving one year unaccompanied tours. The American troops, which are primarily ground and air units, are assigned to USFK and mainly assigned to the Eighth United States Army of the US Army and Seventh Air Force of the US Air Force. They are stationed in installations at Osan, Kunsan, Yongsan, Dongducheon, Sungbuk, Camp Humphreys, and Daegu, as well as at Camp Bonifas in the DMZ Joint Security Area. A still functioning UN Command is technically the top of the chain of command of all forces in South Korea, including the US forces and the entire South Korean military\u00a0\u2013 if a sudden escalation of war between North and South Korea were to occur the United States would assume control of the South Korean armed forces in all military and paramilitary moves. However, in September 2006, the Presidents of the United States and the Republic of Korea agreed that South Korea should assume the lead for its own defense. In early 2007, the U.S. Secretary of Defense and ROK Minister of National Defense determined that South Korea will assume wartime operational control of its forces on December 1, 2015. USFK will transform into a new joint-warfighting command, provisionally described as Korea Command (KORCOM).", "qas": [ { "id": "31816", "question": "how much did south korea 's largest deal maker cost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "$400 million" } ] }, { "id": "31817", "question": "what was south korea 's largest deal to indonesia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "16 T-50" } ] }, { "id": "31818", "question": "how many troops were deployed in the middle east region ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 857, "text": "24,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korea's mixed economy ranks 11th nominal and 13th purchasing power parity GDP in the world, identifying it as one of the G-20 major economies. It is a developed country with a high-income economy and is the most industrialized member country of the OECD. South Korean brands such as LG Electronics and Samsung are internationally famous.", "qas": [ { "id": "31819", "question": "what is south korea 's mixed economy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "11th nominal and 13th purchasing power parity GDP" } ] }, { "id": "31820", "question": "what are south korean brands famous ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 289, "text": "LG Electronics and Samsung" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With its massive investment in education has taken the country from mass illiteracy to a major international technological powerhouse. \nThe country's national economy benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with the one of the highest percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree. South Korea's economy was one of the world's fastest-growing from the early 1960s to the late 1990s, and South Korea is still one of the fastest-growing developed countries in the 2000s, along with Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan, the other three Asian Tigers. South Koreans refer to this growth as the Miracle on the Han River. The South Korean economy is heavily dependent on international trade, and in 2014, South Korea was the 5th largest exporter and 7th largest importer in the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "31821", "question": "in what year was south korea dependent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 761, "text": "2014" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korea hosted the fifth G20 summit in its capital city, Seoul, in November 2010. The two-day summit was expected to boost South Korea's economy by 31 trillion won, or 4% of South Korea's 2010 GDP, in economic effects, and create over 160,000 jobs in South Korea. It may also help improve the country's sovereign credit rating.", "qas": [ { "id": "31822", "question": "what was the name of the fifth g20 summit ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Seoul" } ] }, { "id": "31823", "question": "when was the fifth g20 summit held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "November 2010" } ] }, { "id": "31824", "question": "how many south korea won the economy of korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "31 trillion won" } ] }, { "id": "31825", "question": "what percentage of south korea 's 2010 gdp was expected to boost south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "4%" } ] }, { "id": "31826", "question": "how many jobs did the summit of south korea have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "160,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Despite the South Korean economy's high growth potential and apparent structural stability, the country suffers damage to its credit rating in the stock market because of the belligerence of North Korea in times of deep military crises, which has an adverse effect on South Korean financial markets. The International Monetary Fund compliments the resilience of the South Korean economy against various economic crises, citing low state debt and high fiscal reserves that can quickly be mobilized to address financial emergencies. Although it was severely harmed by the Asian economic crisis of the late 1990s, the South Korean economy managed a rapid recovery and subsequently tripled its GDP.", "qas": [ { "id": "31827", "question": "what is the effect of south korea 's effect ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 268, "text": "South Korean financial markets" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Furthermore, South Korea was one of the few developed countries that were able to avoid a recession during the global financial crisis. Its economic growth rate reached 6.2 percent in 2010 (the fastest growth for eight years after significant growth by 7.2 percent in 2002), a sharp recovery from economic growth rates of 2.3% in 2008 and 0.2% in 2009, when the global financial crisis hit. The unemployment rate in South Korea also remained low in 2009, at 3.6%.", "qas": [ { "id": "31828", "question": "what was the economic growth rate in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "6.2 percent" } ] }, { "id": "31829", "question": "what was the fastest growth for eight years in 2002 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "7.2 percent" } ] }, { "id": "31830", "question": "what was the economic growth rate in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "2.3%" } ] }, { "id": "31831", "question": "what was the economic growth rate in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 339, "text": "0.2%" } ] }, { "id": "31832", "question": "what was the unemployment rate in south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 458, "text": "3.6%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The following list includes the largest South Korean companies by revenue in 2013 who are all listed as part of the Fortune Global 500:", "qas": [ { "id": "31833", "question": "in what year was the largest south korean companies created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "2013" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korea has a technologically advanced transport network consisting of high-speed railways, highways, bus routes, ferry services, and air routes that criss-cross the country. Korea Expressway Corporation operates the toll highways and service amenities en route.", "qas": [ { "id": "31834", "question": "what do south korea 's air routes do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "criss-cross the country" } ] }, { "id": "31835", "question": "which corporation operates the toll ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "Korea Expressway Corporation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Korail provides frequent train services to all major South Korean cities. Two rail lines, Gyeongui and Donghae Bukbu Line, to North Korea are now being reconnected. The Korean high-speed rail system, KTX, provides high-speed service along Gyeongbu and Honam Line. Major cities including Seoul, Busan, Incheon, Daegu, Daejeon and Gwangju have urban rapid transit systems. Express bus terminals are available in most cities.", "qas": [ { "id": "31836", "question": "what are the two rail lines in north korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "Gyeongui and Donghae Bukbu Line" } ] }, { "id": "31837", "question": "what is the name of the korean high-speed rail system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "KTX" } ] }, { "id": "31838", "question": "where does the korean high-speed rail system operate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "Gyeongbu and Honam Line" } ] }, { "id": "31839", "question": "which major cities have urban rapid transit systems ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "Seoul, Busan, Incheon, Daegu, Daejeon and Gwangju" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korea's largest airport, Incheon International Airport, was completed in 2001. By 2007, it was serving passengers a year. Other international airports include Gimpo, Busan and Jeju. There are also seven domestic airports, and a large number of heliports.", "qas": [ { "id": "31840", "question": "what airport was completed in 2001 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Incheon International Airport" } ] }, { "id": "31841", "question": "when was south korea completed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "2001" } ] }, { "id": "31842", "question": "what are some international international airports ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "Gimpo, Busan and Jeju" } ] }, { "id": "31843", "question": "how many domestic airports are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "seven" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Korean Air, founded in 1962, served 21,640,000 passengers, including 12,490,000 international passengers in 2008. A second carrier, Asiana Airlines, established in 1988, also serves domestic and international traffic. Combined, South Korean airlines serve 297 international routes. Smaller airlines, such as Jeju Air, provide domestic service with lower fares.", "qas": [ { "id": "31844", "question": "when was korean air founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "1962" } ] }, { "id": "31845", "question": "how many passengers were founded in korean air air ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "21,640,000" } ] }, { "id": "31846", "question": "how many international passengers were founded in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "12,490,000" } ] }, { "id": "31847", "question": "what is the name of the second carrier established in 1988 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "Asiana Airlines" } ] }, { "id": "31848", "question": "when was a second carrier airlines established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "1988" } ] }, { "id": "31849", "question": "what type of routes does south korean airlines have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "297" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korea is the world's fifth-largest nuclear power producer and the second-largest in Asia . Nuclear power in South Korea supplies 45% of electricity production, and research is very active with investigation into a variety of advanced reactors, including a small modular reactor, a liquid-metal fast/transmutation reactor and a high-temperature hydrogen generation design. Fuel production and waste handling technologies have also been developed locally. It is also a member of the ITER project.", "qas": [ { "id": "31850", "question": "what country is the world 's fifth-largest nuclear power producer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "South Korea" } ] }, { "id": "31851", "question": "what percentage of electricity production is nuclear power ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "45%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korea is an emerging exporter of nuclear reactors, having concluded agreements with the UAE to build and maintain four advanced nuclear reactors, with Jordan for a research nuclear reactor, and with Argentina for construction and repair of heavy-water nuclear reactors. , South Korea and Turkey are in negotiations regarding construction of two nuclear reactors. South Korea is also preparing to bid on construction of a light-water nuclear reactor for Argentina.", "qas": [ { "id": "31852", "question": "what country has concluded agreements with the uae ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "South Korea" } ] }, { "id": "31853", "question": "what did south korea want to build ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "UAE to build and maintain four advanced nuclear reactors" } ] }, { "id": "31854", "question": "which two countries are in negotiations regarding two nuclear reactors ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "South Korea and Turkey" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korea is not allowed to enrich uranium or develop traditional uranium enrichment technology on its own, because of US political pressure, unlike most major nuclear powers such as Japan, Germany, and France, competitors of South Korea in the international nuclear market. This impediment to South Korea's indigenous nuclear industrial undertaking has sparked occasional diplomatic rows between the two allies. While South Korea is successful in exporting its electricity-generating nuclear technology and nuclear reactors, it cannot capitalize on the market for nuclear enrichment facilities and refineries, preventing it from further expanding its export niche. South Korea has sought unique technologies such as pyroprocessing to circumvent these obstacles and seek a more advantageous competition. The US has recently been wary of South Korea's burgeoning nuclear program, which South Korea insists will be for civilian use only.", "qas": [ { "id": "31855", "question": "what is south korea not allowed to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "enrich uranium or develop traditional uranium enrichment technology" } ] }, { "id": "31856", "question": "why is south korea allowed to enrich uranium enrichment ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "US political pressure" } ] }, { "id": "31857", "question": "what are some major major nuclear powers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Japan, Germany, and France" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korea is the third highest ranked Asian country in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI) after Singapore and Hong Kong respectively \u2013 an indicator for determining the development level of a country\u2019s information and communication technologies. South Korea ranked number 10 overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, up from 11 in 2013.", "qas": [ { "id": "31858", "question": "where is nri located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "South Korea" } ] }, { "id": "31859", "question": "what does nri stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index" } ] }, { "id": "31860", "question": "how many overall overall in the 2014 ranking did nri have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 295, "text": "10" } ] }, { "id": "31861", "question": "how many nri were in nri ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 339, "text": "11" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2012, 11.1 million foreign tourists visited South Korea, making it the 20th most visited country in the world, up from 8.5 million in 2010. Due to Hallyu, South Korea welcomed more than 12 million visitors in 2013 with 6 million tourists coming from China alone. With rising tourist prospects, especially from foreign countries outside of Asia, the South Korean government has set a target of attracting 20 million foreign tourists a year by 2017. Hallyu's positive effects of the nation's entertainment industry are not limited to within its culture industry, according to a study by the Hyundai Research Institute. The Hyundai Research Institute reported that the Korean Wave has a direct impact in encouraging direct foreign investment back into the country through demand for products, and the tourism industry. Among Asian countries, China was the most receptive, investing 1.4 billion in South Korea, with much of the investment within its service sector, a sevenfold increase from 2001. According to economist, Han Sang-Wan, shown an analysis that a 1 percent increase of exports of Korean cultural content pushes consumer goods exports up 0.083 percent while a 1 percent increase in Korean pop content exports to a country produces a 0.019 percent bump in tourism.", "qas": [ { "id": "31862", "question": "how many foreign tourists visited south korea in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "11.1 million" } ] }, { "id": "31863", "question": "how many tourists lived in south korea in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "8.5 million" } ] }, { "id": "31864", "question": "how many visitors were in south korea in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "12 million" } ] }, { "id": "31865", "question": "how many tourists coming from china in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "6 million" } ] }, { "id": "31866", "question": "how many foreign tourists are in the south korean government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 407, "text": "20 million" } ] }, { "id": "31867", "question": "how much was china 's most receptive in south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 882, "text": "1.4 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The South Korean pension system was created to provide benefits to persons reaching old age, families and persons stricken with death of their primary breadwinner, and for the purposes of stabilizing its nations welfare state. South Korea\u2019s pensions system structure is primarily based on taxation and is income-related. In 2007 there was a total of 18,367,000 insured individuals with only around 511,000 persons excluded from mandatory contribution. The current pension system is divided into four categories distributing benefits to participants through national, military personnel, governmental, and private school teacher pension schemes. The national pension scheme is the primary welfare system providing allowances to the majority of persons. Eligibility for the national pension scheme is not dependent on income but on age and residence, where those between the ages of 18 to 59 are covered. Any one who is under the age of 18 are dependents of someone who is covered or under a special exclusion where they are allowed to alternate provisions. The national pension scheme is divided into four categories of insured persons - the workplace-based insured, the individually insured, the voluntarily insured, and the voluntarily and continuously insured.", "qas": [ { "id": "31868", "question": "why was the south korean pension system created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "provide benefits to persons reaching old age, families and persons stricken with death of their primary breadwinner" } ] }, { "id": "31869", "question": "what was the population of there in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 350, "text": "18,367,000" } ] }, { "id": "31870", "question": "in 2007 , what was the total population in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 398, "text": "511,000" } ] }, { "id": "31871", "question": "how many categories does the current pension system have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 495, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "31872", "question": "how many are covered for the national pension scheme ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 881, "text": "18 to 59" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Employees between the ages of 18 to 59 are covered under the workplace-based pension scheme and contribute 4.5% of their gross monthly earnings. The national pension covers employees who work in firms that employ five or more employees, fishermen, farmers, and the self-employed in both rural and urban areas. Employers are also covered under the workplace-based pension scheme and help cover their employees obligated 9% contribution by providing the remaining 4.5%. Anyone who is not employed, of the age of 60 or above, and excluded by article 6 of the National Pension Act but of the ages between 18 and 59, is covered under the individually insured pension scheme. Persons covered by the individually insured pension scheme are in charge of paying the entire 9% contribution themselves. Voluntarily insured persons are not subjected to mandatory coverage but can choose to be. This category comprises retirees who voluntarily choose to have additional benefits, individuals under the age of 27 without income, and individuals whose spouses are covered under a public welfare system, whether military, governmental, or private school teacher pensions. Like the Individually insured persons, they too are in charge of covering the full amount of the contribution. Voluntarily and continuously insured persons consists of individuals 60 years of age who want to fulfill the minimum insured period of 20 years to qualify for old age pension benefits. Excluding the workplace-based insured persons, all the other insured persons personally cover their own 9% contribution.", "qas": [ { "id": "31873", "question": "how many employees are in the ages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "18 to 59" } ] }, { "id": "31874", "question": "what percentage of their employees are covered by the ages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "4.5%" } ] }, { "id": "31875", "question": "what percentage of employers are covered by employers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 419, "text": "9%" } ] }, { "id": "31876", "question": "what percentage of the contribution between the individually and the individually scheme are contribution to the individually ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 764, "text": "9%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korea's old-age pension scheme covers individuals age 60 or older for the rest of their life as long as they have satisfied the minimum of 20 years of national pension coverage before hand. Individuals with a minimum of 10 years covered under the national pension scheme and who are 60 years of age are able to be covered by under a 'reduced old-age pension' scheme. There also is an 'active old-age pension' scheme that covers individuals age 60 to 65 engaged in activities yielding earned income. Individuals age of 55 and younger that 60 who are not engaged in activities yielding earned income are eligible to be covered under the 'early old-age pension' scheme. Around 60% of all Korean elders, age 65 and over are entitled to a 5% benefit of their past average income at an average of 90,000 Korean Won (KRW). Basic old-age pension schemes covered individuals 65 years of age who earned below an amount set by presidential order. In 2010, that ceiling was 700,00 KRW for a single individual and 1,120,000 for a couple, equivalent to around $600.00 and $960.00.", "qas": [ { "id": "31877", "question": "how many engaged in activities does there have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 450, "text": "60 to 65" } ] }, { "id": "31878", "question": "what percentage of all korean elders are entitled to a 5 % benefit ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 680, "text": "60%" } ] }, { "id": "31879", "question": "what percentage of korean elders are entitled their average income ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 740, "text": "5%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Scientific and technological development in the South Korea at first did not occur largely because of more pressing matters such as the division of Korea and the Korean War that occurred right after its independence. It wasn't until the 1960s under the dictatorship of Park Chung-hee where South Korea's economy rapidly grew from industrialisation and the Chaebol corporations such as Samsung and LG. Ever since the industrialization of South Korea's economy, South Korea has placed its focus on technology-based corporations, which has been supported by infrastructure developments by the government. \nSouth Korean corporations Samsung and LG were ranked first and third largest mobile phone companies in the world in the first quarter of 2012, respectively. An estimated 90% of South Koreans own a mobile phone. Aside from placing/receiving calls and text messaging, mobile phones in the country are widely used for watching Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) or viewing websites. Over one million DMB phones have been sold and the three major wireless communications providers SK Telecom, KT, and LG U+ provide coverage in all major cities and other areas. South Korea has the fastest Internet download speeds in the world, with an average download speed of 25.3 Mbit/s.", "qas": [ { "id": "31880", "question": "what park was south of south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "Park Chung-hee" } ] }, { "id": "31881", "question": "what were the names of the corporations in south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 385, "text": "Samsung and LG" } ] }, { "id": "31882", "question": "what percentage of south koreans own a mobile phone phone ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 773, "text": "90%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korea leads the OECD in graduates in science and engineering. The country ranks first among the most innovative countries in the Bloomberg Innovation Index. Additionally, South Korea today is known as a Launchpad of a mature mobile market, where developers can reap benefits of a market where very few technology constraints exist. There is a growing trend of inventions of new types of media or apps, utilizing the 4G and 5G internet infrastructure in South Korea. South Korea has today the infrastructures to meet a density of population and culture that has the capability to create strong local particularity.", "qas": [ { "id": "31883", "question": "where does the country rank the most innovative countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "Bloomberg Innovation Index" } ] }, { "id": "31884", "question": "what is south korea known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "a Launchpad of a mature mobile market" } ] }, { "id": "31885", "question": "what are the internet infrastructure in south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 422, "text": "4G and 5G" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Following cyberattacks in the first half of 2013, whereby government, news-media, television station, and bank websites were compromised, the national government committed to the training of 5,000 new cybersecurity experts by 2017. The South Korean government blamed its northern counterpart for these attacks, as well as incidents that occurred in 2009, 2011 and 2012, but Pyongyang denies the accusations.", "qas": [ { "id": "31886", "question": "in what year was the first half of the government committed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "2013" } ] }, { "id": "31887", "question": "how many new cybersecurity experts were committed by the national government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "5,000" } ] }, { "id": "31888", "question": "in what year was the national government committed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "2017" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In late September 2013, a computer-security competition jointly sponsored by the defense ministry and the National Intelligence Service was announced. The winners were announced on September 29, 2013 and shared a total prize pool of 80 million won (US$74,000).", "qas": [ { "id": "31889", "question": "who sponsored the competition jointly ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "the defense ministry and the National Intelligence Service" } ] }, { "id": "31890", "question": "when were winners announced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "September 29, 2013" } ] }, { "id": "31891", "question": "what was the total prize pool ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "80 million won" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korea has sent up 10 satellites from 1992, all using foreign rockets and overseas launch pads, notably Arirang-1 in 1999, and Arirang-2 in 2006 as part of its space partnership with Russia. Arirang-1 was lost in space in 2008, after nine years in service.", "qas": [ { "id": "31892", "question": "how many satellites did south korea have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "10" } ] }, { "id": "31893", "question": "in what year did south korea sent up 10 satellites ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "1992" } ] }, { "id": "31894", "question": "what was the name of the satellites in south korea in 1999 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Arirang-1" } ] }, { "id": "31895", "question": "in what year was south korea sent to russia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "2006" } ] }, { "id": "31896", "question": "in what year was space lost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "2008" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In April 2008, Yi So-yeon became the first Korean to fly in space, aboard the Russian Soyuz TMA-12.", "qas": [ { "id": "31897", "question": "when was the first korean to fly in space ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "April 2008" } ] }, { "id": "31898", "question": "who became the first korean to fly in space ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 15, "text": "Yi So-yeon" } ] }, { "id": "31899", "question": "who became the first korean to fly in space ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "Russian Soyuz TMA-12" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In June 2009, the first spaceport of South Korea, Naro Space Center, was completed at Goheung, Jeollanam-do. The launch of Naro-1 in August 2009 resulted in a failure. The second attempt in June 2010 was also unsuccessful. However the third launch of the Naro 1 in January 2013 was successful. The government plans to develop Naro-2 by the year 2018.", "qas": [ { "id": "31900", "question": "what was the name of the first spaceport of south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Naro Space Center" } ] }, { "id": "31901", "question": "where was the first spaceport of south korea completed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "Goheung, Jeollanam-do" } ] }, { "id": "31902", "question": "what was the launch of the launch of 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "Naro-1" } ] }, { "id": "31903", "question": "in what month and year did the launch of naro-1 occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "August 2009" } ] }, { "id": "31904", "question": "when was the second attempt to be unsuccessful ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "June 2010" } ] }, { "id": "31905", "question": "when was the third launch of the naro ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 265, "text": "January 2013" } ] }, { "id": "31906", "question": "what did the government plans to develop in 2018 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 326, "text": "Naro-2" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korea's efforts to build an indigenous space launch vehicle is marred because of persistent political pressure of the United States, who had for many decades hindered South Korea's indigenous rocket and missile development programs in fear of their possible connection to clandestine military ballistic missile programs, which Korea many times insisted did not violate the research and development guidelines stipulated by US-Korea agreements on restriction of South Korean rocket technology research and development. South Korea has sought the assistance of foreign countries such as Russia through MTCR commitments to supplement its restricted domestic rocket technology. The two failed KSLV-I launch vehicles were based on the Universal Rocket Module, the first stage of the Russian Angara rocket, combined with a solid-fueled second stage built by South Korea.", "qas": [ { "id": "31907", "question": "why was south korea marred ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "persistent political pressure of the United States" } ] }, { "id": "31908", "question": "what was the name of the programs that hindered south korea 's indigenous space and missile development ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "clandestine military ballistic missile programs" } ] }, { "id": "31909", "question": "what was the name of the restriction that did not violate the research and development guidelines ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 467, "text": "South Korean rocket technology research and development" } ] }, { "id": "31910", "question": "what was the first stage of the russian angara rocket ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 736, "text": "Universal Rocket Module" } ] }, { "id": "31911", "question": "who built the russian angara rocket ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 858, "text": "South Korea" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Robotics has been included in the list of main national R&D projects in Korea since 2003. In 2009, the government announced plans to build robot-themed parks in Incheon and Masan with a mix of public and private funding.", "qas": [ { "id": "31912", "question": "when did the main national r&d projects occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "2003" } ] }, { "id": "31913", "question": "when did the government announce plans to build parks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "2009" } ] }, { "id": "31914", "question": "where did the government build plans to build parks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Incheon and Masan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2005, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) developed the world's second walking humanoid robot, HUBO. A team in the Korea Institute of Industrial Technology developed the first Korean android, EveR-1 in May 2006.\nEveR-1 has been succeeded by more complex models with improved movement and vision.", "qas": [ { "id": "31915", "question": "in what year was the world 's second walking humanoid developed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2005" } ] }, { "id": "31916", "question": "who developed the world 's second walking humanoid ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology" } ] }, { "id": "31917", "question": "what was the name of the walking humanoid robot ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "HUBO" } ] }, { "id": "31918", "question": "where was the first korean android team located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "Korea Institute of Industrial Technology" } ] }, { "id": "31919", "question": "what was the name of the first korean android team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "EveR-1" } ] }, { "id": "31920", "question": "when was the first korean android team created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "May 2006" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Plans of creating English-teaching robot assistants to compensate for the shortage of teachers were announced in February 2010, with the robots being deployed to most preschools and kindergartens by 2013. Robotics are also incorporated in the entertainment sector as well; the \"Korean Robot Game Festival\" has been held every year since 2004 to promote science and robot technology.", "qas": [ { "id": "31921", "question": "when were the assistants of teachers announced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "February 2010" } ] }, { "id": "31922", "question": "in what year was the plans of teachers deployed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "2013" } ] }, { "id": "31923", "question": "what is the name of the festival that has been held every year since 2004 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "Korean Robot Game Festival" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since the 1980s, the Korean government has invested in the development of a domestic biotechnology industry, and the sector is projected to grow to by 2010. The medical sector accounts for a large part of the production, including production of hepatitis vaccines and antibiotics.", "qas": [ { "id": "31924", "question": "in what year is the sector projected to grow in the korean government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "2010" } ] }, { "id": "31925", "question": "what does the medical sector consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "hepatitis vaccines and antibiotics" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Recently, research and development in genetics and cloning has received increasing attention, with the first successful cloning of a dog, Snuppy (in 2005), and the cloning of two females of an endangered species of wolves by the Seoul National University in 2007.", "qas": [ { "id": "31926", "question": "what is the name of the first successful dog in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "Snuppy" } ] }, { "id": "31927", "question": "in what year was the first dog of wolves received ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "2005" } ] }, { "id": "31928", "question": "who received the two females of wolves in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "Seoul National University" } ] }, { "id": "31929", "question": "when was the seoul national university established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "2007" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The rapid growth of the industry has resulted in significant voids in regulation of ethics, as was highlighted by the scientific misconduct case involving Hwang Woo-Suk.", "qas": [ { "id": "31930", "question": "what is the name of the scientific misconduct that highlighted the industry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "Hwang Woo-Suk" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korea shares its traditional culture with North Korea, but the two Koreas have developed distinct contemporary forms of culture since the peninsula was divided in 1945. Historically, while the culture of Korea has been heavily influenced by that of neighboring China, it has nevertheless managed to develop a unique cultural identity that is distinct from its larger neighbor. The South Korean Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism actively encourages the traditional arts, as well as modern forms, through funding and education programs.", "qas": [ { "id": "31931", "question": "what country did south korea play its traditional culture with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "North Korea" } ] }, { "id": "31932", "question": "in what year was the peninsula divided in south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "1945" } ] }, { "id": "31933", "question": "what actively encourages the traditional arts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 383, "text": "The South Korean Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The industrialization and urbanization of South Korea have brought many changes to the way Korean people live. Changing economics and lifestyles have led to a concentration of population in major cities, especially the capital Seoul, with multi-generational households separating into nuclear family living arrangements. A 2014 Euromonitor study found that South Koreans drink the most alcohol on a weekly basis compared to the rest of the world. South Koreans drink 13.7 shots of liquor per week on average and, of the 44 other countries analyzed, Russia, the Philippines, and Thailand follow.", "qas": [ { "id": "31934", "question": "what was drink on liquor per week ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 467, "text": "13.7 shots" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Korean art has been highly influenced by Buddhism and Confucianism, which can be seen in the many traditional paintings, sculptures, ceramics and the performing arts. Korean pottery and porcelain, such as Joseon's \"baekja\" and buncheong, and Goryeo's celadon are well known throughout the world. The Korean tea ceremony, pansori, talchum and buchaechum are also notable Korean performing arts.", "qas": [ { "id": "31935", "question": "what has influenced korean art ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Buddhism and Confucianism" } ] }, { "id": "31936", "question": "what are some of the porcelain pottery ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "Joseon's \"baekja\" and buncheong, and Goryeo's celadon" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Post-war modern Korean art started to flourish in the 1960s and 1970s, when South Korean artists took interest in geometrical shapes and intangible subjects. Establishing a harmony between man and nature was also a favorite of this time. Because of social instability, social issues appeared as main subjects in the 1980s. Art was influenced by various international events and exhibits in Korea, and with it brought more diversity. The Olympic Sculpture Garden in 1988, the transposition of the 1993 edition of the Whitney Biennial to Seoul, the creation of the Gwangju Biennale and the Korean Pavilion at the Venice Biennale in 1995 were notable events.", "qas": [ { "id": "31937", "question": "when did south korean artists begin to flourish ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "1960s and 1970s" } ] }, { "id": "31938", "question": "when was the olympic sculpture garden ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 465, "text": "1988" } ] }, { "id": "31939", "question": "in what year did the korean pavilion begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 630, "text": "1995" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Korean traditional architecture is characterized by its harmony with nature. Ancient architects adopted the bracket system characterized by thatched roofs and heated floors called \"ondol\". People of the upper classes built bigger houses with elegantly curved tiled roofs with lifting eaves. Traditional architecture can be seen in the palaces and temples, preserved old houses called \"hanok\", and special sites like Hahoe Folk Village, Yangdong Village of Gyeongju and Korean Folk Village. Traditional architecture may also be seen at the nine UNESCO World Heritage Sites in South Korea.