{ "data": [ { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Other terms used to describe drainage basins are catchment, catchment area, drainage area, river basin and water basin. In North America, the term watershed is commonly used to mean a drainage basin, though in other English-speaking countries, it is used only in its original sense, to mean a drainage divide, the former meaning an area, the latter the high elevation perimeter of that area. Drainage basins drain into other drainage basins in a hierarchical pattern, with smaller sub-drainage basins combining into larger drainage basins.", "qas": [ { "id": "35546", "question": "what is the name of the terms that are used to describe drainage basins ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "river basin and water basin" } ] }, { "id": "35547", "question": "what is the term watershed commonly used to mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "drainage basin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In closed (\"endorheic\") drainage basins the water converges to a single point inside the basin, known as a sink, which may be a permanent lake, a dry lake, or a point where surface water is lost underground. The drainage basin includes all the streams and rivers that convey the water towards the sink, as well as the land surfaces from which water drains into those channels.", "qas": [ { "id": "35548", "question": "what is another term for closed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 12, "text": "endorheic" } ] }, { "id": "35549", "question": "what is the term for a permanent lake ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "a sink" } ] }, { "id": "35550", "question": "what does the drainage basin do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 268, "text": "convey the water towards the sink" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Drainage basins are similar but not identical to hydrologic units, which are drainage areas delineated so as to nest into a multi-level hierarchical drainage system. Hydrologic units are defined to allow multiple inlets, outlets, or sinks. In a strict sense, all drainage basins are hydrologic units but not all hydrologic units are drainage basins.", "qas": [ { "id": "35551", "question": "what are drainage of the drainage of drainage basins ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "hydrologic units" } ] }, { "id": "35552", "question": "what is the name of the system that nest are similar to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "multi-level hierarchical drainage system" } ] }, { "id": "35553", "question": "what type of basins are not all hydrologic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 333, "text": "drainage basins" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Drainage basins of the principal oceans and seas of the world. Grey areas are endorheic basins that do not drain to the ocean.", "qas": [ { "id": "35554", "question": "what type of basins are grey areas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "endorheic basins" } ] }, { "id": "35555", "question": "what are grey areas basins ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "do not drain to the ocean" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The five largest river basins (by area), from largest to smallest, are the basins of the Amazon, the R\u00edo de la Plata, the Congo, the Nile, and the Mississippi. The three rivers that drain the most water, from most to least, are the Amazon, Ganga, and Congo rivers.", "qas": [ { "id": "35556", "question": "what are the names of the five largest river basins ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "the R\u00edo de la Plata, the Congo, the Nile, and the Mississippi" } ] }, { "id": "35557", "question": "what are the three rivers that drain the most water ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "Amazon, Ganga, and Congo rivers" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Endorheic drainage basins are inland basins that do not drain to an ocean. Around 18% of all land drains to endorheic lakes or seas or sinks. The largest of these consists of much of the interior of Asia, which drains into the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea, and numerous smaller lakes. Other endorheic regions include the Great Basin in the United States, much of the Sahara Desert, the drainage basin of the Okavango River (Kalahari Basin), highlands near the African Great Lakes, the interiors of Australia and the Arabian Peninsula, and parts in Mexico and the Andes. Some of these, such as the Great Basin, are not single drainage basins but collections of separate, adjacent closed basins.", "qas": [ { "id": "35558", "question": "how much of the bronx 's population is seas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "18%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In endorheic bodies of standing water where evaporation is the primary means of water loss, the water is typically more saline than the oceans. An extreme example of this is the Dead Sea.", "qas": [ { "id": "35559", "question": "what is the primary means of evaporation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "water loss" } ] }, { "id": "35560", "question": "what is the water loss of water ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "more saline than the oceans" } ] }, { "id": "35561", "question": "what is the extreme example of the sea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "Dead Sea" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Drainage basins have been historically important for determining territorial boundaries, particularly in regions where trade by water has been important. For example, the English crown gave the Hudson's Bay Company a monopoly on the fur trade in the entire Hudson Bay basin, an area called Rupert's Land. Bioregional political organization today includes agreements of states (e.g., international treaties and, within the U.S.A., interstate compacts) or other political entities in a particular drainage basin to manage the body or bodies of water into which it drains. Examples of such interstate compacts are the Great Lakes Commission and the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency.", "qas": [ { "id": "35562", "question": "what have been historically important for determining territorial boundaries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Drainage basins" } ] }, { "id": "35563", "question": "who did the english crown give a monopoly on the fur trade in the hudson bay basin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "Hudson's Bay Company" } ] }, { "id": "35564", "question": "where was the hudson 's bay company located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "Hudson Bay basin" } ] }, { "id": "35565", "question": "what is the name of the hudson bay company ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "Rupert's Land" } ] }, { "id": "35566", "question": "what are interstate compacts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 615, "text": "Great Lakes Commission and the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In hydrology, the drainage basin is a logical unit of focus for studying the movement of water within the hydrological cycle, because the majority of water that discharges from the basin outlet originated as precipitation falling on the basin. A portion of the water that enters the groundwater system beneath the drainage basin may flow towards the outlet of another drainage basin because groundwater flow directions do not always match those of their overlying drainage network. Measurement of the discharge of water from a basin may be made by a stream gauge located at the basin's outlet.", "qas": [ { "id": "35567", "question": "where is the drainage basin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "hydrology" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Rain gauge data is used to measure total precipitation over a drainage basin, and there are different ways to interpret that data. If the gauges are many and evenly distributed over an area of uniform precipitation, using the arithmetic mean method will give good results. In the Thiessen polygon method, the drainage basin is divided into polygons with the rain gauge in the middle of each polygon assumed to be representative for the rainfall on the area of land included in its polygon. These polygons are made by drawing lines between gauges, then making perpendicular bisectors of those lines form the polygons. The isohyetal method involves contours of equal precipitation are drawn over the gauges on a map. Calculating the area between these curves and adding up the volume of water is time consuming.", "qas": [ { "id": "35568", "question": "what is rain gauge used for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "measure total precipitation over a drainage basin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Isochrone maps can be used to show the time taken for runoff water within a drainage basin to reach a lake, reservoir or outlet, assuming constant and uniform effective rainfall.", "qas": [ { "id": "35569", "question": "who can be used to show the time taken for runoff water ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Isochrone maps" } ] }, { "id": "35570", "question": "what is the purpose of maps ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "reach a lake, reservoir or outlet, assuming constant and uniform effective rainfall" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Drainage basins are the principal hydrologic unit considered in fluvial geomorphology. A drainage basin is the source for water and sediment that moves from higher elevation through the river system to lower elevations as they reshape the channel forms.", "qas": [ { "id": "35571", "question": "what are the principal hydrologic unit ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Drainage basins" } ] }, { "id": "35572", "question": "what are the principal hydrologic unit considered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "fluvial geomorphology" } ] }, { "id": "35573", "question": "why does a drainage of water and sediment moves from higher elevation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "they reshape the channel forms" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Drainage basins are important in ecology. As water flows over the ground and along rivers it can pick up nutrients, sediment, and pollutants. With the water, they are transported towards the outlet of the basin, and can affect the ecological processes along the way as well as in the receiving water source.", "qas": [ { "id": "35574", "question": "what are important in ecology ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Drainage basins" } ] }, { "id": "35575", "question": "in what season are drainage basins important ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "ecology" } ] }, { "id": "35576", "question": "what does water flows over ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "pick up nutrients, sediment, and pollutants" } ] }, { "id": "35577", "question": "what are the water transported towards ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "the outlet of the basin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Modern use of artificial fertilizers, containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, has affected the mouths of drainage basins. The minerals are carried by the drainage basin to the mouth, and may accumulate there, disturbing the natural mineral balance. This can cause eutrophication where plant growth is accelerated by the additional material.", "qas": [ { "id": "35578", "question": "what are artificial fertilizers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium" } ] }, { "id": "35579", "question": "modern use of artificial fertilizers has affected what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "drainage basins" } ] }, { "id": "35580", "question": "what are the minerals carried by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "the drainage basin to the mouth" } ] }, { "id": "35581", "question": "what type of balance does the minerals have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "natural mineral balance" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Because drainage basins are coherent entities in a hydro-logical sense, it has become common to manage water resources on the basis of individual basins. In the U.S. state of Minnesota, governmental entities that perform this function are called \"watershed districts\". In New Zealand, they are called catchment boards. Comparable community groups based in Ontario, Canada, are called conservation authorities. In North America, this function is referred to as \"watershed management\".\nIn Brazil, the National Policy of Water Resources, regulated by Act n\u00b0 9.433 of 1997, establishes the drainage basin as the territorial division of Brazilian water management.", "qas": [ { "id": "35582", "question": "what are the governmental entities that perform this function called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "watershed districts" } ] }, { "id": "35583", "question": "what are new zealand 's entities called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 301, "text": "catchment boards" } ] }, { "id": "35584", "question": "what are canada 's community groups called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 384, "text": "conservation authorities" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When a river basin crosses at least one political border, either a border within a nation or an international boundary, it is identified as a transboundary river. Management of such basins becomes the responsibility of the countries sharing it. Nile Basin Initiative, OMVS for Senegal River, Mekong River Commission are a few examples of arrangements involving management of shared river basins.", "qas": [ { "id": "35585", "question": "what is the border within the river basin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "transboundary river" } ] }, { "id": "35586", "question": "what is the name of the commission that are in nile basin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "Mekong River Commission" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Management of shared drainage basins is also seen as a way to build lasting peaceful relationships among countries.", "qas": [ { "id": "35587", "question": "what is the management of shared drainage basins ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "build lasting peaceful relationships among countries" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The catchment is the most significant factor determining the amount or likelihood of flooding.", "qas": [ { "id": "35588", "question": "what is the most significant factor for the flooding ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "the amount or likelihood of flooding" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Catchment factors are: topography, shape, size, soil type, and land use (paved or roofed areas). Catchment topography and shape determine the time taken for rain to reach the river, while catchment size, soil type, and development determine the amount of water to reach the river.", "qas": [ { "id": "35589", "question": "what are some examples of factors that are used in land ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "topography, shape, size, soil type" } ] }, { "id": "35590", "question": "what are the land use of land use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "paved or roofed areas" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Generally, topography plays a big part in how fast runoff will reach a river. Rain that falls in steep mountainous areas will reach the primary river in the drainage basin faster than flat or lightly sloping areas (e.g., > 1% gradient).", "qas": [ { "id": "35591", "question": "what is the main function of rain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "flat or lightly sloping areas" } ] }, { "id": "35592", "question": "what percentage of rain is gradient sloping ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 221, "text": "> 1%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Size will help determine the amount of water reaching the river, as the larger the catchment the greater the potential for flooding. It also determined on the basis of length and width of the drainage basin.", "qas": [ { "id": "35593", "question": "what is the size of size reaching the river ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "the larger the catchment the greater the potential for flooding" } ] }, { "id": "35594", "question": "what is the basis of the basis of the basin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "length and width of the drainage basin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Soil type will help determine how much water reaches the river. Certain soil types such as sandy soils are very free-draining, and rainfall on sandy soil is likely to be absorbed by the ground. However, soils containing clay can be almost impermeable and therefore rainfall on clay soils will run off and contribute to flood volumes. After prolonged rainfall even free-draining soils can become saturated, meaning that any further rainfall will reach the river rather than being absorbed by the ground. If the surface is impermeable the precipitation will create surface run-off which will lead to higher risk of flooding; if the ground is permeable, the precipitation will infiltrate the soil.", "qas": [ { "id": "35595", "question": "what can soil type help determine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "much water reaches the river" } ] }, { "id": "35596", "question": "what is one example of a rainfall that can be absorbed by the ground ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "sandy soils" } ] }, { "id": "35597", "question": "what happens if the precipitation is impermeable ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 651, "text": "the precipitation will infiltrate the soil" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Land use can contribute to the volume of water reaching the river, in a similar way to clay soils. For example, rainfall on roofs, pavements, and roads will be collected by rivers with almost no absorption into the groundwater.", "qas": [ { "id": "35598", "question": "what do land use for land reaching the river ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "clay soils" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Drainage basin" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Ireland (; ), also described as the Republic of Ireland ('), is a sovereign state in north-western Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, which is located on the eastern part of the island, and whose metropolitan area is home to around a third of the country's 4.75 million inhabitants. The state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, Saint George's Channel to the south-east and the Irish Sea to the east. It is a unitary, parliamentary republic. The legislature, the ', consists of a lower house, ', an upper house, ', and an elected President (') who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state, but with some important powers and duties. The head of government is the ' (Prime Minister, literally 'Chief', a title not used in English), who is elected by the D\u00e1il and appointed by the President, and appoints other government ministers.", "qas": [ { "id": "35599", "question": "what is ireland 's sovereign state called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "the Republic of Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "35600", "question": "what is the largest city in the island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "Dublin" } ] }, { "id": "35601", "question": "what is the population of dublin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "4.75 million inhabitants" } ] }, { "id": "35602", "question": "what is the celtic sea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 524, "text": "Saint George's Channel to the south-east and the Irish Sea to the east" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. It had the status of dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted, in which the state was named \"Ireland\" and effectively became a republic, with an elected non-executive president as head of state. It was officially declared a republic in 1949, following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948. Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955. It joined the European Economic Community (EEC), the predecessor of the European Union, in 1973. The state had no formal relations with Northern Ireland for most of the twentieth century, but during the 1980s and 1990s the British and Irish governments worked with the Northern Ireland parties towards a resolution to \"the Troubles\". Since the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, the Irish government and Northern Ireland Executive have co-operated on a number of policy areas under the North-South Ministerial Council created by the Agreement.", "qas": [ { "id": "35603", "question": "what was the state created as a result of the anglo-irish treaty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "Irish Free State" } ] }, { "id": "35604", "question": "when was the anglo-irish treaty created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "1922" } ] }, { "id": "35605", "question": "what was the irish free state in 1922 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "Anglo-Irish Treaty" } ] }, { "id": "35606", "question": "what year was the new constitution adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "1937" } ] }, { "id": "35607", "question": "what was the name of the new constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "35608", "question": "when was the state officially declared a republic of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 344, "text": "1949" } ] }, { "id": "35609", "question": "what was the name of the act that was declared a republic in 1949 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 364, "text": "Republic of Ireland Act 1948" } ] }, { "id": "35610", "question": "when did ireland become a member of the united nations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 443, "text": "December 1955" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ireland ranks among the top twenty-five wealthiest countries in the world in terms of GDP per capita, and as the tenth most prosperous country in the world according to The Legatum Prosperity Index 2015. After joining the EEC, Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth. The country achieved considerable prosperity between the years of 1995 and 2007, which became known as the Celtic Tiger period. This was halted by an unprecedented financial crisis that began in 2008, in conjunction with the concurrent global economic crash. However, as the Irish economy was the fastest growing in the EU in 2015, Ireland is again quickly ascending league tables comparing wealth and prosperity internationally. For example, in 2015, Ireland was ranked as the joint sixth (with Germany) most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index. It also performs well in several national performance metrics, including freedom of the press, economic freedom and civil liberties. Ireland is a member of the European Union and is a founding member of the Council of Europe and the OECD. The Irish government has followed a policy of military neutrality through non-alignment since immediately prior to World War II and the country is consequently not a member of NATO, although it is a member in Partnership for Peace.", "qas": [ { "id": "35611", "question": "what is the tenth most prosperous country in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "The Legatum Prosperity Index 2015" } ] }, { "id": "35612", "question": "what was the name of the period that achieved considerable prosperity between 1995 and 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 424, "text": "the Celtic Tiger period" } ] }, { "id": "35613", "question": "when did the financial crisis begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 516, "text": "2008" } ] }, { "id": "35614", "question": "in what year was the irish economy first growing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 647, "text": "2015" } ] }, { "id": "35615", "question": "what index ranked ireland in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 869, "text": "United Nations Human Development Index" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 1922 state, comprising 26 of the 32 counties of Ireland, was \"styled and known as the Irish Free State\". The Constitution of Ireland, adopted in 1937, provides that \"the name of the State is \u00c9ire, or, in the English language, Ireland\". Section 2 of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 states, \"It is hereby declared that the description of the State shall be the Republic of Ireland.\" The 1948 Act does not \"name\" the state as \"Republic of Ireland\", because to have done so would have put it in conflict with the Constitution.", "qas": [ { "id": "35616", "question": "in what year was the state of ireland known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "1922" } ] }, { "id": "35617", "question": "how many counties did the 1922 state cover ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "26 of the 32 counties of Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "35618", "question": "what was the 1922 state called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "the Irish Free State" } ] }, { "id": "35619", "question": "when was the constitution of ireland adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "1937" } ] }, { "id": "35620", "question": "what is the constitution of ireland called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "\u00c9ire" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The government of the United Kingdom used the name \"Eire\" (without the diacritic), and, from 1949, \"Republic of Ireland\", for the state; it was not until the 1998 Good Friday Agreement that it used the name \"Ireland\".", "qas": [ { "id": "35621", "question": "what was the name of the government of the united states called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "Eire" } ] }, { "id": "35622", "question": "in what year did the republic of ireland begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "1949" } ] }, { "id": "35623", "question": "what was the name of the name of the state that the united kingdom used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "Republic of Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "35624", "question": "when was the name of ireland 's name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "1998 Good Friday Agreement" } ] }, { "id": "35625", "question": "what was the name of the name given to the friday agreement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "Ireland" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As well as \"Ireland\", \"\u00c9ire\" or \"the Republic of Ireland\", the state is also referred to as \"the Republic\", \"Southern Ireland\" or \"the South\". In an Irish republican context it is often referred to as \"the Free State\" or \"the 26 Counties\".", "qas": [ { "id": "35626", "question": "what are the names of the state of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "\"Ireland\", \"\u00c9ire\" or \"the Republic of Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "35627", "question": "what are the names of the state of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "\"the Republic\", \"Southern Ireland\" or \"the South\"" } ] }, { "id": "35628", "question": "what is the state often referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "\"the Free State\" or \"the 26 Counties" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From the Act of Union on 1 January 1801, until 6 December 1922, the island of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. During the Great Famine, from 1845 to 1849, the island's population of over 8 million fell by 30%. One million Irish died of starvation and/or disease and another 1.5 million emigrated, mostly to the United States. This set the pattern of emigration for the century to come, resulting in a constant population decline up to the 1960s.", "qas": [ { "id": "35629", "question": "when was the act of union from union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "1 January 1801" } ] }, { "id": "35630", "question": "when was the island of ireland and ireland part ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "6 December 1922" } ] }, { "id": "35631", "question": "who was the island of ireland part of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "35632", "question": "in what years did the great famine occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "1845 to 1849" } ] }, { "id": "35633", "question": "what was the population of the island in 1845 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "30%" } ] }, { "id": "35634", "question": "how many irish emigrated did the united states have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 310, "text": "1.5 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From 1874, and particularly under Charles Stewart Parnell from 1880, the Irish Parliamentary Party gained prominence. This was firstly through widespread agrarian agitation via the Irish Land League, that won land reforms for tenants in the form of the Irish Land Acts, and secondly through its attempts to achieve Home Rule, via two unsuccessful bills which would have granted Ireland limited national autonomy. These led to \"grass-roots\" control of national affairs, under the Local Government Act 1898, that had been in the hands of landlord-dominated grand juries of the Protestant Ascendancy.", "qas": [ { "id": "35635", "question": "in what year did the irish parliamentary party arrive in 1880 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 5, "text": "1874" } ] }, { "id": "35636", "question": "who gained prominence in 1880 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "Charles Stewart Parnell" } ] }, { "id": "35637", "question": "in what year did the irish parliamentary party rule prominence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "1880" } ] }, { "id": "35638", "question": "who gained prominence in 1880 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "the Irish Parliamentary Party" } ] }, { "id": "35639", "question": "what was the name of the league that won land reforms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "the Irish Land League" } ] }, { "id": "35640", "question": "what did two unsuccessful bills have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 378, "text": "Ireland limited national autonomy" } ] }, { "id": "35641", "question": "what was the act of national affairs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 479, "text": "Local Government Act 1898" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Home Rule seemed certain when the Parliament Act 1911 abolished the veto of the House of Lords, and John Redmond secured the Third Home Rule Act in 1914. However, the Unionist movement had been growing since 1886 among Irish Protestants after the introduction of the first home rule bill, fearing discrimination and loss of economic and social privileges if Irish Catholics achieved real political power. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century unionism was particularly strong in parts of Ulster, where industrialisation was more common in contrast to the more agrarian rest of the island. It was feared that any tariff barriers would heavily affect that region. In addition, the Protestant population was more prominent in Ulster, with a majority in four counties. Under the leadership of the Dublin-born Sir Edward Carson of the Irish Unionist Party and the Ulsterman Sir James Craig of the Ulster Unionist Party, unionists became strongly militant in order to oppose \"the Coercion of Ulster\". After the Home Rule Bill passed parliament in May 1914, to avoid rebellion with Ulster, the British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith introduced an Amending Bill reluctantly conceded to by the Irish Party leadership. This provided for the temporary exclusion of Ulster from the workings of the bill for a trial period of six years, with an as yet undecided new set of measures to be introduced for the area to be temporarily excluded.", "qas": [ { "id": "35642", "question": "who abolished the veto of the house of lords ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "Parliament Act 1911" } ] }, { "id": "35643", "question": "who secured the third home rule act ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "John Redmond" } ] }, { "id": "35644", "question": "what act did john redmond in 1914 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "Third Home Rule Act" } ] }, { "id": "35645", "question": "when was the third home rule act passed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "1914" } ] }, { "id": "35646", "question": "in what year did irish protestants become growing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "1886" } ] }, { "id": "35647", "question": "who became the leadership of the irish party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 818, "text": "Sir Edward Carson" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Though it received the Royal Assent and was placed on the statute books in 1914, the implementation of the Third Home Rule Act was suspended until after the First World War which defused the threat of civil war in Ireland. With hope of ensuring the implementation of the Act at the end of the war through Ireland's engagement in the war, Redmond and his Irish National Volunteers supported Britain and its Allies. 175,000 men joined Irish regiments of the 10th (Irish) and 16th (Irish) divisions of the New British Army, while Unionists joined the 36th (Ulster) divisions.", "qas": [ { "id": "35648", "question": "when was the statute books placed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "1914" } ] }, { "id": "35649", "question": "what was suspended until the first world war in 1914 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "Third Home Rule Act" } ] }, { "id": "35650", "question": "what event caused the third home rule act ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "First World War" } ] }, { "id": "35651", "question": "who supported the allies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 338, "text": "Redmond and his Irish National Volunteers" } ] }, { "id": "35652", "question": "how many men joined irish regiments ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 414, "text": "175,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The remainder of the Irish Volunteers, who opposed any support of Britain, launched an armed insurrection against British rule in the 1916 Easter Rising, together with the Irish Citizen Army. This commenced on 24 April 1916 with the declaration of independence. After a week of heavy fighting, primarily in Dublin, the surviving rebels were forced to surrender their positions. The majority were imprisoned but fifteen of the prisoners (including most of the leaders) were executed as traitors to Britain. This included Patrick Pearse, the spokesman for the rising and who provided the signal to the volunteers to start the rising, as well as James Connolly, socialist and founder of the Industrial Workers of the World union and both the Irish and Scottish Labour movements. These events, together with the Conscription Crisis of 1918, had a profound effect on changing public opinion in Ireland.", "qas": [ { "id": "35653", "question": "in what year was the easter rising against british rule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "1916" } ] }, { "id": "35654", "question": "what was the name of the armed insurrection in 1916 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Easter Rising" } ] }, { "id": "35655", "question": "who launched the armed insurrection ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "the Irish Citizen Army" } ] }, { "id": "35656", "question": "when did the declaration of independence occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "24 April 1916" } ] }, { "id": "35657", "question": "where were the rebels forced to surrender ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "Dublin" } ] }, { "id": "35658", "question": "who was the spokesman of the rising and who provided the signal to the volunteers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 520, "text": "Patrick Pearse" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In January 1919, after the December 1918 general election, 73 of Ireland's 106 Members of Parliament (MPs) elected were Sinn F\u00e9in members who refused to take their seats in the British House of Commons. Instead, they set up an Irish parliament called D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann. This first D\u00e1il in January 1919 issued a Declaration of Independence and proclaimed an Irish Republic. The Declaration was mainly a restatement of the 1916 Proclamation with the additional provision that Ireland was no longer a part of the United Kingdom. The new Irish Republic was recognised internationally only by the Russian Soviet Republic. The Irish Republic's ' (Ministry) sent a delegation under ' (Head of Council, or Speaker, of the Da\u00edl) Se\u00e1n T. O'Kelly to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, but it was not admitted.\nAfter the War of Independence and truce called in July 1921, representatives of the British government and the Irish treaty delegates, led by Arthur Griffith, Robert Barton and Michael Collins, negotiated the Anglo-Irish Treaty in London from 11 October to 6 December 1921. The Irish delegates set up headquarters at Hans Place in Knightsbridge and it was here in private discussions that the decision was taken on 5 December to recommend the treaty to D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann.\nThe Second D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann narrowly ratified the Treaty.", "qas": [ { "id": "35659", "question": "how many of ireland 's members were elected in january 1919 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "73" } ] }, { "id": "35660", "question": "how many members were in ireland in 1918 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "106" } ] }, { "id": "35661", "question": "what was the name of ireland 's irish parliament ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In accordance with the treaty, on 6 December 1922 the entire island of Ireland became a self-governing dominion called the Irish Free State (\"Saorst\u00e1t \u00c9ireann\"). Under the Constitution of the Irish Free State, the Parliament of Northern Ireland had the option to leave the Irish Free State one month later and return to the United Kingdom. During the intervening period, the powers of the Parliament of the Irish Free State and Executive Council of the Irish Free State did not extend to Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland exercised its right under the treaty to leave the new dominion and rejoined the United Kingdom on 8 December 1922. It did so by making an address to the King requesting, \"that the powers of the Parliament and Government of the Irish Free State shall no longer extend to Northern Ireland.\" The Irish Free State was a constitutional monarchy sharing a monarch with the United Kingdom and other dominions of the British Commonwealth. The country had a governor-general (representing the monarch), a bicameral parliament, a cabinet called the \"Executive Council\", and a prime minister called the President of the Executive Council.", "qas": [ { "id": "35662", "question": "when was the entire island of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "6 December 1922" } ] }, { "id": "35663", "question": "what was the name of the entire island of ireland in 1922 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "Irish Free State" } ] }, { "id": "35664", "question": "what was the parliament of northern ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "the Parliament of Northern Ireland had the option to leave the Irish Free State one month later and return to the United Kingdom" } ] }, { "id": "35665", "question": "what was the name of the powers of the irish free state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 389, "text": "Parliament of the Irish Free State and Executive Council of the Irish Free State did not extend to Northern Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "35666", "question": "when did northern ireland rejoined the united kingdom ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 621, "text": "8 December 1922" } ] }, { "id": "35667", "question": "what did the king of the irish state say northern ireland was ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 717, "text": "Parliament and Government of the Irish Free State shall no longer extend to Northern Ireland" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Irish Civil War was the consequence of the creation of the Irish Free State. Anti-treaty forces, led by \u00c9amon de Valera, objected to the fact that acceptance of the treaty \"abolished\" the Irish Republic of 1919 to which they had sworn loyalty, arguing in the face of public support for the settlement that the \"people have no right to do wrong\". They objected most to the fact that the state would remain part of the British Empire and that members of the Free State Parliament would have to swear what the Anti-treaty side saw as an oath of fidelity to the British King. Pro-treaty forces, led by Michael Collins, argued that the treaty gave \"not the ultimate freedom that all nations aspire to and develop, but the freedom to achieve it\".", "qas": [ { "id": "35668", "question": "what was the consequence of the irish free state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Irish Civil War" } ] }, { "id": "35669", "question": "what was the consequence of the irish civil war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "Irish Free State" } ] }, { "id": "35670", "question": "who led the fact that acceptance of the treaty `` abolished '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "\u00c9amon de Valera" } ] }, { "id": "35671", "question": "what did the abolished abolished ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "\" the Irish Republic of 1919" } ] }, { "id": "35672", "question": "what did the people of the treaty of 1919 say the treaty abolished ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 315, "text": "people have no right to do wrong\"" } ] }, { "id": "35673", "question": "who led the treaty that the treaty gave all nations aspire to and develop it ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 602, "text": "Michael Collins" } ] } ] }, { "context": "At the start of the war, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) split into two opposing camps: a pro-treaty IRA and an anti-treaty IRA. The pro-treaty IRA disbanded and joined the new National Army. However, because the anti-treaty IRA lacked an effective command structure and because of the pro-treaty forces' defensive tactics throughout the war, Michael Collins and his pro-treaty forces were able to build up an army with many tens of thousands of World War I veterans from the 1922 disbanded Irish regiments of the British Army, capable of overwhelming the anti-treatyists. British supplies of artillery, aircraft, machine-guns and ammunition boosted pro-treaty forces, and the threat of a return of Crown forces to the Free State removed any doubts about the necessity of enforcing the treaty. The lack of public support for the anti-treaty forces (often called the \"Irregulars\") and the determination of the government to overcome the Irregulars contributed significantly to their defeat.", "qas": [ { "id": "35674", "question": "who split into two opposing camps ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "the Irish Republican Army" } ] }, { "id": "35675", "question": "what two opposing camps did the irish republican army have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "a pro-treaty IRA and an anti-treaty IRA" } ] }, { "id": "35676", "question": "what was the name of the lack of public support ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 867, "text": "Irregulars" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Following a national referendum, on 29 December 1937 the new Constitution of Ireland (\"Bunreacht na h\u00c9ireann\") came into force. This replaced the Constitution of the Irish Free State and called the state \"Ireland\", or \"\u00c9ire\" in Irish. Articles 2 and 3 of the constitution asserted a nominal territorial claim over the whole island, considering the partition of Ireland under the 1922 Anglo-Irish Treaty illegitimate. The former Irish Free State government had taken steps to abolish the Office of Governor-General some months before the new Constitution came into force. Although the constitution established the office of President of Ireland, the question over whether Ireland was a republic remained open. Diplomats were accredited to the king, but the president exercised the internal functions of a head of state. For instance, the President gave assent to new laws with his own authority, without reference to King George VI. George VI was only an \"organ\", that was provided for by statute law.", "qas": [ { "id": "35677", "question": "when did the new constitution begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "29 December 1937" } ] }, { "id": "35678", "question": "what was the name of the new constitution of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "Bunreacht na h\u00c9ireann\"" } ] }, { "id": "35679", "question": "what was the name of the irish free state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "the state \"Ireland\", or \"\u00c9ire\"" } ] }, { "id": "35680", "question": "what was the name of the treaty that considering the partition of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 379, "text": "1922 Anglo-Irish Treaty illegitimate" } ] }, { "id": "35681", "question": "what was the office of president of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 645, "text": "the question over whether Ireland was a republic remained open" } ] }, { "id": "35682", "question": "who was the president of the president ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 916, "text": "King George VI" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ireland remained neutral during World War II, a period it described as the Emergency. Ireland's link with the Commonwealth was terminated with the passage of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948, which came into force on 18 April 1949 and declared that the state was a republic. At the time, a declaration of a republic terminated Commonwealth membership. This rule was changed 10 days after Ireland declared itself a republic, with the London Declaration of 28 April 1949. Ireland did not reapply when the rules were altered to permit republics to join. Later, the Crown of Ireland Act was repealed in Ireland by the Statute Law Revision (Pre-Union Irish Statutes) Act, 1962.", "qas": [ { "id": "35683", "question": "during what war did ireland become neutral ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "World War II" } ] }, { "id": "35684", "question": "what was the commonwealth 's link with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "the passage of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948" } ] }, { "id": "35685", "question": "when did the republic of ireland begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "18 April 1949" } ] }, { "id": "35686", "question": "how long was the rule of ireland 's rule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 374, "text": "10 days" } ] }, { "id": "35687", "question": "when was the london declaration changed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 455, "text": "28 April 1949" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955, after having been denied membership because of its neutral stance during the Second World War and not supporting the Allied cause. At the time, joining the UN involved a commitment to using force to deter aggression by one state against another if the UN thought it was necessary.", "qas": [ { "id": "35688", "question": "when did ireland become a member of the united nations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "December 1955" } ] }, { "id": "35689", "question": "why was ireland 's neutral stance denied membership ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "Second World War and not supporting the Allied cause" } ] }, { "id": "35690", "question": "why did the un give a commitment to using aggression ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "deter aggression by one state against another if the UN thought it was necessary" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Interest towards membership of the European Economic Community (EEC) developed in Ireland during the 1950s, with consideration also given to membership of the European Free Trade Area. As the United Kingdom intended on EEC membership, Ireland applied for membership in July 1961 due to the substantial economic linkages with the United Kingdom. However, the founding EEC members remained skeptical regarding Ireland's economic capacity, neutrality, and unattractive protectionist policy. Many Irish economists and politicians realised that economic policy reform was necessary. The prospect of EEC membership became doubtful in 1963 when French President General Charles de Gaulle stated that France opposed Britain's accession, which ceased negotiations with all other candidate countries. However, in 1969 his successor, Georges Pompidou, was not opposed to British and Irish membership. Negotiations began and in 1972 the Treaty of Accession was signed. A referendum held in 1972 confirmed Ireland's entry, and it finally joined the EEC in 1973.", "qas": [ { "id": "35691", "question": "what did the consideration of the european economic community membership membership membership to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "European Free Trade Area" } ] }, { "id": "35692", "question": "when did the united kingdom intended for membership for membership ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "July 1961" } ] }, { "id": "35693", "question": "when did charles de gaulle become doubtful of eec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 628, "text": "1963" } ] }, { "id": "35694", "question": "who stated that the prospect of eec became doubtful of britain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 655, "text": "General Charles de Gaulle" } ] }, { "id": "35695", "question": "what was not opposed to british and irish membership ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 823, "text": "Georges Pompidou" } ] }, { "id": "35696", "question": "when was the referendum held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 978, "text": "1972" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The economic crisis of the late 1970s was fuelled by the Fianna F\u00e1il government's budget, the abolition of the car tax, excessive borrowing, and global economic instability including the 1979 oil crisis. There were significant policy changes from 1989 onwards, with economic reform, tax cuts, welfare reform, an increase in competition, and a ban on borrowing to fund current spending. This policy began in 1989\u20131992 by the Fianna F\u00e1il/Progressive Democrat government, and continued by the subsequent Fianna F\u00e1il/Labour government and Fine Gael/Labour/Democratic Left government. Ireland became one of the world's fastest growing economies by the late 1990s in what was known as the Celtic Tiger period, which lasted until the global Financial crisis of 2007\u201308. However, since 2014, Ireland has experienced strong economic growth.", "qas": [ { "id": "35697", "question": "who fuelled the economic crisis of the late 1970s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Fianna F\u00e1il government's budget" } ] }, { "id": "35698", "question": "when did the policy begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 407, "text": "1989\u20131992" } ] }, { "id": "35699", "question": "who began the policy in 1989 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 424, "text": "Fianna F\u00e1il/Progressive Democrat government" } ] }, { "id": "35700", "question": "what was the name of the policy that led the policy of government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 501, "text": "Fianna F\u00e1il/Labour government and Fine Gael/Labour/Democratic Left government" } ] }, { "id": "35701", "question": "what was ireland 's fastest growing economies called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 683, "text": "Celtic Tiger period" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the Northern Ireland question, the British and Irish governments started to seek a peaceful resolution to the violent conflict involving many paramilitaries and the British Army in Northern Ireland known as \"The Troubles\". A peace settlement for Northern Ireland, known as the Good Friday Agreement, was approved in 1998 in referendums north and south of the border. As part of the peace settlement, the territorial claim to Northern Ireland in Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland was removed by referendum.", "qas": [ { "id": "35702", "question": "who started a peaceful resolution to the violent conflict ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "the British and Irish governments" } ] }, { "id": "35703", "question": "what was the british army in northern ireland called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "The Troubles\"" } ] }, { "id": "35704", "question": "what was the peace settlement for northern ireland known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "Good Friday Agreement" } ] }, { "id": "35705", "question": "in what year was a peace settlement approved ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "1998" } ] }, { "id": "35706", "question": "where was a peace settlement approved in 1998 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 327, "text": "referendums north and south of the border" } ] }, { "id": "35707", "question": "what was the name of the constitution that ireland was removed by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 448, "text": "Articles 2 and 3" } ] }, { "id": "35708", "question": "what removed the territorial claim to northern ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 511, "text": "referendum" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The state extends over an area of about five-sixths () of the island of Ireland (), with Northern Ireland constituting the remainder. The island is bounded to the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean and to the northeast by the North Channel. To the east, the Irish Sea connects to the Atlantic Ocean via St George's Channel and the Celtic Sea to the southwest.", "qas": [ { "id": "35709", "question": "what is the area of ireland 's island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "five-sixths" } ] }, { "id": "35710", "question": "where is the island located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean" } ] }, { "id": "35711", "question": "the island is bounded to which channel ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "the North Channel" } ] }, { "id": "35712", "question": "the irish sea connects the east , the irish sea and what other sea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": "St George's Channel and the Celtic Sea" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The western landscape mostly consists of rugged cliffs, hills and mountains. The central lowlands are extensively covered with glacial deposits of clay and sand, as well as significant areas of bogland and several lakes. The highest point is Carrauntoohil (), located in the Macgillycuddy's Reeks mountain range in the southwest. The River Shannon, which traverses the central lowlands, is the longest river in Ireland at in length. The west coast is more rugged than the east, with numerous islands, peninsulas, headlands and bays.", "qas": [ { "id": "35713", "question": "what does the western landscape consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "rugged cliffs, hills and mountains" } ] }, { "id": "35714", "question": "what are the central lowlands extensively covered with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "glacial deposits of clay and sand" } ] }, { "id": "35715", "question": "what is the highest point in the southwest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "Carrauntoohil" } ] }, { "id": "35716", "question": "where is the highest point in the southwest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "Macgillycuddy's Reeks mountain range" } ] }, { "id": "35717", "question": "what is the longest river in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 330, "text": "The River Shannon" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Before the arrival of the first settlers in Ireland about 9,000 years ago, the land was largely covered by forests of oak, ash, elm, hazel, yew, and other native trees. The growth of blanket bog and the extensive clearing of woodland to facilitate farming are believed to be the main causes of deforestation during the following centuries. Today, about 12% of Ireland is forested, of which a significant majority is composed of mainly non-native coniferous plantations for commercial use. Ideal soil conditions, high rainfall and a mild climate give Ireland the highest growth rates for forests in Europe. Hedgerows, which are traditionally used to define land boundaries, are an important substitute for woodland habitat, providing refuge for native wild flora and a wide range of insect, bird and mammal species.\nAgriculture accounts for about 64% of the total land area. This has resulted in limited land to preserve natural habitats, in particular for larger wild mammals with greater territorial requirements. The long history of agricultural production coupled with modern agricultural methods, such as pesticide and fertiliser use, has placed pressure on biodiversity.", "qas": [ { "id": "35718", "question": "when was the first settlers in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "9,000 years ago" } ] }, { "id": "35719", "question": "what percentage of ireland 's ireland is forested ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 353, "text": "12%" } ] }, { "id": "35720", "question": "how much of the total land area is agriculture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 846, "text": "64%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Atlantic Ocean and the warming influence of the Gulf Stream affect weather patterns in Ireland. Temperatures differ regionally, with central and eastern areas tending to be more extreme. However, due to a temperate oceanic climate, temperatures are seldom lower than in winter or higher than in summer. The highest temperature recorded in Ireland was on 26 June 1887 at Kilkenny Castle in Kilkenny, while the lowest temperature recorded was at Markree Castle in Sligo. Rainfall is more prevalent during winter months and less so during the early months of summer. Southwestern areas experience the most rainfall as a result of south westerly winds, while Dublin receives the least. Sunshine duration is highest in the southeast of the country. The far north and west are two of the windiest regions in Europe, with great potential for wind energy generation.\nIreland normally gets between 1100 and 1600 hours of sunshine each year, most areas averaging between 3.25 and 3.75 hours a day. The sunniest months are May and June, which average between 5 and 6.5 hours per day over most of the country. The extreme southeast gets most sunshine, averaging over 7 hours a day in early summer. December is the dullest month, with an average daily sunshine ranging from about 1 hour in the north to almost 2 hours in the extreme southeast. The sunniest summer in the 100 years from 1881 to 1980 was 1887, according to measurements made at the Phoenix Park in Dublin; 1980 was the dullest.", "qas": [ { "id": "35721", "question": "when was the highest temperature recorded in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 358, "text": "26 June 1887" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ireland is a constitutional republic with a parliamentary system of government. The \" is the bicameral national parliament composed of the President of Ireland and the two Houses of the Oireachtas:\n' (Senate) and ' (House of Representatives). \u00c1ras an Uachtar\u00e1in is the official residence of the President of Ireland, while the houses of the Oireachtas meet at Leinster House in Dublin.", "qas": [ { "id": "35722", "question": "what is ireland 's system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "constitutional republic with a parliamentary system of government" } ] }, { "id": "35723", "question": "who is the bicameral national parliament ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "the President of Ireland and the two Houses of the Oireachtas:\n' (Senate) and '" } ] }, { "id": "35724", "question": "what is the official residence of the president of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "Uachtar\u00e1in" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The President serves as head of state, and is elected for a seven-year term and may be re-elected once. The President is primarily a figurehead, but is entrusted with certain constitutional powers with the advice of the Council of State. The office has absolute discretion in some areas, such as referring a bill to the Supreme Court for a judgment on its constitutionality. Michael D. Higgins became the ninth President of Ireland on 11 November 2011.", "qas": [ { "id": "35725", "question": "how long is the president of state elected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "seven-year term and may be re-elected once" } ] }, { "id": "35726", "question": "what is the president of the president ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "figurehead" } ] }, { "id": "35727", "question": "who became the ninth president of ireland in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 375, "text": "Michael D. Higgins" } ] }, { "id": "35728", "question": "when did michael d. higgins become the ninth president ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 435, "text": "11 November 2011" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The ' (Prime Minister) serves as the head of government and is appointed by the President upon the nomination of the . Most ' have served as the leader of the political party that gains the most seats in national elections. It has become customary for coalitions to form a government, as there has not been a single-party government since 1989. Enda Kenny assumed the office of Taoiseach on 9 March 2011.\nThe is composed of sixty members, with eleven nominated by the , six elected by two universities, and 43 elected by public representatives from panels of candidates established on a vocational basis. The has 158 members (\") elected to represent multi-seat constituencies under the system of proportional representation and by means of the single transferable vote.", "qas": [ { "id": "35729", "question": "who assumed the office of taoiseach ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 345, "text": "Enda Kenny" } ] }, { "id": "35730", "question": "on what date did kenny kenny become the office of taoiseach ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 391, "text": "9 March 2011" } ] }, { "id": "35731", "question": "how many members does the single transferable vote have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 613, "text": "158" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Government is constitutionally limited to fifteen members. No more than two members can be selected from the , and the , \"\" (Deputy Prime Minister) and Minister for Finance must be members of the . The D\u00e1il must be dissolved within five years after its first meeting following the previous election, and a general election for members of the D\u00e1il must take place no later than thirty days after the dissolution. According to the Constitution of Ireland, parliamentary elections must be held at least every seven years, though a lower limit may be set by statute law. The current government is a Fine Gael led minority government led by Enda Kenny as Taoiseach and Frances Fitzgerald as T\u00e1naiste. It is supported by a number of Independents including Shane Ross and former Senator Katherine Zappone. The minority government is held in place by a confidence and supply deal with Fianna F\u00e1il. Opposition parties in the current are Fianna F\u00e1il, Sinn F\u00e9in, the Socialist Party, the PBPA and Anti-Austerity Alliance, the Labour Party, Social Democrats, the WUAG, the Green Party as well as a number of Independents.", "qas": [ { "id": "35732", "question": "how many members does the government have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "fifteen" } ] }, { "id": "35733", "question": "how long must the d\u00e1il be dissolved ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "five years" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ireland has been a member state of the European Union since 1973, but has chosen to remain outside the Schengen Area. Citizens of the United Kingdom can freely enter the country without a passport due to the Common Travel Area, which is a passport-free zone comprising the islands of Ireland, Great Britain, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. However, some identification is required at airports and seaports.", "qas": [ { "id": "35734", "question": "when did ireland become a member of the european union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "1973" } ] }, { "id": "35735", "question": "what area has ireland chosen to remain outside of the european union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "Schengen Area" } ] }, { "id": "35736", "question": "what is the citizens of the united kingdom of the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "Common Travel Area" } ] }, { "id": "35737", "question": "what countries are in the travel area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 284, "text": "Ireland, Great Britain, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands" } ] }, { "id": "35738", "question": "what are the identification of some identification ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 393, "text": "airports and seaports" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Local Government Act 1898 is the founding document of the present system of local government, while the Twentieth Amendment to the constitution of 1999 provided for its constitutional recognition. The twenty-six traditional counties of Ireland are not always coterminous with administrative divisions although they are generally used as a geographical frame of reference by the population of Ireland. The Local Government Reform Act 2014 provides for a system of thirty-one local authorities - twenty-six county councils, two city and county councils and three city councils. Below this (with the exception of the Dublin Region and the three city councils) are municipal districts, replacing a previous system of town councils.", "qas": [ { "id": "35739", "question": "what is the founding document of local government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Local Government Act 1898" } ] }, { "id": "35740", "question": "what year was the twentieth amendment to the constitution provided ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "1999" } ] }, { "id": "35741", "question": "what is the name of the act that provides a system in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 405, "text": "The Local Government Reform Act 2014" } ] }, { "id": "35742", "question": "what are the local government reform act ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 467, "text": "thirty-one local authorities - twenty-six county councils, two city and county councils and three city councils" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Local authorities are responsible for matters such as planning, local roads, sanitation, and libraries. D\u00e1il constituencies are required to follow county boundaries as much as possible. Counties with greater populations have multiple constituencies, some of more than one county, but generally do not cross county boundaries. The counties are grouped into eight regions, each with a Regional Authority composed of members delegated by the various county and city councils in the region. The regions do not have any direct administrative role as such, but they serve for planning, coordination and statistical purposes.", "qas": [ { "id": "35743", "question": "what are local authorities responsible for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "planning, local roads, sanitation, and libraries" } ] }, { "id": "35744", "question": "what are constituencies required to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "follow county boundaries" } ] }, { "id": "35745", "question": "how many regions are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 356, "text": "eight" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ireland has a common law legal system with a written constitution that provides for a parliamentary democracy. The court system consists of the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal, the High Court, the Circuit Court and the District Court, all of which apply the law of Ireland. Trials for serious offences must usually be held before a jury. The High Court and the Supreme Court have authority, by means of judicial review, to determine the compatibility of laws and activities of other institutions of the state with the constitution and the law. Except in exceptional circumstances, court hearings must occur in public. The Criminal Courts of Justice is the principal building for the criminal courts. It includes the Dublin Metropolitan District Court, Court of Criminal Appeal, Dublin Circuit Criminal Court and Central Criminal Court.", "qas": [ { "id": "35746", "question": "what does ireland 's constitution provides ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "a parliamentary democracy" } ] }, { "id": "35747", "question": "what is the name of the supreme court ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "the Court of Appeal, the High Court, the Circuit Court and the District Court" } ] }, { "id": "35748", "question": "what is the trials of trials ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "Trials for serious offences must usually be held before a jury" } ] }, { "id": "35749", "question": "who have authority of laws and activities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 341, "text": "The High Court and the Supreme Court" } ] }, { "id": "35750", "question": "what is the principal building for the criminal courts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 621, "text": "The Criminal Courts of Justice" } ] }, { "id": "35751", "question": "what are the names of the court of criminal appeal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 781, "text": "Dublin Circuit Criminal Court and Central Criminal Court" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Garda S\u00edoch\u00e1na na h\u00c9ireann (\"Guardians of the Peace of Ireland\"), more commonly referred to as the Garda\u00ed, is the state's civilian police force. The force is responsible for all aspects of civil policing, both in terms of territory and infrastructure. It is headed by the Garda Commissioner, who is appointed by the Government. Most uniformed members do not routinely carry firearms. Standard policing is traditionally carried out by uniformed officers equipped only with a baton and pepper spray.", "qas": [ { "id": "35752", "question": "who is the state 's civilian police force ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Garda S\u00edoch\u00e1na na h\u00c9ireann" } ] }, { "id": "35753", "question": "what is the name of the civilian police force ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "\"Guardians of the Peace of Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "35754", "question": "what is the state 's civilian police force ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "the Garda\u00ed" } ] }, { "id": "35755", "question": "who headed the government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "Garda Commissioner" } ] }, { "id": "35756", "question": "who appointed the commissioner of the commissioner ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "the Government" } ] }, { "id": "35757", "question": "what is the standard policing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 474, "text": "baton and pepper spray" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Military Police is the corps of the Irish Army responsible for the provision of policing service personnel and providing a military police presence to forces while on exercise and deployment. In wartime, additional tasks include the provision of a traffic control organisation to allow rapid movement of military formations to their mission areas. Other wartime roles include control of prisoners of war and refugees.", "qas": [ { "id": "35758", "question": "what is the military police responsible for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "policing service personnel" } ] }, { "id": "35759", "question": "what are the military police police presence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "exercise and deployment" } ] }, { "id": "35760", "question": "what does the provision of a traffic control organisation do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 284, "text": "allow rapid movement of military formations to their mission areas" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ireland's citizenship laws relate to \"the island of Ireland\", including islands and seas, thereby extending them to Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom. Therefore, anyone born in Northern Ireland who meets the requirements for being an Irish citizen, such as birth on the island of Ireland to an Irish or British citizen parent or a parent who is entitled to live in Northern Ireland or the Republic without restriction on their residency, may exercise an entitlement to Irish citizenship, such as an Irish passport.", "qas": [ { "id": "35761", "question": "what does ireland 's citizenship laws relate to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "\"the island of Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "35762", "question": "what are the names of the laws that relate to the island of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "islands and seas, thereby extending them to Northern Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "35763", "question": "what is the name of the anyone born in northern ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "Northern Ireland who meets the requirements for being an Irish citizen" } ] }, { "id": "35764", "question": "what is the irish citizen ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "birth on the island of Ireland to an Irish or British citizen parent or a parent who is entitled to live in Northern Ireland or the Republic without restriction on their residency" } ] }, { "id": "35765", "question": "what is the purpose of northern ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 462, "text": "exercise an entitlement to Irish citizenship" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Foreign relations are substantially influenced by membership of the European Union, although bilateral relations with the United Kingdom and United States are also important. It held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union on six occasions, most recently from January to June 2013.", "qas": [ { "id": "35766", "question": "what are foreign relations influenced by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "membership of the European Union" } ] }, { "id": "35767", "question": "what are the two relations with the european union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "bilateral relations with the United Kingdom and United States" } ] }, { "id": "35768", "question": "what was the name of the presidency held by the european union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "the Presidency of the Council of the European Union on six occasions" } ] }, { "id": "35769", "question": "when was the presidency of the european union held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "January to June 2013" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ireland tends towards independence in foreign policy, thus the country is not a member of NATO and has a longstanding policy of military neutrality. This policy has helped the Irish Defence Forces to be successful in their contributions to peace-keeping missions with the United Nations since 1960, during the Congo Crisis and subsequently in Cyprus, Lebanon and Bosnia and Herzegovina.", "qas": [ { "id": "35770", "question": "who has helped be successful in their contributions to peace-keeping missions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "Irish Defence Forces" } ] }, { "id": "35771", "question": "in what year did the irish defence forces take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 293, "text": "1960" } ] }, { "id": "35772", "question": "where did the congo crisis take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 343, "text": "Cyprus, Lebanon and Bosnia and Herzegovina" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Despite Irish neutrality during World War II, Ireland had more than 50,000 participants in the war through enlistment in the British armed forces. During the Cold War, Irish military policy, while ostensibly neutral, was biased towards NATO. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, Se\u00e1n Lemass authorised the search of Cuban and Czechoslovak aircraft passing through Shannon and passed the information to the CIA. Ireland's air facilities were used by the United States military for the delivery of military personnel involved in the 2003 invasion of Iraq through Shannon Airport. The airport had previously been used for the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, as well as the First Gulf War.", "qas": [ { "id": "35773", "question": "how many participants did ireland have in the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "50,000" } ] }, { "id": "35774", "question": "who authorised the search of cuban and czechoslovak aircraft ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "Se\u00e1n Lemass" } ] }, { "id": "35775", "question": "what airport were ireland 's air facilities used for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 557, "text": "Shannon Airport" } ] }, { "id": "35776", "question": "in what year was the airport used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 646, "text": "2001" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since 1999, Ireland has been a member of NATO's Partnership for Peace (PfP) program and NATO's Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC), which is aimed at creating trust between NATO and other states in Europe and the former Soviet Union.", "qas": [ { "id": "35777", "question": "in what year did ireland become a member of nato ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 6, "text": "1999" } ] }, { "id": "35778", "question": "what does eapc stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "NATO's Partnership for Peace (PfP) program and NATO's Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council" } ] }, { "id": "35779", "question": "where is ireland 's partnership ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "Europe and the former Soviet Union" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Defence Forces are made up of the Army, Naval Service, Air Corps and Reserve Defence Force. It is small but well equipped, with almost 10,000 full-time military personnel and over 2,000 in reserve. Ireland is a neutral country, and has \"triple-lock\" rules governing the participation of Irish troops in conflict zones, whereby approval must be given by the UN, the D\u00e1il and Government. Daily deployments of the Defence Forces cover aid to civil power operations, protection and patrol of Irish territorial waters and EEZ by the Irish Naval Service, and UN, EU and PfP peace-keeping missions. By 1996, over 40,000 Irish service personnel had served in international UN peacekeeping missions.", "qas": [ { "id": "35780", "question": "who are the defence forces made up of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "Army, Naval Service, Air Corps and Reserve Defence Force" } ] }, { "id": "35781", "question": "how many full-time military personnel are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "10,000" } ] }, { "id": "35782", "question": "how many reserve personnel are there in reserve ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "over 2,000" } ] }, { "id": "35783", "question": "what type of rules does ireland have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "triple-lock" } ] }, { "id": "35784", "question": "who must be given to the approval of irish troops ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 357, "text": "the UN, the D\u00e1il and Government" } ] }, { "id": "35785", "question": "along with the irish naval service , what other irish naval service did the defence forces have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 557, "text": "UN, EU and PfP peace-keeping missions" } ] }, { "id": "35786", "question": "how many irish service personnel were served in peacekeeping missions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 605, "text": "over 40,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Irish Air Corps is the air component of the Defence Forces and operates sixteen fixed wing aircraft and eight helicopters. The Irish Naval Service is Ireland's navy, and operates eight patrol ships, and smaller numbers of inflatable boats and training vessels, and has armed boarding parties capable of seizing a ship and a special unit of frogmen. The military includes the Reserve Defence Forces (Army Reserve and Naval Service Reserve) for part-time reservists. Ireland's special forces include the Army Ranger Wing, which trains and operates with international special operations units. The President is the formal Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces, but in practice answers to the Government via the Minister for Defence.", "qas": [ { "id": "35787", "question": "who is the air component of the defence forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Irish Air Corps" } ] }, { "id": "35788", "question": "how many helicopters are in the irish air corps ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "sixteen fixed wing aircraft and eight helicopters" } ] }, { "id": "35789", "question": "how many patrol ships does ireland have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "eight" } ] }, { "id": "35790", "question": "what is the name of the military forces in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 379, "text": "Reserve Defence Forces" } ] }, { "id": "35791", "question": "what are the reserve defence forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 403, "text": "Army Reserve and Naval Service Reserve" } ] }, { "id": "35792", "question": "what is the name of ireland 's special forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 506, "text": "Army Ranger Wing" } ] }, { "id": "35793", "question": "what is the president of the president ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 623, "text": "Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Irish economy has transformed since the 1980s from being predominantly agricultural to a modern knowledge economy focused on high technology industries and services. Ireland adopted the euro currency in 2002 along with eleven other EU member states. The country is heavily reliant on Foreign Direct Investment and has attracted several multinational corporations due to a highly educated workforce and a low corporation tax rate.", "qas": [ { "id": "35794", "question": "when did the irish economy begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "1980s" } ] }, { "id": "35795", "question": "what did the irish economy focus on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "high technology industries and services" } ] }, { "id": "35796", "question": "when did ireland adopt the euro currency ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "2002" } ] }, { "id": "35797", "question": "why did ireland adopt the euro currency ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "eleven other EU member states" } ] }, { "id": "35798", "question": "what is the country heavily reliant on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 288, "text": "Foreign Direct Investment" } ] }, { "id": "35799", "question": "why has the country attracted several multinational corporations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 374, "text": "a highly educated workforce and a low corporation tax rate" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Companies such as Intel invested in Ireland during the late 1980s, later followed by Microsoft and Google. Ireland is ranked as the ninth most economically free economy in the world, according to the Index of Economic Freedom. In terms of GDP per capita, Ireland is one of the wealthiest countries in the OECD and EU. However, the country ranks below the OECD average in terms of GNP per capita. GDP is significantly greater than GNP due to the large number of multinational corporations based in Ireland.", "qas": [ { "id": "35800", "question": "who followed intel invested in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "Microsoft and Google" } ] }, { "id": "35801", "question": "what is ireland 's economy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "ninth most economically free economy" } ] }, { "id": "35802", "question": "what is the most free economy in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "Index of Economic Freedom" } ] }, { "id": "35803", "question": "what is the oecd average in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 380, "text": "GNP per capita" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Beginning in the early 1990s, the country experienced unprecedented economic growth fuelled by a dramatic rise in consumer spending, construction and investment, which became known as the Celtic Tiger period. The pace of growth slowed during 2007 and led to the burst of a major property bubble which had developed over time. The dramatic fall in property prices highlighted the over-exposure of the economy to construction and contributed to the Irish banking crisis. Ireland officially entered a recession in 2008 following consecutive months of economic contraction. GNP contracted by 11.3% in 2009 alone, the largest annual decline in GNP since 1950.", "qas": [ { "id": "35804", "question": "what was the name of the investment and investment in the early 1990s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "the Celtic Tiger period" } ] }, { "id": "35805", "question": "in what year did the pace of growth of growth begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "2007" } ] }, { "id": "35806", "question": "when did ireland join a recession ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 511, "text": "2008" } ] }, { "id": "35807", "question": "what was the largest decline in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 588, "text": "11.3%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The country officially exited recession in 2010, assisted by a strong growth in exports. However, due to a significant rise in the cost of public borrowing due to government guarantees of private banking debt, the Irish government accepted an \u20ac85 billion programme of assistance from the EU, International Monetary Fund (IMF) and bilateral loans from the United Kingdom, Sweden and Denmark. Following three years of contraction, the economy grew by 0.7% in 2011 and 0.9% in 2012. The unemployment rate was 14.7% in 2012, including 18.5% among recent immigrants. In March 2016 the unemployment rate was reported by the Central Statistics Office (Ireland) to be 8.6%, down from a peak unemployment rate of 15.1% in February 2012. In addition to unemployment, net emigration from Ireland between 2008 and 2013 totalled 120,100, or some 2.6% of the total population according to the Census of Ireland 2011. One-third of the emigrants were aged between 15 and 24.", "qas": [ { "id": "35808", "question": "how much did the irish government cost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 243, "text": "\u20ac85 billion" } ] }, { "id": "35809", "question": "what was the economy in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 449, "text": "0.7%" } ] }, { "id": "35810", "question": "what was the unemployment rate in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 506, "text": "14.7%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2013, Ireland was named the \"best country for business\" by Forbes. Ireland exited its EU-IMF bailout programme on 15 December 2013. Having implemented budget cuts, reforms and sold assets, Ireland was again able to access debt markets. Since then, Ireland has been able to sell long term bonds at record rates.", "qas": [ { "id": "35811", "question": "in what year was ireland named the `` best country for business '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2013" } ] }, { "id": "35812", "question": "when did ireland host its bailout programme ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "15 December 2013" } ] }, { "id": "35813", "question": "what did ireland want to access to ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "access debt markets" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although multinational corporations dominate Ireland's export sector, exports from other sources also contribute significantly to the national income. The activities of multinational companies based in Ireland have made it one of the largest exporters of pharmaceutical agents, medical devices and software-related goods and services in the world. Ireland's exports also relate to the activities of large Irish companies (such as Ryanair, Kerry Group and Smurfit Kappa Group) and exports of mineral resources: Ireland is the seventh largest producer of zinc concentrates, and the twelfth largest producer of lead concentrates. The country also has significant deposits of gypsum, limestone, and smaller quantities of copper, silver, gold, barite, and dolomite. Tourism in Ireland contributes about 4% of GDP and is a significant source of employment.", "qas": [ { "id": "35814", "question": "what are some of the irish companies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 430, "text": "Ryanair, Kerry Group and Smurfit Kappa Group" } ] }, { "id": "35815", "question": "what is ireland 's largest producer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 553, "text": "zinc concentrates" } ] }, { "id": "35816", "question": "what percentage of gdp is tourism in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 798, "text": "4%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other goods exports include agri-food, cattle, beef, dairy products, and aluminum. Ireland's major imports include data processing equipment, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products, textiles, and clothing. Financial services provided by multinational corporations based at the Irish Financial Services Centre also contribute to Irish exports.The difference between exports (\u20ac89.4 billion) and imports (\u20ac45.5 billion) resulted an annual trade surplus of \u20ac43.9 billion in 2010, which is the highest trade surplus relative to GDP achieved by any EU member state.", "qas": [ { "id": "35817", "question": "what are some of the goods exports ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "cattle, beef, dairy products, and aluminum" } ] }, { "id": "35818", "question": "what are some of the data processing equipment ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products, textiles, and clothing" } ] }, { "id": "35819", "question": "where did multinational corporations based ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "Irish Financial Services Centre" } ] }, { "id": "35820", "question": "what is the average amount of exports for exports ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 379, "text": "\u20ac89.4 billion" } ] }, { "id": "35821", "question": "how much did the highest trade surplus cost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 407, "text": "\u20ac45.5 billion" } ] }, { "id": "35822", "question": "what was the annual trade surplus in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 458, "text": "\u20ac43.9 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The EU is by far the country's largest trading partner, accounting for 57.9% of exports and 60.7% of imports. The United Kingdom is the most important trading partner within the EU, accounting for 15.4% of exports and 32.1% of imports. Outside the EU, the United States accounted for 23.2% of exports and 14.1% of imports in 2010.", "qas": [ { "id": "35823", "question": "what percentage of exports does the eu have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "57.9%" } ] }, { "id": "35824", "question": "what percentage of imports are in the eu ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "60.7%" } ] }, { "id": "35825", "question": "what is the accounting partner in the eu ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "15.4%" } ] }, { "id": "35826", "question": "what percentage of imports are in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "32.1%" } ] }, { "id": "35827", "question": "what percentage of exports did the united states have in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 284, "text": "23.2%" } ] }, { "id": "35828", "question": "what percentage of imports in 2010 were imports in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": "14.1%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "ESB, Ervia and Airtricity are the three main electricity and gas suppliers in Ireland. There are 19.82 billion cubic metres of proven reserves of gas. Natural gas extraction previously occurred at the Kinsale Head until its exhaustion. The Corrib gas field was due to come on stream in 2013/14. In 2012, the Barryroe field was confirmed to have up to 1.6 billion barrels of oil in reserve, with between 160 and 600 million recoverable. That could provide for Ireland's entire energy needs for up to 13 years, when it is developed in 2015/16. There have been significant efforts to increase the use of renewable and sustainable forms of energy in Ireland, particularly in wind power, with 3,000 MegaWatts of wind farms being constructed, some for the purpose of export. The Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) have estimated that 6.5 percent of Ireland's 2011 energy requirements were produced by renewable sources. The SEAI have also reported an increase in energy efficiency in Ireland with a 28% reduction in carbon emissions per house from the peak year (2005) to 2013.", "qas": [ { "id": "35829", "question": "what is the reserves of gas reserves ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "19.82 billion cubic metres" } ] }, { "id": "35830", "question": "where did natural gas extraction come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "Kinsale Head" } ] }, { "id": "35831", "question": "in what year was the gas field gas field ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "2013/14" } ] }, { "id": "35832", "question": "how many barrels of oil in reserve were confirmed in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 351, "text": "1.6 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The country's three main international airports at Dublin, Shannon and Cork serve many European and intercontinental routes with scheduled and chartered flights. The London and Dublin route is the second busiest international air route in Europe, with 3.6 million people flying between the two cities in 2013 down from the 4.4 million who flew in 2003. Aer Lingus is the flag carrier of Ireland, although Ryanair is the country's largest airline. Ryanair is Europe's largest low-cost carrier, the second largest in terms of passenger numbers, and the world's largest in terms of international passenger numbers.