\nWestern architecture was first introduced to Korea at the end of the 19th century. Churches, offices for foreign legislation, schools and university buildings were built in new styles. With the annexation of Korea by Japan in 1910 the colonial regime intervened in Korea's architectural heritage, and Japanese-style modern architecture was imposed. The anti-Japanese sentiment, and the Korean War, led to the destruction of most buildings constructed during that time.", "qas": [ { "id": "31940", "question": "what are the two architects that adopted the bracket system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "thatched roofs and heated floors" } ] }, { "id": "31941", "question": "what is the name of the system that adopted the system of ancient architects ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "ondol" } ] }, { "id": "31942", "question": "what is another name for old houses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 385, "text": "hanok" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Korean architecture entered a new phase of development during the post-Korean War reconstruction, incorporating modern architectural trends and styles. Stimulated by the economic growth in the 1970s and 1980s, active redevelopment saw new horizons in architectural design. In the aftermath of the 1988 Seoul Olympics, South Korea has witnessed a wide variation of styles in its architectural landscape due, in large part, to the opening up of the market to foreign architects. Contemporary architectural efforts have been constantly trying to balance the traditional philosophy of \"harmony with nature\" and the fast-paced urbanization that the country has been going through in recent years.", "qas": [ { "id": "31943", "question": "in what years did the economic growth of new horizons occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "1970s and 1980s" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Korean cuisine, \"hanguk yori\" (\ud55c\uad6d\uc694\ub9ac; \u97d3\u570b\u6599\u7406), or \"hansik\" (\ud55c\uc2dd; \u97d3\u98df), has evolved through centuries of social and political change. Ingredients and dishes vary by province. There are many significant regional dishes that have proliferated in different variations across the country in the present day. The Korean royal court cuisine once brought all of the unique regional specialties together for the royal family. Meals consumed both by the royal family and ordinary Korean citizens have been regulated by a unique culture of etiquette.", "qas": [ { "id": "31944", "question": "what is another name for korean cuisine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "hanguk yori" } ] }, { "id": "31945", "question": "what is another name for korean cuisine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "hansik" } ] }, { "id": "31946", "question": "korean cuisine has evolved through what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "social and political change" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Korean cuisine is largely based on rice, noodles, tofu, vegetables, fish and meats. Traditional Korean meals are noted for the number of side dishes, \"banchan\" (\ubc18\ucc2c), which accompany steam-cooked short-grain rice. Every meal is accompanied by numerous banchan. Kimchi (\uae40\uce58), a fermented, usually spicy vegetable dish is commonly served at every meal and is one of the best known Korean dishes. Korean cuisine usually involves heavy seasoning with sesame oil, \"doenjang\" (\ub41c\uc7a5), a type of fermented soybean paste, soy sauce, salt, garlic, ginger, and \"gochujang\" (\uace0\ucd94\uc7a5), a hot pepper paste. Other well-known dishes are \"Bulgogi\" (\ubd88\uace0\uae30), grilled marinated beef, \"Gimbap\" (\uae40\ubc25), and \"Tteokbokki\" (\ub5a1\ubcf6\uc774), a spicy snack consisting of rice cake seasoned with gochujang or a spicy chili paste.", "qas": [ { "id": "31947", "question": "what is korean cuisine largely based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "rice, noodles, tofu, vegetables, fish and meats" } ] }, { "id": "31948", "question": "what is another name for traditional korean meals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "banchan" } ] }, { "id": "31949", "question": "what are other well-known dishes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 614, "text": "Bulgogi" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Soups are also a common part of a Korean meal and are served as part of the main course rather than at the beginning or the end of the meal. Soups known as \"guk\" (\uad6d) are often made with meats, shellfish and vegetables. Similar to guk, \"tang\" (\ud0d5; \u6e6f) has less water, and is more often served in restaurants. Another type is \"jjigae\" (\ucc0c\uac1c), a stew that is typically heavily seasoned with chili pepper and served boiling hot.", "qas": [ { "id": "31950", "question": "what is a common part of a korean meal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Soups" } ] }, { "id": "31951", "question": "what is another name for meats , shellfish and vegetables ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "guk" } ] }, { "id": "31952", "question": "what is another term for chili ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "jjigae" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korean snack companies, such as Lotte, are famous for making a wide range of Korean or other Asian-inspired snacks. One example is Pepero, a snack similar to Pocky, which originates from Japan. Pepero is manufactured by Lotte Confectionery.", "qas": [ { "id": "31953", "question": "what is the name of the south korean snack companies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "Lotte" } ] }, { "id": "31954", "question": "what is the example of the example of japan 's example ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "Pepero" } ] }, { "id": "31955", "question": "what is the name of the example of japan 's example of japan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "Pocky" } ] }, { "id": "31956", "question": "who manufactured pepero ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "Lotte Confectionery" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Popular Korean alcoholic beverages include Soju, Makgeolli and Bokbunja ju.", "qas": [ { "id": "31957", "question": "what are the popular korean alcoholic beverages beverages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Soju, Makgeolli and Bokbunja ju" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Korea is unique among Asian countries in its use of metal chopsticks. Metal chopsticks have been discovered in Goguryeo archaeological sites.", "qas": [ { "id": "31958", "question": "what type of chopsticks does korea use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "metal chopsticks" } ] }, { "id": "31959", "question": "what have been discovered in goguryeo archaeological sites ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "Metal chopsticks" } ] }, { "id": "31960", "question": "where have metal chopsticks been discovered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "Goguryeo archaeological sites" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In addition to domestic consumption, South Korean entertainment including televised dramas, films, and popular music has generated significant financial revenues for the South Korean economy. The cultural phenomenon known as \"Hallyu\" or the \"Korean Wave\", has swept many countries across Asia making South Korea a major soft power as an exporter of popular culture and entertainment, rivaling many Western nations such as the United States and the United Kingdom.", "qas": [ { "id": "31961", "question": "what economy has popular music in south carolina ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "South Korean economy" } ] }, { "id": "31962", "question": "what are the names of the cultural phenomenon of south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "\"Hallyu\" or the \"Korean Wave" } ] }, { "id": "31963", "question": "what are the names of the western nations that has swept many countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 422, "text": "the United States and the United Kingdom" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Until the 1990s, trot and ballads dominated South Korean popular music. The emergence of the rap group Seo Taiji and Boys in 1992 marked a turning point for South Korean popular music, also known as K-pop, as the group incorporated elements of popular musical genres from the West such as hip hop, rhythm and blues, electronic dance, jazz, reggae, funk, and rock into its music. Hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, electronic dance and ballad oriented acts have become dominant in the South Korean popular music scene, though trot is still enjoyed among older South Koreans. K-pop stars and groups are well known across Asia and have found international fame making millions of dollars in export revenue. Many K-pop acts have been able secure a strong overseas following using online social media platforms such as YouTube. South Korean music artist PSY became an international sensation when his song \"Gangnam Style\" topped global music charts in 2012. ", "qas": [ { "id": "31964", "question": "who was the rap group in 1992 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "Seo Taiji and Boys" } ] }, { "id": "31965", "question": "in what year was the rap group seo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "1992" } ] }, { "id": "31966", "question": "what was the name of the popular music music known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "K-pop" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since the success of the film \"Shiri\" in 1999, the Korean film industry has begun to gain recognition internationally. Domestic film has a dominant share of the market, partly because of the existence of screen quotas requiring cinemas to show Korean films at least 73 days a year.", "qas": [ { "id": "31967", "question": "what was the name of the film that the korean film industry has begun ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Shiri" } ] }, { "id": "31968", "question": "when was the korean film industry begun ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "1999" } ] }, { "id": "31969", "question": "what has the korean film industry begun to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "gain recognition internationally" } ] }, { "id": "31970", "question": "how long does the existence of the market quotas last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "73 days a year" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korean television shows have become popular outside of Korea. Many dramas tend to have a romantic focus, such as \"Princess Hours\", \"You're Beautiful\", \"Playful Kiss\", \"My Name is Kim Sam Soon\", \"Boys Over Flowers\", \"Winter Sonata\", \"Autumn in My Heart\", \"Full House\", \"City Hunter\", \"All About Eve\", \"Secret Garden\", \"I Can Hear Your Voice\", \"Master's Sun\", \"My Love from the Star\" and \"Descendants of the Sun\". Historical dramas have included \"Faith\", \"Dae Jang Geum\", \"The Legend\", \"Dong Yi\", \"Moon Embracing the Sun\", and \"Sungkyunkwan Scandal\".", "qas": [ { "id": "31971", "question": "who is `` playful kiss '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Kim Sam Soon" } ] }, { "id": "31972", "question": "what is another name for princess hours ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 393, "text": "Descendants of the Sun" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are many official public holidays in South Korea. Korean New Year's Day, or \"Seollal\", is celebrated on the first day of the Korean lunar calendar. Korean Independence Day falls on March 1, and commemorates the March 1 Movement of 1919. Memorial Day is celebrated on June 6, and its purpose is to honor the men and women who died in South Korea's independence movement. Constitution Day is on July 17, and it celebrates the promulgation of Constitution of the Republic of Korea. Liberation Day, on August 15, celebrates Korea's liberation from the Empire of Japan in 1945. Every 15th day of the 8th lunar month, Koreans celebrate the Midautumn Festival, in which Koreans visit their ancestral hometowns and eat a variety of traditional Korean foods. On October 1, Armed Forces day is celebrated, honoring the military forces of South Korea. October 3 is National Foundation Day. Hangul Day, on October 9 commemorates the invention of hangul, the native alphabet of the Korean language. There are also unofficial holidays celebrated in Korea, such as Pepero Day, a day to celebrate the Korean snack of Pepero.", "qas": [ { "id": "31973", "question": "what is the name of the korean lunar calendar ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "Seollal" } ] }, { "id": "31974", "question": "when does korean independence begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "March 1" } ] }, { "id": "31975", "question": "what is the movement of korean independence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "March 1 Movement of 1919" } ] }, { "id": "31976", "question": "on what date is the memorial day celebrated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "June 6" } ] }, { "id": "31977", "question": "on what date is the constitution day ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 399, "text": "July 17" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The martial art taekwondo originated in Korea. In the 1950s and 1960s, modern rules were standardized, with taekwondo becoming an official Olympic sport in 2000. Other Korean martial arts include taekkyeon, hapkido, Tang Soo Do, Kuk Sool Won, kumdo and subak.", "qas": [ { "id": "31978", "question": "in what year did taekwondo becoming an official olympic sport ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "2000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Football and baseball have traditionally been regarded as the most popular sports in Korea. Recent polling indicates that a majority, 41% of South Korean sports fans continue to self-identify as football fans, with baseball ranked 2nd at 25% of respondents. However, the polling did not indicate the extent to which respondents follow both sports. The national football team became the first team in the Asian Football Confederation to reach the FIFA World Cup semi-finals in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, jointly hosted by South Korea and Japan. The Korea Republic national team (as it is known) has qualified for every World Cup since Mexico 1986, and has broken out of the group stage twice: first in 2002, and again in 2010, when it was defeated by eventual semi-finalist Uruguay in the Round of 16. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, South Korea won the Bronze Medal for football.\nBaseball was first introduced to Korea in 1905 and has since become increasingly popular, with some sources claiming it has surpassed football as the most popular sport in the country. Recent years have been characterized by increasing attendance and ticket prices for professional baseball games. The Korea Professional Baseball league, a 10-team circuit, was established in 1982. The South Korea national team finished third in the 2006 World Baseball Classic and second in the 2009 tournament. The team's 2009 final game against Japan was widely watched in Korea, with a large screen at Gwanghwamun crossing in Seoul broadcasting the game live. In the 2008 Summer Olympics, South Korea won the gold medal in baseball. Also in 1982, at the Baseball Worldcup, Korea won the gold medal. At the 2010 Asian Games, the Korean National Baseball team won the gold medal. Several Korean players have gone on to play in Major League Baseball.", "qas": [ { "id": "31979", "question": "what percentage of south korean sports fans continue to self-identify as football ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "41%" } ] }, { "id": "31980", "question": "what percentage of respondents did baseball ranked in football ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "25%" } ] }, { "id": "31981", "question": "where was the national football team the first team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 404, "text": "Asian Football Confederation to reach the FIFA World Cup semi-finals in the 2002 FIFA World Cup" } ] }, { "id": "31982", "question": "who hosted the fifa world cup semi-finals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 519, "text": "South Korea and Japan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Basketball is a popular sport in the country as well. South Korea has traditionally had one of the top basketball teams in Asia and one of the continent's strongest basketball divisions. Seoul hosted the 1967 and 1995 Asian Basketball Championship. The Korea national basketball team has won a record number of 23 medals at the event to date.", "qas": [ { "id": "31983", "question": "what did seoul hosted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "1967 and 1995 Asian Basketball Championship" } ] }, { "id": "31984", "question": "how many medals has the korea national basketball team won ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 311, "text": "23" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korea hosted the Asian Games in 1986 (Seoul), 2002 (Busan) and 2014 (Incheon). It also hosted the Winter Universiade in 1997, the Asian Winter Games in 1999 and the Summer Universiade in 2003, 2015. In 1988, South Korea hosted the Summer Olympics in Seoul, coming fourth with 12 gold medals, 10 silver medals and 11 bronze medals. South Korea regularly performs well in archery, shooting, table tennis, badminton, short track speed skating, handball, hockey, freestyle wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling, baseball, judo, taekwondo, speed skating, figure Skating, and weightlifting. The Seoul Olympic Museum is a museum in Seoul, South Korea, dedicated to the 1988 Summer Olympics. On July 6, 2011 Pyeongchang was chosen by the IOC to host the 2018 Winter Olympics.", "qas": [ { "id": "31985", "question": "in what year did south korea host the asian games ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "1986" } ] }, { "id": "31986", "question": "in what year did south korea open the winter universiade games ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "1997" } ] }, { "id": "31987", "question": "in what year was the asian winter games hosted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "1999" } ] } ] }, { "context": "South Korea has won more medals in the Winter Olympics than any other Asian country with a total of 45 medals (23 gold, 14 silver, and 8 bronze). At the 2010 Winter Olympics, South Korea ranked fifth in the overall medal rankings. South Korea is especially strong in short track speed skating. However, speed skating and figure skating are very popular, too, and ice hockey is an emerging sport with Anyang Halla winning their first ever Asia League Ice Hockey title in March 2010.", "qas": [ { "id": "31988", "question": "how many medals are in south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "45" } ] }, { "id": "31989", "question": "what rank did south korea place in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "fifth" } ] }, { "id": "31990", "question": "who winning ice hockey title in march 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "Anyang Halla" } ] }, { "id": "31991", "question": "when was the first asia league ice hockey title ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 470, "text": "March 2010" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Seoul hosted a professional triathlon race, which is part of the International Triathlon Union (ITU) World Championship Series in May 2010. In 2011, the South Korean city of Daegu hosted the 2011 IAAF World Championships in Athletics.", "qas": [ { "id": "31992", "question": "what was the professional triathlon race in may 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "International Triathlon Union (ITU) World Championship Series" } ] }, { "id": "31993", "question": "when did seoul hosted the world championship series ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "May 2010" } ] }, { "id": "31994", "question": "in what year did daegu hosted the 2011 iaaf world championships ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "2011" } ] }, { "id": "31995", "question": "what was the name of the south korean city of daegu ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "2011 IAAF World Championships in Athletics" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In October 2010, South Korea hosted its first Formula One race at the Korea International Circuit in Yeongam, about south of Seoul. The Korean Grand Prix was held from 2010 to 2013, but was not placed on the 2014 F1 calendar.", "qas": [ { "id": "31996", "question": "in what month and year did south korea begin its first race at korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "October 2010" } ] }, { "id": "31997", "question": "where was south korea first formula ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "Korea International Circuit" } ] }, { "id": "31998", "question": "in what year did south korea 's first formula formula at the korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "Yeongam" } ] }, { "id": "31999", "question": "when was the korean grand prix held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "2010 to 2013" } ] }, { "id": "32000", "question": "what calendar was the korean grand prix not placed on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "2014 F1 calendar" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Domestic horse racing events are also followed by South Koreans and Seoul Race Park in Gwacheon, Gyeonggi-do is located closest to Seoul out of the country's three tracks.", "qas": [ { "id": "32001", "question": "who followed domestic horse racing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "South Koreans and Seoul Race Park" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Competitive video gaming, also called eSports (sometimes written e-Sports), has become more popular South Korea in recent years, particularly among young people. The two most popular games are League of Legends and StarCraft. The gaming scene of South Korea is managed by the Korean e-Sports Association (KeSPA for short) and has become something of a career for many players. They can make a living out of their activity and top players can even make a significant amount of money with some high end Starcraft II players ending up making six figure salaries.", "qas": [ { "id": "32002", "question": "what is the name of the competitive video gaming gaming gaming ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "eSports" } ] }, { "id": "32003", "question": "what are the two most popular games ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "League of Legends and StarCraft" } ] }, { "id": "32004", "question": "who managed the gaming scene ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "the Korean e-Sports Association" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Korean e-Sports Association", "qas": [ { "id": "32005", "question": "what was the name of the association who was responsible for korean association ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Korean e-Sports Association" } ] } ] }, { "context": "International Championship Host", "qas": [] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] } ], "title": "South Korea" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Alma mater (Latin: ' \"nourishing/kind\", ' \"mother\"; pl. [rarely used] \"\") is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended. The phrase is variously translated as \"nourishing mother\", \"nursing mother\", or \"fostering mother\", suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students.", "qas": [ { "id": "32006", "question": "what is latin 's `` mother '' called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Alma mater" } ] }, { "id": "32007", "question": "what does alma mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "nourishing/kind" } ] }, { "id": "32008", "question": "what is the phrase `` nursing mother '' called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "nourishing mother" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Before its modern usage, \"Alma mater\" was an honorific title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele, and later in Catholicism for the Virgin Mary. The source of its current use is the motto Alma Mater Studiorum (\"nurturing mother of studies\") of the oldest university in the Western world in continuous operation: the University of Bologna, founded in 1088. It is related to the term \"alumnus\", denoting a university graduate, and literally meaning a \"nursling\" or \"one who is nourished\".", "qas": [ { "id": "32009", "question": "what is the name of the title that was used in latin for various mother ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "Alma mater" } ] }, { "id": "32010", "question": "what are the mother goddesses title ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "Ceres or Cybele" } ] }, { "id": "32011", "question": "what was the name of the mother that `` alma mater '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Virgin Mary" } ] }, { "id": "32012", "question": "what is the name of the motto of studies in the western world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "Alma Mater Studiorum" } ] }, { "id": "32013", "question": "what university is founded in 1088 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 345, "text": "University of Bologna" } ] }, { "id": "32014", "question": "where was the university of bologna founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 379, "text": "1088" } ] }, { "id": "32015", "question": "what term is used to describe a university graduate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 412, "text": "alumnus" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although \"alma\" (nourishing) was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with \"mater\" in classical Latin. In the \"Oxford Latin Dictionary\", the phrase is attributed to Lucretius' \"De rerum natura\", where it is used as an epithet to describe an earth goddess:\nAfter the fall of Rome, the term came into Christian liturgical usage in association with the Virgin Mary. \"\"Alma Redemptoris Mater\"\" is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary.", "qas": [ { "id": "32016", "question": "what is a common term for nourishing , venus , and other mother ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "alma" } ] }, { "id": "32017", "question": "`` alma '' was a common epithet for what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "Ceres, Cybele, Venus" } ] }, { "id": "32018", "question": "what was alma not used with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "mater" } ] }, { "id": "32019", "question": "when was the `` alma redemptoris mater mater '' released ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 482, "text": "11th century" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the university's press. The device's first-known appearance is on the title-page of William Perkins' \"A Golden Chain\", where the phrase \"Alma Mater Cantabrigia\" (\"nourishing mother Cambridge\") is inscribed on a pedestal bearing a nude, lactating woman wearing a mural crown. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, when an academic mother-figure is mentioned in a remembrance of Henry More by Richard Ward.", "qas": [ { "id": "32020", "question": "when was the earliest documented english use of the term to refer to a university 's press ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "1600" } ] }, { "id": "32021", "question": "which cambridge printer began using an emblem for a university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "John Legate" } ] }, { "id": "32022", "question": "who wrote ` a golden chain ' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "William Perkins" } ] }, { "id": "32023", "question": "what does william perkins mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "A Golden Chain" } ] }, { "id": "32024", "question": "what does william perkins mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "Alma Mater Cantabrigia" } ] }, { "id": "32025", "question": "when was the first usage of the english etymological reference ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 529, "text": "1710" } ] }, { "id": "32026", "question": "who is responsible for henry 's academic mother-figure ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 613, "text": "Richard Ward" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many historic European universities have adopted \"Alma Mater\" as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, \"\" (nourishing mother of studies), refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. Other European universities, such as the Alma Mater Lipsiensis in Leipzig, Germany, or Alma Mater Jagiellonica, Poland, have similarly used the expression in conjunction with geographical or foundational characteristics. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, an international university founded by the European Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2010, uses the term as its official name. The College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the \"Alma Mater of a Nation\" because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the main student government is known as the Alma Mater Society.", "qas": [ { "id": "32027", "question": "what have many historic european universities adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Alma Mater" } ] }, { "id": "32028", "question": "what is the name of the official name for the european academy of sciences ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 514, "text": "Alma Mater Europaea" } ] }, { "id": "32029", "question": "what is the main student government in vancouver ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1001, "text": "Alma Mater Society" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant (e.g. at the Palatine Hill in Rome).", "qas": [ { "id": "32030", "question": "the ancient roman world had many statues of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Alma Mater" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses. There is a well-known bronze statue of \"Alma Mater\" by Daniel Chester French situated on the steps of Columbia University's Low Library. The University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign also has an \"Alma Mater\" statue by Lorado Taft. An altarpiece mural in Yale University's Sterling Memorial Library depicts the Alma Mater as a bearer of light and truth standing in the midst of the personified arts and sciences, painted in 1932 by Eugene Savage.", "qas": [ { "id": "32031", "question": "what is the well-known bronze statue of columbia university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "Alma Mater" } ] }, { "id": "32032", "question": "who situated a well-known bronze statue of `` alma mater '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Daniel Chester French" } ] }, { "id": "32033", "question": "what is the well-known bronze statue of `` alma mater '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "Columbia University's Low Library" } ] }, { "id": "32034", "question": "who is the `` alma mater '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 311, "text": "Lorado Taft" } ] }, { "id": "32035", "question": "who painted the altarpiece mural in 1932 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 524, "text": "Eugene Savage" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Outside the United States, there is an \"Alma Mater\" sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. The statue was cast in 1919 by Mario Korbel, with Feliciana Villal\u00f3n Wilson as the inspiration for Alma Mater. It was installed in its current location in 1927 at the direction of architect Raul Otero.\n", "qas": [ { "id": "32036", "question": "what is the sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Alma Mater" } ] }, { "id": "32037", "question": "where is the `` alma mater '' located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Universidad de La Habana" } ] }, { "id": "32038", "question": "when was the statue cast ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "1919" } ] }, { "id": "32039", "question": "who cast the statue in 1919 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "Mario Korbel" } ] }, { "id": "32040", "question": "who cast the statue for alma ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "Feliciana Villal\u00f3n Wilson" } ] }, { "id": "32041", "question": "when was the statue installed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "1927" } ] }, { "id": "32042", "question": "who installed the statue in 1927 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 342, "text": "Raul Otero" } ] } ] } ], "title": "Alma mater" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Pakistan ( or ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a federal parliamentary republic in South Asia. It is the sixth-most populous country with a population exceeding 200 million people. It is the 36th largest country in the world in terms of area with an area covering . Pakistan has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast respectively. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and also shares a maritime border with Oman. Pakistan is strategically placed as it straddles the Middle East, Central Asia and South Asia.", "qas": [ { "id": "32043", "question": "what is the federal parliamentary republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "Islamic Republic of Pakistan" } ] }, { "id": "32044", "question": "how many people are in the population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "200 million" } ] }, { "id": "32045", "question": "where does pakistan have a coastline ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman" } ] }, { "id": "32046", "question": "what is pakistan 's narrow border ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 551, "text": "Wakhan Corridor" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The territory that now constitutes Pakistan is considered a cradle of civilisation which was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the Mehrgarh of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including Hindus, Indo-Greeks, Muslims, Turco-Mongols, Afghans and Sikhs. The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, Alexander of Macedonia, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Delhi Sultanate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire.", "qas": [ { "id": "32047", "question": "what is the name of the age that the territory of pakistan was home to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation" } ] }, { "id": "32048", "question": "what was the name of the persian achaemenid empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 452, "text": "Indian Mauryan Empire" } ] }, { "id": "32049", "question": "what was the name of the indian mauryan empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 479, "text": "Persian Achaemenid Empire" } ] }, { "id": "32050", "question": "what is the name of the delhi sultanate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 534, "text": "Arab Umayyad Caliphate" } ] }, { "id": "32051", "question": "which empire has been ruled by the mughal empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 637, "text": "the Sikh Empire and the British Empire" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Pakistan is unique among Muslim countries as it is the only country to have been created in the name of Islam. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the subcontinent's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of the Subcontinent where there was a Muslim majority. It is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country, with a similar variation in its geography and wildlife. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. An ethnic civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh. In 1973 Pakistan adopted a new constitution which established a Federal Government based in Islamabad alongside its pre-existing parliamentary republic status \u2013 which consists of four provinces and four federal territories. The Constitution also states that all laws are to conform with the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Quran and Sunnah.", "qas": [ { "id": "32052", "question": "who led the pakistan movement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah" } ] }, { "id": "32053", "question": "when was pakistan created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "1947" } ] }, { "id": "32054", "question": "when did pakistan acquire a new constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 557, "text": "1956" } ] }, { "id": "32055", "question": "in what year did the civil war occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 616, "text": "1971" } ] }, { "id": "32056", "question": "in what year did pakistan create a federal government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 701, "text": "1973" } ] }, { "id": "32057", "question": "how many provinces does pakistan have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 877, "text": "four provinces and four federal territories" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A regional and middle power, Pakistan has the sixth largest standing armed forces in the world and is also a nuclear power as well as a declared nuclear-weapons state, being the second in South Asia and the only nation in the Muslim world, to have that status. Pakistan has a semi-industrialised economy with a well-integrated agriculture sector, and a growing services sector The Pakistani economy is the 26th largest in the world in terms of purchasing power and 45th largest in terms of nominal GDP and is also characterised among the emerging and growth-leading economies of the world. Pakistan has recently witnessed a rapid expansion of its prosperous middle class, the 18th largest worldwide. In terms of development potential Pakistan has made substantial progress in reducing poverty giving it the second lowest headcount poverty rate in South Asia. Pakistan's stock exchange is Asia's highest performing stock market and , is part of the MSCI's emerging markets index.", "qas": [ { "id": "32058", "question": "what is pakistan 's largest economy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 406, "text": "26th largest" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The post-independence history of Pakistan has been characterised by periods of military rule and since 2008, transition to democracy, amid conflicts with neighbouring India. The country continues to face challenging problems, including illiteracy, healthcare and corruption. Although Pakistan has significantly reduced poverty and substantially reduced terrorism. Pakistan maintains strategic endowments such as a border with China, India, Iran and direct connection to the Arabian Sea. Pakistan is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Next Eleven Economies, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, ECO, UfC, D8, Cairns Group, Kyoto Protocol, ICCPR, RCD, UNCHR, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, Group of Eleven, CPFTA, Group of 24, the G20 developing nations, ECOSOC, founding member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, SAARC and CERN.", "qas": [ { "id": "32059", "question": "what are some of the challenging problems ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "illiteracy, healthcare and corruption" } ] }, { "id": "32060", "question": "what countries does pakistan have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 426, "text": "China, India, Iran and direct connection to the Arabian Sea" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The name \"Pakistan\" literally means \"land of the pure\" in Urdu and Persian. It is a play on the word \"p\u0101k\" meaning \"pure\" in Persian and Pashto while the suffix \"-st\u0101n\" is a Persian word meaning \"place of\", cognate with the Sanskrit word \"sth\u0101na\" (Devanagari: ).", "qas": [ { "id": "32061", "question": "what does pakistan mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "\"land of the pure\"" } ] }, { "id": "32062", "question": "where does the name `` pakistan '' refer to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "Urdu and Persian" } ] }, { "id": "32063", "question": "what is pakistan 's play called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "\"p\u0101k\" meaning \"pure\"" } ] }, { "id": "32064", "question": "what is the persian word `` place of pakistan '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "-st\u0101n" } ] }, { "id": "32065", "question": "what is the sanskrit word for pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "sth\u0101na" } ] } ] }, { "context": "It was coined in 1933 as \"Pakstan\" by Choudhry Rahmat Ali, a Pakistan Movement activist, who published it in his pamphlet \"Now or Never\", using it as an acronym (\"thirty million Muslim brethren who live in PAKSTAN\") referring to the names of the five northern regions of the British Raj: \"P\"unjab, \"A\"fghania, \"K\"ashmir, \"S\"indh, and Baluchis\"tan\". The letter \"i\" was incorporated to ease pronunciation and form the linguistically correct and meaningful name.", "qas": [ { "id": "32066", "question": "when was the activist coined ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "1933" } ] }, { "id": "32067", "question": "what was the name of pakistan 's activist ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "Pakstan" } ] }, { "id": "32068", "question": "who coined the activist in 1933 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "Choudhry Rahmat Ali" } ] }, { "id": "32069", "question": "how many muslim brethren live in pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "thirty million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some of the earliest ancient human civilisations in South Asia originated from areas encompassing present-day Pakistan. The earliest known inhabitants in the region were Soanian during the Lower Paleolithic, of whom stone tools have been found in the Soan Valley of Punjab. The Indus region, which covers most of present day Pakistan, was the site of several successive ancient cultures including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation (2800\u20131800 BC) at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.", "qas": [ { "id": "32070", "question": "what was the earliest known inhabitants of punjab ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "Soanian" } ] }, { "id": "32071", "question": "when was the earliest known inhabitants in punjab ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "Lower Paleolithic" } ] }, { "id": "32072", "question": "where was stone tools found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "Soan Valley of Punjab" } ] }, { "id": "32073", "question": "what was the name of the indus valley ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 428, "text": "Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Vedic Civilization (1500\u2013500 BC), characterised by Indo-Aryan culture, laid the foundations of Hinduism, which would become well established in the region. Multan was an important Hindu pilgrimage centre. The Vedic civilisation flourished in the ancient Gandh\u0101ran city of Tak\u1e63a\u015bil\u0101, now Taxila in Punjab. Successive ancient empires and kingdoms ruled the region: the Persian Achaemenid Empire around 519 BC), Alexander the Great's empire in 326 BC and the Maurya Empire founded by Chandragupta Maurya and extended by Ashoka the Great until 185 BC. The Indo-Greek Kingdom founded by Demetrius of Bactria (180\u2013165 BC) included Gandhara and Punjab and reached its greatest extent under Menander (165\u2013150 BC), prospering the Greco-Buddhist culture in the region. Taxila had one of the earliest universities and centres of higher education in the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "32074", "question": "when did the vedic civilization begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "1500\u2013500 BC" } ] }, { "id": "32075", "question": "the vedic civilization was characterised by what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "Indo-Aryan culture" } ] }, { "id": "32076", "question": "what did the vedic civilization laid the foundations of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "Hinduism" } ] }, { "id": "32077", "question": "when was the persian achaemenid empire founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 404, "text": "519 BC" } ] }, { "id": "32078", "question": "when was the maurya empire founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 544, "text": "185 BC" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Rai Dynasty (489\u2013632 AD) of Sindh, at its zenith, ruled this region and the surrounding territories. The Pala Dynasty was the last Buddhist empire that under Dharampala and Devapala stretched across South Asia from what is now Bangladesh through Northern India to Pakistan.", "qas": [ { "id": "32079", "question": "when was the rai dynasty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "489\u2013632 AD" } ] }, { "id": "32080", "question": "what was the name of the last buddhist empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Pala Dynasty" } ] }, { "id": "32081", "question": "what was the name of the last buddhist empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Dharampala and Devapala" } ] }, { "id": "32082", "question": "where was the pala dynasty located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "Northern India to Pakistan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Arab conqueror Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Indus valley from Sindh to Multan in southern Punjab in 711 AD. The Pakistan government's official chronology identifies this as the point where the \"foundation\" of Pakistan was laid. The Early Medieval period (642\u20131219 AD) witnessed the spread of Islam in the region. During this period, Sufi missionaries played a pivotal role in converting a majority of the regional Buddhist and Hindu population to Islam. These developments set the stage for the rule of several successive Muslim empires in the region, including the Ghaznavid Empire (975\u20131187 AD), the Ghorid Kingdom and the Delhi Sultanate (1206\u20131526 AD). The Lodi dynasty, the last of the Delhi Sultanate, was replaced by the Mughal Empire (1526\u20131857 AD). The Mughals introduced Persian literature and high culture, establishing the roots of Indo-Persian culture in the region. From the region of modern day Pakistan, key cities during the Mughal rule were Lahore and Thatta, both of which were chosen to house immensely beautiful Mughal buildings. In the early 16th century, the region remained under the Mughal Empire ruled by Muslim emperors. By the early 18th century, the increasing European influence slowly disintegrated the empire as the lines between commercial and political dominance were increasingly blurred.\nDuring this time, the English East India Company had established coastal outposts. Control over the seas, greater resources, technology, and military force projection by East India Company of British Empire led it to increasingly flex its military muscle; a factor that was crucial in allowing the Company to gain control over the subcontinent by 1765 and sidelining the European competitors. Expanding access beyond Bengal and the subsequent increased strength and size of its army enabled it to annexe or subdue most of region by the 1820s. To many historians, this marked the starting of region's colonial period. By this time, with its economic power severely curtailed by the British parliament and itself effectively made an arm of British administration, the Company began to more consciously enter non-economic arenas such as education, social reform, and culture. Such reforms included the enforcement of English Education Act in 1835 and the introduction of the Indian Civil Service (ICS). Traditional \"madrasahs\" \u2013 primary institutions of higher learning for Muslims in the subcontinent \u2013 were no longer supported by the English Crown, and nearly all of the \"madrasahs\" lost their financial endowment.", "qas": [ { "id": "32083", "question": "when did muhammad bin qasim conquered indus valley ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "711 AD" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The gradual decline of the Mughal Empire in the early 18th century enabled the Sikh Empire's influence to control larger areas until the British East-India Company gained ascendancy over the Indian subcontinent. The rebellion in 1857 (or Sepoy mutiny) was the region's major armed struggle against the British Empire and Queen Victoria. Divergence in the relationship between Hinduism and Islam created a major rift in British India; thus instigating racially motivated religious violence in India. The language controversy further escalated the tensions between Hindus and Muslims. The Hindu renaissance witnessed an awakening of intellectualism in traditional Hinduism and saw the emergence of more assertive influence in the social and political spheres in British India. An intellectual movement to counter the Hindu renaissance was led by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, who helped to found the All-India Muslim League in 1901 and envisioned as well as advocated for the two-nation theory. In contrast to the Indian Congress's anti-British efforts, the Muslim League was a pro-British whose political program inherited the British values that would shape Pakistan's future civil society. In events during World War I, British Intelligence foiled an anti-English conspiracy involving the nexus of Congress and the German Empire. The largely non-violent independence struggle led by the Indian Congress engaged millions of protesters in mass campaigns of civil disobedience in the 1920s and 1930s against the British Empire.\nThe Muslim League slowly rose to mass popularity in the 1930s amid fears of under-representation and neglect of Muslims in politics. In his presidential address of 29 December 1930, Allama Iqbal called for \"the amalgamation of North-West Muslim-majority Indian states\" consisting of Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, greatly espoused the two-nation theory and led the Muslim League to adopt the Lahore Resolution of 1940, popularly known as the Pakistan Resolution. In World War II, Jinnah and British educated founding fathers in the Muslim League supported the United Kingdom's war efforts, countering opposition against it whilst working towards Sir Syed's vision.", "qas": [ { "id": "32084", "question": "when was the rebellion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "1857" } ] }, { "id": "32085", "question": "who led the intellectual movement to counter the hindu renaissance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 844, "text": "Sir Syed Ahmad Khan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 1946 elections had resulted in the Muslim League winning 90 percent of the seats reserved for Muslims. Thus the 1946 election was effectively a plebiscite where the Indian Muslims were to vote on the creation of Pakistan; a plebiscite which the Muslim League won. This victory was assisted by the support given to the Muslim League by the rural peasantry of Bengal as well as the support of the landowners of Sindh and Punjab. The Congress, which initially denied the Muslim League's claim of being the sole representative of Indian Muslims, was now forced to recognise that the Muslim League represented Indian Muslims. The British had no alternative except to take Jinnah's views into account as he had emerged as the sole spokesperson of India's Muslims. However, the British did not desire India to be partitioned and in one last effort to avoid it they arranged the Cabinet Mission plan.", "qas": [ { "id": "32086", "question": "what was the 1946 elections in 1946 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "Muslim League winning 90 percent" } ] }, { "id": "32087", "question": "what happened to the muslim league election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "a plebiscite which the Muslim League won" } ] }, { "id": "32088", "question": "what landowners were the landowners support to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 413, "text": "Sindh and Punjab" } ] }, { "id": "32089", "question": "what did the congress of muslims want to recognise ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 583, "text": "Muslim League represented Indian Muslims" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As the cabinet mission failed, the British government announced its intention to end the British Raj in India in 1946\u201347. Nationalists in British India \u2013 including Jawaharlal Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad of Congress, Jinnah of Muslim League, and Master Tara Singh representing the Sikhs\u2014agreed to the proposed terms of transfer of power and independence in June 1947 with the Viceroy of India, Lord Mountbatten of Burma. As the United Kingdom agreed upon partitioning of India in 1947, the modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947 in amalgamating the Muslim-majority eastern and northwestern regions of British India. It comprised the provinces of Balochistan, East Bengal, the North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab and Sindh; thus forming Pakistan.", "qas": [ { "id": "32090", "question": "when did the british government end the british raj ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "1946\u201347" } ] }, { "id": "32091", "question": "when did the proposed terms of transfer of power and independence occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 354, "text": "June 1947" } ] }, { "id": "32092", "question": "who was the viceroy of india in 1947 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 391, "text": "Lord Mountbatten of Burma" } ] }, { "id": "32093", "question": "in what year did the united kingdom agreed upon india ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 477, "text": "1947" } ] }, { "id": "32094", "question": "when was the modern state of pakistan established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 531, "text": "14 August 1947" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the riots which preceded the partition in the Punjab Province, it is believed that between 200,000 and 2,000,000 people were killed in the retributive genocide between the religions while 50,000 Musllim women were abducted and raped by Hindu and Sikh men and 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women also experienced the same fate at the hands of Muslims. Around 6.5 million Muslims moved from India to West Pakistan and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs moved from West Pakistan to India. It was the largest mass migration in human history. Dispute over Jammu and Kashmir led to the First Kashmir War in 1948.", "qas": [ { "id": "32095", "question": "how many people were killed in punjab ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "200,000 and 2,000,000" } ] }, { "id": "32096", "question": "how many women were killed in punjab ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "50,000" } ] }, { "id": "32097", "question": "who experienced the fate of the punjab province ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "Hindu and Sikh men and 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women" } ] }, { "id": "32098", "question": "how many muslims moved from india to west pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 353, "text": "6.5 million" } ] }, { "id": "32099", "question": "how many hindus were moved to west pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 411, "text": "4.7 million" } ] }, { "id": "32100", "question": "when did the first kashmir war occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 590, "text": "1948" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After independence and the partition of India in 1947, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the President of the Muslim League, became the nation's first Governor-General as well as the first President-Speaker of the Parliament, but he died of tuberculosis on 11 September 1948. Meanwhile, Pakistan's founding fathers agreed upon appointing Liaquat Ali Khan, the secretary-general of the party, the nation's first Prime Minister. With dominion status in the Commonwealth of Nations, independent Pakistan had two British monarchs before it became a republic.", "qas": [ { "id": "32101", "question": "in what year did muhammad ali die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "1947" } ] }, { "id": "32102", "question": "who was the president of the muslim league in 1947 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah" } ] }, { "id": "32103", "question": "what was the title of the nation 's first governor-general ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "the President of the Muslim League" } ] }, { "id": "32104", "question": "what did muhammad ali become the first governor-general as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "President-Speaker of the Parliament" } ] }, { "id": "32105", "question": "when did he die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "11 September 1948" } ] }, { "id": "32106", "question": "who was pakistan 's first prime minister ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 325, "text": "Liaquat Ali Khan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The creation of Pakistan was never emotionally accepted by many British leaders, among them being Lord Mountbatten. Mountbatten clearly expressed his lack of support and faith in the Muslim League's idea of Pakistan. Jinnah refused Mountbatten's offer to serve as Governor-General of Pakistan. When Mountbatten was asked by Collins and Lapierre if he would have sabotaged Pakistan had he known that Jinnah was dying of tuberculosis, he replied 'most probably'.", "qas": [ { "id": "32107", "question": "what was the name of pakistan 's british leaders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "Lord Mountbatten" } ] }, { "id": "32108", "question": "what was the name of pakistan 's offer to serve mountbatten ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "Governor-General of Pakistan" } ] }, { "id": "32109", "question": "who asked the mountbatten mountbatten ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "Collins and Lapierre" } ] }, { "id": "32110", "question": "what was the mountbatten dying of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 419, "text": "tuberculosis" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, a respected Deobandi \"alim\" (scholar) who occupied the position of Shaykh al-Islam in Pakistan in 1949, and Maulana Mawdudi of Jamaat-i Islami played a pivotal role in the demand for an Islamic constitution. Mawdudi demanded that the Constituent Assembly make an explicit declaration affirming the \"supreme sovereignty of God\" and the supremacy of the \"shariah\" in Pakistan.", "qas": [ { "id": "32111", "question": "who occupied the position of shaykh al-islam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani" } ] }, { "id": "32112", "question": "in what year did maulana shabbir die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "1949" } ] }, { "id": "32113", "question": "who played a pivotal role in the demand for an islamic constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "Maulana Mawdudi of Jamaat-i Islami" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A significant result of the efforts of the Jamaat-i Islami and the \"ulama\" was the passage of the Objectives Resolution in March 1949. The Objectives Resolution, which Liaquat Ali Khan called the second most important step in Pakistan's history, declared that \"sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God Almighty alone and the authority which He has delegated to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust\". The Objectives Resolution has been incorporated as a preamble to the constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973.", "qas": [ { "id": "32114", "question": "who was the efforts of the `` ulama '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Jamaat-i Islami" } ] }, { "id": "32115", "question": "what was the passage of the objectives of the objectives resolution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "ulama" } ] }, { "id": "32116", "question": "what resolution was the `` ulama '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "Objectives Resolution" } ] }, { "id": "32117", "question": "when was the objectives of the objectives resolution passed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "March 1949" } ] }, { "id": "32118", "question": "who called the second most important step in pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "Liaquat Ali Khan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Democracy was stalled by the martial law enforced by President Iskander Mirza who was replaced by army chief, General Ayub Khan. Adopting a presidential system in 1962, the country experienced exceptional growth until a second war with India in 1965 which led to economic downfall and wide-scale public disapproval in 1967. Consolidating the control from Ayub Khan in 1969, President Yahya Khan had to deal with a devastating cyclone which caused 500,000 deaths in East Pakistan.\nIn 1970, Pakistan held its first democratic elections since independence, that were meant to mark a transition from military rule to democracy, but after the East Pakistani Awami League won against Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP); Yahya Khan and military establishment refused to hand over power. Operation Searchlight, a military crackdown on the Bengali nationalist movement, led to a declaration of independence and the waging of a war of liberation by the Bengali Mukti Bahini forces in East Pakistan, with support from India. However, in West Pakistan the conflict was described as a civil war as opposed to War of Liberation.", "qas": [ { "id": "32119", "question": "who enforced democracy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "President Iskander Mirza" } ] }, { "id": "32120", "question": "who replaced democracy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "General Ayub Khan" } ] }, { "id": "32121", "question": "in what year did the country adopting a presidential system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "1962" } ] }, { "id": "32122", "question": "in what year did the second war occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "1965" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Independent researchers think that between 300,000 and 500,000 civilians died during this period while the Bangladesh government puts the figure of dead at three million, a number which is now universally regarded as excessively inflated. Some academics such as Rudolph Russel and Rounaq Jahan accused both sides of genocide whereas others such as Richard Sisson and Leo E. Rose believe there was no genocide. Preemptive strikes on India by the Pakistan's air force, navy, and marines, in response to India's support for the insurgency in East Pakistan, sparked the conventional war in 1971 which witnessed the Indian victory and East Pakistan gaining independence as Bangladesh.", "qas": [ { "id": "32123", "question": "how many civilians did the bangladesh have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "300,000 and 500,000" } ] }, { "id": "32124", "question": "how many civilians did the bangladesh have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "three million" } ] }, { "id": "32125", "question": "who accused of the genocide of genocide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "Rudolph Russel and Rounaq Jahan" } ] }, { "id": "32126", "question": "who believe that there was a genocide of genocide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 348, "text": "Richard Sisson and Leo E. Rose" } ] }, { "id": "32127", "question": "in what year did the conventional war end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 586, "text": "1971" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With Pakistan surrendering in the war, Yahya Khan was replaced by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as President; the country worked towards promulgating constitution and putting the country on roads of democracy. Democratic rule resumed from 1972 to 1977\u2013 an era of self-consciousness, intellectual leftism, nationalism, and nationwide reconstruction. During this period, Pakistan embarked on ambitiously developing the nuclear deterrence in 1972 in a view to prevent any foreign invasion; the country's first nuclear power plant was inaugurated, also the same year. Accelerated in response to first nuclear test by India in 1974, this crash program was completed in 1979. Democracy ended with a military coup in 1977 against the leftist PPP, which saw General Zia-ul-Haq become the president in 1978. From 1977 to 1988, President Zia's corporatisation and economic Islamisation initiatives led to Pakistan becoming one of the fastest-growing economies in South Asia. While consolidating the nuclear development, increasing Islamization, and the rise of homegrown conservative philosophy, Pakistan helped subsidise and distribute US resources to factions of the mujahideen against the USSR's intervention in communist Afghanistan.", "qas": [ { "id": "32128", "question": "who was the president of pakistan in the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "Yahya Khan" } ] }, { "id": "32129", "question": "who replaced yahya khan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "Zulfikar Ali Bhutto" } ] }, { "id": "32130", "question": "in what year did pakistan gain the nuclear deterrence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 429, "text": "1972" } ] }, { "id": "32131", "question": "in what year was india 's crash ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 612, "text": "1974" } ] }, { "id": "32132", "question": "when was india 's crash ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 654, "text": "1979" } ] } ] }, { "context": "President Zia died in a plane crash in 1988, and Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the country's first female Prime Minister. The Pakistan Peoples Party followed by conservative Pakistan Muslim League (N), and over the next decade whose two leaders fought for power, alternating in office while the country's situation worsened; economic indicators fell sharply, in contrast to the 1980s. This period is marked by prolonged stagflation, instability, corruption, nationalism, geopolitical rivalry with India, and the clash of left wing-right wing ideologies. As PML(N) secured a supermajority in elections in 1997, Sharif authorised the nuclear testings (See:\"Chagai-I\" and \"Chagai-II\"), as a retaliation to second nuclear tests ordered by India, led by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in May 1998.\nMilitary tension between the two countries in the Kargil district led to the Kargil War of 1999, and a turbulence in civic-military relations allowed General Pervez Musharraf took over through a bloodless coup d'\u00e9tat. Musharraf governed Pakistan as chief executive from 1999 to 2001 and as President from 2001 to 2008\u2014 a period of enlightenment, social liberalism, extensive economic reforms, and direct involvement in the US-led war on terrorism. When the National Assembly historically completed its first full five-year term on 15 November 2007, the new elections were called by the Election Commission. After the assassination of Benazir Bhutto in 2007, the PPP secured largest votes in the elections of 2008, appointing party member Yousaf Raza Gillani as Prime Minister. Threatened with facing impeachment, President Musharraf resigned on 18 August 2008, and was succeeded by Asif Ali Zardari. Clashes with the judicature prompted Gillani's disqualification from the Parliament and as the Prime Minister in June 2012. By its own financial calculations, Pakistan's involvement in the war on terrorism has cost up to ~$67.93 billion, thousands of casualties and nearly 3\u00a0million displaced civilians. The general election held in 2013 saw the PML(N) almost achieve a supermajority, following which Nawaz Sharif became elected as the Prime Minister, returning to the post for the third time after fourteen years, in a democratic transition.", "qas": [ { "id": "32133", "question": "who was the first female prime minister ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "Benazir Bhutto" } ] }, { "id": "32134", "question": "who was the first female prime minister ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Zulfikar Ali Bhutto" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Pakistan is a democratic parliamentary federal republic with Islam as the state religion. The first set was adopted in 1956 but suspended by Ayub Khan in 1958 who replaced it with the second set in 1962. Complete and comprehensive Constitution was adopted in 1973\u2014suspended by Zia-ul-Haq in 1977 but reinstated in 1985\u2014is the country's most important document, laying the foundations of the current government. The Pakistani military establishment has played an influential role in mainstream politics throughout Pakistan's political history. There were military coups which resulted in imposition of martial law and military commanders continued governing as de-facto presidents from 1958\u20131971, 1977\u20131988, and 1999\u20132008. As of now, Pakistan has a multi-party parliamentary system with clear division of powers and responsibilities between branches of government. The first successful demonstrative transaction was held in May 2013. Politics in Pakistan is centred and dominated by the homegrown conceive social philosophy, consisting the ideas of socialism, conservatism, and the third way. As of the general elections held in 2013, the three main dominated political parties in the country: the centre-right conservative Pakistan Muslim League-N (PML-N); the centre-left socialist Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP); and the centrist and third-way Pakistan Movement for Justice (PTI) led by cricketer Imran Khan.", "qas": [ { "id": "32135", "question": "when was the first set set adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "1956" } ] }, { "id": "32136", "question": "who suspended the first set with the second set in 1956 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "Ayub Khan" } ] }, { "id": "32137", "question": "when was the first set in 1962 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "1958" } ] }, { "id": "32138", "question": "when was the first set with the first set with the second set set ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "1962" } ] }, { "id": "32139", "question": "when was the first demonstrative transaction transaction held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 923, "text": "May 2013" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As the Muslim world's second most populous nation-state (after Indonesia) and its only nuclear power state, Pakistan has an important role in the international community. With a semi-agricultural and semi-industrialized economy, its foreign policy determines its standard of interactions for its organisations, corporations and individual citizens. Its geostrategic intentions were explained by Jinnah in a broadcast message in 1947, which is featured in a prominent quotation on the homepage of Pakistan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs website: \"The foundation of our foreign policy is friendship with all nations across the globe.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "32140", "question": "in what year was the broadcast message explained ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 428, "text": "1947" } ] }, { "id": "32141", "question": "where was pakistan 's broadcast message located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 496, "text": "Pakistan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs website" } ] }, { "id": "32142", "question": "what is the foundation of our foreign policy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 585, "text": "friendship with all nations across the globe" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since then, Pakistan has attempted to balance its relations with foreign nations. A non-signatory party of the Treaty on the Nuclear Non-Proliferation, Pakistan is an influential member of the IAEA. In recent events, Pakistan has blocked an international treaty to limit fissile material, arguing that the \"treaty would target Pakistan specifically.\" In the 20th century, Pakistan's nuclear deterrence program focused on countering India's nuclear ambitions in the region, and nuclear tests by India eventually led Pakistan to reciprocate the event to maintain geopolitical balance as becoming a nuclear power. Currently, Pakistan maintains a policy of credible minimum deterrence, calling its program vital nuclear deterrence against foreign aggression.", "qas": [ { "id": "32143", "question": "what is the party of the treaty on pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "Nuclear Non-Proliferation" } ] }, { "id": "32144", "question": "what is pakistan 's international treaty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 265, "text": "limit fissile material" } ] }, { "id": "32145", "question": "what is the treaty of pakistan called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "treaty would target Pakistan specifically" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Located in strategic and geopolitical corridor of the world's major maritime oil supply lines, communication fibre optics, Pakistan has proximity to the natural resources of Central Asian countries. Pakistan is an influential and founding member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and is a major non-NATO ally of the United States in the war against terrorism\u2014 a status achieved in 2004. Pakistan's foreign policy and geostrategy mainly focus on economy and security against threats to its national identity and territorial integrity, and on the cultivation of close relations with other Muslim countries. Briefing on country's foreign policy in 2004, the Pakistani senator reportedly explains: \"Pakistan highlights sovereign equality of states, bilateralism, mutuality of interests, and non-interference in each other's domestic affairs as the cardinal features of its foreign policy.\" Pakistan is an active member of the United Nations and has a Permanent Representative to represent Pakistan's policy in international politics. Pakistan has lobbied for the concept of \"Enlightened Moderation\" in the Muslim world. Pakistan is also a member of Commonwealth of Nations, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), the Economic Cooperation Organisation (ECO) and the G20 developing nations. Pakistan does not have diplomatic relations with Israel; nonetheless some Israeli citizens have visited the country on a tourist visas. Based on mutual co-operation, the security exchange have taken place between two countries using Turkey as a communication conduit. Despite Pakistan being the only country in the world that has not established a diplomatic relations with Armenia, the Armenian community still resides in Pakistan.", "qas": [ { "id": "32146", "question": "what is the name of the central oil supply lines in pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "communication fibre optics" } ] }, { "id": "32147", "question": "what is pakistan 's founding member ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "Organisation of Islamic Cooperation" } ] }, { "id": "32148", "question": "in what year did pakistan 's foreign policy occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 660, "text": "2004" } ] }, { "id": "32149", "question": "what is the concept of pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1086, "text": "Enlightened Moderation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Maintaining cultural, political, social, and economic relations with the Arab world and other countries in the Muslim World is a vital factor in Pakistan's foreign policy. Pakistan was the first country to have established diplomatic relations with China and relations continues to be warm since China's war with India in 1962. In the 1960s\u20131980s, Pakistan greatly helped China in reaching out to the world's major countries and helped facilitate US President Nixon's state visit to China. Despite the change of governments in Pakistan, variations in the regional and global situation, China policy in Pakistan continues to be dominant factor at all time. In return, China is Pakistan's largest trading partner and economic co-operation have reached high points, with substantial Chinese investment in Pakistan's infrastructural expansion including the Pakistani deep-water port at Gwadar. Sino-Pak friendly relations touched new heights as both the countries signed 51 agreements and Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) in 2015 for co-operation in different fields.", "qas": [ { "id": "32150", "question": "in what year was pakistan 's war established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "1962" } ] }, { "id": "32151", "question": "how many agreements did the countries signed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 967, "text": "51" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Because of difficulties in relations with its geopolitical rival India, Pakistan maintains close political relations with Turkey and Iran. Saudi Arabia also maintains a respected position in Pakistan's foreign policy, and both countries has been a focal point in Pakistan's foreign policy. The Kashmir conflict remains the major point of rift; three of their four wars were over this territory. Due to ideological differences, Pakistan opposed the Soviet Union in the 1950s and during Soviet-Afghan War in the 1980s, Pakistan was one of the closest allies of the United States. Relations with Russia have greatly improved since 1999 and co-operation with various sectors have increased between Russia and Pakistan. Pakistan has had \"on-and-off\" relations with the United States. A close ally of the United States in the Cold war, Pakistan's relation with the United States relations soured in the 1990s when the US imposed sanctions because of Pakistan's secretive nuclear development. Since 9/11, Pakistan has been a close ally with the United States on the issue of counter-terrorism in the regions of the Middle East and South Asia, with the US supporting the latter with aid money and weapons.", "qas": [ { "id": "32152", "question": "which two countries does pakistan have close to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Turkey and Iran" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The United States-led war on terrorism led initially to an improvement in the relationship, but it was strained by a divergence of interests and resulting mistrust during the war in Afghanistan and by issues related to terrorism. Since 1948, there has been an ongoing, and at times fluctuating, violent conflict in the southwestern province of Balochistan between various Baloch separatist groups, who seek greater political autonomy, and the central government of Pakistan.", "qas": [ { "id": "32153", "question": "when did the central government of pakistan begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "1948" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2016 the official press agency of the People's Republic of China announced that the state will set up an anti-terrorism alliance with Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan.", "qas": [ { "id": "32154", "question": "in what year did the official press agency announce that the state will set up an anti-terrorism alliance with pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2016" } ] }, { "id": "32155", "question": "what countries did the people 's republic of china set up an anti-terrorism alliance with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A federal parliamentary republic state, Pakistan is a federation that comprises four provinces: Punjab, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, and Balochistan. and four territories: the Tribal belt, Gilgit\u2013Baltistan, Islamabad Capital Territory, and Kashmir. The Government of Pakistan exercises the \"de facto\" jurisdiction over the Frontier Regions and the western parts of the Kashmir Regions, which are organised into the separate political entities Azad Kashmir and Gilgit\u2013Baltistan (formerly Northern Areas). In 2009, the constitutional assignment () awarded the Gilgit\u2013Baltistan a semi-provincial status, giving it self-government.", "qas": [ { "id": "32156", "question": "how many provinces does pakistan have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "32157", "question": "what are the four provinces of pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "Punjab, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, and Balochistan" } ] }, { "id": "32158", "question": "what are some of the tribal belt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "Gilgit\u2013Baltistan, Islamabad Capital Territory, and Kashmir" } ] }, { "id": "32159", "question": "what are the political areas of pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 441, "text": "Azad Kashmir and Gilgit\u2013Baltistan" } ] }, { "id": "32160", "question": "in what year did the constitutional assignment take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 505, "text": "2009" } ] }, { "id": "32161", "question": "what did the constitutional assignment awarded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 556, "text": "Gilgit\u2013Baltistan a semi-provincial status" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The local government system consists of a three-tier system of districts, tehsils and union councils, with an elected body at each tier. There are about 130 districts altogether, of which Azad Kashmir has ten and Gilgit\u2013Baltistan seven. The Tribal Areas comprise seven tribal agencies and six small frontier regions detached from neighbouring districts.", "qas": [ { "id": "32162", "question": "what are the local government system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "tehsils and union councils" } ] }, { "id": "32163", "question": "how many districts are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "130" } ] }, { "id": "32164", "question": "how many districts does azad kashmir have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "ten and Gilgit\u2013Baltistan seven" } ] }, { "id": "32165", "question": "how many tribal agencies are in the tribal areas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "seven" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Law enforcement is carried out by a joint network of the intelligence community with jurisdiction limited to the relevant province or territory. The National Intelligence Directorate coordinates the information intelligence at both federal and provincial level; including the FIA, IB, Motorway Police, and paramilitary forces such as the Pakistan Rangers and the Frontier Corps.", "qas": [ { "id": "32166", "question": "who coordinates the information intelligence at both federal and provincial level ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "National Intelligence Directorate" } ] }, { "id": "32167", "question": "what are the names of the national intelligence directorate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 276, "text": "FIA, IB, Motorway Police" } ] }, { "id": "32168", "question": "what are the names of the national intelligence directorate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 338, "text": "Pakistan Rangers and the Frontier Corps" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Pakistan's \"premier\" intelligence agency, the Inter-Services Intelligene (ISI), was formed just within a year after the Independence of Pakistan in 1947. Inter Service Intelligence Agency of Pakistan was ranked as the top intelligence agency in the world in 2011, 2014 and 2015.", "qas": [ { "id": "32169", "question": "what was pakistan 's `` premier '' intelligence called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Inter-Services Intelligene" } ] }, { "id": "32170", "question": "when was pakistan 's independence formed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "1947" } ] }, { "id": "32171", "question": "in what years was pakistan ranked as the top intelligence agency ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "2011, 2014 and 2015" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The court system is organised as a hierarchy, with the Supreme Court at the apex, below which are High Courts, Federal Shariat Courts (one in each province and one in the federal capital), District Courts (one in each district), Judicial Magistrate Courts (in every town and city), Executive Magistrate Courts and civil courts. The Penal code has limited jurisdiction in the Tribal Areas, where law is largely derived from tribal customs.", "qas": [ { "id": "32172", "question": "what is the name of the high courts in the apex court ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "Federal Shariat Courts" } ] }, { "id": "32173", "question": "what is the name of the executive courts in every town ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "Judicial Magistrate Courts" } ] }, { "id": "32174", "question": "what are the names of the executive magistrate that is organised as a hierarchy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "Executive Magistrate Courts and civil courts" } ] }, { "id": "32175", "question": "where is the penal code limited ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 375, "text": "Tribal Areas" } ] }, { "id": "32176", "question": "where is the penal code derived ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 423, "text": "tribal customs" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The armed forces of Pakistan are the eighth largest in the world in terms of numbers in full-time service, with about 617,000 personnel on active duty and 513,000 reservists, as of tentative estimates in 2010. They came into existence after independence in 1947, and the military establishment has frequently influenced in the national politics ever since. Chain of command of the military is kept under the control of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee; all of the branches joint works, co-ordination, military logistics, and joint missions are under the Joint Staff HQ. The Joint Staff HQ is composed of the Air HQ, Navy HQ, and Army GHQ in the vicinity of the Rawalpindi Military District.", "qas": [ { "id": "32177", "question": "how many personnel are in the armed forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "617,000" } ] }, { "id": "32178", "question": "what is the name of the active armed forces in pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "513,000" } ] }, { "id": "32179", "question": "in what year did the armed forces become existence of pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "1947" } ] }, { "id": "32180", "question": "who is the chain of command of the military ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 423, "text": "Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee" } ] }, { "id": "32181", "question": "what are the joint missions under ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 557, "text": "Joint Staff HQ" } ] }, { "id": "32182", "question": "what district is the joint staff hq in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 664, "text": "Rawalpindi Military District" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee is the highest principle staff officer in the armed forces, and the chief military adviser to the civilian government though the chairman has no authority over the three branches of armed forces. The Chairman joint chiefs controls the military from the JS HQ and maintains strategic communications between the military and the civilian government. As of current, the Chairman joint chiefs is General Rashid Mahmood alongside chief of army staff General Raheel Sharif, chief of naval staff Admiral Muhammad Zaka, and chief of air staff Air Chief Marshal Suhail Aman. The main branches are the Army\u2013Air Force\u2013Navy\u2013Marines, which are supported by the number of paramilitary forces in the country. Control over the strategic arsenals, deployment, employment, development, military computers and command and control is a responsibility vested under the National Command Authority which oversaw the work on the nuclear policy as part of the credible minimum deterrence.", "qas": [ { "id": "32183", "question": "who is the highest principle officer in the armed forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee" } ] }, { "id": "32184", "question": "who is the chairman of the chairman joint chiefs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 437, "text": "General Rashid Mahmood" } ] }, { "id": "32185", "question": "who was the chief of naval staff ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 490, "text": "General Raheel Sharif" } ] }, { "id": "32186", "question": "who was the chief of naval staff ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 534, "text": "Admiral Muhammad Zaka" } ] }, { "id": "32187", "question": "who was the chief of air staff ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 580, "text": "Air Chief Marshal Suhail Aman" } ] }, { "id": "32188", "question": "what are the main branches of the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 637, "text": "Army\u2013Air Force\u2013Navy\u2013Marines" } ] }, { "id": "32189", "question": "who oversaw the work on the nuclear policy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 893, "text": "National Command Authority" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The United States, Turkey, and China maintain close military relations and regularly export military equipment and technology transfer to Pakistan. Joint logistics and major war games are occasionally carried out by the militaries of China and Turkey. Philosophical basis for the military draft is introduced by the Constitution in times of emergency, but it has never been imposed. Since 1947, Pakistan has been involved in four conventional wars, the first war occurred in Kashmir with Pakistan gaining control of Western Kashmir, (Azad Kashmir and Gilgit\u2013Baltistan), and India capturing Eastern Kashmir (Jammu and Kashmir). Territorial problems eventually led to another conventional war in 1965; over the issue of Bengali refugees that led to another war in 1971 which resulted in Pakistan's unconditional surrender of East Pakistan. Tensions in Kargil brought the two countries at the brink of war. Since 1947, the unresolved territorial problems with Afghanistan saw border skirmishes which was kept mostly at the mountainous border. In 1961, the military and intelligence community repelled the Afghan incursion in the Bajaur Agency near the Durand Line border. Rising tensions with neighbouring USSR in their involvement in Afghanistan, Pakistani intelligence community, mostly the ISI, systematically coordinated the US resources to the Afghan mujahideen and foreign fighters against the Soviet Union's presence in the region. Military reports indicated that the PAF was in engagement with the Soviet Air Force, supported by the Afghan Air Force during the course of the conflict; one of which belonged to Alexander Rutskoy.\nApart from its own conflicts, Pakistan has been an active participant in United Nations peacekeeping missions. It played a major role in rescuing trapped American soldiers from Mogadishu, Somalia, in 1993 in Operation Gothic Serpent. According to UN reports, the Pakistani military are the third largest troop contributors to UN peacekeeping missions after Ethiopia and India.", "qas": [ { "id": "32190", "question": "which two countries are occasionally carried out of joint logistics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "China and Turkey" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Pakistan sent UN Peacekeeping forces to the former Yugoslavia during the Yugoslav wars. During the war, Pakistan supported Bosnia while providing technical and military support. Approximately 90,000 Pakistani people went to Bosnia during the Yugoslav wars, accounting for 20% of the volunteer military force. The Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) allegedly ran an active military intelligence program during the Bosnian War which started in 1992 lasting until 1995. Allegedly executed and supervised by General Javed Nasir, the program distributed and coordinated the systematic supply of arms to various groups of Bosnian mujahideen during the war. The ISI Bosnian contingent was organised with financial assistance provided by Saudi Arabia, according to the British historian Mark Curtis. Despite the UN arms embargo in Bosnia, Nasir later confessed that the ISI airlifted anti-tank weapons and missiles to Bosnian mujahideen which turned the tide in favour of Bosnian Muslims and forced the Serbs to lift the siege.", "qas": [ { "id": "32191", "question": "how many pakistani people went to bosnia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "90,000" } ] }, { "id": "32192", "question": "how much of the volunteer military force did the yugoslav wars cover ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "20%" } ] }, { "id": "32193", "question": "when did the bosnian war begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 441, "text": "1992" } ] }, { "id": "32194", "question": "who allegedly executed the systematic supply of arms to various groups ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 503, "text": "General Javed Nasir" } ] }, { "id": "32195", "question": "who was the british historian who provided the financial assistance in saudi arabia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 778, "text": "Mark Curtis" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Pakistan has deployed its military in some Arab countries, providing defence, training, and playing advisory roles. The PAF and Navy's fighter pilots have voluntarily served in Arab nations' militaries against Israel in the Six-Day War (1967) and in the Yom Kippur War (1973). Pakistan's fighter pilots shot down ten Israeli planes in the Six-Day War. In the 1973 war one of the PAF pilots, Flt. Lt. Sattar Alvi flying a MiG-21 shot down an Israeli Air Force Mirage and was honoured by the Syrian government. Requested by the Saudi monarchy in 1979, Pakistan's special forces units, operatives, and commandos were rushed to assist Saudi forces in Mecca to lead the operation of the Grand Mosque. In 1991 Pakistan got involved with the Gulf War and sent 5,000 troops as part of a US-led coalition, specifically for the defence of Saudi Arabia.", "qas": [ { "id": "32196", "question": "when was the six-day war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 237, "text": "1967" } ] }, { "id": "32197", "question": "in what war did the navy 's fighter pilots take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "Yom Kippur War" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since 2004, the military has been engaged in a war in North-West Pakistan, mainly against the homegrown Taliban factions. Major operations undertaken by the Army include Operation Black Thunderstorm and Operation Rah-e-Nijat.", "qas": [ { "id": "32198", "question": "in what year did the military begin to been engaged in a war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 6, "text": "2004" } ] }, { "id": "32199", "question": "where is the war in pakistan located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "North-West Pakistan" } ] }, { "id": "32200", "question": "what are the major operations of the army ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "Operation Black Thunderstorm and Operation Rah-e-Nijat" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Kashmir\u2013 the most northwesterly region of South Asia\u2013 is a primary territorial dispute that hindered the relations between India and Pakistan. Two nations have fought at least three large-scale conventional wars in successive years of 1947, 1965, and 1971. The conflict in 1971 witnessed Pakistan's unconditional surrender and a treaty that subsequently led to the independence of Bangladesh. Other serious military engagements and skirmishes included the armed contacts in Siachen Glacier (1984) and Kargil (1999). Approximately 45.1% of the Kashmir region is controlled by India while claiming the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir, including most of Jammu, the Kashmir Valley, Ladakh, and the Siachen. The claim is contested by Pakistan, which approximately controls the 38.2% of the Kashmir region, known as the Azad Kashmir and Gilgit\u2013Baltistan.", "qas": [ { "id": "32201", "question": "the kashmir -- the most northwesterly region of what region ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "South Asia\u2013" } ] }, { "id": "32202", "question": "the kashmir is a primary territorial dispute between which two countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "India and Pakistan" } ] }, { "id": "32203", "question": "in what year did the conflict in pakistan take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "1971" } ] }, { "id": "32204", "question": "what percentage of the kashmir region is controlled by india ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 534, "text": "45.1%" } ] }, { "id": "32205", "question": "what percentage of the kashmir region does pakistan have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 778, "text": "38.2%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "India claims the Kashmir on the basis of the Instrument of Accession\u2014 a legal agreement with Kashmir's leaders executed by \"Maharaja\" Hari Singh who agreed to accede the area to India. Pakistan claims Kashmir on the basis of a Muslim majority and of geography, the same principles that were applied for the creation of the two independent states. India referred the dispute to the United Nations on 1 January 1948. A resolution passed in 1948, the UN's General Assembly asked Pakistan to remove most of its troops as a \"plebiscite\" would then be held. However, Pakistan failed to vacate the region and a ceasefire was reached in 1949 with the Line of Control (LoC) was established, dividing Kashmir between the two nations. India, fearful that the Muslim majority populace of Kashmir would secede from India, did not allow a plebiscite to take place in the region. This was confirmed in a statement by India's Defense Minister, Kirshnan Menon, who said: \"Kashmir would vote to join Pakistan and no Indian Government responsible for agreeing to plebiscite would survive.