\nRailway services are provided by Iarnr\u00f3d \u00c9ireann (Irish Rail), which operates all internal intercity, commuter and freight railway services in the country. Dublin is the centre of the network with two main stations, Heuston station and Connolly station, linking to the country's cities and main towns. The Enterprise service, which runs jointly with Northern Ireland Railways, connects Dublin and Belfast. The whole of Ireland's mainline network operates on track with a gauge of, which is unique in Europe and has resulted in distinct rolling stock designs. Dublin has a steadily improving public transport network including the DART, Luas, Dublin Bus, and dublinbikes.", "qas": [ { "id": "35833", "question": "where are the three main international airports located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "Dublin, Shannon and Cork" } ] }, { "id": "35834", "question": "how many people lived in the london and dublin route in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "3.6 million" } ] }, { "id": "35835", "question": "how many people live in london in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "4.4 million" } ] }, { "id": "35836", "question": "who is the flag carrier of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 353, "text": "Aer Lingus" } ] }, { "id": "35837", "question": "what is the largest airline airline ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 405, "text": "Ryanair" } ] }, { "id": "35838", "question": "who provided the irish rail group ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 645, "text": "Iarnr\u00f3d \u00c9ireann" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Motorways, national primary roads and national secondary roads are managed by the National Roads Authority, while regional roads and local roads are managed by the local authorities in each of their respective areas. The road network is primarily focused on the capital, but motorways have been extended to other cities as part of the \"Transport 21\" capital investment programme, as a result motorways have been completed between Dublin and a number of other major Irish cities including Cork, Limerick, Waterford and Galway.", "qas": [ { "id": "35839", "question": "who managed the national secondary roads ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "National Roads Authority" } ] }, { "id": "35840", "question": "who managed regional roads and local roads ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "the local authorities in each of their respective areas" } ] }, { "id": "35841", "question": "what is the name of the motorways that have been completed between dublin and dublin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 336, "text": "Transport 21\" capital investment programme" } ] }, { "id": "35842", "question": "what are some of the major irish cities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 488, "text": "Cork, Limerick, Waterford and Galway" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Dublin has been the focus of major projects such as the East-Link and West-Link toll-bridges, as well as the Dublin Port Tunnel. The Jack Lynch Tunnel, under the River Lee in Cork, and the Limerick Tunnel, under the River Shannon, were two major projects outside Dublin. Several by-pass projects are underway in other urban areas.", "qas": [ { "id": "35843", "question": "what are some of the major projects in dublin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "East-Link and West-Link toll-bridges" } ] }, { "id": "35844", "question": "what is the name of the tunnel in dublin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Dublin Port Tunnel" } ] }, { "id": "35845", "question": "what was the name of the tunnel in cork ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Jack Lynch Tunnel" } ] }, { "id": "35846", "question": "what was the name of the tunnel in the river shannon tunnel ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "the Limerick Tunnel" } ] }, { "id": "35847", "question": "what was the name of the tunnel in the limerick tunnel ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "River Shannon" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Genetic research suggests that the earliest settlers migrated from Iberia following the most recent ice age. After the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age, migrants introduced a Celtic language and culture. Migrants from the two latter eras still represent the genetic heritage of most Irish people. Gaelic tradition expanded and became the dominant form over time. Irish people are a combination of Gaelic, Norse, Anglo-Norman, French, and British ancestry.", "qas": [ { "id": "35848", "question": "where did the earliest settlers migrated from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Iberia" } ] }, { "id": "35849", "question": "during what time period did migrants develop ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "Neolithic and Bronze Age" } ] }, { "id": "35850", "question": "what are irish people a combination of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 401, "text": "Gaelic, Norse, Anglo-Norman, French, and British ancestry" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The population of Ireland stood at 4,588,252 in 2011, an increase of 8.2% since 2006. , Ireland had the highest birth rate in the European Union (16 births per 1,000 of population). In 2014, 36.3% of births were to unmarried women. Annual population growth rates exceeded 2% during the 2002-2006 intercensal period, which was attributed to high rates of natural increase and immigration. This rate declined somewhat during the subsequent 2006-2011 intercensal period, with an average annual percentage change of 1.6%.", "qas": [ { "id": "35851", "question": "what was the population of ireland in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "4,588,252" } ] }, { "id": "35852", "question": "what was the population of ireland in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "8.2%" } ] }, { "id": "35853", "question": "how many births did ireland have in the european union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "16 births per 1,000" } ] }, { "id": "35854", "question": "what percentage of births were to unmarried women in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "36.3%" } ] }, { "id": "35855", "question": "what was annual population growth rates in the population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "2%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "At the time of 2011 census, the number of non-Irish nationals was recorded at 544,357, comprising 12% of the total population. This is nearly 2.5 times the number of non-Irish nationals recorded in the 2002 census (224,261), when the question of nationality was asked for the first time. The five largest non-national cohorts were Polish (122,585), UK (112,259), Lithuanian (36,683), Latvian (20,593) and Nigerian (17,642) respectively.", "qas": [ { "id": "35856", "question": "where was the number of non-irish nationals recorded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "544,357" } ] }, { "id": "35857", "question": "what percentage of the population was recorded in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "12%" } ] }, { "id": "35858", "question": "what was the name of the 2002 census in the 2002 census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "224,261" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Constitution describes Irish as the \"national language\", but English is the dominant language. In the 2006 census, 39% of the population regarded themselves as competent in Irish. Irish is spoken as a community language only in a small number of rural areas mostly in the west and south of the country, collectively known as the Gaeltacht. Except in Gaeltacht regions, road signs are usually bilingual. Most public notices and print media are in English only. While the state is officially bilingual, Citizens can often struggle to access state services in Irish and most Government publications are not available in both languages, even though citizens have the right to deal with the state in Irish. Irish language media include the TV channel TG4, the radio station RT\u00c9 Raidi\u00f3 na Gaeltachta and online newspaper Tuairisc.ie. In the Irish Defence Forces, all foot and arms drill commands are given in the Irish language.", "qas": [ { "id": "35859", "question": "what percentage of the population regarded themselves as competent in the 2006 census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "39%" } ] }, { "id": "35860", "question": "what is the name of the community that irish is spoken as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 329, "text": "the Gaeltacht" } ] }, { "id": "35861", "question": "what is the name of the tv channel ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 750, "text": "TG4" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As a result of immigration, Polish is the most widely spoken language in Ireland after English, with Irish as the third most spoken. Several other Central European languages (namely Czech, Hungarian and Slovak), as well as Baltic languages (Lithuanian and Latvian) are also spoken on a day-to-day basis. Other languages spoken in Ireland include Shelta, spoken by Irish Travellers, and a dialect of Scots is spoken by some descendants of Scottish settlers in Donegal. Most secondary school students choose to learn one or two foreign languages. Languages available for the Junior Certificate and the Leaving Certificate include French, German, Italian and Spanish; Leaving Certificate students can also study Arabic, Japanese and Russian. Some secondary schools also offer Ancient Greek, Hebrew and Latin. The study of Irish is compulsory for Leaving Certificate students, but some may qualify for an exemption in some circumstances, such as learning difficulties or entering the country after age 11.", "qas": [ { "id": "35862", "question": "what was the third most spoken language in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "Irish" } ] }, { "id": "35863", "question": "what are some central european languages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "Czech, Hungarian and Slovak" } ] }, { "id": "35864", "question": "who spoken in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 364, "text": "Irish Travellers" } ] }, { "id": "35865", "question": "what are the names of the junior certificate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 628, "text": "French, German, Italian and Spanish" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although the Irish healthcare system comes under constant criticism from politicians and the public, Ireland has one of the most developed systems of healthcare in the world and healthcare professionals who are highly trained. Healthcare in Ireland is provided by both public and private healthcare providers.", "qas": [ { "id": "35866", "question": "who provided healthcare in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "both public and private healthcare providers" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Minister for Health has responsibility for setting overall health service policy. Every resident of Ireland is entitled to receive health care through the public health care system, which is managed by the Health Service Executive and funded by general taxation. A person may be required to pay a subsidised fee for certain health care received; this depends on income, age, illness or disability. All maternity services are provided free of charge and children up to the age of 6 months. Emergency care is provided to patients who present to a hospital Emergency Department. However, visitors to Emergency Departments in non-emergency situations who are not referred by their GP may incur a fee of \u20ac100. In some circumstances this fee is not payable or may be waived.", "qas": [ { "id": "35867", "question": "what has the minister for health service responsibility ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "setting overall health service policy" } ] }, { "id": "35868", "question": "what is every resident of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "to receive health care through the public health care system" } ] }, { "id": "35869", "question": "who managed the public health care system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "Health Service Executive" } ] }, { "id": "35870", "question": "who funded the health service system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "general taxation" } ] }, { "id": "35871", "question": "what can a person be required to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 295, "text": "pay a subsidised fee for certain health care received" } ] }, { "id": "35872", "question": "all maternity services are provided to the age of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 483, "text": "6 months" } ] }, { "id": "35873", "question": "what is emergency care provided to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 523, "text": "patients who present to a hospital Emergency Department" } ] }, { "id": "35874", "question": "how much are the emergency departments not referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 703, "text": "\u20ac100" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Anyone holding a European Health Insurance Card is entitled to free maintenance and treatment in public beds in Health Service Executive and voluntary hospitals. Outpatient services are also provided for free. However, the majority of patients on median incomes or above are required to pay subsidised hospital charges. Private health insurance is available to the population for those who want to avail of it.", "qas": [ { "id": "35875", "question": "what type of card is entitled to free maintenance of public beds ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "European Health Insurance Card" } ] }, { "id": "35876", "question": "what is the european health insurance card ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "free maintenance and treatment in public beds" } ] }, { "id": "35877", "question": "what are the treatment of a european health insurance card ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "Health Service Executive and voluntary hospitals" } ] }, { "id": "35878", "question": "what is the majority of patients on median incomes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "median incomes or above are required to pay subsidised hospital charges" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The average life expectancy in Ireland in 2012 is 81 years (OECD average life expectancy in 2012 was 80 years), with 78.2 years for men and 83.6 years for women. It has the highest birth rate in the EU (16.8 births per 1,000 inhabitants, compared to an EU average of 10.7) and a very low infant mortality rate (3.5 per 1,000 live births). The Irish healthcare system ranked 13th out of 34 European countries in 2012 according to the European Health Consumer Index produced by Health Consumer Powerhouse. The same report ranked The Irish healthcare system as having the 8th best health outcomes but only the 21st most accessible system in Europe.", "qas": [ { "id": "35879", "question": "how long is the average life expectancy in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "81 years" } ] }, { "id": "35880", "question": "how long was the oecd average life expectancy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "80 years" } ] }, { "id": "35881", "question": "what is the highest birth rate in the eu ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "16.8 births per 1,000 inhabitants" } ] }, { "id": "35882", "question": "how many european countries were in the irish healthcare system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 386, "text": "34" } ] }, { "id": "35883", "question": "who produced the european health index in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 476, "text": "Health Consumer Powerhouse" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ireland has three levels of education: primary, secondary and higher education. The education systems are largely under the direction of the Government via the Minister for Education and Skills. Recognised primary and secondary schools must adhere to the curriculum established by the relevant authorities. Education is compulsory between the ages of six and fifteen years, and all children up to the age of eighteen must complete the first three years of secondary, including one sitting of the Junior Certificate examination.", "qas": [ { "id": "35884", "question": "how many levels does ireland have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 12, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "35885", "question": "what are the three levels of education ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "primary, secondary and higher education" } ] }, { "id": "35886", "question": "what are the education systems largely under ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "the direction of the Government via the Minister for Education and Skills" } ] }, { "id": "35887", "question": "how long is education compulsory in education ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 351, "text": "six and fifteen years" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are approximately 3,300 primary schools in Ireland. The vast majority (92%) are under the patronage of the Catholic Church. Schools run by religious organisations, but receiving public money and recognition, cannot discriminate against pupils based upon religion or lack thereof. A sanctioned system of preference does exist, where students of a particular religion may be accepted before those who do not share the ethos of the school, in a case where a school's quota has already been reached.", "qas": [ { "id": "35888", "question": "how many primary schools are in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "3,300" } ] }, { "id": "35889", "question": "what percentage of the catholic church are under the catholic church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "92%" } ] }, { "id": "35890", "question": "what are the majority of the majority of the population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "the patronage of the Catholic Church" } ] }, { "id": "35891", "question": "what can happen to public money ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "cannot discriminate against pupils based upon religion or lack thereof" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Leaving Certificate, which is taken after two years of study, is the final examination in the secondary school system. Those intending to pursue higher education normally take this examination, with access to third-level courses generally depending on results obtained from the best six subjects taken, on a competitive basis. Third-level education awards are conferred by at least 38 Higher Education Institutions - this includes the constituent or linked colleges of seven universities, plus other designated institutions of the Higher Education and Training Awards Council.", "qas": [ { "id": "35892", "question": "what is the final examination in the secondary school system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Leaving Certificate" } ] }, { "id": "35893", "question": "what is the leaving certificate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "the final examination in the secondary school system" } ] }, { "id": "35894", "question": "how many universities are conferred by education ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 377, "text": "at least 38 Higher Education Institutions - this includes the constituent or linked colleges of seven universities" } ] }, { "id": "35895", "question": "what are the designated institutions of seven universities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 535, "text": "Higher Education and Training Awards Council" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks Ireland as having the fourth highest reading score, ninth highest science score and thirteenth highest mathematics score, among OECD countries, in its 2012 assessment In 2012, Irish students aged 15 years had the second highest levels of reading literacy in the EU. Ireland also has 0.747 of the World's top 500 Universities per capita, which ranks the country in 8th place in the world. Primary, secondary and higher (University/College) level education are all free in Ireland for all EU citizens. There are charges to cover student services and examinations.", "qas": [ { "id": "35896", "question": "what was the fourth highest reading score ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Programme for International Student Assessment" } ] }, { "id": "35897", "question": "how long did irish students live in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 289, "text": "15 years" } ] }, { "id": "35898", "question": "how much of the world 's top 500 universities does ireland have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 376, "text": "0.747" } ] }, { "id": "35899", "question": "what is ireland 's top top universities in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 401, "text": "500 Universities per capita" } ] }, { "id": "35900", "question": "what is the primary level of ireland 's level ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 512, "text": "University/College" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In addition, 37 percent of Ireland population has a university or college degree, which is among the highest percentages in the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "35901", "question": "what percentage of ireland 's population has a university degree ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "37 percent" } ] }, { "id": "35902", "question": "what is the highest percentages in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "a university or college degree" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Religious freedom is constitutionally provided for in Ireland. Christianity is the predominant religion, with the Roman Catholic Church as the largest church. In 2011, 84.2% of the population identified themselves as Roman Catholic, 4.6% as Protestant or of another Christian religion, 1.1% as Muslim, and 6.2% as having no religion. According to a Georgetown University study, before 2000 the country had one of the highest rates of regular Mass attendance in the Western world.\nWhile daily attendance was 13% in 2006, there was a reduction in weekly attendance from 81% in 1990 to 48% in 2006, although the decline was reported as stabilising. In 2011, it was reported that weekly Mass attendance in Dublin was just 18%, with it being even lower among younger generations.\nThe Church of Ireland is the second largest Christian denomination. Membership declined throughout the twentieth century, but experienced an increase early in the 21st century, as have other small Christian denominations. Significant Protestant denominations are the Presbyterian Church and Methodist Church. Immigration has contributed to a growth in Hindu and Muslim populations. In percentage terms, Orthodox Christianity and Islam were the fastest growing religions, with increases of 100% and 70% respectively.", "qas": [ { "id": "35903", "question": "what is the largest church in christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Roman Catholic Church" } ] }, { "id": "35904", "question": "what percentage of the population identified themselves as roman catholic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "84.2%" } ] }, { "id": "35905", "question": "what was daily attendance in 2006 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 507, "text": "13%" } ] }, { "id": "35906", "question": "what percentage of dublin was reported in dublin in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 718, "text": "18%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ireland's patron saints are Saint Patrick, Saint Bridget and Saint Columba. Saint Patrick is the only one commonly recognised as the patron saint. Saint Patrick's Day is celebrated on 17 March in Ireland and abroad as the Irish national day, with parades and other celebrations.\nAs with other predominantly Catholic European states, Ireland underwent a period of legal secularisation in the late twentieth century. In 1972, the article of the Constitution naming specific religious groups was deleted by the Fifth Amendment in a referendum. Article 44 remains in the Constitution: \"The State acknowledges that the homage of public worship is due to Almighty God. It shall hold His Name in reverence, and shall respect and honour religion.\" The article also establishes freedom of religion, prohibits endowment of any religion, prohibits the state from religious discrimination, and requires the state to treat religious and non-religious schools in a non-prejudicial manner.", "qas": [ { "id": "35907", "question": "who are ireland 's patron saints ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "Saint Patrick, Saint Bridget and Saint Columba" } ] }, { "id": "35908", "question": "who is the only one commonly recognised as the patron saint ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "Saint Patrick" } ] }, { "id": "35909", "question": "on what day was saint patrick 's day celebrated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "17 March" } ] }, { "id": "35910", "question": "in what year was the article of the constitution deleted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 418, "text": "1972" } ] }, { "id": "35911", "question": "what is the state acknowledges in the constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 649, "text": "Almighty God" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Religious studies was introduced as an optional Junior Certificate subject in 2001. Although many schools are run by religious organisations, a secularist trend is occurring among younger generations. Religious schools cannot discriminate against pupils concerning religion. A sanctioned system of preference does exist, where students of a particular religion may be accepted before those who do not share the ethos of the school, in a case where a school's quota has already been reached.", "qas": [ { "id": "35912", "question": "when was an optional junior certificate introduced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "2001" } ] }, { "id": "35913", "question": "what are many schools run by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "religious organisations" } ] }, { "id": "35914", "question": "what is the trend of the trend that is used in a religious trend ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "younger generations" } ] }, { "id": "35915", "question": "what is the purpose of religious schools ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "Religious schools cannot discriminate against pupils concerning religion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ireland's culture was for centuries predominantly Gaelic, and it remains one of the six principal Celtic nations. Following the Anglo-Norman invasion in the 12th century, and gradual British conquest and colonisation beginning in the 16th century, Ireland became influenced by English and Scottish culture. Subsequently, Irish culture, though distinct in many aspects, shares characteristics with the Anglosphere, Catholic Europe, and other Celtic regions. The Irish diaspora, one of the world's largest and most dispersed, has contributed to the globalisation of Irish culture, producing many prominent figures in art, music, and science.", "qas": [ { "id": "35916", "question": "how old was ireland 's culture in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Gaelic" } ] }, { "id": "35917", "question": "when did the anglo-norman invasion occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "12th century" } ] }, { "id": "35918", "question": "who influenced ireland in the 16th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "English and Scottish culture" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ireland has made a significant contribution to world literature in both the English and Irish languages. Modern Irish fiction began with the publishing of the 1726 novel \"Gulliver's Travels\" by Jonathan Swift. Other writers of importance during the 18th century and their most notable works include Laurence Sterne with the publication of \"The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman\" and Oliver Goldsmith's \"The Vicar of Wakefield\". Numerous Irish novelists emerged during the 19th century, including Maria Edgeworth, John Banim, Gerald Griffin, Charles Kickham, William Carleton, George Moore, and Somerville and Ross. Bram Stoker is best known as the author of the 1897 novel \"Dracula\".", "qas": [ { "id": "35919", "question": "when was the novel `` gulliver 's travels ? ''", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "1726" } ] }, { "id": "35920", "question": "what was the name of the novel the 1726 novel ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "Gulliver's Travels" } ] }, { "id": "35921", "question": "who wrote the novel `` gulliver 's travels ? ''", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "Jonathan Swift" } ] }, { "id": "35922", "question": "who is the most notable works of importance in the 18th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 299, "text": "Laurence Sterne" } ] }, { "id": "35923", "question": "who is best known as the author of dracula ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 629, "text": "Bram Stoker" } ] }, { "id": "35924", "question": "what is the name of the novel that is known as the author of dracula ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 676, "text": "1897 novel \"Dracula\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "James Joyce (1882\u20131941) published his most famous work \"Ulysses\" in 1922, which is an interpretation of the \"Odyssey\" set in Dublin. Edith Somerville continued writing after the death of her partner Martin Ross in 1915. Dublin's Annie M. P. Smithson was one of several authors catering for fans of romantic fiction in the 1920s and 1930s. After the Second World War, popular novels were published by, among others, Brian O'Nolan, who published as Flann O'Brien, Elizabeth Bowen, and Kate O'Brien. During the final decades of the 20th century, Edna O'Brien, John McGahern, Maeve Binchy, Joseph O'Connor, Roddy Doyle, Colm T\u00f3ib\u00edn, and John Banville came to the fore as novelists.", "qas": [ { "id": "35925", "question": "who published his work `` ulysses '' in 1922 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "James Joyce" } ] }, { "id": "35926", "question": "when was james joyce born ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "1882\u20131941" } ] }, { "id": "35927", "question": "what was the name of james joyce published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Ulysses" } ] }, { "id": "35928", "question": "when was ulysses published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "1922" } ] }, { "id": "35929", "question": "who continued writing after the death of her death ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Edith Somerville" } ] }, { "id": "35930", "question": "who was the partner in 1915 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "Martin Ross" } ] }, { "id": "35931", "question": "when did martin ross die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "1915" } ] }, { "id": "35932", "question": "what was the name of the dublin 's 1930s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "Annie M. P. Smithson" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Patricia Lynch (1898\u20131972) was a prolific children's author, while Eoin Colfer has been particularly successful in this genre in recent years. In the genre of the short story, which is a form favoured by many Irish writers, the most prominent figures include Se\u00e1n \u00d3 Faol\u00e1in, Frank O'Connor and William Trevor. Well known Irish poets include Patrick Kavanagh, Thomas McCarthy, Dermot Bolger, and Nobel Prize in Literature laureates William Butler Yeats and Seamus Heaney (born in Northern Ireland but resided in Dublin). Prominent writers in the Irish language are P\u00e1draic \u00d3 Conaire, M\u00e1irt\u00edn \u00d3 Cadhain, S\u00e9amus \u00d3 Grianna, and Nuala N\u00ed Dhomhnaill.", "qas": [ { "id": "35933", "question": "who was the author of children in 1972 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Patricia Lynch" } ] }, { "id": "35934", "question": "when was the author of children published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 16, "text": "1898\u20131972" } ] }, { "id": "35935", "question": "what was the name of the author that has been successful in recent years ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Eoin Colfer" } ] }, { "id": "35936", "question": "who are some prominent figures of the short story ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "Se\u00e1n \u00d3 Faol\u00e1in, Frank O'Connor and William Trevor" } ] }, { "id": "35937", "question": "who is the nobel prize in northern ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 431, "text": "William Butler Yeats and Seamus Heaney" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The history of Irish theatre begins with the expansion of the English administration in Dublin during the early 17th century, and since then, Ireland has significantly contributed to English drama. In its early history, theatrical productions in Ireland tended to serve political purposes, but as more theatres opened and the popular audience grew, a more diverse range of entertainments were staged. Many Dublin-based theatres developed links with their London equivalents, and British productions frequently found their way to the Irish stage. However, most Irish playwrights went abroad to establish themselves. In the 18th century, Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Brinsley Sheridan were two of the most successful playwrights on the London stage at that time. At the beginning of the 20th century, theatre companies dedicated to the staging of Irish plays and the development of writers, directors and performers began to emerge, which allowed many Irish playwrights to learn their trade and establish their reputations in Ireland rather than in Britain or the United States. Following in the tradition of acclaimed practitioners, principally Oscar Wilde and Literature Nobel Prize laureates George Bernard Shaw (1925), and Samuel Beckett (1969), playwrights such as Se\u00e1n O'Casey, Brian Friel, Sebastian Barry, Brendan Behan, Conor McPherson, and Billy Roche have gained popular success. Other Irish playwrights of the 20th century include Denis Johnston, Thomas Kilroy, Tom Murphy, Hugh Leonard, Frank McGuinness, and John B. Keane.", "qas": [ { "id": "35938", "question": "who were the most successful playwrights on the london stage ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 636, "text": "Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Brinsley Sheridan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Irish traditional music has remained vibrant, despite globalising cultural forces, and retains many traditional aspects. It has influenced various music genres, such as American country and roots music, and to some extent modern rock. It has occasionally been blended with styles such as rock and roll and punk rock. Ireland has also produced many internationally known artists in other genres, such as rock, pop, jazz, and blues.", "qas": [ { "id": "35939", "question": "what are some examples of music genres ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "American country and roots music" } ] }, { "id": "35940", "question": "what are some of the styles of irish traditional music ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 288, "text": "rock and roll and punk rock" } ] }, { "id": "35941", "question": "what are some examples of artists in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 403, "text": "rock, pop, jazz, and blues" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are a number of classical music ensembles around the country, such as the RT\u00c9 Performing Groups. Ireland also has three opera organisations. Opera Ireland produces large-scale operas in Dublin, the Opera Theatre Company tours its chamber-style operas throughout the country, and the annual Wexford Opera Festival, which promotes lesser-known operas, takes place during October and November.", "qas": [ { "id": "35942", "question": "what are some classical music ensembles ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "RT\u00c9 Performing Groups" } ] }, { "id": "35943", "question": "how many opera organisations does ireland have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "35944", "question": "what is the name of the company that runs opera ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "Opera Theatre Company" } ] }, { "id": "35945", "question": "what is the name of the festival that promotes lesser-known operas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "Wexford Opera Festival" } ] }, { "id": "35946", "question": "when does the opera festival begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 375, "text": "October and November" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ireland has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest since 1965. Its first win was in 1970, when Dana won with \"All Kinds of Everything\". It has subsequently won the competition six more times, the highest number of wins by any competing country. The phenomenon \"Riverdance\" originated as an interval performance during the 1994 contest.", "qas": [ { "id": "35947", "question": "what contest has ireland participated in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "Eurovision Song Contest" } ] }, { "id": "35948", "question": "in what year was the eurovision song contest participated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "1965" } ] }, { "id": "35949", "question": "when was ireland first win ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "1970" } ] }, { "id": "35950", "question": "what did ireland 's first win in 1970 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "All Kinds of Everything" } ] }, { "id": "35951", "question": "what was the name of the phenomenon that originated in 1994 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "Riverdance" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Irish dance can broadly be divided into social dance and performance dance. Irish social dance can be divided into \"c\u00e9il\u00ed\" and set dancing. Irish set dances are quadrilles, danced by 4 couples arranged in a square, while c\u00e9il\u00ed dances are danced by varied formations of couples of 2 to 16 people. There are also many stylistic differences between these two forms. Irish social dance is a living tradition, and variations in particular dances are found across the country. In some places dances are deliberately modified and new dances are choreographed. Performance dance is traditionally referred to as stepdance. Irish stepdance, popularised by the show \"Riverdance\", is notable for its rapid leg movements, with the body and arms being kept largely stationary. The solo stepdance is generally characterised by a controlled but not rigid upper body, straight arms, and quick, precise movements of the feet. The solo dances can either be in \"soft shoe\" or \"hard shoe\".", "qas": [ { "id": "35952", "question": "what can irish dance be divided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "social dance and performance dance" } ] }, { "id": "35953", "question": "what are irish social dance divided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "\"c\u00e9il\u00ed\" and set dancing" } ] }, { "id": "35954", "question": "what are irish set dances ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "quadrilles" } ] }, { "id": "35955", "question": "how many couples arranged the irish set ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "4" } ] }, { "id": "35956", "question": "how many people are in irish set ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "2 to 16 people" } ] }, { "id": "35957", "question": "what is the performance of performance dance dance called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 603, "text": "stepdance" } ] }, { "id": "35958", "question": "what is the name of the show that popularised the rapid leg of irish rapid leg ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 656, "text": "Riverdance" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ireland has a wealth of structures, surviving in various states of preservation, from the Neolithic period, such as \"Br\u00fa na B\u00f3inne\", Poulnabrone dolmen, Castlestrange stone, Turoe stone, and Drombeg stone circle. As the Romans never conquered Ireland, architecture of Greco-Roman origin is extremely rare. The country instead had an extended period of Iron Age architecture. The Irish round tower originated during the Early Medieval period.", "qas": [ { "id": "35959", "question": "what are some of the wealth of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "Br\u00fa na B\u00f3inne\", Poulnabrone dolmen, Castlestrange stone, Turoe stone, and Drombeg stone circle" } ] }, { "id": "35960", "question": "what was the country 's extended period ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 352, "text": "Iron Age architecture" } ] }, { "id": "35961", "question": "when did the irish round tower begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 419, "text": "Early Medieval period" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Christianity introduced simple monastic houses, such as Clonmacnoise, Skellig Michael and Scattery Island. A stylistic similarity has been remarked between these double monasteries and those of the Copts of Egypt. Gaelic kings and aristocrats occupied ringforts or \"crann\u00f3gs\". Church reforms during the 12th century via the Cistercians stimulated continental influence, with the Romanesque styled Mellifont, Boyle and Tintern abbeys. Gaelic settlement had been limited to the Monastic proto-towns, such as Kells, where the current street pattern preserves the original circular settlement outline to some extent. Significant urban settlements only developed following the period of Viking invasions. The major Hiberno-Norse Longphorts were located on the coast, but with minor inland fluvial settlements, such as the eponymous Longford.", "qas": [ { "id": "35962", "question": "what are some monastic monastic houses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Clonmacnoise, Skellig Michael and Scattery Island" } ] }, { "id": "35963", "question": "what was the name of the kings that occupied kings ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "crann\u00f3gs" } ] }, { "id": "35964", "question": "what two romanesque styled church did the church reforms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 397, "text": "Mellifont, Boyle and Tintern abbeys" } ] }, { "id": "35965", "question": "what was the name of the current street that the current street pattern preserves ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 506, "text": "Kells" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Castles were built by the Anglo-Normans during the late 12th century, such as Dublin Castle and Kilkenny Castle, and the concept of the planned walled trading town was introduced, which gained legal status and several rights by grant of a Charter under Feudalism. These charters specifically governed the design of these towns. Two significant waves of planned town formation followed, the first being the 16th and 17th century plantation towns, which were used as a mechanism for the Tudor English kings to suppress local insurgency, followed by 18th century landlord towns. Surviving Norman founded planned towns include Drogheda and Youghal; plantation towns include Portlaoise and Portarlington; well-preserved 18th century planned towns include Westport and Ballinasloe. These episodes of planned settlement account for the majority of present-day towns throughout the country.", "qas": [ { "id": "35966", "question": "who built castles ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "Anglo-Normans" } ] }, { "id": "35967", "question": "what were the names of the castles that built castles ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "Dublin Castle and Kilkenny Castle" } ] }, { "id": "35968", "question": "what was the name of the charter that introduced the charter of a charter ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "Feudalism" } ] }, { "id": "35969", "question": "what towns were used to suppress local insurgency ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 406, "text": "16th and 17th century plantation towns" } ] }, { "id": "35970", "question": "what was the name of the towns that the first waves to suppress local insurgency ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 547, "text": "18th century landlord towns" } ] }, { "id": "35971", "question": "what are the planned towns founded by norman ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 623, "text": "Drogheda and Youghal" } ] }, { "id": "35972", "question": "what are the plantation towns ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 670, "text": "Portlaoise and Portarlington" } ] }, { "id": "35973", "question": "what are the planned towns of norman ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 750, "text": "Westport and Ballinasloe" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Gothic cathedrals, such as St Patrick's, were also introduced by the Normans. Franciscans were dominant in directing the abbeys by the Late Middle Ages, while elegant tower houses, such as Bunratty Castle, were built by the Gaelic and Norman aristocracy. Many religious buildings were ruined with the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Following the Restoration, palladianism and rococo, particularly country houses, swept through Ireland under the initiative of Edward Lovett Pearce, with the Houses of Parliament being the most significant.", "qas": [ { "id": "35974", "question": "what was the name of the gothic cathedrals introduced by the normans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "St Patrick's" } ] }, { "id": "35975", "question": "who introduced gothic cathedrals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "the Normans" } ] }, { "id": "35976", "question": "when were franciscans dominant ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "Late Middle Ages" } ] }, { "id": "35977", "question": "what was the name of the elegant tower houses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "Bunratty Castle" } ] }, { "id": "35978", "question": "who built the elegant tower ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "the Gaelic and Norman aristocracy" } ] }, { "id": "35979", "question": "what were the religious buildings ruined with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 301, "text": "Dissolution of the Monasteries" } ] }, { "id": "35980", "question": "who was the initiative of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 460, "text": "Edward Lovett Pearce" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With the erection of buildings such as The Custom House, Four Courts, General Post Office and King's Inns, the neoclassical and Georgian styles flourished, especially in Dublin. Georgian townhouses produced streets of singular distinction, particularly in Dublin, Limerick and Cork. Following Catholic Emancipation, cathedrals and churches influenced by the French Gothic Revival emerged, such as St Colman's and St Finbarre's. Ireland has long been associated with thatched roof cottages, though these are nowadays considered quaint.\nBeginning with the American designed art deco church at Turner's Cross in 1927, Irish architecture followed the international trend towards modern and sleek building styles since the 20th century. Recent developments include the regeneration of Ballymun and an urban extension of Dublin at Adamstown. Since the establishment of the Dublin Docklands Development Authority in 1997, the Dublin Docklands area underwent large-scale redevelopment, which included the construction of the Convention Centre Dublin and Grand Canal Theatre. Completed in 2008, the Elysian tower in Cork is the tallest storeyed building in the Republic of Ireland (the Obel Tower in Belfast, Northern Ireland being the tallest in Ireland), at a height of , surpassing Cork County Hall. The Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland regulates the practice of architecture in the state.", "qas": [ { "id": "35981", "question": "where were georgian townhouses produced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "Dublin, Limerick and Cork" } ] }, { "id": "35982", "question": "what were the names of the french gothic revival ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 397, "text": "St Colman's and St Finbarre's" } ] }, { "id": "35983", "question": "who is ireland associated with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 466, "text": "thatched roof cottages" } ] }, { "id": "35984", "question": "in what year did the american designed art deco church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 609, "text": "1927" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Raidi\u00f3 Teilif\u00eds \u00c9ireann (RT\u00c9) is Ireland's public service broadcaster, funded by a television licence fee and advertising. RT\u00c9 operates two national television channels, RT\u00c9 One and RT\u00c9 Two. The other independent national television channels are TV3, 3e, UTV Ireland and TG4, the latter of which is a public service broadcaster for speakers of the Irish language. All these channels are available on Saorview, the national free-to-air digital terrestrial television service. Additional channels included in the service are RT\u00c9 News Now, RT\u00c9jr, and RT\u00c9 One +1. Subscription-based television providers operating in Ireland include Virgin Media and Sky.", "qas": [ { "id": "35985", "question": "who is ireland 's public service broadcaster ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Raidi\u00f3 Teilif\u00eds \u00c9ireann" } ] }, { "id": "35986", "question": "who funded ireland 's public service ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "a television licence fee and advertising" } ] }, { "id": "35987", "question": "how many national television channels are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "RT\u00c9 One and RT\u00c9 Two" } ] }, { "id": "35988", "question": "what are the other independent national television channels ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "TV3, 3e, UTV Ireland and TG4" } ] }, { "id": "35989", "question": "what is the national free-to-air digital terrestrial television service available on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "Saorview" } ] }, { "id": "35990", "question": "what are some of the additional channels in the service ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 523, "text": "RT\u00c9 News Now, RT\u00c9jr, and RT\u00c9 One +1" } ] }, { "id": "35991", "question": "what are the two subscription-based television providers in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 629, "text": "Virgin Media and Sky" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Supported by the Irish Film Board, the Irish film industry grew significantly since the 1990s, with the promotion of indigenous films as well as the attraction of international productions like \"Braveheart\" and \"Saving Private Ryan\".", "qas": [ { "id": "35992", "question": "who supported the irish film ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "the Irish Film Board" } ] }, { "id": "35993", "question": "when did the irish film industry begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "1990s" } ] }, { "id": "35994", "question": "what was the name of the international productions of international productions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "Braveheart" } ] }, { "id": "35995", "question": "what was the name of the irish film that was supported by the irish film ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "Saving Private Ryan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A large number of regional and local radio stations are available countrywide. A survey showed that a consistent 85% of adults listen to a mixture of national, regional and local stations on a daily basis. RT\u00c9 Radio operates four national stations, Radio 1, 2fm, Lyric fm, and RnaG. It also operates four national DAB radio stations. There are two independent national stations: Today FM and Newstalk.", "qas": [ { "id": "35996", "question": "what percentage of adults listen to a mixture of national , regional and local stations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "85%" } ] }, { "id": "35997", "question": "how many national stations does radio have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "35998", "question": "what are some of the four national stations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "Radio 1, 2fm, Lyric fm, and RnaG." } ] }, { "id": "35999", "question": "how many national dab radio stations does radio have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 300, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "36000", "question": "what are the two independent national stations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 379, "text": "Today FM and Newstalk" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ireland has a traditionally competitive print media, which is divided into daily national newspapers and weekly regional newspapers, as well as national Sunday editions. The strength of the British press is a unique feature of the Irish print media scene, with the availability of a wide selection of British published newspapers and magazines.", "qas": [ { "id": "36001", "question": "what is ireland 's traditionally divided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "daily national newspapers and weekly regional newspapers" } ] }, { "id": "36002", "question": "what type of editions does ireland have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "national Sunday editions" } ] }, { "id": "36003", "question": "what is the unique feature of the british press ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "the Irish print media scene" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Eurostat reported that 82% of Irish households had Internet access in 2013 compared to the EU average of 79% but only 67% had broadband access.", "qas": [ { "id": "36004", "question": "what percentage of irish households had internet access in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "82%" } ] }, { "id": "36005", "question": "what percentage of irish households were there in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "79%" } ] }, { "id": "36006", "question": "what percentage of irish households were broadband ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "67%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Irish cuisine was traditionally based on meat and dairy products, supplemented with vegetables and seafood. \nExamples of popular Irish cuisine include boxty, colcannon, coddle, stew, and bacon and cabbage. Ireland is famous for the full Irish breakfast, which involves a fried or grilled meal generally consisting of bacon, egg, sausage, pudding, and fried tomato. Apart from the significant influence by European and international dishes, there has been a recent emergence of a new Irish cuisine based on traditional ingredients handled in new ways. This cuisine is based on fresh vegetables, fish, oysters, mussels and other shellfish, and the wide range of hand-made cheeses that are now being produced across the country. Shellfish have increased in popularity, especially due to the high quality shellfish available from the country's coastline. The most popular fish include salmon and cod. Traditional breads include soda bread and wheaten bread. Barmbrack is a yeasted bread with added sultanas and raisins.", "qas": [ { "id": "36007", "question": "what was irish cuisine based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "meat and dairy products" } ] }, { "id": "36008", "question": "what types of products did irish cuisine use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "vegetables and seafood" } ] }, { "id": "36009", "question": "what are some popular irish cuisine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "boxty, colcannon, coddle, stew, and bacon and cabbage" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Popular everyday beverages among the Irish include tea and coffee. Alcoholic drinks associated with Ireland include Poit\u00edn and the world-famous Guinness, which is a dry stout that originated in the brewery of Arthur Guinness at St. James's Gate in Dublin. Irish whiskey is also popular throughout the country, and comes in various forms, including single malt, single grain and blended whiskey.", "qas": [ { "id": "36010", "question": "what are the two irish beverages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "tea and coffee" } ] }, { "id": "36011", "question": "what is the name of the dry stout that originated in st. james 's gate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "Guinness" } ] }, { "id": "36012", "question": "who was the brewery of st. james 's gate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "Arthur Guinness" } ] }, { "id": "36013", "question": "where is the brewery of arthur guinness ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "St. James's Gate" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Gaelic football and hurling are the traditional sports of Ireland as well as most popular spectator sports. They are administered by the Gaelic Athletics Association on an all-Ireland basis. Other Gaelic games organised by the association include Gaelic handball and rounders.", "qas": [ { "id": "36014", "question": "who administered the all-ireland association ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "the Gaelic Athletics Association on an all-Ireland basis" } ] }, { "id": "36015", "question": "what are the two gaelic games in the association ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "Gaelic handball and rounders" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Soccer is the third most popular spectator sport and has the highest level of participation. Although the League of Ireland is the national league, the English Premier League is the most popular among the public. The Republic of Ireland national football team plays at international level and is administered by the Football Association of Ireland.", "qas": [ { "id": "36016", "question": "what is the third most popular spectator sport ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Soccer" } ] }, { "id": "36017", "question": "what is the most popular public league in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "the English Premier League" } ] }, { "id": "36018", "question": "what is administered by the football association of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "The Republic of Ireland national football team plays at international level" } ] }, { "id": "36019", "question": "who administered the republic of ireland national football team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "the Football Association of Ireland" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Irish Rugby Football Union is the governing body of rugby union, which is played at local and international levels on an all-Ireland basis, and has produced players such as Brian O'Driscoll and Ronan O'Gara, who were on the team that won the Grand Slam in 2009.", "qas": [ { "id": "36020", "question": "what is the governing body of rugby union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Irish Rugby Football Union" } ] }, { "id": "36021", "question": "what is the irish rugby football union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "the governing body of rugby union" } ] }, { "id": "36022", "question": "who won the grand slam in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "Brian O'Driscoll and Ronan O'Gara" } ] }, { "id": "36023", "question": "when was the grand slam won ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "2009" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The success of the Irish Cricket Team in the 2007 Cricket World Cup has led to an increase in the popularity of cricket, which is also administered on an all-Ireland basis by Cricket Ireland.", "qas": [ { "id": "36024", "question": "what team has led to the popularity of cricket ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 19, "text": "Irish Cricket Team" } ] }, { "id": "36025", "question": "where is the irish cricket team located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "the 2007 Cricket World Cup" } ] }, { "id": "36026", "question": "what is the name of the all-ireland basis for the all-ireland basis ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "Cricket Ireland" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Netball is represented by the Ireland national netball team.", "qas": [ { "id": "36027", "question": "what is represented by the ireland national netball team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Netball" } ] }, { "id": "36028", "question": "who represented netball ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "the Ireland national netball team" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Golf is another popular sport in Ireland, with over 300 courses countrywide. The country has produced several internationally successful golfers, such as P\u00e1draig Harrington and Paul McGinley.", "qas": [ { "id": "36029", "question": "how many courses does ireland have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "over 300 courses countrywide" } ] }, { "id": "36030", "question": "what are some of the internationally successful successful golfers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "P\u00e1draig Harrington and Paul McGinley" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Horse Racing has a very large presence in Ireland, with one of the most influential breeding and racing operations based in the country. Racing takes place at courses at The Curragh Racecourse in County Kildare and at Leopardstown Racecourse, racing taking place since the 1860s, but racing taking place as early as the early 1700s. Popular race meetings also take place at Galway. Operations include Coolmore Stud and Ballydoyle, the base of Aidan O'Brien arguably one of the world's most successful horse trainers. Ireland has produced champion horses such as Galileo, Montjeu, and Sea the Stars.", "qas": [ { "id": "36031", "question": "what has a large presence in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Horse Racing" } ] }, { "id": "36032", "question": "where does racing occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "The Curragh Racecourse" } ] }, { "id": "36033", "question": "what is the name of the county that takes place since the 1860s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "Leopardstown Racecourse" } ] }, { "id": "36034", "question": "what are some of the world 's most successful horse trainers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 401, "text": "Coolmore Stud and Ballydoyle" } ] }, { "id": "36035", "question": "what are some champion horses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 562, "text": "Galileo, Montjeu, and Sea the Stars" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Boxing is Ireland's most successful sport at an Olympic level. Administered by the Irish Amateur Boxing Association on an all-Ireland basis, it has gained in popularity as a result of the international success of boxers such as Bernard Dunne, Andy Lee and Katie Taylor.", "qas": [ { "id": "36036", "question": "who administered katie taylor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "Irish Amateur Boxing Association" } ] }, { "id": "36037", "question": "who are some boxers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "Bernard Dunne, Andy Lee and Katie Taylor" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some of Ireland's highest performers in athletics have competed at the Olympic Games, such as Eamonn Coghlan and Sonia O'Sullivan. The annual Dublin Marathon and Dublin Women's Mini Marathon are two of the most popular athletics events in the country.", "qas": [ { "id": "36038", "question": "what are some of the highest performers in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "Eamonn Coghlan and Sonia O'Sullivan" } ] }, { "id": "36039", "question": "what are two of the most popular athletics events ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "Dublin Marathon and Dublin Women's Mini Marathon" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Rugby league is represented by the Ireland national rugby league team and administered by Rugby League Ireland (who are full member of the Rugby League European Federation) on an all-Ireland basis. The team compete in the European Cup (rugby league) and the Rugby League World Cup. Ireland reached the quarter finals of the 2000 Rugby League World Cup as well as reaching the semi finals in the 2008 Rugby League World Cup. The Irish Elite League is a domestic competition for rugby league teams in Ireland.", "qas": [ { "id": "36040", "question": "what is the rugby league represented by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "the Ireland national rugby league team and administered by Rugby League Ireland (who are full member of the Rugby League European Federation) on an all-Ireland basis" } ] }, { "id": "36041", "question": "what are the names of the team compete with", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "The team compete in the European Cup (rugby league) and the Rugby League World Cup" } ] }, { "id": "36042", "question": "why did ireland host the quarter finals", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "Ireland reached the quarter finals of the 2000 Rugby League World Cup as well as reaching the semi finals in the 2008 Rugby League World Cup" } ] }, { "id": "36043", "question": "what is the irish elite league ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 424, "text": "The Irish Elite League is a domestic competition for rugby league teams in Ireland" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The profile of Australian rules football has increased in Ireland due to the International rules series that take place annually between Australia and Ireland. Baseball and basketball are also emerging sports in Ireland, both of which have an international team representing the island of Ireland. Other sports which retain a strong following in Ireland include cycling, greyhound racing, horse riding, motorsport, and softball.", "qas": [ { "id": "36044", "question": "why is the profile of australian rules football increased ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "Ireland due to the International rules series that take place annually between Australia and Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "36045", "question": "what is ireland 's team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 240, "text": "an international team representing the island of Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "36046", "question": "what are some of the sports sports sports ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 362, "text": "cycling, greyhound racing, horse riding, motorsport, and softball" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ireland ranks fifth in the world in terms of gender equality. In 2011, Ireland was ranked the most charitable country in Europe, and second most charitable in the world. Contraception was controlled in Ireland until 1979, however, the receding influence of the Catholic Church has led to an increasingly secularised society. In 1983, the Eighth Amendment recognised \"the right to life of the unborn\", subject to qualifications concerning the \"equal right to life\" of the mother. The case of \"Attorney General v. X\" subsequently prompted passage of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments, guaranteeing the right to have an abortion performed abroad, and the right to learn about \"services\" that are illegal in Ireland but legal abroad. The prohibition on divorce in the 1937 Constitution was repealed in 1995 under the Fifteenth Amendment. Divorce rates in Ireland are very low compared to European Union averages (0.7 divorced people per 1,000 population in 2011) while the marriage rate in Ireland is slightly above the European Union average (4.6 marriages per 1,000 population per year in 2012).", "qas": [ { "id": "36047", "question": "when was contraception controlled in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "1979" } ] }, { "id": "36048", "question": "when was the prohibition on divorce in 1937 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 805, "text": "1995" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Capital punishment is constitutionally banned in Ireland, while discrimination based on age, gender, sexual orientation, marital or familial status, religion, race or membership of the travelling community is illegal. The legislation which outlawed homosexual acts was repealed in 1993. In 2010, the D\u00e1il and the Seanad passed the Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act, which recognised civil partnerships between same-sex couples. It permits same-sex couples to register their relationship before a registrar. A \"Sunday Times\" poll carried out in March 2011 showed that 73% of people believe that same-sex couples should be allowed to marry, while 60% believe that same-sex couples should be allowed to adopt children. In April 2012, the Constitutional Convention voted overwhelmingly in favour of extending marriage rights to same-sex couples. On 23 May 2015, Ireland became the first country to legalise same-sex marriage by popular vote.", "qas": [ { "id": "36049", "question": "when was homosexual acts repealed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "1993" } ] }, { "id": "36050", "question": "what percentage of people believe that same-sex couples should be allowed to marry children ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 605, "text": "73%" } ] }, { "id": "36051", "question": "what percentage of people believe same-sex couples should be allowed to adopt children ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 683, "text": "60%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ireland became the first country in the world to introduce an environmental levy for plastic shopping bags in 2002 and a public smoking ban in 2004. Recycling in Ireland is carried out extensively and Ireland has the second highest rate of packaging recycling in the European Union. It was the first country in Europe to ban incandescent lightbulbs in 2008 and the first EU country to ban in-store tobacco advertising and product display in 2009. In 2015 Ireland became the second country in the world to introduce plain cigarette packaging. Despite the above measures to discourage tobacco use, smoking rates in Ireland remain above 20% of the adult population and above those in other developed countries.", "qas": [ { "id": "36052", "question": "in what year did ireland introduce an environmental levy for plastic shopping ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "2002" } ] }, { "id": "36053", "question": "what percentage of the adult population is smoking ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 634, "text": "20%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The state shares many symbols with the island of Ireland. These include the colours green and blue, animals such as the Irish wolfhound and stags, structures such as round towers and celtic crosses, and designs such as Celtic knots and spirals. The shamrock, a type of clover, has been a national symbol of Ireland since the 17th century when it became customary to wear it as a symbol on St. Patrick's Day. These symbols are used by state institutions as well as private bodies in the Republic of Ireland.", "qas": [ { "id": "36054", "question": "what are some of the animals that are in the green and blue crosses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "the Irish wolfhound and stags" } ] }, { "id": "36055", "question": "what are some of the structures that the irish wolfhound and stags are ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "round towers and celtic crosses" } ] }, { "id": "36056", "question": "what are some of the designs of the designs of the round ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "Celtic knots and spirals" } ] }, { "id": "36057", "question": "what is the shamrock of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "clover" } ] }, { "id": "36058", "question": "what was the symbol of clover customary to wear ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 389, "text": "St. Patrick's Day" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The flag of Ireland is a tricolour of green, white and orange. The flag originates with the Young Ireland movement of the mid-19th century but was not popularised until its use during the Easter Rising of 1916. The colours represent the Gaelic tradition (green) and the followers of William of Orange in Ireland (orange), with white representing the aspiration for peace between them. It was adopted as the flag of the Irish Free State in 1922 and continues to be used as the sole flag and ensign of the state. A naval jack, a green flag with a yellow harp, is set out in Defence Forces Regulations and flown from the mast head of ships in addition to the national flag in limited circumstances (e.g. when a ship is not underway). It is based on the unofficial green ensign of Ireland used in the 18th and 19th centuries and the traditional green flag of Ireland dating from the 16th century.", "qas": [ { "id": "36059", "question": "what are the flag of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "green, white and orange" } ] }, { "id": "36060", "question": "when was the young flag popularised ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "Easter Rising of 1916" } ] }, { "id": "36061", "question": "when was the irish free state adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 439, "text": "1922" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Like the national flag, the national anthem, \" (), has its roots in the Easter Rising, when the song was sung by the rebels. Although originally published in English in 1912, the song was translated into Irish in 1923 and the Irish-language version is more commonly sung today. The song was officially adopted as the anthem of the Irish Free State in 1926 and continues as the national anthem of the state. The first four bars of the chorus followed by the last five comprise the presidential salute.", "qas": [ { "id": "36062", "question": "where is the national anthem sung ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "Easter Rising" } ] }, { "id": "36063", "question": "when was the song originally published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "1912" } ] }, { "id": "36064", "question": "in what year was the song the song originally translated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "1923" } ] }, { "id": "36065", "question": "what was the name of the song the song was adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 331, "text": "Irish Free State" } ] }, { "id": "36066", "question": "when was the irish free state adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 351, "text": "1926" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The arms of Ireland originate as the arms of the monarchs of Ireland and was recorded as the arms of the King of Ireland in the 12th century. From the union of the crowns of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1603, they have appeared quartered on the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. Today, they are the personal arms of the President of Ireland whilst he or she is in office and are flown as the presidential standard. The harp symbol is used extensively by the state to mark official documents, Irish coinage and on the seal of the President of Ireland.", "qas": [ { "id": "36067", "question": "what was the arms of ireland recorded as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "the arms of the King of Ireland in the 12th century" } ] }, { "id": "36068", "question": "in what year did the union of ireland begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "1603" } ] }, { "id": "36069", "question": "where has the arms of ireland appeared ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom" } ] } ] } ], "title": "Republic of Ireland" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Chicago ( or ), officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7\u00a0million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois and the Midwestern United States, and the county seat of Cook County. The Chicago metropolitan area, often referred to as Chicagoland, has nearly 10\u00a0million people and is the third-largest in the U.S.", "qas": [ { "id": "36070", "question": "what is chicago 's third-most city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "City of Chicago" } ] }, { "id": "36071", "question": "how many residents are in chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "2.7\u00a0million" } ] }, { "id": "36072", "question": "what is chicago 's most populous city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "Cook County" } ] }, { "id": "36073", "question": "what is the name of the chicago metropolitan area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 311, "text": "Chicagoland" } ] }, { "id": "36074", "question": "how many people are in the chicago metropolitan area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 335, "text": "10\u00a0million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chicago was incorporated as a city in\u00a01837, near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed, and grew rapidly in the mid-nineteenth century. The city is an international hub for finance, commerce, industry, technology, telecommunications, and transportation: O'Hare International Airport is the second-busiest airport in the world when measured by aircraft traffic; the region also has the largest number of U.S. highways and rail road freight. In 2012, Chicago was listed as an alpha global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and ranked seventh in the world in the 2014 Global Cities Index. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States\u2014about $630.3\u00a0billion according to 2014\u20132016 estimates. The city has one of the world's largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce.", "qas": [ { "id": "36075", "question": "when was chicago incorporated as a city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "1837" } ] }, { "id": "36076", "question": "what is the largest airport in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "O'Hare International Airport" } ] }, { "id": "36077", "question": "how much money does chicago receive in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 729, "text": "$630.3" } ] }, { "id": "36078", "question": "what percentage of the world 's workforce is one of the world 's most diversified economies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 893, "text": "14%" } ] } ] }, { "context": ", Chicago hosted over 52 million international and domestic visitors, a new record for the city making it one of the top visited cities in the nation. Chicago's culture includes the visual arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy, and music, particularly jazz, blues, soul, gospel and house music. There are many colleges and universities in the Chicago area; among these, Northwestern University, the University of Chicago, and the University of Illinois at Chicago are classified as \"highest research\" doctoral universities. Chicago also has professional sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City.", "qas": [ { "id": "36079", "question": "how many international and domestic visitors did chicago have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "52 million" } ] }, { "id": "36080", "question": "what are the university of illinois at chicago called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 508, "text": "highest research\" doctoral universities" } ] }, { "id": "36081", "question": "what is the name of the city nicknames in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 689, "text": "Windy City" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The name \"Chicago\" is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word \"shikaakwa\", known to botanists as \"Allium tricoccum\", from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as \"Checagou\" was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir. Henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called \"chicagoua\", grew abundantly in the area. According to his diary of late September 1687: \nIn the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, who had taken the place of the Miami and Sauk and Fox peoples. The first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s. He is commonly known as the \"Founder of Chicago\".", "qas": [ { "id": "36082", "question": "what is the native american word for the name `` chicago '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "shikaakwa" } ] }, { "id": "36083", "question": "what is the name of the name `` chicago '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "Allium tricoccum" } ] }, { "id": "36084", "question": "what was the name of the first city of chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "Checagou" } ] }, { "id": "36085", "question": "who was the first known reference to the site of the current city of chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "Robert de LaSalle" } ] }, { "id": "36086", "question": "where was the first known reference to the site of chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "1679" } ] }, { "id": "36087", "question": "who was the journal of 1688 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 304, "text": "Henri Joutel" } ] }, { "id": "36088", "question": "who was the first known non-indigenous permanent settler ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 694, "text": "Jean Baptiste Point du Sable" } ] }, { "id": "36089", "question": "what is the founder of chicago called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 822, "text": "Founder of Chicago" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1795, following the Northwest Indian War, an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over to the United States for a military post by native tribes in accordance with the Treaty of Greenville. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn and later rebuilt. The Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833.", "qas": [ { "id": "36090", "question": "in what year was chicago turned over to the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1795" } ] }, { "id": "36091", "question": "what war was to be part of chicago in 1795 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "Northwest Indian War" } ] }, { "id": "36092", "question": "when was fort dearborn destroyed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "1803" } ] }, { "id": "36093", "question": "what was the name of the united states army built in the battle of fort dearborn ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "Fort Dearborn" } ] }, { "id": "36094", "question": "when was fort dearborn destroyed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 279, "text": "1812" } ] }, { "id": "36095", "question": "when was fort dearborn destroyed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 291, "text": "Battle of Fort Dearborn" } ] }, { "id": "36096", "question": "when did the treaty of chicago take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 540, "text": "1833" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people. On June 15, 1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U.S. receiver of public moneys. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4, 1837 and for several decades was the world's fastest growing city.", "qas": [ { "id": "36097", "question": "when was the town of chicago organized ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "August 12, 1833" } ] }, { "id": "36098", "question": "what was the population of chicago in 1833 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "200" } ] }, { "id": "36099", "question": "how many people lived in the town of chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "4,000" } ] }, { "id": "36100", "question": "when did the first public sales begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "June 15, 1835" } ] }, { "id": "36101", "question": "who began the first public land sales ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "Edmund Dick Taylor" } ] }, { "id": "36102", "question": "when was the city of chicago incorporated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 301, "text": "March 4, 1837" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicago's first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois and Michigan Canal opened in 1848. The canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River.", "qas": [ { "id": "36103", "question": "what was the name of the city that became an important transportation hub in the u.s. ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 19, "text": "Chicago Portage" } ] }, { "id": "36104", "question": "where did the chicago portage originate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "eastern and western United States" } ] }, { "id": "36105", "question": "which railway railroad opened in 1848 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "Galena and Chicago Union Railroad" } ] }, { "id": "36106", "question": "when did the illinois and michigan canal open ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 237, "text": "1848" } ] }, { "id": "36107", "question": "where did the canal connect to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 327, "text": "Mississippi River" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad. Manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade (established 1848) listed the first ever standardized 'exchange traded' forward contracts, which were called futures contracts.\nIn the 1850s, Chicago gained national political prominence as the home of Senator Stephen Douglas, the champion of the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act and the \"popular sovereignty\" approach to the issue of the spread of slavery. These issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage. Lincoln was nominated in Chicago for US President at the 1860 Republican National Convention. He defeated Douglas in the general election, and this set the stage for the American Civil War.", "qas": [ { "id": "36108", "question": "when was the chicago board of trade established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "1848" } ] }, { "id": "36109", "question": "what were the chicago board of trade called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "futures contracts" } ] }, { "id": "36110", "question": "who was the home of chicago in the 1850s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 416, "text": "Senator Stephen Douglas" } ] }, { "id": "36111", "question": "when was lincoln nominated in chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 708, "text": "1860 Republican National Convention" } ] } ] }, { "context": "To accommodate rapid population growth and demand for better sanitation, the city improved its infrastructure. In February 1856, Chicago's Common Council approved Chesbrough's plan to build the United States' first comprehensive sewerage system. The project raised much of central Chicago to a new grade. While elevating Chicago, and at first improving the city's health, the untreated sewage and industrial waste now flowed into the Chicago River, then into Lake Michigan, polluting the city's primary freshwater source.", "qas": [ { "id": "36112", "question": "what year did chicago 's common council approved the first sewerage system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "1856" } ] }, { "id": "36113", "question": "what is the name of the chicago river now located in the chicago river ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 459, "text": "Lake Michigan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The city responded by tunneling two miles (3\u00a0km) out into Lake Michigan to newly-built water cribs. In 1900, the problem of sewage contamination was largely resolved when the city completed a major engineering feat. It reversed the flow of the Chicago River so the water flowed away from Lake Michigan rather than into it. This project began with the construction and improvement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and was completed with the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal that connects to the Illinois River, which flows into the Mississippi River.", "qas": [ { "id": "36114", "question": "how many miles of miles did the city lose into lake ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "tunneling two miles" } ] }, { "id": "36115", "question": "when was the problem of sewage contamination resolved ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "1900" } ] }, { "id": "36116", "question": "what canal did the chicago project begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 387, "text": "Illinois and Michigan Canal" } ] }, { "id": "36117", "question": "what was the name of the canal completed by the illinois and michigan canal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 443, "text": "Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal" } ] }, { "id": "36118", "question": "where did the chicago sanitary and ship canal come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 496, "text": "Illinois River" } ] }, { "id": "36119", "question": "where does the illinois river canal originate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 533, "text": "Mississippi River" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed an area of about 4 miles long and 1 mile wide, a large section of the city at the time. Much of the city, including railroads and stockyards, survived intact, and from the ruins of the previous wooden structures arose more modern constructions of steel and stone. These set a precedent for worldwide construction. During its rebuilding period, Chicago constructed the world's first skyscraper in 1885, using steel-skeleton construction.", "qas": [ { "id": "36120", "question": "when did the great chicago fire destroyed an area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1871" } ] }, { "id": "36121", "question": "what was the area of the great chicago fire in 1871 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "4 miles long and 1 mile wide" } ] }, { "id": "36122", "question": "when was the world 's first skyscraper constructed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 438, "text": "1885" } ] }, { "id": "36123", "question": "what was the first skyscraper in 1885 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 450, "text": "steel-skeleton construction" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The city grew significantly in size and population by incorporating many neighboring townships between 1851 and 1920, with the largest annexation happening in 1889, with five townships joining the city, including the Hyde Park Township, which now comprises most of the South Side of Chicago and the far southeast of Chicago, and the Jefferson Township, which now makes up most of Chicago's Northwest Side. The desire to join the city was driven by municipal services the city could provide its residents.\nChicago's flourishing economy attracted huge numbers of new immigrants from Europe and migrants from the Eastern United States. Of the total population in 1900, more than 77% were either foreign-born or born in the United States of foreign parentage. Germans, Irish, Poles, Swedes and Czechs made up nearly two-thirds of the foreign-born population (by 1900, whites were 98.1% of the city's population).", "qas": [ { "id": "36124", "question": "in what years did the largest annexation of chicago 's northwest side occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "1851 and 1920" } ] }, { "id": "36125", "question": "in what year did the largest annexation of chicago 's northwest side occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "1889" } ] }, { "id": "36126", "question": "what is the name of the largest annexation in chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "Hyde Park Township" } ] }, { "id": "36127", "question": "what percentage of the population was born in 1900 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 676, "text": "77%" } ] }, { "id": "36128", "question": "what percentage of the population was whites in 1900 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 876, "text": "98.1%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Labor conflicts followed the industrial boom and the rapid expansion of the labor pool, including the Haymarket affair on May 4, 1886. Concern for social problems among Chicago's immigrant poor led Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr to found Hull House in 1889. Programs developed there became a model for the new field of social work.", "qas": [ { "id": "36129", "question": "when was the haymarket affair ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "May 4, 1886" } ] }, { "id": "36130", "question": "what led to hull house in 1889 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr" } ] }, { "id": "36131", "question": "when was hull house found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 255, "text": "1889" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the 1870s and 1880s, Chicago attained national stature as the leader in the movement to improve public health. City, and later state laws, that upgraded standards for the medical profession and fought urban epidemics of cholera, smallpox, and yellow fever were both passed and enforced. These laws became templates for public health reform in other cities and states.", "qas": [ { "id": "36132", "question": "during what time period did chicago improve the leader in the movement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "1870s and 1880s" } ] }, { "id": "36133", "question": "urban epidemics fought urban epidemics of what two groups ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "cholera, smallpox, and yellow fever" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The city established many large, well-landscaped municipal parks, which also included public sanitation facilities. The chief advocate for improving public health in Chicago was Dr. John H. Rauch, M.D.. Rauch established a plan for Chicago's park system in 1866. He created Lincoln Park by closing a cemetery filled with shallow graves, and in 1867, in response to an outbreak of cholera he helped establish a new Chicago Board of Health. Ten years later, he became the secretary and then the president of the first Illinois State Board of Health, which carried out most of its activities in Chicago.", "qas": [ { "id": "36134", "question": "what was the name of the NULL that NULL NULL ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "Dr. John H. Rauch, M.D.. Rauch" } ] }, { "id": "36135", "question": "when was the plan for chicago 's park system established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "1866" } ] }, { "id": "36136", "question": "in what year was lincoln 's health board created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 344, "text": "1867" } ] }, { "id": "36137", "question": "what was the name of the president that carried out most of its activities in chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 516, "text": "Illinois State Board of Health" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 19th century, Chicago became the nation's railroad center, and by 1910 over 20 railroads operated passenger service out of six different downtown terminals. In 1883, Chicago's railway managers needed a general time convention, so they developed the standardized system of North American time zones. This system for telling time spread throughout the continent.", "qas": [ { "id": "36138", "question": "how many railroads operated passenger service ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "20" } ] }, { "id": "36139", "question": "how many downtown terminals did 20 railroads operated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "six" } ] }, { "id": "36140", "question": "in what year did chicago 's railway managers make a general time convention ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "1883" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1893, Chicago hosted the World's Columbian Exposition on former marshland at the present location of Jackson Park. The Exposition drew 27.5\u00a0million visitors, and is considered the most influential world's fair in history. The University of Chicago, formerly at another location, moved to the same South Side location in 1892. The term \"midway\" for a fair or carnival referred originally to the Midway Plaisance, a strip of park land that still runs through the University of Chicago campus and connects the Washington and Jackson Parks.", "qas": [ { "id": "36141", "question": "in what year did chicago host the world 's columbian exposition ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1893" } ] }, { "id": "36142", "question": "what location did chicago host in 1893 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "Jackson Park" } ] }, { "id": "36143", "question": "how many visitors did the exposition run ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "27.5\u00a0million" } ] }, { "id": "36144", "question": "when was the university of chicago moved to the same south side ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "1892" } ] }, { "id": "36145", "question": "what is the name of the strip of the term `` midway '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 397, "text": "Midway Plaisance" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During World War I and the 1920s there was a major expansion in industry. The availability of jobs attracted African-Americans from the Southern United States. Between 1910 and 1930, the African-American population of Chicago increased dramatically, from 44,103 to 233,903. This Great Migration had an immense cultural impact, called the \"Chicago Black Renaissance\", part of the New Negro Movement, in art, literature, and music. Continuing racial tensions and violence, such as the Chicago Race Riot of 1919, also occurred.", "qas": [ { "id": "36146", "question": "what was the population of chicago in 1930 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 255, "text": "44,103 to 233,903" } ] }, { "id": "36147", "question": "what was the name of the great migration ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 339, "text": "Chicago Black Renaissance" } ] }, { "id": "36148", "question": "what was the name of the chicago race riot ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 483, "text": "Chicago Race Riot of 1919" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the production and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States. This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the Gangster Era, a time that roughly spans from 1919 until 1933 when Prohibition was repealed. The 1920s saw gangsters, including Al Capone, Dion O'Banion, Bugs Moran and Tony Accardo battle law enforcement and each other on the streets of Chicago during the Prohibition era. Chicago was the location of the infamous St. Valentine's Day Massacre in 1929, where Al Capone sent men to gun down members of his rival gang, North Side, led by Bugs Moran.", "qas": [ { "id": "36149", "question": "when was the 18th amendment to the constitution made ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "1919" } ] }, { "id": "36150", "question": "what is the name of the era that was repealed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "Gangster Era" } ] }, { "id": "36151", "question": "when was the infamous st. valentine 's day massacre ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 573, "text": "1929" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1924, Chicago was the first American city to have a homosexual-rights organization, the Society for Human Rights. This organization produced the first American publication for homosexuals, \"Friendship and Freedom\". Police and political pressure caused the organization to disband.", "qas": [ { "id": "36152", "question": "in what year was chicago the first american city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1924" } ] }, { "id": "36153", "question": "what was chicago 's first american city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "the Society for Human Rights" } ] }, { "id": "36154", "question": "what was the name of the first american publication ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "Friendship and Freedom" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1933, Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak was fatally wounded in Miami, Florida during a failed assassination attempt on President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1933 and 1934, the city celebrated its centennial by hosting the Century of Progress International Exposition Worlds Fair. The theme of the fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding.", "qas": [ { "id": "36155", "question": "in what year was anton cermak fatally wounded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1933" } ] }, { "id": "36156", "question": "who was fatally wounded in 1933 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "Anton Cermak" } ] }, { "id": "36157", "question": "who was the chicago mayor anton cermak on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" } ] }, { "id": "36158", "question": "what century did the city celebrated in 1933 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "Century of Progress International Exposition Worlds Fair" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In March 1937, there was a violent strike by about 3,500 drivers for Checker and Yellow Cab Companies which included rioting that went on for weeks. The cab companies hired \"strike breakers\", and the cab drivers union hired \"sluggers\" who ragged through the downtown Chicago area looking for cabs and drivers not participating in the strike.", "qas": [ { "id": "36159", "question": "in what month and year did drivers for drivers begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "March 1937" } ] }, { "id": "36160", "question": "how many drivers for drivers for yellow were violent strike ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "3,500" } ] }, { "id": "36161", "question": "what two companies were drivers for drivers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Checker and Yellow Cab Companies" } ] }, { "id": "36162", "question": "what did the cab companies hired ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "strike breakers" } ] }, { "id": "36163", "question": "what was the name of the cab drivers union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "sluggers" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On December 2, 1942, physicist Enrico Fermi conducted the world's first controlled nuclear reaction at the University of Chicago as part of the top-secret Manhattan Project. This led to the creation of the atomic bomb by the United States, which it used in World War II in 1945.", "qas": [ { "id": "36164", "question": "when was the world 's first controlled nuclear reaction at the university of chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "December 2, 1942" } ] }, { "id": "36165", "question": "who conducted the world 's first controlled nuclear reaction at the university of chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Enrico Fermi" } ] }, { "id": "36166", "question": "where was the world 's first controlled nuclear reaction ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "University of Chicago" } ] }, { "id": "36167", "question": "what was the first controlled nuclear reaction at the university of chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "Manhattan Project" } ] }, { "id": "36168", "question": "in what war was the atomic bomb used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "World War II" } ] }, { "id": "36169", "question": "in what year was the atomic bomb ii used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "1945" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Mayor Richard J. Daley, a Democrat, was elected in 1955, in the era of machine politics. In the early 1960s, many white residents, as in most American cities, left the city for the suburban areas. Whole neighborhoods were completely changed based on race. Structural changes in industry, such as globalization and job outsourcing, caused heavy losses of jobs for lower skilled workers. In 1966, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Albert Raby led the Chicago Freedom Movement, which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daley and the movement leaders.", "qas": [ { "id": "36170", "question": "who was elected in 1955 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 6, "text": "Richard J. Daley" } ] }, { "id": "36171", "question": "when was machine politics elected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "1955" } ] }, { "id": "36172", "question": "who led the chicago freedom movement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 395, "text": "Martin Luther King, Jr. and Albert Raby" } ] }, { "id": "36173", "question": "who led the chicago freedom movement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 508, "text": "Mayor Richard J. Daley" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous 1968 Democratic National Convention, which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside the convention hall, with anti-war protesters, journalists and bystanders being savagely beaten by police. Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower (now known as the Willis Tower, which in 1974 became the world's tallest building), University of Illinois at Chicago, McCormick Place, and O'Hare International Airport, were undertaken during Richard J. Daley's tenure. In 1979, Jane Byrne, the city's first female mayor, was elected. She helped reduce crime in the Cabrini-Green housing project and led Chicago's school system out of a financial crisis.", "qas": [ { "id": "36174", "question": "what was the name of the convention that featured physical confrontations both outside the convention ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "1968 Democratic National Convention" } ] }, { "id": "36175", "question": "what was the name of the willis tower ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "Sears Tower" } ] }, { "id": "36176", "question": "what was the name of the sears tower ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "Willis Tower" } ] }, { "id": "36177", "question": "in what year was the willis tower founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 351, "text": "1974" } ] }, { "id": "36178", "question": "what was the first female mayor in 1979 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 539, "text": "Jane Byrne" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1983, Harold Washington became the first black mayor of the city of Chicago. Washington's first term in office directed attention to poor and previously neglected minority neighborhoods. He was re\u2011elected in 1987 but died of a heart attack soon after. Washington was succeeded by 6th ward Alderman Eugene Sawyer who was elected by the Chicago City Council and served until a special election.", "qas": [ { "id": "36179", "question": "when did harold washington become the first black mayor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1983" } ] }, { "id": "36180", "question": "who became the first black mayor in 1983 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Harold Washington" } ] }, { "id": "36181", "question": "when was washington 's first term in office died ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "1987" } ] }, { "id": "36182", "question": "who succeeded washington university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "Alderman Eugene Sawyer" } ] }, { "id": "36183", "question": "who elected washington university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 338, "text": "Chicago City Council" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Richard M. Daley, son of Richard J. Daley, was elected in 1989. His accomplishments included improvements to parks and creating incentives for sustainable development. After successfully standing for re-election five times, and becoming Chicago's longest serving mayor, Richard M. Daley declined to run for a seventh term.", "qas": [ { "id": "36184", "question": "who was elected in 1989 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Richard M. Daley" } ] }, { "id": "36185", "question": "who was the son of richard ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "Richard J. Daley" } ] }, { "id": "36186", "question": "when was richard j. daley elected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "1989" } ] }, { "id": "36187", "question": "how many times was chicago 's longest serving ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "re-election five times" } ] }, { "id": "36188", "question": "who was chicago 's longest mayor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "Richard M. Daley" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On February 23, 2011, former Illinois Congressman and White House Chief of Staff, Rahm Emanuel, won the mayoral election, beating five rivals with 55 percent of the vote, and was sworn in as Mayor on May 16, 2011.", "qas": [ { "id": "36189", "question": "what was the name of white house chief of staff ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "Rahm Emanuel" } ] }, { "id": "36190", "question": "how many rivals did the white house chief of staff lose in the mayoral election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "five" } ] }, { "id": "36191", "question": "what percentage of the vote was sworn in the mayoral election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "55 percent" } ] }, { "id": "36192", "question": "when was the mayor sworn ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "May 16, 2011" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois on the southwestern shores of Lake Michigan. It is the principal city in the Chicago Metropolitan Area, situated in the Midwestern United States and the Great Lakes region. Chicago rests on a continental divide at the site of the Chicago Portage, connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes watersheds. The city lies beside huge freshwater Lake Michigan, and two rivers\u2014the Chicago River in downtown and the Calumet River in the industrial far South Side\u2014flow entirely or partially through Chicago.\nChicago's history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region's waterborne cargo, today's huge lake freighters use the city's Lake Calumet Harbor on the South Side. The lake also provides another positive effect, moderating Chicago's climate; making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer.", "qas": [ { "id": "36193", "question": "where is chicago located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "northeastern Illinois" } ] }, { "id": "36194", "question": "where is chicago located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "Lake Michigan" } ] }, { "id": "36195", "question": "where is chicago 's principal city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "Chicago Metropolitan Area" } ] }, { "id": "36196", "question": "where is the chicago metropolitan area located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "Midwestern United States and the Great Lakes region" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When Chicago was founded in 1833, most of the early building was around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the city's original 58 blocks. The overall grade of the city's central, built-up areas, is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation otherwise. The average land elevation is above sea level. The lowest points are along the lake shore at , while the highest point, at , is the morainal ridge of Blue Island in the city's far south side.", "qas": [ { "id": "36197", "question": "when was chicago founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "1833" } ] }, { "id": "36198", "question": "what river was chicago founded in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Chicago River" } ] }, { "id": "36199", "question": "what was chicago 's original map ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "58 blocks" } ] }, { "id": "36200", "question": "what is the average land elevation in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 394, "text": "above sea level" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Chicago Loop is the central business district, but Chicago is also a city of neighborhoods. Lake Shore Drive runs adjacent to a large portion of Chicago's lakefront. Some of the parks along the waterfront include Lincoln Park, Grant Park, Burnham Park and Jackson Park. There are twenty-four public beaches across of the waterfront. Landfill extends into portions of the lake providing space for Navy Pier, Northerly Island, the Museum Campus, and large portions of the McCormick Place Convention Center. Most of the city's high-rise commercial and residential buildings are close to the waterfront.", "qas": [ { "id": "36201", "question": "what is the central business district in chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Chicago Loop" } ] }, { "id": "36202", "question": "what runs adjacent to a large portion of chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "Lake Shore Drive" } ] }, { "id": "36203", "question": "how many public beaches are there in the waterfront ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 284, "text": "twenty-four" } ] }, { "id": "36204", "question": "what is the large portions of the lake ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 474, "text": "McCormick Place Convention Center" } ] } ] }, { "context": "An informal name for the entire Chicago metropolitan area is \"Chicagoland\". There is no precise definition for the term \"Chicagoland\", but it generally means the entire conurbation. The Chicago Tribune, which coined the term, includes the city of Chicago, the rest of Cook County, eight nearby Illinois counties: Lake, McHenry, DuPage, Kane, Kendall, Grundy, Will and Kankakee, and three counties in Indiana: Lake, Porter and LaPorte. The Illinois Department of Tourism defines Chicagoland as Cook County without the city of Chicago, and only Lake, DuPage, Kane and Will counties. The Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce defines it as all of Cook and DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry and Will counties.\nMajor sections of the city include the central business district, called The Loop, and the North, the South, and West Sides. The three sides of the city are represented on the Flag of Chicago by three horizontal white stripes. The North Side is the most densely populated residential section of the city, and many high-rises are located on this side of the city along the lakefront. The South Side is the largest section of the city, encompassing roughly 60% of the city's land area. The South Side contains the University of Chicago and most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago.", "qas": [ { "id": "36205", "question": "what is the informal name of the chicago metropolitan area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "Chicagoland" } ] }, { "id": "36206", "question": "what is the definition of the term `` chicagoland '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "Chicagoland" } ] }, { "id": "36207", "question": "what percentage of the city 's land is the south side of the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1149, "text": "60%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the late 1920s, sociologists at the University of Chicago subdivided the city into 77 distinct community areas, which can further be subdivided into over 200 informally defined neighborhoods.", "qas": [ { "id": "36208", "question": "where is the city sociologists located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "University of Chicago" } ] }, { "id": "36209", "question": "how many distinct community areas does the university of chicago have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "77" } ] }, { "id": "36210", "question": "how many neighborhoods does the university of chicago have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "over 200 informally defined neighborhoods" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chicago's streets were laid out in a street grid that grew from the city's original townsite plat, which was bounded by Lake Michigan on the east, North Avenue on the north, Wood Street on the west, and 22nd Street on the south. Streets following the Public Land Survey System section lines later became arterial streets in outlying sections. As new additions to the city were platted, city ordinance required them to be laid out with eight streets to the mile in one direction and sixteen in the other direction (about one street per 201 meters by two in the other direction). The grid's regularity provided an efficient means of developing new real estate property. A scattering of diagonal streets, many of them originally Native American trails, also cross the city (Elston, Milwaukee, Ogden, Lincoln, etc.). Many additional diagonal streets were recommended in the Plan of Chicago, but only the extension of Ogden Avenue was ever constructed.", "qas": [ { "id": "36211", "question": "what was the name of the lake on the east ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "Lake Michigan" } ] }, { "id": "36212", "question": "what street was on the south of the south ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "22nd Street" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2016, Chicago was ranked the sixth-most walkable large city in the United States. Many of the city's residential streets have a wide patch of grass and/or trees between the street and the sidewalk itself. This helps to keep pedestrians on the sidewalk further away from the street traffic. Chicago's Western Avenue is the longest continuous urban street in the world. Other famous streets include Michigan Avenue, State Street, Clark Street, and Belmont Avenue. The City Beautiful movement inspired Chicago's boulevards and parkways.", "qas": [ { "id": "36213", "question": "when was chicago ranked the walkable large city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2016" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The destruction caused by the Great Chicago Fire led to the largest building boom in the history of the nation. In 1885, the first steel-framed high-rise building, the Home Insurance Building, rose in the city as Chicago ushered in the skyscraper era, which would then be followed by many other cities around the world. Today, Chicago's skyline is among the world's tallest and most dense.", "qas": [ { "id": "36214", "question": "what led to the largest building boom in the history of the nation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "Great Chicago Fire" } ] }, { "id": "36215", "question": "in what year was the home of the home insurance building ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "1885" } ] }, { "id": "36216", "question": "what was the name of the building in 1885 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "Home Insurance Building" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some of the United States' tallest towers are located in Chicago; Willis Tower (formerly Sears Tower) is the second tallest building in the Western Hemisphere after One World Trade Center, and Trump International Hotel and Tower is the third tallest in the country. The Loop's historic buildings include the Chicago Board of Trade Building, the Fine Arts Building, 35\u00a0East Wacker, and the Chicago Building, 860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments by Mies van der Rohe. Many other architects have left their impression on the Chicago skyline such as Daniel Burnham, Louis Sullivan, Charles B. Atwood, John Root, and Helmut Jahn.", "qas": [ { "id": "36217", "question": "what is the second tallest building in the western hemisphere ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "Willis Tower" } ] }, { "id": "36218", "question": "what is the name of the willis tower ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Sears Tower" } ] }, { "id": "36219", "question": "what is the third tallest in the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "Trump International Hotel and Tower" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Merchandise Mart, once first on the list of largest buildings in the world, currently listed as 44th-largest (as of September 9, 2013), had its own zip\u00a0code until 2008, and stands near the junction of the North and South branches of the Chicago River. Presently, the four tallest buildings in the city are Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower, also a building with its own zip code), Trump International Hotel and Tower, the Aon Center (previously the Standard Oil Building), and the John Hancock Center. Industrial districts, such as some areas on the South Side, the areas along the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, and the Northwest Indiana area are clustered.", "qas": [ { "id": "36220", "question": "what was first on the list of largest buildings in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Merchandise Mart" } ] }, { "id": "36221", "question": "what was the first zip code in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "44th-largest" } ] }, { "id": "36222", "question": "what is the four tallest buildings in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 310, "text": "Willis Tower" } ] }, { "id": "36223", "question": "what is the name of the willis tower ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 337, "text": "Sears Tower" } ] }, { "id": "36224", "question": "what is the name of the four tallest buildings in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 490, "text": "John Hancock Center" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chicago gave its name to the Chicago School and was home to the Prairie School, two movements in architecture. Multiple kinds and scales of houses, townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings can be found throughout Chicago. Large swaths of the city's residential areas away from the lake are characterized by brick bungalows built from the early 20th century through the end of World War II. Chicago is also a prominent center of the Polish Cathedral style of church architecture. The Chicago suburb of Oak Park was home to famous architect Frank Lloyd Wright, who had designed The Robie House located near the University of Chicago.", "qas": [ { "id": "36225", "question": "what school was chicago home to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "Prairie School" } ] }, { "id": "36226", "question": "what war was built in the early 20th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 385, "text": "World War II" } ] }, { "id": "36227", "question": "who was the chicago suburb of oak park ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 548, "text": "Frank Lloyd Wright" } ] }, { "id": "36228", "question": "where was the robie house located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 618, "text": "University of Chicago" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chicago is famous for its outdoor public art with donors establishing funding for such art as far back as Benjamin Ferguson's 1905 trust. A number of Chicago's public art works are by modern figurative artists. Among these are Chagall's Four Seasons; the Chicago Picasso; Miro's Chicago; Calder's Flamingo; Oldenburg's Batcolumn; Moore's Large Interior Form, 1953-54, Man Enters the Cosmos and Nuclear Energy; Dubuffet's Monument with Standing Beast, Abakanowicz's Agora; and, Anish Kapoor's Cloud Gate which has become an icon of the city. Some events which shaped the city's history have also been memorialized by art works, including the Great Northern Migration (Saar) and the centennial of statehood for Illinois. Finally, two fountains near the Loop also function as monumental works of art: Plensa's Crown Fountain as well as Burnham and Bennett's Buckingham Fountain.", "qas": [ { "id": "36229", "question": "what is the name of the funding that chicago is famous for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Benjamin Ferguson's 1905 trust" } ] }, { "id": "36230", "question": "who are the number of chicago 's public art works ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "modern figurative artists" } ] } ] }, { "context": "More representational and portrait statuary includes a number of works by Lorado Taft (Fountain of Time, The Crusader, Eternal Silence, and the Heald Square Monument completed by Crunelle), French's Statue of the Republic, Edward Kemys's Lions, Saint-Gaudens's (a.k.a. Standing Lincoln) and (a.k.a. Seated Lincoln), Brioschi's Christopher Columbus, Me\u0161trovi\u0107's The Bowman and The Spearman, Dallin's Signal of Peace, Fairbanks's The Chicago Lincoln, Boyle's The Alarm, Polasek's memorial to Masaryk, memorials along \"Solidarity Promenade\" to Ko\u015bciuszko, Havli\u010dek and Copernicus by Chodzinski, Strachovsk\u00fd, and Thorvaldsen, a memorial to General Logan by Saint-Gaudens, and Kearney's Moose (W-02-03). A number of statues also honor recent local heroes such as Michael Jordan (by Amrany and Rotblatt-Amrany), Stan Mikita, and Bobby Hull outside of the United Center; Harry Caray (by Amrany and Cella) outside Wrigley field, Jack Brickhouse (by McKenna) next to the WGN studios, and Irv Kupcinet at the Wabash Avenue Bridge.", "qas": [ { "id": "36231", "question": "what is the name of the fountain of time of time ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "Lorado Taft" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are preliminary plans to erect a 1:1\u2011scale replica of Wac\u0142aw Szymanowski's \"Art Nouveau\" statue of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin found in Warsaw's Royal Baths along Chicago's lakefront in addition to a different sculpture commemorating the artist in Chopin Park for the 200th anniversary of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin's birth.", "qas": [ { "id": "36232", "question": "who wrote `` art nouveau '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "Wac\u0142aw Szymanowski" } ] }, { "id": "36233", "question": "who was the `` art nouveau '' statue ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin" } ] }, { "id": "36234", "question": "where was art nouveau '' found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "Warsaw's Royal Baths" } ] }, { "id": "36235", "question": "where did the preliminary plans come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "Chopin Park" } ] }, { "id": "36236", "question": "what was the anniversary of chopin park for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 283, "text": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin's birth" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The city lies within the humid continental climate zone (K\u00f6ppen: \"Dfa\"), and experiences four distinct seasons. Summers are warm to hot and often humid, with a July daily average of . In a normal summer, temperatures can exceed as many as 21\u00a0days. Winters are cold and snowy with few sunny days, and the normal January high is just below freezing. Spring and autumn are mild seasons with low humidity. Dewpoint temperatures in the summer range from in June to in July. The city is part of the USDA Plant Hardiness zone 6a, transitioning to 5b in the suburbs.", "qas": [ { "id": "36237", "question": "how many distinct seasons does the city have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "36238", "question": "how long can temperatures exceed temperatures in a normal summer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "21\u00a0days" } ] }, { "id": "36239", "question": "what is the name of the plant in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 493, "text": "USDA Plant Hardiness zone 6a" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the National Weather Service, Chicago's highest official temperature reading of was recorded on July 24, 1934, although Midway Airport reached one day prior and recorded a heat index of during the 1995 heatwave. The lowest official temperature of was recorded on January 20, 1985, at O'Hare Airport. The city can experience extreme winter cold waves and summer heat waves that may last for several consecutive days. Thunderstorms are common during the spring and summer months which may sometimes produce hail, high winds, and tornadoes. Like other major cities, Chicago also experiences urban heat island, making the city and its suburbs milder than surrounding rural areas, especially at night and in winter. Also, the proximity to Lake Michigan keeps lakefront Chicago cooler in early summer and milder in winter than areas to the west.", "qas": [ { "id": "36240", "question": "when was chicago 's highest temperature reading ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "July 24, 1934" } ] }, { "id": "36241", "question": "when was the lowest official temperature of the lowest temperature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 276, "text": "January 20, 1985" } ] }, { "id": "36242", "question": "where was the lowest official temperature of the marshall islands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "O'Hare Airport" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During its first hundred years, Chicago was one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. When founded in 1833, fewer than 200 people had settled on what was then the American frontier. By the time of its first census, seven years later, the population had reached over 4,000. In the forty years from 1850 to 1890, the city's population grew from slightly under 30,000 to over 1\u00a0million. At the end of the 19th century, Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world, and the largest of the cities that did not exist at the dawn of the century. Within sixty years of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the population went from about 300,000 to over 3 million, and reached its highest ever recorded population of 3.6\u00a0million for the 1950 census.", "qas": [ { "id": "36243", "question": "when was the american frontier founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "1833" } ] }, { "id": "36244", "question": "how many people settled in 1833 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "200" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From the last two decades of the 19th century, Chicago was the destination of waves of immigrants from Ireland, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, including Italians, Jews, Poles, Lithuanians, Serbs and Czechs. To these ethnic groups, the basis of the city's industrial working class, were added an additional influx of African-Americans from the American South\u00a0\u2014 with Chicago's black population doubling between 1910 and 1920 and doubling again between 1920 and 1930.", "qas": [ { "id": "36245", "question": "where was chicago the destination of immigrants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "Ireland, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe" } ] }, { "id": "36246", "question": "when did chicago 's black population begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 416, "text": "1910 and 1920" } ] }, { "id": "36247", "question": "what years did chicago 's black population begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 457, "text": "1920 and 1930" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 1920s and 1930s, the great majority of African Americans moving to Chicago were clustered in a so\u2011called \"Black Belt\" on the city's South Side. By 1930, two-thirds of Chicago's African-American population lived in sections of the city which were 90% black in racial composition. Chicago's South Side emerged as America's second-largest urban black concentration, following New York's Harlem.", "qas": [ { "id": "36248", "question": "what did the great majority of african americans moving to chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "Black Belt" } ] }, { "id": "36249", "question": "what percentage of chicago 's population was black in 1930 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "90%" } ] }, { "id": "36250", "question": "what was the name of the chicago 's south side ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 380, "text": "New York's Harlem" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since 2010, Chicago's population has rebounded adding nearly 25,000 people in the most recent 2015 population estimates.", "qas": [ { "id": "36251", "question": "how many people attend chicago 's population in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "nearly 25,000 people" } ] }, { "id": "36252", "question": "in what year was chicago 's population estimates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "2015" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As of the 2010 census, there were 2,695,598 people with 1,045,560 households living in Chicago. More than half the population of the state of Illinois lives in the Chicago metropolitan area. Chicago is one of the United States' most densely populated major cities, and the largest city in the Great Lakes Megalopolis. The racial composition of the city was:\nChicago has a Hispanic or Latino population of 28.9%. (Its members may belong to any race; 21.4% Mexican, 3.8% Puerto Rican, 0.7% Guatemalan, 0.6% Ecuadorian, 0.3% Cuban, 0.3% Colombian, 0.2% Honduran, 0.2% Salvadoran, 0.2% Peruvian)", "qas": [ { "id": "36253", "question": "how many people were living in chicago in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "2,695,598" } ] }, { "id": "36254", "question": "how many households were living in chicago in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "1,045,560" } ] }, { "id": "36255", "question": "where is chicago 's largest city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 293, "text": "Great Lakes Megalopolis" } ] }, { "id": "36256", "question": "what is the population of chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 405, "text": "28.9%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The city's previous largest ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, declined from 59% in 1970 to 31.7% in 2010.", "qas": [ { "id": "36257", "question": "what was the largest ethnic group in 1970 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "59%" } ] }, { "id": "36258", "question": "what was the largest ethnic group in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "31.7%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chicago has the third-largest LGBT population in the United States. In 2015, roughly 4% of the population identified as LGBT. Since the legalization of same-sex marriage in the State of Illinois in 2013, nearly 10,000 same-sex couples have wed in Cook County, a majority in Chicago.", "qas": [ { "id": "36259", "question": "what percentage of the population was lgbt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "4%" } ] }, { "id": "36260", "question": "how many same-sex couples are in cook ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "10,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey data estimates for 2008\u20132012, the median income for a household in the city was $47,408, and the median income for a family was $54,188. Male full-time workers had a median income of $47,074 versus $42,063 for females. About 18.3% of families and 22.1% of the population lived below the poverty line.", "qas": [ { "id": "36261", "question": "when was the median income for a household in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "2008\u20132012" } ] }, { "id": "36262", "question": "what was the median income for a household in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "$47,408" } ] }, { "id": "36263", "question": "what was the median income for a family ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "$54,188" } ] }, { "id": "36264", "question": "what was the median income of male full-time workers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "$47,074" } ] }, { "id": "36265", "question": "what was the median income of male full-time workers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "$42,063" } ] }, { "id": "36266", "question": "what percentage of the population lived below the poverty line ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 311, "text": "22.1%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the 2008\u20132012 American Community Survey, the ancestral groups having 10,000 or more persons in Chicago were:", "qas": [ { "id": "36267", "question": "when did the ancestral groups of the chicago survey begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "2008\u20132012 American Community Survey" } ] }, { "id": "36268", "question": "how many ancestral groups were there in chicago in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "10,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Persons identifying themselves as \"Other groups\" were classified at 1.72 million, and unclassified or not reported were approximately 153,000.", "qas": [ { "id": "36269", "question": "how many groups were classified as `` other groups '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "1.72 million" } ] }, { "id": "36270", "question": "what were unclassified or unclassified classified as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "153,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "71% of Chicagoans identify as Christians, 7% identity with other faiths, and 22% have no religious affiliation. Chicago also has many Jews, Muslims, Buddhists, Hindus, and others.\nChicago is the headquarters of several religious denominations, including the Evangelical Covenant Church and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. The Fourth Presbyterian Church is one of the biggest Presbyterian congregations in the U.S.", "qas": [ { "id": "36271", "question": "what percentage of chicagoans identify as christians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "71%" } ] }, { "id": "36272", "question": "what percentage of identity identify as christians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "7%" } ] }, { "id": "36273", "question": "what percentage of christians have no religious affiliation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "22%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The first two Parliament of the World's Religions in 1893 and 1993 were held in Chicago. Many international religious leaders have visited Chicago, including Mother Teresa, the Dalai Lama, and Pope John Paul\u00a0II in 1979.", "qas": [ { "id": "36274", "question": "when was the first two parliament of the world 's religions held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "1893 and 1993" } ] }, { "id": "36275", "question": "when did john paul ii die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "1979" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States\u2014about $630.3\u00a0billion according to 2014\u20132016 estimates. The city has also been rated as having the most balanced economy in the United States, due to its high level of diversification. In 2007, Chicago was named the fourth-most important business center in the world in the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index. Additionally, the Chicago metropolitan area recorded the greatest number of new or expanded corporate facilities in the United States for calendar year 2014. The Chicago metropolitan area has the third-largest science and engineering work force of any metropolitan area in the nation. In 2009 Chicago placed 9th on the UBS list of the world's richest cities. Chicago was the base of commercial operations for industrialists John Crerar, John Whitfield Bunn, Richard Teller Crane, Marshall Field, John Farwell, Julius Rosenwald and many other commercial visionaries who laid the foundation for Midwestern and global industry.", "qas": [ { "id": "36276", "question": "how much money does chicago receive in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "$630.3" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chicago is a major world financial center, with the second-largest central business district in the United States. The city is the headquarters of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago (the Seventh District of the Federal Reserve). The city has major financial and futures exchanges, including the Chicago Stock Exchange, the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE), and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (the \"Merc\"), which is owned, along with the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) by Chicago's CME Group. The CME Group, in addition, owns the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), the Commodities Exchange Inc. (COMEX) and the Dow Jones Indexes. Perhaps due to the influence of the Chicago school of economics, the city also has markets trading unusual contracts such as emissions (on the Chicago Climate Exchange) and equity style indices (on the U.S.\u00a0Futures Exchange). Chase Bank has its commercial and retail banking headquarters in Chicago's Chase Tower.", "qas": [ { "id": "36277", "question": "what is the seventh district of the federal reserve ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The city and its surrounding metropolitan area contain the third-largest labor pool in the United States with about 4.48\u00a0million workers, . In addition, the state of Illinois is home to 66 Fortune\u00a01000 companies, including those in Chicago. The city of Chicago also hosts 12 Fortune Global 500 companies and 17 Financial Times 500 companies. The city claims one Dow\u00a030 company: aerospace giant Boeing, which moved its headquarters from Seattle to the Chicago Loop in 2001. Two more Dow\u00a030 companies, Kraft Foods and McDonald's are in the Chicago suburbs, as are Sears Holdings Corporation and the technology spin-offs of Motorola. The headquarters of United Continental Holdings, are in the United Building and its operations center and its United Airlines subsidiary are in the Willis Tower in Chicago. In June 2016, McDonald's confirmed plans to move its global headquarters to Chicago's West Loop neighborhood by early 2018.", "qas": [ { "id": "36278", "question": "how many workers does the city have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "4.48\u00a0million workers" } ] }, { "id": "36279", "question": "the state of illinois is home to what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "66 Fortune" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Manufacturing, printing, publishing and food processing also play major roles in the city's economy. Several medical products and services companies are headquartered in the Chicago area, including Baxter International, Boeing, Abbott Laboratories, and the Healthcare Financial Services division of General Electric. In addition to Boeing, which located its headquarters in Chicago in 2001, and United Airlines in 2011, GE Transportation moved its offices to the city in 2013, as did ThyssenKrupp North America, and agriculture giant Archer Daniels Midland. Moreover, the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, which helped move goods from the Great Lakes south on the Mississippi River, and of the railroads in the 19th century made the city a major transportation center in the United States. In the 1840s, Chicago became a major grain port, and in the 1850s and 1860s Chicago's pork and beef industry expanded. As the major meat companies grew in Chicago many, such as Armour and Company, created global enterprises. Though the meatpacking industry currently plays a lesser role in the city's economy, Chicago continues to be a major transportation and distribution center. Lured by a combination of large business customers, federal research dollars, and a large hiring pool fed by the area's universities, Chicago is also the site of a growing number of web startup companies like CareerBuilder, Orbitz, 37signals, Groupon, Feedburner, and NowSecure.", "qas": [ { "id": "36280", "question": "in what year did boeing open its headquarters ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 385, "text": "2001" } ] }, { "id": "36281", "question": "who was the giant giant giant agriculture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 534, "text": "Archer Daniels Midland" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chicago has been a hub of the Retail sector since its early development, with Montgomery Ward, Sears, and Marshall Field's. Today the Chicago metropolitan area is the headquarters of several retailers, including Walgreens, Sears, Ace Hardware, Claire's, ULTA Beauty and Crate & Barrel.", "qas": [ { "id": "36282", "question": "what are some retail sector in chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "Montgomery Ward, Sears, and Marshall Field's" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Late in the 19th century, Chicago was part of the bicycle craze, with the Western Wheel Company, which introduced stamping to the production process and significantly reduced costs, while early in the 20th century, the city was part of the automobile revolution, hosting the Brass Era car builder Bugmobile, which was founded there in 1907. Chicago was also the site of the Schwinn Bicycle Company.", "qas": [ { "id": "36283", "question": "what was chicago part of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "bicycle craze" } ] }, { "id": "36284", "question": "what company introduced stamping to the production process ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "Western Wheel Company" } ] }, { "id": "36285", "question": "what was the name of the brass era car ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "Bugmobile" } ] }, { "id": "36286", "question": "when was the brass era car founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 335, "text": "1907" } ] }, { "id": "36287", "question": "what company was chicago the site of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 374, "text": "Schwinn Bicycle Company" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chicago is a major world convention destination. The city's main convention center is McCormick Place. With its four interconnected buildings, it is the largest convention center in the nation and third-largest in the world. Chicago also ranks third in the U.S. (behind Las Vegas and Orlando) in number of conventions hosted annually.", "qas": [ { "id": "36288", "question": "what is the main convention center ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "McCormick Place" } ] }, { "id": "36289", "question": "what two cities does chicago have third in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "Las Vegas and Orlando" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chicago's minimum wage for non-tipped employees is one of the highest in the nation and will incrementally reach $13 per hour by 2019.", "qas": [ { "id": "36290", "question": "how much is chicago 's minimum wage in chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "$13 per hour" } ] }, { "id": "36291", "question": "in what year was chicago 's minimum wage for chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "2019" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The city's waterfront location and nightlife has attracted residents and tourists alike. Over a third of the city population is concentrated in the lakefront neighborhoods from Rogers Park in the north to South Shore in the south. The city has many upscale dining establishments as well as many ethnic restaurant districts. These districts include the Mexican American neighborhoods, such as Pilsen along 18th street, and \"La Villita\" along 26th Street; the Puerto Rican enclave of Paseo Boricua in the Humboldt Park neighborhood; Greektown, along South Halsted Street, immediately west of downtown; Little Italy, along Taylor Street; Chinatown in Armour Square; Polish Patches in West Town; Little Seoul in Albany Park around Lawrence Avenue; Little Vietnam near Broadway in Uptown; and the Desi area, along Devon Avenue in West Ridge.", "qas": [ { "id": "36292", "question": "where is the city population located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "Rogers Park" } ] }, { "id": "36293", "question": "where is rogers park located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "South Shore" } ] }, { "id": "36294", "question": "who is the puerto rican enclave of the humboldt park ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 482, "text": "Paseo Boricua" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Downtown is the center of Chicago's financial, cultural, governmental and commercial institutions and the site of Grant Park and many of the city's skyscrapers. Many of the city's financial institutions, such as the CBOT and the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, are located within a section of downtown called \"The Loop\", which is an eight-block by five-block area of city streets that is encircled by elevated rail tracks. The term \"The Loop\" is largely used by locals to refer to the entire downtown area as well. The central area includes the Near North Side, the Near South Side, and the Near West Side, as well as the Loop. These areas contribute famous skyscrapers, abundant restaurants, shopping, museums, a stadium for the Chicago Bears, convention facilities, parkland, and beaches.", "qas": [ { "id": "36295", "question": "what is the name of the site that is located in downtown chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Grant Park" } ] }, { "id": "36296", "question": "what are some of the financial institutions that are located within a section of downtown called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "the CBOT and the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago" } ] }, { "id": "36297", "question": "what is the federal reserve bank called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 311, "text": "The Loop" } ] }, { "id": "36298", "question": "what term is used to refer to the downtown area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 434, "text": "The Loop" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Lincoln Park contains the Lincoln Park Zoo and the Lincoln Park Conservatory. The River North Gallery District features the nation's largest concentration of contemporary art galleries outside of New York City.", "qas": [ { "id": "36299", "question": "what is the name of the lincoln park zoo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Lincoln Park" } ] }, { "id": "36300", "question": "what are the names of the lincoln park park ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "Lincoln Park Zoo and the Lincoln Park Conservatory" } ] }, { "id": "36301", "question": "what features the nation 's largest concentration of contemporary art galleries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "The River North Gallery District" } ] }, { "id": "36302", "question": "where does the nation 's largest concentration of contemporary art galleries run ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "New York City" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Lakeview is home to Boystown (pronounced boys town), which, along with Andersonville, are some of the best-known LGBT neighborhoods in the nation. Each year in June, Boystown hosts the Chicago Pride Parade, one of the world's largest with over 1,000,000 people in attendance.", "qas": [ { "id": "36303", "question": "what is pronounced boys ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "Boystown" } ] }, { "id": "36304", "question": "what is the best-known lgbt neighborhoods in the nation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "Andersonville" } ] }, { "id": "36305", "question": "what is the name of the parade that hosts the world 's largest with over 1,000,000 people ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Chicago Pride Parade" } ] }, { "id": "36306", "question": "how many people are in the chicago pride parade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "1,000,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The South Side neighborhood of Hyde Park is the home of US President Barack Obama. It also contains the University of Chicago (U of C), ranked one of the world's top ten universities; and the Museum of Science and Industry. The long Burnham Park stretches along the waterfront of the South Side. Two of the city's largest parks are also located on this side of the city: Jackson Park, bordering the waterfront, hosted the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, and is the site of the aforementioned museum; and slightly west sits Washington Park. The two parks themselves are connected by a wide strip of parkland called the Midway Plaisance, running adjacent to the University of Chicago. The South Side hosts one of the city's largest parades, the annual African American Bud Billiken Parade and Picnic, which travels through Bronzeville to Washington Park. Ford Motor Company has an automobile assembly plant on the South Side in Hegewisch, and most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago are also on the South Side.", "qas": [ { "id": "36307", "question": "what is the name of the south side neighborhood of obama ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Hyde Park" } ] }, { "id": "36308", "question": "who is the south side neighborhood of hyde park ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "US President Barack Obama" } ] }, { "id": "36309", "question": "what is the name of the park in washington university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 371, "text": "Jackson Park" } ] }, { "id": "36310", "question": "when was the world 's columbian exposition ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 454, "text": "1893" } ] }, { "id": "36311", "question": "what park is located in washington university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 529, "text": "Washington Park" } ] }, { "id": "36312", "question": "what is the name of the wide strip of parks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 624, "text": "Midway Plaisance" } ] }, { "id": "36313", "question": "what is the name of the african american parade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 773, "text": "Bud Billiken Parade and Picnic" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The West Side holds the Garfield Park Conservatory, one of the largest collections of tropical plants in any U.S. city. Prominent Latino cultural attractions found here include Humboldt Park's Institute of Puerto Rican Arts and Culture and the annual Puerto Rican People's Parade, as well as the National Museum of Mexican Art and St. Adalbert's Church in Pilsen. The Near West Side holds the University of Illinois at Chicago and was once home to Oprah Winfrey's Harpo Studios.", "qas": [ { "id": "36314", "question": "what is the name of the largest collections of tropical plants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "Garfield Park Conservatory" } ] }, { "id": "36315", "question": "what is the name of the institute of puerto rican people ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "Humboldt Park's Institute of Puerto Rican Arts and Culture" } ] }, { "id": "36316", "question": "what is the name of the annual puerto museum ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "Puerto Rican People's Parade" } ] }, { "id": "36317", "question": "what is the name of the university of illinois at chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 464, "text": "Harpo Studios" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The city's distinctive accent, made famous by its use in classic films like \"The Blues Brothers\" and television programs like the \"Saturday Night Live\" skit \"Bill Swerski's Superfans\", is an advanced form of Inland Northern American English. This dialect can also be found in other cities bordering the Great Lakes such as Cleveland, Milwaukee, Detroit, and Rochester, New York, and most prominently features a rearrangement of certain vowel sounds, such as the short 'a' sound as in \"cat\", which can sound more like \"kyet\" to outsiders. The accent remains well associated with the city.", "qas": [ { "id": "36318", "question": "what is the name of the classic films that the city 's distinctive accent made ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "The Blues Brothers" } ] }, { "id": "36319", "question": "what is the name of the distinctive accent that the blues brothers made ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "Saturday Night Live\" skit \"Bill Swerski's Superfans" } ] }, { "id": "36320", "question": "what is the advanced form of the distinctive accent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "Inland Northern American English" } ] }, { "id": "36321", "question": "what are some of the great lakes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "Cleveland, Milwaukee, Detroit, and Rochester, New York" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Renowned Chicago theater companies include the Goodman Theatre in the Loop; the Steppenwolf Theatre Company and Victory Gardens Theater in Lincoln Park; and the Chicago Shakespeare Theater at Navy Pier. Broadway In Chicago offers Broadway-style entertainment at five theaters: the Ford Center for the Performing Arts Oriental Theatre, Bank of America Theatre, Cadillac Palace Theatre, Auditorium Building of Roosevelt University, and Broadway Playhouse at Water Tower Place. Polish language productions for Chicago's large Polish speaking population can be seen at the historic Gateway Theatre in Jefferson Park. Since 1968, the Joseph Jefferson Awards are given annually to acknowledge excellence in theater in the Chicago area. Chicago's theater community spawned modern improvisational theater, and includes the prominent groups The Second City and I.O. (formerly ImprovOlympic).", "qas": [ { "id": "36322", "question": "what is the name of the chicago theater companies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "Goodman Theatre" } ] }, { "id": "36323", "question": "where is the steppenwolf theatre company located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Lincoln Park" } ] }, { "id": "36324", "question": "what is the name of the theater at navy pier ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Chicago Shakespeare Theater" } ] }, { "id": "36325", "question": "where is the gateway theatre productions located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 597, "text": "Jefferson Park" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO) performs at Symphony Center, and is recognized as one of the best orchestras in the world. Also performing regularly at Symphony Center is the Chicago Sinfonietta, a more diverse and multicultural counterpart to the CSO. In the summer, many outdoor concerts are given in Grant Park and Millennium Park. Ravinia Festival, located north of Chicago, is the summer home of the CSO, and is a favorite destination for many Chicagoans. The Civic Opera House is home to the Lyric Opera of Chicago. The Lithuanian Opera Company of Chicago was founded by Lithuanian Chicagoans in 1956, and presents operas in Lithuanian.", "qas": [ { "id": "36326", "question": "what is recognized as one of the best orchestras in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Chicago Symphony Orchestra" } ] }, { "id": "36327", "question": "where does the chicago symphony orchestra originate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "Symphony Center" } ] }, { "id": "36328", "question": "what is the symphony center ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "Chicago Sinfonietta" } ] }, { "id": "36329", "question": "where are many outdoor concerts located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "Grant Park and Millennium Park" } ] }, { "id": "36330", "question": "who founded the lithuanian opera company ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 582, "text": "Lithuanian Chicagoans" } ] }, { "id": "36331", "question": "when was the lithuanian opera company founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 607, "text": "1956" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Joffrey Ballet and Chicago Festival Ballet perform in various venues, including the Harris Theater in Millennium Park. Chicago has several other contemporary and jazz dance troupes, such as the Hubbard Street Dance Chicago and Chicago Dance Crash.", "qas": [ { "id": "36332", "question": "what festival perform in various venues in millennium park ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Joffrey Ballet and Chicago Festival Ballet" } ] }, { "id": "36333", "question": "what is the name of the theater in millennium park ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "Harris Theater" } ] }, { "id": "36334", "question": "where is the harris theater theater located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Millennium Park" } ] }, { "id": "36335", "question": "what is the name of the jazz dance troupes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "Hubbard Street Dance Chicago and Chicago Dance Crash" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other live-music genre which are part of the city's cultural heritage include Chicago blues, Chicago soul, jazz, and gospel. The city is the birthplace of house music, a very popular form of Electronic Dance Music, and industrial music and is the site of an influential hip-hop scene. In the 1980s and 90s, the city was the global center for house and industrial music, two forms of music created in Chicago, as well as being popular for alternative rock, punk, and new wave. The city has been an epicenter for rave culture, since the 1980s. A flourishing independent rock music culture brought forth Chicago indie. Annual festivals feature various acts, such as Lollapalooza and the Pitchfork Music Festival. A 2007 report on the Chicago music industry by the University of Chicago Cultural Policy Center ranked Chicago third among metropolitan U.S. areas in \"size of music industry\" and fourth among all U.S. cities in \"number of concerts and performances\".", "qas": [ { "id": "36336", "question": "what are the chicago blues , chicago blues , and chicago blues ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "Chicago soul, jazz, and gospel" } ] }, { "id": "36337", "question": "what is the birthplace of house music ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "Electronic Dance Music" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chicago has a distinctive fine art tradition. For much of the twentieth century, it nurtured a strong style of figurative surrealism, as in the works of Ivan Albright and Ed Paschke. In 1968 and 1969, members of the Chicago Imagists, such as Roger Brown, Leon Golub, Robert Lostutter, Jim Nutt, and Barbara Rossi produced bizarre representational paintings.", "qas": [ { "id": "36338", "question": "who were the works of the chicago works ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "Ivan Albright and Ed Paschke" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chicago contains a number of large, outdoor works by well-known artists. These include the Chicago Picasso, \"Mir\u00f3's Chicago\", \"Flamingo\" and \"Flying Dragon\" by Alexander Calder, \"Agora\" by Magdalena Abakanowicz, \"Monument with Standing Beast\" by Jean Dubuffet, \"Batcolumn\" by Claes Oldenburg, \"Cloud Gate\" by Anish Kapoor, \"Crown Fountain\" by Jaume Plensa, and the \"Four Seasons\" mosaic by Marc Chagall.", "qas": [ { "id": "36339", "question": "who wrote the `` four seasons '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 390, "text": "Marc Chagall" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chicago also has a nationally televised Thanksgiving parade that occurs annually. The McDonald's Thanksgiving Parade is seen across the nation on WGN-TV and WGN America, featuring a variety of diverse acts from the community, marching bands from across the country, and is the only parade in the city to feature inflatable balloons every year.", "qas": [ { "id": "36340", "question": "what parade is seen across the nation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "Thanksgiving Parade" } ] }, { "id": "36341", "question": "where is the thanksgiving parade located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "WGN-TV and WGN America" } ] } ] }, { "context": ", Chicago attracted 50.17\u00a0million domestic leisure travelers, 11.09\u00a0million domestic business travelers and 1.308\u00a0million overseas visitors. These visitors contributed more than billion to Chicago's economy. Upscale shopping along the Magnificent Mile and State Street, thousands of restaurants, as well as Chicago's eminent architecture, continue to draw tourists. The city is the United States' third-largest convention destination. A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Chicago the fourth-most walkable of fifty largest cities in the United States. Most conventions are held at McCormick Place, just south of Soldier Field. The historic Chicago Cultural Center (1897), originally serving as the Chicago Public Library, now houses the city's Visitor Information Center, galleries and exhibit halls. The ceiling of its Preston Bradley Hall includes a Tiffany glass dome. Grant Park holds Millennium Park, Buckingham Fountain (1927), and the Art Institute of Chicago. The park also hosts the annual Taste of Chicago festival. In Millennium Park, there is the reflective \"Cloud Gate\" sculpture. Cloud Gate, a public sculpture by Indian-born British artist Anish Kapoor, is the centerpiece of the AT&T Plaza in Millennium Park. Also, an outdoor restaurant transforms into an ice rink in the winter season. Two tall glass sculptures make up the Crown Fountain. The fountain's two towers display visual effects from LED images of Chicagoans' faces, along with water spouting from their lips. Frank Gehry's detailed, stainless steel band shell, the Jay Pritzker Pavilion, hosts the classical Grant Park Music Festival concert series. Behind the pavilion's stage is the Harris Theater for Music and Dance, an indoor venue for mid-sized performing arts companies, including the Chicago Opera Theater and Music of the Baroque.", "qas": [ { "id": "36342", "question": "how many domestic leisure travelers did chicago have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "50.17" } ] }, { "id": "36343", "question": "who is the cloud gate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1151, "text": "Anish Kapoor" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Navy Pier, located just east of Streeterville, is long and houses retail stores, restaurants, museums, exhibition halls and auditoriums. In the summer of 2016, Navy Pier will have constructed their new DW60 Ferris wheel. Dutch Wheels a world renowned company that manufactures ferris wheels was selected to design the new wheel. It will feature 42 navy blue gondolas that can hold up to eight adults and two kids. It will also have entertainment systems inside the gondolas as well as a climate controlled environment. The DW60 will stand at approximately 196\u00a0ft (60 m), which is 46\u00a0ft taller than the previous wheel. The new DW60 will be the first in the United States and will be the sixth tallest in the U.S. Chicago was the first city in the world to ever erect a ferris wheel.", "qas": [ { "id": "36344", "question": "what will navy have constructed in 2016 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "DW60 Ferris wheel" } ] }, { "id": "36345", "question": "how tall is the ft taller than the previous wheel ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 556, "text": "196\u00a0ft" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On June 4, 1998, the city officially opened the Museum Campus, a lakefront park, surrounding three of the city's main museums, each of which is of national importance: the Adler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum, the Field Museum of Natural History, and the Shedd Aquarium. The Museum Campus joins the southern section of Grant Park, which includes the renowned Art Institute of Chicago. Buckingham Fountain anchors the downtown park along the lakefront. The University of Chicago Oriental Institute has an extensive collection of ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern archaeological artifacts. Other museums and galleries in Chicago include the Chicago History Museum, the Driehaus Museum, the DuSable Museum of African American History, the Museum of Contemporary Art, the Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum, the Polish Museum of America, the Museum of Broadcast Communications, the Pritzker Military Library, the Chicago Architecture Foundation, and the Museum of Science and Industry.", "qas": [ { "id": "36346", "question": "on what date was the museum campus opened ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "June 4, 1998" } ] }, { "id": "36347", "question": "what is the name of the park in 1998 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Museum Campus" } ] }, { "id": "36348", "question": "where is the museum campus located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "Grant Park" } ] }, { "id": "36349", "question": "what is the southern section of grant park campus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 359, "text": "Art Institute of Chicago" } ] }, { "id": "36350", "question": "what is the name of the downtown park located in downtown tuscon ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 385, "text": "Buckingham Fountain" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With an estimated completion date of 2020, the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be housed at the University of Chicago in Hyde Park and include both the Obama presidential library and offices of the Obama Foundation.", "qas": [ { "id": "36351", "question": "what year was the completion of completion of the university of chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "2020" } ] }, { "id": "36352", "question": "where is obama presidential center housed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "University of Chicago" } ] }, { "id": "36353", "question": "where is the university of chicago presidential center ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "Hyde Park" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Willis Tower (formerly named Sears Tower) is a popular destination for tourists. The Willis Tower has an observation deck open to tourists year round with high up views overlooking Chicago and Lake Michigan. The observation deck includes an enclosed glass balcony that extends 10 feet out on the side of the building. Tourists are able to look straight down.", "qas": [ { "id": "36354", "question": "what is sears tower ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Willis Tower" } ] }, { "id": "36355", "question": "what is the name of the willis tower ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "Sears Tower" } ] }, { "id": "36356", "question": "what two views does the willis tower have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Chicago and Lake Michigan" } ] }, { "id": "36357", "question": "how much does the observation deck balcony run ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "10 feet" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2013, Chicago was chosen as one of the \"Top Ten Cities in the United States\" to visit for its restaurants, skyscrapers, museums, and waterfront, by the readers of \"Cond\u00e9 Nast Traveler\".", "qas": [ { "id": "36358", "question": "in what year was chicago chosen as one of the `` top ten cities in the united states '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2013" } ] }, { "id": "36359", "question": "what was chicago chosen to visit in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Top Ten Cities" } ] }, { "id": "36360", "question": "what was the name of the readers that chicago was chosen as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "Cond\u00e9 Nast Traveler" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chicago lays claim to a large number of regional specialties that reflect the city's ethnic and working-class roots. Included among these are its nationally renowned deep-dish pizza; this style is said to have originated at Pizzeria Uno. The Chicago-style thin crust is also popular in the city.", "qas": [ { "id": "36361", "question": "what is the name of chicago 's pizza ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "deep-dish pizza" } ] }, { "id": "36362", "question": "where is the style of pizza originated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "Pizzeria Uno" } ] }, { "id": "36363", "question": "what is popular in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "thin crust" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are several distinctly Chicago sandwiches, among them the Italian beef sandwich, which is thinly sliced beef simmered in au jus and served on an Italian roll with sweet peppers or spicy giardiniera. A popular modification is the Combo\u2014an Italian beef sandwich with the addition of an Italian sausage. Another is the Maxwell Street Polish, a grilled or deep-fried kielbasa\u00a0\u2014 on a hot dog roll, topped with grilled onions, yellow mustard, and hot sport peppers.", "qas": [ { "id": "36364", "question": "what is the italian roll with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "sweet peppers or spicy giardiniera" } ] }, { "id": "36365", "question": "what is a popular modification of italian beef ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 235, "text": "Combo" } ] }, { "id": "36366", "question": "what is the name of the hot dog ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "Maxwell Street Polish" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ethnically originated creations include chicken Vesuvio, with roasted bone-in chicken cooked in oil and garlic next to garlicky oven-roasted potato wedges and a sprinkling of green peas. Another is the Puerto Rican-influenced jibarito, a sandwich made with flattened, fried green plantains instead of bread. There is also the mother-in-law, a tamale topped with chili and served on a hot dog bun. The tradition of serving the Greek dish, saganaki while aflame, has its origins in Chicago's Greek community. The appetizer, which consists of a square of fried cheese, is doused with Metaxa and flamb\u00e9ed table-side.", "qas": [ { "id": "36367", "question": "what is the name of the ethnically originated creations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "chicken Vesuvio" } ] }, { "id": "36368", "question": "what is the name of the potato potato wedges ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "garlicky oven-roasted potato wedges" } ] }, { "id": "36369", "question": "what is the puerto rican-influenced called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "jibarito" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Two of the world's most decorated restaurants and also receiving the Michelin Guide 3 Star Award, Alinea and Grace are both located in Chicago. In addition, a number of well-known chefs have had restaurants in Chicago, including Charlie Trotter, Rick Tramonto, Grant Achatz, and Rick Bayless. In 2003, \"Robb Report\" named Chicago the country's \"most exceptional dining destination\".", "qas": [ { "id": "36370", "question": "what are the two decorated restaurants in chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Michelin Guide 3 Star Award, Alinea and Grace" } ] }, { "id": "36371", "question": "where are the michelin guide located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "Chicago" } ] } ] }, { "context": "At least, three short periods in the history of Chicago have had a lasting influence on American Literature. These include from the time of the Great Chicago Fire to about 1900, what became known as the Chicago Literary Renaissance in the 1910s and early 1920s, and the period of the Great Depression through the 1940s.", "qas": [ { "id": "36372", "question": "three short periods in chicago have a lasting influence on what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "American Literature" } ] }, { "id": "36373", "question": "when was the chicago literary renaissance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "1900" } ] }, { "id": "36374", "question": "what was the great chicago fire to about 1900 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "Chicago Literary Renaissance" } ] } ] }, { "context": "What would become the influential \"Poetry\" magazine was founded in 1912 by Harriet Monroe, who was working as an art critic for the \"Chicago Tribune\". The magazine discovered such poets as Gwendolyn Brooks, James Merrill, and John Ashbery. T.\u00a0S.\u00a0Eliot's first professionally published poem, \"The Love Song of J.\u00a0Alfred Prufrock\", was first published by \"Poetry\". Contributors have included Ezra Pound, William Butler Yeats, William Carlos Williams, Langston Hughes, and Carl Sandburg, among others. The magazine was instrumental in launching the Imagist and Objectivist poetic movements.", "qas": [ { "id": "36375", "question": "when was the poetry magazine founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "1912" } ] }, { "id": "36376", "question": "who founded the poetry magazine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "Harriet Monroe" } ] }, { "id": "36377", "question": "what was the name of the art critic in 1912 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Chicago Tribune" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"Sporting News\" named Chicago the \"Best Sports City\" in the United States in 1993, 2006, and 2010. Along with Boston, Chicago is the only city to continuously host major professional sports since 1871, having only taken 1872 and 1873 off due to the Great Chicago Fire. Additionally, Chicago is one of the six cities in the United States to have won championships in the four major professional leagues and, along with New York and Los Angeles, is one of three cities to have won soccer championships as well. Several major franchises have won championships within recent years\u00a0\u2013 the Bears (1985), the Bulls (91, '92, '93, '96, '97, and '98), the White Sox (2005), the Cubs (2016), the Blackhawks (2010, 2013, 2015), and the Fire (1998).", "qas": [ { "id": "36378", "question": "in what year was chicago the only city to continuously host ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "1871" } ] }, { "id": "36379", "question": "when was chicago 's only city to continuously host ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "1872 and 1873" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The city has two Major League Baseball (MLB) teams: the Chicago Cubs of the National League play in Wrigley Field on the North Side; and the Chicago White Sox of the American League play in Guaranteed Rate Field on the South Side. Chicago is the only city that has had more than one MLB franchise every year since the AL began in 1901 (New York hosted only one between 1958 and early 1962). The Cubs are the oldest Major League Baseball team to have never changed their city; they have played in Chicago since 1871, and continuously so since 1874 due to the Great Chicago Fire. They have played more games and have more wins than any other team in Major League baseball since 1876. They have won three World Series titles, but had the dubious honor of having the two longest droughts in American professional sports: They had not won their sport's title since 1908, and had not participated in a World Series since 1945, both records, until they beat the Cleveland Indians in the 2016 World Series.", "qas": [ { "id": "36380", "question": "where does the chicago white sox play ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "Guaranteed Rate Field on the South Side" } ] }, { "id": "36381", "question": "in what year did the al al began every year ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 330, "text": "1901" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The White Sox have played on the South Side continuously since 1901, with all three of their home fields throughout the years being within blocks of one another. They have won three World Series titles (1906, 1917, 2005) and six American League pennants, including the first in 1901. The Sox are fifth in the American League in all-time wins, and sixth in pennants.", "qas": [ { "id": "36382", "question": "when did the white sox begin on the south side ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "1901" } ] }, { "id": "36383", "question": "how many world series did the white sox win ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "36384", "question": "how many american league pennants did the white sox won ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "six" } ] }, { "id": "36385", "question": "in what year was the first american league pennants won ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "1901" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Chicago Bears, one of the last two remaining charter members of the National Football League (NFL), have won nine NFL Championships, including the 1985 Super Bowl\u00a0XX. The other remaining charter franchise, the Chicago Cardinals, also started out in the city, but is now known as the Arizona Cardinals. The Bears have won more games in the history of the NFL than any other team, and only the Green Bay Packers, their longtime rivals, have won more championships. The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field. Soldier Field re-opened in 2003 after an extensive renovation.", "qas": [ { "id": "36386", "question": "what is the name of the chicago bears members of the chicago bears ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "National Football League" } ] }, { "id": "36387", "question": "how many nfl championships has the chicago bears won ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "nine" } ] }, { "id": "36388", "question": "what is the name of the cardinals that started out in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "Chicago Cardinals" } ] }, { "id": "36389", "question": "what is the chicago cardinals now known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "Arizona Cardinals" } ] }, { "id": "36390", "question": "what is the name of the bears that has won more championships in nfl ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 396, "text": "Green Bay Packers" } ] }, { "id": "36391", "question": "where do the bears play ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 502, "text": "Soldier Field" } ] }, { "id": "36392", "question": "in what year was the soldier field re-opened ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 544, "text": "2003" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA) is one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world. During the 1990s, with Michael Jordan leading them, the Bulls won six NBA championships in eight seasons. They also boast the youngest player to win the NBA Most Valuable Player Award, Derrick Rose, who won it for the 2010\u201311 season.", "qas": [ { "id": "36393", "question": "what is one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association" } ] }, { "id": "36394", "question": "who won the nba championships ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Michael Jordan" } ] }, { "id": "36395", "question": "how many nba championships did michael jordan win ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "the Bulls won six NBA championships in eight seasons" } ] }, { "id": "36396", "question": "who was the youngest player to win the nba most valuable player ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "Derrick Rose" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL) began play in 1926, and are one of the \"Original Six\" teams of the NHL. The Blackhawks have won six Stanley Cups, including in 2010, 2013, and 2015. Both the Bulls and the Blackhawks play at the United Center.", "qas": [ { "id": "36397", "question": "what is the name of the nhl that began play in 1926 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League" } ] }, { "id": "36398", "question": "when did the chicago blackhawks of the national hockey league begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "1926" } ] }, { "id": "36399", "question": "what are the chicago blackhawks of the national hockey league ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "Original Six\" teams of the NHL" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Chicago Fire Soccer Club is a member of Major League Soccer (MLS) and plays at Toyota Park in suburban Bridgeview, after playing its first eight seasons at Soldier Field. The Fire have won one league title and four U.S.\u00a0Open Cups, since their founding in 1997. In 1994, the United States hosted a successful FIFA World Cup with games played at Soldier Field.\nThe Chicago Sky is a professional basketball team based in Rosemont, Illinois, playing in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). They play home games at the Allstate Arena. The team was founded before the 2006 WNBA season began.", "qas": [ { "id": "36400", "question": "what is the name of the major league soccer soccer club ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Chicago Fire Soccer Club" } ] }, { "id": "36401", "question": "what is the chicago fire soccer club ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Major League Soccer" } ] }, { "id": "36402", "question": "where is the chicago fire soccer club located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "Soldier Field" } ] }, { "id": "36403", "question": "in what year did the fire fire cups open ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "1997" } ] }, { "id": "36404", "question": "where did the united states win a successful fifa world cup with games ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 348, "text": "Soldier Field" } ] }, { "id": "36405", "question": "where does the united states play home games ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 533, "text": "Allstate Arena" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Chicago Marathon has been held each year since 1977 except for 1987, when a half marathon was run in its place. The Chicago Marathon is one of six World Marathon Majors.", "qas": [ { "id": "36406", "question": "when was the chicago marathon held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "1977" } ] }, { "id": "36407", "question": "when was the chicago marathon run ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "1987" } ] }, { "id": "36408", "question": "how many majors does the chicago marathon have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "six World Marathon Majors" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Five area colleges play in Division\u00a0I conferences: two from major conferences \u2014 the DePaul Blue Demons (Big East Conference) and the Northwestern Wildcats (Big Ten Conference) \u2014 and three from other D1 conferences \u2014 the Chicago State Cougars (Western Athletic Conference); the Loyola Ramblers (Missouri Valley Conference); and the UIC Flames (Horizon League).", "qas": [ { "id": "36409", "question": "what is another name for big east conference ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "DePaul Blue Demons" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When Chicago was incorporated in 1837, it chose the motto \"Urbs in Horto\", a Latin phrase which means \"City in a Garden\". Today, the Chicago Park District consists of more than 570 parks with over of municipal parkland. There are 31 sand beaches, a plethora of museums, two world-class conservatories, and 50 nature areas. Lincoln Park, the largest of the city's parks, covers and has over 20\u00a0million visitors each year, making it third in the number of visitors after Central Park in New York City, and the National Mall and Memorial Parks in Washington, D.C.", "qas": [ { "id": "36410", "question": "when was chicago incorporated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "1837" } ] }, { "id": "36411", "question": "what was the name of the latin phrase that means `` city in a garden '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Urbs in Horto" } ] }, { "id": "36412", "question": "how many parks are in the chicago park district ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "570" } ] }, { "id": "36413", "question": "how many sand beaches are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "31" } ] }, { "id": "36414", "question": "what is the largest of the city 's parks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "Lincoln Park" } ] }, { "id": "36415", "question": "how many visitors does lincoln have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 390, "text": "20\u00a0million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There is an historic boulevard system, a network of wide, tree-lined boulevards which connect a number of Chicago parks. The boulevards and the parks were authorized by the Illinois legislature in 1869. A number of Chicago neighborhoods emerged along these roadways in the 19th century. The building of the boulevard system continued intermittently until 1942. It includes nineteen boulevards, eight parks, and six squares, along twenty-six miles of interconnected streets. Part of the system in the Logan Square Boulevards Historic District was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.", "qas": [ { "id": "36416", "question": "when was the illinois legislature authorized ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "1869" } ] }, { "id": "36417", "question": "when did the building of the boulevard system begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 355, "text": "1942" } ] }, { "id": "36418", "question": "when was the national register of historic places listed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 600, "text": "1985" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With berths for more than 6,000 boats, the Chicago Park District operates the nation's largest municipal harbor system. In addition to ongoing beautification and renewal projects for the existing parks, a number of new parks have been added in recent years, such as the Ping Tom Memorial Park in Chinatown, DuSable Park on the Near North Side, and most notably, Millennium Park, which is in the northwestern corner of one of Chicago's oldest parks, Grant Park in the Chicago Loop.", "qas": [ { "id": "36419", "question": "how many boats is the chicago park district ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "6,000" } ] }, { "id": "36420", "question": "what district operates the nation 's largest municipal harbor system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Chicago Park District" } ] }, { "id": "36421", "question": "what park is in chinatown ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "Ping Tom Memorial Park" } ] }, { "id": "36422", "question": "what is the northwestern corner of one of chicago 's oldest parks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 362, "text": "Millennium Park" } ] }, { "id": "36423", "question": "what is the name of the chicago loop ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 449, "text": "Grant Park" } ] }, { "id": "36424", "question": "where is the millennium park located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 467, "text": "Chicago Loop" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The wealth of greenspace afforded by Chicago's parks is further augmented by the Cook County Forest Preserves, a network of open spaces containing forest, prairie, wetland, streams, and lakes that are set aside as natural areas which lie along the city's outskirts, including both the Chicago Botanic Garden in Glencoe and the Brookfield Zoo in Brookfield. Washington Park is also one of the city's biggest parks; covering nearly . The park is listed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in South Side Chicago.", "qas": [ { "id": "36425", "question": "what is the wealth of chicago 's parks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "Cook County Forest Preserves" } ] }, { "id": "36426", "question": "what is the name of the garden that the cook county forest preserves ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "Chicago Botanic Garden" } ] }, { "id": "36427", "question": "where is the chicago botanic garden located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 311, "text": "Glencoe and the Brookfield Zoo" } ] }, { "id": "36428", "question": "where is the chicago botanic garden located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 345, "text": "Brookfield" } ] }, { "id": "36429", "question": "what is the park listed on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 458, "text": "National Register of Historic Places" } ] }, { "id": "36430", "question": "where is the national register of historic places located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 507, "text": "South Side Chicago" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive and legislative branches. The Mayor of Chicago is the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years, with no term limits. The current mayor is Rahm Emanuel. The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. As well as the mayor, Chicago's clerk and treasurer are also elected citywide. The City Council is the legislative branch and is made up of 50 aldermen, one elected from each ward in the city. The council takes official action through the passage of ordinances and resolutions and approves the city budget.", "qas": [ { "id": "36431", "question": "the government of chicago is divided into what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "executive and legislative branches" } ] }, { "id": "36432", "question": "who is the chief executive , elected by general election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "The Mayor of Chicago" } ] }, { "id": "36433", "question": "what is the name of the current mayor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "Rahm Emanuel" } ] }, { "id": "36434", "question": "how many aldermen is the city council made up of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 475, "text": "50" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Chicago Police Department provides law enforcement and the Chicago Fire Department provides fire suppression and emergency medical services for the city and its residents. Civil and criminal law cases are heard in the Cook County Circuit Court of the State of Illinois court system, or in the Northern District of Illinois, in the federal system. In the state court, the public prosecutor is the Illinois State's Attorney; in the Federal court it is the United States Attorney.", "qas": [ { "id": "36435", "question": "what is the name of the chicago police department ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "Chicago Fire Department" } ] }, { "id": "36436", "question": "what does the chicago police department offer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "fire suppression and emergency medical services for the city and its residents" } ] }, { "id": "36437", "question": "where are civil and criminal law heard ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "Cook County Circuit Court of the State of Illinois court system" } ] }, { "id": "36438", "question": "where is the cook county system located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "Northern District of Illinois" } ] }, { "id": "36439", "question": "what is the public prosecutor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "Illinois State's Attorney" } ] }, { "id": "36440", "question": "what is the illinois state 's attorney prosecutor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 454, "text": "the United States Attorney" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During much of the last half of the 19th century, Chicago's politics were dominated by a growing Democratic Party organization. During the 1880s and 1890s, Chicago had a powerful radical tradition with large and highly organized socialist, anarchist and labor organizations. For much of the 20th century, Chicago has been among the largest and most reliable Democratic strongholds in the United States; with Chicago's Democratic vote the state of Illinois has been \"solid blue\" in presidential elections since 1992. Even before then, it was not unheard of for Republican presidential candidates to win handily in downstate Illinois, only to lose statewide due to large Democratic margins in Chicago. The citizens of Chicago have not elected a Republican mayor since 1927, when William Thompson was voted into office. The strength of the party in the city is partly a consequence of Illinois state politics, where the Republicans have come to represent rural and farm concerns while the Democrats support urban issues such as Chicago's public school funding. Chicago contains less than 25% of the state's population, but 8 of Illinois' 19 U.S.\u00a0Representatives have part of Chicago in their districts.", "qas": [ { "id": "36441", "question": "who was voted into office since 1927 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 777, "text": "William Thompson" } ] }, { "id": "36442", "question": "what percentage of the state 's population is chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1085, "text": "25%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Machine politics persisted in Chicago after the decline of similar machines in other large U.S. cities. During much of that time, the city administration found opposition mainly from a liberal \"independent\" faction of the Democratic Party. The independents finally gained control of city government in 1983 with the election of Harold Washington (in office 1983\u20131987). From 1989 until May 16, 2011, Chicago was under the leadership of its longest serving mayor, Richard M. Daley, the son of Richard J. Daley. On May 16, 2011, Rahm Emanuel was sworn in as the 55th mayor of Chicago. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago, the Democratic primary vote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November for U.S. House and Illinois State seats. The aldermanic, mayoral, and other city offices are filled through nonpartisan elections with runoffs as needed.", "qas": [ { "id": "36443", "question": "what did the city administration found opposition mainly from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "a liberal \"independent\" faction of the Democratic Party" } ] }, { "id": "36444", "question": "in what year did harold washington move control ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "1983" } ] }, { "id": "36445", "question": "who was the election of washington university in 1983 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "Harold Washington" } ] }, { "id": "36446", "question": "who was the mayor of chicago in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 462, "text": "Richard M. Daley" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Formerly a state legislator representing Chicago and later a US Senator, the city is home of United States President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama. The Obama's residence is located near the University of Chicago in Kenwood on the city's south side.", "qas": [ { "id": "36447", "question": "who is the us senator 's senator ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "United States President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama" } ] }, { "id": "36448", "question": "where is obama 's residence located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "University of Chicago" } ] }, { "id": "36449", "question": "where is obama 's residence located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "Kenwood" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chicago had a murder rate of 18.5 per 100,000 residents in 2012, ranking 16th among cities with 100,000 people or more. This was higher than in New York City and Los Angeles, the two largest cities in the United States, which have lower murder rates and lower total homicides. However, it was less than in many smaller American cities, including New Orleans, Newark, and Detroit, which had 53 murders per 100,000 residents in 2012. The 2015 year-end crime statistics showed there were 468 murders in Chicago in 2015 compared with 416 the year before, a 12.5% increase, as well as 2,900 shootings\u201413% more than the year prior, and up 29% since 2013. Chicago had more homicides than any other city in 2015, according to the Chicago Tribune.", "qas": [ { "id": "36450", "question": "what was chicago 's murder rate in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "18.5 per 100,000" } ] }, { "id": "36451", "question": "how many people lived in chicago in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "100,000" } ] }, { "id": "36452", "question": "how many murders were there in chicago in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 485, "text": "468" } ] }, { "id": "36453", "question": "what was the increase increase in chicago in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 553, "text": "12.5%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to reports in 2013, \"most of Chicago's violent crime comes from gangs trying to maintain control of drug-selling territories\", and is specifically related to the activities of the Sinaloa Cartel, which by 2006 had decided to seek to control illicit drug distribution, against local street gangs. Violent crime rates vary significantly by area of the city, with more economically developed areas having low rates, but other sections have much higher rates of crime. In 2013, the violent crime rate was 910 per 100,000 people; the murder rate was 10.4 \u2013 while high crime districts saw 38.9, low crime districts saw 2.5 murders per 100,000.", "qas": [ { "id": "36454", "question": "what is the activities of chicago 's violent crime ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "Sinaloa Cartel" } ] }, { "id": "36455", "question": "in what year was the sinaloa cartel decided ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "2006" } ] }, { "id": "36456", "question": "what was the violent crime rate in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 511, "text": "910 per 100,000 people" } ] }, { "id": "36457", "question": "what was the murder rate in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 555, "text": "10.4" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The number of murders in Chicago peaked at 970 in 1974, when the city's population was over 3\u00a0million people (a murder rate of about 29 per 100,000), and it reached 943 murders in 1992, (a murder rate of 34 per 100,000). However, Chicago and other major U.S. cities, experienced a significant reduction in violent crime rates through the 1990s, falling to 448 homicides in 2004, its lowest total since 1965 and only 15.65 murders per 100,000). Chicago's homicide tally remained low during 2005 (449), 2006 (452), and 2007 (435) but rose to 510 in 2008, breaking 500 for the first time since 2003. In 2009, the murder count fell to 458 (10% down). and in 2010 Chicago's murder rate fell to 435 (16.14 per 100,000), a 5% decrease from 2009 and lowest levels since 1965. In 2011, Chicago's murders fell another 1.2% to 431 (a rate of 15.94 per 100,000). but shot up to 506 in 2012.", "qas": [ { "id": "36458", "question": "where was the number of murders in chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "970" } ] }, { "id": "36459", "question": "what was the murders of the population in 1992 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "943" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2012, Chicago ranked 21st in the United States in numbers of homicides per person, but in the first half of 2013 there was a significant drop per-person, in all categories of violent crime, including homicide (down 26%). Chicago ended 2013 with 415 murders, the lowest number of murders since 1965, and overall crime rates dropped by 16 percent. (In 1965, there were 397 murders.)", "qas": [ { "id": "36460", "question": "how many murders did chicago lose in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "415" } ] }, { "id": "36461", "question": "how many murders were there in 1965 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 370, "text": "397" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Jens Ludwig, director of the University of Chicago Crime Lab, estimated that shootings cost the city of Chicago $2.5 billion in 2012.", "qas": [ { "id": "36462", "question": "who was the director of the university of chicago crime ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Jens Ludwig" } ] }, { "id": "36463", "question": "what was the name of the university of chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "University of Chicago Crime Lab" } ] }, { "id": "36464", "question": "how much did shootings cost in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "$2.5 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2014, the Chicago police department reported a total murder count of 390 through December 20, 2014, according to the \"Chicago Sun-Times\". That means that Chicago was able to record their lowest number of murder totals in close to five years for the second continuous calendar year, despite an overall increase in shootings. The Cook County medical examiner's office had reported a total of 410 homicides with 16 of those including fatal police shootings, all within the same time period.", "qas": [ { "id": "36465", "question": "what was the name of the chicago police department ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "Chicago Sun-Times" } ] }, { "id": "36466", "question": "how many homicides did the cook county medical examiner have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 393, "text": "410" } ] }, { "id": "36467", "question": "how many homicides did the cook county medical examiner have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 412, "text": "16" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chicago Public Schools (CPS) is the governing body of the school district that contains over 600 public elementary and high schools citywide, including several selective-admission magnet schools. There are eleven selective enrollment high schools in the Chicago Public Schools, designed to meet the needs of Chicago's most academically advanced students. These schools offer a rigorous curriculum with mainly honors and Advanced Placement (AP) courses. Northside College Preparatory High School is ranked number one in the city of Chicago and the state of Illinois. Walter Payton College Prep High School is ranked second, Jones College Prep is third, and the oldest magnet school in the city, Whitney M. Young Magnet High School, which was opened in 1975, is ranked fourth. The magnet school with the largest enrollment is Lane Technical College Prep High School. Lane is one of the oldest schools in Chicago and in 2012 was designated a National Blue Ribbon School by the U.S. Department of Education.", "qas": [ { "id": "36468", "question": "what is the governing body of the school district ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Chicago Public Schools" } ] }, { "id": "36469", "question": "how many public elementary elementary elementary elementary schools does chicago have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "600" } ] }, { "id": "36470", "question": "how many selective enrollment high schools are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "eleven" } ] }, { "id": "36471", "question": "what is the oldest magnet school in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 694, "text": "Whitney M. Young Magnet High School" } ] }, { "id": "36472", "question": "what is the magnet school with the largest enrollment ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 824, "text": "Lane Technical College Prep High School" } ] }, { "id": "36473", "question": "what was the oldest schools in chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 939, "text": "National Blue Ribbon School" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chicago high school rankings are determined by the average test scores on state achievement tests. The district, with an enrollment exceeding 400,545 students (2013\u20132014 20th Day Enrollment), is the third-largest in the U.S. On September 10, 2012, teachers for the Chicago Teachers Union went on strike for the first time since 1987 over pay, resources and other issues. According to data complied in 2014, Chicago's \"choice system\", where students who test or apply and may attend one of a number of public high schools (there are about 130), sorts students of different achievement levels into different schools (high performing, middle performing, and low performing schools).", "qas": [ { "id": "36474", "question": "what determined chicago high school rankings ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "average test scores on state achievement tests" } ] }, { "id": "36475", "question": "how many students attend the chicago teachers union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "400,545" } ] }, { "id": "36476", "question": "what is the enrollment of the chicago teachers union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "2013\u20132014 20th Day Enrollment" } ] }, { "id": "36477", "question": "in what year did the chicago teachers union begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "1987" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chicago has a network of Lutheran schools, and several private schools are run by other denominations and faiths, such as the Ida Crown Jewish Academy in West Ridge. Several private schools are completely secular, such as the Latin School of Chicago in the Near North Side neighborhood, the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools in Hyde Park, the British School of Chicago and the Francis W. Parker School in Lincoln Park, the Lyc\u00e9e Fran\u00e7ais de Chicago in Uptown, the Feltre School in River North and the Morgan Park Academy. There are also the private Chicago Academy for the Arts, a high school focused on six different categories of the arts and the public Chicago High School for the Arts, a high school focused on five categories (visual arts, theatre, musical theatre, dance, and music) of the arts.", "qas": [ { "id": "36478", "question": "what is the name of the crown jewish academy in west ridge ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "Ida Crown Jewish Academy" } ] }, { "id": "36479", "question": "where is the ida crown jewish academy located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "West Ridge" } ] }, { "id": "36480", "question": "what is the name of the school in lincoln ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 384, "text": "Francis W. Parker School" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Chicago Public Library system operates 79 public libraries, including the central library, two regional libraries, and numerous branches distributed throughout the city.", "qas": [ { "id": "36481", "question": "how many public libraries does the chicago public library operate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "79" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since the 1850s, Chicago has been a world center of higher education and research with several universities that are in the city proper or in the immediate environs. These institutions consistently rank among the top \"National Universities\" in the United States, as determined by \"U.S. News & World Report\". Top universities in Chicago are: the University of Chicago; Illinois Institute of Technology; Northwestern University; Loyola University Chicago; DePaul University and University of Illinois at Chicago. Other notable schools include: Chicago State University; the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, the Illinois Institute of Art\u00a0\u2013 Chicago; East\u2013West University; National Louis University; North Park University; Northeastern Illinois University; Columbia College Chicago; Robert Morris University Illinois; Roosevelt University; Saint Xavier University; Rush University; and Shimer College.", "qas": [ { "id": "36482", "question": "who determined the top `` national universities '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "U.S. News & World Report" } ] } ] }, { "context": "William Rainey Harper, the first president of the University of Chicago, was instrumental in the creation of the junior college concept, establishing nearby Joliet Junior College as the first in the nation in 1901. His legacy continues with the multiple community colleges in the Chicago proper, including the seven City Colleges of Chicago: Richard J. Daley College, Kennedy\u2013King College, Malcolm X College, Olive\u2013Harvey College, Truman College, Harold Washington College and Wilbur Wright College, in addition to the privately held MacCormac College.", "qas": [ { "id": "36483", "question": "who was the first president of the university of chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "William Rainey Harper" } ] }, { "id": "36484", "question": "what was the name of the junior college concept ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "Joliet Junior College" } ] }, { "id": "36485", "question": "when was the junior college concept passed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "1901" } ] }, { "id": "36486", "question": "what is the privately held college in chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 534, "text": "MacCormac College" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chicago also has a high concentration of post-baccalaureate institutions, graduate schools, seminaries, and theological schools, such as the Adler School of Professional Psychology, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, the Erikson Institute, The Institute for Clinical Social Work, the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago, the Catholic Theological Union, the Moody Bible Institute, the John Marshall Law School and the University of Chicago Divinity School.", "qas": [ { "id": "36487", "question": "what is the name of the university of chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 432, "text": "University of Chicago Divinity School" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Two major daily newspapers are published in Chicago: the \"Chicago Tribune\" and the \"Chicago Sun-Times\", with the Tribune having the larger circulation. There are also several regional and special-interest newspapers and magazines, such as \"Chicago\", the \"Dziennik Zwi\u0105zkowy\" (\"Polish Daily News\"), \"Draugas\" (the Lithuanian daily newspaper), the \"Chicago Reader\", the \"SouthtownStar\", the \"Chicago Defender\", the \"Daily Herald\", \"Newcity\", \"StreetWise\" and the \"Windy City Times\". The entertainment and cultural magazine \"Time Out Chicago\" and \"GRAB\" magazine are also published in the city, as well as local music magazine \"Chicago Innerview\". In addition, Chicago is the recent home of satirical national news outlet, \"The Onion\", as well as its sister pop-culture publication, \"The A.V. Club\".", "qas": [ { "id": "36488", "question": "what is the name of the local music magazine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 625, "text": "Chicago Innerview" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since the 1980s, many motion pictures have been filmed and/or set in the city such as \"The Blues Brothers\", \"Brewster's Millions\", \"Ferris Bueller's Day Off\", \"Sixteen Candles\", \"Home Alone\", \"The Fugitive\", \"I, Robot\", \"Mean Girls\", \"Wanted\", \"Batman Begins\", \"The Dark Knight\", \"\", \"\", \"Divergent\", \"Insurgent\", \"\", \"Sinister 2\" and \"Suicide Squad\".", "qas": [ { "id": "36489", "question": "what is the name of the city that many motion pictures have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "The Blues Brothers" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chicago has five 50,000 watt AM radio stations: the CBS Radio-owned WBBM and WSCR; the Tribune Broadcasting-owned WGN; the Cumulus Media-owned WLS; and the ESPN Radio-owned WMVP. Chicago is also home to a number of national radio shows, including \"Beyond the Beltway\" with Bruce DuMont on Sunday evenings.", "qas": [ { "id": "36490", "question": "how many watt am radio stations does chicago have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 12, "text": "five 50,000" } ] }, { "id": "36491", "question": "what are the cbs radio-owned am radio stations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "WBBM and WSCR" } ] }, { "id": "36492", "question": "who is the espn radio-owned ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "WMVP" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chicago is also featured in a few video games, including \"Watch Dogs\" and \"Midtown Madness\", a real-life, car-driving simulation game. In 2005, indie rock artist Sufjan Stevens created a concept album about Illinois titled \"Illinois\"; many of its songs were about Chicago and its history.", "qas": [ { "id": "36493", "question": "in what year was illinois titled `` illinois '' created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "2005" } ] }, { "id": "36494", "question": "who created a concept album about illinois titled `` illinois '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Sufjan Stevens" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chicago is a major transportation hub in the United States. It is an important component in global distribution, as it is the third-largest inter-modal port in the world after Hong Kong and Singapore.", "qas": [ { "id": "36495", "question": "what is chicago 's port ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "third-largest inter-modal port" } ] }, { "id": "36496", "question": "in what two countries is chicago the third-largest port ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "Hong Kong and Singapore" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Seven mainline and four auxiliary interstate highways (55, 57, 65 (only in Indiana), 80 (also in Indiana), 88, 90 (also in Indiana), 94 (also in Indiana), 190, 290, 294, and 355) run through Chicago and its suburbs. Segments that link to the city center are named after influential politicians, with three of them named after former U.S.