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "32206", "question": "who executed kashmir 's leaders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "Maharaja\" Hari Singh" } ] }, { "id": "32207", "question": "when was the dispute to the united nations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 399, "text": "1 January 1948" } ] }, { "id": "32208", "question": "in what year did the un 's general assembly asked pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 438, "text": "1948" } ] }, { "id": "32209", "question": "in what year was pakistan 's ceasefire reached ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 629, "text": "1949" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Pakistan claims that its position is for the right of the people of Jammu and Kashmir to determine their future through impartial elections as mandated by the United Nations, while India has stated that Kashmir is an integral part of India, referring to the Simla Agreement (1972) and to the fact that elections take place regularly. In recent developments, certain Kashmiri independence groups believe that Kashmir should be independent of both India and Pakistan.", "qas": [ { "id": "32210", "question": "what is pakistan 's position ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "Jammu and Kashmir" } ] }, { "id": "32211", "question": "what is an integral part of india ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "Kashmir" } ] }, { "id": "32212", "question": "what is the 1972 agreement called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "Simla Agreement" } ] }, { "id": "32213", "question": "when did the simla agreement occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "1972" } ] }, { "id": "32214", "question": "what two countries do certain kashmiri independence groups believe kashmir should be ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 446, "text": "India and Pakistan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The law enforcement in Pakistan is carried out by joint network of several federal and provincial police agencies. The four provinces and the Islamabad Capital Territory each have a civilian police force with jurisdiction extending only to the relevant province or territory. At the federal level, there are a number of civilian intelligence agencies with nationwide jurisdictions including the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA), Intelligence Bureau (IB), and the Motoway Patrol, as well as several paramilitary forces such as the National Guards (Northern Areas), the Rangers (Punjab and Sindh), and the Frontier Corps (Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan).", "qas": [ { "id": "32215", "question": "who carried the law enforcement in pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "joint network of several federal and provincial police agencies" } ] }, { "id": "32216", "question": "what have a civilian police force with jurisdiction ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "Islamabad Capital Territory" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The most senior officers of all the civilian police forces also form part of the Police Service, which is a component of the civil service of Pakistan. Namely, there are four provincial police service including the Punjab Police, Sindh Police, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Police, and the Balochistan Police; all headed by the appointed senior Inspector-Generals. The Islamabad has its own police component, the Capital Police, to maintain law and order in the capital. The CID bureaus are the crime investigation unit and forms a vital part in each provincial police service.", "qas": [ { "id": "32217", "question": "what is the component of the civilian police forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "the Police Service" } ] }, { "id": "32218", "question": "how many provincial police service are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "32219", "question": "what are the four provincial police service ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "Sindh Police, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Police, and the Balochistan Police" } ] }, { "id": "32220", "question": "what was the name of the senior senior police ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 334, "text": "Inspector-Generals" } ] }, { "id": "32221", "question": "what is the name of the component of the capital police ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 402, "text": "Capital Police" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The law enforcement in Pakistan also has a Motorway Patrol which is responsible for enforcement of traffic and safety laws, security and recovery on Pakistan's inter-provincial motorway network. In each of provincial Police Service, it also maintains a respective Elite Police units led by the NACTA\u2013 a counter-terrorism police unit as well as providing VIP escorts. In Punjab and Sindh, the Pakistan Rangers are an internal security force with the prime objective to provide and maintain security in war zones and areas of conflict as well as maintaining law and order which includes providing assistance to the police. The Frontier Corps serves the similar purpose in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, and the Balochistan.", "qas": [ { "id": "32222", "question": "what is responsible for enforcement of traffic and safety laws ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Motorway Patrol" } ] }, { "id": "32223", "question": "what are the enforcement patrol patrol responsible for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "traffic and safety laws, security and recovery on Pakistan's inter-provincial motorway network" } ] }, { "id": "32224", "question": "what are the similar purpose of the frontier ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 670, "text": "Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, and the Balochistan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Pakistan had been created in the name of Islam. The idea of Pakistan had received overwhelming popular support among Indian Muslims, especially those in the provinces of British India where Muslims were in a minority such as U.P. The Muslim League leadership, ulama (Islamic clergy) and Jinnah had articulated their vision of Pakistan in terms of an Islamic state. Muhammad Ali Jinnah had developed a close association with the ulama. When Jinnah died, Islamic scholar Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani described Jinnah as the greatest Muslim after the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and also compared Jinnah's death to the Prophet's passing. Usmani asked Pakistanis to remember Jinnah's message of Unity, Faith and Discipline and work to fulfil his dream:to create a solid bloc of all Muslim states from Karachi to Ankara, from Pakistan to Morocco. He [Jinnah] wanted to see the Muslims of the world united under the banner of Islam as an effective check against the aggressive designs of their enemies.The first formal step taken to transform Pakistan into an ideological Islamic state was in March 1949 when the country's first Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, introduced the Objectives Resolution in the Constituent Assembly. The Objectives Resolution declared that sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God Almighty. The president of the Muslim League, Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman, announced that Pakistan would bring together all Muslim countries into Islamistan-a pan-Islamic entity. Khaliq believed that Pakistan was only a Muslim state and was not yet an Islamic state, but that it could certainly become an Islamic state after bringing all believers of Islam into a single political unit. Keith Callard, one of the earliest scholars on Pakistani politics, observed that Pakistanis believed in the essential unity of purpose and outlook in the Muslim world: Pakistan was founded to advance the cause of Muslims. Other Muslims might have been expected to be sympathetic, even enthusiastic. But this assumed that other Muslim states would take the same view of the relation between religion and nationality.However, Pakistan's pan-Islamist sentiments were not shared by other Muslim governments at the time. Nationalism in other parts of the Muslim world was based on ethnicity, language and culture. Although Muslim governments were unsympathetic with Pakistan's pan-Islamic aspirations, Islamists from all over the world were drawn to Pakistan. Figures such as the Grand Mufti of Palestine, Al-Haj Amin al-Husseini and leaders of Islamist political movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood became frequent visitors to the country. After General Zia-ul-Haq took power in a military coup, Hizb ut-Tahrir (an Islamist group calling for the establishment of a Caliphate) expanded its organisational network and activities in Pakistan. Its founder, Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani, would maintain regular correspondence with Abul A\u2019la Maududi, the founder of Jamaat-e-Islami (JI), and he also urged Dr Israr Ahmed to continue his work in Pakistan for the establishment of a global caliphate.", "qas": [ { "id": "32225", "question": "who was the greatest muslim after maulana shabbir ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 548, "text": "Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb" } ] }, { "id": "32226", "question": "who observed one of the earliest scholars on pakistani politics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1694, "text": "Keith Callard" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Social scientist Nasim Ahmad Jawed conducted a survey in 1969 in pre-divided Pakistan on the type of national identity that was used by educated professional people. He found that over 60% of people in East Pakistan professed to have a secular national identity. However, in West Pakistan (current day Pakistan) the same figure professed to have an Islamic and not a secular identity. Furthermore, the same figure in East Pakistan defined their identity in terms of their ethnicity and not Islam. But it was the opposite in West Pakistan where Islam was stated to be more important than ethnicity.", "qas": [ { "id": "32227", "question": "who conducted a survey in 1969 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "Nasim Ahmad Jawed" } ] }, { "id": "32228", "question": "in what year was the survey of pakistan conducted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "1969" } ] }, { "id": "32229", "question": "what was pakistan used by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "educated professional people" } ] }, { "id": "32230", "question": "what percentage of people in east pakistan were found in east pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "60%" } ] }, { "id": "32231", "question": "what does pakistan have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 346, "text": "an Islamic and not a secular identity" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After Pakistan's first ever general elections the 1973 Constitution was created by an elected Parliament. The Constitution declared Pakistan an Islamic Republic and Islam as the state religion. It also stated that all laws would have to be brought into accordance with the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Quran and Sunnah and that no law repugnant to such injunctions could be enacted. The 1973 Constitution also created certain institutions such as the Shariat Court and the Council of Islamic Ideology to channel the interpretation and application of Islam.", "qas": [ { "id": "32232", "question": "who created the 1973 constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "an elected Parliament" } ] }, { "id": "32233", "question": "what did the constitution declare pakistan as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "Islamic Republic and Islam" } ] }, { "id": "32234", "question": "what two laws did the constitution believe all laws would be brought with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 314, "text": "Quran and Sunnah" } ] }, { "id": "32235", "question": "what two institutions were created in 1973 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 463, "text": "Shariat Court and the Council of Islamic Ideology" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 5 July 1977, General Zia-ul-Haq led a coup d'etat. In the year or two before Zia-ul-Haq's coup, his predecessor, leftist Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, had faced vigorous opposition which was united under the revivalist banner of \"Nizam-e-Mustafa\" (\"Rule of the prophet\"). According to supporters of the movement, establishing an Islamic state based on \"sharia\" law would mean a return to the justice and success of the early days of Islam when the Islamic prophet Muhammad ruled the Muslims. In an effort to stem the tide of street Islamisation, Bhutto had also called for it and banned the drinking and selling of wine by Muslims, nightclubs and horse racing.", "qas": [ { "id": "32236", "question": "when did the coup begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "5 July 1977" } ] }, { "id": "32237", "question": "who led the coup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 16, "text": "General Zia-ul-Haq" } ] }, { "id": "32238", "question": "who was the predecessor of the coup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Zia-ul-Haq committed himself to establishing an Islamic state and enforcing \"sharia\" law. Zia established separate Shariat judicial courts and court benches to judge legal cases using Islamic doctrine. New criminal offences (of adultery, fornication, and types of blasphemy), and new punishments (of whipping, amputation, and stoning to death), were added to Pakistani law. Interest payments for bank accounts were replaced by \"profit and loss\" payments. \"Zakat\" charitable donations became a 2.5% annual tax. School textbooks and libraries were overhauled to remove un-Islamic material. Offices, schools, and factories were required to offer praying space. Zia bolstered the influence of the \"ulama\" (Islamic clergy) and the Islamic parties, whilst conservative scholars became fixtures on television. 10,000s of activists from the Jamaat-e-Islami party were appointed to government posts to ensure the continuation of his agenda after his passing. Conservative \"ulama\" (Islamic scholars) were added to the Council of Islamic Ideology. Separate electorates for Hindus and Christians were established in 1985 even though Christian and Hindu leaders complained that they felt excluded from the county's political process.", "qas": [ { "id": "32239", "question": "what did sharia establishing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Islamic state and enforcing \"sharia\" law" } ] }, { "id": "32240", "question": "what replaced interest payments for bank ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 428, "text": "profit and loss\" payments" } ] }, { "id": "32241", "question": "what was the annual tax tax tax in annual tax ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 493, "text": "2.5%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Zia's state sponsored Islamization increased sectarian divisions in Pakistan between Sunnis and Shias and between Deobandis and Barelvis. A solid majority of Barelvis had supported the creation of Pakistan, and Barelvi ulama had also issued fatwas in support of the Pakistan Movement during the 1946 elections, but ironically Islamic state politics in Pakistan was mostly in favour of Deobandi (and later Ahl-e-Hadith/Salafi) institutions. This was despite the fact that only a few (although influential) Deobandi clerics had supported the Pakistan Movement. Zia-ul-Haq forged a strong alliance between the military and Deobandi institutions.", "qas": [ { "id": "32242", "question": "between what two groups were pakistan 's state sponsored ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Deobandis and Barelvis" } ] }, { "id": "32243", "question": "what was the name of the islamic state politics in pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 385, "text": "Deobandi" } ] }, { "id": "32244", "question": "what was the name of the solid majority of pakistan 's politics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 405, "text": "Ahl-e-Hadith/Salafi" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Possible motivations for the Islamization programme included Zia's personal piety (most accounts agree that he came from a religious family), desire to gain political allies, to \"fulfill Pakistan's \"raison d'\u00eatre\"\" as a Muslim state, and/or the political need to legitimise what was seen by some Pakistanis as his \"repressive, un-representative martial law regime\".", "qas": [ { "id": "32245", "question": "what was the name of the most accounts agree to the religious family ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Zia's personal piety" } ] }, { "id": "32246", "question": "what was the name of pakistan 's personal piety ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "fulfill Pakistan's \"raison d'\u00eatre\"" } ] }, { "id": "32247", "question": "what was the name of the political need to legitimise pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 315, "text": "repressive, un-representative martial law regime" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to Shajeel Zaidi a million people attended Zia ul Haq's funeral because he had given them what they wanted: more religion. A PEW opinion poll found that 84% of Pakistanis favoured making Sharia the official law of the land. According to the 2013 Pew Research Center report, the majority of Pakistani Muslims also support the death penalty for those who leave Islam (62%). In contrast, support for the death penalty for those who leave Islam was only 36% in fellow South Asian Muslim country Bangladesh (which shared heritage with Pakistan). A 2010 opinion poll by PEW Research Centre also found that 87% of Pakistanis considered themselves 'Muslims first' rather than a member of their nationality. This was the highest figure amongst all Muslim populations surveyed. In contrast only 67% in Jordan, 59% in Egypt, 51% in Turkey, 36% in Indonesia and 71% in Nigeria considered themselves as 'Muslim first' rather than a member of their own nationality.", "qas": [ { "id": "32248", "question": "what percentage of pakistanis favoured making sharia the official law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "84%" } ] }, { "id": "32249", "question": "what percentage of muslims leave islam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 376, "text": "62%" } ] }, { "id": "32250", "question": "what percentage of bangladesh was leave by the death penalty for pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 460, "text": "36%" } ] }, { "id": "32251", "question": "what percentage of pakistanis considered themselves ` muslims ' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 610, "text": "87%" } ] }, { "id": "32252", "question": "what percentage of jordan 's nationality was in jordan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 795, "text": "67%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The geography and climate of Pakistan are extremely diverse, and the country is home to a wide variety of wildlife. Pakistan covers an area of , approximately equal to the combined land areas of France and the United Kingdom. It is the 36th largest nation by total area, although this ranking varies depending on how the disputed territory of Kashmir is counted. Pakistan has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and land borders of in total: with Afghanistan, with China, with India and with Iran. It shares a marine border with Oman, and is separated from Tajikistan by the cold, narrow Wakhan Corridor. Pakistan occupies a geopolitically important location at the crossroads of South Asia, the Middle East and Central Asia.", "qas": [ { "id": "32253", "question": "what two countries does pakistan have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "France and the United Kingdom" } ] }, { "id": "32254", "question": "where does pakistan have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 398, "text": "Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Geologically, Pakistan is located in the Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone and overlaps the Indian tectonic plate in its Sindh and Punjab provinces; Balochistan and most of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are within the Eurasian plate, mainly on the Iranian plateau. Gilgit\u2013Baltistan and Azad Kashmir lie along the edge of the Indian plate and hence are prone to violent earthquakes. This region has the highest rates of seismicity and largest earthquakes in the Himalaya region. Ranging from the coastal areas of the south to the glaciated mountains of the north, Pakistan's landscapes vary from plains to deserts, forests, hills and plateaus .", "qas": [ { "id": "32255", "question": "where is pakistan located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone" } ] }, { "id": "32256", "question": "what is the most within the eurasian plate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" } ] }, { "id": "32257", "question": "where is the indian tectonic plate located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "Eurasian plate" } ] }, { "id": "32258", "question": "where is the eurasian plate located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "the Iranian plateau" } ] }, { "id": "32259", "question": "what lie along the edge of the indian plate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "Gilgit\u2013Baltistan and Azad Kashmir" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Pakistan is divided into three major geographic areas: the northern highlands, the Indus River plain and the Balochistan Plateau. The northern highlands contain the Karakoram, Hindu Kush and Pamir mountain ranges (see mountains of Pakistan), which contain some of the world's highest peaks, including five of the fourteen eight-thousanders (mountain peaks over ), which attract adventurers and mountaineers from all over the world, notably K2 () and Nanga Parbat (). The Balochistan Plateau lies in the west and the Thar Desert in the east. The Indus River and its tributaries flow through the country from the Kashmir region to the Arabian Sea. There is an expanse of alluvial plains along it in Punjab and Sindh.", "qas": [ { "id": "32260", "question": "how many major geographic areas does pakistan have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "32261", "question": "what are the names of the northern highlands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "Indus River plain and the Balochistan Plateau" } ] }, { "id": "32262", "question": "what does the northern highlands consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "Karakoram, Hindu Kush and Pamir mountain ranges" } ] }, { "id": "32263", "question": "what is the name of the world 's highest peaks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 450, "text": "Nanga Parbat" } ] }, { "id": "32264", "question": "where is the balochistan plateau located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 516, "text": "Thar Desert" } ] }, { "id": "32265", "question": "where is the indus river and its tributaries located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 633, "text": "Arabian Sea" } ] }, { "id": "32266", "question": "where is there a expanse of alluvial plains ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 697, "text": "Punjab and Sindh" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The climate varies from tropical to temperate, with arid conditions in the coastal south. There is a monsoon season with frequent flooding due to heavy rainfall, and a dry season with significantly less rainfall or none at all. There are four distinct seasons: a cool, dry winter from December through February; a hot, dry spring from March through May; the summer rainy season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through September; and the retreating monsoon period of October and November. Rainfall varies greatly from year to year, and patterns of alternate flooding and drought are common.\nThe diversity of landscapes and climates in Pakistan allows a wide variety of trees and plants to flourish. The forests range from coniferous alpine and subalpine trees such as spruce, pine and deodar cedar in the extreme northern mountains, through deciduous trees in most of the country (for example the mulberry-like shisham found in the Sulaiman Mountains), to palms such as coconut and date in southern Punjab, southern Balochistan and all of Sindh. The western hills are home to juniper, tamarisk, coarse grasses and scrub plants. Mangrove forests form much of the coastal wetlands along the coast in the south.", "qas": [ { "id": "32267", "question": "why is there a monsoon season ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "heavy rainfall" } ] }, { "id": "32268", "question": "how many distinct seasons are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "four" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Coniferous forests are found at altitudes ranging from in most of the northern and northwestern highlands. In the xeric regions of Balochistan, date palm and \"Ephedra\" are common. In most of Punjab and Sindh, the Indus plains support tropical and subtropical dry and moist broadleaf forestry as well as tropical and xeric shrublands. These forests are mostly of mulberry, acacia, and eucalyptus. About 2.2% or of Pakistan was forested in 2010.", "qas": [ { "id": "32269", "question": "where are coniferous forests found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "northern and northwestern highlands" } ] }, { "id": "32270", "question": "what is another term for palm ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "Ephedra" } ] }, { "id": "32271", "question": "what are the broadleaf forestry forestry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 303, "text": "tropical and xeric shrublands" } ] }, { "id": "32272", "question": "what are the forests of forests ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 362, "text": "mulberry, acacia, and eucalyptus" } ] }, { "id": "32273", "question": "what percentage of pakistan 's pakistan was forested ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 402, "text": "2.2%" } ] }, { "id": "32274", "question": "in what year was pakistan forested ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 438, "text": "2010" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The fauna of Pakistan reflects its varied climates too. Around 668 bird species are found there: crows, sparrows, mynas, hawks, falcons and eagles commonly occur. Palas, Kohistan, has a significant population of western tragopan. Many birds sighted in Pakistan are migratory, coming from Europe, Central Asia and India.", "qas": [ { "id": "32275", "question": "how many bird species are found there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "668" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The southern plains are home to mongooses, civets, hares, the Asiatic jackal, the Indian pangolin, the jungle cat and the desert cat. There are mugger crocodiles in the Indus, and wild boar, deer, porcupines and small rodents are common in the surrounding areas. The sandy scrublands of central Pakistan are home to Asiatic jackals, striped hyenas, wildcats and leopards. The lack of vegetative cover, the severe climate and the impact of grazing on the deserts have left wild animals in a precarious position. The chinkara is the only animal that can still be found in significant numbers in Cholistan. A small number of nilgai are found along the Pakistan-India border and in some parts of Cholistan. A wide variety of animals live in the mountainous north, including the Marco Polo sheep, the urial (a subspecies of wild sheep), markhor and ibex goats, the Asian black bear and the Himalayan brown bear. Among the rare animals found in the area are the snow leopard, and the blind Indus river dolphin, of which there are believed to be about 1,100 remaining, protected at the Indus River Dolphin Reserve in Sindh. In total, 174 mammals, 177 reptiles, 22 amphibians, 198 freshwater fish species and 5,000 species of invertebrates (including insects) have been recorded in Pakistan.", "qas": [ { "id": "32276", "question": "what are the asiatic jackal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "the jungle cat and the desert cat" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The flora and fauna of Pakistan suffer from a number of problems. Pakistan has the second-highest rate of deforestation in the world. This, along with hunting and pollution, is causing adverse effects on the ecosystem. The government has established a large number of protected areas, wildlife sanctuaries, and game reserves to deal with these issues.", "qas": [ { "id": "32277", "question": "what is causing adverse effects ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "hunting and pollution" } ] }, { "id": "32278", "question": "what is causing hunting and pollution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "adverse effects on the ecosystem" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As of present, there are around 157 protected areas in Pakistan that are recognised by IUCN. According to the 'Modern Protected Areas' legislation, a national park is a protected area set aside by the government for the protection and conservation of its outstanding scenery and wildlife in a natural state. The oldest national park is Lal Suhanra in Bahawalpur District, established in 1972. It is also the only biosphere reserve of Pakistan. Lal Suhanra is the only national park established before the independence of the nation in August 1947. Central Karakoram in Gilgit Baltistan is currently the largest national park in the country, spanning over a total approximate area of . The smallest national park is the Ayub, covering a total approximate area of .", "qas": [ { "id": "32279", "question": "how many areas are in pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "157" } ] }, { "id": "32280", "question": "what is the oldest national park in 1972 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 336, "text": "Lal Suhanra" } ] }, { "id": "32281", "question": "where is the oldest national park ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 351, "text": "Bahawalpur District" } ] }, { "id": "32282", "question": "when was the oldest national park established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 387, "text": "1972" } ] }, { "id": "32283", "question": "what is the only national park in the nation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 444, "text": "Lal Suhanra" } ] }, { "id": "32284", "question": "when was the only national park established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 535, "text": "August 1947" } ] }, { "id": "32285", "question": "where is the largest national park in the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 569, "text": "Gilgit Baltistan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Economists estimate that Pakistan has been part of the wealthiest region of the world throughout the first millennium CE having the largest economy by GDP. This advantage was lost in the 18th century as other regions edged forward such as China and Western Europe. Pakistan is considered as a developing country and is one of the Next Eleven, the eleven countries that, along with the BRICs, have a high potential to become the world's largest economies in the 21st century. However, after decades of social instability, , serious deficiencies in macromangament and unbalanced macroeconomics in basic services such as train transportation and electrical energy generation had developed. The economy is considered to be semi-industrialized, with centres of growth along the Indus River. The diversified economies of Karachi and Punjab's urban centres coexist with less developed areas in other parts of the country particularly in Balochistan. Pakistan is the 70th largest export economy in the world and the 89th most complex economy according to the Economic complexity index (ECI). In 2013, Pakistan exported $28.2B and imported $44.8B, resulting in a negative trade balance of $16.6B.", "qas": [ { "id": "32286", "question": "in what century was the advantage of the advantage of the advantage lost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "18th century" } ] }, { "id": "32287", "question": "what two countries were lost by the 18th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "China and Western Europe" } ] }, { "id": "32288", "question": "what did pakistan sell in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1111, "text": "$28.2B" } ] }, { "id": "32289", "question": "what did pakistan sell in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1131, "text": "$44.8B" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Pakistan's estimated nominal GDP is US$271 billion making it the 41st largest in the world and second largest in South Asia representing about 15.0% of regional GDP. The GDP by PPP is US$838,164 million. The estimated nominal per capita GDP is US$1,197, GDP (PPP)/capita is US$4,602 (international dollars), and debt-to-GDP ratio is 55.5%. According to the World Bank, Pakistan has important strategic endowments and development potential. The increasing proportion of Pakistan's youth provides the country with a potential demographic dividend and a challenge to provide adequate services and employment. 21.04% of the population live below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day. Unemployment rate among aged 15 and over population is 5.5%. Pakistan has an estimated of 40 million middle class citizens which are projected to increase to 100 million people by 2050. A 2013 report published by the World Bank positioned Pakistan's economy at 24th largest in the world by purchasing power and 45th largest in absolute dollars. It is South Asia's second largest economy, representing about 15.0% of regional GDP. ", "qas": [ { "id": "32290", "question": "what was pakistan 's gdp in pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "US$271 billion" } ] }, { "id": "32291", "question": "how much of pakistan 's gdp is pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "15.0%" } ] }, { "id": "32292", "question": "what is the gdp of ppp ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "US$838,164 million" } ] }, { "id": "32293", "question": "what is debt-to-gdp ratio ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 333, "text": "55.5%" } ] }, { "id": "32294", "question": "what is the unemployment rate of aged 15 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 746, "text": "5.5%" } ] }, { "id": "32295", "question": "how many middle class citizens are in pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 781, "text": "40 million" } ] }, { "id": "32296", "question": "what percentage of regional gdp is south asia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1098, "text": "15.0%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Pakistan's economic growth since its inception has been varied. It has been slow during periods of democratic transition, but excellent during the three periods of martial law, although the foundation for sustainable and equitable growth was not formed. The early to middle 2000s was a period of rapid economic reforms; the government raised development spending, which reduced poverty levels by 10% and increased GDP by 3%. The economy cooled again from 2007. Inflation reached 25.0% in 2008 and Pakistan had to depend on a fiscal policy backed by the International Monetary Fund to avoid possible bankruptcy. A year later, the Asian Development Bank reported that Pakistan's economic crisis was easing. The inflation rate for the fiscal year was 14.1%. Since 2013, as part of an International Monetary Fund program Pakistan's economic growth has picked up. Goldman Sachs predicted, in 2014, that Pakistan's economy would grow 15 times in the next 35 years to become 18th largest economy in the world by 2050. In his 2016 book, \"The Rise and Fall of Nations,\" Ruchir Sharma termed Pakistan\u2019s economy as on a 'take-off' stage and the future outlook till 2020 has been termed \u2018Very Good\u2019. Sharma termed it possible to transform Pakistan from a \"low-income to a middle-income country during the next five years.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "32297", "question": "how much of the gdp was raised by the government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 396, "text": "10%" } ] }, { "id": "32298", "question": "how much of the gdp was increased in the early to middle 2000s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 421, "text": "3%" } ] }, { "id": "32299", "question": "what was the inflation inflation in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 479, "text": "25.0%" } ] }, { "id": "32300", "question": "what was the inflation rate for the fiscal year ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 748, "text": "14.1%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Pakistan is one of the largest producers of natural commodities, and its labour market is the 10th largest in the world. The 7-million\u2013strong Pakistani diaspora contributed an estimated US$15 billion to the economy in 2014\u201315. The major source countries of remittances to Pakistan are: the UAE; United States; Saudi Arabia; the Gulf states (Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, and Oman); Australia; Canada; Japan; United Kingdom; Norway; and Switzerland. According to the World Trade Organization, Pakistan's share of overall world exports is declining; it contributed only 0.128% in 2007. The trade deficit in the fiscal year 2010\u201311 was US$11.217 billion.", "qas": [ { "id": "32301", "question": "where is pakistan ranked in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "10th largest" } ] }, { "id": "32302", "question": "how much did the economy cost in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "US$15 billion" } ] }, { "id": "32303", "question": "what was the world trade organization in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 562, "text": "0.128%" } ] }, { "id": "32304", "question": "how much was the trade deficit in the fiscal year ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 627, "text": "US$11.217 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The structure of the Pakistani economy has changed from a mainly agricultural to a strong service base. Agriculture accounts for only 21.2% of the GDP. Even so, according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Pakistan produced 21,591,400 metric tons of wheat in 2005, more than all of Africa (20,304,585 metric tons) and nearly as much as all of South America (24,557,784 metric tons). Majority of the population, directly or indirectly, is dependent on this sector. It accounts for half of employed labour force and is the largest source of foreign exchange earnings.", "qas": [ { "id": "32305", "question": "what percentage of the gdp is agriculture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "21.2%" } ] }, { "id": "32306", "question": "what tons of wheat in 2005 did pakistan create ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "21,591,400 metric tons" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A large portion of the country's manufactured exports are dependent on raw materials such as cotton and hides that are part of the agriculture sector, while supply shortages and market disruptions in farm products do push up inflationary pressures. The country is also the fifth largest producer of cotton, with cotton production of 14 million bales from a modest beginning of 1.7 million bales in the early 1950s; is self sufficient in sugarcane; and is the fourth largest producer in the world of milk. Land and water resources have not risen proportionately, but the increases have taken place mainly due to gains in labour and agriculture productivity. The major breakthrough in crop production took place in the late 1960s and 1970s due to the Green Revolution that made a significant contribution to land and yield increases of wheat and rice. Private tube wells led to a 50 percent increase in the cropping intensity which was augmented by tractor cultivation. While the tube wells raised crop yields by 50 percent, the High Yielding Varieties (HYVs) of wheat and rice led to a 50\u201360 percent higher yield. Meat industry accounts for 1.4 percent of overall GDP.", "qas": [ { "id": "32307", "question": "how many bales of cotton does cotton have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 333, "text": "14 million bales" } ] }, { "id": "32308", "question": "what is the modest beginning of cotton ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 377, "text": "1.7 million bales" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Manufacturing is the third largest sector of the economy, accounting for 18.5% of gross domestic product (GDP), and 13 percent of total employment. Large-scale manufacturing (LSM), at 12.2% of GDP, dominates the overall sector, accounting for 66% of the sectoral share, followed by small-scale manufacturing, which accounts for 4.9% of total GDP. Pakistan's cement industry is also fast growing mainly because of demand from Afghanistan and from the domestic real estate sector. In 2013 Pakistan exported 7,708,557 metric tons of cement. Pakistan has an installed capacity of 44,768,250 metric tons of cement and 42,636,428 metric tons of clinker. In 2012 and 2013, the cement industry in Pakistan became the most profitable sector of the economy.", "qas": [ { "id": "32309", "question": "what percentage of gross domestic product is the gdp of the economy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "18.5%" } ] }, { "id": "32310", "question": "what percentage of gdp is accounting ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "12.2%" } ] }, { "id": "32311", "question": "what percentage of the sector is accounting ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 243, "text": "66%" } ] }, { "id": "32312", "question": "what percentage of total gdp is small-scale manufacturing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "4.9%" } ] }, { "id": "32313", "question": "what tons of pakistan did pakistan buy in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 505, "text": "7,708,557 metric tons of cement" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The textile industry has a pivotal position in the manufacturing sector of Pakistan. Pakistan is the eighth-largest exporter of textile products in Asia, contributing 9.5% to the GDP and providing employment to about 15 million people (some 30% of the 49 million people in the workforce). Pakistan is the fourth-largest producer of cotton with the third largest spinning capacity in Asia after China and India, and contributes 5% to the global spinning capacity. China is the second largest buyer of Pakistani textiles, importing US$1.527 billion of textiles last fiscal. Unlike the US, where mostly value-added textiles are imported, China buys only cotton yarn and cotton fabric from Pakistan. In 2012, Pakistani textile products accounted for 3.3% or US$1.07bn of all UK textile imports, 12.4% or $4.61bn of total Chinese textile imports, 2.98% or $2.98b of all US textile imports, 1.6% or $0.88bn of total German textile imports and 0.7% or $0.888bn of total Indian textile imports.", "qas": [ { "id": "32314", "question": "what percentage of pakistan 's gdp is pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "9.5%" } ] }, { "id": "32315", "question": "how many people attend pakistan 's gdp ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "15 million" } ] }, { "id": "32316", "question": "what percentage of cotton capacity does pakistan have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 427, "text": "5%" } ] }, { "id": "32317", "question": "how much of textiles is china in china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 530, "text": "US$1.527 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Services Sector has 57.7 percent share in GDP and has emerged as the main driver of economic growth. Pakistani society like other developing countries is a consumption oriented society, having a high marginal propensity to consume. The growth rate of services sector is higher than the growth rate of agriculture and industrial sector. Services sector accounts for 54 percent of GDP in 2014 and little over one-third of total employment. Services sector has strong linkages with other sectors of economy; it provides essential inputs to agriculture sector and manufacturing sector. Pakistan's I.T sector is regarded as among the fastest growing sector's in Pakistan. The \"World Economic Forum\", assessing the development of Information and Communication Technology in the country ranked Pakistan 111th among 144 countries in the Global Information Technology report of 2014.", "qas": [ { "id": "32318", "question": "what percentage of gdp has emerged in gdp ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "57.7 percent" } ] }, { "id": "32319", "question": "what percentage of gdp is services in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 365, "text": "54 percent" } ] }, { "id": "32320", "question": "how many countries did pakistan have in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 808, "text": "144" } ] } ] }, { "context": ", Pakistan has over 20 million internet users and is ranked as one of the top countries that have registered a high growth rate in internet penetration. Overall, it has the 27th largest population of internet users in the world. In the fiscal year 2012\u20132013. The current growth rate and employment trend indicate that Pakistan's Information Communication Technology (ICT) industry will exceed the $10-billion mark by 2020. The sector employees 12,000 and count's among top 5 freelancing nations. The country has also improved its export performance in telecom, computer and information services, as the share of their exports surged from 8.2pc in 2005\u201306 to 12.6pc in 2012\u201313. This growth is much better than that of China, whose share in services exports was 3pc and 7.7pc for the same period respectively.", "qas": [ { "id": "32321", "question": "how many internet users does pakistan have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "20 million" } ] }, { "id": "32322", "question": "in what year was the fiscal year of year ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "2012\u20132013" } ] }, { "id": "32323", "question": "what does the ict growth rate and employment trend ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 318, "text": "Pakistan's Information Communication Technology" } ] }, { "id": "32324", "question": "what does the current growth rate of pakistan 's information exceed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 397, "text": "$10-billion mark" } ] }, { "id": "32325", "question": "how many employees are in the sector ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 444, "text": "12,000" } ] }, { "id": "32326", "question": "what are the share of china 's share in services ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 760, "text": "3pc and 7.7pc" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Energy from the nuclear power source is provided by three licensed-commercial nuclear power plants, data. The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), the scientific and nuclear governmental authority, is solely responsible for operating these power plants, while the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority regulates safe usage of the nuclear energy. The electricity generated by commercial nuclear power plants constitutes roughly ~5.8% of electricity generated in Pakistan, compared to ~62% from fossil fuel (petroleum), ~29.9% from hydroelectric power and ~0.3% from coal. Pakistan is one of the four nuclear armed states (along with India, Israel, and North Korea) that is not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty but is a member in good standing of the International Atomic Energy Agency.", "qas": [ { "id": "32327", "question": "how many nuclear power plants are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "32328", "question": "what regulates safe usage of the nuclear energy commission ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority" } ] }, { "id": "32329", "question": "what percentage of electricity generated in pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 432, "text": "~5.8%" } ] }, { "id": "32330", "question": "what is pakistan 's good standing of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 769, "text": "International Atomic Energy Agency" } ] } ] }, { "context": "For the commercial usage of the nuclear power, China has provided an avid support for commercialising the nuclear power sources in Pakistan from early on, first providing the Chashma-I reactor. The Karachi-I, a Candu-type, was provided by Canada in 1971\u2013 the country's first commercial nuclear power plant. In subsequent years, People's Republic of China sold the nuclear power plant for energy and industrial growth of the country. In 2005, both countries reached out towards working on joint energy security plan, calling for a huge increase in generating capacity to more than 160,000\u00a0MWe by 2030. Original admissions by Pakistan, the government plans for lifting nuclear capacity to 8800\u00a0MWe, 900\u00a0MWe of it by 2015 and a further 1500\u00a0MWe by 2020.In June 2008, the nuclear commercial complex was expanded with the ground work of installing and operationalising the Chashma-III and Chashma\u2013IV reactors at Chashma, Punjab Province, each with 325\u2013340\u00a0MWe and costing \u20a8.\u00a0129\u00a0billion,; from which the \u20a8. 