\u00a0Presidents (Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Reagan) and one named after two-time Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson.", "qas": [ { "id": "36497", "question": "who is the two-time democratic candidate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 433, "text": "Adlai Stevenson" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Kennedy and Dan Ryan Expressways are the busiest state maintained routes in the entire state of Illinois.", "qas": [ { "id": "36498", "question": "who are the busiest state maintained routes in illinois ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Kennedy and Dan Ryan Expressways" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Regional Transportation Authority (RTA) coordinates the operation of the three service boards: CTA, Metra, and Pace.", "qas": [ { "id": "36499", "question": "what coordinates the operation of the three service boards ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Regional Transportation Authority" } ] }, { "id": "36500", "question": "what are some service boards ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "CTA, Metra, and Pace" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nGreyhound Lines provides inter-city bus service to and from the city, and Chicago is also the hub for the Midwest network of Megabus (North America).", "qas": [ { "id": "36501", "question": "what provides inter-city bus service ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1, "text": "Greyhound Lines" } ] }, { "id": "36502", "question": "what is the inter-city bus service in megabus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "Megabus" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Amtrak long distance and commuter rail services originate from Union Station. Chicago is one of the largest hubs of passenger rail service in the nation. The services terminate in San Francisco, Washington, D.C., New York City, Indianapolis, New Orleans, Portland, Seattle, Milwaukee, Quincy, St.\u00a0Louis, Carbondale, Boston, Grand Rapids, Port Huron, Pontiac, Los Angeles, and San Antonio. An attempt was made in the early 20th century to link Chicago with New York City via the Chicago\u00a0\u2013 New York Electric Air Line Railroad. Parts of this were built, but it was never completed.", "qas": [ { "id": "36503", "question": "where do amtrak long distance and commuter rail services originate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "Union Station" } ] }, { "id": "36504", "question": "what was the name of the railroad railroad in new york ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 488, "text": "New York Electric Air Line Railroad" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chicago's bike share program, Divvy bikes, was launched in 2013. In 2016, there are 5,837 bikes and 576 rental stations across the city. PBSC Urban Solutions Inc., provides bikes and docking stations.", "qas": [ { "id": "36505", "question": "what was chicago 's bike share program ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "Divvy bikes" } ] }, { "id": "36506", "question": "when was chicago 's bike share program launched ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "2013" } ] }, { "id": "36507", "question": "how many bikes are in 2016 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "5,837" } ] }, { "id": "36508", "question": "how many rental stations are there in 2016 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "576" } ] }, { "id": "36509", "question": "what provides bikes and docking stations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "PBSC Urban Solutions Inc." } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chicago is the largest hub in the railroad industry. Six of the seven Class I railroads meet in Chicago, with the exception being the Kansas City Southern Railway. As of 2002, severe freight train congestion caused trains to take as long to get through the Chicago region as it took to get there from the West Coast of the country (about 2 days). According to U.S. Department of Transportation, the volume of imported and exported goods transported via rail to, from, or through Chicago is forecast to increase nearly 150 percent between 2010 and 2040. CREATE, the Chicago Region Environmental and Transport Efficiency program, comprises about 70 programs, including crossovers, overpasses and underpasses, that intend to significantly improve the speed of freight movements in the Chicago area.", "qas": [ { "id": "36510", "question": "what was the seven class i railroads meet in chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "Kansas City Southern Railway" } ] }, { "id": "36511", "question": "what is the volume of imported and exported goods between 2010 and 2040 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 518, "text": "150 percent" } ] }, { "id": "36512", "question": "how many programs are in the chicago region environmental and transport efficiency ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 644, "text": "70" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chicago is served by O'Hare International Airport, the world's second-busiest airport measured by airline operations, on the far Northwest Side, and Midway International Airport on the Southwest Side. In 2005, O'Hare was the world's busiest airport by aircraft movements and the second-busiest by total passenger traffic (due to government enforced flight caps). Both O'Hare and Midway are owned and operated by the City of Chicago. Gary/Chicago International Airport and Chicago Rockford International Airport, located in Gary, Indiana and Rockford, Illinois, respectively, can serve as alternate Chicago area airports, however they do not offer as many commercial flights as O'Hare and Midway. In recent years the state of Illinois has been leaning towards building an entirely new airport in the Illinois suburbs of Chicago. The City of Chicago is the world headquarters for United Airlines, the world's third-largest airline.", "qas": [ { "id": "36513", "question": "what is the world 's airport called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "O'Hare International Airport" } ] }, { "id": "36514", "question": "where is the world 's airport located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "Northwest Side, and Midway International Airport" } ] }, { "id": "36515", "question": "what was the name of the world 's busiest airport ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "O'Hare" } ] }, { "id": "36516", "question": "who operated the and midway and midway ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 416, "text": "City of Chicago" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Port of Chicago consists of several major port facilities within the city of Chicago operated by the Illinois International Port District (formerly known as the Chicago Regional Port District). The central element of the Port District, Calumet Harbor, is maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.", "qas": [ { "id": "36517", "question": "what district operated the chicago regional port district ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "Illinois International Port District" } ] }, { "id": "36518", "question": "what is the name of the illinois international port district ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "Chicago Regional Port District" } ] }, { "id": "36519", "question": "what is the name of the harbor harbor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 240, "text": "Calumet Harbor" } ] }, { "id": "36520", "question": "who maintained the central element of the port ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nElectricity for most of northern Illinois is provided by Commonwealth Edison, also known as ComEd. Their service territory borders Iroquois County to the south, the Wisconsin border to the north, the Iowa border to the west and the Indiana border to the east. In northern Illinois, ComEd (a division of Exelon) operates the greatest number of nuclear generating plants in any US state. Because of this, ComEd reports indicate that Chicago receives about 75% of its electricity from nuclear power. Recently, the city began installing wind turbines on government buildings to promote renewable energy.", "qas": [ { "id": "36521", "question": "who provided electricity for most of northern illinois ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "Commonwealth Edison" } ] }, { "id": "36522", "question": "what is commonwealth edison known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "ComEd" } ] }, { "id": "36523", "question": "what is the greatest number of nuclear generating plants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 283, "text": "ComEd" } ] }, { "id": "36524", "question": "what percentage of chicago 's electricity is chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 455, "text": "75%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Natural gas is provided by Peoples Gas, a subsidiary of Integrys Energy Group, which is headquartered in Chicago.", "qas": [ { "id": "36525", "question": "what is natural gas provided by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "Peoples Gas" } ] }, { "id": "36526", "question": "what is the subsidiary of natural gas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Integrys Energy Group" } ] }, { "id": "36527", "question": "where is peoples gas headquartered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "Chicago" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Domestic and industrial waste was once incinerated but it is now landfilled, mainly in the Calumet area. From 1995 to 2008, the city had a blue bag program to divert recyclable refuse from landfills. Because of low participation in the blue bag programs, the city began a pilot program for blue bin recycling like other cities. This proved successful and blue bins were rolled out across the city.", "qas": [ { "id": "36528", "question": "where is domestic and industrial waste located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "Calumet area" } ] }, { "id": "36529", "question": "what was the blue bag program to divert ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "landfills" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Illinois Medical District is on the Near West Side. It includes Rush University Medical Center, ranked as the second best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area by \"U.S. News & World Report\" for 2014\u201315, the University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago, Jesse Brown VA Hospital, and John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, one of the busiest trauma centers in the nation.", "qas": [ { "id": "36530", "question": "where is the illinois medical district located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Near West Side" } ] }, { "id": "36531", "question": "what is the second best hospital in the chicago metropolitan area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "Rush University Medical Center" } ] }, { "id": "36532", "question": "what is the name of the second best hospital in the chicago metropolitan area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "U.S. News & World Report\"" } ] }, { "id": "36533", "question": "what is the university of illinois medical center ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "2014\u201315" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Two of the country's premier academic medical centers reside in Chicago, including Northwestern Memorial Hospital and the University of Chicago Medical Center. The Chicago campus of Northwestern University includes the Feinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern Memorial Hospital, which is ranked as the best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area by \"U.S. News & World Report\" for 2010\u201311; the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, which is ranked the best U.S. rehabilitation hospital by \"U.S. News & World Report\"; the new Prentice Women's Hospital; and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago.", "qas": [ { "id": "36534", "question": "what are the names of the premier academic medical centers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "Northwestern Memorial Hospital and the University of Chicago Medical Center" } ] }, { "id": "36535", "question": "what is the chicago campus of northwestern university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "Feinberg School of Medicine" } ] }, { "id": "36536", "question": "what is the best hospital in the chicago metropolitan area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "Northwestern Memorial Hospital" } ] }, { "id": "36537", "question": "when was northwestern memorial hospital ranked as the best hospital in the chicago metropolitan area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 384, "text": "2010\u201311" } ] }, { "id": "36538", "question": "what is the name of the best u.s. rehabilitation hospital ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 397, "text": "Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago" } ] }, { "id": "36539", "question": "who ranked the best u.s. rehabilitation hospital ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 492, "text": "U.S. News & World Report" } ] }, { "id": "36540", "question": "what is the name of the chicago campus hospital ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 558, "text": "Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The University of Illinois College of Medicine at UIC is the second largest medical school in the United States (2,600 students including those at campuses in Peoria, Rockford and Urbana\u2013Champaign).", "qas": [ { "id": "36541", "question": "where is the university of illinois college of medicine located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "UIC" } ] }, { "id": "36542", "question": "how many students live in the university of illinois ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "2,600" } ] }, { "id": "36543", "question": "what are the second largest medical school in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "Peoria, Rockford and Urbana\u2013Champaign" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In addition, the Chicago Medical School and Loyola University Chicago's Stritch School of Medicine are located in the suburbs of North Chicago and Maywood, respectively. The Midwestern University Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine is in Downers Grove.", "qas": [ { "id": "36544", "question": "what is the name of the chicago medical school ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "Stritch School of Medicine" } ] }, { "id": "36545", "question": "where is the chicago medical school of medicine located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "North Chicago and Maywood" } ] }, { "id": "36546", "question": "where is the midwestern university chicago college of osteopathic medicine located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "Downers Grove" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The American Medical Association, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education, American Osteopathic Association, American Dental Association, Academy of General Dentistry, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, American College of Surgeons, American Society for Clinical Pathology, American College of Healthcare Executives, the American Hospital Association and Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association are all based in Chicago.", "qas": [ { "id": "36547", "question": "what are the american college of healthcare executives ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 435, "text": "American Hospital Association and Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chicago has 28 sister cities around the world. Like Chicago, many of them are or were the second-most populous city or second-most influential city of their country, or they are the main city of a country that has had large amounts of immigrants settle in Chicago. These relationships have sought to promote economic, cultural, educational, and other ties.", "qas": [ { "id": "36548", "question": "how many sister cities does chicago have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 12, "text": "28" } ] }, { "id": "36549", "question": "what do these relationships to promote ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "economic, cultural, educational, and other ties" } ] } ] }, { "context": "To celebrate the sister cities, Chicago hosts a yearly festival in Daley Plaza, which features cultural acts and food tastings from the other cities. In addition, the Chicago Sister Cities program hosts a number of delegation and formal exchanges. In some cases, these exchanges have led to further informal collaborations, such as the academic relationship between the Buehler Center on Aging, Health & Society at the Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University and the Institute of Gerontology of Ukraine (originally of the Soviet Union), that was originally established as part of the Chicago-Kiev sister cities program.", "qas": [ { "id": "36550", "question": "where is chicago 's yearly festival ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Daley Plaza" } ] }, { "id": "36551", "question": "where is the soviet union located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 419, "text": "Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University and the Institute of Gerontology of Ukraine" } ] }, { "id": "36552", "question": "how many sister cities were there in the sister cities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 599, "text": "Chicago-Kiev" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Chicago" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The \"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica\" Eleventh Edition (1910\u201311) is a 29-volume reference work, an edition of the \"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica\". It was developed during the encyclopaedia's transition from a British to an American publication. Some of its articles were written by the best-known scholars of the time. This edition of the encyclopedia is now in the public domain, but the outdated nature of some of its content makes its use as a source for modern scholarship problematic. Some articles have special value and interest to modern scholars as cultural artifacts of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Tens of thousands of its articles were copied directly into Wikipedia, where they still can be found.", "qas": [ { "id": "36553", "question": "when was the `` encyclop\u00e6dia britannica '' eleventh edition published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "1910\u201311" } ] }, { "id": "36554", "question": "what type of reference is the `` encyclop\u00e6dia britannica '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "29-volume" } ] }, { "id": "36555", "question": "what is the name of the `` encyclop\u00e6dia britannica '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 1911 eleventh edition was assembled with the management of American publisher Horace Everett Hooper. Hugh Chisholm, who had edited the previous edition, was appointed editor in chief, with Walter Alison Phillips as his principal assistant editor.", "qas": [ { "id": "36556", "question": "when was the eleventh edition assembled ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "1911" } ] }, { "id": "36557", "question": "who assembled the 1911 eleventh edition ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "Horace Everett Hooper" } ] }, { "id": "36558", "question": "who was appointed editor of the chief editor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "Hugh Chisholm" } ] }, { "id": "36559", "question": "who was appointed editor of the chief editor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "Walter Alison Phillips" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Originally, Hooper bought the rights to the 25-volume 9th edition and persuaded the British newspaper \"The Times\" to issue its reprint, with eleven additional volumes (35 volumes total) as the tenth edition, which was published in 1902. Hooper's association with \"The Times\" ceased in 1909, and he negotiated with the Cambridge University Press to publish the 29-volume eleventh edition. Though it is generally perceived as a quintessentially British work, the eleventh edition had substantial American influences, not only in the increased amount of American and Canadian content, but also in the efforts made to make it more popular. American marketing methods also assisted sales. Some 11% of the contributors were American, and a New York office was established to manage that part of the enterprise.", "qas": [ { "id": "36560", "question": "what was the name of the edition of the british newspaper ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "25-volume 9th edition" } ] }, { "id": "36561", "question": "when was the tenth edition published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "1902" } ] }, { "id": "36562", "question": "when did hooper 's association with `` the times '' with `` the times '' take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "1909" } ] }, { "id": "36563", "question": "what university was negotiated with the times in 1909 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 318, "text": "Cambridge University Press" } ] }, { "id": "36564", "question": "what percentage of the contributors were american ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 689, "text": "11%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The initials of the encyclopedia's contributors appear at the end of selected articles or at the end of a section in the case of longer articles, such as that on China, and a key is given in each volume to these initials. Some articles were written by the best-known scholars of the time, such as Edmund Gosse, J. B. Bury, Algernon Charles Swinburne, John Muir, Peter Kropotkin, T. H. Huxley, James Hopwood Jeans and William Michael Rossetti. Among the then lesser-known contributors were some who would later become distinguished, such as Ernest Rutherford and Bertrand Russell. Many articles were carried over from the 9th edition, some with minimal updating. Some of the book-length articles were divided into smaller parts for easier reference, yet others much abridged. The best-known authors generally contributed only a single article or part of an article. Most of the work was done by journalists, British Museum scholars and other scholars. The 1911 edition was the first edition of the Encyclop\u00e6dia to include more than just a handful of female contributors, with 34 women contributing articles to the edition.", "qas": [ { "id": "36565", "question": "who were the lesser-known contributors of lesser-known contributors ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 540, "text": "Ernest Rutherford and Bertrand Russell" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The eleventh edition introduced a number of changes of the format of the \"Britannica\". It was the first to be published complete, instead of the previous method of volumes being released as they were ready. The print type was kept in galley proofs and subject to continual updating until publication. It was the first edition of \"Britannica\" to be issued with a comprehensive index volume in which was added a categorical index, where like topics were listed. It was the first not to include long treatise-length articles. Even though the overall length of the work was about the same as that of its predecessor, the number of articles had increased from 17,000 to 40,000. It was also the first edition of \"Britannica\" to include biographies of living people. Sixteen maps of the famous 9th edition of \"Stielers Handatlas\" were exclusively translated to English, converted to Imperial units, printed in Gotha, Germany by Justus Perthes and became part this edition. Later editions only included Perthes' great maps as low quality reproductions.", "qas": [ { "id": "36566", "question": "what did the eleventh edition of the eleventh edition represent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "Britannica" } ] }, { "id": "36567", "question": "where was the print type kept ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "galley proofs" } ] }, { "id": "36568", "question": "how many articles were increased in the number of articles ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 655, "text": "17,000 to 40,000" } ] }, { "id": "36569", "question": "who became part of the imperial units ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 921, "text": "Justus Perthes" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to Coleman and Simmons, the content of the encyclopedia was distributed as follows:", "qas": [ { "id": "36570", "question": "according to the content of the encyclopedia , what two content was distributed to the encyclopedia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "Coleman and Simmons" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hooper sold the rights to Sears Roebuck of Chicago in 1920, completing the \"Britannica\"'s transition to becoming a substantially American publication. In 1922, an additional three volumes (also edited by Hugh Chisholm), were published, covering the events of the intervening years, including World War I. These, together with a reprint of the eleventh edition, formed the twelfth edition of the work. A similar thirteenth edition, consisting of three volumes plus a reprint of the twelfth edition, was published in 1926, so the twelfth and thirteenth editions were of course closely related to the eleventh edition and shared much of the same content. However, it became increasingly apparent that a more thorough update of the work was required.", "qas": [ { "id": "36571", "question": "who did hooper sold in 1920 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "Sears Roebuck of Chicago" } ] }, { "id": "36572", "question": "in what year did hooper roebuck sears of chicago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "1920" } ] }, { "id": "36573", "question": "in what year was the twelfth edition of the work published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "1922" } ] }, { "id": "36574", "question": "who edited the three volumes in 1922 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "Hugh Chisholm" } ] }, { "id": "36575", "question": "when was the twelfth edition published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 515, "text": "1926" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The fourteenth edition, published in 1929, was considerably revised, with much text eliminated or abridged to make room for new topics. Nevertheless, the eleventh edition was the basis of every later version of the \"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica\" until the completely new fifteenth edition was published in 1974, using modern information presentation.", "qas": [ { "id": "36576", "question": "when was the fourteenth edition published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "1929" } ] }, { "id": "36577", "question": "what was the eleventh edition of the eleventh edition called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica" } ] }, { "id": "36578", "question": "when was the new fifteenth edition published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 301, "text": "1974" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The eleventh edition's articles are still of value and interest to modern readers and scholars, especially as a cultural artifact: the British Empire was at its maximum, imperialism was largely unchallenged, much of the world was still ruled by monarchs, and the tragedy of the modern world wars was still in the future. They are an invaluable resource for topics omitted from modern encyclopedias, particularly for biography and the history of science and technology. As a literary text, the encyclopedia has value as an example of early 20th-century prose. For example, it employs literary devices, such as pathetic fallacy (attribution of human-like traits to impersonal forces or inanimate objects), which are not as common in modern reference texts.", "qas": [ { "id": "36579", "question": "who ruled the british empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "monarchs" } ] }, { "id": "36580", "question": "what is the name of the literary devices that are not as common in modern reference texts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 609, "text": "pathetic fallacy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1917, using the pseudonym of S. S. Van Dine, the US art critic and author Willard Huntington Wright published \"\", a 200+ page criticism of inaccuracies and biases of the \"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica\" eleventh edition. Wright claimed that \"Britannica\" was \"characterized by misstatement, inexcusable omissions, rabid and patriotic prejudices, personal animosities, blatant errors of fact, scholastic ignorance, gross neglect of non-British culture, an astounding egotism, and an undisguised contempt for American progress.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "36581", "question": "in what year was huntington wright published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1917" } ] }, { "id": "36582", "question": "what was the name of the us art critic that willard huntington wright ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "S. S. Van Dine" } ] }, { "id": "36583", "question": "who was the author of the us art critic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Willard Huntington Wright" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Amos Urban Shirk, known for having read the eleventh and fourteenth editions in their entirety, said he found the fourteenth edition to be a \"big improvement\" over the eleventh, stating that \"most of the material had been completely rewritten\".", "qas": [ { "id": "36584", "question": "what was the name of the `` big improvement '' over the eleventh and fourteenth editions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Amos Urban Shirk" } ] }, { "id": "36585", "question": "what did amos urban shirk read ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "the eleventh and fourteenth editions" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Robert Collison, in \"Encyclopaedias: Their History Throughout The Ages\" (1966), wrote of the eleventh edition that it \"was probably the finest edition of the \"Britannica\" ever issued, and it ranks with the \"Enciclopedia Italiana\" and the \"Espasa\" as one of the three greatest encyclopaedias. It was the last edition to be produced almost in its entirety in Britain, and its position in time as a summary of the world's knowledge just before the outbreak of World War I is particularly valuable.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "36586", "question": "who was the finest edition of the eleventh edition ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Robert Collison" } ] }, { "id": "36587", "question": "what was the name of the 1966 1966 book ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Their History Throughout The Ages" } ] }, { "id": "36588", "question": "when was the history of the ages published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "1966" } ] }, { "id": "36589", "question": "what did the finest edition of the eleventh edition represent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "Enciclopedia Italiana\" and the \"Espasa\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sir Kenneth Clark, in \"Another Part of the Wood\" (1974), wrote of the eleventh edition, \"One leaps from one subject to another, fascinated as much by the play of mind and the idiosyncrasies of their authors as by the facts and dates. It must be the last encyclopaedia in the tradition of Diderot which assumes that information can be made memorable only when it is slightly coloured by prejudice. When T. S. Eliot wrote 'Soul curled up on the window seat reading the \"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica\",' he was certainly thinking of the eleventh edition.\" (Clark refers to Eliot's 1929 poem \"Animula\".) It was one of Jorge Luis Borges's favorite works, and was a source of information and enjoyment for his entire working life.", "qas": [ { "id": "36590", "question": "who wrote the 1974 edition ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sir Kenneth Clark" } ] }, { "id": "36591", "question": "what was sir kenneth clark 's nickname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "Another Part of the Wood" } ] }, { "id": "36592", "question": "when was the eleventh edition of the eleventh edition published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "1974" } ] }, { "id": "36593", "question": "what does clark mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 583, "text": "Animula" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1912, mathematician L. C. Karpinski criticised the eleventh edition for inaccuracies in articles on the history of mathematics, none of which had been written by specialists.", "qas": [ { "id": "36594", "question": "when was the eleventh edition of mathematics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1912" } ] }, { "id": "36595", "question": "who wrote the eleventh edition of mathematics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "L. C. Karpinski" } ] }, { "id": "36596", "question": "who written the history of mathematics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "specialists" } ] } ] }, { "context": "English writer and former priest Joseph McCabe claimed in \"Lies and Fallacies of the Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica\" (1947) that \"Britannica\" was censored under pressure from the Roman Catholic Church after the 11th edition.", "qas": [ { "id": "36597", "question": "who was the former priest of britannica ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "Joseph McCabe" } ] }, { "id": "36598", "question": "what did joseph mccabe write about ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Lies and Fallacies of the Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica" } ] }, { "id": "36599", "question": "in what year did joseph mccabe die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "1947" } ] }, { "id": "36600", "question": "what church did joseph mccabe come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "Roman Catholic Church" } ] }, { "id": "36601", "question": "when did joseph mccabe die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "the 11th edition" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Authorities ranging from Virginia Woolf to professors criticised the 11th edition for having bourgeois and old-fashioned opinions on art, literature, and social sciences. A contemporary Cornell professor, Edward B. Titchener, wrote in 1912, \"the new \"Britannica\" does not reproduce the psychological atmosphere of its day and generation... Despite the halo of authority, and despite the scrutiny of the staff, the great bulk of the secondary articles in general psychology\u00a0... are not adapted to the requirements of the intelligent reader.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "36602", "question": "who ranging the 11th edition of professors ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "Virginia Woolf" } ] }, { "id": "36603", "question": "what were the opinions of the 11th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "art, literature, and social sciences" } ] }, { "id": "36604", "question": "who was the contemporary cornell ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "Edward B. Titchener" } ] }, { "id": "36605", "question": "when was edward b. titchener wrote ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 235, "text": "1912" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Critics have charged several editions with racism and sexism. The eleventh edition the Ku Klux Klan as protecting the white race and restoring order to the American South after the American Civil War, citing the need to \"control the negro\", and \"the frequent occurrence of the crime of rape by negro men upon white women\".", "qas": [ { "id": "36606", "question": "what was the eleventh edition of the eleventh war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "Ku Klux Klan" } ] }, { "id": "36607", "question": "what war did the eleventh edition of the eleventh edition end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "American Civil War" } ] }, { "id": "36608", "question": "what did the american civil war provide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 221, "text": "control the negro\"" } ] }, { "id": "36609", "question": "who was the frequent occurrence of rape rape ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 294, "text": "negro men upon white women" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 1911 edition is no longer restricted by copyright, and it is therefore available in several more modern forms. While it may once have been a reliable description of the consensus of its time, for many modern readers, the \"Encyclopedia\" has several major errors, ethnocentric remarks, and other issues:", "qas": [ { "id": "36610", "question": "in what year is the edition of copyright longer restricted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "1911" } ] }, { "id": "36611", "question": "the 1911 edition is no longer restricted by what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "copyright" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nThe eleventh edition of \"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica\" has become a commonly quoted source, both because of the reputation of the \"Britannica\" and because it is now in the public domain and has been made available on the Internet. It has been used as a source by many modern projects, including Wikipedia and the \"Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia\".", "qas": [ { "id": "36612", "question": "what has become a commonly quoted source ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica" } ] }, { "id": "36613", "question": "the eleventh edition of `` encyclop\u00e6dia britannica '' was a commonly quoted source of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "Britannica" } ] }, { "id": "36614", "question": "what is the name of the project that has been used to describe encyclop\u00e6dia britannica ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 310, "text": "Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia is the eleventh edition of the \"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica\", renamed to address Britannica's trademark concerns. Project Gutenberg's offerings are summarized below in the External links section and include text and graphics. Distributed Proofreaders are currently working on producing a complete electronic edition of the 1911 \"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica\".", "qas": [ { "id": "36615", "question": "what is the eleventh edition of the `` encyclop\u00e6dia britannica '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia" } ] }, { "id": "36616", "question": "what is the eleventh edition of the project called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica" } ] }, { "id": "36617", "question": "what was the name of the 1911 in the 1911 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 360, "text": "Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica Eleventh Edition" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Taiwan (), officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a state in East Asia. Neighbors include the People's Republic of China (PRC, commonly known as \"China\") to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south.\nTaiwan is the most populous state that is not a member of the United Nations, and the one with the largest economy.", "qas": [ { "id": "36618", "question": "what is taiwan 's official name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "the Republic of China" } ] }, { "id": "36619", "question": "where is the republic of china located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "East Asia" } ] }, { "id": "36620", "question": "what is another name for china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "People's Republic of China" } ] }, { "id": "36621", "question": "what are the names of the people 's republic of china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "\"China\") to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before the 17th century, when Dutch and Spanish colonies opened the island to Han Chinese immigration. After a brief rule by the Kingdom of Tungning, the island was annexed by the Qing dynasty, the last dynasty of China. The Qing ceded Taiwan to Japan in 1895 after the Sino-Japanese War. While Taiwan was under Japanese rule, the Republic of China (ROC) was established on the mainland in 1912 after the fall of the Qing dynasty. Following the Japanese surrender to the Allies in 1945, the ROC took control of Taiwan. However, the resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the ROC's loss of the mainland to the Communists, and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949. Although the ROC continued to claim to be the legitimate government of \"all of China\" until 1991, its effective jurisdiction since 1949 has been limited to Taiwan and its surrounding islands, with the main island making up 99% of its \"de facto\" territory.", "qas": [ { "id": "36622", "question": "when was the island of taiwan inhabited ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "Taiwanese aborigines before the 17th century" } ] }, { "id": "36623", "question": "what was the island of taiwan 's island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "Han Chinese immigration" } ] }, { "id": "36624", "question": "who annexed the qing dynasty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "Kingdom of Tungning" } ] }, { "id": "36625", "question": "who annexed the island of china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "Qing dynasty" } ] }, { "id": "36626", "question": "when did the qing leave taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 321, "text": "1895" } ] }, { "id": "36627", "question": "when was the republic of china established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 456, "text": "1912" } ] }, { "id": "36628", "question": "what percentage of its territory was the main island of china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 970, "text": "99%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the early 1960s, Taiwan entered a period of rapid economic growth and industrialization, creating a stable industrial economy. In the 1980s and early 1990s, it changed from a one-party military dictatorship dominated by the Kuomintang to a multi-party democracy with universal suffrage. Taiwan is the 21st-largest economy in the world, and its high-tech industry plays a key role in the global economy. It is ranked highly in terms of freedom of the press, health care, public education, economic freedom, and human development.", "qas": [ { "id": "36629", "question": "what dominated the military dictatorship in the 1980s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "the Kuomintang to a multi-party democracy with universal suffrage" } ] }, { "id": "36630", "question": "what types of press is taiwan ranked in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 460, "text": "health care, public education, economic freedom, and human development" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The ROC continued to represent China at the United Nations until 1971, when the PRC assumed China's seat, causing the ROC to lose its UN membership. The PRC has consistently claimed sovereignty over Taiwan, and refused diplomatic relations with any country that recognizes the ROC. Today only a few smaller nations recognize the ROC as the sole legal representative of China, but many other states maintain unofficial ties through representative offices and institutions that function as \"de facto\" embassies and consulates. Although Taiwan is fully self-governing, most international organizations either refuse it membership or allow it to participate only as a non-state actor. Internally, the major division in politics is between the aspirations of eventual Chinese unification or Taiwanese independence, though both sides have moderated their positions to broaden their appeal. The PRC has threatened the use of military force in response to any formal declaration of independence by Taiwan or if PRC leaders decide that peaceful unification is no longer possible.", "qas": [ { "id": "36631", "question": "in what year did the roc represent china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "1971" } ] }, { "id": "36632", "question": "what caused the roc to represent china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "the PRC assumed China's seat" } ] }, { "id": "36633", "question": "what did the prc do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "causing the ROC to lose its UN membership" } ] }, { "id": "36634", "question": "what are the names of the institutions that maintain unofficial ties through china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 489, "text": "de facto\" embassies and consulates" } ] }, { "id": "36635", "question": "why is taiwan fully self-governing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 566, "text": "most international organizations either refuse it membership or allow it to participate only as a non-state actor" } ] }, { "id": "36636", "question": "what is the major division of politics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 754, "text": "eventual Chinese unification or Taiwanese independence" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are various names for the island of Taiwan in use today, derived from explorers or rulers by each particular period. The former name Formosa () dates from 1542, when Portuguese sailors sighted the main island of Taiwan and named it \"Ilha Formosa\", which means \"beautiful island\". The name \"Formosa\" eventually \"replaced all others in European literature\" and was in common use in English in the early 20th century.", "qas": [ { "id": "36637", "question": "where is the island of taiwan located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "explorers or rulers" } ] }, { "id": "36638", "question": "what is the name of the former name of taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Formosa" } ] }, { "id": "36639", "question": "when did the former name formosa begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "1542" } ] }, { "id": "36640", "question": "what was the name of the former name of formosa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "Ilha Formosa" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the early 17th century, the Dutch East India Company established a commercial post at Fort Zeelandia (modern-day Anping, Tainan) on a coastal sandbar they called \"Tayouan\", after their ethnonym for a nearby Taiwanese aboriginal tribe, written by the Dutch and Portuguese variously as \"Taiouwang\", \"Tayowan\", \"Teijoan\", etc. This name was also adopted into the Chinese vernacular (in particular, Hokkien, as ) as the name of the sandbar and nearby area (Tainan). The modern word \"Taiwan\" is derived from this usage, which is seen in various forms ( and ) in Chinese historical records. The area of modern-day Tainan was the first permanent settlement by Western colonists and Chinese immigrants, grew to be the most important trading centre, and served as the capital of the island until 1887. Use of the current Chinese name () was formalized as early as 1684 with the establishment of Taiwan Prefecture. Through its rapid development, the entire Formosan mainland eventually became known as \"Taiwan\".", "qas": [ { "id": "36641", "question": "who established a commercial post at fort zeelandia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Dutch East India Company" } ] }, { "id": "36642", "question": "where was the dutch east india company established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Fort Zeelandia" } ] }, { "id": "36643", "question": "what was the name of the dutch east india company called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "Tayouan" } ] }, { "id": "36644", "question": "when was the current chinese name formalized ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 858, "text": "1684" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The official name of the state is the \"\"Republic of China\"\"; it has also been known under various names throughout its existence. Shortly after the ROC's establishment in 1912, while it was still located on the Chinese mainland, the government used the short form \"China\" ' to refer to itself, which derives from ' (\"central\" or \"middle\") and ' (\"state, nation-state\"), During the 1950s and 1960s, after the government had fled to Taiwan due to losing the Chinese Civil War, it was commonly referred to as \"Nationalist China\"'\" (or \"Free China\") to differentiate it from \"Communist China\" (or \"Red China\"). It was a member of the United Nations representing \"\"China\"\" until 1971, when it lost its seat to the People's Republic of China. Over subsequent decades, the Republic of China has become commonly known as \"Taiwan\", after the island that comprises 99% of the territory under its control. In some contexts, especially official ones from the ROC government, the name is written as \"Republic of China (Taiwan)\", \"Republic of China/Taiwan\", or sometimes \"Taiwan (ROC).\" The Republic of China participates in most international forums and organizations under the name \"Chinese Taipei\" due to diplomatic pressure from the People's Republic of China. For instance, it is the name under which it has competed at the Olympic Games since 1984, and its name as an observer at the World Health Organization.", "qas": [ { "id": "36645", "question": "what is the official name of the state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "\"Republic of China\"" } ] }, { "id": "36646", "question": "in what year was the roc 's establishment used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "1912" } ] }, { "id": "36647", "question": "what percentage of the territory of china is taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 855, "text": "99%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Taiwan was joined to the mainland in the Late Pleistocene, until sea levels rose about 10,000 years ago. Fragmentary human remains have been found on the island, dated 20,000 to 30,000 years ago, as well as later artefacts of a Paleolithic culture.", "qas": [ { "id": "36648", "question": "when did taiwan join taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Late Pleistocene" } ] }, { "id": "36649", "question": "how long did taiwan last in taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "10,000 years ago" } ] }, { "id": "36650", "question": "how long have fragmentary human remains been found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "20,000 to 30,000 years ago" } ] } ] }, { "context": "More than 8,000 years ago, Austronesians first settled on Taiwan. The languages of their descendants, who are known as the Taiwanese aborigines nowadays, belong to the Austronesian language family, which also includes the Malayo-Polynesian languages spoken across a huge area, from Maritime Southeast Asia west to Madagascar and east as far as New Zealand, Hawaii and Easter Island. The aboriginal languages on Taiwan show much greater diversity than the rest of Austronesian put together, leading linguists to propose Taiwan as the Urheimat of the family, from which seafaring peoples dispersed across Southeast Asia and the Pacific and Indian Oceans.", "qas": [ { "id": "36651", "question": "when did first first settled on taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "8,000 years ago" } ] }, { "id": "36652", "question": "what are the languages of their descendants known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "Taiwanese aborigines nowadays" } ] }, { "id": "36653", "question": "what is the taiwanese aborigines nowadays to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "Austronesian language family" } ] }, { "id": "36654", "question": "what are the names of the taiwanese aborigines ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 344, "text": "New Zealand, Hawaii and Easter Island" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Han Chinese began settling in the Penghu islands in the 13th century, but Taiwan's hostile tribes and its lack of trade resources valued in that era rendered it unattractive to all but \"occasional adventurers or fishermen engaging in barter\" until the 16th century.", "qas": [ { "id": "36655", "question": "when did han chinese begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "the 13th century" } ] }, { "id": "36656", "question": "what was the name of taiwan 's trade resources ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "occasional adventurers or fishermen engaging in barter\"" } ] }, { "id": "36657", "question": "when did han chinese begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "the 16th century" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Dutch East India Company attempted to establish a trading outpost on the Penghu Islands (Pescadores) in 1622, but were militarily defeated and driven off by the Ming authorities.", "qas": [ { "id": "36658", "question": "who attempted to establish a trading outpost on the penghu islands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Dutch East India Company" } ] }, { "id": "36659", "question": "where did the dutch east india company establish a trading outpost on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Penghu Islands" } ] }, { "id": "36660", "question": "in what year did the dutch east india company take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "1622" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1624, the company established a stronghold called Fort Zeelandia on the coastal islet of Tayouan, which is now part of the main island at Anping, Tainan.\nDavid Wright, a Scottish agent of the company who lived on the island in the 1650s, described the lowland areas of the island as being divided among 11 chiefdoms ranging in size from two settlements to 72. Some of these fell under Dutch control, while others remained independent. The Company began to import labourers from Fujian and Penghu (Pescadores), many of whom settled.", "qas": [ { "id": "36661", "question": "in what year was fort zeelandia established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1624" } ] }, { "id": "36662", "question": "what was the name of the stronghold called in 1624 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "Fort Zeelandia" } ] }, { "id": "36663", "question": "what was the coastal name of the coastal islet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "Tayouan" } ] }, { "id": "36664", "question": "where is the coastal islet located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "Anping, Tainan" } ] }, { "id": "36665", "question": "who described the lowland areas of the island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "David Wright" } ] }, { "id": "36666", "question": "how many chiefdoms ranging in the island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "11" } ] }, { "id": "36667", "question": "where did the company move to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 481, "text": "Fujian and Penghu" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1626, the Spanish Empire landed on and occupied northern Taiwan, at the ports of Keelung and Tamsui, as a base to extend their trading. This colonial period lasted 16 years until 1642, when the last Spanish fortress fell to Dutch forces.", "qas": [ { "id": "36668", "question": "in what year did the spanish empire extend on northern taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1626" } ] }, { "id": "36669", "question": "what two ports did the spanish lose on northern taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "Keelung and Tamsui" } ] }, { "id": "36670", "question": "how long did the colonial period last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "16 years" } ] }, { "id": "36671", "question": "when did the last spanish fortress end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "1642" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Following the fall of the Ming dynasty, Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong), a self-styled Ming loyalist, arrived on the island and captured Fort Zeelandia in 1662, expelling the Dutch Empire and military from the island. Koxinga established the Kingdom of Tungning (1662\u20131683), with his capital at Tainan. He and his heirs, Zheng Jing, who ruled from 1662 to 1682, and Zheng Keshuang, who ruled less than a year, continued to launch raids on the southeast coast of mainland China well into the Qing dynasty era.", "qas": [ { "id": "36672", "question": "how old was the ming dynasty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Koxinga" } ] }, { "id": "36673", "question": "what was the name of the dutch empire that attacked the dutch empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "Fort Zeelandia" } ] }, { "id": "36674", "question": "when did the ming dynasty invade fort ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "1662" } ] }, { "id": "36675", "question": "what was the name of the kingdom established by koxinga -- 1683 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "Kingdom of Tungning" } ] }, { "id": "36676", "question": "when was the kingdom of tungning ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "1662\u20131683" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1683, following the defeat of Koxinga's grandson by an armada led by Admiral Shi Lang of southern Fujian, the Qing dynasty formally annexed Taiwan, placing it under the jurisdiction of Fujian province. The Qing imperial government tried to reduce piracy and vagrancy in the area, issuing a series of edicts to manage immigration and respect aboriginal land rights. Immigrants mostly from southern Fujian continued to enter Taiwan. The border between taxpaying lands and \"savage\" lands shifted eastward, with some aborigines becoming sinicized while others retreated into the mountains. During this time, there were a number of conflicts between groups of Han Chinese from different regions of southern Fujian, particularly between those from Quanzhou and Zhangzhou, and between southern Fujian Chinese and aborigines.", "qas": [ { "id": "36677", "question": "in what year did the qing lose taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1683" } ] }, { "id": "36678", "question": "who led the armada in 1683 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "Admiral Shi Lang of southern Fujian" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Northern Taiwan and the Penghu Islands were the scene of subsidiary campaigns in the Sino-French War (August 1884 to April 1885). The French occupied Keelung on 1 October 1884, but were repulsed from Tamsui a few days later. The French won some tactical victories but were unable to exploit them, and the Keelung Campaign ended in stalemate. The Pescadores Campaign, beginning on 31 March 1885, was a French victory, but had no long-term consequences. The French evacuated both Keelung and the Penghu archipelago after the end of the war.", "qas": [ { "id": "36679", "question": "when did the sino-french war occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "April 1885" } ] }, { "id": "36680", "question": "when did the french occupied keelung ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "1 October 1884" } ] }, { "id": "36681", "question": "when was the french campaign beginning ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 380, "text": "31 March 1885" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1887, the Qing upgraded the island's administration from Taiwan Prefecture of Fujian to Fujian-Taiwan-Province (), the twentieth in the empire, with its capital at Taipei. This was accompanied by a modernization drive that included building China's first railroad.", "qas": [ { "id": "36682", "question": "in what year did the qing upgraded the island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1887" } ] }, { "id": "36683", "question": "what was the name of the island that the qing upgraded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "Fujian-Taiwan-Province" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As the Qing dynasty was defeated in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894\u20131895), Taiwan, along with Penghu and Liaodong Peninsula, were ceded in full sovereignty to the Empire of Japan by the Treaty of Shimonoseki. Inhabitants on Taiwan and Penghu wishing to remain Qing subjects were given a two-year grace period to sell their property and move to mainland China. Very few Taiwanese saw this as feasible. On 25 May 1895, a group of pro-Qing high officials proclaimed the Republic of Formosa to resist impending Japanese rule. Japanese forces entered the capital at Tainan and quelled this resistance on 21 October 1895. Guerrilla fighting continued periodically until about 1902 and ultimately took the lives of 14,000 Taiwanese, or 0.5% of the population. Several subsequent rebellions against the Japanese (the Beipu uprising of 1907, the Tapani incident of 1915, and the Musha incident of 1930) were all unsuccessful but demonstrated opposition to Japanese colonial rule.", "qas": [ { "id": "36684", "question": "when was the first sino-japanese war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "1894\u20131895" } ] }, { "id": "36685", "question": "what peninsula was ceded in the first sino-japanese war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "Penghu and Liaodong Peninsula" } ] }, { "id": "36686", "question": "who ceded the empire to the empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "Treaty of Shimonoseki" } ] }, { "id": "36687", "question": "when did a group of high officials proclaimed the republic of formosa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 406, "text": "25 May 1895" } ] }, { "id": "36688", "question": "when did japanese forces arrive in the capital ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 601, "text": "21 October 1895" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Japanese colonial rule was instrumental in the industrialization of the island, extending the railroads and other transportation networks, building an extensive sanitation system, and establishing a formal education system. Japanese rule ended the practice of headhunting. During this period the human and natural resources of Taiwan were used to aid the development of Japan and the production of cash crops such as rice and sugar greatly increased. By 1939, Taiwan was the seventh greatest sugar producer in the world. Still, the Taiwanese and aborigines were classified as second- and third-class citizens. After suppressing Chinese guerrillas in the first decade of their rule, Japanese authorities engaged in a series of bloody campaigns against the mountain aboriginals, culminating in the Musha Incident of 1930.", "qas": [ { "id": "36689", "question": "what was the name of the practice of japanese rule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "headhunting" } ] }, { "id": "36690", "question": "in what year was taiwan the seventh greatest sugar ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 454, "text": "1939" } ] }, { "id": "36691", "question": "what were the taiwanese and aborigines classified as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 576, "text": "second- and third-class citizens" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Around 1935, the Japanese began an island-wide assimilation project to bind the island more firmly to the Japanese Empire and people were taught to see themselves as Japanese under the Kominka Movement, during which time Taiwanese culture and religion were outlawed and the citizens were encouraged to adopt Japanese surnames. During World War II, tens of thousands of Taiwanese served in the Japanese military. For example, former ROC President Lee Teng-hui's elder brother served in the Japanese navy and died while on duty in the Philippines in February 1945.\nThe Imperial Japanese Navy operated heavily out of Taiwanese ports. The \"South Strike Group\" was based at the Taihoku Imperial University in Taipei. Many of the Japanese forces participating in the Aerial Battle of Taiwan-Okinawa were based in Taiwan. Important Japanese military bases and industrial centres throughout Taiwan, like Kaohsiung, were targets of heavy American bombings. Also during this time, over 2,000 women were forced into sexual slavery for Imperial Japanese troops, now euphemistically called \"comfort women.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "36692", "question": "in what year did the japanese begin to bind themselves as japanese surnames ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 7, "text": "1935" } ] }, { "id": "36693", "question": "what movement did the japanese want to see themselves as japanese surnames ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Kominka Movement" } ] }, { "id": "36694", "question": "who was the elder brother of the japanese navy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 446, "text": "Lee Teng" } ] }, { "id": "36695", "question": "when was the philippines died ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 548, "text": "February 1945" } ] }, { "id": "36696", "question": "where was the south strike group based ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 673, "text": "Taihoku Imperial University" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1938, there were 309,000 Japanese settlers in Taiwan. After World War II, most of the Japanese were expelled and sent to Japan.", "qas": [ { "id": "36697", "question": "in what year were there japanese settlers in taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1938" } ] }, { "id": "36698", "question": "how many japanese settlers were in taiwan in 1938 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "309,000" } ] }, { "id": "36699", "question": "after what war were most of the japanese expelled to japan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "World War II" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 25 October 1945, the US Navy ferried ROC troops who were on behalf of the Allied Powers to Taiwan in order to accept the formal surrender of Japanese military forces in Taipei, as part of General Order No. 1 for temporary military occupation. General Rikichi And\u014d, governor-general of Taiwan and commander-in-chief of all Japanese forces on the island, signed the receipt and handed it over to General Chen Yi of the ROC military to complete the official turnover. Chen Yi proclaimed that day to be \"Taiwan Retrocession Day\", but the Allies considered Taiwan and the Penghu Islands to be under military occupation and still under Japanese sovereignty until 1952, when the Treaty of San Francisco took effect.", "qas": [ { "id": "36700", "question": "when did the us navy ferried troops to taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "25 October 1945" } ] }, { "id": "36701", "question": "what did the us navy want to accept the surrender ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "General Order No" } ] }, { "id": "36702", "question": "what was the name of the general who signed the official turnover ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 397, "text": "General Chen Yi" } ] }, { "id": "36703", "question": "what did chen yi proclaimed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 503, "text": "Taiwan Retrocession Day" } ] }, { "id": "36704", "question": "in what year did chen yi proclaimed effect ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 660, "text": "1952" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The ROC administration of Taiwan under Chen Yi was strained by increasing tensions between Taiwanese-born people and newly arrived mainlanders, which were compounded by economic woes, such as hyperinflation. Furthermore, cultural and linguistic conflicts between the two groups quickly led to the loss of popular support for the new government. The shooting of a civilian on 28 February 1947 triggered island-wide unrest, which was suppressed with military force in what is now called the February 28 Incident. Mainstream estimates of the number killed range from 18,000 to 30,000. Those killed were mainly members of the Taiwanese elite.", "qas": [ { "id": "36705", "question": "what was the name of the administration that led to taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "Chen Yi" } ] }, { "id": "36706", "question": "what was the name of the economic administration that arrived in taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "mainlanders" } ] }, { "id": "36707", "question": "what was the name of the economic economic administration of taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "hyperinflation" } ] }, { "id": "36708", "question": "when was the shooting of a civilian incident ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 375, "text": "28 February 1947" } ] }, { "id": "36709", "question": "when was the military force suppressed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 489, "text": "February 28 Incident" } ] }, { "id": "36710", "question": "how many range did the number of number of number killed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 564, "text": "18,000 to 30,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After the end of World War II, the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Chinese Nationalists (Kuomintang), led by Chiang Kai-shek, and the Communist Party of China, led by Mao Zedong. Throughout the months of 1949, a series of Chinese Communist offensives led to the capture of its capital Nanjing on 23 April and the subsequent defeat of the Nationalist army on the mainland, and the Communists founded the People's Republic of China on 1 October.", "qas": [ { "id": "36711", "question": "who was the kuomintang civil war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "Chinese Nationalists" } ] }, { "id": "36712", "question": "who led the chinese civil war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "Chiang Kai-shek, and the Communist Party of China" } ] }, { "id": "36713", "question": "who led the communist party of china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "Mao Zedong" } ] }, { "id": "36714", "question": "in what year did the chinese communist offensives begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "1949" } ] }, { "id": "36715", "question": "on what date did the chinese communist offensives occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "23 April" } ] }, { "id": "36716", "question": "when was the people 's republic of china founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 439, "text": "1 October" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 7 December 1949, after the loss of four capitals, Chiang evacuated his Nationalist government to Taiwan and made Taipei the temporary capital of the ROC (also called the \"wartime capital\" by Chiang Kai-shek). Some 2 million people, consisting mainly of soldiers, members of the ruling Kuomintang and intellectual and business elites, were evacuated from mainland China to Taiwan at that time, adding to the earlier population of approximately six million. In addition, the ROC government took to Taipei many national treasures and much of China's gold reserves and foreign currency reserves.", "qas": [ { "id": "36717", "question": "when did chiang evacuated his nationalist government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "7 December 1949" } ] }, { "id": "36718", "question": "who wrote the capital of the roc ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "Chiang Kai-shek" } ] }, { "id": "36719", "question": "how many people were evacuated from mainland china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "2 million" } ] }, { "id": "36720", "question": "how many people were evacuated from mainland china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 446, "text": "six million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After losing most of the mainland, the Kuomintang held remaining control of Tibet and Hainan Island until 1950 before the Communists subsequently captured both territories. From this point onwards, the Kuomintang's territory was only reduced to Taiwan, Kinmen, Matsu Islands, and two major islands of Dongsha Islands and Nansha Islands. The Kuomintang continued to claim sovereignty over all \"China\", which it defined to include mainland China, Taiwan, Outer Mongolia and other areas. On mainland China, the victorious Communists claimed they ruled the sole and only China (which they claimed included Taiwan) and that the Republic of China no longer existed.", "qas": [ { "id": "36721", "question": "what did the kuomintang held remaining control of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "Tibet and Hainan Island" } ] }, { "id": "36722", "question": "when did the kuomintang held remaining control of tibet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "1950" } ] }, { "id": "36723", "question": "where was the kuomintang 's territory only reduced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "Taiwan, Kinmen, Matsu Islands" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Martial law, declared on Taiwan in May 1949, continued to be in effect after the central government relocated to Taiwan. It was not repealed until 1987, and was used as a way to suppress the political opposition in the intervening years. During the White Terror, as the period is known, 140,000 people were imprisoned or executed for being perceived as anti-KMT or pro-Communist. Many citizens were arrested, tortured, imprisoned and executed for their real or perceived link to the Communists. Since these people were mainly from the intellectual and social elite, an entire generation of political and social leaders was decimated. In 1998 law was passed to create the \"Compensation Foundation for Improper Verdicts\" which oversaw compensation to White Terror victims and families. President Ma Ying-jeou made an official apology in 2008, expressing hope that there will never be a tragedy similar to White Terror.", "qas": [ { "id": "36724", "question": "when was martial law declared on taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "May 1949" } ] }, { "id": "36725", "question": "when was it not repealed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "1987" } ] }, { "id": "36726", "question": "how many people were imprisoned during the white terror ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "140,000" } ] }, { "id": "36727", "question": "what was passed in 1998 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 672, "text": "Compensation Foundation for Improper Verdicts" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Initially, the United States abandoned the KMT and expected that Taiwan would fall to the Communists. However, in 1950 the conflict between North Korea and South Korea, which had been ongoing since the Japanese withdrawal in 1945, escalated into full-blown war, and in the context of the Cold War, US President Harry S. Truman intervened again and dispatched the US Navy's 7th Fleet into the Taiwan Strait to prevent hostilities between Taiwan and mainland China. In the Treaty of San Francisco and the Treaty of Taipei, which came into force respectively on 28 April 1952 and 5 August 1952, Japan formally renounced all right, claim and title to Taiwan and Penghu, and renounced all treaties signed with China before 1942. Neither treaty specified to whom sovereignty over the islands should be transferred, because the United States and the United Kingdom disagreed on whether the ROC or the PRC was the legitimate government of China. Continuing conflict of the Chinese Civil War through the 1950s, and intervention by the United States notably resulted in legislation such as the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty and the Formosa Resolution of 1955.\nAs the Chinese Civil War continued without truce, the government built up military fortifications throughout Taiwan. Within this effort, KMT veterans built the now famous Central Cross-Island Highway through the Taroko Gorge in the 1950s. The two sides would continue to engage in sporadic military clashes with seldom publicized details well into the 1960s on the China coastal islands with an unknown number of night raids. During the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis in September 1958, Taiwan's landscape saw Nike-Hercules missile batteries added, with the formation of the 1st Missile Battalion Chinese Army that would not be deactivated until 1997. Newer generations of missile batteries have since replaced the Nike Hercules systems throughout the island.", "qas": [ { "id": "36728", "question": "when did the conflict between north korea and south korea end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "1950" } ] }, { "id": "36729", "question": "in what year was the conflict between north korea and south korea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "1945" } ] }, { "id": "36730", "question": "who was the president of the cold war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 311, "text": "Harry S. Truman" } ] }, { "id": "36731", "question": "what fleet did truman defeat into the taiwan strait ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 363, "text": "US Navy's 7th Fleet" } ] }, { "id": "36732", "question": "what was the date of the treaty of san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 577, "text": "5 August 1952" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the 1960s and 1970s, the ROC maintained an authoritarian, single-party government while its economy became industrialized and technology oriented. This rapid economic growth, known as the Taiwan Miracle, was the result of a fiscal regime independent from mainland China and backed up, among others, by the support of US funds and demand for Taiwanese products. In the 1970s, Taiwan was economically the second fastest growing state in Asia after Japan. Taiwan, along with Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore, became known as one of the Four Asian Tigers. Because of the Cold War, most Western nations and the United Nations regarded the ROC as the sole legitimate government of China until the 1970s. Later, especially after the termination of the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty, most nations switched diplomatic recognition to the PRC (see United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758).", "qas": [ { "id": "36733", "question": "what was the name of the rapid economic growth known for taiwanese products ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "Taiwan Miracle" } ] }, { "id": "36734", "question": "what was taiwan 's tigers known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 544, "text": "Four Asian Tigers" } ] }, { "id": "36735", "question": "what treaty did most nations switched diplomatic recognition to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 756, "text": "Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Up until the 1970s, the government was regarded by Western critics as undemocratic for upholding martial law, for severely repressing any political opposition and for controlling media. The KMT did not allow the creation of new parties and those that existed did not seriously compete with the KMT. Thus, competitive democratic elections did not exist. From the late 1970s to the 1990s, however, Taiwan went through reforms and social changes that transformed it from an authoritarian state to a democracy. In 1979, a pro-democracy protest known as the Kaohsiung Incident took place in Kaohsiung to celebrate Human Rights Day. Although the protest was rapidly crushed by the authorities, it is today considered as the main event that united Taiwan's opposition.", "qas": [ { "id": "36736", "question": "why was the government regarded as western critics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "undemocratic for upholding martial law" } ] }, { "id": "36737", "question": "in what year did the pro-democracy incident take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 510, "text": "1979" } ] }, { "id": "36738", "question": "what was the pro-democracy protest called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 553, "text": "Kaohsiung Incident" } ] }, { "id": "36739", "question": "what did the pro-democracy incident celebrate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 609, "text": "Human Rights Day" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chiang Ching-kuo, Chiang Kai-shek's son and successor as the president, began to liberalize the political system in the mid-1980s. In 1984, the younger Chiang selected Lee Teng-hui, a Taiwanese-born, US-educated technocrat, to be his vice-president. In 1986, the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) was formed and inaugurated as the first opposition party in the ROC to counter the KMT. A year later, Chiang Ching-kuo lifted martial law on the main island of Taiwan (martial law was lifted on Penghu in 1979, Matsu island in 1992 and Kinmen island in 1993). With the advent of democratization, the issue of the political status of Taiwan gradually resurfaced as a controversial issue where, previously, the discussion of anything other than unification under the ROC was taboo.", "qas": [ { "id": "36740", "question": "who was the president of chiang ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "Chiang Kai-shek's son and successor" } ] }, { "id": "36741", "question": "when was the younger chiang selected to be his vice-president ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "1984" } ] }, { "id": "36742", "question": "who was the younger chiang chiang ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "Lee Teng-hui" } ] }, { "id": "36743", "question": "who was the first opposition party in the roc ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "Democratic Progressive Party" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After the death of Chiang Ching-kuo in January 1988, Lee Teng-hui succeeded him as president. Lee continued to democratize the government and decrease the concentration of government authority in the hands of mainland Chinese. Under Lee, Taiwan underwent a process of localization in which Taiwanese culture and history were promoted over a pan-China viewpoint in contrast to earlier KMT policies which had promoted a Chinese identity. Lee's reforms included printing banknotes from the Central Bank rather than the Provincial Bank of Taiwan, and streamlining the Taiwan Provincial Government with most of its functions transferred to the Executive Yuan. Under Lee, the original members of the Legislative Yuan and National Assembly, elected in 1947 to represent mainland Chinese constituencies and having held the seats without re-election for more than four decades, were forced to resign in 1991. The previously nominal representation in the Legislative Yuan was brought to an end, reflecting the reality that the ROC had no jurisdiction over mainland China, and vice versa. Restrictions on the use of Taiwanese Hokkien in the broadcast media and in schools were also lifted.\nDemocratic reforms continued in the 1990s, with Lee Teng-hui re-elected in 1996, in the first direct presidential election in the history of the ROC. During the later years of Lee's administration, he was involved in corruption controversies relating to government release of land and weapons purchase, although no legal proceedings commenced. In 2000, Chen Shui-bian of the Democratic Progressive Party was elected as the first non-Kuomintang (KMT) President and was re-elected to serve his second and last term since 2004. Polarized politics has emerged in Taiwan with the formation of the Pan-Blue Coalition of parties led by the KMT, favouring eventual Chinese reunification, and the Pan-Green Coalition of parties led by the DPP, favouring an eventual and official declaration of Taiwanese independence.\nOn 30 September 2007, the ruling DPP approved a resolution asserting a separate identity from China and called for the enactment of a new constitution for a \"normal country\". It also called for general use of \"Taiwan\" as the country's name, without abolishing its formal name, the Republic of China. The Chen administration also pushed for referendums on national defence and UN entry in the 2004 and 2008 elections, which failed due to voter turnout below the required legal threshold of 50% of all registered voters. The Chen administration was dogged by public concerns over reduced economic growth, legislative gridlock due to a pan-blue, opposition-controlled Legislative Yuan and corruption involving the First Family as well as government officials.", "qas": [ { "id": "36744", "question": "when did chiang ching-kuo die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "January 1988" } ] }, { "id": "36745", "question": "who succeeded him ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "Lee Teng-hui" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The KMT increased its majority in the Legislative Yuan in the January 2008 legislative elections, while its nominee Ma Ying-jeou went on to win the presidency in March of the same year, campaigning on a platform of increased economic growth and better ties with the PRC under a policy of \"mutual nondenial\". Ma took office on 20 May 2008, the same day that President Chen Shui-bian stepped down and was notified by prosecutors of possible corruption charges. Part of the rationale for campaigning for closer economic ties with the PRC stems from the strong economic growth China attained since joining the World Trade Organization. However, some analysts say that despite the election of Ma Ying-jeou, the diplomatic and military tensions with the PRC have not been reduced.", "qas": [ { "id": "36746", "question": "when did the kmt increased its majority in the legislative yuan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "January 2008 legislative elections" } ] }, { "id": "36747", "question": "what was the name of the policy that the kmt increased in the legislative elections ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 289, "text": "mutual nondenial" } ] }, { "id": "36748", "question": "when did president chen become office ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 326, "text": "20 May 2008" } ] }, { "id": "36749", "question": "what was the name of the president that was notified of corruption ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 357, "text": "President Chen Shui-bian stepped down" } ] }, { "id": "36750", "question": "what organization did the trade stems from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 606, "text": "World Trade Organization" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The total area of the current jurisdiction of the Republic of China is , making it the world's 137th-largest country/dependency, smaller than Switzerland and larger than Belgium.", "qas": [ { "id": "36751", "question": "what is the total area of the republic of china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "137th-largest country/dependency" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The island of Taiwan lies some off the southeastern coast of mainland China, which lies across the Taiwan Strait, and has an area of . The East China Sea lies to the north, the Philippine Sea to the east, the Bashi Channel of the Luzon Strait directly to the south, and the South China Sea to the southwest. All are arms of the Pacific Ocean.\nThe shape of the main island of Taiwan is similar to a sweet potato or tobacco leaf seen in a south-to-north direction, and therefore, Taiwanese (especially Min Nan speakers) often call themselves \"children of the Sweet Potato.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "36752", "question": "what is the name of the channel in the east ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "the Bashi Channel of the Luzon Strait" } ] }, { "id": "36753", "question": "what is the name of the sea in which the east china sea is located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "South China Sea" } ] }, { "id": "36754", "question": "all arms are arms of what ocean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "Pacific Ocean" } ] }, { "id": "36755", "question": "what is the shape of the main island of taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 398, "text": "sweet potato or tobacco leaf" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The island is characterized by the contrast between the eastern two-thirds, consisting mostly of rugged mountains running in five ranges from the northern to the southern tip of the island, and the flat to gently rolling Chianan Plains in the west that are also home to most of Taiwan's population. Taiwan's highest point is Yu Shan (Jade Mountain) at ; Taiwan is the world's fourth-highest island.", "qas": [ { "id": "36756", "question": "the island is characterized by what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "eastern two-thirds" } ] }, { "id": "36757", "question": "what type of mountains is running in five ranges ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "rugged mountains" } ] }, { "id": "36758", "question": "what is the flat to most of taiwan 's population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 221, "text": "Chianan Plains" } ] }, { "id": "36759", "question": "what is taiwan 's highest point ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 325, "text": "Yu Shan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Penghu Islands, west of the main island, have an area of . More distant islands controlled by the Republic of China are the Kinmen, Wuchiu and Matsu Islands off the coast of Fujian, with a total area of , and the Pratas Islands and Taiping Island in the South China Sea, with a total area of and no permanent inhabitants.", "qas": [ { "id": "36760", "question": "what is the name of the islands in the main island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Penghu Islands" } ] }, { "id": "36761", "question": "what are the names of the islands controlled by the republic of china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "Kinmen, Wuchiu and Matsu Islands" } ] }, { "id": "36762", "question": "what two islands are in the south china sea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "Pratas Islands and Taiping Island" } ] }, { "id": "36763", "question": "where is taiping island located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "South China Sea" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Taiwan lies on the Tropic of Cancer, and its general climate is marine tropical. The northern and central regions are subtropical, whereas the south is tropical and the mountainous regions are temperate. The average rainfall is per year for the island proper; the rainy season is concurrent with the onset of the summer East Asian Monsoon in May and June. The entire island experiences hot, humid weather from June through September. Typhoons are most common in July, August and September. During the winter (November to March), the northeast experiences steady rain, while the central and southern parts of the island are mostly sunny.", "qas": [ { "id": "36764", "question": "what does taiwan stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 19, "text": "Tropic of Cancer" } ] }, { "id": "36765", "question": "what is taiwan 's general climate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "marine tropical" } ] }, { "id": "36766", "question": "what is the northern and central regions of the northern and central regions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "subtropical" } ] }, { "id": "36767", "question": "the rainy season is concurrent with what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 320, "text": "East Asian Monsoon" } ] }, { "id": "36768", "question": "when was the summer east asian monsoon concurrent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 342, "text": "May and June" } ] }, { "id": "36769", "question": "when are typhoons most common ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 462, "text": "July, August and September" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The island of Taiwan lies in a complex tectonic area between the Yangtze Plate to the west and north, the Okinawa Plate on the north-east, and the Philippine Mobile Belt on the east and south. The upper part of the crust on the island is primarily made up of a series of terranes, mostly old island arcs which have been forced together by the collision of the forerunners of the Eurasian Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate. These have been further uplifted as a result of the detachment of a portion of the Eurasian Plate as it was subducted beneath remnants of the Philippine Sea Plate, a process which left the crust under Taiwan more buoyant.", "qas": [ { "id": "36770", "question": "where is the island of taiwan located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Okinawa Plate" } ] }, { "id": "36771", "question": "what is the island of taiwan called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Philippine Mobile Belt" } ] }, { "id": "36772", "question": "what is the upper part of the crust on the island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "terranes" } ] }, { "id": "36773", "question": "what are the collision of the old island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 379, "text": "Eurasian Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate" } ] }, { "id": "36774", "question": "what was the name of the process that left the detachment of a portion of the eurasian plate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 566, "text": "Philippine Sea Plate" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The east and south of Taiwan are a complex system of belts formed by, and part of the zone of, active collision between the North Luzon Trough portion of the Luzon Volcanic Arc and South China, where accreted portions of the Luzon Arc and Luzon forearc form the eastern Coastal Range and parallel inland Longitudinal Valley of Taiwan respectively.", "qas": [ { "id": "36775", "question": "what is the name of the portion of the luzon volcanic arc ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "North Luzon Trough" } ] }, { "id": "36776", "question": "what are the active collision of the east and south of taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "Luzon Volcanic Arc and South China" } ] }, { "id": "36777", "question": "what are the portions of the eastern coastal range ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "Luzon Arc and Luzon forearc" } ] }, { "id": "36778", "question": "what is the name of the range of the luzon arc ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "eastern Coastal Range" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The major seismic faults in Taiwan correspond to the various suture zones between the various terranes. These have produced major quakes throughout the history of the island. On 21 September 1999, a 7.3 quake known as the \"921 earthquake\" killed more than 2,400 people. The seismic hazard map for Taiwan by the USGS shows 9/10 of the island as the highest rating (most hazardous).", "qas": [ { "id": "36779", "question": "when did the `` 921 earthquake '' begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "21 September 1999" } ] }, { "id": "36780", "question": "what was the name of the 7.3 quake known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "921 earthquake" } ] }, { "id": "36781", "question": "how many people were killed in 1999 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "2,400" } ] }, { "id": "36782", "question": "what is the highest rating of the seismic hazard ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "9/10" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The political and legal statuses of Taiwan are contentious issues. The People's Republic of China (PRC) claims that the Republic of China government is illegitimate, referring to it as the \"Taiwan Authority\". The ROC, however, with its own constitution, independently elected president and armed forces, continues to view itself as a sovereign state. The territory being controlled by the state has never been controlled by the PRC. Internationally, there is controversy on whether the ROC still exists as a state or a defunct state per international law due to the lack of wide diplomatic recognition. In a poll of Taiwanese aged 20 and older taken by TVBS in March 2009, a majority of 64% opted for the status quo, while 19% favoured independence and 5% favoured \"unification\".", "qas": [ { "id": "36783", "question": "what is the republic of china called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "Taiwan Authority" } ] }, { "id": "36784", "question": "what is the roc still exists as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 506, "text": "a state or a defunct state per international law" } ] }, { "id": "36785", "question": "what percentage of taiwanese 2009 was opted for the status of taiwanese aged ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 687, "text": "64%" } ] }, { "id": "36786", "question": "what percentage of taiwanese independence were favoured independence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 723, "text": "19%" } ] }, { "id": "36787", "question": "what percentage of people favoured `` unification '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 753, "text": "5%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The political environment is complicated by the potential for military conflict should Taiwan make overt actions toward de jure independence; it is the official PRC policy to use force to ensure reunification if peaceful reunification is no longer possible, as stated in its anti-secession law, and for this reason there are substantial military installations on the Fujian coast. However, in recent years, the PRC has moved towards promoting peaceful relations, including stronger economic ties, with the current ROC government aimed at unification through the one country, two systems formula or maintaining the status quo under the 1992 Consensus.", "qas": [ { "id": "36788", "question": "how is the political environment complicated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "military conflict should Taiwan make overt actions toward de jure independence" } ] }, { "id": "36789", "question": "what is the official prc policy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "the official PRC policy to use force to ensure reunification if peaceful reunification is no longer possible" } ] }, { "id": "36790", "question": "what type of law is reunification no longer possible in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "anti-secession law" } ] }, { "id": "36791", "question": "how many systems did the prc have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 575, "text": "two systems formula or maintaining the status quo under the 1992 Consensus" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 29 April 2005, Kuomintang Chairman Lien Chan travelled to Beijing and met with Communist Party of China (CPC) Secretary-General Hu Jintao, the first meeting between the leaders of the two parties since the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949. On 11 February 2014, Mainland Affairs Council Head Wang Yu-chi travelled to Nanjing and met with Taiwan Affairs Office Head Zhang Zhijun, the first meeting between high-ranking officials from either side. Zhang paid a reciprocal visit to Taiwan and met Wang on 25 June 2014, making Zhang the first minister-level PRC official to ever visit Taiwan. On 7 November 2015, Ma Ying-jeou (in his capacity as \"Leader of Taiwan\") and Xi Jinping (in his capacity as \"Leader of Mainland China\") travelled to Singapore and met up, marking the highest-level exchange between the two sides since 1949.", "qas": [ { "id": "36792", "question": "who was the first meeting to beijing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "Kuomintang Chairman Lien Chan" } ] }, { "id": "36793", "question": "who was the first meeting between the leaders of the two parties ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "Secretary-General Hu Jintao" } ] }, { "id": "36794", "question": "when was the chinese civil war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "1949" } ] }, { "id": "36795", "question": "who was the first meeting to nanjing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 268, "text": "Mainland Affairs Council Head Wang Yu-chi" } ] }, { "id": "36796", "question": "who was the first meeting between high-ranking officials and nanjing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 344, "text": "Taiwan Affairs Office Head Zhang Zhijun" } ] }, { "id": "36797", "question": "when did zhang paid to taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 508, "text": "25 June 2014" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The PRC supports a version of the One-China policy, which states that Taiwan and mainland China are both part of China, and that the PRC is the only legitimate government of China. It uses this policy to prevent the international recognition of the ROC as an independent sovereign state, meaning that Taiwan participates in international forums under the name \"Chinese Taipei\". With the emergence of the Taiwanese independence movement, the name \"Taiwan\" has been employed increasingly often on the island.", "qas": [ { "id": "36798", "question": "which two countries are both part of the prc ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "Taiwan and mainland China" } ] }, { "id": "36799", "question": "what is the prc ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "the only legitimate government of China" } ] }, { "id": "36800", "question": "what does the prc do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "prevent the international recognition of the ROC as an independent sovereign state" } ] }, { "id": "36801", "question": "what is the name of the name of taiwan 's name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 361, "text": "Chinese Taipei" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Before 1928, the foreign policy of Republican China was complicated by a lack of internal unity\u2014competing centres of power all claimed legitimacy. This situation changed after the defeat of the Peiyang Government by the Kuomintang, which led to widespread diplomatic recognition of the Republic of China.", "qas": [ { "id": "36802", "question": "when was the foreign policy of republican china complicated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 7, "text": "1928" } ] }, { "id": "36803", "question": "how was the foreign policy of republican china complicated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "a lack of internal unity" } ] }, { "id": "36804", "question": "what was the foreign policy of republican china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "competing centres of power all claimed legitimacy" } ] }, { "id": "36805", "question": "who led the kuomintang , which led to the republic of china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "Peiyang Government" } ] }, { "id": "36806", "question": "who led the government to widespread the republic of china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "the Kuomintang" } ] }, { "id": "36807", "question": "what did the kuomintang , kuomintang , led to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "widespread diplomatic recognition of the Republic of China" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After the KMT's retreat to Taiwan, most countries, notably the countries in the Western Bloc, continued to maintain relations with the ROC. Due to diplomatic pressure, recognition gradually eroded and many countries switched recognition to the PRC in the 1970s. UN Resolution 2758 (25 October 1971) recognized the People's Republic of China as China's sole representative in the United Nations.", "qas": [ { "id": "36808", "question": "who recognized the people 's republic of china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 276, "text": "2758" } ] }, { "id": "36809", "question": "when was the un resolution of china recognized ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "25 October 1971" } ] }, { "id": "36810", "question": "what was the name of china 's sole representative ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 314, "text": "People's Republic of China" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The PRC refuses to have diplomatic relations with any nation that recognizes the ROC, and requires all nations with which it has diplomatic relations to make a statement recognizing its claims to Taiwan. As a result, only and the Holy See maintain official diplomatic relations with the Republic of China. The ROC maintains unofficial relations with most countries via \"de facto\" embassies and consulates called Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Offices (TECRO), with branch offices called \"Taipei Economic and Cultural Offices\" (TECO). Both TECRO and TECO are \"unofficial commercial entities\" of the ROC in charge of maintaining diplomatic relations, providing consular services (i.e. visa applications), and serving the national interests of the ROC in other countries.", "qas": [ { "id": "36811", "question": "what does the prc do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "diplomatic relations to make a statement recognizing its claims to Taiwan" } ] }, { "id": "36812", "question": "what are the offices of the roc ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 412, "text": "Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Offices" } ] }, { "id": "36813", "question": "what are the names of the branch of the branch offices ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 501, "text": "Taipei Economic and Cultural Offices" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The United States remains one of the main allies of the country and, through the Taiwan Relations Act passed in 1979, has continued selling arms and providing military training to the Armed Forces. This situation continues to be an issue for the People's Republic of China which considers US involvement disruptive to the stability of the region. In January 2010, the Obama administration announced its intention to sell $6.4 billion worth of military hardware to Taiwan. As a consequence, the PRC threatened the US with economic sanctions and warned that their co-operation on international and regional issues could suffer.", "qas": [ { "id": "36814", "question": "what act passed in 1979 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "Taiwan Relations Act" } ] }, { "id": "36815", "question": "when was the taiwan relations act passed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "1979" } ] }, { "id": "36816", "question": "what considers us involvement disruptive to the stability ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "People's Republic of China" } ] }, { "id": "36817", "question": "how much money did the obama administration sell to taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 421, "text": "$6.4 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The official position of the United States is that the PRC is expected to \"use no force or threat[en] to use force against Taiwan\" and the ROC is to \"exercise prudence in managing all aspects of Cross-Strait relations.\" Both are to refrain from performing actions or espousing statements \"that would unilaterally alter Taiwan's status.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "36818", "question": "what is the official position of the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "use no force or threat[en] to use force against Taiwan\"" } ] }, { "id": "36819", "question": "what is the roc expected to use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "exercise prudence in managing all aspects of Cross-Strait relations" } ] }, { "id": "36820", "question": "what are the statements that would refrain taiwan 's status from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "performing actions or espousing statements" } ] }, { "id": "36821", "question": "what are both performing actions or espousing statements ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 289, "text": "that would unilaterally alter Taiwan's status" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 16 December 2015, the Obama administration announced a deal to sell $1.83 billion worth of arms to the armed forces of the ROC. China's foreign ministry had expressed its disapproval for the sales and issued the US a \"stern warning\", saying it would hurt China\u2013US relations.", "qas": [ { "id": "36822", "question": "when did the obama administration announce a deal to the armed forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "16 December 2015" } ] }, { "id": "36823", "question": "how much money did the obama administration sell to the armed forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "$1.83 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The ROC was a founding member of the United Nations, and held the seat of China on the Security Council and other UN bodies until 1971, when it was expelled by Resolution 2758 and replaced in all UN organs with the PRC. Each year since 1992, the ROC has petitioned the UN for entry, but its applications have not made it past committee.\nDue to its limited international recognition, the Republic of China is a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, represented by a government-funded organization, the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy (TFD) under the name \"Taiwan\".", "qas": [ { "id": "36824", "question": "in what year was the seat of china expelled ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "1971" } ] }, { "id": "36825", "question": "who expelled the seat of china in 1971 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "Resolution 2758" } ] }, { "id": "36826", "question": "in what year did the roc begin to petitioned the un ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "1992" } ] }, { "id": "36827", "question": "who is the republic of china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 424, "text": "Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Also due to its One China policy, the PRC only participates in international organizations where the ROC is not recognized as a sovereign country. Most member states, including the United States, do not wish to discuss the issue of the ROC's political status for fear of souring diplomatic ties with the PRC. However, both the US and Japan publicly support the ROC's bid for membership in the World Health Organization as an observer. However, though the ROC has sought to participate in the WHO since 1997, their efforts have consistently been blocked by the PRC, until 2010, when they were invited as observers to attend the World Health Assembly, under the name \"Chinese Taipei\".", "qas": [ { "id": "36828", "question": "what is the prc ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "the ROC is not recognized as a sovereign country" } ] }, { "id": "36829", "question": "when did the roc begin to participate in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 502, "text": "1997" } ] }, { "id": "36830", "question": "when did the prc begin to attend the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 571, "text": "2010" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Due to PRC pressure, the ROC is forced to use the name \"Chinese Taipei\" in international events, such as the Olympic Games, where the PRC is also a party. The ROC is typically barred from using its national anthem and national flag in international events due to PRC pressure; ROC spectators attending events such as the Olympics are often barred from bringing ROC flags into venues. The ROC is able to participate as \"China\" in organizations that the PRC does not participate in, such as the World Organization of the Scout Movement.", "qas": [ { "id": "36831", "question": "what is the olympic games called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Chinese Taipei" } ] }, { "id": "36832", "question": "what is an example of a party that is forced to use the name `` chinese '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "the Olympic Games" } ] }, { "id": "36833", "question": "what is the roc typically barred from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "using its national anthem and national flag" } ] }, { "id": "36834", "question": "what is the purpose of the olympics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 317, "text": "the Olympics are often barred from bringing ROC flags into venues" } ] }, { "id": "36835", "question": "what is the name of the movement that the prc does not participate in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 493, "text": "World Organization of the Scout Movement" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Within Taiwan, opinions are polarized between those supporting unification, represented by the Pan-Blue Coalition of parties, and those supporting independence, represented by the Pan-Green Coalition.", "qas": [ { "id": "36836", "question": "who represented opinions within taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "the Pan-Blue Coalition of parties" } ] }, { "id": "36837", "question": "who represented opinions within taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "Pan-Green Coalition" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The KMT, the largest Pan-Blue party, supports the status quo for the indefinite future with a stated ultimate goal of unification. However, it does not support unification in the short term with the PRC as such a prospect would be unacceptable to most of its members and the public. Ma Ying-jeou, chairman of the KMT and former president of the ROC, has set out democracy, economic development to a level near that of Taiwan, and equitable wealth distribution as the conditions that the PRC must fulfill for reunification to occur.", "qas": [ { "id": "36838", "question": "what is the kmt kmt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "Pan-Blue party" } ] }, { "id": "36839", "question": "what does the kmt kmt provide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "the status quo for the indefinite future with a stated ultimate goal of unification" } ] }, { "id": "36840", "question": "why is the prc not unification ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "a prospect would be unacceptable to most of its members and the public" } ] }, { "id": "36841", "question": "what is the name of the chairman of the kmt and former president ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 283, "text": "Ma Ying-jeou" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Democratic Progressive Party, the largest Pan-Green party, officially seeks independence, but in practice also supports the status quo because its members and the public would not accept the risk of provoking the PRC.", "qas": [ { "id": "36842", "question": "what is the largest pan-green party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Democratic Progressive Party" } ] }, { "id": "36843", "question": "what is the name of the democratic progressive party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Pan-Green party" } ] }, { "id": "36844", "question": "what do the democratic progressive party supports ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "the status quo because its members and the public would not accept the risk of provoking the PRC" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 2 September 2008, Mexican newspaper \"El Sol de M\u00e9xico\" asked President Ma about his views on the subject of \"two Chinas\" and if there was a solution for the sovereignty issues between the two. The president replied that the relations are neither between two Chinas nor two states. It is a special relationship. Further, he stated that the sovereignty issues between the two cannot be resolved at present, but he quoted the \"1992 Consensus\", currently accepted by both the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China, as a temporary measure until a solution becomes available.", "qas": [ { "id": "36845", "question": "when did el sol de m\u00e9xico asked president ma ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2 September 2008" } ] }, { "id": "36846", "question": "what was the name of the mexican newspaper that asked president ma ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "El Sol de M\u00e9xico" } ] }, { "id": "36847", "question": "what was the subject of el sol de m\u00e9xico asked to be ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "two Chinas" } ] }, { "id": "36848", "question": "what was the president of the president ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "the relations are neither between two Chinas nor two states" } ] }, { "id": "36849", "question": "who accepted the `` 1992 consensus '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 471, "text": "the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The relationship with the PRC and the related issues of Taiwanese independence and Chinese reunification continue to dominate politics.", "qas": [ { "id": "36850", "question": "what did the relationship with the prc do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Taiwanese independence and Chinese reunification continue to dominate politics" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The government of the Republic of China was founded on the Constitution of the ROC and its Three Principles of the People, which states that the ROC \"shall be a democratic republic of the people, to be governed by the people and for the people.\" The government is divided into five administrative branches (\"Yuan\"): the Executive Yuan (cabinet), the Legislative Yuan, the Judicial Yuan, the Control Yuan (audit agency), and the Examination Yuan (civil service examination agency). The Pan-Blue and Pan-Green coalitions are presently the dominant political blocs in the Republic of China.", "qas": [ { "id": "36851", "question": "what was the government of the republic of china founded on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "the Constitution of the ROC and its Three Principles of the People" } ] }, { "id": "36852", "question": "the government of the republic of china was founded by what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "the ROC \"shall be a democratic republic of the people" } ] }, { "id": "36853", "question": "how many administrative branches does the government have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "five" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces is the president, who is elected by popular vote for a maximum of 2 four-year terms on the same ticket as the vice-president. The president has authority over the Yuan. The president appoints the members of the Executive Yuan as his cabinet, including a premier, who is officially the President of the Executive Yuan; members are responsible for policy and administration.", "qas": [ { "id": "36854", "question": "who is the president of the armed forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces" } ] }, { "id": "36855", "question": "what is the president of the armed forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "2 four-year terms on the same ticket as the vice-president" } ] }, { "id": "36856", "question": "who does the president have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "The president has authority over the Yuan" } ] }, { "id": "36857", "question": "who is the president of the president ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "Executive Yuan" } ] }, { "id": "36858", "question": "who is a premier president ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 342, "text": "the President of the Executive Yuan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The main legislative body is the unicameral Legislative Yuan with 113 seats. Seventy-three are elected by popular vote from single-member constituencies; thirty-four are elected based on the proportion of nationwide votes received by participating political parties in a separate party list ballot; and six are elected from two three-member aboriginal constituencies. Members serve four-year terms. Originally the unicameral National Assembly, as a standing constitutional convention and electoral college, held some parliamentary functions, but the National Assembly was abolished in 2005 with the power of constitutional amendments handed over to the Legislative Yuan and all eligible voters of the Republic via referendums.", "qas": [ { "id": "36859", "question": "how many seats does the main legislative body have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "113 seats" } ] }, { "id": "36860", "question": "what is elected based on the proportion of nationwide votes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "thirty-four" } ] }, { "id": "36861", "question": "how are the votes elected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "nationwide votes received by participating political parties in a separate party list ballot" } ] }, { "id": "36862", "question": "how many aboriginal constituencies are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "two three-member aboriginal constituencies" } ] }, { "id": "36863", "question": "when was the national assembly abolished ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 585, "text": "2005" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The premier is selected by the president without the need for approval from the legislature, but the legislature can pass laws without regard for the president, as neither he nor the Premier wields veto power. Thus, there is little incentive for the president and the legislature to negotiate on legislation if they are of opposing parties. After the election of the pan-Green's Chen Shui-bian as President in 2000, legislation repeatedly stalled because of deadlock with the Legislative Yuan, which was controlled by a pan-Blue majority. Historically, the ROC has been dominated by strongman single party politics. This legacy has resulted in executive powers currently being concentrated in the office of the president rather than the premier, even though the constitution does not explicitly state the extent of the president's executive power.", "qas": [ { "id": "36864", "question": "who selected the premier league ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "the president without the need for approval from the legislature" } ] }, { "id": "36865", "question": "what happens to the legislature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "the legislature can pass laws without regard for the president" } ] }, { "id": "36866", "question": "what is the president of the premier league ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "the Premier wields veto power" } ] }, { "id": "36867", "question": "who was president in 2000 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 379, "text": "Chen Shui-bian" } ] }, { "id": "36868", "question": "in what year did chen shui-bian become president ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 410, "text": "2000" } ] }, { "id": "36869", "question": "what was the legislative yuan controlled by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 518, "text": "a pan-Blue majority" } ] }, { "id": "36870", "question": "what dominated the roc ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 583, "text": "strongman single party politics" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Judicial Yuan is the highest judicial organ. It interprets the constitution and other laws and decrees, judges administrative suits, and disciplines public functionaries. The president and vice-president of the Judicial Yuan and additional thirteen justices form the Council of Grand Justices. They are nominated and appointed by the president, with the consent of the Legislative Yuan. The highest court, the Supreme Court, consists of a number of civil and criminal divisions, each of which is formed by a presiding judge and four associate judges, all appointed for life. In 1993, a separate constitutional court was established to resolve constitutional disputes, regulate the activities of political parties and accelerate the democratization process. There is no trial by jury but the right to a fair public trial is protected by law and respected in practice; many cases are presided over by multiple judges.", "qas": [ { "id": "36871", "question": "who is the highest judicial organ ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Judicial Yuan" } ] }, { "id": "36872", "question": "what are some laws that the judicial yuan interprets the constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "judges administrative suits, and disciplines public functionaries" } ] }, { "id": "36873", "question": "what is the president of the grand justices ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "The president and vice-president of the Judicial Yuan and additional thirteen justices form the Council of Grand Justices" } ] }, { "id": "36874", "question": "what are the president appointed by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 354, "text": "the consent of the Legislative Yuan" } ] }, { "id": "36875", "question": "how is the supreme court formed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 510, "text": "a presiding judge and four associate judges" } ] }, { "id": "36876", "question": "in what year was a separate constitutional court established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 582, "text": "1993" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Capital punishment is still used in Taiwan, although efforts have been made by the government to reduce the number of executions. Nevertheless, according to a survey in 2006, about 80% of Taiwanese still wanted to keep the death penalty.", "qas": [ { "id": "36877", "question": "in what year did a survey of taiwanese still wanted to keep the death penalty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "2006" } ] }, { "id": "36878", "question": "what percentage of taiwanese still wanted to keep the death penalty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "80%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Control Yuan is a watchdog agency that monitors (controls) the actions of the executive. It can be considered a standing commission for administrative inquiry and can be compared to the Court of Auditors of the European Union or the Government Accountability Office of the United States.", "qas": [ { "id": "36879", "question": "what is the control of yuan control ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "monitors (controls) the actions of the executive" } ] }, { "id": "36880", "question": "what is the standing commission for administrative inquiry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "Court of Auditors of the European Union or the Government Accountability Office of the United States" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Examination Yuan is in charge of validating the qualification of civil servants. It is based on the old imperial examination system used in dynastic China. It can be compared to the European Personnel Selection Office of the European Union or the Office of Personnel Management of the United States.", "qas": [ { "id": "36881", "question": "what is yuan charge of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "validating the qualification of civil servants" } ] }, { "id": "36882", "question": "where is the old imperial examination system used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "dynastic China" } ] }, { "id": "36883", "question": "what can the yuan be compared to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "European Personnel Selection Office of the European Union or the Office of Personnel Management of the United States" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The constitution of the Republic of China was drafted before the fall of mainland China to the Communist Party of China. It was created by the KMT for the purpose of all of its claimed territory, including Taiwan, even though the Communist Party boycotted the drafting of the constitution. The constitution went into effect on 25 December 1947.", "qas": [ { "id": "36884", "question": "when was the constitution of china drafted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "the fall of mainland China to the Communist Party of China" } ] }, { "id": "36885", "question": "when did the constitution begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 327, "text": "25 December 1947" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The ROC remained under martial law from 1948 until 1987 and much of the constitution was not in effect. Political reforms beginning in the late 1970s and continuing through the early 1990s liberalized the country and transformed into a multiparty democracy. Since the lifting of martial law, the Republic of China has democratized and reformed, suspending constitutional components that were originally meant for the whole of China. This process of amendment continues. In 2000, the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) won the presidency, ending KMT's continuous control of the government. In May 2005, a new National Assembly was elected to reduce the number of parliamentary seats and implement several constitutional reforms. These reforms have been passed; the National Assembly has essentially voted to abolish itself and transfer the power of constitutional reform to the popular ballot.", "qas": [ { "id": "36886", "question": "in what year was the roc under martial law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "1948" } ] }, { "id": "36887", "question": "in what year did the martial law begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "1987" } ] }, { "id": "36888", "question": "in what year did the democratic progressive party win the presidency ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 473, "text": "2000" } ] }, { "id": "36889", "question": "who won the presidency in 2000 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 483, "text": "Democratic Progressive Party" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The tension between China and Taiwan colours most of the political life, and any government move towards \"Taiwan independence\" is met by threat of military attack from the PRC. The PRC's official policy is to reunify Taiwan and mainland China under the formula of \"one country, two systems\" and refuses to renounce the use of military force, especially should Taiwan seek a declaration of independence.", "qas": [ { "id": "36890", "question": "what is the name of the government that the government move to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Taiwan independence" } ] }, { "id": "36891", "question": "what met the tension between china and taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "threat of military attack from the PRC" } ] }, { "id": "36892", "question": "what is the official policy of the prc ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "reunify Taiwan and mainland China" } ] }, { "id": "36893", "question": "what is the formula of the prc ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "\"one country, two systems\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The political scene is generally divided into two major camps in terms of views on how Taiwan should relate to China or the PRC, referred to as cross-Strait relations. It is the main political difference between two camps: the Pan-Blue Coalition, composed of the pro-unification Kuomintang, People First Party (PFP), and New Party, who believe that the ROC is the sole legitimate government of \"China\" (including Taiwan) and supports eventual Chinese reunification. The opposition Pan-Green Coalition is composed of the pro-independence DPP and Taiwan Solidarity Union (TSU). It regards Taiwan as an independent, sovereign state synonymous with the ROC, opposes the definition that Taiwan is part of \"China\", and seeks wide diplomatic recognition and an eventual declaration of formal Taiwan independence. The Pan-Green camp tends to favour emphasizing the Republic of China as being a distinct country from the People's Republic of China. Thus, in September 2007, the then ruling Democratic Progressive Party approved a resolution asserting separate identity from China and called for the enactment of a new constitution for a \"\"normal country\"\". It called also for general use of \"\"Taiwan\"\" as the country's name, without abolishing its formal name, the \"Republic of China\". Some members of the coalition, such as former President Chen Shui-bian, argue that it is unnecessary to proclaim independence because \"Taiwan is already an independent, sovereign country\" and the Republic of China is the same as Taiwan. Despite being a member of KMT prior to and during his presidency, Lee Teng-hui also held a similar view and was a supporter of the Taiwanization movement.", "qas": [ { "id": "36894", "question": "what are the major camps of the political scene ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "China or the PRC" } ] }, { "id": "36895", "question": "what is the prc referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "cross-Strait relations" } ] }, { "id": "36896", "question": "who is the sole legitimate government of `` china '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 291, "text": "People First Party (PFP), and New Party" } ] }, { "id": "36897", "question": "what pro-independence union is the opposition of the opposition pan-green coalition ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 537, "text": "DPP and Taiwan Solidarity Union" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Pan-Blue members generally support the concept of the One-China policy, which states that there is only one China and that its only government is the ROC. They favour eventual re-unification of China. The more mainstream Pan-Blue position is to lift investment restrictions and pursue negotiations with the PRC to immediately open direct transportation links. Regarding independence, the mainstream Pan-Blue position is to maintain the status quo, while refusing immediate reunification. President Ma Ying-jeou stated that there will be no unification nor declaration of independence during his presidency. , Pan-Blue members usually seek to improve relationships with mainland China, with a current focus on improving economic ties.", "qas": [ { "id": "36898", "question": "what is the more mainstream pan-blue position ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "lift investment restrictions and pursue negotiations with the PRC to immediately open direct transportation links" } ] }, { "id": "36899", "question": "what is the mainstream position of independence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 423, "text": "maintain the status quo" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The dominant political issue in Taiwan is its relationship with the PRC. For almost 60\u00a0years, there were no direct transportation links, including direct flights, between Taiwan and mainland China. This was a problem for many Taiwanese businesses that had opened factories or branches in mainland China. The former DPP administration feared that such links would lead to tighter economic and political integration with mainland China, and in the 2006 Lunar New Year Speech, President Chen Shui-bian called for managed opening of links. Direct weekend charter flights between Taiwan and mainland China began in July 2008 under the current KMT government, and the first direct daily charter flights took off in December 2008.", "qas": [ { "id": "36900", "question": "where were direct flights in china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "Taiwan and mainland China" } ] }, { "id": "36901", "question": "who called for managed opening of links ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 474, "text": "President Chen Shui-bian" } ] }, { "id": "36902", "question": "when did flights between taiwan and mainland china begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 610, "text": "July 2008" } ] }, { "id": "36903", "question": "when did the first direct daily charter begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 709, "text": "December 2008" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other major political issues include the passage of an arms procurement bill that the United States authorized in 2001. In 2008, however, the United States was reluctant to send over more arms to Taiwan out of fear that it would hinder the recent improvement of ties between the PRC and the ROC. Another major political issue is the establishment of a National Communications Commission to take over from the Government Information Office, whose advertising budget exercised great control over the media.", "qas": [ { "id": "36904", "question": "in what year did the united states rule the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "2001" } ] }, { "id": "36905", "question": "in what year was the united states reluctant to send over more arms to taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "2008" } ] }, { "id": "36906", "question": "what was the united states reluctant to send to taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "send over more arms to Taiwan out of fear that it would hinder the recent improvement of ties between the PRC and the ROC" } ] }, { "id": "36907", "question": "what is the name of the commission that take place from the government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 352, "text": "National Communications Commission" } ] }, { "id": "36908", "question": "what office is the national communications commission to take over ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 409, "text": "Government Information Office" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The politicians and their parties have themselves become major political issues. Corruption among some DPP administration officials has been exposed. In early 2006, President Chen Shui-bian was linked to possible corruption. The political effect on President Chen Shui-bian was great, causing a divide in the DPP leadership and supporters alike. It eventually led to the creation of a political camp led by ex-DPP leader Shih Ming-teh which believes the president should resign. The KMT assets continue to be another major issue, as it was once the richest political party in the world. Nearing the end of 2006, KMT's chairman Ma Ying-jeou was also hit by corruption controversies, although he has since then been cleared of any wrongdoings by the courts. After completing his second term as President, Chen Shui-bian was charged with corruption and money laundering. Following his conviction, he is serving a 17-year sentence in Taipei Prison.", "qas": [ { "id": "36909", "question": "who was linked to possible corruption in 2006 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "President Chen Shui-bian" } ] }, { "id": "36910", "question": "who was the political effect of the political effect ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "President Chen Shui-bian" } ] }, { "id": "36911", "question": "who believes that the president should resign ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 421, "text": "Shih Ming-teh" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Roughly 84% of Taiwan's population descends from Han Chinese who migrated from China between 1661 and 1895. Another significant fraction descends from Han Chinese who immigrated from China in the 1940s and 1950s. The shared cultural origin combined with several hundred years of geographical separation, some hundred years of political separation and foreign influences, as well as hostility between the rival ROC and PRC have resulted in national identity being a contentious issue with political overtones. Since democratization and the lifting of martial law, a distinct Taiwanese identity (as opposed to Taiwanese identity as a subset of a Chinese identity) is often at the heart of political debates. Its acceptance makes the island distinct from mainland China, and therefore may be seen as a step towards forming a consensus for \"de jure\" Taiwan independence. The pan-green camp supports a distinct Taiwanese identity, while the pan-blue camp supports a Chinese identity only. The KMT has downplayed this stance in the recent years and now supports a Taiwanese identity as part of a Chinese identity.", "qas": [ { "id": "36912", "question": "what percentage of taiwan 's population descends from han chinese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 8, "text": "84%" } ] }, { "id": "36913", "question": "when did han chinese who migrated from china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "1661 and 1895" } ] }, { "id": "36914", "question": "when did han chinese who immigrated from china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "1940s and 1950s" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to a survey conducted in March 2009, 49% of the respondents consider themselves as Taiwanese only, and 44% of the respondents consider themselves as Taiwanese and Chinese. 3% consider themselves as only Chinese. Another survey, conducted in Taiwan in July 2009, showed that 82.8% of respondents consider the ROC and the PRC as two separate countries with each developing on its own. A survey conducted in December 2009 showed that 62% of the respondents consider themselves as Taiwanese only, and 22% of the respondents consider themselves as both Taiwanese and Chinese. 8% consider themselves as only Chinese. The survey also shows that among 18- to 29-year-old respondents, 75% consider themselves as Taiwanese only.", "qas": [ { "id": "36915", "question": "what percentage of the respondents consider themselves as taiwanese and chinese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "49%" } ] }, { "id": "36916", "question": "what percentage of the respondents consider themselves as taiwanese and chinese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "44%" } ] }, { "id": "36917", "question": "what percentage of consider themselves as only chinese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "3%" } ] }, { "id": "36918", "question": "what percentage of respondents consider the roc and the prc ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 284, "text": "82.8%" } ] }, { "id": "36919", "question": "what percentage of the respondents consider themselves as taiwanese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 441, "text": "62%" } ] }, { "id": "36920", "question": "what percentage of the respondents consider themselves as both taiwanese and chinese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 507, "text": "22%" } ] }, { "id": "36921", "question": "what percentage of the survey consider themselves as taiwanese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 686, "text": "75%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the latest survey conducted by National Chengchi University in 2014 and published in early 2015, 60.6% of respondents identified themselves exclusively as Taiwanese, 32.5% identified themselves as both Taiwanese and Chinese and 3.5% identified themselves as Chinese.", "qas": [ { "id": "36922", "question": "who conducted the latest survey in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "National Chengchi University" } ] }, { "id": "36923", "question": "what percentage of respondents identified themselves as taiwanese and chinese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "60.6%" } ] }, { "id": "36924", "question": "what percentage of respondents identified themselves as chinese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "3.5%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Republic of China Army takes its roots in the National Revolutionary Army, which was established by Sun Yat-sen in 1925 in Guangdong with a goal of reunifying China under the Kuomintang. When the People's Liberation Army won the Chinese Civil War, much of the National Revolutionary Army retreated to Taiwan along with the government. It was later reformed into the Republic of China Army. Units which surrendered and remained in mainland China were either disbanded or incorporated into the People's Liberation Army.", "qas": [ { "id": "36925", "question": "where did the republic of china take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "National Revolutionary Army" } ] }, { "id": "36926", "question": "who established the national revolutionary army ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "Sun Yat-sen" } ] }, { "id": "36927", "question": "in what year was the national revolutionary army established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "1925" } ] }, { "id": "36928", "question": "what war did the people 's liberation army win ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "Chinese Civil War" } ] }, { "id": "36929", "question": "who was the republic of china later reformed into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 370, "text": "Republic of China Army" } ] }, { "id": "36930", "question": "where were units in mainland china disbanded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 496, "text": "People's Liberation Army" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Today, the Republic of China maintains a large and technologically advanced military, mainly as defence against the constant threat of invasion by the PRC under the Anti-Secession Law of the People's Republic of China. From 1949 to the 1970s, the primary mission of the military was to \"retake the mainland\" through Project National Glory. As this mission has shifted to defence, the ROC military has begun to shift emphasis from the traditionally dominant Army to the air force and navy.", "qas": [ { "id": "36931", "question": "who maintains a large and technologically military ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 7, "text": "the Republic of China" } ] }, { "id": "36932", "question": "what was the name of the law that led the republic of china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "Anti-Secession Law of the People's Republic of China" } ] }, { "id": "36933", "question": "what was the primary mission of the military ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "retake the mainland\"" } ] }, { "id": "36934", "question": "what was the primary mission of the military ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 316, "text": "Project National Glory" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Control of the armed forces has also passed into the hands of the civilian government. As the ROC military shares historical roots with the KMT, the older generation of high-ranking officers tends to have Pan-Blue sympathies. However, many have retired and there are many more non-mainlanders enlisting in the armed forces in the younger generations, so the political leanings of the military have moved closer to the public norm in Taiwan.", "qas": [ { "id": "36935", "question": "what does the older generation of high-ranking officers have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "Pan-Blue sympathies" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The ROC began a force reduction program, Jingshi An (translated to streamlining program), to scale down its military from a level of 450,000 in 1997 to 380,000 in 2001. , the armed forces of the ROC number approximately 300,000, with nominal reserves totalling 3.6\u00a0million . Conscription remains universal for qualified males reaching age eighteen, but as a part of the reduction effort many are given the opportunity to fulfill their draft requirement through alternative service and are redirected to government agencies or defence related industries. Current plans call for a transition to a predominantly professional army over the next decade. Conscription periods are planned to decrease from 14\u00a0months to 12. In the last months of the Bush administration, Taipei took the decision to reverse the trend of declining defence spending, at a time when most Asian countries kept on reducing their military expenditures. It also decided to modernize both defensive and offensive capabilities. Taipei still keeps a large military apparatus relative to the island's population: defence expenditures for 2008 were NTD 334 billion (approximately US $10.5 billion), which accounted for 2.94% of GDP.", "qas": [ { "id": "36936", "question": "what was the name of the translated to streamlining program ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Jingshi An" } ] }, { "id": "36937", "question": "what was the level of the military program in 1997 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "450,000" } ] }, { "id": "36938", "question": "how many military program did the roc have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "380,000" } ] }, { "id": "36939", "question": "how many armed forces did the armed forces have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "300,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The armed forces' primary concern at this time, according to the \"National Defense Report\", is the possibility of an invasion by the PRC, consisting of a naval blockade, airborne assault, and/or missile bombardment. Four upgraded \"Kidd\"-class destroyers were purchased from the United States, and commissioned into the Republic of China Navy in 2005\u20132006, significantly upgrading Taiwan's air defence and submarine hunting abilities. The Ministry of National Defense planned to purchase diesel-powered submarines and Patriot anti-missile batteries from the United States, but its budget has been stalled repeatedly by the opposition-Pan-Blue Coalition controlled legislature. The defence package was stalled from 2001 to 2007 where it was finally passed through the legislature and the US responded on 3 October 2008, with a $6.5\u00a0billion arms package including PAC III Anti-Air defence systems, AH-64D Apache Attack helicopters and other arms and parts. A significant amount of military hardware has been bought from the United States, and, , continues to be legally guaranteed by the Taiwan Relations Act. In the past, France and the Netherlands have also sold military weapons and hardware to the ROC, but they almost entirely stopped in the 1990s under pressure of the PRC.", "qas": [ { "id": "36940", "question": "what is the name of the report that is the possibility of an naval blockade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "National Defense Report\"" } ] }, { "id": "36941", "question": "when was the republic of china commissioned ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 345, "text": "2005\u20132006" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The first line of defence against invasion by the PRC is the ROC's own armed forces. Current ROC military doctrine is to hold out against an invasion or blockade until the US military responds. There is, however, no guarantee in the Taiwan Relations Act or any other treaty that the United States will defend Taiwan, even in the event of invasion. The joint declaration on security between the US and Japan signed in 1996 may imply that Japan would be involved in any response. However, Japan has refused to stipulate whether the \"area surrounding Japan\" mentioned in the pact includes Taiwan, and the precise purpose of the pact is unclear. The Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS Treaty) may mean that other US allies, such as Australia, could theoretically be involved. In practice, the risk of losing economic ties with China may prevent Australia from taking action. The United States, United Kingdom, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Canada, Chile, and Peru conduct maritime exercises in the Pacific Ocean every two years called RIMPAC. They are conducted to promote stability and to be able to respond in case of an armed conflict in the region \u2013 that includes an invasion of Taiwan by China.", "qas": [ { "id": "36942", "question": "what is the first line of defence against invasion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "the ROC's own armed forces" } ] }, { "id": "36943", "question": "what is current roc military doctrine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "to hold out against an invasion or blockade until the US military responds" } ] }, { "id": "36944", "question": "what is no guarantee in taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "Taiwan Relations Act or any other treaty that the United States will defend Taiwan" } ] }, { "id": "36945", "question": "when was the joint declaration on security between the us and japan signed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 417, "text": "1996" } ] }, { "id": "36946", "question": "what is another name for anzus treaty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 670, "text": "United States Security Treaty" } ] }, { "id": "36947", "question": "what was the name of the maritime exercises in the pacific ocean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1058, "text": "RIMPAC" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the 1947 constitution, written and promulgated whilst the ROC government still controlled mainland China, the territory of the ROC consisted of provinces, special municipalities, special administrative regions and autonomous regions (Mongolia and Tibet), which were given extremely high levels of autonomy.", "qas": [ { "id": "36948", "question": "when was the constitution written ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "1947" } ] }, { "id": "36949", "question": "what are the names of the autonomous regions of the government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "Mongolia and Tibet" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Accordingly, when the ROC retreated to Taiwan in 1949, its claimed territory consisted of 35 provinces, 12 special municipalities, 1 special administrative region and 2 autonomous regions. However, since its retreat, the ROC has controlled only Taiwan Province and some islands of Fujian Province. The ROC also controls the Pratas Islands and Taiping Island in the Spratly Islands, which are part of the disputed South China Sea Islands. They were placed under Kaohsiung administration after the retreat to Taiwan.", "qas": [ { "id": "36950", "question": "in what year did the roc take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "1949" } ] }, { "id": "36951", "question": "how many provinces did the roc have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "35 provinces" } ] }, { "id": "36952", "question": "how many special municipalities were there in 1949 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "12" } ] }, { "id": "36953", "question": "what are the names of the roc in the spratly islands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "Pratas Islands and Taiping Island" } ] }, { "id": "36954", "question": "where is the taiping island located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 365, "text": "Spratly Islands" } ] }, { "id": "36955", "question": "what is the name of the islands in which the taiping island is located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 413, "text": "South China Sea Islands" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since 1949, the government has made some changes in the area under its control. Taipei became a special municipality in 1967 and Kaohsiung in 1979. The two provincial governments were \"streamlined\", with their functions transferred to the central government (Fujian in 1956 and Taiwan in 1998). In 2010, New Taipei, Taichung and Tainan were upgraded to special municipalities. And in 2014, Taoyuan County was also upgraded to a special municipality. This brought the top-level divisions of the ROC to their current state:\nAccording to Article 4 of the Local Government Act, laws pertaining to special municipalities also apply to counties with a population exceeding 2 million. This provision does not currently apply to any county, although it previously applied to Taipei County (now New Taipei City) and Taoyuan County (now Taoyuan City).", "qas": [ { "id": "36956", "question": "when did the government begin to made some changes in the area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 6, "text": "1949" } ] }, { "id": "36957", "question": "when did a special municipality become a special municipality ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "1967 and Kaohsiung" } ] }, { "id": "36958", "question": "in what year was the special municipality in 1967 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "1979" } ] }, { "id": "36959", "question": "what was the population of the local government act ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 667, "text": "2 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The quick industrialization and rapid growth of Taiwan during the latter half of the 20th century has been called the \"Taiwan Miracle\". Taiwan is one of the \"Four Asian Tigers\" alongside Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore.", "qas": [ { "id": "36960", "question": "what is the name of the rapid industrialization in the 20th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "Taiwan Miracle" } ] }, { "id": "36961", "question": "what are taiwan 's tigers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "Four Asian Tigers\" alongside Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Japanese rule prior to and during World War II brought changes in the public and private sectors, most notably in the area of public works, which enabled rapid communications and facilitated transport throughout much of the island. The Japanese also improved public education and made it compulsory for all residents of Taiwan.", "qas": [ { "id": "36962", "question": "during what war did japanese rule changes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "World War II" } ] }, { "id": "36963", "question": "what did the japanese rule prior to world war ii ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "rapid communications and facilitated transport throughout much of the island" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By 1945, hyperinflation was in progress in mainland China and Taiwan as a result of the war with Japan. To isolate Taiwan from it, the Nationalist government created a new currency area for the island, and began a price stabilization program. These efforts significantly slowed inflation.", "qas": [ { "id": "36964", "question": "when was hyperinflation in mainland china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1945" } ] }, { "id": "36965", "question": "what two countries were hyperinflation in 1945 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "China and Taiwan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When the KMT government fled to Taiwan it brought millions of taels (where 1\u00a0tael ~1.2\u00a0ozt) of gold and the foreign currency reserve of mainland China, which, according to the KMT, stabilized prices and reduced hyperinflation. Perhaps more importantly, as part of its retreat to Taiwan, the KMT brought the intellectual and business elites from Mainland China. The KMT government instituted many laws and land reforms that it had never effectively enacted on mainland China. The government also implemented a policy of import-substitution, attempting to produce imported goods domestically.", "qas": [ { "id": "36966", "question": "what was the name of the kmt that the kmt fled to taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "taels" } ] }, { "id": "36967", "question": "what did the foreign currency of mainland china cause ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "the KMT, stabilized prices and reduced hyperinflation" } ] }, { "id": "36968", "question": "where was the kmt brought the intellectual and business elites ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 345, "text": "Mainland China" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1950, with the outbreak of the Korean War, the United States began an aid program which resulted in fully stabilized prices by 1952. Economic development was encouraged by American economic aid and programs such as the Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction, which turned the agricultural sector into the basis for later growth. Under the combined stimulus of the land reform and the agricultural development programs, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 4 per cent from 1952 to 1959, which was greater than the population growth, 3.6%.", "qas": [ { "id": "36969", "question": "in what year did the korean war begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1950" } ] }, { "id": "36970", "question": "in what year did the united states begin an aid ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "1952" } ] }, { "id": "36971", "question": "what was the name of the economic commission that turned the agricultural sector ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction" } ] }, { "id": "36972", "question": "what percentage of the population was greater in 1952 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 563, "text": "3.6%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1962, Taiwan had a (nominal) per-capita gross national product (GNP) of $170, placing its economy on a par with those of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. On a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis, its GDP per capita in the early 1960s was $1,353 (in 1990 prices). By 2011 per-capita GNP, adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP), had risen to $37,000, contributing to a Human Development Index (HDI) equivalent to that of other developed countries. Taiwan's HDI in 2012 is 0.890, (23rd, very high), according to the UN's new \"Inequality-adjusted HDI\" calculation method.", "qas": [ { "id": "36973", "question": "in what year did taiwan become a per-capita gross national product ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1962" } ] }, { "id": "36974", "question": "what was taiwan 's gross national product in 1962 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "$170" } ] }, { "id": "36975", "question": "what was the gdp per capita in the early 1960s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "$1,353" } ] }, { "id": "36976", "question": "how much did hdi power pay in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 352, "text": "$37,000" } ] }, { "id": "36977", "question": "what is taiwan 's hdi method ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 482, "text": "0.890" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1974, Chiang Ching-kuo implemented the Ten Major Construction Projects, the beginning foundations that helped Taiwan transform into its current export driven economy. Since the 1990s, a number of Taiwan-based technology firms have expanded their reach around the world. Well-known international technology companies headquartered in Taiwan include personal computer manufacturers Acer Inc. and Asus, mobile phone maker HTC, as well as electronics manufacturing giant Foxconn, which makes products for Apple, Amazon, and Microsoft. Computex Taipei is a major computer expo, held since 1981.\nToday Taiwan has a dynamic, capitalist, export-driven economy with gradually decreasing state involvement in investment and foreign trade. In keeping with this trend, some large government-owned banks and industrial firms are being privatized. Real growth in GDP has averaged about 8% during the past three decades. Exports have provided the primary impetus for industrialization. The trade surplus is substantial, and foreign reserves are the world's fifth largest. The Republic of China has its own currency, the New Taiwan dollar.", "qas": [ { "id": "36978", "question": "in what year did chiang ching-kuo implemented the ten construction projects ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1974" } ] }, { "id": "36979", "question": "who implemented the ten major construction projects in 1974 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Chiang Ching-kuo" } ] }, { "id": "36980", "question": "what did chiang ching-kuo implemented in 1974 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "Ten Major Construction Projects" } ] }, { "id": "36981", "question": "what are the personal computer manufacturers in taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 383, "text": "Acer Inc. and Asus" } ] }, { "id": "36982", "question": "what is the name of the giant giant giant companies that makes up products for apple ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 470, "text": "Foxconn" } ] }, { "id": "36983", "question": "what percentage of gdp has real growth in the past three decades ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 875, "text": "8%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since the beginning of the 1990s, the economic ties between Taiwan and the People's Republic of China have been very prolific. , more than US$150 billion have been invested in the PRC by Taiwanese companies, and about 10% of the Taiwanese labour force works in the PRC, often to run their own businesses. Although the economy of Taiwan benefits from this situation, some have expressed the view that the island has become increasingly dependent on the Mainland Chinese economy. A 2008 white paper by the Department of Industrial Technology states that \"Taiwan should seek to maintain stable relation with China while continuing to protect national security, and avoiding excessive 'Sinicization' of Taiwanese economy.\" Others argue that close economic ties between Taiwan and Mainland China would make any military intervention by the PLA against Taiwan very costly, and therefore less probable.", "qas": [ { "id": "36984", "question": "which two countries have been prolific since the 1990s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "Taiwan and the People's Republic of China" } ] }, { "id": "36985", "question": "how much have taiwanese companies been invested in the prc ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "US$150 billion" } ] }, { "id": "36986", "question": "what percentage of the taiwanese labour force works in the prc ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "10%" } ] }, { "id": "36987", "question": "where has the island become dependent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 448, "text": "the Mainland Chinese economy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Taiwan's total trade in 2010 reached an all-time high of US$526.04 billion, according to Taiwan's Ministry of Finance. Both exports and imports for the year reached record levels, totalling US$274.64 billion and US$251.4 billion, respectively.\nIn 2001, agriculture constituted only 2% of GDP, down from 35% in 1952. Traditional labour-intensive industries are steadily being moved offshore and with more capital and technology-intensive industries replacing them. High-technology industrial parks have sprung up in every region in Taiwan. The ROC has become a major foreign investor in the PRC, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Vietnam. It is estimated that some 50,000\u00a0Taiwanese businesses and 1,000,000\u00a0businesspeople and their dependents are established in the PRC.", "qas": [ { "id": "36988", "question": "what was taiwan 's total trade in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "US$526.04 billion" } ] }, { "id": "36989", "question": "what is the average amount of exports in the year ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "US$274.64 billion and US$251.4 billion" } ] }, { "id": "36990", "question": "what percentage of gdp was agriculture in 2001 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "2%" } ] }, { "id": "36991", "question": "what was the gdp of agriculture in 2001 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 303, "text": "35%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Because of its conservative financial approach and its entrepreneurial strengths, Taiwan suffered little compared with many of its neighbours from the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Unlike its neighbours, South Korea and Japan, the Taiwanese economy is dominated by small and medium-sized businesses, rather than the large business groups. The global economic downturn, however, combined with poor policy co-ordination by the new administration and increasing bad debts in the banking system, pushed Taiwan into recession in 2001, the first whole year of negative growth since 1947. Due to the relocation of many manufacturing and labour-intensive industries to the PRC, unemployment also reached a level not seen since the 1970s oil crisis. This became a major issue in the 2004 presidential election. Growth averaged more than 4% in the 2002\u20132006 period and the unemployment rate fell below 4%.", "qas": [ { "id": "36992", "question": "in what year did the asian financial crisis end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "1997" } ] }, { "id": "36993", "question": "what two countries have the taiwanese economy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "South Korea and Japan" } ] }, { "id": "36994", "question": "what is the taiwanese economy dominated by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "small and medium-sized businesses" } ] }, { "id": "36995", "question": "in what year did the global economic downturn take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 523, "text": "2001" } ] }, { "id": "36996", "question": "what percentage of growth in the 2002 period was growth in the 2002 period ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 827, "text": "4%" } ] }, { "id": "36997", "question": "what was the unemployment rate of the unemployment rate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 891, "text": "4%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The ROC often joins international organizations (especially ones that also include the People's Republic of China) under a politically neutral name. The ROC is a member of governmental trade organizations such as the World Trade Organization under the name Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (Chinese Taipei) since 2002.", "qas": [ { "id": "36998", "question": "what is the name of the international organizations that joins international organizations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "People's Republic of China" } ] }, { "id": "36999", "question": "what is the name of the trade organizations in taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "World Trade Organization" } ] }, { "id": "37000", "question": "what is the name of the world trade organization ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu" } ] }, { "id": "37001", "question": "what year was the world trade organization under taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 343, "text": "2002" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Ministry of Transportation and Communications of the Republic of China is the cabinet-level governing body of the transportation network in Taiwan. Taiwan has an extensive highway network, classified into five levels: National highways, provincial highways, county routes, township routes, and special routes, with the first four being common. Taiwan also has an extensive bus network, which are mostly run by private bus companies. There are two rail systems in Taiwan: Taiwan Railway Administration and Taiwan High Speed Rail. The Taipei Metro and the Kaohsiung Mass Rapid Transit serve the Taipei metropolitan area and Kaohsiung, respectively. The Taoyuan Metro and Taichung Metro are currently under construction. Major airports include Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport, Taipei Songshan Airport, Kaohsiung International Airport, and Taichung Airport. The four international seaports are the Port of Keelung, the Port of Kaohsiung, the Port of Taichung, and the Port of Hualien.", "qas": [ { "id": "37002", "question": "what is the cabinet-level body of the transportation network in taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Ministry of Transportation and Communications of the Republic of China" } ] }, { "id": "37003", "question": "what type of companies are taiwan mostly run by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 414, "text": "private bus companies" } ] }, { "id": "37004", "question": "what are the two rail systems in taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 475, "text": "Taiwan Railway Administration and Taiwan High Speed Rail" } ] }, { "id": "37005", "question": "what serve the metropolitan area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 558, "text": "Kaohsiung Mass Rapid Transit" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The higher education system was established in Taiwan by Japan during the colonial period. However, after the Republic of China took over Taiwan from Japan in 1945, the system was promptly replaced by the same system as in mainland China which mixed with features of the Chinese and American educational systems.", "qas": [ { "id": "37006", "question": "when did the republic of china take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "1945" } ] }, { "id": "37007", "question": "what were the features of the system in mainland china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "Chinese and American educational systems" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The educational system includes six years of elementary school, three years of middle school, three years of high school, and four years of university. The system has been successful in that pupils in Taiwan boast some of the highest test scores in the world, especially in mathematics and science; However, it has also been criticized for placing excessive pressure on students and eschewing creativity in favour of rote memorization.", "qas": [ { "id": "37008", "question": "where is the highest test scores in taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "mathematics and science" } ] }, { "id": "37009", "question": "what is the name of the creativity that has been criticized in taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 417, "text": "rote memorization" } ] } ] }, { "context": ", the literacy rate in Taiwan is 97.15%.", "qas": [ { "id": "37010", "question": "what is the literacy rate in taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "97.15%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Taiwan's population is about 23.4 million, most of whom are on the island proper. The remainder live on Penghu (101,758), Kinmen (127,723), and Matsu (12,506).", "qas": [ { "id": "37011", "question": "what is the population of taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "23.4 million" } ] }, { "id": "37012", "question": "what is the live live on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "Penghu" } ] }, { "id": "37013", "question": "what is the name of the live live in the quran ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "101,758" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The ROC government reports that over 95% of the population is Han Chinese, of which the majority includes descendants of early Han Chinese immigrants who arrived in Taiwan in large numbers starting in the 17th century. Alternatively, the ethnic groups of Taiwan may be roughly divided among the \"Taiwanese\" (84%, including Hakka), mainland Chinese (14%), and indigenous peoples (2%).", "qas": [ { "id": "37014", "question": "what percentage of the population is han ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "95%" } ] }, { "id": "37015", "question": "what is the majority of the population of early han immigrants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "Han Chinese" } ] }, { "id": "37016", "question": "when did the han chinese immigrants begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "17th century" } ] }, { "id": "37017", "question": "what is the ethnic groups of taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "Taiwanese" } ] }, { "id": "37018", "question": "what percentage of taiwan 's ethnic groups are hakka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "84%" } ] }, { "id": "37019", "question": "what percentage of taiwan 's population is mainland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 349, "text": "14%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Hoklo people are the largest Han subgroup (70% of the total population), whose ancestors migrated from the coastal southern Fujian region across the Taiwan Strait starting in the 17th century. The Hakka comprise about 15% of the total population, and descend from Han migrants to Guangdong, its surrounding areas and Taiwan. Additional people of Han origin include and descend from the 2 million Nationalists who fled to Taiwan following the communist victory on the mainland in 1949.", "qas": [ { "id": "37020", "question": "what percentage of the total population are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "70%" } ] }, { "id": "37021", "question": "when did the ancestors of the coastal southern fujian region begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "17th century" } ] }, { "id": "37022", "question": "what percentage of the total population is the hakka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "15%" } ] }, { "id": "37023", "question": "how many nationalists fled to taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 390, "text": "2 million" } ] }, { "id": "37024", "question": "in what year did the communist victory on the mainland occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 483, "text": "1949" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The indigenous Taiwanese aborigines number about 533,600 and are divided into 16 recognized groups. The Ami, Atayal, Bunun, Kanakanavu, Kavalan, Paiwan, Puyuma, Rukai, Saisiyat, Saaroa, Sakizaya, Sediq, Thao, Truku and Tsou live mostly in the eastern half of the island, while the Yami inhabit Orchid Island.", "qas": [ { "id": "37025", "question": "what is the indigenous taiwanese aborigines number ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "533,600" } ] }, { "id": "37026", "question": "how many recognized groups are in the indigenous taiwanese aborigines ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "16" } ] }, { "id": "37027", "question": "what is the name of the island inhabit by the island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 294, "text": "Orchid Island" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Mandarin is the official national language and is spoken by the vast majority of the population of Taiwan. It has been the primary language of instruction in schools since the end of Japanese rule. As in Hong Kong and Macau, Traditional Chinese is used as the writing system in Taiwan.", "qas": [ { "id": "37028", "question": "what is the official national language of taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Mandarin" } ] }, { "id": "37029", "question": "what is mandarin spoken by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "the vast majority of the population of Taiwan" } ] }, { "id": "37030", "question": "what is macau 's writing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "Traditional Chinese" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 70% of the population belonging to the Hoklo ethnic group speak Taiwanese Hokkien (a variant of the Min Nan speech of Fujian province) as their mother tongue, in addition to Mandarin, and many others have some degree of understanding. The Hakka ethnic group (15% of the population) use Hakka Chinese. Most \"waishengren\" speak primarily Mandarin. Although Mandarin is the language of instruction in schools and dominates television and radio, non-Mandarin Chinese varieties have undergone a revival in public life in Taiwan, particularly since restrictions on their use were lifted in the 1990s.", "qas": [ { "id": "37031", "question": "what percentage of the population speak taiwanese hokkien ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "70%" } ] }, { "id": "37032", "question": "what is the min nan speech ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "Taiwanese Hokkien" } ] }, { "id": "37033", "question": "what percentage of the population use hakka chinese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "15%" } ] }, { "id": "37034", "question": "what is the hakka ethnic group ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "Hakka Chinese" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Taiwan's indigenous languages, the Formosan languages, do not belong to the Chinese or Sino-Tibetan language family, but rather to the Austronesian language family. Their use among Taiwan's aboriginal minority groups has been in decline as usage of Mandarin has risen. Of the 14 extant languages, five are considered moribund.", "qas": [ { "id": "37035", "question": "what does taiwan usually belong to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "Chinese or Sino-Tibetan language family" } ] }, { "id": "37036", "question": "what is the family family that do not belong to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "Austronesian language family" } ] }, { "id": "37037", "question": "how many languages are considered moribund ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "five" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Constitution of the Republic of China protects people's freedom of religion and the practices of belief. There are approximately 18,718,600 religious followers in Taiwan (81.3% of total population) and 14\u201318% are non-religious. According to the 2005 census, of the 26 religions recognized by the ROC government, the five largest are: Buddhism (8,086,000 or 35.1%), Taoism (7,600,000 or 33%), Yiguandao (810,000 or 3.5%), Protestantism (605,000 or 2.6%), and Roman Catholicism (298,000 or 1.3%).", "qas": [ { "id": "37038", "question": "how many religious followers are there in taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "18,718,600" } ] }, { "id": "37039", "question": "what percentage of taiwan 's population is non-religious ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "14\u201318%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The CIA World Factbook reports that over 93% of Taiwanese are adherents of a combination of the polytheistic Chinese popular religion, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism; 4.5% are adherents of Christianity, which includes Protestants, Catholics, and other, non-denominational, Christian groups; and less than 2.5% are adherents of other religions. Taiwanese aborigines comprise a notable subgroup among professing Christians: \"...over 64% identify as Christian... Church buildings are the most obvious markers of Aboriginal villages, distinguishing them from Taiwanese or Hakka villages.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "37040", "question": "what percentage of taiwanese taiwanese are adherents ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "93%" } ] }, { "id": "37041", "question": "what are the polytheistic chinese popular religion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism" } ] }, { "id": "37042", "question": "what percent of christianity are adherents of christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "4.5%" } ] }, { "id": "37043", "question": "what percentage of taiwanese religions are adherents ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "2.5%" } ] }, { "id": "37044", "question": "what percentage of aboriginal villages are christian aborigines ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 430, "text": "over 64%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Confucianism is a philosophy that deals with secular moral ethics, and serves as the foundation of both Chinese and Taiwanese culture. The majority of Taiwanese people usually combine the secular moral teachings of Confucianism with whatever religions they are affiliated with.", "qas": [ { "id": "37045", "question": "what is the foundation of both chinese and taiwanese culture called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Confucianism" } ] }, { "id": "37046", "question": "what is confucianism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "secular moral ethics" } ] }, { "id": "37047", "question": "what are confucianism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "Chinese and Taiwanese culture" } ] } ] }, { "context": ", there were 14,993 temples in Taiwan, approximately one place of worship per 1,500 residents. 9,202 of those temples were dedicated to Taoism. In 2008, Taiwan had 3,262 Churches, an increase of 145.", "qas": [ { "id": "37048", "question": "how many temples were in taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "14,993" } ] }, { "id": "37049", "question": "how many residents of worship were there in taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "1,500" } ] }, { "id": "37050", "question": "how many churches did taiwan have in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "3,262" } ] }, { "id": "37051", "question": "how many churches did taiwan have in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "145" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Health care in Taiwan is managed by the Bureau of National Health Insurance (BNHI).", "qas": [ { "id": "37052", "question": "who managed health care in taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "the Bureau of National Health Insurance" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The current program was implemented in 1995, and is considered to be a form of social insurance. The government health insurance program maintains compulsory insurance for citizens who are employed, impoverished, unemployed, or victims of natural disasters with fees that correlate to the individual and/or family income; it also maintains protection for non-citizens working in Taiwan. A standardized method of calculation applies to all persons and can optionally be paid by an employer or by individual contributions.", "qas": [ { "id": "37053", "question": "when was the current program implemented ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "1995" } ] }, { "id": "37054", "question": "what was the current program considered to be a form of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "social insurance" } ] }, { "id": "37055", "question": "what does the health health insurance program provide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "fees that correlate to the individual and/or family income" } ] } ] }, { "context": "BNHI insurance coverage requires co-payment at the time of service for most services unless it is a preventative health service, for low-income families, veterans, children under three years old, or in the case of catastrophic diseases. Low income households maintain 100% premium coverage by the BNHI and co-pays are reduced for disabled or certain elderly peoples.", "qas": [ { "id": "37056", "question": "how many years is veterans of veterans children ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "three years old" } ] }, { "id": "37057", "question": "what percentage of households are reduced by low income ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 268, "text": "100%" } ] }, { "id": "37058", "question": "what are low income households reduced for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 330, "text": "disabled or certain elderly peoples" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to a recently published survey, out of 3,360\u00a0patients surveyed at a randomly chosen hospital, 75.1% of the patients said they are \"very satisfied\" with the hospital service; 20.5% said they are \"okay\" with the service. Only 4.4% of the patients said they are either \"not satisfied\" or \"very not satisfied\" with the service or care provided.", "qas": [ { "id": "37059", "question": "how many patients surveyed at a randomly chosen hospital ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "3,360" } ] }, { "id": "37060", "question": "what percentage of the patients said they are very satisfied with the hospital ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "75.1%" } ] }, { "id": "37061", "question": "what percentage of the patients are okay with the hospital ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "20.5%" } ] }, { "id": "37062", "question": "what percentage of the patients said they are `` not satisfied '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "4.4%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Taiwan has its own Center for Disease Control, and during the SARS outbreak in March 2003 there were 347\u00a0confirmed cases. During the outbreak the Centers for Disease Control and local governments set up monitored stations throughout public transportation, recreational sites and other public areas. With full containment in July 2003, there has not been a case of SARS since.", "qas": [ { "id": "37063", "question": "what is taiwan 's own center ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "Disease Control" } ] }, { "id": "37064", "question": "when was taiwan 's own center ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "March 2003" } ] }, { "id": "37065", "question": "how many cases did taiwan have in 2003 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "347" } ] }, { "id": "37066", "question": "in what month and year did full containment occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "July 2003" } ] } ] }, { "context": ", the BNHI Facility Contract Distribution facilities total 17,259, including:\nBasic coverage areas of the insurance include:\nIn 2004, the infant mortality rate was 5.3 with 15\u00a0physicians and 63\u00a0hospital beds per 10,000\u00a0people. The life expectancy for males was 73.5\u00a0years and 79.7\u00a0years for females according to the World Health Report.", "qas": [ { "id": "37067", "question": "what is the name of the total distribution facilities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "17,259" } ] }, { "id": "37068", "question": "how many years was the life expectancy for males ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "73.5" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In July 2013, the Department of Health was restructured as the Ministry of Health and Welfare.", "qas": [ { "id": "37069", "question": "when was the department of health and welfare restructured ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "July 2013" } ] }, { "id": "37070", "question": "what was the department of health in july 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "the Ministry of Health and Welfare" } ] } ] }, { "context": " The cultures of Taiwan are a hybrid blend of various sources, incorporating elements of traditional Chinese culture, attributable to the historical and ancestry origin of the majority of its current residents, Japanese culture, traditional Confucianist beliefs, and increasingly Western values.", "qas": [ { "id": "37071", "question": "what is the main blend of taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "traditional Chinese culture" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After their move to Taiwan, the Kuomintang imposed an official interpretation of traditional Chinese culture over Taiwan. The government launched a program promoting Chinese calligraphy, traditional Chinese painting, folk art, and Chinese opera.", "qas": [ { "id": "37072", "question": "what did the kuomintang imposed an official interpretation of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "traditional Chinese culture over Taiwan" } ] }, { "id": "37073", "question": "what types of painting did the government lose ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "folk art, and Chinese opera" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The status of Taiwanese culture is debated. It is disputed whether Taiwanese culture is a regional form of Chinese culture or a distinct culture. Reflecting the continuing controversy surrounding the political status of Taiwan, politics continues to play a role in the conception and development of a Taiwanese cultural identity, especially in the prior dominant frame of a Taiwanese and Chinese dualism. In recent years, the concept of Taiwanese multiculturalism has been proposed as a relatively apolitical alternative view, which has allowed for the inclusion of mainlanders and other minority groups into the continuing re-definition of Taiwanese culture as collectively held systems of meaning and customary patterns of thought and behaviour shared by the people of Taiwan. Identity politics, along with the over one hundred years of political separation from mainland China, has led to distinct traditions in many areas, including cuisine and music.\nOne of Taiwan's greatest attractions is the National Palace Museum, which houses more than 650,000 pieces of Chinese bronze, jade, calligraphy, painting, and porcelain and is considered one of the greatest collections of Chinese art and objects in the world. The KMT moved this collection from the Forbidden City in Beijing in 1933 and part of the collection was eventually transported to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War. The collection, estimated to be one-tenth of China's cultural treasures, is so extensive that only 1% is on display at any time. The PRC had said that the collection was stolen and has called for its return, but the ROC has long defended its control of the collection as a necessary act to protect the pieces from destruction, especially during the Cultural Revolution. Relations regarding this treasure have warmed recently; Beijing Palace Museum Curator Zheng Xinmiao said that artefacts in both Chinese and Taiwanese museums are \"China's cultural heritage jointly owned by people across the Taiwan Strait.