80\u00a0billion of this from international sources, principally China. A further agreement for China's help with the project was signed in October 2008, and given prominence as a counter to the US\u2013India agreement shortly preceding it. Cost quoted then was US$1.7\u00a0billion, with a foreign loan component of $1.07\u00a0billion. In 2013, the second nuclear commercial complex in Karachi was marginalised and expanded to additional reactors, based on the Chashma complex. The electrical energy is generated by various energy corporations and evenly distributed by the National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) among the four provinces. However, the Karachi-based K-Electric and the Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) generates much of the electrical energy as well as gathering revenue nationwide. Capacity to generate ~22,797 electricity has been installed in 2014, with the initiation of several energy projects in 2014.", "qas": [ { "id": "32331", "question": "what is the first support of china 's nuclear power ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "Chashma-I reactor" } ] }, { "id": "32332", "question": "when was the first commercial nuclear power plant provided ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "1971\u2013" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Pakistan, with its diverse cultures, people and landscapes attracted 1.1 million foreign tourists annually in 2011 and 2012 contributing $351 million and $369 million to Pakistan's economy respectively. A significant decline since the 1970s when the country received unprecedented amounts of foreign tourists due to the popular Hippie trail. The trail attracted thousands of Europeans and American's in 1960s and 1970s who travelled via land through Turkey, Iran into India through Pakistan. The main destinations of choice for these tourists were the Khyber Pass, Peshawar, Karachi, Lahore, Swat and Rawalpindi. However, the trail declined after the Iranian Revolution and the Soviet\u2013Afghan War.", "qas": [ { "id": "32333", "question": "how many foreign tourists did pakistan have in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "1.1 million" } ] }, { "id": "32334", "question": "how much did pakistan pay in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "$351 million" } ] }, { "id": "32335", "question": "how much did pakistan pay to pakistan 's economy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "$369 million" } ] }, { "id": "32336", "question": "what was the popular trail of foreign tourists ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "Hippie trail" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The country however continues to attract an estimated of half a million foreign tourists. Pakistan's attraction range from the ruin of civilisation such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa and Taxila, to the Himalayan hill stations. Pakistan is home to several mountain peaks over . The north part of Pakistan has many old fortresses, ancient architecture and the Hunza and Chitral valley, home to small pre-Islamic Animist Kalasha community claiming descent from Alexander the Great. Pakistan's cultural capital, Lahore, contains many examples of Mughal architecture such as Badshahi Masjid, Shalimar Gardens, Tomb of Jahangir and the Lahore Fort.", "qas": [ { "id": "32337", "question": "how many tourists are in the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "half a million foreign tourists" } ] }, { "id": "32338", "question": "what are some ruin of pakistan 's attraction ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "Mohenjo-daro, Harappa and Taxila" } ] }, { "id": "32339", "question": "what valley has the north part of pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 353, "text": "Hunza and Chitral valley" } ] }, { "id": "32340", "question": "who is the community of pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 453, "text": "Alexander the Great" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In October 2006, just one year after the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, \"The Guardian\" released what it described as \"The top five tourist sites in Pakistan\" in order to help the country's tourism industry. The five sites included Taxila, Lahore, The Karakoram Highway, Karimabad and Lake Saiful Muluk. To promote Pakistan's unique and various cultural heritage. In 2009, The World Economic Forum's Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report ranked Pakistan as one of the top 25% tourist destinations for its World Heritage sites. Tourist destinations range from mangroves in the south, to the 5,000-year-old cities of the Indus Valley Civilization which included Mohenjo-daro and Harappa.", "qas": [ { "id": "32341", "question": "what percentage of tourist destinations did the world economic forum 's travel for its world heritage sites ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 467, "text": "25%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The transport industry accounts for ~10.5% of the nation's GDP. Pakistan's motorway infrastructure is better than those of India, Bangladesh, and Indonesia, but the train system lags behind those of India and China, and aviation infrastructure also needs improvement. There is scarcely any inland water transportation system, and coastal shipping only meets minor local requirements.", "qas": [ { "id": "32342", "question": "what is the transport industry in the nation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "~10.5%" } ] }, { "id": "32343", "question": "what countries are pakistan 's motorway better than ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "India, Bangladesh, and Indonesia" } ] }, { "id": "32344", "question": "what two areas of pakistan have improvement improvement in pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "India and China, and aviation infrastructure" } ] }, { "id": "32345", "question": "what type of system is used in coastal shipping ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "inland water transportation system" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Highways form the backbone of Pakistan's transport system; a total road length of accounts for 91% of passenger and 96% of freight traffic. Road transport services are largely in the hands of the private sector, which handles around 95% of freight traffic. The National Highway Authority is responsible for the maintenance of national highways and motorways. The highway and motorway system depends mainly on north\u2013south links, connecting the southern ports to the populous provinces of Punjab and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. Although this network only accounts for 4.2% of total road length, it carries 85% of the country's traffic.", "qas": [ { "id": "32346", "question": "what is the total road length of pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "91%" } ] }, { "id": "32347", "question": "what percentage of freight traffic traffic are there in pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "96%" } ] }, { "id": "32348", "question": "what percentage of freight traffic are in the private sector ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "95%" } ] }, { "id": "32349", "question": "what percentage of total road length does the national highway have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 558, "text": "4.2%" } ] }, { "id": "32350", "question": "what percentage of the country 's traffic length is the national highway ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 596, "text": "85%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Pakistan Railways, under the Ministry of Railways (MoR), operates the railroad system. From 1947 until the 1970s, the train system was the primary means of transport until the nationwide constructions of the national highways and the economic boom of the automotive industry. Since the 1990s, there was a marked shift in traffic from rail to highways; dependence grew on roads after the introduction of vehicles in the country. Now the railway's share of inland traffic is only 10% for passengers and 4% for freight traffic. Personal transportation dominated by the automobiles, the total rail track decreased from in 1990\u201391 to in 2011. Pakistan expects to use the rail service to boost foreign trade with China, Iran and Turkey.", "qas": [ { "id": "32351", "question": "what does mor stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "Ministry of Railways" } ] }, { "id": "32352", "question": "what percentage of inland traffic is the railway 's share of inland traffic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 482, "text": "10%" } ] }, { "id": "32353", "question": "what percentage of inland traffic is the railway 's share of inland traffic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 505, "text": "4%" } ] }, { "id": "32354", "question": "when did the total rail track decreased ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 622, "text": "1990\u201391" } ] }, { "id": "32355", "question": "what countries does pakistan use foreign trade with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 711, "text": "China, Iran and Turkey" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Rough estimates accounts for 139 airports in Pakistan\u2013both military and civilian airports which are mostly publicly owned. Though the Jinnah International Airport is the principal international gateway to Pakistan, the international airports in Lahore, Islamabad, Peshawar, Quetta, Faisalabad, Sialkot and Multan also handle significant amounts of traffic. The civil aviation industry is mixed with public and private sectors, which has been deregulated in 1993. While the state-owned Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) is the major and dominated air carrier that carries about 73% of domestic passengers and all domestic freight, the private airlines such as airBlue, Shaheen Air International, and Air Indus, also provide the similar services with low cost expenses. Major seaports are in Karachi, Sindh (the Karachi port and Port Qasim). Since the 1990s, some seaport operations have been moved to Balochistan with the construction of Gwadar Port and Gadani Port. According to Mundi Index, quality ratings of Pakistan's seaports increased from 3.6 to 4 between 2006 and 2009.", "qas": [ { "id": "32356", "question": "what type of airports does pakistan have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "139" } ] }, { "id": "32357", "question": "when did the civil aviation industry begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 457, "text": "1993" } ] }, { "id": "32358", "question": "what is the name of the major air carrier ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 485, "text": "Pakistan International Airlines" } ] }, { "id": "32359", "question": "what percentage of domestic passengers are in pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 581, "text": "73%" } ] }, { "id": "32360", "question": "since the 1990s , some seaport have been moved with what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 941, "text": "Gwadar Port and Gadani Port" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Development on science and technology plays an influential role in Pakistan's infrastructure and helped the country to reach out to the world. Every year, scientists from around the world are invited by the Pakistan Academy of Sciences and the Pakistan Government to participate in the International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics. Pakistan hosted an international seminar on \"Physics in Developing Countries\" for International Year of Physics 2005. Pakistani theoretical physicist Abdus Salam won a Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the electroweak interaction. Influential publications and the critical scientific works in the advancement of mathematics, biology, economics, computer science, and genetics have been produced by the Pakistani scientists at the domestic and international standings.", "qas": [ { "id": "32361", "question": "who invited scientists to participate in pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "Pakistan Academy of Sciences and the Pakistan Government" } ] }, { "id": "32362", "question": "where is the pakistan academy of sciences invited ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics" } ] }, { "id": "32363", "question": "when did pakistan host an international seminar ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 420, "text": "International Year of Physics 2005" } ] }, { "id": "32364", "question": "who won a nobel prize in physics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 488, "text": "Abdus Salam" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In chemistry, Salimuzzaman Siddiqui was the first Pakistani scientist to bring the therapeutic constituents of the neem tree to the attention of natural products chemists. Pakistani neurosurgeon Ayub Ommaya invented the Ommaya reservoir, a system for treatment of brain tumours and other brain conditions. Scientific research and development plays a pivotal role in Pakistani universities, collaboration with the government sponsored national laboratories, science parks, and co-operation with the industry. Abdul Qadeer Khan regarded as the founder of HEU-based Gas-centrifuge uranium enrichment program for Pakistan's integrated atomic bomb project. He founded and established the Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL) in 1976, being both its senior scientist and the Director-General until his retirement in 2001, and he was an early and vital figure in other science projects. Apart from participating in Pakistan's atomic bomb project, he made major contributions in molecular morphology, physical martensite, and its integrated applications in condensed and material physics.", "qas": [ { "id": "32365", "question": "who was the first pakistani scientist in chemistry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "Salimuzzaman Siddiqui" } ] }, { "id": "32366", "question": "who invented the reservoir ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "Ayub Ommaya" } ] }, { "id": "32367", "question": "what is the name of the system that invented treatment of brain tumours ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "Ommaya reservoir" } ] }, { "id": "32368", "question": "who regarded as the founder of uranium enrichment program ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 508, "text": "Abdul Qadeer Khan" } ] }, { "id": "32369", "question": "what did abdul qadeer established in 1976 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 683, "text": "Kahuta Research Laboratories" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2010, Pakistan was ranked 43rd in the world in terms of published scientific papers. The Pakistan Academy of Sciences, a strong scientific community, plays an influential and vital role in formulating the science policies recommendation to the government.", "qas": [ { "id": "32370", "question": "in what year was pakistan ranked in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2010" } ] }, { "id": "32371", "question": "what was pakistan 's scientific papers in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "43rd" } ] }, { "id": "32372", "question": "what is the name of the strong scientific community ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "Pakistan Academy of Sciences" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 1960s era saw the emergence of the active space program led by the SUPARCO that produced advances in domestic rocketry, electronics, and aeronomy. The space program recorded a few notable feats and achievements. The successful launch of its first rocket into space made Pakistan the first South Asian country to have achieved such a task. Successfully producing and launching the nation's first space satellite in 1990, Pakistan became the first Muslim country and second South Asian country to put a satellite into space.As an aftermath of the 1971 war with India, the clandestine crash program developed atomic weapons in a fear and to prevent any foreign intervention, while ushering in the atomic age in the post cold war era. Competition with India and tensions eventually led Pakistan's decision of conducting underground nuclear tests in 1998; thus becoming the seventh country in the world to successfully develop nuclear weapons.", "qas": [ { "id": "32373", "question": "when was the nation 's first space satellite developed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 418, "text": "1990" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Islamic Republic of Pakistan is the only Muslim country that maintains a research station in Antarctica and it has maintained a presence there since 1991. After establishing an Antarctic program, Pakistan is one of the small number of countries that have an active research presence in Antarctica. The Antarctic program oversees two summer research stations on the continent and plans to open another base, which will operate all year round. Energy consumption by computers and usage has grown since the 1990s when the PCs were introduced; Pakistan has over 20 million internet users and is ranked as one of the top countries that have registered a high growth rate in internet penetration, . Key publications has been produced by Pakistan, and domestic software development has gained a lot international praise.", "qas": [ { "id": "32374", "question": "in what year did the islamic republic make a research station ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "1991" } ] }, { "id": "32375", "question": "how many internet users does pakistan have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 562, "text": "20 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Overall, it has the 27th largest population of internet users in the world. Since the 2000s, Pakistan has made significant amount of progress in supercomputing, and various institutions offers research in parallel computing. Pakistan government reportedly spends \u20a8. 4.6 billion on information technology projects, with emphasis on e-government, human resource and infrastructure development.", "qas": [ { "id": "32376", "question": "how much money did information on information technology increase on information technology projects ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "4.6 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The constitution of Pakistan requires the state to provide free primary and secondary education.", "qas": [ { "id": "32377", "question": "what does the constitution of pakistan provide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "free primary and secondary education" } ] } ] }, { "context": "At the time of establishment of Pakistan as state, the country had only one university, the Punjab University in Lahore. On immediate basis, the Pakistan government established public universities in each four provinices including the Sindh University (1949), Peshawar University (1950), Karachi University (1953), and Balochistan University (1970). Pakistan has a large network of both public and private universities; a collaboration of public-private universities to provide research and higher education in the country, although there is concern about the low quality of teaching in many of the newer schools. It is estimated that there are 3193 technical and vocational institutions in Pakistan, and there are also \"madrassah\"s that provide free Islamic education and offer free board and lodging to students, who come mainly from the poorer strata of society. Strongly instigated public pressure and popular criticism over the extremists usage of \"madrassahs\" for recruitment, the Pakistan government has made repeated efforts to regulate and monitor the quality of education in the \"madrassahs\".", "qas": [ { "id": "32378", "question": "when was the sindh university established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "1949" } ] }, { "id": "32379", "question": "in what year was peshawar university established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "1950" } ] }, { "id": "32380", "question": "when was karachi university established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "1953" } ] }, { "id": "32381", "question": "how many technical and vocational institutions are in pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 645, "text": "3193" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Education in Pakistan is divided into six main levels: nursery (preparatory classes); primary (grades one through five); middle (grades six through eight); matriculation (grades nine and ten, leading to the secondary certificate); intermediate (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a higher secondary certificate); and university programmes leading to graduate and postgraduate programs. Network of Pakistani private schools also operate a parallel secondary education system based on the curriculum set and administered by the Cambridge International Examinations of the United Kingdom. Some students choose to take the O-level and A level exams conducted by the British Council. According to the International Schools Consultancy, Pakistan has 439 international schools.", "qas": [ { "id": "32382", "question": "how many main levels are in pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "six" } ] }, { "id": "32383", "question": "what is the preparatory classes in pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "nursery" } ] }, { "id": "32384", "question": "how many main levels are in pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "grades one through five" } ] }, { "id": "32385", "question": "what is the average temperature in pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "grades six through eight" } ] }, { "id": "32386", "question": "who administered the secondary education system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 528, "text": "Cambridge International Examinations of the United Kingdom" } ] }, { "id": "32387", "question": "how many international schools does pakistan have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 746, "text": "439" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Initiatives taken in 2007, the English medium education has been made compulsory to all schools across the country. Additional reforms taken in 2013, all educational institutions in Sindh began instructions in Chinese language courses, reflecting China's growing role as a superpower and increasing influence in Pakistan. The literacy rate of the population is ~58 %. Male literacy is ~70.2% while female literacy rate is 46.3%. Literacy rates vary by region and particularly by sex; for instance, female literacy in tribal areas is 3.0%. With the launch of the computer literacy in 1995, the government launched a nationwide initiative in 1998 with the aim of eradicating illiteracy and providing a basic education to all children. Through various educational reforms, by 2015 the MoEd expects to attain 100.00% enrolment levels among children of primary school age and a literacy rate of ~86% among people aged over 10. Pakistan is currently spending 2.2 percent of its GDP on education; which according to Institute of Social and Policy Sciences is one of the lowest in South Asia.", "qas": [ { "id": "32388", "question": "in what year was the english medium education made ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "2007" } ] }, { "id": "32389", "question": "what is the literacy rate of the population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 361, "text": "~58 %" } ] }, { "id": "32390", "question": "what is male literacy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 385, "text": "~70.2%" } ] }, { "id": "32391", "question": "what is the female literacy rate in hyderabad ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 422, "text": "46.3%" } ] }, { "id": "32392", "question": "what is tribal areas in tribal areas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 533, "text": "3.0%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After earning their HSC, students may study in a professional college or the university for bachelorate program courses such as science and engineering (BEng, BS/BSc, BTech) surgery and medicine (MBBS, MD), dentistry (BDS), veterinary medicine (DVM), criminal justice and law (LLB, LLM, JD), architecture (BArch), pharmacy (Pharm D.) and nursing (BNurs). Students can also attend a university for a bachelorate degree for business administration, literature, and management including the BA, BCom, BBA, and MBA programs. The higher education mainly supervises by the Higher Education Commission (HEC) that sets out the policies and issues rankings of the nationwide universities. In October 2014, education activist Malala Yousafzai became by far the youngest ever person in the world to receive the Nobel peace prize.", "qas": [ { "id": "32393", "question": "what is the name of the commission that sets out the policies of nationwide universities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 567, "text": "Higher Education Commission" } ] }, { "id": "32394", "question": "who was the youngest ever in the world to receive the nobel peace prize ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 716, "text": "Malala Yousafzai" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Despite high population growth the country has increased the share of the population with access to an improved water source from 85% in 1990 to 92% in 2010, although this does not necessarily mean that the water from these sources is safe to drink. The share with access to improved sanitation increased from 27% to 48% during the same period, according to the Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation. There has also been considerable innovation at the grass-root level, in particular concerning sanitation. The Orangi Pilot Project in Karachi and community-led total sanitation in rural areas are two examples of such innovation.", "qas": [ { "id": "32395", "question": "what percentage of the population has the population of the population in 1990 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "85%" } ] }, { "id": "32396", "question": "what is the population of the population in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "92%" } ] }, { "id": "32397", "question": "what was the share of the share of access to sanitation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 310, "text": "27% to 48%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "However, the sector still faces major challenges. The quality of the services is poor, as evidenced by intermittent water \nsupply in urban areas and limited wastewater treatment. Poor drinking water quality and sanitation lead to major outbreaks of waterborne diseases. major outbreaks of waterborne diseases swept the cities of Faisalabad, Karachi, Lahore and Peshawar in 2006. Estimates indicate that each year, more than three million Pakistanis become infected with waterborne diseases.\nIn addition, many service providers do not even cover the costs of and maintenance due to low tariffs and poor efficiency. Consequently, the service providers strongly depend on government subsidies and external funding.\nA National Sanitation Policy and a National Drinking Water Policy have been approved in 2006 and 2009 respectively with the objective to \nimprove water and sanitation coverage and quality. However, the level of annual investment (US$4/capita) still remains \nmuch below what would be necessary to achieve a significant increase in access and service quality.", "qas": [ { "id": "32398", "question": "what causes the quality of the services in urban areas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "intermittent water \nsupply" } ] }, { "id": "32399", "question": "what were the names of the major outbreaks of outbreaks in 2006 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 329, "text": "Faisalabad, Karachi, Lahore and Peshawar" } ] }, { "id": "32400", "question": "how many pakistanis become infected with waterborne diseases ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 424, "text": "three million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As per United States Census Bureau estimates the country's population is at 199,085,847 (199.1 million) , which is equivalent to 2.57% of the world population. Noted as the sixth most populated country in the world, its growth rate is reported at ~2.03%, which is the highest of the SAARC nations and gives an annual increase of 3.6 million. The population is projected to reach 210.13 million by 2020 and to double by 2045.", "qas": [ { "id": "32401", "question": "what is the country 's population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "199,085,847" } ] }, { "id": "32402", "question": "what is the population of the country 's population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "199.1 million" } ] }, { "id": "32403", "question": "what percentage of the world 's population is equivalent to the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "2.57%" } ] }, { "id": "32404", "question": "what is the sixth most populated country in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "~2.03%" } ] }, { "id": "32405", "question": "what is the annual annual country in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 329, "text": "3.6 million" } ] }, { "id": "32406", "question": "how much is the population projected to reach by 2020 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 379, "text": "210.13 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "At the time of the partition in 1947, Pakistan had a population of 32.5\u00a0million, but the population increased by ~57.2% between the years 1990 and 2009. By 2030, it is expected to surpass Indonesia as the largest Muslim-majority country in the world. Pakistan is classified as a \"young nation\" with a median age of about 22, and 104 million people under the age of 30 in 2010. Pakistan's fertility rate stands at 3.07, higher than its neighbour India (2.57). Around 35% of the people are under 15.\nVast majority residing in Southern Pakistan lives along the Indus River, with Karachi being its most populous commercial city. In the eastern, western, and Northern Pakistan, most of the population lives in an arc formed by the cities of Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Sargodha, Islamabad, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Gujrat, Jhelum, Sheikhupura, Nowshera, Mardan and Peshawar. During 1990\u20132008, the city dwellers made up 36% of Pakistan's population, making it the most urbanised nation in South Asia which further increased to 38% by 2013. Furthermore, 50% of Pakistanis live in towns of 5,000 people or more.", "qas": [ { "id": "32407", "question": "when was the partition in the partition partition ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "1947" } ] }, { "id": "32408", "question": "what was the population of pakistan in 1947 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "32.5\u00a0million" } ] }, { "id": "32409", "question": "what was the population of pakistan in 1947 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "~57.2%" } ] }, { "id": "32410", "question": "how many people lived in pakistan in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 329, "text": "104 million" } ] }, { "id": "32411", "question": "what percentage of the people are under 15 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 466, "text": "35%" } ] }, { "id": "32412", "question": "what percentage of pakistan 's population was made in 1990 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 914, "text": "36%" } ] }, { "id": "32413", "question": "what percentage of pakistanis live in towns ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1047, "text": "50%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Expenditure spend on healthcare was ~2.8% of GDP in 2013. Life expectancy at birth was 67 years for females and 65 years for males in 2013. The private sector accounts for about 80% of outpatient visits. Approximately 19% of the population and 30% of children under five are malnourished. Mortality of the under-fives was 86 per 1,000 live births in 2012.", "qas": [ { "id": "32414", "question": "what was expenditure spend on healthcare healthcare in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "~2.8%" } ] }, { "id": "32415", "question": "how long was life expectancy in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "67 years" } ] }, { "id": "32416", "question": "how long was life expectancy in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "65 years" } ] }, { "id": "32417", "question": "what percentage of visits to the private sector are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "80%" } ] }, { "id": "32418", "question": "what percentage of the population of atlantic city is malnourished ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "19%" } ] }, { "id": "32419", "question": "what percentage of children under five are malnourished ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "30%" } ] }, { "id": "32420", "question": "how many live births did mortality have in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "86 per 1,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "More than sixty languages are spoken in Pakistan, including a number of provincial languages. Urdu\u2014 the \"lingua franca\", a symbol of Muslim identity, and national unity\u2014 is the national language which is understood by over 75% of Pakistanis and the main source of nationwide communication but is only the primary language of 8% of Pakistan's population. Urdu and English are the official languages of Pakistan, however English is primarily used in official business, government, and legal contracts; the local dialect is known as Pakistani English. The Punjabi language is the most common in Pakistan and is the mother tongue of 66% of Pakistan's population, mostly in Punjab. This includes the 48% who are Standard Punjabi speakers as well as speakers of regional Punjabi dialects such as Saraiki and Hindko. Saraiki dialect is spoken by 10% of Pakistan's population, mainly in South Punjab, while the Hindko dialect is spoken in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, the Pashto language is the provincial language and is well understood in Sindh and Balochistan. The Sindhi language is the common language spoken in Sindh while the Balochi language is dominant in Balochistan. Brahui, a Dravidian language, is spoken by the Brahui people who live in Balochistan. Gujarati community leaders in Pakistan also claim that there are 3 million Gujarati speakers in Karachi. Marwari, a Rajasthani language, is also spoken in parts of Sindh. Various languages such as Shina, Balti and Burushaski are spoken in Gilgit-Baltistan, whilst languages such as Pahari, Gojri and Kashmiri are frequently spoken in Azad Kashmir.", "qas": [ { "id": "32421", "question": "what percentage of pakistanis is the national language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "75%" } ] }, { "id": "32422", "question": "what is the primary language of pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 325, "text": "8%" } ] }, { "id": "32423", "question": "what is the local dialect of pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 530, "text": "Pakistani English" } ] }, { "id": "32424", "question": "what is the mother tongue of pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 629, "text": "66%" } ] }, { "id": "32425", "question": "what percentage of pakistan 's population is spoken ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 839, "text": "10%" } ] }, { "id": "32426", "question": "how many gujarati speakers are in pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1335, "text": "3 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Pakistan Census excludes the immigrants such as the 1.7 million registered Afghans from Afghanistan, who are found mainly in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and tribal belt with small numbers residing in Karachi and Quetta. Pakistan hosts more refugees than any other country in the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "32427", "question": "how many registered afghans from afghanistan were afghans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "1.7 million" } ] }, { "id": "32428", "question": "where were afghans from afghanistan found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and tribal belt" } ] }, { "id": "32429", "question": "where were tribal belt found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "Karachi and Quetta" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Shaikh Muhammad Feroze, the chairman of the Pakistani Bengali Action Committee, claimed that there were 200 settlements of Bengali-speaking people in Pakistan, of which 132 are in Karachi. They are found in various areas of Pakistan such as Thatta, Badin, Hyderabad, Tando Adam and Lahore.", "qas": [ { "id": "32430", "question": "who was the chairman of the pakistani bengali action ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Shaikh Muhammad Feroze" } ] }, { "id": "32431", "question": "what was the name of the chairman of bengali ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Pakistani Bengali Action Committee" } ] }, { "id": "32432", "question": "how many settlements were in pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "200" } ] }, { "id": "32433", "question": "what was the chairman of the pakistani bengali action ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "132" } ] }, { "id": "32434", "question": "what are some areas of pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "Thatta, Badin, Hyderabad, Tando Adam and Lahore" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Experts say that the migration of both Bengalis and Burmese (Rohingya) to Pakistan started in the 1980s and continued till 1998. Large scale Rohingya migration to Karachi made Karachi one of the largest population centres of Rohingyas in the world after Myanmar. The Burmese community of Karachi is spread out over 60 slums in Karachi such as the Burmi Colony in Korangi, Arakanabad, Machchar colony, Bilal colony, Ziaul Haq Colony and Godhra Camp.", "qas": [ { "id": "32435", "question": "how many slums is karachi spread out of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 310, "text": "over 60 slums" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thousands of Uyghur Muslims have also migrated to the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan, fleeing religious and cultural persecution in Xinjiang, China. Since 1989, thousands of Kashmiri Muslim refugees have sought refuge in Pakistan, complaining that many of the refugee women had been raped by Indian soldiers and that they were forced out of their homes by the soldiers.", "qas": [ { "id": "32436", "question": "where do thousands of muslims migrated to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan" } ] }, { "id": "32437", "question": "in what year did thousands of muslim refugees sought refuge ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "1989" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The population is dominated by four main ethnic groups: Punjabis, Pashtuns (Pathans), Sindhis, and Balochs. Rough accounts from 2009 indicate that the Punjabis dominate with 78.7\u00a0million (~45%) while the Pashtuns are the second dominating group with ~29.3\u00a0million (15.42%). The Sindhis are estimated at 24.8\u00a0million (14.1%) with Seraikis (a sub-group of Punjabis) being approximated at a further 14.8\u00a0million (8.4%). The Urdu-speaking \"Muhajirs\" (the Indian emigrants) stand at ~13.3\u00a0million (7.57%) while Balochs are accounted at 6.3\u00a0million (3.57%)\u2013 the smallest group in population terms. The remaining 11.1\u00a0million (4.66%) belong to various ethnic minorities such as Brahuis, Hindkowans, the various peoples of Gilgit-Baltistan, Kashmiris, Sheedis (who are of African descent) and Hazaras. There is also a large Pakistani diaspora worldwide, numbering over seven million, which has been recorded as the sixth largest diaspora in the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "32438", "question": "how many main ethnic groups are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "32439", "question": "what are the four main ethnic groups ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Punjabis, Pashtuns (Pathans), Sindhis, and Balochs" } ] }, { "id": "32440", "question": "how many million has been recorded in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 861, "text": "seven million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "About 97.0% of Pakistanis are Muslims. Pakistan has the second largest number of Muslims in the world after Indonesia. The majority are Sunni, with an estimated 10\u201325% Shia. Pakistan is said to have the third largest Shia population in the world after Iran and India with a Shia population of about 42.5 million. However, a PEW survey in 2012 found that only 6% of Pakistani Muslims were Shia. Pakistan's founder, Jinnah, had been born in a Shia family but other sources maintain that Jinnah became a firm Sunni Muslim later on in life. The Ahmadis, are another minority sect in Pakistan, albeit in much smaller numbers and are officially considered non-Muslims by virtue of the constitutional amendment. There are also several Quraniyoon communities. After the 9/11 attacks in the United States, the sectarian violence among Muslim denominations has increased with systematic targeted killings of both sects, Sunnis and Shias. In 2013, there were country-wide protests by both Shias and Sunnis calling an end to sectarian violence in the country, toughen up the law and order, and urging for Shia-Sunni unity in the country. The Ahmadis are particularly persecuted, especially since 1974 when they were banned from calling themselves Muslims. In 1984, Ahmadiyya places of worship were banned from being called \"mosques\". , 12% of Pakistani Muslims self-identify as non-denominational Muslims.", "qas": [ { "id": "32441", "question": "what percentage of pakistanis are muslims ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 6, "text": "97.0%" } ] }, { "id": "32442", "question": "what percentage of shia 's shia are sunni ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "10\u201325%" } ] }, { "id": "32443", "question": "how many shia population does pakistan have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 299, "text": "42.5 million" } ] }, { "id": "32444", "question": "what percentage of pakistani muslims were shia in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 359, "text": "6%" } ] }, { "id": "32445", "question": "what percentage of pakistani muslims self-identify as non-denominational muslims ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1324, "text": "12%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hinduism is the second largest religion in Pakistan after Islam, according to the 1998 Census. , Pakistan had the fifth largest Hindu population in the world and PEW predicts that by 2050 Pakistan will have the fourth largest Hindu population in the world. In the 1998 Census the Hindu (jati) population was found to be 2,111,271 while the Hindu (scheduled castes) numbered an additional 332,343. Hindus are found in all provinces of Pakistan but are mostly concentrated in Sindh. They speak a variety of languages such as Sindhi, Seraiki, Aer, Dhatki, Gera, Goaria, Gurgula, Jandavra, Kabutra, Koli, Loarki, Marwari, Sansi, Vaghri and Gujarati.", "qas": [ { "id": "32446", "question": "what is the second largest religion in pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hinduism" } ] }, { "id": "32447", "question": "what was the population found in 1998 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 320, "text": "2,111,271" } ] }, { "id": "32448", "question": "what did the hindu scheduled castes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 388, "text": "332,343" } ] } ] }, { "context": "At the time of Pakistan's creation the 'hostage theory' had been espoused. According to this theory the Hindu minority in Pakistan was to be given a fair deal in Pakistan in order to ensure the protection of the Muslim minority in India. However, Khawaja Nazimuddin, the second Prime Minister of Pakistan, stated:I do not agree that religion is a private affair of the individual nor do I agree that in an Islamic state every citizen has identical rights, no matter what his caste, creed or faith be.Christians formed the next largest religious minority, after Hindus, with a population of 2,092,902, as per the 1998 Census. They were followed by the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith, which had a following of 30,000, then Sikhism, Buddhism and Zoroastrianism, each back then claiming 20,000 adherents, and a very small community of Jains. There is a Roman Catholic community in Karachi which was established by Goan and Tamil migrants when Karachi's infrastructure was being developed by the British during colonial administration between World War I and World War II. Influence of atheism is very little with 1.0% of the population aligned as atheist in 2005. However, the figure rose to 2.0% in 2012 according to Gallup.", "qas": [ { "id": "32449", "question": "what is the population of pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 590, "text": "2,092,902" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Islam, the main religion in Pakistan, has to some extent syncretised with pre-Islamic influences, resulting in a religion with some traditions distinct from those of the Arab world. Two Sufis whose shrines receive much national attention are Ali Hajweri in Lahore (c. 12th century) and Shahbaz Qalander in Sehwan, Sindh (c. 12th century). Sufism, a mystical Islamic tradition, has a long history and a large popular following in Pakistan. Popular Sufi culture is centred on Thursday night gatherings at shrines and annual festivals which feature Sufi music and dance. Contemporary Islamic fundamentalists criticise its popular character, which in their view, does not accurately reflect the teachings and practice of the Prophet and his companions.", "qas": [ { "id": "32450", "question": "who is the national attention of lahore ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "Ali Hajweri" } ] }, { "id": "32451", "question": "who was the ali 's shrines in sehwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "Shahbaz Qalander" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Civil society in Pakistan is largely hierarchical, emphasising local cultural etiquettes and traditional Islamic values that govern personal and political life. The basic family unit is the extended family, although there has been a growing trend towards nuclear families for socio-economic reasons. The traditional dress for both men and women is the \"Shalwar Kameez\"; trousers, Jeans, and shirts are also popular among men. The middle class has increased to around 35\u00a0million and the upper and upper-middle classes to around 17\u00a0million in recent decades, and power is shifting from rural landowners to the urbanised elites. Pakistani festivals such as \"Eid-ul-Fitr\", \"Eid-ul-Azha\", \"Ramazan\", Christmas, Easter, Holi, and Diwali are mostly religious in origin. Increasing globalisation has resulted in Pakistan ranking 56th on the A.T. Kearney/FP Globalization Index.", "qas": [ { "id": "32452", "question": "what is the name of the traditional dress of both men and women ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 353, "text": "Shalwar Kameez" } ] }, { "id": "32453", "question": "what is the middle class of the middle class ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 467, "text": "35\u00a0million" } ] }, { "id": "32454", "question": "what is the name of the index that has resulted in pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 833, "text": "A.T. Kearney/FP Globalization Index" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The \"Shalwar Kameez\" is the national dress of Pakistan and is worn by both men and women in all four provinces: Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa as well as in FATA and Azad Kashmir. Each province has its own style of wearing the \"Shalwar Kameez\". Pakistanis wear clothes range from exquisite colours and designs to the type of fabric (silk, chiffon, cotton, etc). Besides the national dress, the domestically tailored suits and neckties are often and usually worn by men in the country, and it is customary in offices, schools, and other necessary places and popular gatherings.", "qas": [ { "id": "32455", "question": "what is the national dress of pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 5, "text": "Shalwar Kameez" } ] }, { "id": "32456", "question": "what are some provinces of pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa" } ] }, { "id": "32457", "question": "where is the national dress of pakistan located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "FATA and Azad Kashmir" } ] }, { "id": "32458", "question": "what is the name of the own style of the province ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "Shalwar Kameez" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The fashion industry has flourished well in the changing environment of the fashion world. Since Pakistan came into being, its fashion has historically evolved from different phases and made its unique identity apart from Indian fashion and culture. At this time, Pakistani fashion is a combination of traditional and modern dresses and it has become the cultural identification of Pakistan. Despite all modern trends, the regional and traditional dresses have developed their own significance as a symbol of native tradition. This regional fashion is not static but evolving into more modern and pure forms. The Pakistan Fashion Design Council based in Lahore organises \"Fashion Week\" and Fashion Pakistan based in Karachi organises fashion shows in that city. Pakistan's first fashion week was held in November 2009.", "qas": [ { "id": "32459", "question": "what is pakistani fashion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "traditional and modern dresses" } ] }, { "id": "32460", "question": "when was pakistan 's first fashion week held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 804, "text": "November 2009" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The social status of women in Pakistan varies and considerably depends on the social class, upbringings, and regional divide due to uneven socioeconomic development and the impact of social formations on women's lives in the country. Pakistan has had a long history of feminist activism since its birth. Since 1947, the APWA and Aurat Foundation \u2013 the influential feminist organisations \u2013 have played strong roles in inculcating awareness about women's rights in the country. Personalities such as Begum Rana'a, Benazir Bhutto, Malala Yousafzai and Kalsoom Nawaz have been influential in Pakistan's feminist culture. The status of women, overall, has improved due to enhanced religious and educational knowledge. However, with regard to the global average, the situation is quite alarming. In 2014, the World Economic Forum ranked Pakistan as the second worst country in the world in gender equality.", "qas": [ { "id": "32461", "question": "when did the influential feminist organisations played strong roles ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 310, "text": "1947" } ] }, { "id": "32462", "question": "what is the name of the foundation that have played strong roles in the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 329, "text": "Aurat Foundation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The relationship of women with the opposite gender is culturally that of gender subordination. There are certain assumed and assigned roles of women that are related to domestic chores compared with men who are the breadwinners and professionals of the family. Contrastingly, in urban areas of the country, more and more women are assuming professional roles and are contributing to family economics but the ratio of these women compared with those in traditional roles is way less. Most favoured occupations for females accepted by society are that of Teaching and Tutoring. Due to heightened awareness among people, educational opportunities for Pakistani women have increased over the years. On 24 February 2016, the elected assembly of Pakistan's Punjab province passed a new law called \"Punjab Protection of Women Against Violence Bill 2015 \" which provides women with protection against a multitude of crimes including: cyber crime, domestic violence, emotional, economic and psychological abuse.", "qas": [ { "id": "32463", "question": "what is the relationship of women with the opposite gender of women ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "gender subordination" } ] }, { "id": "32464", "question": "what are most favoured occupations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 553, "text": "Teaching and Tutoring" } ] }, { "id": "32465", "question": "on what date did the elected assembly of pakistan release a new law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 698, "text": "24 February 2016" } ] }, { "id": "32466", "question": "what was the name of punjab 's punjab province ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 792, "text": "Punjab Protection of Women Against Violence Bill 2015" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The private print media, state-owned Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) and Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) for radio were the dominant media outlets until the 21st century. Pakistan now has a large network of domestic private 24-hour news media and television channels. According to a 2016 report by the Reporters Without Borders ranked Pakistan in 147th on the Press Freedom Index, while terming the Pakistani media \"among the freest in Asia when it comes to covering the squabbling among politicians.\" BBC term's Pakistani media as \"among the most outspoken in South Asia.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "32467", "question": "what were the dominant media outlets until the 21st century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) and Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation" } ] }, { "id": "32468", "question": "how many news channels does pakistan have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "24-hour" } ] }, { "id": "32469", "question": "where did the reporters without borders without borders occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 361, "text": "147th" } ] }, { "id": "32470", "question": "where did the reporters without borders without borders occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 374, "text": "Press Freedom Index" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Lollywood, an Urdu, Punjabi and Pashto film industry is based in Karachi, Lahore, and Peshawar. While Bollywood films were banned from public cinemas from 1965 until 2008, they have remained important in popular culture. Contrary to the ailing film industry, the Urdu televised dramas and theatrical performances are popular, as many entertainment media air the series regularly. Urdu dramas dominate the TV entertainment industry, and have debuted critically acclaimed miniseries, and have featured popular actors and actresses since the 1990s. In the 1960s\u20131970s, pop music and disco (1970s) dominated the country's music industry. In the 1980s\u20131990s, British influenced rock music appeared and jolted the country's entertainment industry. In the 2000s, heavy metal music gained popular and critical acclaim.", "qas": [ { "id": "32471", "question": "where is the film industry industry located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Karachi, Lahore, and Peshawar" } ] }, { "id": "32472", "question": "in what year were bollywood banned from public cinemas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "1965" } ] }, { "id": "32473", "question": "in what year were bollywood banned from public cinemas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "2008" } ] }, { "id": "32474", "question": "in what years did british music appeared in rock music ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 645, "text": "1980s\u20131990s" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Pakistani music ranges from diverse provincial folk music and traditional styles such as Qawwali and Ghazal Gayaki to modern forms fusing traditional and western music. Pakistan has many famous folk singers. The arrival of Afghan refugees in the western provinces has stimulated interest in Pashto music, although there has been intolerance of it in some places. Pakistani media has also played a vital role in exposing corruption.", "qas": [ { "id": "32475", "question": "what are some examples of pakistani music ranges ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Qawwali and Ghazal Gayaki" } ] }, { "id": "32476", "question": "what types of music does pakistani music ranges have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "traditional and western music" } ] }, { "id": "32477", "question": "the arrival of afghan refugees in the western provinces has stimulated interest in what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 291, "text": "Pashto music" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since achieving independence as a result of the partition of India, the urbanisation has exponentially increased and has several different causes for it. Majority of southern side population resides along the Indus River, with Karachi being its most populous commercial city. On the east, west, and northern skirts, the most of the population lives in an arc formed by the cities of Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Sargodha, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Gujrat, Jhelum, Sheikhupura, Nowshera, Mardan and Peshawar. During 1990\u20132008, the city dwellers made up 36.0% of Pakistan's population, making it the most urbanised nation in South Asia. Furthermore, more than 50% of Pakistanis live in towns of 5,000 people or more. Immigration, both from within and outside the country, is regarded as one of the main factors that has contributed to urbanisation in Pakistan. One analysis of the national census held in 1998 highlighted the significance of the Partition of India in the 1940s in the context of understanding urban change in Pakistan.", "qas": [ { "id": "32478", "question": "where is the majority of southern side population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "Indus River" } ] }, { "id": "32479", "question": "during what years was pakistan 's population made up ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 524, "text": "1990\u20132008" } ] }, { "id": "32480", "question": "what percentage of pakistan 's population was made in pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 561, "text": "36.0%" } ] }, { "id": "32481", "question": "what percentage of pakistanis live in towns ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 667, "text": "50%" } ] }, { "id": "32482", "question": "when was the national census held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 912, "text": "1998" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the independence period, Muslim Muhajirs from India migrated in large numbers and shifted their domicile to Pakistan, especially to the port city of Karachi, which is today the largest metropolis in Pakistan.\nMigration from other countries, mainly those in the neighbourhood, has further catalysed the process of urbanisation in Pakistani cities. Of particular interest is migration that occurred in the aftermath of the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, in the form of stranded Biharis who were relocated to Pakistan. Smaller numbers of Bengalis and Burmese immigrants followed suit much later. The conflict in Afghanistan also forced millions of Afghan refugees into Pakistan, particularly in the northwestern regions. Inevitably, the rapid urbanisation caused by these large population movements has also brought new political and socio-economic complexities. In addition to immigration, economic events such as the green revolution and political developments, among a host of other factors, are also important causes of urbanisation.", "qas": [ { "id": "32483", "question": "who shifted their largest metropolis in pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "Muslim Muhajirs" } ] }, { "id": "32484", "question": "when did the independence of bangladesh occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 458, "text": "1971" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Pakistan has the sixth largest diaspora in the world. Statistics approximated by the Pakistani government show that there are around 7 million Pakistanis residing abroad with the vast majority living in the Middle East, Europe and North America. Pakistan ranks 10th in the world for remittances sent home in 2012 at $13 billion.", "qas": [ { "id": "32485", "question": "how many pakistanis residing abroad with the vast majority of pakistanis ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "7 million" } ] }, { "id": "32486", "question": "where does pakistan rank in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "10th" } ] }, { "id": "32487", "question": "how much did pakistan pay in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 379, "text": "$13 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The term \"Overseas Pakistani\" is officially recognised by the Government of Pakistan; the Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis was established in 2008 to exclusively deal with all the matters and affairs of the overseas Pakistanis such as attending to their needs and problems, intending schemes and projects for their welfare and working for resolution of their problems and issues. Overseas Pakistani workers are the second largest source of Foreign Exchange Remittances to Pakistan after exports and over the last several years, the foreign exchange remittances have maintained a steady rising trend, with a recorded increase of 150% from US$6 billion in 2009 to estimated US$15 billion during 2015.", "qas": [ { "id": "32488", "question": "who recognised the term `` overseas pakistani '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "the Government of Pakistan" } ] }, { "id": "32489", "question": "when was the ministry of overseas pakistanis established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "2008" } ] }, { "id": "32490", "question": "what was the estimated amount of foreign exchange remittances to pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 671, "text": "US$15 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2009\u201310, Pakistanis sent home US$9.4 billion, the eleventh-largest total remittance in the world. By 2012, Pakistan increased its ranking to tenth in the world for remittances with a total sum of US$13 billion. The Overseas Pakistani Division (OPD) was created in September 2004 within the Ministry of Labour (MoL), and has since recognised the importance of overseas Pakistanis and their contribution to the nation's economy. Together with Community Welfare Attaches (CWAs) and the Overseas Pakistanis Foundation (OPF), the OPD is improving the welfare of Pakistanis who reside abroad. The division aims to provide better services through improved facilities at airports, and suitable schemes for housing, education and health care\u2014its largest effort is the facilitation of the rehabilitation of returning overseas Pakistanis.", "qas": [ { "id": "32491", "question": "when did pakistanis sent home us$ 9.4 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2009\u201310" } ] }, { "id": "32492", "question": "how much did pakistanis sell home in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "US$9.4 billion" } ] }, { "id": "32493", "question": "how much money did pakistan receive in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "US$13 billion" } ] }, { "id": "32494", "question": "when was the overseas pakistani division created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "September 2004" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Pakistan has literature in Urdu, Sindhi, Punjabi, Pashto, Baluchi, Persian, English and many other languages. The Pakistan Academy of Letters is a large literary community that promotes literature and poetry in Pakistan and abroad. The National Library publishes and promotes literature in the country. Before the 19th century, literature consisted mainly of lyric and religious poetry, mystical and folkloric works. During the colonial age, the native literary figures were influenced by western literary realism and took up increasingly varied topics and narrative forms. Prose fiction is now very popular.", "qas": [ { "id": "32495", "question": "what is the name of the large literary community in pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Pakistan Academy of Letters" } ] }, { "id": "32496", "question": "what are the lyric and religious poetry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 387, "text": "mystical and folkloric works" } ] }, { "id": "32497", "question": "what influenced the native literary figures ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 489, "text": "western literary realism" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The national poet of Pakistan, Muhammad Iqbal, wrote poetry in Urdu and Persian. He was a strong proponent of the political and spiritual revival of Islamic civilisation and encouraged Muslims binding all over the world to bring about successful revolution. Well-known representatives of contemporary Pakistani Urdu literature include Faiz Ahmed Faiz. Sadequain is known for his calligraphy and paintings. Sufi poets Shah Abdul Latif, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Bakhsh and Khawaja Farid are very popular in Pakistan. Mirza Kalich Beg has been termed the father of modern Sindhi prose. Historically, philosophical development in the country was dominated by Muhammad Iqbal, Sir Syed, Muhammad Asad, Maududi, and Ali Johar.", "qas": [ { "id": "32498", "question": "who was the national poet of pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Muhammad Iqbal" } ] }, { "id": "32499", "question": "where did the national poet of pakistan work ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "Urdu and Persian" } ] }, { "id": "32500", "question": "who is the well-known representatives of contemporary pakistani urdu literature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 335, "text": "Faiz Ahmed Faiz" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ideas from British and American philosophy greatly shaped philosophical development in Pakistan. Analysts such as M.M. Sharif and Zafar Hassan established the first major Pakistani philosophical movement in 1947. After the 1971 war, philosophers such as Jalaludin Abdur Rahim, Gianchandani, and Malik Khalid incorporated Marxism into Pakistan's philosophical development. Influential work by Manzoor Ahmad, Jon Elia, Hasan Askari Rizvi, and Abdul Khaliq brought mainstream social, political, and analytical philosophy to the fore of Pakistani philosophical academia. Global works by Noam Chomsky have influenced philosophical ideas in various fields of social and political philosophy.", "qas": [ { "id": "32501", "question": "who established the first major pakistani movement in 1947 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "M.M. Sharif and Zafar Hassan" } ] }, { "id": "32502", "question": "in what year was the first major pakistani philosophical movement established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "1947" } ] }, { "id": "32503", "question": "who incorporated marxism into pakistan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "Jalaludin Abdur Rahim, Gianchandani, and Malik Khalid" } ] }, { "id": "32504", "question": "who influenced global ideas in various fields ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 583, "text": "Noam Chomsky" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Pakistani architecture has four recognised periods: pre-Islamic, Islamic, colonial, and post-colonial. With the beginning of the Indus civilisation around the middle of the 3rd millennium BC, an advanced urban culture developed for the first time in the region, with large buildings, some of which survive to this day. Mohenjo Daro, Harappa and Kot Diji are among the pre-Islamic settlements that are now tourist attractions. The rise of Buddhism and the Greek influence led to the development of the Greco-Buddhist style, starting from the 1st century AD. The high point of this era was reached at the peak of the Gandhara style. An example of Buddhist architecture is the ruins of the Buddhist monastery Takht-i-Bahi in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.", "qas": [ { "id": "32505", "question": "how many periods does pakistani architecture have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "32506", "question": "when was the indus civilisation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "3rd millennium BC" } ] }, { "id": "32507", "question": "who are the pre-islamic settlements ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "Mohenjo Daro, Harappa and Kot Diji" } ] }, { "id": "32508", "question": "when did the greco-buddhist style begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 541, "text": "1st century AD" } ] }, { "id": "32509", "question": "what is the name of the buddhist monastery ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 706, "text": "Takht-i-Bahi" } ] }, { "id": "32510", "question": "where is the buddhist monastery located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 722, "text": "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The arrival of Islam in today's Pakistan meant a sudden end of Buddhist architecture in the area and a smooth transition to the predominantly pictureless Islamic architecture. The most important Indo-Islamic-style building still standing is the tomb of the Shah Rukn-i-Alam in Multan. During the Mughal era, design elements of Persian-Islamic architecture were fused with and often produced playful forms of Hindustani art. Lahore, occasional residence of Mughal rulers, exhibits many important buildings from the empire. Most prominent among them are the Badshahi mosque, the fortress of Lahore with the famous Alamgiri Gate, the colourful, the Mughal-style Wazir Khan Mosque, the Shalimar Gardens in Lahore and the Shahjahan Mosque in Thatta. In the British colonial period, predominantly functional buildings of the Indo-European representative style developed from a mixture of European and Indian-Islamic components. Post-colonial national identity is expressed in modern structures like the Faisal Mosque, the Minar-e-Pakistan and the Mazar-e-Quaid. Several of the architectural infrastructure has been influenced from the British design, and such architectural designs can be found in Lahore, Peshawar, and Karachi.", "qas": [ { "id": "32511", "question": "who is the most important indo-islamic-style building in multan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "Shah Rukn-i-Alam" } ] }, { "id": "32512", "question": "what is the name of the famous gate in lahore ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 612, "text": "Alamgiri Gate" } ] }, { "id": "32513", "question": "what is the name of the mosque in lahore ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 659, "text": "Wazir Khan Mosque" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Pakistani cuisine is similar to cuisine from other regions of South Asia, since much of it originated from the royal kitchens of sixteenth-century Mughal emperors. Pakistan has a greater variety of meat dishes compared to the rest of the sub-continent. Most of those dishes have their roots in British, Central Asian and Middle Eastern cuisine. Unlike Middle Eastern cuisine, Pakistani cooking uses large quantities of spices, herbs and seasoning. Garlic, ginger, turmeric, red chilli and garam masala are used in most dishes, and home cooking regularly includes curry. Chapati, a thin flat bread made from wheat, is a staple food, served with curry, meat, vegetables and lentils. Rice is also common; it is served plain, fried with spices, and in sweet dishes.", "qas": [ { "id": "32514", "question": "where is pakistani cuisine similar to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "South Asia" } ] }, { "id": "32515", "question": "who originated from pakistani cuisine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Mughal emperors" } ] }, { "id": "32516", "question": "what are some of the british dishes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 303, "text": "Central Asian and Middle Eastern cuisine" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Lassi is a traditional drink in the Punjab region. Black tea with milk and sugar is popular throughout Pakistan and is taken daily by most of the population. Sohan Halwa is a popular sweet dish from the southern region of Punjab province and is enjoyed all over Pakistan.", "qas": [ { "id": "32517", "question": "what is the traditional drink in punjab ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Lassi" } ] }, { "id": "32518", "question": "what is a popular sweet dish in punjab ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "Sohan Halwa" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The majority of the sports played in Pakistan originated and were substantially developed by the United Kingdom who introduced them during the British India. Field Hockey is the national sport of Pakistan; it has won three Gold medallions in the Olympic Games held in 1960, 1968, and 1984. Pakistan has also won the Hockey World Cup a record four times held in 1971, 1978, 1982, and in 1994.", "qas": [ { "id": "32519", "question": "in what country did the united kingdom who introduced the sports sports played ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "British India" } ] }, { "id": "32520", "question": "how many gold medallions has pakistan won ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "three" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Cricket, however, is the most popular game across the country. The cricket team (popular as \"Shaheen\") has won the Cricket World Cup held in 1992; it had been runners-up once, in 1999, and co-hosted the tournament in 1987 and 1996. Pakistan were runners-up in the inaugural World Twenty20 (2007) in South Africa and won the World Twenty20 in England in 2009. In March 2009, militants attacked the touring Sri Lanka's cricket team, after which no international cricket was played in Pakistan until May 2015, when the Zimbabwean team agreed to a tour.", "qas": [ { "id": "32521", "question": "what is another name for the cricket team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "Shaheen" } ] }, { "id": "32522", "question": "when was the cricket team won ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "1992" } ] }, { "id": "32523", "question": "when was the cricket team won ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "1999" } ] }, { "id": "32524", "question": "when was the cricket team won ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "1987 and 1996" } ] }, { "id": "32525", "question": "when was the touring sri lanka played ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 497, "text": "May 2015" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In athletics, Abdul Khaliq participated in 1954 Asian Games and the 1958 Asian Games. He won 34 international gold, 15 international silver and 12 bronze medals for Pakistan. In squash, world-class players such as Jahangir Khan and Jansher Khan won the World Open Squash Championship several times during their careers. Jahangir Khan also won the British Open a record ten times. In Mountaineering Nazir Sabir is Pakistan's first Mountaineer who Climbed Mount Everest. In Cave exploration Adventure Sports Hayatullah Khan Durrani is Pakistan's first Eminent Cave Explorer / Speleologist and Founder of Caving adventure sports in Pakistan.\nPakistan has competed many times at the Olympics in field hockey, boxing, athletics, swimming, and shooting. Pakistan's Olympic medal tally stands at 10 of which 8 were earned in hockey. The Commonwealth Games and Asian Games medal tallies stand at 65 and 160 respectively. At national level, polo is popular, with regular national events in different parts of the country. Boxing, billiards, snooker, rowing, Canoeing, kayaking, caving, tennis, contract bridge, golf and volleyball are also actively pursued, and Pakistan has produced regional and international champions in these sports. Basketball enjoys regional popularity especially in Lahore and Karachi.", "qas": [ { "id": "32526", "question": "who participated in 1954 in 1954 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "Abdul Khaliq" } ] }, { "id": "32527", "question": "in what year did abdul khaliq die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "1954" } ] }, { "id": "32528", "question": "how many international gold gold did abdul khaliq win ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "34" } ] }, { "id": "32529", "question": "how many international silver medals did abdul khaliq win ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "15" } ] }, { "id": "32530", "question": "how many bronze medals did abdul khaliq win ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "12" } ] }, { "id": "32531", "question": "who won the world open squash championship ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "Jahangir Khan and Jansher Khan" } ] }, { "id": "32532", "question": "who won the british open a record ten times ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 320, "text": "Jahangir Khan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\n \n", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Pakistan" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The United States Geological Survey (USGS, formerly simply Geological Survey) is a scientific agency of the United States government. The scientists of the USGS study the landscape of the United States, its natural resources, and the natural hazards that threaten it. The organization has four major science disciplines, concerning biology, geography, geology, and hydrology. The USGS is a fact-finding research organization with no regulatory responsibility.", "qas": [ { "id": "32533", "question": "what is the scientific agency of the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "United States Geological Survey" } ] }, { "id": "32534", "question": "what is the scientific agency called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Geological Survey" } ] }, { "id": "32535", "question": "how many major science disciplines does the organization have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 289, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "32536", "question": "what are some major science disciplines ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 332, "text": "biology, geography, geology, and hydrology" } ] }, { "id": "32537", "question": "what is the usgs research organization ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 430, "text": "no regulatory responsibility" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The USGS is a bureau of the United States Department of the Interior; it is that department's sole scientific agency. The USGS employs approximately 8,670 people and is headquartered in Reston, Virginia. The USGS also has major offices near Lakewood, Colorado, at the Denver Federal Center, and Menlo Park, California.", "qas": [ { "id": "32538", "question": "who is the usgs bureau ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "United States Department of the Interior" } ] }, { "id": "32539", "question": "how many people are in the virginia islands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "8,670" } ] }, { "id": "32540", "question": "where is the usgs employs approximately ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "Reston, Virginia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The current motto of the USGS, in use since August 1997, is \"Science for a changing World.\" The agency's previous slogan, adopted on the occasion of its hundredth anniversary, was \"Earth Science in the Public Service.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "32541", "question": "when was the current motto of the usgs , in use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "August 1997" } ] }, { "id": "32542", "question": "what is the current motto of the usgs , in 1997 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Science for a changing World" } ] }, { "id": "32543", "question": "what was the name of the slogan adopted by the agency ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "Earth Science in the Public Service" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Prompted by a report from the National Academy of Sciences, the USGS was created, by a last-minute amendment, to an act of Congress on March 3, 1879. It was charged with the \"classification of the public lands, and examination of the geological structure, mineral resources, and products of the national domain\". This task was driven by the need to inventory the vast lands added to the United States by the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and the Mexican\u2013American War in 1848.", "qas": [ { "id": "32544", "question": "what was the name of the report that prompted the usgs amendment ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "National Academy of Sciences" } ] }, { "id": "32545", "question": "when was the usgs amendment created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "March 3, 1879" } ] }, { "id": "32546", "question": "in what year did louisiana start to inventory the vast lands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 430, "text": "1803" } ] }, { "id": "32547", "question": "when did the american war begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 467, "text": "1848" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The legislation also provided that the Hayden, Powell, and Wheeler surveys be discontinued as of June 30, 1879.", "qas": [ { "id": "32548", "question": "what were the names of the legislation that surveys in june 30 , 1879 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "Hayden, Powell, and Wheeler" } ] }, { "id": "32549", "question": "when did powell , powell , and wheeler become discontinued ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "June 30, 1879" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Clarence King, the first director of USGS, assembled the new organization from disparate regional survey agencies. After a short tenure, King was succeeded in the director's chair by John Wesley Powell.", "qas": [ { "id": "32550", "question": "who assembled the new organization ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Clarence King" } ] }, { "id": "32551", "question": "who was the first director of usgs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "disparate regional survey agencies" } ] }, { "id": "32552", "question": "who succeeded king king ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "John Wesley Powell" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since 2012, the USGS science focus is directed at six topical \"Mission Areas\", namely (1) Climate and Land Use Change, (2) Core Science Systems, (3) Ecosystems, (4) Energy and Minerals and Environmental Health, (5) Natural Hazards, and (6) Water. In December 2012, the USGS split the Energy and Minerals and Environmental Health Mission Area resulting in seven topical Mission Areas, with the two new areas being: Energy and Minerals and Environmental Health. Administratively, it is divided into a Headquarters unit and six Regional Units. Other specific programs include:", "qas": [ { "id": "32553", "question": "how many topical `` mission areas '' is usgs science ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "six" } ] }, { "id": "32554", "question": "what are the core science science systems ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "1) Climate and Land Use Change" } ] }, { "id": "32555", "question": "what types of new areas were the two new areas in december 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 414, "text": "Energy and Minerals and Environmental Health" } ] }, { "id": "32556", "question": "how many regional units are in the energy and minerals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 521, "text": "six Regional Units" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The USGS produces several national series of topographic maps which vary in scale and extent, with some wide gaps in coverage, notably the complete absence of 1:50,000 scale topographic maps or their equivalent. The largest (both in terms of scale and quantity) and best-known topographic series is the 7.5-minute, 1:24,000 scale, quadrangle, a non-metric scale virtually unique to the United States. Each of these maps covers an area bounded by two lines of latitude and two lines of longitude spaced 7.5 minutes apart. Nearly 57,000 individual maps in this series cover the 48 contiguous states, Hawaii, U.S.\u00a0territories, and areas of Alaska near Anchorage, Fairbanks, and Prudhoe Bay. The area covered by each map varies with the latitude of its represented location due to convergence of the meridians. At lower latitudes, near 30\u00b0 north, a 7.5-minute quadrangle contains an area of about . At 49\u00b0 north latitude, are contained within a quadrangle of that size. As a unique non-metric map scale, the 1:24,000 scale naturally requires a separate and specialized romer scale for plotting map positions. In recent years, budget constraints have forced the USGS to rely on donations of time by civilian volunteers in an attempt to update its 7.5-minute topographic map series, and USGS stated outright in 2000 that the program was to be phased out in favor of \"The National Map\" (not to be confused with the National Atlas of the United States produced by the Department of the Interior, one of whose bureaus is USGS).", "qas": [ { "id": "32557", "question": "what type of scale is topographic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "1:50,000" } ] }, { "id": "32558", "question": "what is the largest topographic series ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 303, "text": "7.5-minute, 1:24,000 scale" } ] }, { "id": "32559", "question": "how many individual maps in maps are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 528, "text": "57,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "An older series of maps, the 15-minute series, was once used to map the contiguous 48 states at a scale of 1:62,500, but was discontinued some time ago for maps covering the continental United States. Each map was bounded by two parallels and two meridians spaced 15 minutes apart\u2014the same area covered by four maps in the 7.5-minute series. The 15-minute series, at a scale of 1:63,360 (one inch representing one mile), remains the primary topographic quadrangle for the state of Alaska (and only for that particular state). Nearly 3,000 maps cover 97% of the state. The United States remains virtually the only developed country in the world without a standardized civilian topographic map series in the standard 1:25,000 or 1:50,000 metric scales, making coordination difficult in border regions (the U.S. military does issue 1:50,000 scale topo maps of the continental United States, though only for use by members of its defense forces).", "qas": [ { "id": "32560", "question": "how many states were used to map the contiguous series ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "48" } ] }, { "id": "32561", "question": "what was the contiguous 48 series of maps ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "1:62,500" } ] }, { "id": "32562", "question": "how long was the map of each map ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "15 minutes apart" } ] }, { "id": "32563", "question": "what is the primary topographic quadrangle ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 378, "text": "1:63,360" } ] }, { "id": "32564", "question": "what percentage of the state cover the state of the state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 550, "text": "97%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The next-smallest topographic series, in terms of scale, is the 1:100,000 series. These maps are bounded by two lines of longitude and two lines of latitude. However, in this series, the lines of latitude are spaced 30 minutes apart and the lines of longitude are spaced 60 minutes, which is the source of another name for these maps; the 30 x 60-minute quadrangle series. Each of these quadrangles covers the area contained within 32 maps in the 7.5-minute series. The 1:100,000 scale series is unusual in that it employs the Metric system primarily. One centimeter on the map represents one kilometer of distance on the ground. Contour intervals, spot elevations, and horizontal distances are also specified in meters.", "qas": [ { "id": "32565", "question": "what is the name of the series of the topographic series ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "1:100,000" } ] }, { "id": "32566", "question": "how long are the lines of latitude latitude ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "30 minutes" } ] }, { "id": "32567", "question": "how long are the name of the name of the name of maps ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "60 minutes" } ] }, { "id": "32568", "question": "what is the name of the series of the series of series that is the source of the name of the series ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 339, "text": "30 x 60-minute quadrangle series" } ] }, { "id": "32569", "question": "how many maps covers the area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 432, "text": "32" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The final regular quadrangle series produced by the USGS is the 1:250,000 scale topographic series. Each of these quadrangles in the conterminous United States measures 1\u00a0degree of latitude by 2\u00a0degrees of longitude. This series was produced by the U.S.\u00a0Army Map Service in the 1950s, prior to the maps in the larger-scale series, and consists of 489 sheets, each covering an area ranging from at 30\u00b0 north to at 49\u00b0 north. Hawaii is mapped at this scale in quadrangles measuring 1\u00b0 by 1\u00b0.", "qas": [ { "id": "32570", "question": "what is the final regular quadrangle series ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "1:250,000 scale topographic series" } ] }, { "id": "32571", "question": "what produced the series of service in the 1950s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "Army Map Service" } ] }, { "id": "32572", "question": "what is the name of the sheets in the 1950s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 347, "text": "489 sheets" } ] } ] }, { "context": "USGS topographic quadrangle maps are marked with grid lines and tics around the map collar which make it possible to identify locations on the map by several methods, including the graticule measurements of longitude and latitude, the township and section method within the Public Land Survey System, and cartesian coordinates in both the State Plane Coordinate System and the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system.", "qas": [ { "id": "32573", "question": "what is the name of the system that the township and section method within the map ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "Public Land Survey System" } ] }, { "id": "32574", "question": "what does cartesian stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 339, "text": "State Plane Coordinate System and the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other specialty maps have been produced by the USGS at a variety of scales. These include county maps, maps of special interest areas, such as the national parks, and areas of scientific interest.", "qas": [ { "id": "32575", "question": "what are some of the special interest areas in maps ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "the national parks, and areas of scientific interest" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A number of Internet sites have made these maps available on the web for affordable commercial and professional use. Because works of the U.S.\u00a0government are in the public domain, it is also possible to find many of these maps for free at various locations on the Internet. Georeferenced map images are available from the USGS as digital raster graphics (DRGs) in addition to digital data sets based on USGS maps, notably digital line graphs (DLGs) and digital elevation models (DEMs).", "qas": [ { "id": "32576", "question": "what is the number of internet sites ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "affordable commercial and professional use" } ] }, { "id": "32577", "question": "what is the name of the usgs map that are available to digital data ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 330, "text": "digital raster graphics" } ] }, { "id": "32578", "question": "what is the name of the line that digital elevation models are available ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 422, "text": "digital line graphs" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2008 the USGS abandoned traditional methods of surveying, revising, and updating topographic maps based on aerial photography and field checks. Today's U.S. Topo quadrangle (1:24,000) maps are mass-produced, using automated and semiautomated processes, with cartographic content supplied from the National GIS Database. In the two years from June 2009 to May 2011, the USGS produced nearly 40,000 maps, more than 80 maps per work day. Only about two hours of interactive work are spent on each map, mostly on text placement and final inspection; there are essentially no field checks or field inspections to confirm map details.", "qas": [ { "id": "32579", "question": "what did maps maps based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "aerial photography and field checks" } ] }, { "id": "32580", "question": "what was the name of the u.s. topo quadrangle ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "1:24,000" } ] }, { "id": "32581", "question": "what was the name of the database database content ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 300, "text": "National GIS Database" } ] }, { "id": "32582", "question": "how many maps per maps were there in the two years ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 393, "text": "40,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While much less expensive to compile and produce, the revised digital U.S. topo maps have been criticized for a lack of accuracy and detail in comparison to older generation maps based on aerial photo survey and field checks. As the digital databases were not designed for producing general purpose maps, data integration can be a problem when retrieved from sources with different resolutions and collection dates. Man-made features once recorded by direct field observation are not in any public domain national database, and are frequently omitted from the newest generation digital topo maps, including windmills, mines and mineshafts, water tanks, fence lines, survey marks, parks, recreational trails, buildings, boundaries, pipelines, telephone lines, power transmission lines, and even railroads. Additionally, the digital map's use of existing software may not properly integrate different feature classes or prioritize and organize text in areas of crowded features, obscuring important geographic details. As a result, some have noted that the U.S. Topo maps currently fall short of traditional topographic map presentation standards achieved in maps drawn from 1945 to 1992.", "qas": [ { "id": "32583", "question": "what are older generation maps based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "aerial photo survey and field checks" } ] }, { "id": "32584", "question": "when did the u.s. topo presentation of maps drawn from maps ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1173, "text": "1945 to 1992" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility (HIF) has four sections within its organizational structure; the Field Services Section which includes the warehouse, repair shop, and Engineering Unit; the Testing Section which includes the Hydraulic Laboratory, testing chambers, and Water Quality Laboratory; the Information Technology Section which includes computer support and the Drafting Unit; and the Administrative Section.", "qas": [ { "id": "32585", "question": "what facility has four sections within its organizational structure ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility" } ] }, { "id": "32586", "question": "how many sections does the facility have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "32587", "question": "what is the name of the section of the warehouse ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "Field Services Section" } ] }, { "id": "32588", "question": "what are the hydraulic laboratory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "chambers, and Water Quality Laboratory" } ] }, { "id": "32589", "question": "what is the name of the section of the section of the field ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 396, "text": "the Administrative Section" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The HIF was given national responsibility for the design, testing, evaluation, repair, calibration, warehousing, and distribution of hydrologic instrumentation. Distribution is accomplished by direct sales and through a rental program. The HIF supports data collection activities through centralized warehouse and laboratory facilities. The HIF warehouse provides hydrologic instruments, equipment, and supplies for USGS as well as Other Federal Agencies (OFA) and USGS Cooperators. The HIF also tests, evaluates, repairs, calibrates, and develops hydrologic equipment and instruments. The HIF Hydraulic Laboratory facilities include a towing tank, jet tank, pipe flow facility, and tilting flume. In addition, the HIF provides training and technical support for the equipment it stocks.", "qas": [ { "id": "32590", "question": "what are the data collection of data ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 288, "text": "centralized warehouse and laboratory facilities" } ] } ] }, { "context": "USGS researchers publish the results of their science in a variety of ways. Many researchers publish their science in peer-reviewed scientific journals as well as in one of a variety of series that includes series for preliminary results, maps data, and final results. These series include:", "qas": [] }, { "context": "A complete listing of descriptions of USGS Series is available at the Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (ADGGS) website.", "qas": [ { "id": "32591", "question": "where is a complete listing of descriptions of usgs series available ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The United States Geological Survey Library holds copies of current and historical USGS publications, and is the largest earth sciences library in the world. Most publications are available for inter-library loan within the United States. Under the Organic Act, which provided for the formation of the USGS, the library was given extra copies of all USGS publications when published to be used in exchange with other domestic and foreign geological agencies, making the acquisition of the USGS Library collection one of the most cost efficient libraries in the U.S. government.", "qas": [ { "id": "32592", "question": "what are most publications available for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "inter-library loan within the United States" } ] } ] }, { "context": "USGS publications are available for purchase at USGS Store. Many USGS published reports are available to view and access on-line from the USGS Publications Warehouse, while many USGS publications are now available online (see Publications below).", "qas": [ { "id": "32593", "question": "where are usgs publications available ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "USGS Store" } ] }, { "id": "32594", "question": "where are usgs published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "USGS Publications Warehouse" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many older USGS publications have been scanned and digitized by such services as Google Books and the Hathi Trust and Internet Archive. An online search will quickly reveal if a digital version is available. All USGS publications are public domain.", "qas": [ { "id": "32595", "question": "what are some older usgs publications ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "Google Books and the Hathi Trust and Internet Archive" } ] } ] } ], "title": "United States Geological Survey" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A county seat is an administrative center, or seat of government, for a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China and Taiwan. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function.", "qas": [ { "id": "32596", "question": "what is a county seat seat for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "an administrative center, or seat of government, for a county or civil parish" } ] }, { "id": "32597", "question": "where is the term the term `` term '' used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "the United States, Canada, Romania, China and Taiwan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the United States, counties are the administrative subdivisions of a state. Counties administer state law at the local level as part of the decentralization of state authority. In many states, state government is further decentralized below the county level by dividing counties into incorporated cities and towns and/or unincorporated civil townships, in order to provide local government services. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county. Generally, the county legislature, county courthouse, sheriff's department headquarters, and hall of records, are located in the county seat, though some functions may also be conducted in other parts of the county, especially if it is geographically large.", "qas": [ { "id": "32598", "question": "what are counties in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "administrative subdivisions of a state" } ] }, { "id": "32599", "question": "what is the name of the local level of state law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "decentralization of state authority" } ] }, { "id": "32600", "question": "what is the populated place of houses county government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 480, "text": "the seat of its respective county" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, and Howard County, Maryland. (Ellicott City, the county seat of Howard County, is the largest unincorporated county seat in the United States, followed by Towson, the county seat of Baltimore County, Maryland.) Likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, an incorporated municipality. In some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included \"Court House\" as part of their name, (e.g. Spotsylvania Courthouse, Virginia).", "qas": [ { "id": "32601", "question": "what is the largest county seat in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "Howard County" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most counties have only one county seat. However, some counties in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Iowa, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, and Vermont have two or more county seats, usually located on opposite sides of the county. An example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult. There have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride (and jobs) for the towns involved.", "qas": [ { "id": "32602", "question": "what is the county usually located on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "opposite sides of the county" } ] }, { "id": "32603", "question": "what is the name of the example of the example of a county 's example of county ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "Harrison County, Mississippi" } ] }, { "id": "32604", "question": "what are the seats of mississippi ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 317, "text": "Biloxi and Gulfport" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are 36 counties with multiple county seats (no more than two each) in 11 states:", "qas": [ { "id": "32605", "question": "how many counties are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "36" } ] }, { "id": "32606", "question": "how many states are there in there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "11" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Guilford County, North Carolina, in some ways effectively has two county seats. For example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938.", "qas": [ { "id": "32607", "question": "which county has two county seats ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Guilford County, North Carolina" } ] }, { "id": "32608", "question": "what is the official county seat in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "Greensboro" } ] }, { "id": "32609", "question": "when was the official county seat located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "1938" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other counties in the United States effectively have two or more county seats by establishing one or more branch courthouses at which county business, including the recordation of documents affecting real estate, may be transacted. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, but there is a branch courthouse in St. Petersburg.", "qas": [ { "id": "32610", "question": "what do other counties in the united states have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "establishing one or more branch courthouses" } ] }, { "id": "32611", "question": "what is clearwater is the county seat of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "Pinellas County, Florida" } ] }, { "id": "32612", "question": "where is there a branch courthouse ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 340, "text": "St. Petersburg" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the states' judicial systems. Connecticut (since 1960) and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats. In Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated \"shire towns\". County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff (as an officer of the court), both located in the respective shire town. Bennington County has two shire towns (Manchester for the \"North Shire\", Bennington for the \"South Shire\"), but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments (there are no unincorporated areas in the state, that is, all land area in the state is within a town). As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, and the state government now operates the registries of deeds and sheriff's offices in those former counties. ", "qas": [ { "id": "32613", "question": "what are counties in the region served as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "dividing lines for the states' judicial systems" } ] }, { "id": "32614", "question": "in what year was connecticut 's county level ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "1960" } ] }, { "id": "32615", "question": "what are the county seats in vermont ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 377, "text": "shire towns" } ] }, { "id": "32616", "question": "how many court court does county have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 428, "text": "Superior Court and Sheriff" } ] }, { "id": "32617", "question": "where is the sheriff located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 666, "text": "Bennington" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Virginia, a county seat may be an independent city surrounded by, but not part of, the county of which it is the administrative center; for example, Fairfax City is both the county seat of Fairfax County and is completely surrounded by Fairfax County, but the city is politically independent of the county.", "qas": [ { "id": "32618", "question": "what is the county seat of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "Fairfax County" } ] }, { "id": "32619", "question": "what is the county seat surrounded by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "Fairfax County" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Two counties in South Dakota (Oglala Lakota and Todd) have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county. Their county-level services are provided by Fall River County and Tripp County, respectively.", "qas": [ { "id": "32620", "question": "which two counties have their county seat and government services ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "Oglala Lakota and Todd" } ] }, { "id": "32621", "question": "what are the county-level services provided by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "Fall River County and Tripp County" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Louisiana, which is divided into parishes rather than counties, county seats are referred to as \"parish seats\".", "qas": [ { "id": "32622", "question": "what are county seats referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "parish seats" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Alaska is divided into boroughs rather than counties; the county seat in these case is referred to as the \"borough seat\"; this includes six consolidated city-borough governments and one municipality. The Unorganized Borough, which covers 49% of Alaska's area, has no county seat or equivalent. ", "qas": [ { "id": "32623", "question": "what is the county seat in alaska called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "borough seat" } ] }, { "id": "32624", "question": "how many governments are in alaska ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "six" } ] }, { "id": "32625", "question": "what percentage of alaska 's area is the borough of alaska ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "49%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the Canadian Provinces of Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, the term \"shire town\" is used in place of county seat.", "qas": [ { "id": "32626", "question": "what is the name of the term for prince edward island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "New Brunswick and Nova Scotia" } ] }, { "id": "32627", "question": "what term is used in place of prince edward island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "shire town" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The state with the greatest number of counties is Texas, with 254, and the state with the least number of counties is Delaware, with 3.", "qas": [ { "id": "32628", "question": "what is the state with the greatest number of counties ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Texas" } ] }, { "id": "32629", "question": "what is the greatest number of counties in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "254" } ] }, { "id": "32630", "question": "what is the least number of counties in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "Delaware" } ] }, { "id": "32631", "question": "how many counties are in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "3" } ] } ] } ], "title": "County seat" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "In biology, a species (abbreviated sp., with the plural form species abbreviated spp.) is the basic unit of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. While this definition is often adequate, looked at more closely it is often problematic. For example, in a species complex, the boundaries between closely related species become unclear or disappear altogether. Other ways of defining species include similarity of DNA, morphology, or ecological niche. The presence of locally adaptive traits may further subdivide species into infraspecific taxa such as subspecies.", "qas": [ { "id": "32632", "question": "what is the plural form of a species ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "spp" } ] }, { "id": "32633", "question": "what does the largest group of organisms produce ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "sexual reproduction" } ] }, { "id": "32634", "question": "what are defining species of defining species ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 571, "text": "DNA, morphology, or ecological niche" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Species are grouped into genera (singular: genus) by taxonomists, genera are grouped into families, families into larger groups. Taxonomists use scientific hypotheses that species in the same genus have the same ancestors. The hypotheses are first based on observed similarity of physical attributes and behaviour, and where available, the DNA sequences of individuals and of species.", "qas": [ { "id": "32635", "question": "what are the hypotheses first based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "physical attributes and behaviour" } ] } ] }, { "context": "All species are given a two-part name, a \"binomial\". The first part of a binomial is the genus to which the species belongs. The second part is called the specific name (zoology) or the specific epithet (in botany, also sometimes in zoology). For example, \"Boa constrictor\" is one of four species of the \"Boa\" genus.", "qas": [ { "id": "32636", "question": "what is the two-part name for all species ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "binomial" } ] }, { "id": "32637", "question": "what is another name for the specific name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "zoology" } ] }, { "id": "32638", "question": "what genus is one of the four species of the genus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": "Boa" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A usable definition of \"species\" and reliable methods of identifying particular species are important for stating and testing biological theories and for measuring biodiversity, though other taxonomic levels such as families can form the basis of broad-scale studies. Extinct species known only from fossils are generally difficult to assign precise taxonomic rankings, which is why higher taxonomic levels such as families are often used for fossil-based studies.", "qas": [ { "id": "32639", "question": "what are families often used for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 443, "text": "fossil-based studies" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In his biology, Aristotle used the term \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (g\u00e9nos) to mean a kind, such as a bird or fish, and \u03b5\u1f36\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 (eidos) to mean a specific form within a kind, such as (within the birds) the crane, eagle, crow, or sparrow. A kind was distinguished by its attributes; for instance, a bird has feathers, a beak, wings, a hard-shelled egg, and warm blood. A form was distinguished by being shared by all its members, the young inheriting any variations they might have from their parents. Aristotle believed all kinds and forms to be distinct and unchanging. His approach remained influential until the Renaissance.", "qas": [ { "id": "32640", "question": "what does aristotle mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2" } ] }, { "id": "32641", "question": "what are the names of the specific form of birds ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "crane, eagle, crow, or sparrow" } ] }, { "id": "32642", "question": "what is a beak ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "a hard-shelled egg, and warm blood" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When early modern observers began to develop systems of organization for living things, they began to place formerly isolated species into a context. Many of these early delineation schemes would now be considered whimsical and these included consanguinity based on color (all plants with yellow flowers) or behavior (snakes, scorpions and certain biting ants). John Ray (1686), an English naturalist, was the first to give a biological definition of the term \"species,\" as follows: \n\"... no surer criterion for determining species has occurred to me than the distinguishing features that perpetuate themselves in propagation from seed. Thus, no matter what variations occur in the individuals or the species, if they spring from the seed of one and the same plant, they are accidental variations and not such as to distinguish a species... Animals likewise that differ specifically preserve their distinct species permanently; one species never springs from the seed of another nor vice versa\".", "qas": [ { "id": "32643", "question": "what are some of the behavior with behavior with yellow flowers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 318, "text": "snakes, scorpions and certain biting ants" } ] }, { "id": "32644", "question": "what does 1686 stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 362, "text": "John Ray" } ] }, { "id": "32645", "question": "what is another name for john ray ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 372, "text": "1686" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 18th century, the Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus classified organisms according to shared physical characteristics, and not simply based upon differences. He established the idea of a taxonomic hierarchy of classification based upon observable characteristics and intended to reflect natural relationships.", "qas": [ { "id": "32646", "question": "who classified organisms in the 18th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Carl Linnaeus" } ] }, { "id": "32647", "question": "what did carl linnaeus use organisms according to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "shared physical characteristics" } ] } ] }, { "context": "At the time, however, it was still widely believed that there was no organic connection between species, no matter how similar they appeared. This view was influenced by European scholarly and religious education, which held that the categories of life are dictated by God, forming a hierarchy, the \"scala naturae\" or great chain of being. However, whether or not it was supposed to be fixed, the \"scala\" (a ladder) inherently implied the possibility of climbing.", "qas": [ { "id": "32648", "question": "what influenced god ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "European scholarly and religious education" } ] }, { "id": "32649", "question": "what was the ladder ladder called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 398, "text": "scala" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By the 19th century, naturalists understood that species could change form over time, and that the history of the planet provided enough time for major changes. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, in his 1809 \"Zoological Philosophy\", described the transmutation of species, proposing that a species could change over time. Textbooks ignore most of this, focusing on one aspect, that an organism could pass on an acquired trait to its offspring. They use the example of the giraffe's long neck supposedly having been created by generations of giraffes stretching to reach the leaves of higher treetops.", "qas": [ { "id": "32650", "question": "who described the transmutation of species of species ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Jean-Baptiste Lamarck" } ] }, { "id": "32651", "question": "when was jean-baptiste lamarck born ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "1809" } ] }, { "id": "32652", "question": "what was jean-baptiste lamarck 's nickname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "Zoological Philosophy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1859, Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace provided a compelling account of evolution and the formation of new species. Darwin argued that it was populations that evolved, not individuals, by natural selection from naturally occurring variation among individuals. This required a new definition of species. Darwin concluded that species are what they appear to be: ideas, provisionally useful for naming groups of interacting individuals. \"I look at the term species\", he wrote, \"as one arbitrarily given for the sake of convenience to a set of individuals closely resembling each other\u00a0... It does not essentially differ from the word variety, which is given to less distinct and more fluctuating forms. The term variety, again, in comparison with mere individual differences, is also applied arbitrarily, and for convenience sake.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "32653", "question": "in what year did charles darwin write a compelling account of evolution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1859" } ] }, { "id": "32654", "question": "who provided a compelling account of evolution in 1859 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace" } ] }, { "id": "32655", "question": "what did darwin think darwin was populations of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "natural selection from naturally occurring variation among individuals" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The commonly used names for plant and animal taxa sometimes correspond to species, as with lion, walrus, and camphor tree, but often they do not: for instance deer refers to a family which includes fallow deer and red deer.", "qas": [ { "id": "32656", "question": "what are the commonly used names for plant and animal taxa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "lion, walrus, and camphor tree" } ] }, { "id": "32657", "question": "what are the family family of the plant ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "fallow deer and red deer" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Books and articles sometimes intentionally do not identify species fully and use the abbreviation \"sp.\" in the singular or \"spp.\" (standing for \"species pluralis\", the Latin for multiple species) in the plural in place of the specific name or epithet (e.g. \"Canis\" sp.) This commonly occurs when authors are confident that some individuals belong to a particular genus but are not sure to which exact species they belong, as is common in paleontology. Authors may also use \"spp.\" as a short way of saying that something applies to many species within a genus, but not to all. If scientists mean that something applies to all species within a genus, they use the genus name without the specific name or epithet. The names of genera and species are usually printed in italics. Abbreviations such as \"sp.\" should not be italicized.", "qas": [ { "id": "32658", "question": "what is another term for the singular or `` `` `` singular '' '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "spp" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most modern textbooks use Ernst Mayr's definition, known as the Biological Species Concept (BSC). It is also called a reproductive or isolation concept. This defines a species as \"groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups\". It can be argued that this definition is a natural consequence of the effect of sexual reproduction on the dynamics of natural selection. Mayr's definition excludes unusual or artificial matings that result from deliberate human action, or occur only in captivity, or that involve animals capable of mating but that do not normally do so in the wild.", "qas": [ { "id": "32659", "question": "who wrote the biological species concept ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "Ernst Mayr" } ] }, { "id": "32660", "question": "what does bsc stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "Biological Species Concept" } ] }, { "id": "32661", "question": "what is most modern textbooks concept ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "a reproductive or isolation concept" } ] }, { "id": "32662", "question": "what is reproductively isolated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations" } ] } ] }, { "context": "It is difficult to define the word \"species\" in a way that applies to all organisms. The debate about how to define \"species\" is called the \"Species Problem\". The problem dates to \"On the Origin of Species\", where Darwin wrote:", "qas": [ { "id": "32663", "question": "what is difficult to define the word `` species '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 19, "text": "define the word \"species\" in a way that applies to all organisms" } ] }, { "id": "32664", "question": "what is the debate about how species is called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "Species Problem" } ] }, { "id": "32665", "question": "what is the problem dates to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "On the Origin of Species" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A simple textbook definition, following Mayr's BSC, works well for most multi-celled organisms, but breaks down in several situations:", "qas": [ { "id": "32666", "question": "what is the name of the simple textbook definition ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Mayr's BSC" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Species identification is made difficult by discordance between molecular and morphological investigations; these can be categorized as two types: (i) one morphology, multiple lineages (e.g. morphological convergence, cryptic species) and (ii) one lineage, multiple morphologies (e.g. phenotypic plasticity, multiple life-cycle stages). In addition, horizontal gene transfer (HGT) makes it difficult to define the term species. All species definitions assume that an organism acquires its genes from one or two parents very like the \"daughter\" organism, but that is not what happens in HGT. There is strong evidence of HGT between very dissimilar groups of prokaryotes, and at least occasionally between dissimilar groups of eukaryotes, including some crustaceans and echinoderms.", "qas": [ { "id": "32667", "question": "what are the discordance species made by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "molecular and morphological investigations" } ] }, { "id": "32668", "question": "what makes it difficult to define the term species ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 350, "text": "horizontal gene transfer" } ] }, { "id": "32669", "question": "how do all species definitions assume an organism acquires ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 500, "text": "one or two parents very like the \"daughter\" organism" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The evolutionary biologist James Mallet concludes that", "qas": [ { "id": "32670", "question": "who concludes the evolutionary biologist ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "James Mallet" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Nikolai Vavilov developed ways to define and conceive of Linnaean species. He saw species as systems, each an integral entity consisting of closely interlinked components. He emphasized the variability within species, relativity of taxonomic criteria and the accumulation of genetic variation within a species. From the evolutionary point of view he compared species to knots in evolutionary chains. Building on V.L. Komarov's aphorism: \"a species is a morphological system plus geographic distinctness\", Vavilov defined a \"Linnaean species\" as \"an isolated complex dynamic morph-physiological system bound in its origin to a certain environment and area\".", "qas": [ { "id": "32671", "question": "who developed ways to define and conceive of linnaean species ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Nikolai Vavilov" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In microbiology, genes can move freely even between distantly related bacteria, possibly extending to the whole bacterial domain. As a rule of thumb, microbiologists have assumed that kinds of \"Bacteria\" or \"Archaea\" with 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences more similar than 97% to each other need to be checked by DNA-DNA Hybridization to decide if they belong to the same species or not. This concept was narrowed in 2006 to a similarity of 98.7%.", "qas": [ { "id": "32672", "question": "what are some of the kinds of bacteria rna ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "\"Bacteria\" or \"Archaea\"" } ] }, { "id": "32673", "question": "what percentage of bacteria rna gene sequences are checked ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "97%" } ] }, { "id": "32674", "question": "what was the similarity of this concept ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 441, "text": "98.7%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "DNA-DNA hybridization results have however sometimes led to misleading conclusions about species, as with the pomarine skua \u2013 great skua.", "qas": [ { "id": "32675", "question": "what is the name of the species that have led to misleading conclusions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "pomarine skua \u2013 great skua" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A typological species is a group of organisms in which individuals conform to certain fixed properties, so that even pre-literate people often recognize the same taxon as do modern taxonomists. The clusters of variations or phenotypes within specimens (i.e. longer or shorter tails) would differentiate the species. This method was used as a \"classical\" method of determining species, such as with Linnaeus early in evolutionary theory. However, different phenotypes are not necessarily different species (e.g. a four-winged \"Drosophila\" born to a 2-winged mother is not a different species). Species named in this manner are called \"morphospecies\".", "qas": [ { "id": "32676", "question": "what are species named in this era called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 634, "text": "morphospecies" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A single evolutionary lineage of organisms within which genes can be shared, and that maintains its integrity with respect to other lineages through both time and space. At some point in the evolution of such a group, some members may diverge from the main population and evolve into a subspecies, a process that may eventually lead to the formation of a new species if isolation (geographical or ecological) is maintained. The process through which species are formed by evolution is called speciation. A species that gives rise to another species is a paraphyletic species, or paraspecies.", "qas": [ { "id": "32677", "question": "what happens to a single evolutionary lineage of organisms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "maintains its integrity with respect to other lineages through both time and space" } ] }, { "id": "32678", "question": "what is the process through evolution called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 492, "text": "speciation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A phylogenetic or cladistic species (PSC) is an evolutionarily divergent lineage, one that has maintained its hereditary integrity through time and space. A PSC is the smallest group of populations that can be distinguished by a unique set of morphological or genetic traits. Molecular markers may be used to determine genetic similarities in the nuclear or mitochondrial DNA of various species. For example, in a study done on fungi, studying the nucleotide characters using PSC produced the most accurate results in recognizing the numerous fungi species compared to other concepts used. \nUnlike the popular Biological Species Concept, PSC also does not rely on reproductive isolation, thus it is independent of processes that are integral in other concepts. PSC works for asexual lineages, and can detect recent divergences, which the Morphological Species Concept cannot. However, PSC does not work in every situation, and may require more than one polymorphic locus to give an accurate result. PSC may lead to splitting of existing species, for example of Bovidae, into many new ones.", "qas": [ { "id": "32679", "question": "what is the smallest group of populations that can be distinguished by a unique set of morphological or genetic traits ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "PSC" } ] }, { "id": "32680", "question": "the smallest group of populations can be distinguished by what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 243, "text": "morphological or genetic traits" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A genetic species is a set of individuals or populations with sufficiently similarity of DNA. Techniques to compare similarity of DNA include DNA-DNA hybridization, genetic fingerprinting and DNA barcoding. Richard Dawkins for example defined two organisms as conspecific if and only if they have the same number of chromosomes and, for each chromosome, both organisms have the same number of nucleotides.", "qas": [ { "id": "32681", "question": "what is a genetic species of a genetic species ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "a set of individuals or populations with sufficiently similarity of DNA" } ] }, { "id": "32682", "question": "what are some examples of dna techniques ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "DNA-DNA hybridization, genetic fingerprinting and DNA barcoding" } ] }, { "id": "32683", "question": "who defined two organisms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "Richard Dawkins" } ] } ] }, { "context": "An evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) or \"wildlife species\" is a population of organisms considered distinct for purposes of conservation.", "qas": [ { "id": "32684", "question": "what is a population of organisms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) or \"wildlife species\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A microspecies is a group of organisms with very little genetic variability, usually a part of a species aggregate reproducing by apomixis.", "qas": [ { "id": "32685", "question": "what is a group of organisms with very little genetic variability ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2, "text": "microspecies" } ] }, { "id": "32686", "question": "what is the part of the species of a species ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "apomixis" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A mate-recognition species is a group of sexually reproducing organisms that recognize one another as potential mates. Expanding on this to allow for post-mating isolation, a cohesion species is the most inclusive population of individuals having the potential for phenotypic cohesion through intrinsic cohesion mechanisms; no matter whether populations can hybridize successfully, they are still distinct cohesion species if the amount of hybridization is insufficient to completely mix their respective gene pools.", "qas": [ { "id": "32687", "question": "what is a mate-recognition species ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "sexually reproducing organisms that recognize one another as potential mates" } ] }, { "id": "32688", "question": "what is the most inclusive population of individuals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "post-mating isolation" } ] }, { "id": "32689", "question": "what is the most inclusive population of individuals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 265, "text": "phenotypic cohesion through intrinsic cohesion mechanisms" } ] }, { "id": "32690", "question": "what is still distinct cohesion species ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "no matter whether populations can hybridize successfully" } ] }, { "id": "32691", "question": "what is the amount of hybridization species ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 457, "text": "insufficient to completely mix their respective gene pools" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The naming of a particular species may be regarded as a \"hypothesis\" about the evolutionary relationships and distinguishability of that group of organisms. As further information comes to hand, the hypothesis may be confirmed or refuted. Sometimes, especially in the past when communication was more difficult, taxonomists working in isolation have given two distinct names to individual organisms later identified as the same species. When two named species are discovered to be of the same species, the older species name is usually retained, and the newer species name dropped, a process called \"synonymization\", or colloquially, as \"lumping\". Dividing a taxon into multiple, often new, taxons is called \"splitting\". Taxonomists are often referred to as \"lumpers\" or \"splitters\" by their colleagues, depending on their personal approach to recognizing differences or commonalities between organisms.", "qas": [ { "id": "32692", "question": "what is another name for the newer species name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 600, "text": "synonymization" } ] }, { "id": "32693", "question": "what is another name for the newer species name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 638, "text": "lumping" } ] }, { "id": "32694", "question": "what is the name of the new word that is used to refer to the new word `` new ages '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 709, "text": "splitting" } ] }, { "id": "32695", "question": "what are the colleagues that are often referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 758, "text": "\"lumpers\" or \"splitters\"" } ] } ] } ], "title": "Species" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The flowering plants (angiosperms), also known as Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants, with 416 families, approx. 13,164 known genera and a total of c. 295,383 known species. Like gymnosperms, angiosperms are seed-producing plants; they are distinguished from gymnosperms by characteristics including flowers, endosperm within the seeds, and the production of fruits that contain the seeds. Etymologically, angiosperm means a plant that produces seeds within an enclosure, in other words, a fruiting plant. The term \"angiosperm\" comes from the Greek composite word (\"angeion\", \"case\" or \"casing\", and \"sperma\", \"seed\") meaning \"enclosed seeds\", after the enclosed condition of the seeds.", "qas": [ { "id": "32696", "question": "what is another term for flowering plants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "angiosperms" } ] }, { "id": "32697", "question": "what are the flowering plants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta" } ] }, { "id": "32698", "question": "how many families are in the flowering plants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "416" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from gymnosperms in the Triassic Period, during the range 245 to 202 million years ago (mya), and the first flowering plants are known from 160 mya. They diversified extensively during the Lower Cretaceous, became widespread by 120 mya, and replaced conifers as the dominant trees from 100 to 60 mya.", "qas": [ { "id": "32699", "question": "when did the ancestors of flowering plants end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Triassic Period" } ] }, { "id": "32700", "question": "when did the ancestors of flowering plants end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "202 million years ago" } ] }, { "id": "32701", "question": "how long are the first flowering plants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "160 mya" } ] }, { "id": "32702", "question": "how many mya did the lower cretaceous last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "120 mya" } ] }, { "id": "32703", "question": "how many mya did the dominant trees have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 329, "text": "100 to 60 mya" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Angiosperms differ from other seed plants in several ways, described in the table. These distinguishing characteristics taken together have made the angiosperms the most diverse and numerous land plants and the most commercially important group to humans.\nFossilized spores suggest that higher plants (embryophytes) have lived on land for at least 475 million years. Early land plants reproduced sexually with flagellated, swimming sperm, like the green algae from which they evolved. An adaptation to terrestrialization was the development of upright meiosporangia for dispersal by spores to new habitats. This feature is lacking in the descendants of their nearest algal relatives, the Charophycean green algae. A later terrestrial adaptation took place with retention of the delicate, avascular sexual stage, the gametophyte, within the tissues of the vascular sporophyte. This occurred by spore germination within sporangia rather than spore release, as in non-seed plants. A current example of how this might have happened can be seen in the precocious spore germination in \"Selaginella\", the spike-moss. The result for the ancestors of angiosperms was enclosing them in a case, the seed. The first seed bearing plants, like the ginkgo, and conifers (such as pines and firs), did not produce flowers. The pollen grains (males) of \"Ginkgo\" and cycads produce a pair of flagellated, mobile sperm cells that \"swim\" down the developing pollen tube to the female and her eggs.\nThe apparently sudden appearance of nearly modern flowers in the fossil record initially posed such a problem for the theory of evolution that Charles Darwin called it an \"\"abominable mystery\"\". However, the fossil record has considerably grown since the time of Darwin, and recently discovered angiosperm fossils such as \"Archaefructus\", along with further discoveries of fossil gymnosperms, suggest how angiosperm characteristics may have been acquired in a series of steps. Several groups of extinct gymnosperms, in particular seed ferns, have been proposed as the ancestors of flowering plants, but there is no continuous fossil evidence showing exactly how flowers evolved. Some older fossils, such as the upper Triassic \"Sanmiguelia\", have been suggested. Based on current evidence, some propose that the ancestors of the angiosperms diverged from an unknown group of gymnosperms in the Triassic period (245\u2013202 million years ago). Fossil angiosperm-like pollen from the Middle Triassic (247.2\u2013242.0 Ma) suggests an older date for their origin. A close relationship between angiosperms and gnetophytes, proposed on the basis of morphological evidence, has more recently been disputed on the basis of molecular evidence that suggest gnetophytes are instead more closely related to other gymnosperms.", "qas": [ { "id": "32704", "question": "how long have higher plants lived in land ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 348, "text": "475 million years" } ] }, { "id": "32705", "question": "what is the name of the algal relatives of algal relatives ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 688, "text": "Charophycean green algae" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The evolution of seed plants and later angiosperms appears to be the result of two distinct rounds of whole genome duplication events. These occurred at and . Another possible whole genome duplication event at perhaps created the ancestral line that led to all modern flowering plants. That event was studied by sequencing the genome of an ancient flowering plant, \"Amborella trichopoda\", and directly addresses Darwin's \"\"abominable mystery\".\"", "qas": [ { "id": "32706", "question": "what is the result of the evolution of seed plants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "two distinct rounds of whole genome duplication events" } ] }, { "id": "32707", "question": "what was the genome of an ancient flowering plant called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 366, "text": "Amborella trichopoda" } ] }, { "id": "32708", "question": "what did the genome of an ancient flowering plant translate to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 423, "text": "abominable mystery" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The earliest known macrofossil confidently identified as an angiosperm, \"Archaefructus liaoningensis\", is dated to about 125 million years BP (the Cretaceous period), whereas pollen considered to be of angiosperm origin takes the fossil record back to about 130 million years BP. However, one study has suggested that the early-middle Jurassic plant \"Schmeissneria\", traditionally considered a type of ginkgo, may be the earliest known angiosperm, or at least a close relative. In addition, circumstantial chemical evidence has been found for the existence of angiosperms as early as 250 million years ago. Oleanane, a secondary metabolite produced by many flowering plants, has been found in Permian deposits of that age together with fossils of gigantopterids. Gigantopterids are a group of extinct seed plants that share many morphological traits with flowering plants, although they are not known to have been flowering plants themselves.", "qas": [ { "id": "32709", "question": "what is the earliest known angiosperm identified as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "125 million years BP" } ] }, { "id": "32710", "question": "how long is pollen considered to be of angiosperm ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "130 million years BP" } ] }, { "id": "32711", "question": "what is the earliest known angiosperm ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 402, "text": "ginkgo" } ] }, { "id": "32712", "question": "how long has circumstantial evidence been found for the existence of angiosperms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 584, "text": "250 million years ago" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2013 flowers encased in amber were found and dated 100 million years before present. The amber had frozen the act of sexual reproduction in the process of taking place. Microscopic images showed tubes growing out of pollen and penetrating the flower's stigma. The pollen was sticky, suggesting it was carried by insects.", "qas": [ { "id": "32713", "question": "in what year were flowers encased in amber ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2013" } ] }, { "id": "32714", "question": "how many years were flowers encased in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "100 million" } ] }, { "id": "32715", "question": "what do microscopic images showed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "pollen and penetrating the flower's stigma" } ] }, { "id": "32716", "question": "what was the pollen carried by insects ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "sticky" } ] }, { "id": "32717", "question": "what was the pollen carried by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 315, "text": "insects" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Recent DNA analysis based on molecular systematics showed that \"Amborella trichopoda\", found on the Pacific island of New Caledonia, belongs to a sister group of the other flowering plants, and morphological studies suggest that it has features that may have been characteristic of the earliest flowering plants.", "qas": [ { "id": "32718", "question": "what is found in the pacific island of new caledonia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "Amborella trichopoda\"" } ] }, { "id": "32719", "question": "where is the pacific island found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "New Caledonia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The orders Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales diverged as separate lineages from the remaining angiosperm clade at a very early stage in flowering plant evolution.", "qas": [ { "id": "32720", "question": "what orders diverged as separate lineages from the remaining angiosperm clade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The great angiosperm radiation, when a great diversity of angiosperms appears in the fossil record, occurred in the mid-Cretaceous (approximately 100 million years ago). However, a study in 2007 estimated that the division of the five most recent (the genus \"Ceratophyllum\", the family Chloranthaceae, the eudicots, the magnoliids, and the monocots) of the eight main groups occurred around 140 million years ago.\nBy the late Cretaceous, angiosperms appear to have dominated environments formerly occupied by ferns and cycadophytes, but large canopy-forming trees replaced conifers as the dominant trees only close to the end of the Cretaceous 66 million years ago or even later, at the beginning of the Tertiary. The radiation of herbaceous angiosperms occurred much later. Yet, many fossil plants recognizable as belonging to modern families (including beech, oak, maple, and magnolia) had already appeared by the late Cretaceous.