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "37074", "question": "what is the regional form of taiwanese culture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "Chinese culture or a distinct culture" } ] }, { "id": "37075", "question": "what is the dominant frame of taiwanese cultural identity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 374, "text": "Taiwanese and Chinese dualism" } ] }, { "id": "37076", "question": "what is the greatest attractions of taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1000, "text": "National Palace Museum" } ] }, { "id": "37077", "question": "what type of pieces does the national palace museum have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1047, "text": "650,000" } ] }, { "id": "37078", "question": "when did the kmt moved this collection ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1283, "text": "1933" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The classical music culture in Taiwan is highly developed and features artists such as violinist Cho-Liang Lin, pianist Ching-Yun Hu, and the Lincoln Center Chamber Music Society Artist Director Wu Han. Karaoke, drawn from contemporary Japanese culture, is extremely popular in Taiwan, where it is known as KTV. KTV businesses operate in a hotel-like style, renting out small rooms and ballrooms varying on the number of guests in a group. Many KTV establishments partner with restaurants and buffets to form all-encompassing elaborate evening affairs for families, friends, or businessmen. Tour buses that travel around Taiwan have several TV's, equipped not for watching movies, but primarily for singing Karaoke. The entertainment counterpart of a KTV is an MTV, being found much less frequently out of the city. There, movies out on DVD can be selected and played in a private theatre room. However, MTV, more so than KTV, has a growing reputation for being a place that young couples will go to be alone and intimate.", "qas": [ { "id": "37079", "question": "who is the violinist culture in taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "Cho-Liang Lin" } ] }, { "id": "37080", "question": "what is the name of the classical music culture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "Ching-Yun Hu" } ] }, { "id": "37081", "question": "what is the name of the director of taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "Lincoln Center Chamber Music Society Artist Director Wu Han" } ] }, { "id": "37082", "question": "what is the classical music culture in taiwan called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "KTV" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Taiwan has a high density of 24-hour convenience stores, which, in addition to the usual services, provide services on behalf of financial institutions or government agencies such as collection of parking fees, utility bills, traffic violation fines, and credit card payments. They also provide a service for mailing packages.", "qas": [ { "id": "37083", "question": "how many convenience stores does taiwan have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "24-hour" } ] }, { "id": "37084", "question": "what are some parking fees ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "utility bills, traffic violation fines, and credit card payments" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Taiwanese culture has also influenced other cultures. Bubble tea and milk tea are available in Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, Europe, and North America. Taiwan television shows are popular in Singapore, Malaysia, and other Asian countries. Taiwanese films have won various international awards at film festivals around the world. Ang Lee, a Taiwanese director, has directed critically acclaimed films such as: \"Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon\"; \"Eat Drink Man Woman\"; \"Sense and Sensibility\"; \"Brokeback Mountain\"; \"Life of Pi\"; and \"Lust, Caution\". Other famous Taiwanese directors include Tsai Ming-Liang, Edward Yang, and Hou Hsiao-hsien.", "qas": [ { "id": "37085", "question": "where are bubble tea and milk tea available ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, Europe, and North America" } ] }, { "id": "37086", "question": "where are taiwan television shows ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "Singapore, Malaysia, and other Asian countries" } ] }, { "id": "37087", "question": "who is a taiwanese director ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 331, "text": "Ang Lee" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Baseball is Taiwan's national sport and it is a popular spectator sport. Two of the most famous Taiwanese baseball pitchers are Chien-Ming Wang and Wei-Yin Chen; both are starting pitchers in Major League Baseball. Other notable players playing in the United States include Chin-hui Tsao who played for the Colorado Rockies (2003\u20132005) and the Los Angeles Dodgers (2007), Hong-Chih Kuo, Fu-Te Ni, and Chin-lung Hu. The Chinese Professional Baseball League in Taiwan was established in 1989, and eventually absorbed the competing Taiwan Major League in 2003. , the CPBL has four teams with average attendance over 5,000 per game.", "qas": [ { "id": "37088", "question": "who are the most famous taiwanese baseball pitchers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "Chien-Ming Wang and Wei-Yin Chen" } ] }, { "id": "37089", "question": "where are chen and chen chen starting ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "Major League Baseball" } ] }, { "id": "37090", "question": "who played the colorado rockies -lrb- 2003 -rrb- ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "Chin-hui Tsao" } ] }, { "id": "37091", "question": "who were the los angeles dodgers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 372, "text": "Hong-Chih Kuo, Fu-Te Ni, and Chin-lung Hu" } ] }, { "id": "37092", "question": "when was the chinese professional baseball league established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 485, "text": "1989" } ] }, { "id": "37093", "question": "how many teams does the average attendance of the premier league have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 608, "text": "over 5,000 per game" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Besides baseball, basketball is Taiwan's major sport. Taekwondo has also become a mature and successful sport in recent years. In the 2004 Olympics, Chen Shih-hsin and Chu Mu-yen won the first two gold medals in women's flyweight event and men's flyweight event, respectively. Subsequent taekwondo competitors such as Yang Shu-chun have strengthened Taiwan's taekwondo culture.", "qas": [ { "id": "37094", "question": "who won the first gold medals in women ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "Chen Shih-hsin and Chu Mu-yen" } ] }, { "id": "37095", "question": "who have strengthened taiwan 's taekwondo culture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 318, "text": "Yang Shu-chun" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Taiwan participates in international sporting organizations and events under the name of \"Chinese Taipei\" due to its political status. In 2009, Taiwan hosted two international sporting events on the island. The World Games 2009 were held in Kaohsiung between 16 and 26 July 2009. Taipei hosted the 21st Summer Deaflympics in September of the same year. Furthermore, Taipei will host the Summer Universiade in 2017.", "qas": [ { "id": "37096", "question": "what is the name of the name of taiwan 's political status ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "Chinese Taipei" } ] }, { "id": "37097", "question": "in what year did taiwan host two international events ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "2009" } ] }, { "id": "37098", "question": "when were the world games 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "16 and 26 July 2009" } ] }, { "id": "37099", "question": "what was hosted in september of september of the same year ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "21st Summer Deaflympics" } ] }, { "id": "37100", "question": "when is the summer universiade host ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 409, "text": "2017" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Taiwan is also a major Asian country for Korfball. In 2008, Taiwan hosted the World Youth Korfball Championship and took the silver medal. In 2009, Taiwan's korfball team won a bronze medal at the World Game.", "qas": [ { "id": "37101", "question": "in what year did taiwan win the silver medal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "2008" } ] }, { "id": "37102", "question": "what did taiwan host in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "World Youth Korfball Championship" } ] }, { "id": "37103", "question": "in what year did taiwan win a bronze medal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "2009" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Yani Tseng is the most famous Taiwanese professional golfer currently playing on the US-based LPGA Tour. She is the youngest player ever, male or female, to win five major championships and had been ranked number 1 in the Women's World Golf Rankings for 109 consecutive weeks from 2011 to 2013.", "qas": [ { "id": "37104", "question": "what is the most famous taiwanese professional currently playing on the us-based lpga tour ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Yani Tseng" } ] }, { "id": "37105", "question": "where is the most famous taiwanese professional golfer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "the US-based LPGA Tour" } ] }, { "id": "37106", "question": "what is the youngest player in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "male or female" } ] }, { "id": "37107", "question": "how many major championships did the youngest player win ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "five" } ] }, { "id": "37108", "question": "how many consecutive weeks did the women 's world golf rankings have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "109" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Taiwan uses two official calendars: the Gregorian calendar and the Minguo calendar. The latter numbers years starting from 1911, the year of the founding of the Republic of China. For example, 2007 is the \"96th year of the Republic\" (\u6c11\u570b96\u5e74), while its months and days are numbered according to the Gregorian calendar.", "qas": [ { "id": "37109", "question": "what are the two official calendars ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Gregorian calendar and the Minguo calendar" } ] }, { "id": "37110", "question": "in what year was the year of the republic of china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "1911" } ] }, { "id": "37111", "question": "in what year was the `` 96th year of the republic '' is the `` 96th year of the republic '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "2007" } ] }, { "id": "37112", "question": "what is the year of 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "96th year of the Republic" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Usually, year numbering may use the Gregorian system as well as the ROC era system. For example, 3 May 2004, may be written 2004-05-03 or 93\u201305\u201303. The use of two different calendar systems in Taiwan may be confusing, in particular for foreigners. For instance, products for export marked using the Minguo calendar can be misunderstood as having an expiration date 11\u00a0years earlier than intended.", "qas": [ { "id": "37113", "question": "when was the example of the example of the example of a example of a example of a capacitor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "3 May 2004" } ] }, { "id": "37114", "question": "what are 3 may be written for 2004 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "2004-05-03 or 93\u201305\u201303" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Taiwan also uses the lunar calendar for traditional festivals such as the Chinese New Year, the Lantern Festival, and the Dragon Boat Festival.", "qas": [ { "id": "37115", "question": "what are the names of the lunar calendar ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "Chinese New Year, the Lantern Festival, and the Dragon Boat Festival" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Taiwan" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A powiat (pronounced ; Polish plural: \"powiaty\") is the second-level unit of local government and administration in Poland, equivalent to a county, district or prefecture (LAU-1, formerly NUTS-4) in other countries. The term \"\"powiat\"\" is most often translated into English as \"county\".", "qas": [ { "id": "37116", "question": "what is the unit of local government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2, "text": "powiat" } ] }, { "id": "37117", "question": "what is another name for polish plural ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "powiaty" } ] }, { "id": "37118", "question": "what is the name of poland 's prefecture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "NUTS-4" } ] }, { "id": "37119", "question": "what is most often translated into english ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "powiat" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A \"powiat\" is part of a larger unit, the voivodeship (Polish \"wojew\u00f3dztwo\") or province.", "qas": [ { "id": "37120", "question": "what is a part of a larger unit ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "powiat" } ] }, { "id": "37121", "question": "what is the name of the `` powiat '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "the voivodeship (Polish \"wojew\u00f3dztwo\") or province" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A \"powiat\" is usually subdivided into \"gmina\"s (in English, often referred to as \"communes\" or \"municipalities\"). Major towns and cities, however, function as separate counties in their own right, without subdivision into \"gmina\"s. They are termed \"city counties\" (\"powiaty grodzkie\" or, more formally, \"miasta na prawach powiatu\") and have roughly the same status as former county boroughs in the UK. The other type of \"powiat\"s are termed \"land counties\" (\"powiaty ziemskie\").", "qas": [ { "id": "37122", "question": "what is usually subdivided into english ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "powiat" } ] }, { "id": "37123", "question": "what is a `` communes '' into english ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "gmina\"s" } ] }, { "id": "37124", "question": "what is another term for `` s '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "\"communes\" or \"municipalities\")" } ] }, { "id": "37125", "question": "what is the subdivision of subdivision ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "gmina\"s" } ] }, { "id": "37126", "question": "what are the other type of `` `` s s '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 442, "text": "land counties" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As of 2008, there were 379 \"powiat\"-level entities: 314 land counties, and 65 city counties. For a complete alphabetical listing, see \"List of Polish counties\". For tables of counties by voivodeship, see the articles on the individual voivodeships (e.g., Greater Poland Voivodeship).", "qas": [ { "id": "37127", "question": "how many counties were there in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "379" } ] }, { "id": "37128", "question": "what type of counties were there in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "314 land counties" } ] }, { "id": "37129", "question": "how many city counties were there in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "65" } ] }, { "id": "37130", "question": "what is the list of the list of polish counties ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "List of Polish counties" } ] }, { "id": "37131", "question": "what is the name of the tables of counties in poland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "voivodeship" } ] }, { "id": "37132", "question": "what is the name of the articles that can be used in poland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 255, "text": "Greater Poland Voivodeship" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The history of Polish \"powiat\"s goes back to the second half of the 14th century. They remained the basic unit of territorial organization in Poland, then in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, until the latter's partitioning in 1795.", "qas": [ { "id": "37133", "question": "when did the history of polish `` powiat '' come back ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "second half of the 14th century" } ] }, { "id": "37134", "question": "where was the basic unit of territorial organization located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth" } ] }, { "id": "37135", "question": "in what year did the polish-lithuanian commonwealth begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "1795" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 19th century, the \"powiat\"s continued to function in the part of Poland that had been incorporated into the Russian Empire (\"Congress Poland\")\u2014the equivalent of the Russian \"\"uyezd\"\" and the Ukrainian \"\"povit\"\"\u2014and, in the German-governed Grand Duchy of Pozna\u0144, as the Polish equivalent of the German \"\"Kreis\"\".", "qas": [ { "id": "37136", "question": "what was the `` congress poland '' incorporated into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "the Russian Empire" } ] }, { "id": "37137", "question": "what did the russian empire call the russian empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "Congress Poland\")\u2014the equivalent of the Russian \"\"uyezd\"" } ] }, { "id": "37138", "question": "what was the polish equivalent of the german '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "Grand Duchy of Pozna\u0144" } ] }, { "id": "37139", "question": "what was the grand duchy of the german empire called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "the Polish equivalent of the German \"\"Kreis\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After Poland regained independence in 1918, the \"powiat\"s were again the second-level territorial units.", "qas": [ { "id": "37140", "question": "when did poland leave independence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "1918" } ] }, { "id": "37141", "question": "what was the name of the territorial units in poland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "powiat\"s" } ] }, { "id": "37142", "question": "what were the `` s s again again ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "second-level territorial units" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"Powiat\"s were abolished in 1975 in favor of a larger number of voivodeships, but were reintroduced on 1 January 1999. This reform also created 16 larger voivodeships.", "qas": [ { "id": "37143", "question": "when were `` s s abolished '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "1975" } ] }, { "id": "37144", "question": "when were `` s s abolished '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "1 January 1999" } ] }, { "id": "37145", "question": "how many larger voivodeships did the reform reform ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "16" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Legislative power within a powiat is vested in an elected council (\"rada powiatu\"), while local executive power is vested in the starosta, who is elected by that council. The administrative offices headed by the starosta are called the \"starostwo\". However, in city counties these institutions do not exist separatelytheir powers and functions are exercised by the city council (\"rada miasta\"), the directly elected mayor (\"burmistrz\" or \"prezydent\"), and the city offices (\"urz\u0105d miasta\").", "qas": [ { "id": "37146", "question": "what is another name for an elected council ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "rada powiatu" } ] }, { "id": "37147", "question": "where is local executive power vested ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "starosta" } ] }, { "id": "37148", "question": "what are the administrative offices called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 237, "text": "starostwo" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In some cases a powiat has its seat outside its own territory. For example, Pozna\u0144 County (\"powiat pozna\u0144ski\") has its offices in Pozna\u0144, although Pozna\u0144 is itself a city county, and is therefore not part of Pozna\u0144 County.", "qas": [ { "id": "37149", "question": "what is the county county called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "Pozna\u0144 County" } ] }, { "id": "37150", "question": "what is the name of the offices of the county county ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "Pozna\u0144" } ] }, { "id": "37151", "question": "what is the name of the city 's city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Pozna\u0144" } ] }, { "id": "37152", "question": "what is the county therefore not part of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "Pozna\u0144 County" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Powiats have relatively limited powers, since many local and regional matters are dealt with either at gmina or voivodeship level. Some of the main areas in which the powiat authorities have decision-making powers and competences include:", "qas": [ { "id": "37153", "question": "what are local and regional matters dealt with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "gmina or voivodeship level" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Polish the name of an county, in the administrative sense, consists of the word \"powiat\" followed by a masculine-gender adjective (because \"powiat\" is a masculine noun). In most cases, this is the adjective formed from the name of the town or city where the county has its seat. Thus the county with its seat at the town of Kutno is named \"powiat kutnowski\" (Kutno County). (In modern Polish both parts of the name are written in lower case; however, names of powiats in the Grand Duchy of Pozna\u0144 were written in upper case.) If the name of the seat comprises a noun followed by an adjective, as in Mak\u00f3w Mazowiecki (\"Mazovian Mak\u00f3w\"), the adjective will generally be formed from the noun only (\"powiat makowski\"). There are also a few counties whose names are derived from the names of two towns (such as \"powiat czarnkowsko-trzcianecki\", Czarnk\u00f3w-Trzcianka County), from the name of a city and a geographical adjective (\"powiat \u0142\u00f3dzki wschodni\", \u0141\u00f3d\u017a East County), or a mountain range (\"powiat tatrza\u0144ski\", Tatra County).", "qas": [ { "id": "37154", "question": "what is the polish sense of an county called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "powiat" } ] }, { "id": "37155", "question": "what is the county with its seat at the town of kutno ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 344, "text": "powiat kutnowski" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There is more than one way to render such names into English. A common method is to translate the names as \"(something County)\", as in the examples above. (This system is the standard used in Wikipedia.) Thus in most cases the English name for a powiat consists of the name of the city or town which is its seat, followed by the word \"County\".", "qas": [ { "id": "37156", "question": "what is a common method of a common method ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "translate the names as \"" } ] }, { "id": "37157", "question": "what is the standard system used for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "Wikipedia" } ] }, { "id": "37158", "question": "what is the name of the word for the english name of the english name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 325, "text": "the word \"County\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Note that different counties sometimes have the same name in Polish, since the names of different towns may have the same derived adjective. For example, the counties with their seats at Grodzisk Wielkopolski and Grodzisk Mazowiecki are both called \"powiat grodziski\", and those with seats at Brzeg and Brzesko are both called \"powiat brzeski\". In English this ambiguity either does not occur (Brzeg County and Brzesko County) or can be avoided by using the complete name of the seat (Grodzisk Wielkopolski County and Grodzisk Mazowiecki County).", "qas": [ { "id": "37159", "question": "what are the seats of the counties ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "Grodzisk Wielkopolski and Grodzisk Mazowiecki" } ] }, { "id": "37160", "question": "what is the name of the counties that the counties are called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "powiat grodziski" } ] }, { "id": "37161", "question": "what is the name of the seats that is used to describe seats in the counties ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "powiat brzeski" } ] }, { "id": "37162", "question": "what are the names of the english ambiguity not occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 394, "text": "Brzeg County and Brzesko County" } ] }, { "id": "37163", "question": "what are the complete name of the seat of the seat of the seat of the seat ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 485, "text": "Grodzisk Wielkopolski County and Grodzisk Mazowiecki County" } ] } ] } ], "title": "Powiat" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Population density (in agriculture: standing stock and standing crop) is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume; it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and most of the time to humans. It is a key geographical term.", "qas": [ { "id": "37164", "question": "what is the population of agriculture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "standing stock and standing crop" } ] }, { "id": "37165", "question": "what is population density of agriculture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "population per unit area or unit volume" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Population density is population divided by total land area or water volume, as appropriate.", "qas": [ { "id": "37166", "question": "what is population density divided by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "total land area or water volume" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Low densities may cause an extinction vortex and lead to further reduced fertility. This is called the Allee effect after the scientist who identified it. Examples of the causes in low population densities include:", "qas": [ { "id": "37167", "question": "what is the name of the effect that identified the scientist ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "Allee effect" } ] } ] }, { "context": "For humans, population density is the number of people per unit of area, usually quoted per square kilometer or square mile (which may include or exclude, for example, areas of water or glaciers). Commonly this may be calculated for a county, city, country, another territory, or the entire world.", "qas": [ { "id": "37168", "question": "what do population density usually do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "quoted per square kilometer or square mile" } ] }, { "id": "37169", "question": "what are commonly calculated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "a county, city, country, another territory, or the entire world" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The world's population is around 7,000,000,000 and Earth's total area (including land and water) is 510,000,000 square kilometers (197,000,000 sq. mi.). Therefore, the worldwide human population density is around 7,000,000,000 \u00f7 510,000,000 = 13.7 per km (35 per sq. mi). If only the Earth's land area of 150,000,000 km (58,000,000 sq. mi.) is taken into account, then human population density increases to 47 per km (120 per sq. mile). This includes all continental and island land area, including Antarctica. If Antarctica is also excluded, then population density rises to over 50 people per km (over 130 per sq. mile). However, over half of the Earth's land mass consists of areas inhospitable to human habitation, such as deserts and high mountains, and population tends to cluster around seaports and fresh-water sources. Thus, this number by itself does not give any helpful measurement of human population density.", "qas": [ { "id": "37170", "question": "what is the population of the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "7,000,000,000" } ] }, { "id": "37171", "question": "what is the world 's population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "510,000,000 square kilometers" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Several of the most densely populated territories in the world are city-states, microstates, and dependencies. These territories have a relatively small area and a high urbanization level, with an economically specialized city population drawing also on rural resources outside the area, illustrating the difference between high population density and overpopulation.", "qas": [ { "id": "37172", "question": "what are the most densely populated territories in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "microstates, and dependencies" } ] }, { "id": "37173", "question": "where is the population drawing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "rural resources outside the area" } ] }, { "id": "37174", "question": "what is the difference between rural resources and rural resources ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "high population density and overpopulation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Cities with high population densities are, by some, considered to be overpopulated, though this will depend on factors like quality of housing and infrastructure and access to resources. Most of the most densely populated cities are in Southeast Asia, though Cairo and Lagos in Africa also fall into this category.", "qas": [ { "id": "37175", "question": "where are most of the most populated cities in africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "Southeast Asia" } ] }, { "id": "37176", "question": "what two cities are in africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "Cairo and Lagos" } ] } ] }, { "context": "City population and especially area are, however, heavily dependent on the definition of \"urban area\" used: densities are almost invariably higher for the central city area than when suburban settlements and the intervening rural areas are included, as in the areas of agglomeration or metropolitan area, the latter sometimes including neighboring cities. For instance, Milwaukee has a greater population density when just the inner city is measured, and the surrounding suburbs excluded.", "qas": [ { "id": "37177", "question": "what is the definition of densities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "urban area" } ] }, { "id": "37178", "question": "what are the areas of the densities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "agglomeration or metropolitan area" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In comparison, based on a world population of seven billion, the world's inhabitants, as a loose crowd taking up ten square feet (one square metre) per person (Jacobs Method), would occupy a space a little larger than Delaware's land area.", "qas": [ { "id": "37179", "question": "what was the population of the world 's inhabitants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "seven billion" } ] }, { "id": "37180", "question": "how much did the world 's inhabitants cost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "ten square feet" } ] }, { "id": "37181", "question": "what was the method of the world 's inhabitants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "one square metre) per person" } ] }, { "id": "37182", "question": "how many method did the world 's inhabitants have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "Jacobs Method" } ] }, { "id": "37183", "question": "what did the world 's inhabitants occupy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "Delaware's land area" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although arithmetic density is the most common way of measuring population density, several other methods have been developed to provide a more accurate measure of population density over a specific area.", "qas": [ { "id": "37184", "question": "what is arithmetic density ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "measuring population density" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\n", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Population density" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "UTC+01:00 is a time offset that adds 1 hour to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).", "qas": [ { "id": "37185", "question": "what is a time offset that adds 1 hour to coordinated universal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "UTC+01:00" } ] }, { "id": "37186", "question": "what does utc stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "1 hour to Coordinated Universal Time" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nIn ISO 8601 the associated time would be written as .", "qas": [ { "id": "37187", "question": "what is the iso iso ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "ISO 8601" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] } ], "title": "UTC+01:00" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population. It is a regularly occurring and official count of a particular population. The term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses; other common censuses include agriculture, business, and traffic censuses. The United Nations defines the essential features of population and housing censuses as \"individual enumeration, universality within a defined territory, simultaneity and defined periodicity\", and recommends that population censuses be taken at least every 10 years. United Nations recommendations also cover census topics to be collected, official definitions, classifications and other useful information to co-ordinate international practice.", "qas": [ { "id": "37188", "question": "what are some common censuses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 311, "text": "agriculture, business, and traffic censuses" } ] }, { "id": "37189", "question": "how long is the population of population censuses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 613, "text": "10 years" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The word is of Latin origin: during the Roman Republic, the census was a list that kept track of all adult males fit for military service. The modern census is essential to international comparisons of any kind of statistics, and censuses collect data on many attributes of a population, not just how many people there are but now census takes its place within a system of surveys where it typically began as the only national demographic data collection. Although population estimates remain an important function of a census, including exactly the geographic distribution of the population, statistics can be produced about combinations of attributes e.g. education by age and sex in different regions. Current administrative data systems allow for other approaches to enumeration with the same level of detail but raise concerns about privacy and the possibility of biasing estimates.", "qas": [ { "id": "37190", "question": "what was the census of the census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "a list that kept track of all adult males fit for military service" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) explains that, \u201cA traditional population and housing census requires mapping an entire country, figuring out what technologies should be employed, mobilizing and training legions of enumerators, conducting a major public campaign, canvassing all households, collecting individual information, compiling hundreds of thousands \u2013 or millions \u2013 of completed questionnaires, monitoring procedures and results, and analyzing and disseminating the data.\u201d ", "qas": [ { "id": "37191", "question": "what does unfpa stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The United Nations Population Fund" } ] }, { "id": "37192", "question": "what are the households of unfpa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 413, "text": "monitoring procedures and results, and analyzing and disseminating the data" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A census can be contrasted with sampling in which information is obtained only from a subset of a population, typically main population estimates are updated by such intercensal estimates. Modern census data are commonly used for research, business marketing, and planning, and as a baseline for designing sample surveys by providing a sampling frame such as an address register. Census counts are necessary to adjust samples to be representative of a population by weighting them as is common in opinion polling. Similarly, stratification requires knowledge of the relative sizes of different population strata which can be derived from census enumerations. In some countries, the census provides the official counts used to apportion the number of elected representatives to regions (sometimes controversially \u2013 e.g., \"Utah v. Evans\"). In many cases, a carefully chosen random sample can provide more accurate information than attempts to get a population census.", "qas": [ { "id": "37193", "question": "what are the main population of a census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "intercensal estimates" } ] }, { "id": "37194", "question": "what are data commonly used for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "research, business marketing, and planning" } ] }, { "id": "37195", "question": "what is another name for elected representatives ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 821, "text": "Utah v. Evans" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A census is often construed as the opposite of a sample as its intent is to count everyone in a population rather than a fraction. However, population censuses rely on a sampling frame to count the population. This is the only way to be sure that everyone has been included as otherwise those not responding would not be followed up on and individuals could be missed. The fundamental premise of a census is that the population is not known and a new estimate is to be made by the analysis of primary data. \nThe use of a sampling frame is counterintuitive as it suggests that the population size is already known. However, a census is also used to collect attribute data on the individuals in the nation. This process of sampling marks the difference between historical census, which was a house to house process or the product of an imperial decree, and the modern statistical project.\nThe sampling frame used by census is almost always an address register. Thus it is not known if there is anyone resident or how many people there are in each household. Depending on the mode of enumeration, a form is sent to the householder, an enumerator calls, or administrative records for the dwelling are accessed. As a preliminary to the dispatch of forms, census workers will check any address problems on the ground.\nWhile it may seem straightforward to use the postal service file for this purpose, this can be out of date and some dwellings may contain a number of independent households. A particular problem is what are termed 'communal establishments' which category includes student residences, religious orders, homes for the elderly, people in prisons etc. As these are not easily enumerated by a single householder, they are often treated differently and visited by special teams of census workers to ensure they are classified appropriately.", "qas": [ { "id": "37196", "question": "what is the opposite of a sample as its intent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "count everyone in a population rather than a fraction" } ] }, { "id": "37197", "question": "what does population censuses rely on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "a sampling frame to count the population" } ] }, { "id": "37198", "question": "what is the only way that everyone has been included ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "otherwise those not responding would not be followed up on and individuals could be missed" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Individuals are normally counted within households and information is typically collected about the household structure and the housing. For this reason international documents refer to censuses of population and housing. Normally the census response is made by a household, indicating details of individuals resident there.\nAn important aspect of census enumerations is determining which individuals can be counted from which cannot be counted. Broadly, three definitions can be used: \"de facto\" residence; \"de jure\" residence; and, permanent residence. This is important to consider individuals who have multiple or temporary addresses. Every person should be identified uniquely as resident in one place but where they happen to be on Census Day, their \"de facto\" residence, may not be the best place to count them. Where an individual uses services may be more useful and this is at their usual, or \"de jure\", residence. An individual may be represented at a permanent address, perhaps a family home for students or long term migrants.\nIt is necessary to have a precise definition of residence to decide whether visitors to a country should be included in the population count. This is becoming more important as students travel abroad for education for a period of several years. Other groups causing problems of enumeration are new born babies, refugees, people away on holiday, people moving home around census day, and people without a fixed address.\nPeople having second homes because of working in another part of the country or retaining a holiday cottage are difficult to fix at a particular address sometimes causing double counting or houses being mistakenly identified as vacant. Another problem is where people use a different address at different times e.g. students living at their place of education in term time but returning to a family home during vacations or children whose parents have separated who effectively have two family homes. Census enumeration has always been based on finding people where they live as there is no systematic alternative - any list you could use to find people is derived from census activities in the first place. Recent UN guidelines provide recommendation on enumerating such complex households.", "qas": [ { "id": "37199", "question": "what are individuals normally collected about ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "the household structure and the housing" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Historical censuses used crude enumeration assuming absolute accuracy. Modern approaches take into account the problems of overcount and undercount, and the coherence of census enumerations with other official sources of data. This reflects a realist approach to measurement, acknowledging that under any definition of residence there is a true value of the population but this can never be measured with complete accuracy. An important aspect of the census process is to evaluate the quality of the data.", "qas": [ { "id": "37200", "question": "what did historical censuses censuses use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "crude enumeration assuming absolute accuracy" } ] }, { "id": "37201", "question": "modern approaches take into what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "overcount and undercount" } ] }, { "id": "37202", "question": "what is an important aspect of the census process ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 472, "text": "evaluate the quality of the data" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many countries use a post-enumeration survey to adjust the raw census counts. This works in a similar manner to capture-recapture estimation for animal populations. In census circles this method is called dual system enumeration (DSE). A sample of households are visited by interviewers who record the details of the household as at census day. These data are then matched to census records and the number of people missed can be estimated by considering the number missed in the census or survey but counted in the other. This way counts can be adjusted for non-response varying between different demographic groups. An explanation using a fishing analogy can be found in \"Trout, Catfish and Roach...\" which won an award from the Royal Statistical Society for excellence in official statistics in 2011.", "qas": [ { "id": "37203", "question": "what is the name of the method that is used in census circles ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "dual system enumeration" } ] }, { "id": "37204", "question": "who visited a sample of households in census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "interviewers" } ] }, { "id": "37205", "question": "what is the name of the explanation that won an award from the royal statistical society ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 674, "text": "Trout, Catfish and Roach" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Triple system enumeration has been proposed as an improvement as it would allow evaluation of the statistical dependence of pairs of sources. However, as the matching process is the most difficult aspect of census estimation this has never been implemented for a national enumeration. It would also be difficult to identify three different sources that were sufficiently different to make the triple system effort worthwhile. The DSE approach has another weakness in that it assumes there is no person counted twice (over count). In \"de facto\" residence definitions this would not be a problem but in \"de jure\" definitions individuals risk being recorded on more than one form leading to double counting. A particular problem here are students who often have a term time and family address.", "qas": [ { "id": "37206", "question": "what was the triple system difficult to identify ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "three different sources that were sufficiently different to make the triple system effort worthwhile" } ] }, { "id": "37207", "question": "what is the weakness in the approach of count ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 492, "text": "no person counted twice" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Several countries have used a system which is known as short form/long form. This is a sampling strategy which randomly chooses a proportion of people to send a more detailed questionnaire to (the long form). Everyone receives the short form questions. Thereby more data are collected but not imposing a burden on the whole population. This also reduces the burden on the statistical office. Indeed, in the UK all residents were required to fill in the whole form but only a 10% sample were coded and analysed in detail, until 2001. New technology means that all data are now scanned and processed. Recently there has been controversy in Canada about the cessation of the long form with the head, Munir Sheikh resigning.", "qas": [ { "id": "37208", "question": "what are several countries used for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "short form/long form" } ] }, { "id": "37209", "question": "what is randomly chooses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "a proportion of people to send a more detailed questionnaire to (the long form" } ] }, { "id": "37210", "question": "what percentage of sample were coded and analysed in detail ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 475, "text": "10%" } ] }, { "id": "37211", "question": "what is the name of the head of the long form of the long form ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 697, "text": "Munir Sheikh resigning" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Censuses have evolved in their use of technology with the latest censuses, the 2010 round, using many new types of computing. In Brazil, handheld devices were used by enumerators to locate residences on the ground. In many countries, census returns could be made via the Internet as well as in paper form. DSE is facilitated by computer matching techniques which can be automated, such as propensity score matching. In the UK, all census formats are scanned and stored electronically before being destroyed, replacing the need for physical archives. The record linking to perform an administrative census would not be possible without large databases being stored on computer systems.", "qas": [ { "id": "37212", "question": "what were handheld devices used by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "enumerators to locate residences on the ground" } ] }, { "id": "37213", "question": "what is automated score facilitated by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "computer matching techniques" } ] }, { "id": "37214", "question": "what is the name of the score that can be used in computer matching ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 389, "text": "propensity score matching" } ] } ] }, { "context": "New technology is not without problems in its introduction. The US census had intended to use the handheld computers but cost escalated and this was abandoned, with the contract being sold to Brazil. Online response is a good idea but one of the functions of census is to make sure everyone is counted accurately. A system which allowed people to enter their address without verification would be open to abuse. Therefore, households have to be verified on the ground, typically by an enumerator visit or post out. Paper forms are still necessary for those without access to Internet connections. It is also plausible that the hidden nature of an administrative census means that users are not engaged with the importance of contributing their data to official statistics.", "qas": [ { "id": "37215", "question": "what is one of the functions of the census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "to make sure everyone is counted accurately" } ] }, { "id": "37216", "question": "what did a system do to enter their address ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 337, "text": "people to enter their address without verification would be open to abuse" } ] }, { "id": "37217", "question": "what are the households typically verified by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 482, "text": "an enumerator visit or post out" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Alternatively, population estimations may be carried out remotely with GIS and remote sensing technologies.", "qas": [ { "id": "37218", "question": "population estimations may be carried with what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "GIS and remote sensing technologies" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to UNFPA, \u201cThe information generated by a population and housing census \u2013 numbers of people, their distribution, their living conditions and other key data \u2013 is critical for development.\u201d This is because this type of data is essential for policymakers so that they know where to invest. Unfortunately, many countries have outdated or inaccurate data about their populations and therefore, without accurate data are unable to address the needs of their population.", "qas": [ { "id": "37219", "question": "what is this data essential for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "policymakers so that they know where to invest" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\u201cThe unique advantage of the census is that it represents the entire statistical universe, down to the smallest geographical units, of a country or region. Planners need this information for all kinds of development work, including: assessing demographic trends; analysing socio-economic conditions; designing evidence-based poverty-reduction strategies; monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of policies; and tracking progress toward national and internationally agreed development goals.\u201d", "qas": [ { "id": "37220", "question": "what is one of the reasons for the goals of the demographic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 416, "text": "tracking progress toward national and internationally agreed development goals" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In addition to making policymakers aware about population issues, it is also an important tool for identifying forms of social, demographic or economic exclusions, such as inequalities relating to race, ethics and religion as well as disadvantaged groups such as those with disabilities and the poor.", "qas": [ { "id": "37221", "question": "what is the important tool for policymakers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "social, demographic or economic exclusions" } ] }, { "id": "37222", "question": "what are some of the economic tool for policymakers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "inequalities relating to race, ethics and religion" } ] }, { "id": "37223", "question": "what are some of the groups that policymakers aware of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "those with disabilities and the poor" } ] } ] }, { "context": "An accurate census can empower local communities by providing them with the necessary information to participate in local decision-making and ensuring they are represented.", "qas": [ { "id": "37224", "question": "what is the reason for the accurate census of an census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "providing them with the necessary information to participate in local decision-making" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the nineteenth century, the first censuses collected paper enumerations that had to be collated by hand so the statistical uses were very basic. The government owned the data and were able to publish statistics themselves on the state of the nation. Uses were to measure changes in the population and apportion representation. Population estimates could be compared to those of other countries.", "qas": [ { "id": "37225", "question": "what were the government able to publish ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "publish statistics themselves on the state of the nation" } ] }, { "id": "37226", "question": "what were uses to measure the changes of the population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "measure changes in the population and apportion representation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By the beginning of the twentieth century, censuses were recording households and some indications of their employment. In some countries, census archives are released for public examination after many decades, allowing genealogists to track the ancestry of interested people. Archives provide a substantial historical record which may challenge established notions of tradition. It is also possible to understand the societal history through job titles and arrangements for the destitute and sick.", "qas": [ { "id": "37227", "question": "why are census archives released ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "allowing genealogists to track the ancestry of interested people" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As governments assumed responsibility for schooling and welfare, large government research departments made extensive use of census data. Actuarial estimates could be made to project populations and plan for provision in local government and regions. It was also possible for central government to allocate funding on the basis of census data.\nEven into the mid twentieth century, census data was only directly accessible to large government departments. However, computers meant that tabulations could be used directly by university researchers, large businesses and local government offices. They could use the detail of the data to answer new questions and add to local and specialist knowledge.", "qas": [ { "id": "37228", "question": "what was the name of the responsibility that governments were assumed responsibility ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "schooling and welfare" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Now, census data are published in a wide variety of formats to be accessible to business, all levels of governance, media, students and teachers, charities and any citizen who is interested; researchers in particular have an interest in the role of \"Census Field Officers\" (CFO) and their assistants. Data can be represented visually or analysed in complex statistical models, to show the difference between certain areas, or to understand the association between different personal characteristics. Census data offer a unique insight into small areas and small demographic groups which sample data would be unable to capture with precision.", "qas": [ { "id": "37229", "question": "what are the researchers that is interested in census data ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "Census Field Officers\" (CFO) and their assistants" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although the census provides a useful way of obtaining statistical information about a population, such information can sometimes lead to abuses, political or otherwise, made possible by the linking of individuals' identities to anonymous census data. This consideration is particularly important when individuals' census responses are made available in microdata form, but even aggregate-level data can result in privacy breaches when dealing with small areas and/or rare subpopulations.", "qas": [ { "id": "37230", "question": "what can information sometimes lead to the population data ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "abuses, political or otherwise" } ] }, { "id": "37231", "question": "what causes information to abuses political or otherwise statistical information ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "the linking of individuals' identities to anonymous census data" } ] } ] }, { "context": "For instance, when reporting data from a large city, it might be appropriate to give the average income for black males aged between 50 and 60. However, doing this for a town that only has two black males in this age group would be a breach of privacy because either of those persons, knowing his own income and the reported average, could determine the other man's income.", "qas": [ { "id": "37232", "question": "what is the purpose of data from a large city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "it might be appropriate to give the average income for black males aged between 50 and 60" } ] }, { "id": "37233", "question": "what could determine the other man 's income ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "knowing his own income and the reported average" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Typically, census data are processed to obscure such individual information. Some agencies do this by intentionally introducing small statistical errors to prevent the identification of individuals in marginal populations; others swap variables for similar respondents. Whatever measures have been taken to reduce the privacy risk in census data, new technology in the form of better electronic analysis of data poses increasing challenges to the protection of sensitive individual information. This is known as statistical disclosure control.", "qas": [ { "id": "37234", "question": "what do some agencies introducing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "small statistical errors to prevent the identification of individuals in marginal populations" } ] }, { "id": "37235", "question": "what have measures been taken to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "reduce the privacy risk in census data" } ] }, { "id": "37236", "question": "what is the name of the control of the control of disclosure control ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 512, "text": "statistical disclosure control" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Another possibility is to present survey results by means of statistical models in the form of a multivariate distribution mixture. The statistical information in the form of conditional distributions (histograms) can be derived interactively from the estimated mixture model without any further access to the original database. As the final product does not contain any protected microdata, the model based interactive software can be distributed without any confidentiality concerns.", "qas": [ { "id": "37237", "question": "what is the mixture of statistical models ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "multivariate distribution mixture" } ] }, { "id": "37238", "question": "what is another term for conditional distributions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "histograms" } ] }, { "id": "37239", "question": "conditional distributions can be derived from what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "the estimated mixture model without any further access to the original database" } ] }, { "id": "37240", "question": "what is the final product of interactive software ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 381, "text": "microdata" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Another method is simply to release no data at all, except very large scale data directly to the central government. Different release strategies between government have led to an international project (IPUMS) to co-ordinate access to microdata and corresponding metadata. Such projects also promote standardising metadata by projects such as SDMX so that best use can be made of the minimal data available.", "qas": [ { "id": "37241", "question": "what is the purpose of an international project ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "co-ordinate access to microdata and corresponding metadata" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Censuses in Egypt are said to have been taken during the early Pharaonic period in 3340 BCE and in 3056 BCE.", "qas": [ { "id": "37242", "question": "when was the early pharaonic period ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "3340 BCE" } ] }, { "id": "37243", "question": "in what year was the censuses taken during the early pharaonic period ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "3056 BCE" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are several accounts of ancient Greek and Mesopotamian city states carrying out censuses. The question of which is first is clouded by very different approaches: counting only men, counting a pile of rocks etc. but such censuses took place circa 1600 BCE and earlier.", "qas": [ { "id": "37244", "question": "when did censuses take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "1600 BCE and earlier" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Censuses are mentioned in the Bible. God commands a per capita tax to be paid with the census in for the upkeep of the Tabernacle. The Book of Numbers is named after the counting of the Israelite population (in ) according to the house of the Fathers after the exodus from Egypt. A second census was taken while the Israelite were camped in the plains of Moab, in .", "qas": [ { "id": "37245", "question": "where are censuses mentioned ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "the Bible" } ] }, { "id": "37246", "question": "what population is the book of numbers named after ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "Israelite population" } ] }, { "id": "37247", "question": "where were the israelite in the plains ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 355, "text": "Moab" } ] } ] }, { "context": "King David performed a census that produced disastrous results (in and ). His son, King Solomon, had all of the foreigners in Israel counted in .", "qas": [ { "id": "37248", "question": "who performed a census in a census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "King David" } ] }, { "id": "37249", "question": "who was king david son ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "King Solomon" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When the Romans took over Judea in 6CE, the legate Publius Sulpicius Quirinius organised a census for tax purposes. The Gospel of Luke links the birth of Jesus to this event. .", "qas": [ { "id": "37250", "question": "when did the romans take over judea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "6CE" } ] }, { "id": "37251", "question": "who organised a census for tax purposes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "Publius Sulpicius Quirinius" } ] } ] }, { "context": "One of the world's earliest preserved censuses was held in China in 2 CE during the Han Dynasty, and is still considered by scholars to be quite accurate. Another census was held in 144 CE.", "qas": [ { "id": "37252", "question": "when was one of the world 's earliest preserved censuses held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "2 CE" } ] }, { "id": "37253", "question": "during what dynasty was one of the world 's earliest preserved censuses held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "Han Dynasty" } ] }, { "id": "37254", "question": "when was the census held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "144 CE" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The oldest recorded census in India is thought to have occurred around 300 BCE during the reign of the Emperor Chandragupta Maurya under the leadership of Kautilya or Chanakya and Ashoka.", "qas": [ { "id": "37255", "question": "when was the oldest recorded census in india ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "300 BCE" } ] }, { "id": "37256", "question": "who was the emperor of kautilya ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "Chandragupta Maurya" } ] }, { "id": "37257", "question": "who was the emperor chandragupta under ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "Kautilya or Chanakya and Ashoka" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The word \"census\" originated in ancient Rome from the Latin word \"\" (\"to estimate\"). The census played a crucial role in the administration of the Roman Empire, as it was used to determine taxes. With few interruptions, it was usually carried out every five years. It provided a register of citizens and their property from which their duties and privileges could be listed. It is said to have been instituted by the Roman king Servius Tullius in the 6th century BCE, at which time the number of arms-bearing citizens was supposedly counted at around 80,000.", "qas": [ { "id": "37258", "question": "the census was used to determine what administration ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "the Roman Empire" } ] }, { "id": "37259", "question": "who instituted the number of citizens in the 6th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 428, "text": "Servius Tullius" } ] }, { "id": "37260", "question": "when was the roman king servius ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 451, "text": "6th century BCE" } ] }, { "id": "37261", "question": "how many citizens were counted in the 6th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 551, "text": "80,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the Middle Ages, the Caliphate began conducting regular censuses soon after its formation, beginning with the one ordered by the second Rashidun caliph, Umar.", "qas": [ { "id": "37262", "question": "what was the name of the caliphate that the caliphate began ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "second Rashidun caliph" } ] }, { "id": "37263", "question": "who was the second rashidun caliph ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "Umar" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Domesday Book was undertaken in 1086 CE by William I of England so that he could properly tax the land he had recently conquered in medieval Europe. In 1183 CE, a census was taken of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, to ascertain the number of men and amount of money that could possibly be raised against an invasion by Saladin, sultan of Egypt and Syria.", "qas": [ { "id": "37264", "question": "when was the domesday book undertaken ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "1086 CE" } ] }, { "id": "37265", "question": "in what year did the crusader kingdom of jerusalem take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "1183 CE" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 15th century, the Inca Empire had a unique way to record census information. The Incas did not have any written language but recorded information collected during censuses and other numeric information as well as non-numeric data on quipus, strings from llama or alpaca hair or cotton cords with numeric and other values encoded by knots in a base-10 positional system.", "qas": [ { "id": "37266", "question": "which empire had a unique way to record census information ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "Inca Empire" } ] }, { "id": "37267", "question": "what are the strings of the incas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "llama or alpaca hair or cotton cords" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On May 25, 1577, King Philip II of Spain ordered by royal c\u00e9dula the preparation of a general description of Spain's holdings in the Indies. Instructions and a questionnaire, issued in 1577 by the Office of the Cronista Mayor, were distributed to local officials in the Viceroyalties of New Spain and Peru to direct the gathering of information. The questionnaire, composed of fifty items, was designed to elicit basic information about the nature of the land and the life of its peoples. The replies, known as \",\" were written between 1579 and 1585 and were returned to the Cronista Mayor in Spain by the Council of the Indies.", "qas": [ { "id": "37268", "question": "on what date did king philip ii rule spain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "May 25, 1577" } ] }, { "id": "37269", "question": "who ordered a general description of spain 's holdings ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "King Philip II of Spain" } ] }, { "id": "37270", "question": "in what year was the mayor issued ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "1577" } ] }, { "id": "37271", "question": "who was the office of the mayor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "Cronista Mayor" } ] }, { "id": "37272", "question": "when were the mayor of the indies written ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 536, "text": "1579 and 1585" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The earliest estimate of the world population was made by Giovannu Battista Riccioli in 1661; the next by Johann Peter S\u00fcssmilch in 1741, revised in 1762; the third by Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Dieterici in 1859.", "qas": [ { "id": "37273", "question": "who made the earliest estimate of the world population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "Giovannu Battista Riccioli" } ] }, { "id": "37274", "question": "when was the earliest estimate of the world population made ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "1661" } ] }, { "id": "37275", "question": "who made the earliest estimate of the world population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Johann Peter S\u00fcssmilch" } ] }, { "id": "37276", "question": "where was the earliest estimate of the world population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "1741" } ] }, { "id": "37277", "question": "when was the earliest estimate of the world population in 1741 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "1762" } ] }, { "id": "37278", "question": "who made the third estimate of the world population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Dieterici" } ] }, { "id": "37279", "question": "when was the third by karl friedrich wilhelm dieterici ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "1859" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1931 Walter Willcox published a table in his book, \"International Migrations: Volume II Interpretations\", that estimated the 1929 world population to be roughly 1.8 billion.", "qas": [ { "id": "37280", "question": "in what year was a table in his book published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1931" } ] }, { "id": "37281", "question": "who published a table in 1931 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 8, "text": "Walter Willcox" } ] }, { "id": "37282", "question": "what was the name of the book that was published in 1931 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "Volume II Interpretations" } ] }, { "id": "37283", "question": "how much was the 1929 world population to be ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "1.8 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Census" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Mathematics (from Greek \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \"m\u00e1th\u0113ma\", \u201cknowledge, study, learning\u201d) is the study of topics such as quantity (numbers), structure, space, and change. There is a range of views among mathematicians and philosophers as to the exact scope and definition of mathematics.", "qas": [ { "id": "37284", "question": "what is mathematics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "Greek \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \"m\u00e1th\u0113ma\"" } ] }, { "id": "37285", "question": "what are mathematics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "quantity (numbers), structure, space, and change" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Mathematicians seek out patterns and use them to formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proof. When mathematical structures are good models of real phenomena, then mathematical reasoning can provide insight or predictions about nature. Through the use of abstraction and logic, mathematics developed from counting, calculation, measurement, and the systematic study of the shapes and motions of physical objects. Practical mathematics has been a human activity from as far back as written records exist. The research required to solve mathematical problems can take years or even centuries of sustained inquiry.", "qas": [ { "id": "37286", "question": "what is the truth of the truth of conjectures ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "mathematical proof" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Rigorous arguments first appeared in Greek mathematics, most notably in Euclid's \"Elements\". Since the pioneering work of Giuseppe Peano (1858\u20131932), David Hilbert (1862\u20131943), and others on axiomatic systems in the late 19th century, it has become customary to view mathematical research as establishing truth by rigorous deduction from appropriately chosen axioms and definitions. Mathematics developed at a relatively slow pace until the Renaissance, when mathematical innovations interacting with new scientific discoveries led to a rapid increase in the rate of mathematical discovery that has continued to the present day.", "qas": [ { "id": "37287", "question": "what was the name of the greek mathematics arguments ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "Euclid's \"Elements\"" } ] }, { "id": "37288", "question": "when was the work of giuseppe peano ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "1858\u20131932" } ] }, { "id": "37289", "question": "who was the work of axiomatic systems ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "David Hilbert" } ] }, { "id": "37290", "question": "when was david hilbert born ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "1862\u20131943" } ] }, { "id": "37291", "question": "when was mathematics developed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 437, "text": "the Renaissance" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Galileo Galilei (1564\u20131642) said, \"The universe cannot be read until we have learned the language and become familiar with the characters in which it is written. It is written in mathematical language, and the letters are triangles, circles and other geometrical figures, without which means it is humanly impossible to comprehend a single word. Without these, one is wandering about in a dark labyrinth.\" Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777\u20131855) referred to mathematics as \"the Queen of the Sciences\". Benjamin Peirce (1809\u20131880) called mathematics \"the science that draws necessary conclusions\". David Hilbert said of mathematics: \"We are not speaking here of arbitrariness in any sense. Mathematics is not like a game whose tasks are determined by arbitrarily stipulated rules. Rather, it is a conceptual system possessing internal necessity that can only be so and by no means otherwise.\" Albert Einstein (1879\u20131955) stated that \"as far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "37292", "question": "who said `` the universe can not be read until the characters ? ''", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Galileo Galilei" } ] }, { "id": "37293", "question": "when was galileo galilei born ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "1564\u20131642" } ] }, { "id": "37294", "question": "who referred to mathematics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 406, "text": "Carl Friedrich Gauss" } ] }, { "id": "37295", "question": "when was carl friedrich gauss born ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 428, "text": "1777\u20131855" } ] }, { "id": "37296", "question": "what did carl friedrich friedrich call mathematics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 467, "text": "the Queen of the Sciences" } ] }, { "id": "37297", "question": "who wrote mathematics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 495, "text": "Benjamin Peirce" } ] }, { "id": "37298", "question": "when was benjamin peirce born ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 512, "text": "1809\u20131880" } ] }, { "id": "37299", "question": "who stated that `` far as the laws of mathematics '' refer to reality ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 885, "text": "Albert Einstein" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Mathematics is essential in many fields, including natural science, engineering, medicine, finance and the social sciences. Applied mathematics has led to entirely new mathematical disciplines, such as statistics and game theory. Mathematicians also engage in pure mathematics, or mathematics for its own sake, without having any application in mind. There is no clear line separating pure and applied mathematics, and practical applications for what began as pure mathematics are often discovered.", "qas": [ { "id": "37300", "question": "what are the natural science , engineering , engineering , and engineering ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "medicine, finance and the social sciences" } ] }, { "id": "37301", "question": "what are some of the new mathematical disciplines ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "statistics and game theory" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As evidenced by tallies found on bone, in addition to recognizing how to count physical objects, prehistoric peoples may have also recognized how to count abstract quantities, like time\u00a0\u2013 days, seasons, years.", "qas": [ { "id": "37302", "question": "who found on bone , in addition to time ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 16, "text": "tallies" } ] }, { "id": "37303", "question": "on what language is abstract peoples found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "bone" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Evidence for more complex mathematics does not appear until around 3000\u00a0BC, when the Babylonians and Egyptians began using arithmetic, algebra and geometry for taxation and other financial calculations, for building and construction, and for astronomy. The earliest uses of mathematics were in trading, land measurement, painting and weaving patterns and the recording of time.", "qas": [ { "id": "37304", "question": "when did evidence for more complex mathematics does not appear ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "3000\u00a0BC" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Babylonian mathematics elementary arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) first appears in the archaeological record. Numeracy pre-dated writing and numeral systems have been many and diverse, with the first known written numerals created by Egyptians in Middle Kingdom texts such as the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus.", "qas": [ { "id": "37305", "question": "what is the name of the egyptians created by egyptians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 315, "text": "Rhind Mathematical Papyrus" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Between 600 and 300\u00a0BC the Ancient Greeks began a systematic study of mathematics in its own right with Greek mathematics.", "qas": [ { "id": "37306", "question": "between what years did the greeks begin a systematic study of mathematics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 8, "text": "600 and 300" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the Golden Age of Islam, especially during the 9th and 10th centuries, mathematics saw many important innovations building on Greek mathematics: most of them include the contributions from Persian mathematicians such as Al-Khwarismi, Omar Khayyam and Sharaf al-D\u012bn al-\u1e6c\u016bs\u012b.", "qas": [ { "id": "37307", "question": "when did the golden age of islam occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "9th and 10th centuries" } ] }, { "id": "37308", "question": "who were the persian mathematicians in islam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "Omar Khayyam and Sharaf al-D\u012bn al-\u1e6c\u016bs\u012b" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Mathematics has since been greatly extended, and there has been a fruitful interaction between mathematics and science, to the benefit of both. Mathematical discoveries continue to be made today. According to Mikhail B. Sevryuk, in the January 2006 issue of the \"Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society\", \"The number of papers and books included in the \"Mathematical Reviews\" database since 1940 (the first year of operation of MR) is now more than 1.9\u00a0million, and more than 75\u00a0thousand items are added to the database each year. The overwhelming majority of works in this ocean contain new mathematical theorems and their proofs.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "37309", "question": "who was the first year of the `` bulletin of the american mathematical society '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "Mikhail B. Sevryuk" } ] }, { "id": "37310", "question": "what did mikhail b. books call the number of papers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society" } ] }, { "id": "37311", "question": "when was the first year of operation of mr reviews ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 397, "text": "1940" } ] }, { "id": "37312", "question": "how much is the first database database ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 455, "text": "1.9\u00a0million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The word \"mathematics\" comes from the Greek \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 (\"m\u00e1th\u0113ma\"), which, in the ancient Greek language, means \"that which is learnt\", \"what one gets to know\", hence also \"study\" and \"science\", and in modern Greek just \"lesson\". The word \"m\u00e1th\u0113ma\" is derived from \u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 (\"manthano\"), while the modern Greek equivalent is \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9 (\"mathaino\"), both of which mean \"to learn\". In Greece, the word for \"mathematics\" came to have the narrower and more technical meaning \"mathematical study\" even in Classical times. Its adjective is (\"math\u0113matik\u00f3s\"), meaning \"related to learning\" or \"studious\", which likewise further came to mean \"mathematical\". In particular, (\"math\u0113matik\u1e17 t\u00e9khn\u0113\"), , meant \"the mathematical art\".", "qas": [ { "id": "37313", "question": "what does the word mathematics mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "m\u00e1th\u0113ma" } ] }, { "id": "37314", "question": "what is the name of the word `` `` to learn '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "m\u00e1th\u0113ma" } ] }, { "id": "37315", "question": "what is the word `` m\u00e1th\u0113ma '' derived from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9" } ] }, { "id": "37316", "question": "what does the word `` m\u00e1th\u0113ma '' mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "manthano" } ] }, { "id": "37317", "question": "what is the modern greek word for the word `` m\u00e1th\u0113ma '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 320, "text": "\u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9" } ] }, { "id": "37318", "question": "what is another term for the modern greek equivalent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 330, "text": "mathaino" } ] }, { "id": "37319", "question": "what is the adjective called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 529, "text": "math\u0113matik\u00f3s" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Similarly, one of the two main schools of thought in Pythagoreanism was known as the \"math\u0113matikoi\" (\u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af) \u2013 which at the time meant \"teachers\" rather than \"mathematicians\" in the modern sense.", "qas": [ { "id": "37320", "question": "what was the name of the two main schools of thought that teachers were known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "math\u0113matikoi" } ] }, { "id": "37321", "question": "what was the `` math\u0113matikoi '' called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "\u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af" } ] }, { "id": "37322", "question": "what did teachers call teachers in the modern sense ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "mathematicians" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Latin, and in English until around 1700, the term \"mathematics\" more commonly meant \"astrology\" (or sometimes \"astronomy\") rather than \"mathematics\"; the meaning gradually changed to its present one from about 1500 to 1800. This has resulted in several mistranslations: a particularly notorious one is Saint Augustine's warning that Christians should beware of \"mathematici\" meaning astrologers, which is sometimes mistranslated as a condemnation of mathematicians.", "qas": [ { "id": "37323", "question": "in what year did the term `` mathematics '' begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "1700" } ] }, { "id": "37324", "question": "what is another name for mathematics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "astrology" } ] }, { "id": "37325", "question": "what is another name for astrology ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "mathematics" } ] }, { "id": "37326", "question": "when did the term `` mathematics '' begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "1500 to 1800" } ] }, { "id": "37327", "question": "what is the condemnation of saint augustine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 364, "text": "\"mathematici\" meaning astrologers" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The apparent plural form in English, like the French plural form (and the less commonly used singular derivative ), goes back to the Latin neuter plural (Cicero), based on the Greek plural (\"ta math\u0113matik\u00e1\"), used by Aristotle (384\u2013322\u00a0BC), and meaning roughly \"all things mathematical\"; although it is plausible that English borrowed only the adjective \"mathematic(al)\" and formed the noun \"mathematics\" anew, after the pattern of physics and metaphysics, which were inherited from the Greek. In English, the noun \"mathematics\" takes singular verb forms. It is often shortened to \"maths\" or, in English-speaking North America, \"math\".", "qas": [ { "id": "37328", "question": "what is the name of the form of the plural form ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "the French plural form" } ] }, { "id": "37329", "question": "what does the plural form of the french plural form ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Latin neuter plural" } ] }, { "id": "37330", "question": "who used the greek plural form ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "Aristotle" } ] }, { "id": "37331", "question": "what is another term for `` math '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 582, "text": "maths" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Aristotle defined mathematics as \"the science of quantity\", and this definition prevailed until the 18th century. Starting in the 19th\u00a0century, when the study of mathematics increased in rigor and began to address abstract topics such as group theory and projective geometry, which have no clear-cut relation to quantity and measurement, mathematicians and philosophers began to propose a variety of new definitions. Some of these definitions emphasize the deductive character of much of mathematics, some emphasize its abstractness, some emphasize certain topics within mathematics. Today, no consensus on the definition of mathematics prevails, even among professionals. There is not even consensus on whether mathematics is an art or a science. A great many professional mathematicians take no interest in a definition of mathematics, or consider it undefinable. Some just say, \"Mathematics is what mathematicians do.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "37332", "question": "when was the definition of mathematics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "the 18th century" } ] }, { "id": "37333", "question": "what were the abstract topics of mathematics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "group theory and projective geometry" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Three leading types of definition of mathematics are called logicist, intuitionist, and formalist, each reflecting a different philosophical school of thought. All have severe problems, none has widespread acceptance, and no reconciliation seems possible.", "qas": [ { "id": "37334", "question": "what are three leading types of mathematics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "logicist, intuitionist, and formalist" } ] } ] }, { "context": "An early definition of mathematics in terms of logic was Benjamin Peirce's \"the science that draws necessary conclusions\" (1870). In the \"Principia Mathematica\", Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead advanced the philosophical program known as logicism, and attempted to prove that all mathematical concepts, statements, and principles can be defined and proved entirely in terms of symbolic logic. A logicist definition of mathematics is Russell's \"All Mathematics is Symbolic Logic\" (1903).", "qas": [ { "id": "37335", "question": "who wrote `` the science that draws necessary conclusions '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Benjamin Peirce" } ] }, { "id": "37336", "question": "in what year did peirce 's `` the science that draws necessary conclusions '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "1870" } ] }, { "id": "37337", "question": "who were two of the `` principia mathematica '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead" } ] }, { "id": "37338", "question": "what was the philosophical program known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "logicism" } ] }, { "id": "37339", "question": "what is the definition of mathematics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 475, "text": "Symbolic Logic" } ] }, { "id": "37340", "question": "when was russell 's `` all mathematics is symbolic ? ''", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 492, "text": "1903" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Intuitionist definitions, developing from the philosophy of mathematician L.E.J. Brouwer, identify mathematics with certain mental phenomena. An example of an intuitionist definition is \"Mathematics is the mental activity which consists in carrying out constructs one after the other.\" A peculiarity of intuitionism is that it rejects some mathematical ideas considered valid according to other definitions. In particular, while other philosophies of mathematics allow objects that can be proved to exist even though they cannot be constructed, intuitionism allows only mathematical objects that one can actually construct.", "qas": [ { "id": "37341", "question": "who identify mathematics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "L.E.J. Brouwer" } ] }, { "id": "37342", "question": "what is the mental activity of an mental activity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "Mathematics" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Formalist definitions identify mathematics with its symbols and the rules for operating on them. Haskell Curry defined mathematics simply as \"the science of formal systems\". A formal system is a set of symbols, or \"tokens\", and some \"rules\" telling how the tokens may be combined into \"formulas\". In formal systems, the word \"axiom\" has a special meaning, different from the ordinary meaning of \"a self-evident truth\". In formal systems, an axiom is a combination of tokens that is included in a given formal system without needing to be derived using the rules of the system.", "qas": [ { "id": "37343", "question": "who defined mathematics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "Haskell Curry" } ] }, { "id": "37344", "question": "what does mathematics mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "the science of formal systems" } ] }, { "id": "37345", "question": "what is another term for a formal system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "tokens" } ] }, { "id": "37346", "question": "what does the word axiom mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 396, "text": "a self-evident truth" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Gauss referred to mathematics as \"the Queen of the Sciences\". In the original Latin \"Regina Scientiarum\", as well as in German \"K\u00f6nigin der Wissenschaften\", the word corresponding to \"science\" means a \"field of knowledge\", and this was the original meaning of \"science\" in English, also; mathematics is in this sense a field of knowledge. The specialization restricting the meaning of \"science\" to \"natural science\" follows the rise of Baconian science, which contrasted \"natural science\" to scholasticism, the Aristotelean method of inquiring from first principles. The role of empirical experimentation and observation is negligible in mathematics, compared to natural sciences such as biology, chemistry, or physics. Albert Einstein stated that \"as far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality.\" More recently, Marcus du Sautoy has called mathematics \"the Queen of Science\u00a0... the main driving force behind scientific discovery\".", "qas": [ { "id": "37347", "question": "what did mathematics call mathematics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "the Queen of the Sciences" } ] }, { "id": "37348", "question": "what is the original name of the latin word `` science '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "Regina Scientiarum" } ] }, { "id": "37349", "question": "what is the name of the german word `` science '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "K\u00f6nigin der Wissenschaften" } ] }, { "id": "37350", "question": "who stated that `` far as the laws of mathematics '' refer to reality ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 720, "text": "Albert Einstein" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many philosophers believe that mathematics is not experimentally falsifiable, and thus not a science according to the definition of Karl Popper. However, in the 1930s G\u00f6del's incompleteness theorems convinced many mathematicians that mathematics cannot be reduced to logic alone, and Karl Popper concluded that \"most mathematical theories are, like those of physics and biology, hypothetico-deductive: pure mathematics therefore turns out to be much closer to the natural sciences whose hypotheses are conjectures, than it seemed even recently.