\nIt is generally assumed that the function of flowers, from the start, was to involve mobile animals in their reproduction processes. That is, pollen can be scattered even if the flower is not brightly colored or oddly shaped in a way that attracts animals; however, by expending the energy required to create such traits, angiosperms can enlist the aid of animals and, thus, reproduce more efficiently.", "qas": [ { "id": "32721", "question": "when did the great angiosperm radiation begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "100 million years ago" } ] }, { "id": "32722", "question": "how long did the main groups of the eight main groups last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 391, "text": "140 million years ago" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Island genetics provides one proposed explanation for the sudden, fully developed appearance of flowering plants. Island genetics is believed to be a common source of speciation in general, especially when it comes to radical adaptations that seem to have required inferior transitional forms. Flowering plants may have evolved in an isolated setting like an island or island chain, where the plants bearing them were able to develop a highly specialized relationship with some specific animal (a wasp, for example). Such a relationship, with a hypothetical wasp carrying pollen from one plant to another much the way fig wasps do today, could result in the development of a high degree of specialization in both the plant(s) and their partners. Note that the wasp example is not incidental; bees, which, it is postulated, evolved specifically due to mutualistic plant relationships, are descended from wasps.", "qas": [ { "id": "32723", "question": "what is an example of a specialized relationship with flowering plants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 356, "text": "an island or island chain" } ] }, { "id": "32724", "question": "why is bees evolved ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 851, "text": "mutualistic plant relationships" } ] }, { "id": "32725", "question": "what are bees descended from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 903, "text": "wasps" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Animals are also involved in the distribution of seeds. Fruit, which is formed by the enlargement of flower parts, is frequently a seed-dispersal tool that attracts animals to eat or otherwise disturb it, incidentally scattering the seeds it contains (see frugivory). Although many such mutualistic relationships remain too fragile to survive competition and to spread widely, flowering proved to be an unusually effective means of reproduction, spreading (whatever its origin) to become the dominant form of land plant life.", "qas": [ { "id": "32726", "question": "fruit is formed by what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "the enlargement of flower parts" } ] }, { "id": "32727", "question": "what type of tool is fruit ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "seed-dispersal tool" } ] }, { "id": "32728", "question": "what does fruit fruit do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "attracts animals to eat or otherwise disturb it" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Flower ontogeny uses a combination of genes normally responsible for forming new shoots. The most primitive flowers probably had a variable number of flower parts, often separate from (but in contact with) each other. The flowers tended to grow in a spiral pattern, to be bisexual (in plants, this means both male and female parts on the same flower), and to be dominated by the ovary (female part). As flowers evolved, some variations developed parts fused together, with a much more specific number and design, and with either specific sexes per flower or plant or at least \"ovary-inferior\".", "qas": [ { "id": "32729", "question": "what uses a combination of genes normally responsible ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Flower ontogeny" } ] }, { "id": "32730", "question": "what did flowers do to flowers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 522, "text": "either specific sexes per flower or plant or at least \"ovary-inferior" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Flower evolution continues to the present day; modern flowers have been so profoundly influenced by humans that some of them cannot be pollinated in nature. Many modern domesticated flower species were formerly simple weeds, which sprouted only when the ground was disturbed. Some of them tended to grow with human crops, perhaps already having symbiotic companion plant relationships with them, and the prettiest did not get plucked because of their beauty, developing a dependence upon and special adaptation to human affection.", "qas": [ { "id": "32731", "question": "what were many domesticated flower species ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "simple weeds" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A few paleontologists have also proposed that flowering plants, or angiosperms, might have evolved due to interactions with dinosaurs. One of the idea's strongest proponents is Robert T. Bakker. He proposes that herbivorous dinosaurs, with their eating habits, provided a selective pressure on plants, for which adaptations either succeeded in deterring or coping with predation by herbivores.", "qas": [ { "id": "32732", "question": "what do interactions have evolved with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "dinosaurs" } ] }, { "id": "32733", "question": "who is one of the strongest proponents of the idea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "Robert T. Bakker" } ] }, { "id": "32734", "question": "what year did robert t. bakker coping a selective pressure ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 382, "text": "herbivores" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are eight groups of living angiosperms:", "qas": [ { "id": "32735", "question": "how many groups of living angiosperms are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "eight" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The exact relationship between these eight groups is not yet clear, although there is agreement that the first three groups to diverge from the ancestral angiosperm were Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales. The term basal angiosperms refers to these three groups. Among the rest, the relationship between the three broadest of these groups (magnoliids, monocots, and eudicots) remains unclear. Some analyses make the magnoliids the first to diverge, others the monocots. \"Ceratophyllum\" seems to group with the eudicots rather than with the monocots.", "qas": [ { "id": "32736", "question": "what were the first three groups to diverge from the ancestral angiosperm ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales" } ] }, { "id": "32737", "question": "what does the term basal angiosperms mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "three groups" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Based on the 4th version of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification.", "qas": [ { "id": "32738", "question": "what is the 4th version of the angiosperm ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The botanical term \"Angiosperm\", from the Ancient Greek \u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03bd, \"ange\u00edon\" (bottle, vessel) and \u03c3\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1, (seed), was coined in the form Angiospermae by Paul Hermann in 1690, as the name of one of his primary divisions of the plant kingdom. This included flowering plants possessing seeds enclosed in capsules, distinguished from his Gymnospermae, or flowering plants with achenial or schizo-carpic fruits, the whole fruit or each of its pieces being here regarded as a seed and naked. The term and its antonym were maintained by Carl Linnaeus with the same sense, but with restricted application, in the names of the orders of his class Didynamia. Its use with any approach to its modern scope became possible only after 1827, when Robert Brown established the existence of truly naked ovules in the Cycadeae and Coniferae, and applied to them the name Gymnosperms. From that time onward, as long as these Gymnosperms were, as was usual, reckoned as dicotyledonous flowering plants, the term Angiosperm was used antithetically by botanical writers, with varying scope, as a group-name for other dicotyledonous plants.\nIn 1851, Hofmeister discovered the changes occurring in the embryo-sac of flowering plants, and determined the correct relationships of these to the Cryptogamia. This fixed the position of Gymnosperms as a class distinct from Dicotyledons, and the term Angiosperm then gradually came to be accepted as the suitable designation for the whole of the flowering plants other than Gymnosperms, including the classes of Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons. This is the sense in which the term is used today.", "qas": [ { "id": "32739", "question": "what is the name of the term `` ange\u00edon '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "Angiosperm" } ] }, { "id": "32740", "question": "what is another name for angiosperm ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "ange\u00edon" } ] }, { "id": "32741", "question": "who coined the term `` angiosperm '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "Paul Hermann" } ] }, { "id": "32742", "question": "where was paul hermann coined ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "1690" } ] }, { "id": "32743", "question": "who maintained the term `` the term and restricted application '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 528, "text": "Carl Linnaeus" } ] }, { "id": "32744", "question": "who established the existence of truly naked ovules ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 731, "text": "Robert Brown" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In most taxonomies, the flowering plants are treated as a coherent group. The most popular descriptive name has been Angiospermae (Angiosperms), with Anthophyta (\"flowering plants\") a second choice. These names are not linked to any rank. The Wettstein system and the Engler system use the name Angiospermae, at the assigned rank of subdivision. The Reveal system treated flowering plants as subdivision Magnoliophytina (Frohne & U. Jensen ex Reveal, Phytologia 79: 70 1996), but later split it to Magnoliopsida, Liliopsida, and Rosopsida. The Takhtajan system and Cronquist system treat this group at the rank of division, leading to the name Magnoliophyta (from the family name Magnoliaceae). The Dahlgren system and Thorne system (1992) treat this group at the rank of class, leading to the name Magnoliopsida. The APG system of 1998, and the later 2003 and 2009 revisions, treat the flowering plants as a clade called angiosperms without a formal botanical name. However, a formal classification was published alongside the 2009 revision in which the flowering plants form the Subclass Magnoliidae.", "qas": [ { "id": "32745", "question": "what is angiosperms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "Angiospermae" } ] }, { "id": "32746", "question": "what is the engler system called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 295, "text": "Angiospermae" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The internal classification of this group has undergone considerable revision. The Cronquist system, proposed by Arthur Cronquist in 1968 and published in its full form in 1981, is still widely used but is no longer believed to accurately reflect phylogeny. A consensus about how the flowering plants should be arranged has recently begun to emerge through the work of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG), which published an influential reclassification of the angiosperms in 1998. Updates incorporating more recent research were published as APG II in 2003 and as APG III in 2009.\nTraditionally, the flowering plants are divided into two groups, which in the Cronquist system are called Magnoliopsida (at the rank of class, formed from the family name Magnoliaceae) and Liliopsida (at the rank of class, formed from the family name Liliaceae). Other descriptive names allowed by Article 16 of the ICBN include Dicotyledones or Dicotyledoneae, and Monocotyledones or Monocotyledoneae, which have a long history of use. In English a member of either group may be called a dicotyledon (plural dicotyledons) and monocotyledon (plural monocotyledons), or abbreviated, as dicot (plural dicots) and monocot (plural monocots). These names derive from the observation that the dicots most often have two cotyledons, or embryonic leaves, within each seed. The monocots usually have only one, but the rule is not absolute either way. From a broad diagnostic point of view, the number of cotyledons is neither a particularly handy nor a reliable character.", "qas": [ { "id": "32747", "question": "who proposed the cronquist system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "Arthur Cronquist" } ] }, { "id": "32748", "question": "when was the cronquist system proposed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "1968" } ] }, { "id": "32749", "question": "when was the cronquist system published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "1981" } ] }, { "id": "32750", "question": "what does apg stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 373, "text": "Angiosperm Phylogeny Group" } ] }, { "id": "32751", "question": "what are flowering plants called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 689, "text": "Magnoliopsida" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Recent studies, as by the APG, show that the monocots form a monophyletic group (clade) but that the dicots do not (they are paraphyletic). Nevertheless, the majority of dicot species do form a monophyletic group, called the eudicots or tricolpates. Of the remaining dicot species, most belong to a third major clade known as the magnoliids, containing about 9,000 species. The rest include a paraphyletic grouping of primitive species known collectively as the basal angiosperms, plus the families Ceratophyllaceae and Chloranthaceae.", "qas": [ { "id": "32752", "question": "what is another name for the majority of dicot species ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 221, "text": "the eudicots or tricolpates" } ] }, { "id": "32753", "question": "how many species are in the magnoliids ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 359, "text": "9,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The number of species of flowering plants is estimated to be in the range of 250,000 to 400,000. This compares to around 12,000 species of moss or 11,000 species of pteridophytes, showing that the flowering plants are much more diverse. The number of families in APG (1998) was 462. In APG II (2003) it is not settled; at maximum it is 457, but within this number there are 55 optional segregates, so that the minimum number of families in this system is 402. In APG III (2009) there are 415 families.", "qas": [ { "id": "32754", "question": "what is the number of species of flowering plants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "250,000 to 400,000" } ] }, { "id": "32755", "question": "how many species of moss are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "12,000" } ] }, { "id": "32756", "question": "what was the number of families in apg -lrb- 1998 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "462" } ] }, { "id": "32757", "question": "what is the apg ii in apg ii ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 336, "text": "457" } ] }, { "id": "32758", "question": "what is the minimum number of families in apg ii ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 455, "text": "402" } ] }, { "id": "32759", "question": "how many families are in apg iii ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 488, "text": "415" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The diversity of flowering plants is not evenly distributed. Nearly all species belong to the eudicot (75%), monocot (23%), and magnoliid (2%) clades. The remaining 5 clades contain a little over 250 species in total; i.e. less than 0.1% of flowering plant diversity, divided among 9 families. The 42 most-diverse of 443 families of flowering plants by species, in their APG circumscriptions, are\nOf these, the Orchidaceae, Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Arecaceae, and Iridaceae are monocot families; Piperaceae, Lauraceae, and Annonaceae are magnoliid dicots; the rest of the families are eudicots.", "qas": [ { "id": "32760", "question": "what percentage of species belong to the eudicot ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "75%" } ] }, { "id": "32761", "question": "what percentage of the population is monocot ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "23%" } ] }, { "id": "32762", "question": "what percentage of clades is clades ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "2%" } ] }, { "id": "32763", "question": "what percentage of flowering plant diversity are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "0.1%" } ] }, { "id": "32764", "question": "how many families are in flowering plants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 317, "text": "443" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The amount and complexity of tissue-formation in flowering plants exceeds that of gymnosperms. The vascular bundles of the stem are arranged such that the xylem and phloem form concentric rings.", "qas": [ { "id": "32765", "question": "what do the complexity of flowering plants exceeds ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "gymnosperms" } ] }, { "id": "32766", "question": "what are the stem of the stem of the stem of stem ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "the xylem and phloem form concentric rings" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the dicotyledons, the bundles in the very young stem are arranged in an open ring, separating a central pith from an outer cortex. In each bundle, separating the xylem and phloem, is a layer of meristem or active formative tissue known as cambium. By the formation of a layer of cambium between the bundles (interfascicular cambium), a complete ring is formed, and a regular periodical increase in thickness results from the development of xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside. The soft phloem becomes crushed, but the hard wood persists and forms the bulk of the stem and branches of the woody perennial. Owing to differences in the character of the elements produced at the beginning and end of the season, the wood is marked out in transverse section into concentric rings, one for each season of growth, called annual rings.", "qas": [ { "id": "32767", "question": "what is a layer of meristem or active tissue ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "the xylem and phloem" } ] }, { "id": "32768", "question": "what is another name for meristem or active tissue ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "cambium" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The characteristic feature of angiosperms is the flower. Flowers show remarkable variation in form and elaboration, and provide the most trustworthy external characteristics for establishing relationships among angiosperm species. The function of the flower is to ensure fertilization of the ovule and development of fruit containing seeds. The floral apparatus may arise terminally on a shoot or from the axil of a leaf (where the petiole attaches to the stem). Occasionally, as in violets, a flower arises singly in the axil of an ordinary foliage-leaf. More typically, the flower-bearing portion of the plant is sharply distinguished from the foliage-bearing or vegetative portion, and forms a more or less elaborate branch-system called an inflorescence.", "qas": [ { "id": "32769", "question": "what is the characteristic feature of angiosperms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "the flower" } ] }, { "id": "32770", "question": "what is the function of the flower ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "ensure fertilization of the ovule and development of fruit containing seeds" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are two kinds of reproductive cells produced by flowers. Microspores, which will divide to become pollen grains, are the \"male\" cells and are borne in the stamens (or microsporophylls). The \"female\" cells called megaspores, which will divide to become the egg cell (megagametogenesis), are contained in the ovule and enclosed in the carpel (or megasporophyll).", "qas": [ { "id": "32771", "question": "who produced the two kinds of reproductive cells ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "flowers" } ] }, { "id": "32772", "question": "what will divide to become pollen grains ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "Microspores" } ] }, { "id": "32773", "question": "what is the `` female '' cells called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "megaspores" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The flower may consist only of these parts, as in willow, where each flower comprises only a few stamens or two carpels. Usually, other structures are present and serve to protect the sporophylls and to form an envelope attractive to pollinators. The individual members of these surrounding structures are known as sepals and petals (or tepals in flowers such as \"Magnolia\" where sepals and petals are not distinguishable from each other). The outer series (calyx of sepals) is usually green and leaf-like, and functions to protect the rest of the flower, especially the bud. The inner series (corolla of petals) is, in general, white or brightly colored, and is more delicate in structure. It functions to attract insect or bird pollinators. Attraction is effected by color, scent, and nectar, which may be secreted in some part of the flower. The characteristics that attract pollinators account for the popularity of flowers and flowering plants among humans.", "qas": [ { "id": "32774", "question": "in what language is the flower of the flower located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "willow" } ] }, { "id": "32775", "question": "what does each flower have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "a few stamens or two carpels" } ] }, { "id": "32776", "question": "what are the individual members of these surrounding structures called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 315, "text": "sepals and petals" } ] }, { "id": "32777", "question": "what is calyx of sepals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 486, "text": "green and leaf-like" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While the majority of flowers are perfect or hermaphrodite (having both pollen and ovule producing parts in the same flower structure), flowering plants have developed numerous morphological and physiological mechanisms to reduce or prevent self-fertilization. Heteromorphic flowers have short carpels and long stamens, or vice versa, so animal pollinators cannot easily transfer pollen to the pistil (receptive part of the carpel). Homomorphic flowers may employ a biochemical (physiological) mechanism called self-incompatibility to discriminate between self and non-self pollen grains. In other species, the male and female parts are morphologically separated, developing on different flowers.", "qas": [ { "id": "32778", "question": "what are the majority of the majority of flowers in flowering plants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "perfect or hermaphrodite" } ] }, { "id": "32779", "question": "what have flowering plants developed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "morphological and physiological mechanisms to reduce or prevent self-fertilization" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Double fertilization refers to a process in which two sperm cells fertilize cells in the ovary. This process begins when a pollen grain adheres to the stigma of the pistil (female reproductive structure), germinates, and grows a long pollen tube. While this pollen tube is growing, a haploid generative cell travels down the tube behind the tube nucleus. The generative cell divides by mitosis to produce two haploid (\"n\") sperm cells. As the pollen tube grows, it makes its way from the stigma, down the style and into the ovary. Here the pollen tube reaches the micropyle of the ovule and digests its way into one of the synergids, releasing its contents (which include the sperm cells). The synergid that the cells were released into degenerates and one sperm makes its way to fertilize the egg cell, producing a diploid (2\"n\") zygote. The second sperm cell fuses with both central cell nuclei, producing a triploid (3\"n\") cell. As the zygote develops into an embryo, the triploid cell develops into the endosperm, which serves as the embryo's food supply. The ovary will now develop into a fruit and the ovule will develop into a seed.", "qas": [ { "id": "32780", "question": "what does double fertilization mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "two sperm cells fertilize cells in the ovary" } ] }, { "id": "32781", "question": "what is the pollen tube ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "a haploid generative cell travels down the tube behind the tube nucleus" } ] }, { "id": "32782", "question": "what does the generative cell divides ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 386, "text": "mitosis to produce two haploid (\"n\") sperm cells" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As the development of embryo and endosperm proceeds within the embryo sac, the sac wall enlarges and combines with the nucellus (which is likewise enlarging) and the integument to form the \"seed coat\". The ovary wall develops to form the fruit or pericarp, whose form is closely associated with the manner of distribution of the seed.", "qas": [ { "id": "32783", "question": "what is the name of the seed coat within the embryo sac ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "the sac wall enlarges" } ] }, { "id": "32784", "question": "what is the development of the sac called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "seed coat" } ] }, { "id": "32785", "question": "what does the ovary wall form ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "the fruit or pericarp" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The character of the seed coat bears a definite relation to that of the fruit. They protect the embryo and aid in dissemination; they may also directly promote germination. Among plants with indehiscent fruits, in general, the fruit provides protection for the embryo and secures dissemination. In this case, the seed coat is only slightly developed. If the fruit is dehiscent and the seed is exposed, in general, the seed-coat is well developed, and must discharge the functions otherwise executed by the fruit.", "qas": [ { "id": "32786", "question": "what type of fruits does the fruit have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "indehiscent fruits" } ] }, { "id": "32787", "question": "what does the fruit do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "the fruit provides protection for the embryo and secures dissemination" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Agriculture is almost entirely dependent on angiosperms, which provide virtually all plant-based food, and also provide a significant amount of livestock feed. Of all the families of plants, the Poaceae, or grass family (grains), is by far the most important, providing the bulk of all feedstocks (rice, corn \u2014 maize, wheat, barley, rye, oats, pearl millet, sugar cane, sorghum). The Fabaceae, or legume family, comes in second place. Also of high importance are the Solanaceae, or nightshade family (potatoes, tomatoes, and peppers, among others), the Cucurbitaceae, or gourd family (also including pumpkins and melons), the Brassicaceae, or mustard plant family (including rapeseed and the innumerable varieties of the cabbage species \"Brassica oleracea\"), and the Apiaceae, or parsley family. Many of our fruits come from the Rutaceae, or rue family (including oranges, lemons, grapefruits, etc.), and the Rosaceae, or rose family (including apples, pears, cherries, apricots, plums, etc.).", "qas": [ { "id": "32788", "question": "what is agriculture almost entirely dependent on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "angiosperms" } ] }, { "id": "32789", "question": "what does grains stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "the Poaceae, or grass family" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Flowering plants also provide economic resources in the form of wood, paper, fiber (cotton, flax, and hemp, among others), medicines (digitalis, camphor), decorative and landscaping plants, and many other uses. The main area in which they are surpassed by other plants \u2014 namely, coniferous trees (Pinales), which are non-flowering (gymnosperms) \u2014 is timber and paper production.", "qas": [ { "id": "32790", "question": "what are some examples of flowering plants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "cotton, flax, and hemp" } ] }, { "id": "32791", "question": "what type of trees are timber and paper ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 279, "text": "coniferous trees" } ] }, { "id": "32792", "question": "what is another term for paper production ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 332, "text": "gymnosperms" } ] } ] } ], "title": "Flowering plant" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A dependent territory, dependent area or dependency is a territory that does not possess full political independence or sovereignty as a sovereign state yet remains politically outside of the controlling state's integral area.", "qas": [ { "id": "32793", "question": "what is a dependent territory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "dependent area or dependency" } ] }, { "id": "32794", "question": "what is a dependent territory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "does not possess full political independence or sovereignty as a sovereign state yet remains politically outside of the controlling state's integral area" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A dependency is commonly distinguished from subnational entities in that they are not considered to be part of the integral territory of the governing state. A subnational entity typically represents a division of the state \"proper\", while a dependent territory often maintains a great degree of autonomy from the controlling state. Historically, most colonies were considered to be dependencies of their controlling state. The dependencies that remain generally maintain a very high degree of political autonomy. At the same time, not all autonomous entities are considered to be dependencies, and not all dependencies are autonomous.", "qas": [ { "id": "32795", "question": "what is a dependency commonly distinguished from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "subnational entities" } ] }, { "id": "32796", "question": "what is a subnational entity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "a division of the state \"proper\"" } ] }, { "id": "32797", "question": "what were most colonies considered to be ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 383, "text": "dependencies of their controlling state" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some political entities have a special position recognized by international treaty or agreement resulting in a certain level of autonomy or differences in immigration rules. These are sometimes considered dependencies, but are officially considered by their controlling states to be integral parts of the state. Examples are \u00c5land (Finland) and Hong Kong (China).", "qas": [ { "id": "32798", "question": "some political entities have a special position by what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "international treaty or agreement resulting in a certain level of autonomy or differences in immigration rules" } ] }, { "id": "32799", "question": "what are these parts of the state called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "dependencies" } ] }, { "id": "32800", "question": "what are the dependencies of the state officially considered to be ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "their controlling states to be integral parts of the state" } ] }, { "id": "32801", "question": "what are the names of the examples of china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 325, "text": "\u00c5land (Finland) and Hong Kong" } ] } ] }, { "context": "This list includes all territories that have not been legally incorporated into their governing state, including several territories that are not on the list of non-self-governing territories listed by the General Assembly of the United Nations. Dependency claims without general international recognition, including all claims in Antarctica, are listed in \"italics\".", "qas": [ { "id": "32802", "question": "what type of territories are listed by the general assembly ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "non-self-governing territories" } ] }, { "id": "32803", "question": "who listed the territories that are not on the list of territories ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "the General Assembly of the United Nations" } ] }, { "id": "32804", "question": "what are all claims in antarctica ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 358, "text": "italics" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"Summary:\" The Realm of New Zealand includes two self-governing states in free association with New Zealand, one territory (Tokelau), and a territorial claim in Antarctica.", "qas": [ { "id": "32805", "question": "what is the realm of new zealand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "The Realm of New Zealand includes two self-governing states" } ] }, { "id": "32806", "question": "the realm of new zealand includes what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "New Zealand, one territory (Tokelau), and a territorial claim in Antarctica" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"Summary:\" Norway has 1 dependent territory and \"2 dependency claims\".", "qas": [ { "id": "32807", "question": "what does norway have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "Norway has 1 dependent territory and \"2 dependency claims" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"Summary:\" the United Kingdom has 12 Overseas Territories (10 autonomous, 1 uninhabited), 3 Crown dependencies (autonomous), 1 group of Sovereign Base Areas, and \"1 dependency claim\".", "qas": [ { "id": "32808", "question": "how many overseas territories does the united kingdom have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "12" } ] }, { "id": "32809", "question": "how many autonomous territories does the united kingdom have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "10" } ] }, { "id": "32810", "question": "what group of areas does the united kingdom have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "Sovereign Base Areas" } ] }, { "id": "32811", "question": "what is the name of the claim that the united kingdom has 12 overseas territories ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "1 dependency claim" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"Summary:\" the United States has 11 dependent territories and \"2 dependency claims\". The United States also has one incorporated territory.", "qas": [ { "id": "32812", "question": "what does the united states have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "the United States has 11 dependent territories and \"2 dependency claims" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The following entities are according to the law of their state, integral parts of the state, but exhibit many characteristics of dependent territories. This list is generally limited to entities which are either subject to an international treaty on their status, uninhabited, or have a unique level of autonomy and are largely self-governing in matters other than international affairs. As a result, it does not include most entities with no unique autonomy, such as the overseas regions of France, or only limited unique autonomy, such as the Autonomous Regions of Portugal. Most inhabited territories have their own ISO 3166 country codes.", "qas": [ { "id": "32813", "question": "what is most inhabited territories ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 619, "text": "ISO 3166 country codes" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"Summary:\" Australia has 6 territories in its administration and \"1 dependency claim\".", "qas": [ { "id": "32814", "question": "how many territories does australia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "Australia has 6 territories in its administration and \"1 dependency claim" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although all territories of Australia are considered to be fully integrated in its federative system, and the official status of an external territory does not differ largely from that of a mainland territory (except in regards to immigration law), debate remains as to whether the external territories are integral parts of Australia, due to their not being part of Australia in 1901, when its constituent states federated. They are often listed separately for statistical purposes.", "qas": [ { "id": "32815", "question": "in what year did the constituent states become part of australia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 380, "text": "1901" } ] }, { "id": "32816", "question": "what are all territories of australia often listed for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 462, "text": "statistical purposes" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"Summary:\" China has 2 special administrative regions which are governed according to international treaties.", "qas": [ { "id": "32817", "question": "what is governed by international treaties ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "China has 2 special administrative regions" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Kingdom of Denmark contains 2 self-governing countries.", "qas": [ { "id": "32818", "question": "what contains 2 self-governing countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Kingdom of Denmark" } ] }, { "id": "32819", "question": "how many countries does the kingdom of denmark have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "2 self-governing countries" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"Summary:\" Finland has 1 autonomous region, which is also subject to international treaties.", "qas": [ { "id": "32820", "question": "what is subject to international treaties ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "Finland has 1 autonomous region" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"Summary:\" France has 6 autonomous collectivities, and 2 uninhabited territories. This does not include the overseas regions (which are also overseas departments) of R\u00e9union, Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, and Mayotte, which although also located overseas, have the same status as metropolitan France's regions. Nonetheless, all of France's overseas territory is considered to be an integral part of the French Republic.", "qas": [ { "id": "32821", "question": "what are the `` summary : summary '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "France has 6 autonomous collectivities, and 2 uninhabited territories" } ] }, { "id": "32822", "question": "what are some of the overseas departments ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "R\u00e9union, Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, and Mayotte" } ] }, { "id": "32823", "question": "what is the same status of the overseas regions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 289, "text": "metropolitan France's regions" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"Summary:\" The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of 3 Caribbean countries with autonomy in internal affairs, and one country\u2014the Netherlands\u2014with most of its area in Europe, except 3 municipalities also in the Caribbean. The 3 municipalities in the Caribbean\u2014Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius\u2014are not listed as they are directly administered by the Government of the Netherlands. All Dutch citizens of the Kingdom share the same nationality and are thus citizens of the European Union.", "qas": [ { "id": "32824", "question": "how many municipalities are in the caribbean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "3" } ] }, { "id": "32825", "question": "what are the 3 municipalities in the caribbean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius" } ] }, { "id": "32826", "question": "who administered the 3 municipalities in the caribbean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 346, "text": "the Government of the Netherlands" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"Summary:\" Norway has one internal territory with limited Norwegian sovereignty\u2014Svalbard, and another uninhabited internal territory, Jan Mayen. These are part of the Kingdom of Norway, unlike the country's Antarctic dependent territory\u2014Bouvet Island, and two dependency claims (see above).\nThree Crown dependencies are in a form of association with the UK. They are independently administrated jurisdictions, although the British Government is solely responsible for defence and international representation, and has ultimate responsibility for ensuring good government. They do not have diplomatic recognition as independent states, but they are not an integrated part of the UK, nor do they form part of the European Union. The UK Parliament retains the ability to legislate for the Crown dependencies even without the agreement of the insular legislatures. None of the Crown dependencies has representatives in the UK Parliament. Bermuda and Gibraltar have similar relationships to the UK as the Crown dependencies. While Britain is officially responsible for defence and international representation, these jurisdictions maintain their own militaries and have been granted limited diplomatic powers, in addition to having internal self-government. Nevertheless, they are British overseas territories.", "qas": [ { "id": "32827", "question": "what is the name of the limited norwegian sovereignty of norway ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "Svalbard" } ] }, { "id": "32828", "question": "who is the uninhabited internal territory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "Jan Mayen" } ] }, { "id": "32829", "question": "what is the antarctic dependent territory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 237, "text": "Bouvet Island" } ] } ] }, { "context": "New Zealand and dependencies share the same Governor-General and constitute one realm. The Cook Islands and Niue are officially termed associated states.", "qas": [ { "id": "32830", "question": "what does new zealand 's dependencies share ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Governor-General and constitute one realm" } ] }, { "id": "32831", "question": "what are officially termed associated states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "The Cook Islands and Niue" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Puerto Rico (since 1952) and the Northern Mariana Islands (since 1986) are non-independent states freely associated with the United States.\nThe mutually negotiated Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) in Political Union with the United States was approved in 1976. The Covenant was fully implemented November 3, 1986, pursuant to Presidential Proclamation no. 5564, which conferred United States citizenship on legally qualified CNMI residents.", "qas": [ { "id": "32832", "question": "in what year did puerto rico become puerto rico ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 19, "text": "1952" } ] }, { "id": "32833", "question": "what islands are freely associated with the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "Northern Mariana Islands" } ] }, { "id": "32834", "question": "what did the mutually negotiated covenant to establish ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands" } ] }, { "id": "32835", "question": "when was the northern mariana islands approved ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "1976" } ] }, { "id": "32836", "question": "when was the covenant implemented ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 339, "text": "November 3, 1986" } ] }, { "id": "32837", "question": "what was the name of the presidential proclamation no. proclamation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 399, "text": "5564" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Under the Constitution of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico is described as a Commonwealth and Puerto Ricans have a degree of administrative autonomy similar to citizens of a U.S. state. Puerto Ricans \"were collectively made U.S. citizens\" in 1917 as a result of the Jones-Shafroth Act. The commonly used name in Spanish of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, \"Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico\", literally \"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico\", which sounds similar to \"free association\" particularly when loosely used in Spanish, is sometimes erroneously interpreted to mean that Puerto Rico's relationship with United States is based on a Compact of Free Association and at other times erroneously held to mean that Puerto Rico's relationship with United States is based on an Interstate compact. This is a constant source of ambiguity and confusion when trying to define, understand and explain Puerto Rico's political relationship with the United States. For various reasons Puerto Rico's political status differs from that of the Pacific Islands that entered into Compacts of Free Association with the United States. As sovereign states, these islands have full right to conduct their own foreign relations, while the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has territorial status subject to United States congressional authority under the Constitution's Territory Clause, \"to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory\u2026 belonging to the United States.\". Puerto Rico does not have the right to unilaterally declare independence, and at the last referendum (1998) the narrow majority voted for \"none of the above\", which was a formally undefined alternative used by commonwealth supporters to express their desire for an \"enhanced commonwealth\" option.", "qas": [ { "id": "32838", "question": "what is puerto rico described as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Commonwealth and Puerto Ricans" } ] }, { "id": "32839", "question": "when did puerto ricans become a result of the u.s. citizens ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "1917" } ] }, { "id": "32840", "question": "what act did puerto ricans use in 1917 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "Jones-Shafroth Act" } ] }, { "id": "32841", "question": "what is the name of the spanish of the commonwealth of puerto rico ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 349, "text": "Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" } ] } ] }, { "context": "This kind of relationship also can be found in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which is a federacy. The continental part is organized like a unitary state but the status of its territories (Aruba, since 1986, and the Netherlands Antilles, since 1954 until 2010) can be considered dependencies or \"associated non-independent states\". After the split-up of the Netherlands Antilles, Cura\u00e7ao and Sint Maarten are separate associated states like Aruba.", "qas": [ { "id": "32842", "question": "where is the relationship also found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "Kingdom of the Netherlands" } ] }, { "id": "32843", "question": "what is the kingdom of the netherlands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "federacy" } ] }, { "id": "32844", "question": "in what year did the continental part of the continental part occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "1986" } ] }, { "id": "32845", "question": "what are separate associated states like aruba .", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 381, "text": "Cura\u00e7ao and Sint Maarten" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Additionally, Denmark operates in a similar manner to a federacy. The Faroes and Greenland are two self-governing territories, or regions within the Kingdom. The relationship between Denmark proper and the two territories is semi-officially termed the \"Rigsf\u00e6llesskabet\".", "qas": [ { "id": "32846", "question": "what is the similar manner of denmark ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "federacy" } ] }, { "id": "32847", "question": "what are the faroes and greenland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "two self-governing territories, or regions within the Kingdom" } ] }, { "id": "32848", "question": "what is the relationship between denmark proper and the two territories called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "Rigsf\u00e6llesskabet" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Dependent territory" } ] }