\" Other thinkers, notably Imre Lakatos, have applied a version of falsificationism to mathematics itself.", "qas": [ { "id": "37351", "question": "who do philosophers believe mathematics is a science according to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "Karl Popper" } ] }, { "id": "37352", "question": "who concluded that `` most mathematical theories are , like physics and biology '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 284, "text": "Karl Popper" } ] }, { "id": "37353", "question": "who have applied a version of falsificationism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 570, "text": "Imre Lakatos" } ] } ] }, { "context": "An alternative view is that certain scientific fields (such as theoretical physics) are mathematics with axioms that are intended to correspond to reality. The theoretical physicist J.M. Ziman proposed that science is \"public knowledge\", and thus includes mathematics. Mathematics shares much in common with many fields in the physical sciences, notably the exploration of the logical consequences of assumptions. Intuition and experimentation also play a role in the formulation of conjectures in both mathematics and the (other) sciences. Experimental mathematics continues to grow in importance within mathematics, and computation and simulation are playing an increasing role in both the sciences and mathematics.", "qas": [ { "id": "37354", "question": "who proposed that science is `` public knowledge '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "J.M. Ziman" } ] }, { "id": "37355", "question": "what did the physicist say science is ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "public knowledge" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The opinions of mathematicians on this matter are varied. Many mathematicians feel that to call their area a science is to downplay the importance of its aesthetic side, and its history in the traditional seven liberal arts; others feel that to ignore its connection to the sciences is to turn a blind eye to the fact that the interface between mathematics and its applications in science and engineering has driven much development in mathematics. One way this difference of viewpoint plays out is in the philosophical debate as to whether mathematics is \"created\" (as in art) or \"discovered\" (as in science). It is common to see universities divided into sections that include a division of \"Science and Mathematics\", indicating that the fields are seen as being allied but that they do not coincide. In practice, mathematicians are typically grouped with scientists at the gross level but separated at finer levels. This is one of many issues considered in the philosophy of mathematics.", "qas": [ { "id": "37356", "question": "what are the division of universities that are seen into sections of universities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 694, "text": "Science and Mathematics" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Mathematics arises from many different kinds of problems. At first these were found in commerce, land measurement, architecture and later astronomy; today, all sciences suggest problems studied by mathematicians, and many problems arise within mathematics itself. For example, the physicist Richard Feynman invented the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics using a combination of mathematical reasoning and physical insight, and today's string theory, a still-developing scientific theory which attempts to unify the four fundamental forces of nature, continues to inspire new mathematics.", "qas": [ { "id": "37357", "question": "who invented the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 291, "text": "Richard Feynman" } ] }, { "id": "37358", "question": "what did feynman use quantum mechanics using ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 390, "text": "mathematical reasoning and physical insight" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some mathematics is relevant only in the area that inspired it, and is applied to solve further problems in that area. But often mathematics inspired by one area proves useful in many areas, and joins the general stock of mathematical concepts. A distinction is often made between pure mathematics and applied mathematics. However pure mathematics topics often turn out to have applications, e.g. number theory in cryptography. This remarkable fact, that even the \"purest\" mathematics often turns out to have practical applications, is what Eugene Wigner has called \"the unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics\". As in most areas of study, the explosion of knowledge in the scientific age has led to specialization: there are now hundreds of specialized areas in mathematics and the latest Mathematics Subject Classification runs to 46\u00a0pages. Several areas of applied mathematics have merged with related traditions outside of mathematics and become disciplines in their own right, including statistics, operations research, and computer science.", "qas": [ { "id": "37359", "question": "what is the distinction of a distinction ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "pure mathematics and applied mathematics" } ] }, { "id": "37360", "question": "what type of wigner has called `` the unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics ? ''", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 541, "text": "Eugene Wigner" } ] }, { "id": "37361", "question": "how many pages of specialized areas are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 835, "text": "46\u00a0pages" } ] } ] }, { "context": "For those who are mathematically inclined, there is often a definite aesthetic aspect to much of mathematics. Many mathematicians talk about the \"elegance\" of mathematics, its intrinsic aesthetics and inner beauty. Simplicity and generality are valued. There is beauty in a simple and elegant proof, such as Euclid's proof that there are infinitely many prime numbers, and in an elegant numerical method that speeds calculation, such as the fast Fourier transform. G.H. Hardy in \"A Mathematician's Apology\" expressed the belief that these aesthetic considerations are, in themselves, sufficient to justify the study of pure mathematics. He identified criteria such as significance, unexpectedness, inevitability, and economy as factors that contribute to a mathematical aesthetic. Mathematicians often strive to find proofs that are particularly elegant, proofs from \"The Book\" of God according to Paul Erd\u0151s. The popularity of recreational mathematics is another sign of the pleasure many find in solving mathematical questions.", "qas": [ { "id": "37362", "question": "who expressed the belief that these aesthetic considerations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 465, "text": "G.H. Hardy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most of the mathematical notation in use today was not invented until the 16th century. Before that, mathematics was written out in words, limiting mathematical discovery. Euler (1707\u20131783) was responsible for many of the notations in use today. Modern notation makes mathematics much easier for the professional, but beginners often find it daunting. It is compressed: a few symbols contain a great deal of information. Like musical notation, modern mathematical notation has a strict syntax and encodes information that would be difficult to write in any other way.", "qas": [ { "id": "37363", "question": "when was most of the mathematical notation in use today invented ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "the 16th century" } ] }, { "id": "37364", "question": "when was euler euler born ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "1707\u20131783" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Mathematical language can be difficult to understand for beginners. Common words such as \"or\" and \"only\" have more precise meanings than in everyday speech. Moreover, words such as \"open\" and \"field\" have specialized mathematical meanings. Technical terms such as \"homeomorphism\" and \"integrable\" have precise meanings in mathematics. Additionally, shorthand phrases such as \"iff\" for \"if and only if\" belong to mathematical jargon. There is a reason for special notation and technical vocabulary: mathematics requires more precision than everyday speech. Mathematicians refer to this precision of language and logic as \"rigor\".", "qas": [ { "id": "37365", "question": "mathematical language can be difficult to understand what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "beginners" } ] }, { "id": "37366", "question": "what are some words that have specialized mathematical meanings ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "\"open\" and \"field\"" } ] }, { "id": "37367", "question": "what are some technical terms that have precise meanings in mathematics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "\"homeomorphism\" and \"integrable\"" } ] }, { "id": "37368", "question": "what is another term for logic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 621, "text": "rigor" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Mathematical proof is fundamentally a matter of rigor. Mathematicians want their theorems to follow from axioms by means of systematic reasoning. This is to avoid mistaken \"theorems\", based on fallible intuitions, of which many instances have occurred in the history of the subject. The level of rigor expected in mathematics has varied over time: the Greeks expected detailed arguments, but at the time of Isaac Newton the methods employed were less rigorous. Problems inherent in the definitions used by Newton would lead to a resurgence of careful analysis and formal proof in the 19th\u00a0century. Misunderstanding the rigor is a cause for some of the common misconceptions of mathematics. Today, mathematicians continue to argue among themselves about computer-assisted proofs. Since large computations are hard to verify, such proofs may not be sufficiently rigorous.", "qas": [ { "id": "37369", "question": "what does mathematicians of axioms follow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "systematic reasoning" } ] }, { "id": "37370", "question": "what is mistaken by the subject of the subject ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "theorems" } ] }, { "id": "37371", "question": "what is the mistaken theorems based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "fallible intuitions" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Axioms in traditional thought were \"self-evident truths\", but that conception is problematic. At a formal level, an axiom is just a string of symbols, which has an intrinsic meaning only in the context of all derivable formulas of an axiomatic system. It was the goal of Hilbert's program to put all of mathematics on a firm axiomatic basis, but according to G\u00f6del's incompleteness theorem every (sufficiently powerful) axiomatic system has undecidable formulas; and so a final axiomatization of mathematics is impossible. Nonetheless mathematics is often imagined to be (as far as its formal content) nothing but set theory in some axiomatization, in the sense that every mathematical statement or proof could be cast into formulas within set theory.", "qas": [ { "id": "37372", "question": "what were axioms in traditional thought ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "self-evident truths" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In order to clarify the foundations of mathematics, the fields of mathematical logic and set theory were developed. Mathematical logic includes the mathematical study of logic and the applications of formal logic to other areas of mathematics; set theory is the branch of mathematics that studies sets or collections of objects. Category theory, which deals in an abstract way with mathematical structures and relationships between them, is still in development. The phrase \"crisis of foundations\" describes the search for a rigorous foundation for mathematics that took place from approximately 1900 to 1930. Some disagreement about the foundations of mathematics continues to the present day. The crisis of foundations was stimulated by a number of controversies at the time, including the controversy over Cantor's set theory and the Brouwer\u2013Hilbert controversy.", "qas": [ { "id": "37373", "question": "what includes the mathematical study of logic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Mathematical logic" } ] }, { "id": "37374", "question": "when did the phrase `` crisis of foundations '' take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 596, "text": "1900 to 1930" } ] }, { "id": "37375", "question": "what was the name of the controversy that the controversy over cantor 's set ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 837, "text": "Brouwer\u2013Hilbert controversy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Mathematical logic is concerned with setting mathematics within a rigorous axiomatic framework, and studying the implications of such a framework. As such, it is home to G\u00f6del's incompleteness theorems which (informally) imply that any effective formal system that contains basic arithmetic, if \"sound\" (meaning that all theorems that can be proved are true), is necessarily \"incomplete\" (meaning that there are true theorems which cannot be proved \"in that system\"). Whatever finite collection of number-theoretical axioms is taken as a foundation, G\u00f6del showed how to construct a formal statement that is a true number-theoretical fact, but which does not follow from those axioms. Therefore, no formal system is a complete axiomatization of full number theory. Modern logic is divided into recursion theory, model theory, and proof theory, and is closely linked to theoretical computer science, as well as to category theory. In the context of recursion theory, the impossibility of a full axiomatization of number theory can also be formally demonstrated as a consequence of the MRDP theorem.", "qas": [ { "id": "37376", "question": "what is concerned with setting mathematics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Mathematical logic" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Theoretical computer science includes computability theory, computational complexity theory, and information theory. Computability theory examines the limitations of various theoretical models of the computer, including the most well-known model\u00a0\u2013 the Turing machine. Complexity theory is the study of tractability by computer; some problems, although theoretically solvable by computer, are so expensive in terms of time or space that solving them is likely to remain practically unfeasible, even with the rapid advancement of computer hardware. A famous problem is the \"\" problem, one of the Millennium Prize Problems. Finally, information theory is concerned with the amount of data that can be stored on a given medium, and hence deals with concepts such as compression and entropy.", "qas": [ { "id": "37377", "question": "what are theoretical computer science science ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "computational complexity theory, and information theory" } ] }, { "id": "37378", "question": "what theory examines the limitations of various theoretical models ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "Computability theory" } ] }, { "id": "37379", "question": "what is the study of computer hardware ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 268, "text": "Complexity theory" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The study of quantity starts with numbers, first the familiar natural numbers and integers (\"whole numbers\") and arithmetical operations on them, which are characterized in arithmetic. The deeper properties of integers are studied in number theory, from which come such popular results as Fermat's Last Theorem. The twin prime conjecture and Goldbach's conjecture are two unsolved problems in number theory.", "qas": [ { "id": "37380", "question": "what are the popular results in number theory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 289, "text": "Fermat's Last Theorem" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As the number system is further developed, the integers are recognized as a subset of the rational numbers (\"fractions\"). These, in turn, are contained within the real numbers, which are used to represent continuous quantities. Real numbers are generalized to complex numbers. These are the first steps of a hierarchy of numbers that goes on to include quaternions and octonions. Consideration of the natural numbers also leads to the transfinite numbers, which formalize the concept of \"infinity\". According to the fundamental theorem of algebra all solutions of equations in one unknown with complex coefficients are complex numbers, regardless of degree. Another area of study is the size of sets, which is described with the cardinal numbers. These include the aleph numbers, which allow meaningful comparison of the size of infinitely large sets.", "qas": [ { "id": "37381", "question": "what is another term for rational numbers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "fractions" } ] }, { "id": "37382", "question": "what are the first steps of a hierarchy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 353, "text": "quaternions and octonions" } ] }, { "id": "37383", "question": "what is the concept of natural numbers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 488, "text": "infinity" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many mathematical objects, such as sets of numbers and functions, exhibit internal structure as a consequence of operations or relations that are defined on the set. Mathematics then studies properties of those sets that can be expressed in terms of that structure; for instance number theory studies properties of the set of integers that can be expressed in terms of arithmetic operations. Moreover, it frequently happens that different such structured sets (or structures) exhibit similar properties, which makes it possible, by a further step of abstraction, to state axioms for a class of structures, and then study at once the whole class of structures satisfying these axioms. Thus one can study groups, rings, fields and other abstract systems; together such studies (for structures defined by algebraic operations) constitute the domain of abstract algebra.", "qas": [ { "id": "37384", "question": "what are studies defined by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 802, "text": "algebraic operations" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By its great generality, abstract algebra can often be applied to seemingly unrelated problems; for instance a number of ancient problems concerning compass and straightedge constructions were finally solved using Galois theory, which involves field theory and group theory. Another example of an algebraic theory is linear algebra, which is the general study of vector spaces, whose elements called vectors have both quantity and direction, and can be used to model (relations between) points in space. This is one example of the phenomenon that the originally unrelated areas of geometry and algebra have very strong interactions in modern mathematics. Combinatorics studies ways of enumerating the number of objects that fit a given structure.", "qas": [ { "id": "37385", "question": "what involves field theory and group theory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "Galois theory" } ] }, { "id": "37386", "question": "what does the galois theory of abstract algebra mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "field theory and group theory" } ] }, { "id": "37387", "question": "what is the general study of vector ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 317, "text": "linear algebra" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The study of space originates with geometry\u00a0\u2013 in particular, Euclidean geometry, which combines space and numbers, and encompasses the well-known Pythagorean theorem. Trigonometry is the branch of mathematics that deals with relationships between the sides and the angles of triangles and with the trigonometric functions. The modern study of space generalizes these ideas to include higher-dimensional geometry, non-Euclidean geometries (which play a central role in general relativity) and topology. Quantity and space both play a role in analytic geometry, differential geometry, and algebraic geometry. Convex and discrete geometry were developed to solve problems in number theory and functional analysis but now are pursued with an eye on applications in optimization and computer science. Within differential geometry are the concepts of fiber bundles and calculus on manifolds, in particular, vector and tensor calculus. Within algebraic geometry is the description of geometric objects as solution sets of polynomial equations, combining the concepts of quantity and space, and also the study of topological groups, which combine structure and space. Lie groups are used to study space, structure, and change. Topology in all its many ramifications may have been the greatest growth area in 20th-century mathematics; it includes point-set topology, set-theoretic topology, algebraic topology and differential topology. In particular, instances of modern-day topology are metrizability theory, axiomatic set theory, homotopy theory, and Morse theory. Topology also includes the now solved Poincar\u00e9 conjecture, and the still unsolved areas of the Hodge conjecture. Other results in geometry and topology, including the four color theorem and Kepler conjecture, have been proved only with the help of computers.", "qas": [ { "id": "37388", "question": "the study of space originates with what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "geometry\u00a0" } ] }, { "id": "37389", "question": "what combines space and numbers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Euclidean geometry" } ] }, { "id": "37390", "question": "what does the study of space represent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "Pythagorean theorem" } ] }, { "id": "37391", "question": "what is the branch of mathematics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "Trigonometry" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Understanding and describing change is a common theme in the natural sciences, and calculus was developed as a powerful tool to investigate it. Functions arise here, as a central concept describing a changing quantity. The rigorous study of real numbers and functions of a real variable is known as real analysis, with complex analysis the equivalent field for the complex numbers. Functional analysis focuses attention on (typically infinite-dimensional) spaces of functions. One of many applications of functional analysis is quantum mechanics. Many problems lead naturally to relationships between a quantity and its rate of change, and these are studied as differential equations. Many phenomena in nature can be described by dynamical systems; chaos theory makes precise the ways in which many of these systems exhibit unpredictable yet still deterministic behavior.", "qas": [ { "id": "37392", "question": "what is the rigorous study of real numbers known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 299, "text": "real analysis" } ] }, { "id": "37393", "question": "what is one of the applications of functional analysis ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 528, "text": "quantum mechanics" } ] }, { "id": "37394", "question": "what are these problems studied as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 661, "text": "differential equations" } ] }, { "id": "37395", "question": "what can many phenomena in nature be described by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 730, "text": "dynamical systems" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Applied mathematics concerns itself with mathematical methods that are typically used in science, engineering, business, and industry. Thus, \"applied mathematics\" is a mathematical science with specialized knowledge. The term \"applied mathematics\" also describes the professional specialty in which mathematicians work on practical problems; as a profession focused on practical problems, \"applied mathematics\" focuses on the \"formulation, study, and use of mathematical models\" in science, engineering, and other areas of mathematical practice.", "qas": [ { "id": "37396", "question": "where are mathematical methods typically used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "science, engineering, business, and industry" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the past, practical applications have motivated the development of mathematical theories, which then became the subject of study in pure mathematics, where mathematics is developed primarily for its own sake. Thus, the activity of applied mathematics is vitally connected with research in pure mathematics.", "qas": [ { "id": "37397", "question": "what type of theories did pure mathematics have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "mathematical theories" } ] }, { "id": "37398", "question": "what is mathematics developed for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "its own sake" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Applied mathematics has significant overlap with the discipline of statistics, whose theory is formulated mathematically, especially with probability theory. Statisticians (working as part of a research project) \"create data that makes sense\" with random sampling and with randomized experiments; the design of a statistical sample or experiment specifies the analysis of the data (before the data be available). When reconsidering data from experiments and samples or when analyzing data from observational studies, statisticians \"make sense of the data\" using the art of modelling and the theory of inference\u00a0\u2013 with model selection and estimation; the estimated models and consequential predictions should be tested on new data.", "qas": [ { "id": "37399", "question": "what type of theory is used to describe mathematics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "probability theory" } ] }, { "id": "37400", "question": "what is working as part of a research project ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "Statisticians" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Statistical theory studies decision problems such as minimizing the risk (expected loss) of a statistical action, such as using a procedure in, for example, parameter estimation, hypothesis testing, and selecting the best. In these traditional areas of mathematical statistics, a statistical-decision problem is formulated by minimizing an objective function, like expected loss or cost, under specific constraints: For example, designing a survey often involves minimizing the cost of estimating a population mean with a given level of confidence. Because of its use of optimization, the mathematical theory of statistics shares concerns with other decision sciences, such as operations research, control theory, and mathematical economics.", "qas": [ { "id": "37401", "question": "what do statistical theory studies do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "minimizing the risk (expected loss) of a statistical action" } ] }, { "id": "37402", "question": "what are some decision that the mathematical theory of statistics shares with other decision ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 677, "text": "operations research, control theory, and mathematical economics" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Computational mathematics proposes and studies methods for solving mathematical problems that are typically too large for human numerical capacity. Numerical analysis studies methods for problems in analysis using functional analysis and approximation theory; numerical analysis includes the study of approximation and discretization broadly with special concern for rounding errors. Numerical analysis and, more broadly, scientific computing also study non-analytic topics of mathematical science, especially algorithmic matrix and graph theory. Other areas of computational mathematics include computer algebra and symbolic computation.", "qas": [ { "id": "37403", "question": "what do studies methods typically too large for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "human numerical capacity" } ] }, { "id": "37404", "question": "what do numerical analysis studies methods using ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "functional analysis and approximation theory" } ] }, { "id": "37405", "question": "what are some of the topics of mathematical science ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 510, "text": "algorithmic matrix and graph theory" } ] }, { "id": "37406", "question": "what are two areas of computational mathematics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 596, "text": "computer algebra and symbolic computation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Arguably the most prestigious award in mathematics is the Fields Medal, established in 1936 and awarded every four years (except around World War II) to as many as four individuals. The Fields Medal is often considered a mathematical equivalent to the Nobel Prize.", "qas": [ { "id": "37407", "question": "what is the most prestigious award in mathematics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "Fields Medal" } ] }, { "id": "37408", "question": "when was the fields medal established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "1936" } ] }, { "id": "37409", "question": "how long is the most prestigious award in mathematics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "every four years" } ] }, { "id": "37410", "question": "how many individuals lived in the most prestigious award in mathematics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "37411", "question": "the fields of the fields medal is often considered a mathematical equivalent to what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "Nobel Prize" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Wolf Prize in Mathematics, instituted in 1978, recognizes lifetime achievement, and another major international award, the Abel Prize, was instituted in 2003. The Chern Medal was introduced in 2010 to recognize lifetime achievement. These accolades are awarded in recognition of a particular body of work, which may be innovational, or provide a solution to an outstanding problem in an established field.", "qas": [ { "id": "37412", "question": "when was the wolf prize ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "1978" } ] }, { "id": "37413", "question": "what was instituted in 2003 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "Abel Prize" } ] }, { "id": "37414", "question": "when was the abel prize ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "2003" } ] }, { "id": "37415", "question": "when was the medal medal introduced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "2010" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A famous list of 23 open problems, called \"Hilbert's problems\", was compiled in 1900 by German mathematician David Hilbert. This list achieved great celebrity among mathematicians, and at least nine of the problems have now been solved. A new list of seven important problems, titled the \"Millennium Prize Problems\", was published in 2000. A solution to each of these problems carries a $1\u00a0million reward, and only one (the Riemann hypothesis) is duplicated in Hilbert's problems.", "qas": [ { "id": "37416", "question": "how many open problems did david hilbert have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "23" } ] }, { "id": "37417", "question": "what is the name of the famous list of 23 open problems ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Hilbert's problems" } ] }, { "id": "37418", "question": "when was a famous list of hilbert compiled ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "1900" } ] }, { "id": "37419", "question": "who was the german mathematician compiled in 1900 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "David Hilbert" } ] }, { "id": "37420", "question": "what was published in 2000 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 289, "text": "Millennium Prize Problems" } ] }, { "id": "37421", "question": "when was the `` millennium prize problems '' published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 334, "text": "2000" } ] }, { "id": "37422", "question": "what is the solution to each problems ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 387, "text": "$1\u00a0million reward" } ] } ] } ], "title": "Mathematics" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Eastern European Time (EET) is one of the names of time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. The zone uses daylight savings time, so that it uses during the summer.", "qas": [ { "id": "37423", "question": "what does eet stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Eastern European Time" } ] }, { "id": "37424", "question": "how long is the names of universal time ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "2 hours" } ] }, { "id": "37425", "question": "what is the 2 hours of time zone ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "Coordinated Universal Time" } ] }, { "id": "37426", "question": "what does the zone uses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "daylight savings time" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A number of African countries use all year long, where it is called Central Africa Time (CAT), .", "qas": [ { "id": "37427", "question": "what is the name of the number of african countries that use all african countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "Central Africa Time" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The following countries, parts of countries, and territories use Eastern European Time all year round:", "qas": [ { "id": "37428", "question": "what do territories use to use eastern european time ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Eastern European Time all year round" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The following countries, parts of countries, and territories use Eastern European Time during the winter only:", "qas": [ { "id": "37429", "question": "what do territories use during the winter ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Eastern European Time" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The following countries, parts of countries, and territories use Eastern European Time in the past:\nSometimes, due to its use on Microsoft Windows, FLE Standard Time (for Finland, Lithuania, Estonia, or sometimes Finland, Latvia, Estonia) or GTB Standard Time (for Greece, Turkey, Bulgaria) are used to refer to Eastern European Time.", "qas": [ { "id": "37430", "question": "what do territories use in the past ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Eastern European Time" } ] }, { "id": "37431", "question": "what countries are used to refer to eastern european time ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "Finland, Lithuania, Estonia, or sometimes Finland, Latvia, Estonia) or GTB Standard Time" } ] }, { "id": "37432", "question": "what are microsoft windows used to refer to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "Eastern European Time" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] }, { "context": "These areas have sunrises and sunsets at least half an hour earlier than places on the UTC+1 meridian.", "qas": [ { "id": "37433", "question": "what is the name of the +1 that has sunrises in half of the areas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "UTC+1 meridian" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nWinter only", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Eastern European Time" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Ontario (; ), one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canada's most populous province by a large margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians, and is the second-largest province in total area. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included. It is home to the nation's capital city, Ottawa, and the nation's most populous city, Toronto.", "qas": [ { "id": "37434", "question": "how many provinces does ontario have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "13" } ] }, { "id": "37435", "question": "where is ontario located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "east-central Canada" } ] }, { "id": "37436", "question": "what percentage of all canadians are in canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "nearly 40 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west, Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north, and Quebec to the east and northeast, and to the south by the US states of (from west to east) Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York. Almost all of Ontario's border with the United States follows inland waterways: from the west at Lake of the Woods, eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system. These are the Rainy River, the Pigeon River, Lake Superior, the St. Marys River, Lake Huron, the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, the Detroit River, Lake Erie, the Niagara River, Lake Ontario and along the St. Lawrence River from Kingston, Ontario, to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall, Ontario. There is only about of land border made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border.", "qas": [ { "id": "37437", "question": "what province is ontario bordered by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "Manitoba" } ] }, { "id": "37438", "question": "which two bay bay is located in ontario ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Hudson Bay and James Bay" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontario's population and arable land is located in the south. In contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested.", "qas": [ { "id": "37439", "question": "what are the two regions of ontario ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario" } ] }, { "id": "37440", "question": "what type of winters are northern part of ontario ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "cold winters" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The province is named after Lake Ontario, a term thought to be derived from \"Ontar\u00ed:io\", a Huron (Wyandot) word meaning \"great lake\", or possibly \"skanadario\", which means \"beautiful water\" in the Iroquoian languages. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes.", "qas": [ { "id": "37441", "question": "what is the name of the term `` great lake '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "Lake Ontario" } ] }, { "id": "37442", "question": "what is another term for beautiful water ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "skanadario" } ] }, { "id": "37443", "question": "how many freshwater lakes does ontario have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "250,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The province consists of three main geographical regions:", "qas": [ { "id": "37444", "question": "how many main geographical regions are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "three" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Despite the absence of any mountainous terrain in the province, there are large areas of uplands, particularly within the Canadian Shield which traverses the province from northwest to southeast and also above the Niagara Escarpment which crosses the south. The highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands and in hilltops near the Madawaska River in Renfrew County.", "qas": [ { "id": "37445", "question": "what is the name of the province that traverses the province of uplands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Canadian Shield" } ] }, { "id": "37446", "question": "what is the name of the canadian shield above the canadian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "Niagara Escarpment" } ] }, { "id": "37447", "question": "what is the highest point of the sea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 279, "text": "Ishpatina Ridge" } ] }, { "id": "37448", "question": "where is the highest point of ridge level ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 325, "text": "Temagami, Northeastern Ontario" } ] }, { "id": "37449", "question": "where is the blue mountains located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 516, "text": "Renfrew County" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. The temperate and fertile Great Lakes-Saint Lawrence Valley in the south is part of the Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests ecoregion where the forest has now been largely replaced by agriculture, industrial and urban development. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment. The Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the surface area of the province; conversely Southern Ontario contains 94 percent of the population.", "qas": [ { "id": "37450", "question": "what is the temperate and fertile valley in the south ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Great Lakes-Saint Lawrence Valley" } ] }, { "id": "37451", "question": "the temperate and fertile lawrence valley in the south is what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "Eastern Great Lakes" } ] }, { "id": "37452", "question": "what replaced the forest ecoregion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "agriculture, industrial and urban development" } ] }, { "id": "37453", "question": "what is a well-known geographic feature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 349, "text": "Niagara Falls" } ] }, { "id": "37454", "question": "what is a well-known geographic feature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 376, "text": "Niagara Escarpment" } ] }, { "id": "37455", "question": "what percentage of the surface area is northern ontario ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 559, "text": "87 percent" } ] }, { "id": "37456", "question": "what percentage of the population is southern ontario ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 644, "text": "94 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario (near Windsor and Detroit, Michigan) that is the southernmost extent of Canada's mainland. Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42\u00b0N\u00a0\u2013 slightly farther south than the northern border of California.", "qas": [ { "id": "37457", "question": "what is the peninsula of canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "Lake Erie" } ] }, { "id": "37458", "question": "what is the name of the lake that extend slightly farther .", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "Lake Erie" } ] }, { "id": "37459", "question": "what is the south of california ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "42\u00b0N\u00a0" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The climate of Ontario varies by season and location. It is affected by three air sources: cold, dry, arctic air from the north (dominant factor during the winter months, and for a longer part of the year in far northern Ontario); Pacific polar air crossing in from the western Canadian Prairies/US Northern Plains; and warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. The effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontario's climate is classified as humid continental. Ontario has three main climatic regions.", "qas": [ { "id": "37460", "question": "how many air sources are in ontario ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "37461", "question": "where is pacific polar air crossing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "Canadian Prairies/US Northern Plains" } ] }, { "id": "37462", "question": "where is the climate of ontario located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 345, "text": "Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean" } ] }, { "id": "37463", "question": "what is most of ontario 's climate classified as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 611, "text": "humid continental" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Severe thunderstorms peak in summer. London, situated in Southern (Southwestern) Ontario, has the most lightning strikes per year in Canada, averaging 34 days of thunderstorm activity per year. In a typical year, Ontario averages 11 confirmed tornado touchdowns. However, over the last 4 years, it has had upwards of 20 tornado touchdowns per year, with the highest frequency occurring in the Windsor-Essex\u00a0\u2013 Chatham Kent area, though few are very destructive (the majority between F0 to F2 on the Fujita scale). Ontario had a record 29 tornadoes in both 2006 and 2009. Tropical depression remnants occasionally bring heavy rains and winds in the south, but are rarely deadly. A notable exception was Hurricane Hazel which struck Southern Ontario centred on Toronto, in October 1954.", "qas": [ { "id": "37464", "question": "where is london located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Southern (Southwestern) Ontario" } ] }, { "id": "37465", "question": "how many days of thunderstorm does london have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "34" } ] }, { "id": "37466", "question": "how many tornado touchdowns does ontario have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "11" } ] }, { "id": "37467", "question": "how many tornado has ontario had ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 317, "text": "20 tornado touchdowns per year" } ] }, { "id": "37468", "question": "how many tornadoes did ontario have in 2006 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 534, "text": "29" } ] }, { "id": "37469", "question": "what was the name of the hurricane that struck southern ontario ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 701, "text": "Hurricane Hazel" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Land was not legally subdivided into administrative units until a treaty had been concluded with the Aboriginal people ceding the land. In 1788, while part of the Province of Quebec, southern Ontario was divided into four districts: Hesse, Lunenburg, Mecklenburg, and Nassau.", "qas": [ { "id": "37470", "question": "what was the result of land into administrative units ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "the Aboriginal people ceding the land" } ] }, { "id": "37471", "question": "in what year was southern ontario divided ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "1788" } ] }, { "id": "37472", "question": "how many districts was southern ontario divided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "37473", "question": "what were southern ontario divided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "Hesse, Lunenburg, Mecklenburg, and Nassau" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1792, the four districts were renamed: Hesse became the Western District, Lunenburg became the Eastern District, Mecklenburg became the Midland District, and Nassau became the Home District. Counties were created within the districts.", "qas": [ { "id": "37474", "question": "when was the four districts renamed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1792" } ] }, { "id": "37475", "question": "what was the name of the eastern district in 1792 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Lunenburg" } ] }, { "id": "37476", "question": "what was the name of the district district in 1792 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Midland District, and Nassau" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By 1798, there were eight districts: Eastern, Home, Johnstown, London, Midland, Newcastle, Niagara, and Western.", "qas": [ { "id": "37477", "question": "in what year were there eight districts : eastern , home and western .", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1798" } ] }, { "id": "37478", "question": "how many districts were there in 1798 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "eight" } ] }, { "id": "37479", "question": "what three districts were there in 1798 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Eastern, Home, Johnstown, London, Midland, Newcastle, Niagara, and Western" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By 1826, there were eleven districts: Bathurst, Eastern, Gore, Home, Johnstown, London, Midland, Newcastle, Niagara, Ottawa, and Western.", "qas": [ { "id": "37480", "question": "in what year was there a eleven districts : bathurst , eastern , gore , and western , gore , and western , gore , and western , gore , and western , gore , and western , gore , and western , gore , and western , gore , and western , gore , and western , gore , and western , london , and western , london , and western , london , and western , london , and western , london , and western , london , and western , london , and western , london ,", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1826" } ] }, { "id": "37481", "question": "how many districts were there in there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "eleven" } ] }, { "id": "37482", "question": "what three districts were there in 1826 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "Bathurst, Eastern, Gore, Home, Johnstown, London, Midland, Newcastle, Niagara, Ottawa, and Western" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By 1838, there were twenty districts: Bathurst, Brock, Colbourne, Dalhousie, Eastern, Gore, Home, Huron, Johnstown, London, Midland, Newcastle, Niagara, Ottawa, Prince Edward, Simcoe, Talbot, Victoria, Wellington, and Western.", "qas": [ { "id": "37483", "question": "in what year was bathurst , bathurst , brock , and western , gore , brock , and western , gore , and western , gore , brock , and western , gore , brock , and western , gore , brock , and western , gore , brock , and western , gore , brock , brock , and western , gore , brock , brock , and western , gore , brock , brock , and western , gore , brock , brock , and western wellington called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1838" } ] }, { "id": "37484", "question": "how many districts were there in 1838 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "twenty" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1849, the districts of southern Ontario were abolished by the Province of Canada, and county governments took over certain municipal responsibilities. The Province of Canada also began creating \"districts\" in sparsely populated Northern Ontario with the establishment of Algoma District and Nipissing District in 1858.", "qas": [ { "id": "37485", "question": "in what year were the districts of southern ontario abolished ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1849" } ] }, { "id": "37486", "question": "who abolished the districts of southern ontario ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "the Province of Canada" } ] }, { "id": "37487", "question": "what district did canada have in 1858 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "Algoma District and Nipissing District" } ] }, { "id": "37488", "question": "in what year did the province of canada begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 316, "text": "1858" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The borders of Ontario, its new name in 1867, were provisionally expanded north and west. When the Province of Canada was formed, its borders were not entirely clear, and Ontario claimed eventually to reach all the way to the Rocky Mountains and Arctic Ocean. With Canada's acquisition of Rupert's Land, Ontario was interested in clearly defining its borders, especially since some of the new areas in which it was interested were rapidly growing. After the federal government asked Ontario to pay for construction in the new disputed area, the province asked for an elaboration on its limits, and its boundary was moved north to the 51st parallel north.", "qas": [ { "id": "37489", "question": "when was the new name of ontario ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "1867" } ] }, { "id": "37490", "question": "where were the new name of ontario in 1867 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "north and west" } ] }, { "id": "37491", "question": "what did ontario want to reach all the way to reach all the way of canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "Rocky Mountains and Arctic Ocean" } ] }, { "id": "37492", "question": "where did the federal government move north to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 634, "text": "51st parallel north" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The northern and western boundaries of Ontario were in dispute after Canadian Confederation. Ontario's right to Northwestern Ontario was determined by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1884 and confirmed by the \"Canada (Ontario Boundary) Act, 1889\" of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. By 1899, there were seven northern districts: Algoma, Manitoulin, Muskoka, Nipissing, Parry Sound, Rainy River, and Thunder Bay. Four more northern districts were created between 1907 and 1912: Cochrane, Kenora, Sudbury and Timiskaming.", "qas": [ { "id": "37493", "question": "the northern and western boundaries of ontario were in what confederation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Canadian Confederation" } ] }, { "id": "37494", "question": "who determined the right to northwestern ontario ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "Judicial Committee of the Privy Council" } ] }, { "id": "37495", "question": "when was the judicial committee of the privy council determined ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "1884" } ] }, { "id": "37496", "question": "how many northern districts were there in 1899 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "seven" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Prior to the arrival of the Europeans, the region was inhabited by Algonquian (Ojibwa, Cree and Algonquin) in the northern/western portions, and Iroquois and Wyandot (Huron) tribes more in the south/east. During the 17th century, the Algonquians and Hurons fought the Beaver Wars against the Iroquois. The French explorer \u00c9tienne Br\u00fbl\u00e9 explored part of the area in 1610\u201312. The English explorer Henry Hudson sailed into Hudson Bay in 1611 and claimed the area for England.", "qas": [ { "id": "37497", "question": "who inhabited the region of the europeans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Algonquian (Ojibwa, Cree and Algonquin" } ] }, { "id": "37498", "question": "what tribes were more in the south/east ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "Iroquois and Wyandot" } ] }, { "id": "37499", "question": "who fought the beaver wars against the iroquois ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "Algonquians and Hurons" } ] }, { "id": "37500", "question": "who was the french explorer in 1610 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "\u00c9tienne Br\u00fbl\u00e9" } ] }, { "id": "37501", "question": "when was the french explorer explored ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 365, "text": "1610\u201312" } ] }, { "id": "37502", "question": "who sailed into hudson bay ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 395, "text": "Henry Hudson" } ] }, { "id": "37503", "question": "where was henry hudson sailed into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 434, "text": "1611" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Samuel de Champlain reached Lake Huron in 1615, and French missionaries began to establish posts along the Great Lakes. French settlement was hampered by their hostilities with the Iroquois, who allied themselves with the British. From 1634 to 1640, Hurons were devastated by European infectious diseases, such as measles and smallpox, to which they had no immunity. By 1700, the Iroquois had seceded from Ontario and the Mississaugas of the Ojibwa had settled the north shore of Lake Ontario.", "qas": [ { "id": "37504", "question": "who reached lake huron ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Samuel de Champlain" } ] }, { "id": "37505", "question": "when did samuel de champlain establish lake huron ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "1615" } ] }, { "id": "37506", "question": "who hampered french settlement with the british ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "the Iroquois" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The British established trading posts on Hudson Bay in the late 17th century and began a struggle for domination of Ontario. The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years' War by awarding nearly all of France's North American possessions (New France) to Britain. The region was annexed to Quebec in 1774. The first European settlements were in 1782\u20131784 when 5,000 American loyalists entered what is now Ontario following the American Revolution. The Kingdom of Great Britain granted them land and other items with which to rebuild their lives. The British also set up reservations in Ontario for the Mohawks who had fought for the British and had lost their land in New York state. Other Iroquois were resettled in 1784 at the Six Nations reserve at the west end of Lake Ontario.", "qas": [ { "id": "37507", "question": "where was the british established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Hudson Bay" } ] }, { "id": "37508", "question": "what did the 1763 treaty of paris lead to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "France's North American possessions" } ] }, { "id": "37509", "question": "when was the region annexed to quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 300, "text": "1774" } ] }, { "id": "37510", "question": "how many american loyalists died in 1782 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 360, "text": "5,000" } ] }, { "id": "37511", "question": "in what year was other iroquois resettled resettled resettled ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 717, "text": "1784" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The population of Canada west of the St. Lawrence-Ottawa River confluence substantially increased during this period, a fact recognized by the Constitutional Act of 1791, which split Quebec into the Canadas: Upper Canada southwest of the St. Lawrence-Ottawa River confluence, and Lower Canada east of it. John Graves Simcoe was appointed Upper Canada's first Lieutenant governor in 1793.", "qas": [ { "id": "37512", "question": "where is the population of canada located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "St. Lawrence-Ottawa River" } ] }, { "id": "37513", "question": "what recognized the population of canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "the Constitutional Act of 1791" } ] }, { "id": "37514", "question": "what is the name of the river that split quebec into the constitutional act ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "Upper Canada southwest of the St. Lawrence-Ottawa River confluence" } ] }, { "id": "37515", "question": "who was appointed upper canada 's first lieutenant governor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": "John Graves Simcoe" } ] }, { "id": "37516", "question": "when was upper canada 's first lieutenant governor appointed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 382, "text": "1793" } ] } ] }, { "context": "American troops in the War of 1812 invaded Upper Canada across the Niagara River and the Detroit River, but were defeated and pushed back by the British, Canadian fencibles and militias, and First Nations warriors. However, eventually the Americans gained control of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. During the Battle of York in 1813, American troops occupied the Town of York. The Americans looted the town and burned the Parliament Buildings during the brief occupation.", "qas": [ { "id": "37517", "question": "where did american troops invade upper canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Niagara River and the Detroit River" } ] }, { "id": "37518", "question": "who defeated the american troops ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "British, Canadian fencibles and militias, and First Nations warriors" } ] }, { "id": "37519", "question": "what did the americans lose control of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "Lake Erie and Lake Ontario" } ] }, { "id": "37520", "question": "when was the battle of york ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "1813" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After the War of 1812, relative stability allowed for increasing numbers of immigrants to arrive from Europe rather than from the United States. As was the case in the previous decades, this immigration shift was encouraged by the colonial leaders. Despite affordable and often free land, many arriving newcomers, mostly from Britain and Ireland, found frontier life with the harsh climate difficult, and some of those with the means eventually returned home or went south. However, population growth far exceeded emigration in the decades that followed. It was a mostly agrarian-based society, but canal projects and a new network of plank roads spurred greater trade within the colony and with the United States, thereby improving previously damaged relations over time.", "qas": [ { "id": "37521", "question": "who encouraged immigration shift in the previous decades ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "the colonial leaders" } ] }, { "id": "37522", "question": "where did many of the harsh climate difficult ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 326, "text": "Britain and Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "37523", "question": "what did the united states do to the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 715, "text": "thereby improving previously damaged relations over time" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Meanwhile, Ontario's numerous waterways aided travel and transportation into the interior and supplied water power for development. As the population increased, so did the industries and transportation networks, which in turn led to further development. By the end of the century, Ontario vied with Quebec as the nation's leader in terms of growth in population, industry, arts and communications.", "qas": [ { "id": "37524", "question": "what is the name of the population of growth in the century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 373, "text": "arts and communications" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Unrest in the colony began to chafe against the aristocratic Family Compact who governed while benefiting economically from the region's resources, and who did not allow elected bodies power. This resentment spurred republican ideals and sowed the seeds for early Canadian nationalism. Accordingly, rebellion in favour of responsible government rose in both regions; Louis-Joseph Papineau led the Lower Canada Rebellion and William Lyon Mackenzie led the Upper Canada Rebellion.", "qas": [ { "id": "37525", "question": "who led the lower canada rebellion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 367, "text": "Louis-Joseph Papineau" } ] }, { "id": "37526", "question": "who led the upper canada rebellion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 397, "text": "Lower Canada Rebellion and William Lyon Mackenzie" } ] }, { "id": "37527", "question": "what was the name of the rebellion in canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 455, "text": "Upper Canada Rebellion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although both rebellions were put down in short order, the British government sent Lord Durham to investigate the causes of the unrest. He recommended that self-government be granted and that Lower and Upper Canada be re-joined in an attempt to assimilate the French Canadians. Accordingly, the two colonies were merged into the Province of Canada by the \"Act of Union 1840\", with the capital at Kingston, and Upper Canada becoming known as Canada West. Parliamentary self-government was granted in 1848. There were heavy waves of immigration in the 1840s, and the population of Canada West more than doubled by 1851 over the previous decade. As a result, for the first time the English-speaking population of Canada West surpassed the French-speaking population of Canada East, tilting the representative balance of power.", "qas": [ { "id": "37528", "question": "who was sent to investigate the unrest of the unrest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "Lord Durham" } ] }, { "id": "37529", "question": "what did lord durham think self-government was granted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "Lower and Upper Canada" } ] }, { "id": "37530", "question": "who merged the province of canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 355, "text": "\"Act of Union 1840\"" } ] }, { "id": "37531", "question": "what was the name of the capital of canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 441, "text": "Canada West" } ] }, { "id": "37532", "question": "when was parliamentary self-government granted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 499, "text": "1848" } ] }, { "id": "37533", "question": "in what year did the population of canada increase over the previous decade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 612, "text": "1851" } ] } ] }, { "context": "An economic boom in the 1850s coincided with railway expansion across the province, further increasing the economic strength of Central Canada. With the repeal of the Corn Laws and a reciprocity agreement in place with United States, various industries such as timber, mining, farming and alcohol distilling benefited tremendously.", "qas": [ { "id": "37534", "question": "the economic boom in the 1850s coincided the economic strength of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "Central Canada" } ] }, { "id": "37535", "question": "what are some of the industries that the corn laws are repeal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "timber, mining, farming and alcohol distilling benefited tremendously" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A political stalemate between the French- and English-speaking legislators, as well as fear of aggression from the United States during and immediately after the American Civil War, led the political elite to hold a series of conferences in the 1860s to effect a broader federal union of all British North American colonies. The \"British North America Act\" took effect on July 1, 1867, establishing the Dominion of Canada, initially with four provinces: Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario. The Province of Canada was divided into Ontario and Quebec so that each linguistic group would have its own province. Both Quebec and Ontario were required by section 93 of the British North America Act to safeguard existing educational rights and privileges of Protestant and the Catholic minority. Thus, separate Catholic schools and school boards were permitted in Ontario. However, neither province had a constitutional requirement to protect its French- or English-speaking minority. Toronto was formally established as Ontario's provincial capital.", "qas": [ { "id": "37536", "question": "a political stalemate was between what legislators ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "French- and English-speaking legislators" } ] }, { "id": "37537", "question": "what war led to the political stalemate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "American Civil War" } ] }, { "id": "37538", "question": "when did the `` british north america act '' take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 372, "text": "July 1, 1867" } ] }, { "id": "37539", "question": "what were the four provinces of the british north america act ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 454, "text": "Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario" } ] }, { "id": "37540", "question": "where was the province of canada divided ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 542, "text": "Ontario and Quebec" } ] }, { "id": "37541", "question": "who required the quebec and ontario of ontario ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 661, "text": "section 93 of the British North America Act" } ] }, { "id": "37542", "question": "what did neither province protect ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 953, "text": "French- or English-speaking minority" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Once constituted as a province, Ontario proceeded to assert its economic and legislative power. In 1872, the lawyer Oliver Mowat became Premier of Ontario and remained as premier until 1896. He fought for provincial rights, weakening the power of the federal government in provincial matters, usually through well-argued appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. His battles with the federal government greatly decentralized Canada, giving the provinces far more power than John A. Macdonald had intended. He consolidated and expanded Ontario's educational and provincial institutions, created districts in Northern Ontario, and fought to ensure that those parts of Northwestern Ontario not historically part of Upper Canada (the vast areas north and west of the Lake Superior-Hudson Bay watershed, known as the District of Keewatin) would become part of Ontario, a victory embodied in the \"Canada (Ontario Boundary) Act, 1889\". He also presided over the emergence of the province into the economic powerhouse of Canada. Mowat was the creator of what is often called \"Empire Ontario\".", "qas": [ { "id": "37543", "question": "when did oliver become premier of ontario ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "1872" } ] }, { "id": "37544", "question": "who became premier of ontario in 1872 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Oliver Mowat" } ] }, { "id": "37545", "question": "when did oliver become premier of ontario ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "1896" } ] }, { "id": "37546", "question": "what committee did the federal government usually focus to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 336, "text": "Judicial Committee of the Privy Council" } ] }, { "id": "37547", "question": "who was the provinces of the federal government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 488, "text": "John A. Macdonald" } ] }, { "id": "37548", "question": "what was the name of the creator of ontario 's creator ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1082, "text": "Empire Ontario" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Beginning with Sir John A. Macdonald's National Policy (1879) and the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway (1875\u20131885) through Northern Ontario and the Canadian Prairies to British Columbia, Ontario manufacturing and industry flourished. However, population increase slowed after a large recession hit the province in 1893, thus slowing growth drastically but for only a few years. Many newly arrived immigrants and others moved west along the railway to the Prairie Provinces and British Columbia, sparsely settling Northern Ontario.", "qas": [ { "id": "37549", "question": "what was the name of the policy that flourished in 1879 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 15, "text": "Sir John A. Macdonald's National Policy" } ] }, { "id": "37550", "question": "when was sir john a. macdonald born ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "1879" } ] }, { "id": "37551", "question": "what was the name of the railway 's national policy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "Canadian Pacific Railway" } ] }, { "id": "37552", "question": "when did the canadian pacific railway rule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "1875\u20131885" } ] }, { "id": "37553", "question": "in what year was the province increase ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 326, "text": "1893" } ] }, { "id": "37554", "question": "where did the railway move west along ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 467, "text": "Prairie Provinces and British Columbia" } ] }, { "id": "37555", "question": "where did the british travel to the railway ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 525, "text": "Northern Ontario" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Mineral exploitation accelerated in the late 19th century, leading to the rise of important mining centres in the northeast, such as Sudbury, Cobalt and Timmins. The province harnessed its water power to generate hydro-electric power and created the state-controlled Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, later Ontario Hydro. The availability of cheap electric power further facilitated the development of industry. The Ford Motor Company of Canada was established in 1904. General Motors Canada was formed in 1918. The motor vehicle industry became the most lucrative industry for the Ontario economy during the 20th century.", "qas": [ { "id": "37556", "question": "what are some of the important mining centres in the northeast century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Sudbury, Cobalt and Timmins" } ] }, { "id": "37557", "question": "what was the name of the ontario hydro created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario" } ] }, { "id": "37558", "question": "what was the name of ontario 's commission ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 317, "text": "Ontario Hydro" } ] }, { "id": "37559", "question": "when was the ford motor company established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 474, "text": "1904" } ] }, { "id": "37560", "question": "when was general motors formed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 516, "text": "1918" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In July 1912, the Conservative government of Sir James Whitney issued Regulation 17 which severely limited the availability of French-language schooling to the province's French-speaking minority. French Canadians reacted with outrage, journalist Henri Bourassa denouncing the \"Prussians of Ontario\". The regulation was eventually repealed in 1927.", "qas": [ { "id": "37561", "question": "in what month and year did the conservative government of sir james whitney whitney whitney whitney whitney whitney whitney whitney whitney whitney whitney whitney whitney whitney whitney issued regulation of french-language schooling ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "July 1912" } ] }, { "id": "37562", "question": "who was the conservative government in 1912 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "Sir James Whitney" } ] }, { "id": "37563", "question": "what did the conservative government do in july 1912 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "Regulation 17" } ] }, { "id": "37564", "question": "who denouncing the `` prussians of ontario '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "Henri Bourassa" } ] }, { "id": "37565", "question": "when was the regulation repealed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 343, "text": "1927" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Influenced by events in the United States, the government of Sir William Hearst introduced prohibition of alcoholic drinks in 1916 with the passing of the Ontario Temperance Act. However, residents could distill and retain their own personal supply, and liquor producers could continue distillation and export for sale, allowing this already sizeable industry to strengthen further. Ontario became a hotbed for the illegal smuggling of liquor and the biggest supplier into the United States, which was under complete prohibition. Prohibition in Ontario came to an end in 1927 with the establishment of the Liquor Control Board of Ontario under the government of Howard Ferguson. The sale and consumption of liquor, wine, and beer are still controlled by some of the most extreme laws in North America to ensure that strict community standards and revenue generation from the alcohol retail monopoly are upheld. In April 2007, Ontario Member of Provincial Parliament Kim Craitor suggested that local brewers should be able to sell their beer in local corner stores; however, the motion was quickly rejected by Premier Dalton McGuinty.", "qas": [ { "id": "37566", "question": "who introduced prohibition of alcoholic drinks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Sir William Hearst" } ] }, { "id": "37567", "question": "in what year was prohibition of alcoholic drinks introduced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "1916" } ] }, { "id": "37568", "question": "what was the name of the act that introduced alcoholic drinks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "Ontario Temperance Act" } ] }, { "id": "37569", "question": "in what year did the liquor control of ontario begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 571, "text": "1927" } ] }, { "id": "37570", "question": "who was the liquor control of ontario ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 662, "text": "Howard Ferguson" } ] }, { "id": "37571", "question": "who rejected the motion motion in april 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1109, "text": "Premier Dalton McGuinty" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The post-World War II period was one of exceptional prosperity and growth. Ontario has been the recipients of most immigration to Canada, largely immigrants from war-torn Europe in the 1950s and 1960s and following changes in federal immigration law, a massive influx of non-Europeans since the 1970s. From a largely ethnically British province, Ontario has rapidly become culturally very diverse.", "qas": [ { "id": "37572", "question": "in what years did ontario have the recipients of immigration to canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "1950s and 1960s" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The nationalist movement in Quebec, particularly after the election of the \"Parti Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois\" in 1976, contributed to driving many businesses and English-speaking people out of Quebec to Ontario, and as a result Toronto surpassed Montreal as the largest city and economic centre of Canada. Depressed economic conditions in the Maritime Provinces have also resulted in de-population of those provinces in the 20th century, with heavy migration into Ontario.", "qas": [ { "id": "37573", "question": "what was the name of the nationalist movement in 1976 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "Parti Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois" } ] }, { "id": "37574", "question": "when was the nationalist movement in quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "1976" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ontario's official language is English. Numerous French language services are available under the French Language Services Act of 1990 in designated areas where sizeable francophone populations exist.", "qas": [ { "id": "37575", "question": "what is ontario 's official language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "English" } ] }, { "id": "37576", "question": "what act are numerous french language services available under ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "French Language Services Act of 1990" } ] }, { "id": "37577", "question": "what is the name of the french language services in 1990 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "sizeable francophone populations exist" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 2011 census, Ontario had a population of 12,851,821 living in 4,887,508 of its 5,308,785 total dwellings, a 5.7 percent change from its 2006 population of 12,160,282. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2011. In 2013, Statistics Canada estimated the province's population to be 13,537,994.", "qas": [ { "id": "37578", "question": "what was the population of ontario in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "12,851,821" } ] }, { "id": "37579", "question": "what was the population of ontario in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "4,887,508" } ] }, { "id": "37580", "question": "what was the population of ontario in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "12,160,282" } ] }, { "id": "37581", "question": "what was canada 's population in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": "13,537,994" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The percentages given below add to more than 100 percent because of dual responses (e.g., \"French and Canadian\" response generates an entry both in the category \"French Canadian\" and in the category \"Canadian\").", "qas": [ { "id": "37582", "question": "what percentage of dual responses were given to the french ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "100 percent" } ] }, { "id": "37583", "question": "what are the dual responses of dual responses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "French and Canadian\" response generates an entry both in the category \"French Canadian\" and in the category \"Canadian\")" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The majority of Ontarians are of English or other European descent including large Scottish, Irish and Italian communities. Slightly less than 5 percent of the population of Ontario is Franco-Ontarian, that is those whose native tongue is French, although those with French ancestry account for 11 percent of the population. In relation to natural increase or inter-provincial migration, immigration is a huge population growth force in Ontario, as it has been over the last two centuries. More recent sources of immigrants with large or growing communities in Ontario include Caribbeans, Latin Americans, Europeans, Asians, and Africans. Most populations have settled in the larger urban centres.", "qas": [ { "id": "37584", "question": "what are some of the european descent of english ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "Scottish, Irish and Italian communities" } ] }, { "id": "37585", "question": "what percentage of ontario 's population is french ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "5 percent" } ] }, { "id": "37586", "question": "what is slightly less than 5 percent of the population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Franco-Ontarian" } ] }, { "id": "37587", "question": "what is the native language of ontario ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "French" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2011, 25.9 percent of the population consisted of visible minorities and 2.4 percent of the population was Aboriginal, mostly of First Nations and M\u00e9tis descent. There was also a small number of Inuit people in the province. The number of Aboriginal people and visible minorities has been increasing at a faster rate than the general population of Ontario.", "qas": [ { "id": "37588", "question": "what percentage of the population was aboriginal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "25.9 percent" } ] }, { "id": "37589", "question": "what percentage of the population was aboriginal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "2.4 percent" } ] }, { "id": "37590", "question": "what was the population of the population in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Aboriginal" } ] }, { "id": "37591", "question": "what types of descent were aboriginal , mostly mostly of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "First Nations and M\u00e9tis descent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2011, the largest religious denominations in Ontario were the Roman Catholic Church (with 31.4% of the population), the United Church of Canada (7.5%), and the Anglican Church (6.1%). 23.1% of Ontarians had no religious affiliation, making it the second-largest religious grouping in the province after Roman Catholics.", "qas": [ { "id": "37592", "question": "what was the largest religious denominations in ontario ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Roman Catholic Church" } ] }, { "id": "37593", "question": "what percentage of the population were the roman catholic church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "31.4%" } ] }, { "id": "37594", "question": "what percentage of the roman catholic church was the united church of canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "7.5%" } ] }, { "id": "37595", "question": "what percentage of the anglican church was the anglican church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "6.1%" } ] }, { "id": "37596", "question": "what percentage of ontarians had no religious affiliation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "23.1%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The major religious groups in Ontario in 2011 were:", "qas": [ { "id": "37597", "question": "in what year were the major religious groups in ontario ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "2011" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The principal language of Ontario is English, the province's de facto official language, is spoken natively by about 70 percent of the province's population, according to the 2011 census. There is also a French-speaking population concentrated in the northeastern, eastern, and extreme Southern parts of the province, where under the French Language Services Act, provincial government services are required to be available in French if at least 10 percent of a designated area's population report French as their native language. Roughly 4% of Ontarians speak French as their mother tongue, and 11% are bilingual, speaking both English and French, according to the 2011 census. Immigrant languages such as Arabic, German, Dutch, Italian, Hindi, Gujarati, Malayalam, Tamil, Spanish, Polish, Portuguese, Chinese and Punjabi are also spoken in the province.", "qas": [ { "id": "37598", "question": "what is the principal language of ontario ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "English" } ] }, { "id": "37599", "question": "what is the principal language of ontario ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "the province's de facto official language" } ] }, { "id": "37600", "question": "how much of the province 's population is english ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "about 70 percent" } ] }, { "id": "37601", "question": "what act is required to be available in french services ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 334, "text": "French Language Services Act" } ] }, { "id": "37602", "question": "what percentage of a designated area report french as their native language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 446, "text": "10 percent" } ] }, { "id": "37603", "question": "what percentage of ontarians speak french as their mother ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 539, "text": "4%" } ] }, { "id": "37604", "question": "what percentage of bilingual bilingual is bilingual ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 596, "text": "11%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ontario is Canada's leading manufacturing province, accounting for 52% of the total national manufacturing shipments in 2004. Ontario's largest trading partner is the American state of Michigan. , Moody's bond-rating agency rated Ontario debt at AA2/stable, while S&P rated it AA-. Dominion Bond Rating Service rated it AA(low) in January 2013. Long known as a bastion of Canadian manufacturing and financial solvency, the province of Ontario owned debt of one-quarter of a trillion dollars (CDN) in 2013\u20132014.", "qas": [ { "id": "37605", "question": "what percentage of the total national manufacturing shipments does ontario have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "52%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ontario's rivers make it rich in hydroelectric energy. In 2009, Ontario Power Generation generated 70 percent of the electricity of the province, of which 51 percent is nuclear, 39 percent is hydroelectric and 10 percent is fossil-fuel derived. By 2025, nuclear power is projected to supply 42 percent, while fossil-fuel-derived generation is projected to decrease slightly over the next 20 years. Much of the newer power generation coming online in the last few years is natural gas or combined-cycle natural gas plants. OPG is not, however, responsible for the transmission of power, which is under the control of Hydro One. Despite its diverse range of power options, problems related to increasing consumption, lack of energy efficiency and aging nuclear reactors, Ontario has been forced in recent years to purchase power from its neighbours Quebec and Michigan to supplement its power needs during peak consumption periods. Ontario's basic domestic rate in 2010 was 11.17 cents per kWH; by contrast. Quebec's was 6.81. In December 2013, the government projected a 42 percent hike by 2018, and 68 percent by 2033.\nIndustrial rates are projected to rise by 33 percent by 2018, and 55 percent in 2033.", "qas": [ { "id": "37606", "question": "what percentage of the electricity of the province is ontario power ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "70 percent" } ] }, { "id": "37607", "question": "what percentage of electricity is nuclear and 10 percent of the province ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "51 percent" } ] }, { "id": "37608", "question": "what percentage of electricity is hydroelectric and 10 percent of the province ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "39 percent" } ] }, { "id": "37609", "question": "what is nuclear power projected to supply ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 291, "text": "42 percent" } ] }, { "id": "37610", "question": "what was ontario 's basic domestic rate in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 972, "text": "11.17 cents per kWH" } ] }, { "id": "37611", "question": "what was quebec 's quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1019, "text": "6.81" } ] } ] }, { "context": "An abundance of natural resources, excellent transportation links to the American heartland and the inland Great Lakes making ocean access possible via container ships, have all contributed to making manufacturing the principal industry of the city, found mainly in the Golden Horseshoe region, which is the largest industrialized area in Canada, the southern end of the region being part of the North American Rust Belt. Important products include motor vehicles, iron, steel, food, electrical appliances, machinery, chemicals, and paper.", "qas": [ { "id": "37612", "question": "where is the largest industrialized area in canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "Golden Horseshoe region" } ] }, { "id": "37613", "question": "what is the southern end of the golden horseshoe region ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 396, "text": "North American Rust Belt" } ] }, { "id": "37614", "question": "what are some examples of motor vehicles ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 465, "text": "iron, steel, food, electrical appliances, machinery, chemicals, and paper" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ontario surpassed Michigan in car production, assembling 2.696 million vehicles in 2004. Ontario has Chrysler plants in Windsor and Bramalea, two GM plants in Oshawa and one in Ingersoll, a Honda assembly plant in Alliston, Ford plants in Oakville and St. Thomas and Toyota assembly plants in Cambridge and Woodstock. However, as a result of steeply declining sales, in 2005, General Motors announced massive layoffs at production facilities across North America including two large GM plants in Oshawa and a drive train facility in St. Catharines resulting in 8,000 job losses in Ontario alone. In 2006, Ford Motor Company announced between 25,000 and 30,000 layoffs phased until 2012; Ontario was spared the worst, but job losses were announced for the St. Thomas facility and the Windsor Casting plant. However, these losses will be offset by Ford's recent announcement of a hybrid vehicle facility slated to begin production in 2007 at its Oakville plant and GM's re-introduction of the Camaro which will be produced in Oshawa. On December 4, 2008 Toyota announced the grand opening of the RAV4 plant in Woodstock, and Honda also has plans to add an engine plant at its facility in Alliston. Despite these new plants coming online, Ontario has not yet fully recovered following massive layoffs caused by the global recession; its unemployment rate was 7.3 percent in May 2013, compared to 8.7 percent in January 2010 and roughly 6 percent in 2007. In September 2013, the Ontario government committed CAD$70.9mn to the Ford plant in Oakville, while the federal government committed CAD$71.1mn, to secure 2,800 jobs. The province has lost 300,000 manufacturing jobs in the decade from 2003, and the Bank of Canada noted that \"while the energy and mining industries have benefitted from these movements, the pressure on the manufacturing sector has intensified, since many firms in this sector were already dealing with growing competition from low-cost economies such as China.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "37615", "question": "how many vehicles did ontario have in 2004 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "2.696 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ontario's steel industry was once centred on Hamilton. Hamilton harbour, which can be seen as one drives the QEW Skyway bridge, is an industrial wasteland; US Steel-owned Stelco announced in fall 2013 that it would be shuttered in 2014, with the loss of 875 jobs. The move flummoxed a union representative, who seemed puzzled why a plant with capacity of 2 million tons per annum would be shut while Canada imported 8 million tons of steel the year before. Algoma Steel still maintains a plant in Sault Ste Marie.\nToronto, the capital of Ontario, is the centre of Canada's financial services and banking industry. Neighbouring cities are home to product distribution, IT centres, and various manufacturing industries. Canada's Federal Government is the largest single employer in the National Capital Region, which centres on the border cities of Ontario's Ottawa and Quebec's Gatineau.\nThe information technology sector is important, particularly in the \"Silicon Valley North\" section of Ottawa, as well as the Waterloo Region, where the world headquarters of Research in Motion (the developers of the BlackBerry smartphone) is located. BlackBerry once provided more than 19 percent of the local jobs and employed more than 13 percent of the entire local population before it supplied 9,500 layoffs in 2013. OpenText and ATS Automation Tooling Systems of Cambridge make their homes in the area too. Mike Lazaridis, one of the founders of RIM, founded in 1999 the Perimeter Institute, then in 2002 the Institute for Quantum Computing, then in 2013 Quantum Valley Investments, to plow a portion of the benefits of RIM back into research and development.", "qas": [ { "id": "37616", "question": "where was ontario 's steel industry once centred ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "Hamilton" } ] }, { "id": "37617", "question": "what is hamilton harbour seen as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "QEW Skyway bridge" } ] }, { "id": "37618", "question": "what type of jobs does hamilton have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "875 jobs" } ] }, { "id": "37619", "question": "where does steel have a plant ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 497, "text": "Sault Ste Marie" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2014, the section of Highway 401 between Toronto and Waterloo became the world's second-largest innovation corridor after California's Silicon Valley, employing nearly 280,000 tech workers from around the world and containing over 60% of Canada's high tech industry.", "qas": [ { "id": "37620", "question": "in what year did the section of highway 401 between toronto and waterloo become the world 's second-largest innovation corridor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2014" } ] }, { "id": "37621", "question": "what was the name of the section between toronto and waterloo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "Highway 401" } ] }, { "id": "37622", "question": "what was the section of highway 401 between california and california ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Toronto and Waterloo" } ] }, { "id": "37623", "question": "what valley was 401 between toronto and waterloo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "Silicon Valley" } ] }, { "id": "37624", "question": "how many tech workers did 401 between toronto and waterloo have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "280,000" } ] }, { "id": "37625", "question": "what percentage of canada 's high tech industry was 401 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "60%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hamilton is the largest steel manufacturing city in Canada followed closely by Sault Ste. Marie, and Sarnia is the centre for petrochemical production. Construction employed more than 6.5 percent of the province's work force in June 2011.", "qas": [ { "id": "37626", "question": "who is the largest steel manufacturing city in canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "Sault Ste" } ] }, { "id": "37627", "question": "what is hamilton 's largest steel manufacturing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "petrochemical production" } ] }, { "id": "37628", "question": "what percentage of the province 's work in june 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "6.5 percent" } ] }, { "id": "37629", "question": "in what month and year did construction of the province 's work occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "June 2011" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Mining and the forest products industry, notably pulp and paper, are vital to the economy of Northern Ontario. There has been controversy over the Ring of Fire mineral deposit, and whether the province can afford to spend CAD$2.25bn on a road from the Trans-Canada Highway near Kenora to the deposit, currently valued at CAD$60bn.", "qas": [ { "id": "37630", "question": "what are the two forest products ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "pulp and paper" } ] }, { "id": "37631", "question": "mining and the forest products are vital to what economy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "Northern Ontario" } ] }, { "id": "37632", "question": "what has there been controversy over ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Ring of Fire mineral deposit" } ] }, { "id": "37633", "question": "what is the province of fire mineral ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "CAD$2.25bn" } ] }, { "id": "37634", "question": "what is the name of the highway that the province of fire has been controversy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "Trans-Canada Highway near Kenora" } ] }, { "id": "37635", "question": "what is the name of the highway that the province of fire is valued at ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 321, "text": "CAD$60bn" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Tourism contributes heavily to the economy of Central Ontario, peaking during the summer months owing to the abundance of fresh water recreation and wilderness found there in reasonable proximity to the major urban centres. At other times of the year, hunting, skiing and snowmobiling are popular. This region has some of the most vibrant fall colour displays anywhere on the continent, and tours directed at overseas visitors are organized to see them. Tourism also plays a key role in border cities with large casinos, among them Windsor, Cornwall, Sarnia and Niagara Falls, the latter of which attracts millions of US and other international visitors.", "qas": [ { "id": "37636", "question": "what is the economy of tourism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Central Ontario" } ] }, { "id": "37637", "question": "what are some large casinos in tourism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 532, "text": "Windsor, Cornwall, Sarnia and Niagara Falls" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Once the dominant industry, agriculture occupies a small percentage of the population. However, much of the land in southern Ontario is given over to agriculture. As the following table shows, while the number of individual farms has steadily decreased and their overall size has shrunk at a lower rate, greater mechanization has supported increased supply to satisfy the ever-increasing demands of a growing population base; this has also meant a gradual increase in the total amount of land used for growing crops.\nCommon types of farms reported in the 2001 census include those for cattle, small grains and dairy. The fruit- and grape-growing industry is located primarily on the Niagara Peninsula and along Lake Erie, where tobacco farms are also situated. Market vegetables grow in the rich soils of the Holland Marsh near Newmarket. The area near Windsor is also very fertile. The Heinz plant in Leamington was taken over in fall 2013 by Warren Buffett and a Brazilian partner, following which it put 740 people out of work. Government subsidies followed shortly; Premier Kathleen Wynne offered CAD$200k to cushion the blow, and promised that another processed-food operator would soon be found. On December 10, 2013, Kellogg's announced layoffs for more than 509 workers at a cereal manufacture plant in London. Kellogg's plans to ship jobs to Thailand.", "qas": [ { "id": "37638", "question": "where is the fruit - and grape-growing industry located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 683, "text": "Niagara Peninsula" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The area defined as the Corn Belt covers much of the southwestern area of the province, extending as far north as close to Goderich, but corn and soy are grown throughout the southern portion of the province. Apple orchards are a common sight along the southern shore of Nottawasaga Bay (part of Georgian Bay) near Collingwood and along the northern shore of Lake Ontario near Cobourg. Tobacco production, centred in Norfolk County, has decreased, allowing an increase in alternative crops such as hazelnuts and ginseng. The Ontario origins of Massey Ferguson, once one of the largest farm-implement manufacturers in the world, indicate the importance agriculture once had to the Canadian economy.", "qas": [ { "id": "37639", "question": "what is the area defined as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "Corn Belt" } ] }, { "id": "37640", "question": "what is the corn belt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "Goderich" } ] }, { "id": "37641", "question": "apple orchards are a common sight along with what bay ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "Nottawasaga Bay" } ] }, { "id": "37642", "question": "where is tobacco production located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 417, "text": "Norfolk County" } ] }, { "id": "37643", "question": "who was the origins of the ontario origins ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 544, "text": "Massey Ferguson" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Southern Ontario's limited supply of agricultural land is going out of production at an increasing rate. Urban sprawl and farmland severances contribute to the loss of thousands of acres of productive agricultural land in Ontario each year. Over 2,000 farms and of farmland in the GTA alone were lost to production in the two decades between 1976 and 1996. This loss represented approximately 18 percent of Ontario's Class 1 farmland being converted to urban purposes. In addition, increasing rural severances provide ever-greater interference with agricultural production.", "qas": [ { "id": "37644", "question": "how many farms were lost in the two decades ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "2,000" } ] }, { "id": "37645", "question": "what percentage of ontario 's class being converted to urban purposes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 393, "text": "18 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Green Energy and Green Economy Act, 2009 (GEA), takes a two-pronged approach to commercializing renewable energy:", "qas": [ { "id": "37646", "question": "what is the name of the act that takes a approach to commercializing renewable energy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Green Energy and Green Economy Act" } ] }, { "id": "37647", "question": "when was the green energy and green economy act passed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "2009" } ] }, { "id": "37648", "question": "what is the green energy and green economy act ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "commercializing renewable energy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nThe bill envisaged appointing a Renewable Energy Facilitator to provide \"one-window\" assistance and support to project developers to facilitate project approvals.", "qas": [ { "id": "37649", "question": "what did the bill envisaged ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "Renewable Energy Facilitator" } ] }, { "id": "37650", "question": "what did the bill envisaged appointing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "\"one-window\" assistance and support to project developers to facilitate project approvals" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The approvals process for transmission projects would also be streamlined and (for the first time in Ontario) the bill would enact standards for renewable energy projects. Homeowners would have access to incentives to develop small-scale renewables such as low- or no-interest loans to finance the capital cost of renewable energy generating facilities like solar panels.", "qas": [ { "id": "37651", "question": "what did the bill enact standards for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "renewable energy projects" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ontario is home to Niagara Falls, which supplies a large amount of electricity to the province. The Bruce Nuclear Generating Station, the largest nuclear power plant in the world, is also in Ontario and uses 8 CANDU reactors to generate electricity for the province.", "qas": [ { "id": "37652", "question": "what is ontario home to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 19, "text": "Niagara Falls" } ] }, { "id": "37653", "question": "what is the largest nuclear power plant in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "Bruce Nuclear Generating Station" } ] }, { "id": "37654", "question": "what is the largest nuclear power plant in ontario ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "8 CANDU reactors" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The \"British North America Act 1867\" section 69 stipulated \"There shall be a Legislature for Ontario consisting of the Lieutenant Governor and of One House, styled the Legislative Assembly of Ontario.\" The assembly has 107 seats representing ridings elected in a first-past-the-post system across the province.", "qas": [ { "id": "37655", "question": "what is the name of the section of the british north america act ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 5, "text": "British North America Act 1867\" section 69 stipulated \"" } ] }, { "id": "37656", "question": "what is the `` british north america act 1867 '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "Lieutenant Governor and of One House" } ] }, { "id": "37657", "question": "what does the british north america act 1867 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "the Legislative Assembly of Ontario" } ] }, { "id": "37658", "question": "how many seats does the assembly have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "107" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The legislative buildings at Queen's Park are the seat of government. Following the Westminster system, the leader of the party holding the most seats in the assembly is known as the \"Premier and President of the Council\" (Executive Council Act R.S.O. 1990). The Premier chooses the cabinet or Executive Council whose members are deemed ministers of the Crown.", "qas": [ { "id": "37659", "question": "where is the legislative buildings located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "Queen's Park" } ] }, { "id": "37660", "question": "what is the leader of the party holding the most seats in the assembly ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "the \"Premier and President of the Council" } ] }, { "id": "37661", "question": "what was the `` premier and president of the council '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "Executive Council Act R.S.O. 1990" } ] }, { "id": "37662", "question": "who does the premier league have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "The Premier chooses the cabinet or Executive Council whose members are deemed ministers of the Crown" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although the \"Legislative Assembly Act (R.S.O. 1990)\" refers to members of the assembly\", the legislators are now commonly called MPPs (Members of the Provincial Parliament) in English and \"d\u00e9put\u00e9s de l'Assembl\u00e9e l\u00e9gislative\" in French, but they have also been called MLAs (Members of the Legislative Assembly), and both are acceptable. The title of Prime Minister of Ontario, correct in French (\"le Premier ministre\"), is permissible in English but now generally avoided in favour of the title \"Premier\" to avoid confusion with the Prime Minister of Canada.", "qas": [ { "id": "37663", "question": "what is the name of the act that refers to members of the assembly ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "Legislative Assembly Act" } ] }, { "id": "37664", "question": "what is the `` legislative assembly act '' called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "MPPs" } ] }, { "id": "37665", "question": "what are the members of the legislative assembly ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "Members of the Provincial Parliament" } ] }, { "id": "37666", "question": "what is the `` legislative assembly act '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "d\u00e9put\u00e9s de l'Assembl\u00e9e l\u00e9gislative\"" } ] }, { "id": "37667", "question": "what is the `` legislative assembly act '' called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 268, "text": "MLAs" } ] }, { "id": "37668", "question": "what are the `` legislative assembly act '' called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "Members of the Legislative Assembly" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ontario has grown, from its roots in Upper Canada, into a modern jurisdiction. The old titles of the chief law officers, the Attorney-General and the Solicitor-General, remain in use. They both are responsible to the Legislature. The Attorney-General drafts the laws and is responsible for criminal prosecutions and the administration of justice, while the Solicitor-General is responsible for law enforcement and the police services of the province.", "qas": [ { "id": "37669", "question": "where is ontario 's roots located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Upper Canada" } ] }, { "id": "37670", "question": "what are the old titles of the chief law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "the Attorney-General and the Solicitor-General" } ] }, { "id": "37671", "question": "who are the legislature responsible for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "the Legislature" } ] }, { "id": "37672", "question": "what is the solicitor-general responsible for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 394, "text": "law enforcement and the police services of the province" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ontario has numerous political parties which run for election. The three main parties are the centre-left Ontario Liberal Party, the centre-right Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario, and the social democratic Ontario New Democratic Party (NDP). Each of the three parties has received a majority mandate during a provincial election since 1990.", "qas": [ { "id": "37673", "question": "what is the name of the three main parties in ontario ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Ontario Liberal Party" } ] }, { "id": "37674", "question": "what is the name of the ontario liberal party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "the centre-right Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario" } ] }, { "id": "37675", "question": "what is the name of the social democratic party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "Ontario New Democratic Party" } ] }, { "id": "37676", "question": "when did the three parties become a majority mandate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 344, "text": "1990" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ontario is led by the majority government of Premier Kathleen Wynne, a Liberal. Since gaining power under former Premier Dalton McGuinty in 2003, the Ontario Liberals have been re-elected three times: in the 2007, the 2011, and 2014 general elections.", "qas": [ { "id": "37677", "question": "what is the name of the majority of the premier premier league ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "Kathleen Wynne" } ] }, { "id": "37678", "question": "who re-elected the ontario liberals in 2003 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "Dalton McGuinty" } ] }, { "id": "37679", "question": "in what year was the ontario liberals re-elected three times ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "2003" } ] }, { "id": "37680", "question": "in what years was the ontario liberals re-elected three times ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "the 2011, and 2014 general elections" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 2011 federal election in Ontario the Conservatives were elected in 73 ridings, the NDP in 22, and the Liberals in 11. The Green Party did not win a seat in Ontario, but Bruce Hyer (MP for Thunder Bay\u2014Superior North) crossed the floor from the NDP and sat as a Green Party member from 2013 until the dissolution of Parliament for the 2015 federal election.", "qas": [ { "id": "37681", "question": "how many conservatives were elected in the 2011 federal election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "73" } ] }, { "id": "37682", "question": "in what month of ontario did the 2011 federal election occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "22" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Statistics Canada's measure of a \"metro area\", the Census Metropolitan Area (CMA), roughly bundles together population figures from the core municipality with those from \"commuter\" municipalities.", "qas": [ { "id": "37683", "question": "what is canada 's measure ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "metro area" } ] }, { "id": "37684", "question": "what does cma stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "the Census Metropolitan Area" } ] }, { "id": "37685", "question": "what is the name of the population of the core municipality ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "\"commuter\" municipalities" } ] } ] }, { "context": "*Parts of Quebec (including Gatineau) are included in the Ottawa CMA. The population of the Ottawa CMA, in both provinces, is shown.", "qas": [ { "id": "37686", "question": "what is the name of the parts of quebec parts of quebec cma ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "Gatineau" } ] }, { "id": "37687", "question": "where are quebec parts of quebec parts located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "Ottawa CMA" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Canada, education falls under provincial jurisdiction. Publicly funded elementary and secondary schools are administered by the Ontario Ministry of Education, while colleges and universities are administered by the Ontario Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities. The current Minister of Education is Mitzie Hunter, and the current minister of Training, Colleges and Universities is Reza Moridi.", "qas": [ { "id": "37688", "question": "who administered publicly funded elementary and secondary schools ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "Ontario Ministry of Education" } ] }, { "id": "37689", "question": "who administered the colleges of education ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "Ontario Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities" } ] }, { "id": "37690", "question": "what is the current minister of education ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "Mitzie Hunter" } ] }, { "id": "37691", "question": "what is the current minister of education ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 394, "text": "Reza Moridi" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Higher education in Ontario includes postsecondary education and skills training regulated by the Ministry of Training, Colleges, and Universities and provided by universities, colleges of applied arts and technology, and private career colleges. The current minister is Reza Moridi. The ministry administers laws covering 22 public universities, 24 public colleges (21 Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology (CAATs) and three Institutes of Technology and Advanced Learning (ITALs)), 17 privately funded religious universities, and over 500 private career colleges. The Canadian constitution provides each province with the responsibility for higher education and there is no corresponding national federal ministry of higher education. Within Canadian federalism the division of responsibilities and taxing powers between the Ontario and Canadian governments creates the need for co-operation to fund and deliver higher education to students. Each higher education system aims to improve participation, access, and mobility for students. There are two central organizations that assist with the process of applying to Ontario universities and colleges: the Ontario Universities' Application Centre and Ontario College Application Service. While application services are centralized, admission and selection processes vary and are the purview of each institution independently. Admission to many Ontario postsecondary institutions can be highly competitive. Upon admission, students may get involved with regional student representation with the Canadian Federation of Students, the Canadian Alliance of Student Associations, the Ontario Undergraduate Student Alliance, or through the College Student Alliance in Ontario.", "qas": [ { "id": "37692", "question": "who regulated postsecondary education ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "Ministry of Training, Colleges, and Universities" } ] }, { "id": "37693", "question": "what is the name of the current minister ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "Reza Moridi" } ] }, { "id": "37694", "question": "how many public universities does the ministry administers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "22" } ] }, { "id": "37695", "question": "how many public colleges are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 347, "text": "24" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1973 the first slogan to appear on licence plates in Ontario was \"Keep It Beautiful\". This was replaced by \"Yours to Discover\" in 1982, apparently inspired by a tourism slogan, \"Discover Ontario\", dating back to 1927. Plates with the French equivalent, \"Tant \u00e0 d\u00e9couvrir\", were made available to the public beginning in May 2008. (From 1988 to 1990, \"Ontario Incredible\" gave \"Yours to Discover\" a brief respite.)", "qas": [ { "id": "37696", "question": "when was the first slogan to appear on licence plates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1973" } ] }, { "id": "37697", "question": "what was the first slogan to appear on licence plates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Keep It Beautiful" } ] }, { "id": "37698", "question": "what was the name of the tourism that replaced ontario in 1982 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "Yours to Discover" } ] }, { "id": "37699", "question": "when was `` yours to discover '' replaced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "1982" } ] }, { "id": "37700", "question": "what was the name of the tourism slogan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "Discover Ontario" } ] }, { "id": "37701", "question": "in what year did the tourism slogan begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "1927" } ] }, { "id": "37702", "question": "what was the name of the french equivalent in may 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "Tant \u00e0 d\u00e9couvrir\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2007, a new song replaced \"A Place to Stand\" after four decades. \"There's No Place Like This\" is featured in current television advertising, performed by Ontario artists including Molly Johnson, Brian Byrne, Keshia Chant\u00e9, as well as Tomi Swick and Arkells.", "qas": [ { "id": "37703", "question": "in what year did a new song replaced `` a place to stand '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2007" } ] }, { "id": "37704", "question": "what was the name of the new song replaced by a new song in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "A Place to Stand" } ] }, { "id": "37705", "question": "what are the names of the ontario artists that performed in current television ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 237, "text": "Tomi Swick and Arkells" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The province has 15 professional sports teams in baseball, basketball, hockey, football, rugby and soccer.", "qas": [ { "id": "37706", "question": "how many professional sports teams does the province have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "15" } ] }, { "id": "37707", "question": "where does the province of the province have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "basketball, hockey, football, rugby and soccer" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Transportation routes in Ontario evolved from early waterway travel and First Nations paths followed by European explorers. Ontario has two major east-west routes, both starting from Montreal in the neighbouring province of Quebec. The northerly route, which was a major fur trade route, travels west from Montreal along the Ottawa River, then continues northwestward towards Manitoba. Major cities on or near the route include Ottawa, North Bay, Sudbury, Sault Ste. Marie, and Thunder Bay. The southerly route, which was driven by growth in settlements originated by the United Empire Loyalists and later other European immigrants, travels southwest from Montreal along the St. Lawrence River, Lake Ontario, and Lake Erie before entering the United States in Michigan. Major cities on or near the route include Kingston, Belleville, Peterborough, Oshawa, Toronto, Mississauga, Kitchener-Waterloo, Hamilton, London, Sarnia, and Windsor. This route was also heavily used by immigrants to the Midwestern US particularly in the late 19th century.", "qas": [ { "id": "37708", "question": "who followed transportation routes in ontario ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "European explorers" } ] }, { "id": "37709", "question": "where does the northerly route originate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 325, "text": "Ottawa River" } ] } ] }, { "context": "400-Series Highways make up the primary vehicular network in the south of province, and they connect to numerous border crossings with the US, the busiest being the Detroit\u2013Windsor Tunnel and Ambassador Bridge (via Highway 401) and the Blue Water Bridge (via Highway 402). Some of the primary highways along the southern route are Highway 401, Highway 417, and Highway 400, while other provincial highways and regional roads inter-connect the remainder of the province.", "qas": [ { "id": "37710", "question": "what make up the primary vehicular network ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "400-Series Highways" } ] }, { "id": "37711", "question": "what are the busiest bridge in detroit ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "Detroit\u2013Windsor Tunnel and Ambassador Bridge" } ] }, { "id": "37712", "question": "what are two examples of ambassador bridge ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "Highway 401) and the Blue Water Bridge" } ] }, { "id": "37713", "question": "what are the primary highways of the southern route ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 331, "text": "Highway 401, Highway 417, and Highway 400" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Saint Lawrence Seaway, which extends across most of the southern portion of the province and connects to the Atlantic Ocean, is the primary water transportation route for cargo, particularly iron ore and grain. In the past, the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River were also a major passenger transportation route, but over the past half century passenger travel has been reduced to ferry services and sightseeing cruises.", "qas": [ { "id": "37714", "question": "what is the name of the primary water route in the province ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Saint Lawrence Seaway" } ] }, { "id": "37715", "question": "where does the saint lawrence seaway come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "Atlantic Ocean" } ] }, { "id": "37716", "question": "what does the saint lawrence seaway consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "iron ore and grain" } ] }, { "id": "37717", "question": "what river were a major passenger transportation route ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Via Rail operates the inter-regional passenger train service on the Quebec City\u2013Windsor Corridor, along with \"The Canadian\", a transcontinental rail service from Southern Ontario to Vancouver, and the Sudbury\u2013White River train. Additionally, Amtrak rail connects Ontario with key New York cities including Buffalo, Albany, and New York City. Ontario Northland provides rail service to destinations as far north as Moosonee near James Bay, connecting them with the south.", "qas": [ { "id": "37718", "question": "how is the inter-regional passenger train service located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Via Rail" } ] }, { "id": "37719", "question": "where is the inter-regional passenger train service located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "Quebec City\u2013Windsor Corridor" } ] }, { "id": "37720", "question": "what is the name of the transcontinental rail service ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "The Canadian\"" } ] }, { "id": "37721", "question": "what is the name of the inter-regional passenger train service ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "Sudbury\u2013White River train" } ] }, { "id": "37722", "question": "what are some of the key new york cities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "Buffalo, Albany, and New York City" } ] }, { "id": "37723", "question": "near what bay is ontario north ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 428, "text": "James Bay" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Freight rail is dominated by the founding cross-country Canadian National Railway and CP Rail companies, which during the 1990s sold many short rail lines from their vast network to private companies operating mostly in the south.", "qas": [ { "id": "37724", "question": "what is freight rail dominated by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Canadian National Railway and CP Rail companies" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Regional commuter rail is limited to the provincially owned GO Transit, and serves a train-bus network spanning the Golden Horseshoe region.", "qas": [ { "id": "37725", "question": "what is regional commuter rail limited to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "GO Transit" } ] }, { "id": "37726", "question": "what is the name of the region that serves a network ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Golden Horseshoe region" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Toronto Transit Commission operates the province's only subway and streetcar system, one of the busiest in North America. OC Transpo operates, in addition to bus service, Ontario's only light rail transit line, the O-Train in Ottawa.", "qas": [ { "id": "37727", "question": "what operates the only subway and streetcar system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Toronto Transit Commission" } ] }, { "id": "37728", "question": "what is the name of the bus service in ontario ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "OC Transpo operates" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A light-rail metro called the Confederation Line is under construction in Ottawa. It will have 13 stations on and part of it will run under the city's Downtown and feature three underground stations. In addition, the Ion light rail and bus rapid transit system is under construction in the province's Waterloo region.\nImportant airports in the province include Toronto Pearson International Airport, which is the busiest airport in Canada, handling over 41 million passengers in 2015. Ottawa Macdonald\u2013Cartier International Airport and Hamilton's John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport. Toronto/Pearson and Ottawa/Macdonald-Cartier form two of the three points in Canada's busiest set of air routes (the third point being Montr\u00e9al\u2013Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport).", "qas": [ { "id": "37729", "question": "what is the name of the metro metro metro system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "Confederation Line" } ] }, { "id": "37730", "question": "where is the confederation line line under construction ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "Ottawa" } ] }, { "id": "37731", "question": "how many stations does the confederation have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "13" } ] }, { "id": "37732", "question": "what is the busiest airport in canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 361, "text": "Toronto Pearson International Airport" } ] }, { "id": "37733", "question": "how many passengers are in toronto pearson ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 454, "text": "41 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most Ontario cities have regional airports, many of which have scheduled commuter flights from Air Canada Jazz or smaller airlines and charter companies\u00a0\u2014 flights from the mid-size cities such as Thunder Bay, Sault Ste. Marie, Sudbury, North Bay, Timmins, Windsor, London, and Kingston feed directly into larger airports in Toronto and Ottawa. Bearskin Airlines also runs flights along the northerly east-west route, connecting Ottawa, North Bay, Sudbury, Sault Ste. Marie, Kitchener and Thunder Bay directly.", "qas": [ { "id": "37734", "question": "what type of jazz do regional airports have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "Air Canada Jazz" } ] }, { "id": "37735", "question": "where do most ontario cities migrate into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "Toronto and Ottawa" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Isolated towns and settlements in the northern areas of the province rely partly or entirely on air service for travel, goods, and even ambulance services (MEDIVAC), since much of the far northern area of the province cannot be reached by road or rail.", "qas": [ { "id": "37736", "question": "what do isolated towns and settlements rely on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "travel, goods, and even ambulance services" } ] }, { "id": "37737", "question": "what are the far northern area of the province ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "road or rail" } ] } ] } ], "title": "Ontario" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Texas (, ; ) is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Geographically located in the south central part of the country, Texas shares borders with the other U.S. states of Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the west, and the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, and Tamaulipas to the southwest, while the Gulf of Mexico is to the southeast.", "qas": [ { "id": "37738", "question": "which mexican states are located in oklahoma ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 330, "text": "Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, and Tamaulipas" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S., while San Antonio is the second most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas\u2013Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country, respectively. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U.S., and El Paso. Texas is nicknamed the \"Lone Star State\" to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the state's struggle for independence from Mexico. The \"Lone Star\" can be found on the Texan state flag and on the Texan state seal. The origin of the state name, Texas, is from the word, \"Tejas\", which means 'friends' in the Caddo language.", "qas": [ { "id": "37739", "question": "which city is the second most populous ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "San Antonio" } ] }, { "id": "37740", "question": "what is the fourth largest metropolitan statistical areas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "Fort Worth and Greater Houston" } ] }, { "id": "37741", "question": "what is the name of the capital of austin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 393, "text": "El Paso" } ] }, { "id": "37742", "question": "what is the former name of texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 426, "text": "Lone Star State\" to signify its former status as an independent republic" } ] }, { "id": "37743", "question": "what is the origin of texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 710, "text": "Tejas" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, Texas contains diverse landscapes that resemble both the U.S. southern and southwestern regions. Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas' land area is desert. Most of the population centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests, and the coastline. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend.", "qas": [ { "id": "37744", "question": "what is the name of the landscapes that resemble texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Balcones Fault" } ] }, { "id": "37745", "question": "what is texas popularly associated with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "U.S. southwestern deserts" } ] }, { "id": "37746", "question": "what percentage of texas area is desert ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "10 percent" } ] }, { "id": "37747", "question": "what is the land area in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "desert" } ] }, { "id": "37748", "question": "where are most of the population centers located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 362, "text": "grasslands, forests, and the coastline" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The term \"six flags over Texas\" refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas. France held a short-lived colony. Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state. The state's annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican\u2013American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U.S. in early 1861, and officially joined the Confederate States of America on March 2 of the same year. After the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation.", "qas": [ { "id": "37749", "question": "what is the term for several nations that have ruled over the territory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "six flags over Texas" } ] }, { "id": "37750", "question": "in what year did mexico host its independence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "1836" } ] }, { "id": "37751", "question": "in what year did texas join the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "1845" } ] }, { "id": "37752", "question": "when did the mexican war begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 451, "text": "1846" } ] } ] }, { "context": "One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle. Due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The state's economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated an economic boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy and high tech industry in the mid-20th century. As of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the state leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace, and biomedical sciences. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product.", "qas": [ { "id": "37753", "question": "what was the civil war in the civil war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "cattle" } ] }, { "id": "37754", "question": "in what year was the nation led to texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 747, "text": "2002" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The name Texas, based on the Caddo word \"tejas\" meaning \"friends\" or \"allies\", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in East Texas.", "qas": [ { "id": "37755", "question": "what is the name of the word `` texas '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "\"tejas\" meaning \"friends\" or \"allies\"" } ] }, { "id": "37756", "question": "who applied the name texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "the Spanish to the Caddo themselves" } ] }, { "id": "37757", "question": "where was the name texas applied to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "East Texas" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the \"Nuevo Reino de Filipinas: La Provincia de Texas\".", "qas": [ { "id": "37758", "question": "what was the name of the area during spanish colonial rule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "Nuevo Reino de Filipinas: La Provincia de Texas" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas is the second largest U.S. state, behind Alaska, with an area of . Though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile and Zambia.", "qas": [ { "id": "37759", "question": "which two countries are only 27th worldwide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Germany or Japan" } ] }, { "id": "37760", "question": "what is the size of france 's subdivisions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "27th" } ] }, { "id": "37761", "question": "what was texas 's largest country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "40th largest behind Chile and Zambia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers. The Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, and Tamaulipas to the south. The Red River forms a natural border with Oklahoma and Arkansas to the north. The Sabine River forms a natural border with Louisiana to the east. The Texas Panhandle has an eastern border with Oklahoma at 100\u00b0 W, a northern border with Oklahoma at 36\u00b030' N and a western border with New Mexico at 103\u00b0 W. El Paso lies on the state's western tip at 32\u00b0 N and the Rio Grande.", "qas": [ { "id": "37762", "question": "what are the borders defined by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "rivers" } ] }, { "id": "37763", "question": "which mexican states did the rio grande forms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, and Tamaulipas" } ] }, { "id": "37764", "question": "what is the name of oklahoma 's eastern border ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 444, "text": "100\u00b0 W" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With 10 climatic regions, 14 soil regions and 11 distinct ecological regions, regional classification becomes problematic with differences in soils, topography, geology, rainfall, and plant and animal communities. One classification system divides Texas, in order from southeast to west, into the following: Gulf Coastal Plains, Interior Lowlands, Great Plains, and Basin and Range Province.", "qas": [ { "id": "37765", "question": "how many soil are there in regional classification ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "14" } ] }, { "id": "37766", "question": "how many distinct ecological regions are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "11" } ] }, { "id": "37767", "question": "what are regional classification problematic with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "topography, geology, rainfall, and plant and animal communities" } ] }, { "id": "37768", "question": "what are some classification of texas classification ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "Gulf Coastal Plains, Interior Lowlands, Great Plains, and Basin and Range Province" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Gulf Coastal Plains region wraps around the Gulf of Mexico on the southeast section of the state. Vegetation in this region consists of thick piney woods. The Interior Lowlands region consists of gently rolling to hilly forested land and is part of a larger pine-hardwood forest.", "qas": [ { "id": "37769", "question": "what region is located in mexico city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Gulf Coastal Plains" } ] }, { "id": "37770", "question": "where is the gulf coastal plains located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Gulf of Mexico" } ] }, { "id": "37771", "question": "what type of woods does vegetation have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "thick piney woods" } ] }, { "id": "37772", "question": "what does the interior lowlands region consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "hilly forested land" } ] }, { "id": "37773", "question": "what does the interior lowlands region consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "a larger pine-hardwood forest" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Great Plains region in central Texas is located in spans through the state's panhandle and Llano Estacado to the state's hill country near Austin. This region is dominated by prairie and steppe. \"Far West Texas\" or the \"Trans-Pecos\" region is the state's Basin and Range Province. The most varied of the regions, this area includes Sand Hills, the Stockton Plateau, desert valleys, wooded mountain slopes and desert grasslands.", "qas": [ { "id": "37774", "question": "what is the name of the state that runs the great plains region ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "Llano Estacado" } ] }, { "id": "37775", "question": "what is the range of the region of mexico city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "prairie and steppe" } ] }, { "id": "37776", "question": "what is the `` far west texas region '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "Basin and Range Province" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas has 3,700 named streams and 15 major rivers, with the Rio Grande as the largest. Other major rivers include the Pecos, the Brazos, Colorado, and Red River. While Texas has few natural lakes, Texans have built over 100 artificial reservoirs.", "qas": [ { "id": "37777", "question": "how many rivers are in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "3,700" } ] }, { "id": "37778", "question": "how many major rivers does texas have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "15" } ] }, { "id": "37779", "question": "what is the name of the largest texas city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "Rio Grande" } ] }, { "id": "37780", "question": "what are some major major rivers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "Pecos, the Brazos, Colorado, and Red River" } ] }, { "id": "37781", "question": "how are texans built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "over 100 artificial reservoirs" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The size and unique history of Texas make its regional affiliation debatable; it can be fairly considered a Southern or a Southwestern state, or both. The vast geographic, economic, and cultural diversity within the state itself prohibits easy categorization of the whole state into a recognized region of the United States. Notable extremes range from East Texas which is often considered an extension of the Deep South, to Far West Texas which is generally acknowledged to be part of the interior Southwest.", "qas": [ { "id": "37782", "question": "what is the regional affiliation of texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "a Southern or a Southwestern state" } ] }, { "id": "37783", "question": "what is the extension of east texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 425, "text": "Far West Texas" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas is the southernmost part of the Great Plains, which ends in the south against the folded Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico. The continental crust forms a stable Mesoproterozoic craton which changes across a broad continental margin and transitional crust into true oceanic crust of the Gulf of Mexico. The oldest rocks in Texas date from the Mesoproterozoic and are about 1,600 million years old.", "qas": [ { "id": "37784", "question": "what is the southernmost part of texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "Great Plains" } ] }, { "id": "37785", "question": "where is the great plains located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico" } ] }, { "id": "37786", "question": "what is the continental crust forms of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "Mesoproterozoic craton" } ] }, { "id": "37787", "question": "what are the oldest rocks in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 348, "text": "Mesoproterozoic" } ] }, { "id": "37788", "question": "what is the oldest rocks in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 378, "text": "1,600 million years old" } ] } ] }, { "context": "These Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks underlie most of the state, and are exposed in three places: Llano uplift, Van Horn, and the Franklin Mountains, near El Paso. Sedimentary rocks overlay most of these ancient rocks. The oldest sediments were deposited on the flanks of a rifted continental margin, or passive margin that developed during Cambrian time.", "qas": [ { "id": "37789", "question": "what three places are exposed to el paso rocks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Llano uplift, Van Horn, and the Franklin Mountains" } ] } ] }, { "context": "This margin existed until Laurasia and Gondwana collided in the Pennsylvanian subperiod to form Pangea. This is the buried crest of the Appalachian Mountains\u2013Ouachita Mountains zone of Pennsylvanian continental collision. This orogenic crest is today buried beneath the Dallas\u2013Waco\u2014Austin\u2013San Antonio trend.", "qas": [ { "id": "37790", "question": "what was the name of the margin that led to the margin of this era ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "Laurasia and Gondwana" } ] }, { "id": "37791", "question": "what was the name of the form of the margin of gondwana ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "Pangea" } ] }, { "id": "37792", "question": "what is the crest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "Ouachita Mountains zone of Pennsylvanian continental collision" } ] } ] }, { "context": "East Texas outcrops consist of Cretaceous and Paleogene sediments which contain important deposits of Eocene lignite. The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian sediments in the north; Permian sediments in the west; and Cretaceous sediments in the east, along the Gulf coast and out on the Texas continental shelf contain oil. Oligocene volcanic rocks are found in far west Texas in the Big Bend area. A blanket of Miocene sediments known as the Ogallala formation in the western high plains region is an important aquifer. Located far from an active plate tectonic boundary, Texas has no volcanoes and few earthquakes.", "qas": [ { "id": "37793", "question": "what is east texas consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Cretaceous and Paleogene sediments" } ] }, { "id": "37794", "question": "what is the important deposits of east texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "Eocene lignite" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A wide range of animals and insects live in Texas. It is the home to 65 species of mammals, 213 species of reptiles and amphibians, and the greatest diversity of bird life in the United States\u2014590 native species in all. At least 12 species have been introduced and now reproduce freely in Texas.", "qas": [ { "id": "37795", "question": "how many species of mammals are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "65" } ] }, { "id": "37796", "question": "how many species of reptiles are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "213" } ] }, { "id": "37797", "question": "how many species have been introduced and reproduce ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "12" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas plays host to several species of wasps. Texas is one of the regions that has the highest abundance of \"Polistes exclamans\". Additionally, Texas has provided an important ground for the study of \"Polistes annularis\".", "qas": [ { "id": "37798", "question": "what type of species does texas plays host ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "wasps" } ] }, { "id": "37799", "question": "what is the highest abundance of texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Polistes exclamans" } ] }, { "id": "37800", "question": "what is the name of the study that texas has a important ground for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "Polistes annularis\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the spring Texas wildflowers such as the state flower, the bluebonnet, line highways throughout Texas. During the Johnson Administration the first lady, Lady Bird Johnson, worked to draw attention to Texas wildflowers.", "qas": [ { "id": "37801", "question": "what is the name of the texas flower flower ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "the bluebonnet, line highways throughout Texas" } ] }, { "id": "37802", "question": "who was the first lady lady ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "Lady Bird Johnson" } ] }, { "id": "37803", "question": "where did the first lady bird johnson draw draw ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "Texas wildflowers" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The large size of Texas and its location at the intersection of multiple climate zones gives the state highly variable weather. The Panhandle of the state has colder winters than North Texas, while the Gulf Coast has mild winters. Texas has wide variations in precipitation patterns. El Paso, on the western end of the state, averages of annual rainfall, while parts of southeast Texas average as much as per year. Dallas in the North Central region averages a more moderate per year.", "qas": [ { "id": "37804", "question": "the state has colder winters than what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "North Texas" } ] }, { "id": "37805", "question": "what is the name of the annual rainfall in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 284, "text": "El Paso" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Snow falls multiple times each winter in the Panhandle and mountainous areas of West Texas, once or twice a year in North Texas, and once every few years in Central and East Texas. Snow falls south of San Antonio or on the coast in rare circumstances only. Of note is the 2004 Christmas Eve snowstorm, when of snow fell as far south as Kingsville, where the average high temperature in December is 65\u00a0\u00b0F.", "qas": [ { "id": "37806", "question": "in what areas of texas does snow occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "Central and East Texas" } ] }, { "id": "37807", "question": "where does snow originate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "San Antonio" } ] }, { "id": "37808", "question": "in what year was the christmas temperature in december ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "2004" } ] }, { "id": "37809", "question": "what was the average high temperature in december of 2004 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 336, "text": "Kingsville" } ] }, { "id": "37810", "question": "what is the average high temperature in december eve ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 398, "text": "65\u00a0\u00b0F" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Maximum temperatures in the summer months average from the 80s \u00b0F (26\u00a0\u00b0C) in the mountains of West Texas and on Galveston Island to around in the Rio Grande Valley, but most areas of Texas see consistent summer high temperatures in the range.", "qas": [ { "id": "37811", "question": "where is galveston island located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "Rio Grande Valley" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Night-time summer temperatures range from the upper 50s \u00b0F (14\u00a0\u00b0C) in the West Texas mountains to in Galveston.", "qas": [ { "id": "37812", "question": "what is the average temperature in the west texas mountains ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "50s \u00b0F" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The table below consists of averages for August (generally the warmest month) and January (generally the coldest) in selected cities in various regions of the state. El Paso and Amarillo are exceptions with July and December respectively being the warmest and coldest months respectively, but with August and January only being narrowly different.", "qas": [ { "id": "37813", "question": "what are the coldest month in the state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "the warmest month) and January" } ] }, { "id": "37814", "question": "what two exceptions are exceptions to july and december ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "El Paso and Amarillo" } ] }, { "id": "37815", "question": "when was el paso and amarillo exceptions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "July and December" } ] }, { "id": "37816", "question": "what two months did the warmest and coldest months occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "August and January" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thunderstorms strike Texas often, especially the eastern and northern portions of the state. Tornado Alley covers the northern section of Texas. The state experiences the most tornadoes in the United States, an average of 139 a year. These strike most frequently in North Texas and the Panhandle. Tornadoes in Texas generally occur in the months of April, May, and June.", "qas": [ { "id": "37817", "question": "what part of the state does texas have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "eastern and northern portions of the state" } ] }, { "id": "37818", "question": "what covers the northern section of texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "Tornado Alley" } ] }, { "id": "37819", "question": "what is the average tornadoes in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "139 a year" } ] }, { "id": "37820", "question": "where did these strike occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "North Texas and the Panhandle" } ] }, { "id": "37821", "question": "when did tornadoes start in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 349, "text": "April, May, and June" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some of the most destructive hurricanes in U.S. history have impacted Texas. A hurricane in 1875 killed about 400 people in Indianola, followed by another hurricane in 1886 that destroyed the town. These events allowed Galveston to take over as the chief port city. The 1900 Galveston hurricane subsequently devastated that city, killing about 8,000 people or possibly as many as 12,000. This makes it the deadliest natural disaster in U.S. history.", "qas": [ { "id": "37822", "question": "in what year was the hurricane killed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "1875" } ] }, { "id": "37823", "question": "how many people were killed in 1875 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "400" } ] }, { "id": "37824", "question": "in what year was the hurricane destroyed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "1886" } ] }, { "id": "37825", "question": "how many people died in the 1900 hurricane ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 344, "text": "8,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other devastating Texas hurricanes include the 1915 Galveston hurricane, Hurricane Audrey in 1957 which killed over 600 people, Hurricane Carla in 1961, Hurricane Beulah in 1967, Hurricane Alicia in 1983, Hurricane Rita in 2005, and Hurricane Ike in 2008. Tropical storms have also caused their share of damage: Allison in 1989 and again during 2001, and Claudette in 1979 among them.", "qas": [ { "id": "37826", "question": "what hurricane killed in 1957 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "Hurricane Audrey" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas emits the most greenhouse gases in the U.S. The state emits nearly 1.5 trillion pounds (680 billion kg) of carbon dioxide annually. As an independent nation, Texas would rank as the world's seventh-largest producer of greenhouse gases. Causes of the state's vast greenhouse gas emissions include the state's large number of coal power plants and the state's refining and manufacturing industries. In 2010, there were 2,553 \"emission events\" which poured 44.6 million pounds of contaminants into the Texas sky.", "qas": [ { "id": "37827", "question": "how much money does the state emits ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "1.5 trillion pounds" } ] }, { "id": "37828", "question": "how much carbon dioxide annually is carbon dioxide annually ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "680 billion kg)" } ] }, { "id": "37829", "question": "how many pounds of contaminants were there in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 423, "text": "2,553" } ] }, { "id": "37830", "question": "how much did the texas sky sky cost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 460, "text": "44.6 million pounds" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas lies between two major cultural spheres of Pre-Columbian North America: the Southwestern and the Plains areas. Archaeologists have found that three major indigenous cultures lived in this territory, and reached their developmental peak before the first European contact. These were:", "qas": [ { "id": "37831", "question": "what are the names of the major cultural spheres of pre-columbian north america ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "the Southwestern and the Plains areas" } ] }, { "id": "37832", "question": "how many major indigenous cultures lived in archaeologists ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "three" } ] } ] }, { "context": "No culture was dominant in the present-day Texas region, and many peoples inhabited the area. Native American tribes that lived inside the boundaries of present-day Texas include the Alabama, Apache, Atakapan, Bidai, Caddo, Coahuiltecan, Comanche, Choctaw, Coushatta, Hasinai, Jumano, Karankawa, Kickapoo, Kiowa, Tonkawa, and Wichita. The name Texas derives from \"t\u00e1ysha\u0294\", a word in the Caddoan language of the \"Hasinai\", which means \"friends\" or \"allies\".", "qas": [ { "id": "37833", "question": "what is the name of the word `` friends '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 364, "text": "t\u00e1ysha\u0294" } ] }, { "id": "37834", "question": "what is the name of the word `` friends '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 413, "text": "Hasinai" } ] }, { "id": "37835", "question": "what does the word texas mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 435, "text": "\"friends\" or \"allies\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Whether a Native American tribe was friendly or warlike was critical to the fates of European explorers and settlers in that land. Friendly tribes taught newcomers how to grow indigenous crops, prepare foods, and hunt wild game. Warlike tribes made life difficult and dangerous for Europeans through their attacks and resistance to the newcomers.", "qas": [ { "id": "37836", "question": "what do friendly tribes taught ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "grow indigenous crops, prepare foods, and hunt wild game" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The first historical document related to Texas was a map of the Gulf Coast, created in 1519 by Spanish explorer Alonso \u00c1lvarez de Pineda. Nine years later, shipwrecked Spanish explorer \u00c1lvar N\u00fa\u00f1ez Cabeza de Vaca and his cohort became the first Europeans in what is now Texas. Cabeza de Vaca reported that in 1528, when the Spanish landed in the area, \"half the natives died from a disease of the bowels and blamed us.\" Cabeza de Vaca also made observations about the way of life of the Ignaces Natives of Texas: \"They went about with a firebrand, setting fire to the plains and timber so as to drive off the mosquitos, and also to get lizards and similar things which they eat, to come out of the soil. In the same manner they kill deer, encircling them with fires, and they do it also to deprive the animals of pasture, compelling them to go for food where the Indians want.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "37837", "question": "when was the first historical document related to texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "1519" } ] }, { "id": "37838", "question": "who created the first historical document related to texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "Alonso \u00c1lvarez de Pineda" } ] }, { "id": "37839", "question": "who was the spanish explorer in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "\u00c1lvar N\u00fa\u00f1ez Cabeza de Vaca" } ] }, { "id": "37840", "question": "when did the spanish landed in the area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "1528" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Francisco V\u00e1zquez de Coronado describes his 1541 encounter with \"Two kinds of people travel around these plains with the cows; one is called Querechos and the others Teyas; they are very well built, and painted, and are enemies of each other. They have no other settlement or location than comes from traveling around with the cows. They kill all of these they wish, and tan the hides, with which they clothe themselves and make their tents, and they eat the flesh, sometimes even raw, and they also even drink the blood when thirsty. The tents they make are like field tents, and they set them up over some poles they have made for this purpose, which come together and are tied at the top, and when they go from one place to another they carry them on some dogs they have, of which they have many, and they load them with the tents and poles and other things, for the country is so level, as I said, that they can make use of these, because they carry the poles dragging along on the ground. The sun is what they worship most.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "37841", "question": "who describes the 1541 1541 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Francisco V\u00e1zquez de Coronado" } ] }, { "id": "37842", "question": "what is the name of the francisco de coronado that describes two kinds of people travel around these plains ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "1541" } ] }, { "id": "37843", "question": "what is the name of the two kinds of people that are painted around the cows ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "Querechos and the others Teyas" } ] } ] }, { "context": "European powers ignored the area until accidentally settling there in 1685. Miscalculations by Ren\u00e9-Robert Cavelier de La Salle resulted in his establishing the colony of Fort Saint Louis at Matagorda Bay rather than along the Mississippi River. The colony lasted only four\u00a0years before succumbing to harsh conditions and hostile natives.", "qas": [ { "id": "37844", "question": "in what year did european powers ignored the area until european powers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "1685" } ] }, { "id": "37845", "question": "where was fort saint louis located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "Matagorda Bay" } ] }, { "id": "37846", "question": "how long did the colony last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "four\u00a0years" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1690 Spanish authorities, concerned that France posed competitive threat, constructed several missions in East Texas. After Native American resistance, the Spanish missionaries returned to Mexico. When France began settling Louisiana, mostly in the southern part of the state, in 1716 Spanish authorities responded by founding a new series of missions in East Texas. Two\u00a0years later, they created San Antonio as the first Spanish civilian settlement in the area.", "qas": [ { "id": "37847", "question": "in what year was spanish authorities constructed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1690" } ] }, { "id": "37848", "question": "where did the spanish authorities constructed several missions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "East Texas" } ] }, { "id": "37849", "question": "where did france begin when france began ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "Louisiana" } ] }, { "id": "37850", "question": "in what year did spanish authorities begin settling louisiana ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 283, "text": "1716" } ] }, { "id": "37851", "question": "who was the first spanish civilian settlement in the area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "San Antonio" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hostile native tribes and distance from nearby Spanish colonies discouraged settlers from moving to the area. It was one of New Spain's least populated provinces. In 1749, the Spanish peace treaty with the Lipan Apache angered many tribes, including the Comanche, Tonkawa, and Hasinai. The Comanche signed a treaty with Spain in 1785 and later helped to defeat the Lipan Apache and Karankawa tribes. With more numerous missions being established, priests led a peaceful conversion of most tribes. By the end of the 18th century only a few nomadic tribes had not converted to Christianity.", "qas": [ { "id": "37852", "question": "when did the spanish peace treaty with the spanish peace treaty occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "1749" } ] }, { "id": "37853", "question": "who angered the spanish peace treaty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Lipan Apache" } ] }, { "id": "37854", "question": "what were the names of the spanish peace treaty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "Comanche, Tonkawa, and Hasinai" } ] }, { "id": "37855", "question": "in what year did the treaty with spain establish a treaty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 329, "text": "1785" } ] }, { "id": "37856", "question": "who did the treaty with spain defeat ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 365, "text": "Lipan Apache and Karankawa tribes" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When the United States purchased Louisiana from France in 1803, American authorities insisted that the agreement also included Texas. The boundary between New Spain and the United States was finally set at the Sabine River in 1819, at what is now the border between Texas and Louisiana. Eager for new land, many United States settlers refused to recognize the agreement. Several filibusters raised armies to invade the area west of the Sabine River. In 1821, the Mexican War of Independence included the Texas territory, which became part of Mexico. Due to its low population, Mexico made the area part of the state of Coahuila y Tejas.\nHoping that more settlers would reduce the near-constant Comanche raids, Mexican Texas liberalized its immigration policies to permit immigrants from outside Mexico and Spain. Under the Mexican immigration system, large swathes of land were allotted to \"empresarios\", who recruited settlers from the United States, Europe, and the Mexican interior. The first grant, to Moses Austin, was passed to his son Stephen F. Austin after his death.", "qas": [ { "id": "37857", "question": "in what year did the united states purchased louisiana ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "1803" } ] }, { "id": "37858", "question": "where was the boundary between new spain and louisiana located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "Sabine River" } ] }, { "id": "37859", "question": "when was the boundary between new spain and the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "1819" } ] }, { "id": "37860", "question": "in what year did the mexican war occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 453, "text": "1821" } ] }, { "id": "37861", "question": "who was the state of mexico city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 619, "text": "Coahuila y Tejas" } ] }, { "id": "37862", "question": "who was the son of moses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1042, "text": "Stephen F. Austin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Austin's settlers, the Old Three Hundred, made places along the Brazos River in 1822. Twenty-three other empresarios brought settlers to the state, the majority of whom were from the United States. The population of Texas grew rapidly. In 1825, Texas had about 3,500 people, with most of Mexican descent. By 1834, the population had grown to about 37,800 people, with only 7,800 of Mexican descent.", "qas": [ { "id": "37863", "question": "what was austin 's settlers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "Old Three Hundred" } ] }, { "id": "37864", "question": "where did austin 's settlers come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "Brazos River" } ] }, { "id": "37865", "question": "when was the old three hundred , austin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "1822" } ] }, { "id": "37866", "question": "how many settlers brought settlers to the state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "Twenty-three" } ] }, { "id": "37867", "question": "in what year was the texas texas city established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "1825" } ] }, { "id": "37868", "question": "how many people lived in texas in 1825 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "3,500" } ] }, { "id": "37869", "question": "how many people died in the population in 1834 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 348, "text": "37,800" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many immigrants openly flouted Mexican law, especially the prohibition against slavery. Combined with United States' attempts to purchase Texas, Mexican authorities decided in 1830 to prohibit continued immigration from the United States. New laws also called for the enforcement of customs duties angering both native Mexican citizens (\"Tejanos\") and recent immigrants.", "qas": [ { "id": "37870", "question": "what do many immigrants flouted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Mexican law" } ] }, { "id": "37871", "question": "when did mexican authorities prohibit immigration from the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "1830" } ] }, { "id": "37872", "question": "what did mexican authorities do in 1830 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "prohibit continued immigration from the United States" } ] }, { "id": "37873", "question": "what are the new laws called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 283, "text": "customs duties angering both native Mexican citizens (\"Tejanos\") and recent immigrants" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Anahuac Disturbances in 1832 were the first open revolt against Mexican rule and they coincided with a revolt in Mexico against the nation's president. Texians sided with the federalists against the current government and drove all Mexican soldiers out of East Texas. They took advantage of the lack of oversight to agitate for more political freedom. Texians met at the Convention of 1832 to discuss requesting independent statehood, among other issues. The following year, Texians reiterated their demands at the Convention of 1833.", "qas": [ { "id": "37874", "question": "what were the first open revolt against mexican rule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Anahuac Disturbances" } ] }, { "id": "37875", "question": "when was the first revolt against mexican rule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "1832" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Within Mexico, tensions continued between federalists and centralists. In early 1835, wary Texians formed Committees of Correspondence and Safety. The unrest erupted into armed conflict in late 1835 at the Battle of Gonzales. This launched the Texas Revolution, and over the next two months, the Texians defeated all Mexican troops in the region. Texians elected delegates to the Consultation, which created a provisional government. The provisional government soon collapsed from infighting, and Texas was without clear governance for the first two months of 1836.", "qas": [ { "id": "37876", "question": "in what year was the committees formed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "1835" } ] }, { "id": "37877", "question": "what did wary formed in early 1835 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Committees of Correspondence and Safety" } ] }, { "id": "37878", "question": "in what year did the battle of gonzales occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "1835" } ] }, { "id": "37879", "question": "at what battle did the unrest of armed conflict occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Battle of Gonzales" } ] }, { "id": "37880", "question": "what was the name of the provisional government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 376, "text": "the Consultation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During this time of political turmoil, Mexican President Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna personally led an army to end the revolt. The Mexican expedition was initially successful. General Jos\u00e9 de Urrea defeated all the Texian resistance along the coast culminating in the Goliad massacre. Santa Anna's forces, after a thirteen-day siege, overwhelmed Texian defenders at the Battle of the Alamo. News of the defeats sparked panic amongst Texas settlers.", "qas": [ { "id": "37881", "question": "who led the army to end the revolt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna" } ] }, { "id": "37882", "question": "who defeated the resistance along the massacre of the coast ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "General Jos\u00e9 de Urrea" } ] }, { "id": "37883", "question": "what massacre did general jos\u00e9 de urrea have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 268, "text": "Goliad massacre" } ] }, { "id": "37884", "question": "where did santa anna 's forces take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 370, "text": "Battle of the Alamo" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The newly elected Texian delegates to the Convention of 1836 quickly signed a Declaration of Independence on March 2, forming the Republic of Texas. After electing interim officers, the Convention disbanded. The new government joined the other settlers in Texas in the Runaway Scrape, fleeing from the approaching Mexican army. After several weeks of retreat, the Texian Army commanded by Sam Houston attacked and defeated Santa Anna's forces at the Battle of San Jacinto. Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign the Treaties of Velasco, ending the war.", "qas": [ { "id": "37885", "question": "when was the declaration of independence signed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "March 2" } ] }, { "id": "37886", "question": "what was the name of the declaration of independence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "Republic of Texas" } ] }, { "id": "37887", "question": "where did the new government take place in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "Runaway Scrape" } ] }, { "id": "37888", "question": "what battle did houston defeat ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 450, "text": "Battle of San Jacinto" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While Texas had won its independence, political battles raged between two factions of the new Republic. The nationalist faction, led by Mirabeau B. Lamar, advocated the continued independence of Texas, the expulsion of the Native Americans, and the expansion of the Republic to the Pacific Ocean. Their opponents, led by Sam Houston, advocated the annexation of Texas to the United States and peaceful co-existence with Native Americans. The conflict between the factions was typified by an incident known as the Texas Archive War.", "qas": [ { "id": "37889", "question": "who led the nationalist faction ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "Mirabeau B. Lamar" } ] }, { "id": "37890", "question": "who led the annexation of texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 321, "text": "Sam Houston" } ] }, { "id": "37891", "question": "what was the name of the incident between the factions of the factions of texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 513, "text": "Texas Archive War" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Mexico launched two small expeditions into Texas in 1842. The town of San Antonio was captured twice and Texans were defeated in battle in the Dawson massacre. Despite these successes, Mexico did not keep an occupying force in Texas, and the republic survived. The republic's inability to defend itself added momentum to Texas's eventual annexation into the United States.", "qas": [ { "id": "37892", "question": "in what year did mexico city begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "1842" } ] }, { "id": "37893", "question": "in what massacre was the town of san antonio captured ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "Dawson massacre" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As early as 1837, the Republic made several attempts to negotiate annexation with the United States. Opposition within the republic from the nationalist faction, along with strong abolitionist opposition within the United States, slowed Texas's admission into the Union. Texas was finally annexed when the expansionist James K. Polk won the election of 1844. On December 29, 1845, Congress admitted Texas to the U.S. as a constituent state of the Union.", "qas": [ { "id": "37894", "question": "in what year did the republic of the republic begin to negotiate annexation with the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 12, "text": "1837" } ] }, { "id": "37895", "question": "who won the election of 1844 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "James K. Polk" } ] }, { "id": "37896", "question": "when did james k. polk win the election of texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 353, "text": "1844" } ] }, { "id": "37897", "question": "on what date did congress begin to the u.s. ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 362, "text": "December 29, 1845" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After Texas's annexation, Mexico broke diplomatic relations with the United States. While the United States claimed that Texas's border stretched to the Rio Grande, Mexico claimed it was the Nueces River. While the former Republic of Texas could not enforce its border claims, the United States had the military strength and the political will to do so. President Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor south to the Rio Grande on January 13, 1846. A few months later Mexican troops routed an American cavalry patrol in the disputed area in the Thornton Affair starting the Mexican\u2013American War. The first battles of the war were fought in Texas: the Siege of Fort Texas, Battle of Palo Alto and Battle of Resaca de la Palma. After these decisive victories, the United States invaded Mexican territory ending the fighting in Texas.", "qas": [ { "id": "37898", "question": "what was the name of the river that the united states claimed that texas was ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "Nueces River" } ] }, { "id": "37899", "question": "who was the president of president in 1846 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 377, "text": "General Zachary Taylor" } ] }, { "id": "37900", "question": "on what date did president polk rule taylor south ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 427, "text": "January 13, 1846" } ] }, { "id": "37901", "question": "in what affair did the american war occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 541, "text": "Thornton Affair" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After a series of United States victories, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the two-year war. In return, for US$18,250,000, Mexico gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas, ceded the Mexican Cession in 1848, most of which today is called the American Southwest, and Texas's borders were established at the Rio Grande.", "qas": [ { "id": "37902", "question": "who ended the two-year war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo" } ] }, { "id": "37903", "question": "what was mexico city 's return of texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "US$18,250,000" } ] }, { "id": "37904", "question": "in what year did the american southwest , mexico city take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "1848" } ] }, { "id": "37905", "question": "where was texas 's borders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "Rio Grande" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Compromise of 1850 set Texas's boundaries at their present form. U.S. Senator James Pearce of Maryland drafted the final proposal where Texas ceded its claims to land which later became half of present-day New Mexico, a third of Colorado, and small portions of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Wyoming to the federal government, in return for the assumption of $10 million of the old republic's debt. Post-war Texas grew rapidly as migrants poured into the cotton lands of the state.", "qas": [ { "id": "37906", "question": "what set texas 's boundaries at their present form ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Compromise of 1850" } ] }, { "id": "37907", "question": "who drafted the final proposal for texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "James Pearce of Maryland" } ] }, { "id": "37908", "question": "what was the assumption of the old republic 's debt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 354, "text": "$10 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "They also brought or purchased enslaved African Americans, whose numbers tripled in the state from 1850 to 1860, from 58,000 to 182,566.", "qas": [ { "id": "37909", "question": "who was purchased in 1850 to 1860 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "African Americans" } ] }, { "id": "37910", "question": "when did african americans purchased enslaved african americans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "1850 to 1860" } ] }, { "id": "37911", "question": "what was the range of the enslaved african americans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "58,000 to 182,566" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas was at war again after the election of 1860. At this time, blacks comprised 30 percent of the state's population, and they were overwhelmingly enslaved. When Abraham Lincoln was elected, South Carolina seceded from the Union. Five other Lower South states quickly followed. A State Convention considering secession opened in Austin on January 28, 1861. On February 1, by a vote of 166\u20138, the Convention adopted an Ordinance of Secession from the United States. Texas voters approved this Ordinance on February 23, 1861. Texas joined the newly created Confederate States of America on March 4, 1861 ratifying the permanent C.S. Constitution on March 23.", "qas": [ { "id": "37912", "question": "in what year was texas at war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "1860" } ] }, { "id": "37913", "question": "what percentage of the state 's population was enslaved ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "30 percent" } ] }, { "id": "37914", "question": "when did a state convention considering secession ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 341, "text": "January 28, 1861" } ] }, { "id": "37915", "question": "what was the vote between the convention and the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 387, "text": "166\u20138" } ] }, { "id": "37916", "question": "on what date did texas voters make up the ordinance of texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 507, "text": "February 23, 1861" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Not all Texans favored secession initially, although many of the same would later support the Southern cause. Texas's most notable Unionist was the state Governor, Sam Houston. Not wanting to aggravate the situation, Houston refused two offers from President Lincoln for Union troops to keep him in office. After refusing to swear an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy, Houston was deposed as governor.", "qas": [ { "id": "37917", "question": "what was the name of texas 's most notable governor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "Sam Houston" } ] }, { "id": "37918", "question": "who did houston return from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "President Lincoln for Union troops to keep him in office" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While far from the major battlefields of the American Civil War, Texas contributed large numbers of men and equipment to the rest of the Confederacy. Union troops briefly occupied the state's primary port, Galveston. Texas's border with Mexico was known as the \"backdoor of the Confederacy\" because trade occurred at the border, bypassing the Union blockade. The Confederacy repulsed all Union attempts to shut down this route, but Texas's role as a supply state was marginalized in mid-1863 after the Union capture of the Mississippi River. The final battle of the Civil War was fought near Brownsville, Texas at Palmito Ranch with a Confederate victory.", "qas": [ { "id": "37919", "question": "what was the name of the primary port of the union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Galveston" } ] }, { "id": "37920", "question": "what was mexico city known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "\"backdoor of the Confederacy" } ] }, { "id": "37921", "question": "where was texas 's role marginalized ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 483, "text": "mid-1863" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas descended into anarchy for two months between the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia and the assumption of authority by Union General Gordon Granger. Violence marked the early months of Reconstruction. Juneteenth commemorates the announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation in Galveston by General Gordon Granger, almost two and a half years after the original announcement. President Johnson, in 1866, declared the civilian government restored in Texas. Despite not meeting reconstruction requirements, Congress resumed allowing elected Texas representatives into the federal government in 1870. Social volatility continued as the state struggled with agricultural depression and labor issues.", "qas": [ { "id": "37922", "question": "who descended from the surrender of the army ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "Union General Gordon Granger" } ] }, { "id": "37923", "question": "who commemorates the emancipation of the emancipation proclamation in galveston ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "General Gordon Granger" } ] }, { "id": "37924", "question": "when did president johnson die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 413, "text": "1866" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1900, Texas suffered the deadliest natural disaster in U.S. history during the Galveston hurricane. On January 10, 1901, the first major oil well in Texas, Spindletop, was found south of Beaumont. Other fields were later discovered nearby in East Texas, West Texas, and under the Gulf of Mexico. The resulting \"oil boom\" transformed Texas. Oil production eventually averaged three million barrels per day at its peak in 1972.", "qas": [ { "id": "37925", "question": "in what year did the natural disaster occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1900" } ] }, { "id": "37926", "question": "in what year was spindletop found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "1901" } ] }, { "id": "37927", "question": "how much money does oil production per day in 1972 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 378, "text": "three million barrels" } ] }, { "id": "37928", "question": "in what year did oil production per day at its peak ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 423, "text": "1972" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1901, the Democratic-dominated state legislature passed a bill requiring payment of a poll tax for voting, which effectively disenfranchised most blacks, and many poor whites and Latinos. In addition, the legislature established white primaries, ensuring that minorities were excluded from the formal political process. The number of voters dropped dramatically, and the Democrats crushed competition from the Republican and Populist parties.", "qas": [ { "id": "37929", "question": "in what year did the state legislature release a bill of a poll ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1901" } ] }, { "id": "37930", "question": "what happened in 1901 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "the Democratic-dominated state legislature passed a bill requiring payment of a poll tax for voting" } ] }, { "id": "37931", "question": "what were the voting for voting for voting for voting ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "effectively disenfranchised most blacks, and many poor whites and Latinos" } ] }, { "id": "37932", "question": "what was the name of the legislature that ensuring that minorities were excluded from the formal political process ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "the legislature established white primaries" } ] }, { "id": "37933", "question": "what did the white primaries do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "minorities were excluded from the formal political process" } ] }, { "id": "37934", "question": "where did the democrats crushed competition come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 413, "text": "Republican and Populist parties" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Great Depression and the Dust Bowl dealt a double blow to the state's economy, which had significantly improved since the Civil War. Migrants abandoned the worst hit sections of Texas during the Dust Bowl years. Especially from this period on, blacks left Texas in the Great Migration to get work in the Northern United States or California and to escape the oppression of segregation. In 1940, Texas was 74 percent Anglo, 14.4 percent black, and 11.5 percent Hispanic.", "qas": [ { "id": "37935", "question": "what bowl dealt to the state 's economy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Great Depression and the Dust Bowl" } ] }, { "id": "37936", "question": "what percentage of anglo anglo was anglo in 1940 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 409, "text": "74 percent" } ] }, { "id": "37937", "question": "what percent of texas was hispanic in 1940 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 427, "text": "14.4 percent black" } ] } ] }, { "context": "World War II had a dramatic impact on Texas, as federal money poured in to build military bases, munitions factories, POW detention camps and Army hospitals; 750,000 young men left for service; the cities exploded with new industry; the colleges took on new roles; and hundreds of thousands of poor farmers left the fields for much better paying war jobs, never to return to agriculture. Texas manufactured 3.1 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II, ranking eleventh among the 48 states.", "qas": [ { "id": "37938", "question": "how many young men left for agriculture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "750,000" } ] }, { "id": "37939", "question": "what percentage of total military armaments produced during world war ii ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 407, "text": "3.1 percent" } ] }, { "id": "37940", "question": "what was the name of the war in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 477, "text": "World War II" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas modernized and expanded its system of higher education through the 1960s. The state created a comprehensive plan for higher education, funded in large part by oil revenues, and a central state apparatus designed to manage state institutions more efficiently. These changes helped Texas universities receive federal research funds.", "qas": [ { "id": "37941", "question": "what was funded by the state plan for higher education ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "oil revenues" } ] }, { "id": "37942", "question": "what was the central state apparatus designed to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 221, "text": "manage state institutions more efficiently" } ] }, { "id": "37943", "question": "what do texas universities receive ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 313, "text": "federal research funds" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas.", "qas": [ { "id": "37944", "question": "when was john f. kennedy assassinated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "November 22, 1963" } ] }, { "id": "37945", "question": "who was assassinated in dallas 22 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "President John F. Kennedy" } ] }, { "id": "37946", "question": "where was john f. kennedy assassinated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "Dallas" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 18 April 2016, Houston experienced severe flooding.", "qas": [ { "id": "37947", "question": "when did houston experience severe flooding ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "18 April 2016" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 31 May 2016, several cities experienced record setting flooding", "qas": [ { "id": "37948", "question": "on what date did several cities begin to record flooding ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "31 May 2016" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The current Texas Constitution was adopted in 1876. Like many states, it explicitly provides for a separation of powers. The state's Bill of Rights is much larger than its federal counterpart, and has provisions unique to Texas.", "qas": [ { "id": "37949", "question": "when was the texas constitution adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "1876" } ] }, { "id": "37950", "question": "what does the texas constitution explicitly provides ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "a separation of powers" } ] }, { "id": "37951", "question": "what is much larger than its federal counterpart ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Bill of Rights" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas has a plural executive branch system limiting the power of the governor, which is a weak executive compared to some other states. Except for the Secretary of State, voters elect executive officers independently; thus candidates are directly answerable to the public, not the governor. This election system has led to some executive branches split between parties and reduced the ability of the governor to carry out a program. When Republican President George W. Bush served as Texas's governor, the state had a Democratic lieutenant governor, Bob Bullock. The executive branch positions consist of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Comptroller of Public Accounts, Land Commissioner, Attorney General, Agriculture Commissioner, the three-member Texas Railroad Commission, the State Board of Education, and the Secretary of State.", "qas": [ { "id": "37952", "question": "what do voters do to the secretary of state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "voters elect executive officers independently" } ] }, { "id": "37953", "question": "why do voters elect executive officers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "candidates are directly answerable to the public, not the governor" } ] }, { "id": "37954", "question": "who served as texas 's governor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 459, "text": "George W. Bush" } ] }, { "id": "37955", "question": "who was the democratic lieutenant of texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 550, "text": "Bob Bullock" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The bicameral Texas Legislature consists of the House of Representatives, with 150 members, and a Senate, with 31 members. The Speaker of the House leads the House, and the lieutenant governor, the Senate. The Legislature meets in regular session biennially for just over 100 days, but the governor can call for special sessions as often as desired (notably, the Legislature cannot call itself into session). The state's fiscal year spans from the previous calendar year's September 1 to the current year's August 31. Thus, the FY 2015 dates from September 1, 2014 through August 31, 2015.", "qas": [ { "id": "37956", "question": "how many members are in the texas legislature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "150" } ] }, { "id": "37957", "question": "how many members are in the texas legislature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "31" } ] }, { "id": "37958", "question": "when was the 2015 dates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 573, "text": "August 31, 2015" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The judiciary of Texas is one of the most complex in the United States, with many layers and overlapping jurisdictions. Texas has two courts of last resort: the Texas Supreme Court, for civil cases, and the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals. Except for some municipal benches, partisan elections select judges at all levels of the judiciary; the governor fills vacancies by appointment. Texas is notable for its use of capital punishment, having led the country in executions since capital punishment was reinstated in the \"Gregg v. Georgia\" case (see Capital punishment in Texas).", "qas": [ { "id": "37959", "question": "what is the name of the court that has the texas supreme court ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "Texas Court of Criminal Appeals" } ] }, { "id": "37960", "question": "what is the governor of partisan elections ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "partisan elections select judges at all levels of the judiciary" } ] }, { "id": "37961", "question": "what is the name of the case that reinstated capital punishment ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 522, "text": "Gregg v. Georgia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Texas Ranger Division of the Texas Department of Public Safety is a law enforcement agency with statewide jurisdiction. Over the years, the Texas Rangers have investigated crimes ranging from murder to political corruption. They have acted as riot police and as detectives, protected the Texas governor, tracked down fugitives, and functioned as a paramilitary force both for the republic and the state. The Texas Rangers were unofficially created by Stephen F. Austin in 1823 and formally constituted in 1835. The Rangers were integral to several important events of Texas history and some of the best-known criminal cases in the history of the Old West.", "qas": [ { "id": "37962", "question": "what is a law enforcement agency ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Texas Ranger Division of the Texas Department of Public Safety" } ] }, { "id": "37963", "question": "who created the texas rangers rangers created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 455, "text": "Stephen F. Austin" } ] }, { "id": "37964", "question": "when was the stephen f. austin created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 476, "text": "1823" } ] }, { "id": "37965", "question": "when was the texas rangers austin created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 509, "text": "1835" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Texas constitution defines the responsibilities of county governments, which serve as agents of the state. What are called commissioners court and court judges are elected to serve as the administrative arm. Most cities in the state, those over 5,000 in population, have home-rule governments. The vast majority of these have charters for council-manager forms of government, by which voters elect council members, who hire a professional city manager as operating officer.", "qas": [ { "id": "37966", "question": "what are the names of the judges that are elected to serve as the administrative arm ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "commissioners court and court judges" } ] }, { "id": "37967", "question": "what are judges elected to serve as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "the administrative arm" } ] }, { "id": "37968", "question": "how many cities are there in the state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "5,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 1870s, white Democrats wrested power back in the state legislature from the biracial coalition at the end of Reconstruction. In the early 20th century, the legislature passed bills to impose poll taxes, followed by white primaries; these measures effectively disfranchised most blacks, poor whites and Mexican Americans. In the 1890s, 100,000 blacks voted in the state; by 1906, only 5,000 could vote. As a result, the Democratic Party dominated Texas politics from the turn of the century, imposing racial segregation and white supremacy. It held power until after passage in the mid-1960s of national civil rights legislation enforcing constitutional rights of all citizens.", "qas": [ { "id": "37969", "question": "how many blacks voted in the state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 342, "text": "100,000" } ] }, { "id": "37970", "question": "in what year did the only 5,000 could vote vote in the state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 380, "text": "1906" } ] }, { "id": "37971", "question": "how many blacks were in 1906 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 391, "text": "5,000 could vote" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although Texas was essentially a one-party state during this time and the Democratic primary was viewed as \"the real election,\" the Democratic Party had conservative and liberal factions, which became more pronounced after the New Deal. Additionally, several factions of the party briefly split during the 1930s and 40s.", "qas": [ { "id": "37972", "question": "what was the democratic primary party viewed as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "\"the real election" } ] }, { "id": "37973", "question": "what were the democratic primary party in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "the Democratic Party had conservative and liberal factions" } ] }, { "id": "37974", "question": "what was the democratic party pronounced after ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "New Deal" } ] }, { "id": "37975", "question": "when were the factions of the party briefly split ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "1930s and 40s" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The state's conservative white voters began to support Republican presidential candidates by the mid-20th century. After this period, they supported Republicans for local and state offices as well, and most whites became Republican Party members. The party also attracted some minorities, but many have continued to vote for Democratic candidates. The shift to the Republican Party is much-attributed to the fact that the Democratic Party became increasingly liberal during the 20th Century, and thus increasingly out-of-touch with the average Texas voter. As Texas was always a conservative state, voters switched to the GOP, which now more closely reflected their beliefs. Commentators have also attributed the shift to Republican political consultant Karl Rove, who managed numerous political campaigns in Texas in the 1980s and 90s.", "qas": [ { "id": "37976", "question": "who was the republican political consultant ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 754, "text": "Karl Rove" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 2003 Texas redistricting of Congressional districts led by Republican Tom DeLay, was called by the \"New York Times\" \"an extreme case of partisan gerrymandering\". A group of Democratic legislators, the \"Texas Eleven\", fled the state in a quorum-busting effort to prevent the legislature from acting, but was unsuccessful. The state had already redistricted following the 2000 census. Despite these efforts, the legislature passed a map heavily in favor of Republicans, based on 2000 data and ignoring the estimated nearly one million new residents in the state since that date. Career attorneys and analysts at the Department of Justice objected to the plan as diluting the votes of African American and Hispanic voters, but political appointees overrode them and approved it. Legal challenges to the redistricting reached the national Supreme Court in the case \"League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry\" (2006), but the court ruled in favor of the state (and Republicans).", "qas": [ { "id": "37977", "question": "who led the congressional districts in 2003 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "Republican Tom DeLay" } ] }, { "id": "37978", "question": "what was the name of the republican delay in 2003 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "New York Times\" \"an extreme case of partisan gerrymandering" } ] }, { "id": "37979", "question": "how many new residents were in the state since 2000 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 495, "text": "ignoring the estimated nearly one million" } ] }, { "id": "37980", "question": "what was the name of the national supreme court ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 865, "text": "\"League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 2014 Texas elections, the Tea Party movement made large gains, with numerous Tea Party favorites being elected into office, including Dan Patrick as lieutenant governor, Ken Paxton as attorney general, in addition to numerous other candidates including conservative Republican Greg Abbott as governor.", "qas": [ { "id": "37981", "question": "who was the lieutenant of lieutenant governor in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "Dan Patrick" } ] }, { "id": "37982", "question": "who was patrick as lieutenant governor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "Ken Paxton" } ] }, { "id": "37983", "question": "who was the governor of the tea party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 284, "text": "Greg Abbott" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas voters lean toward fiscal conservatism, while enjoying the benefits of huge federal investment in the state in military and other facilities achieved by the power of the Solid South in the 20th century. They also tend to have socially conservative values.", "qas": [ { "id": "37984", "question": "what was the name of the power that achieved huge federal investment ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "Solid South in the 20th century" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since 1980, most Texas voters have supported Republican presidential candidates. In 2000 and 2004, Republican George W. Bush won Texas with 60.1 percent of the vote, partly due to his \"favorite son\" status as a former governor of the state. John McCain won the state in 2008, but with a smaller margin of victory compared to Bush at 55 percent of the vote. Austin, Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio consistently lean Democratic in both local and statewide elections.", "qas": [ { "id": "37985", "question": "in what year did most texas voters have supported republican candidates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 6, "text": "1980" } ] }, { "id": "37986", "question": "what percentage of the vote did republican george w. bush win in 2000 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "60.1" } ] }, { "id": "37987", "question": "when did john mccain win the state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "2008" } ] }, { "id": "37988", "question": "what percentage of the vote of victory did bush win in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 333, "text": "55 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Residents of counties along the Rio Grande closer to the Mexico-United States border, where there are many Latino residents, generally vote for Democratic Party candidates, while most other rural and suburban areas of Texas have shifted to voting for Republican Party candidates.", "qas": [ { "id": "37989", "question": "where are many latino residents located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Mexico-United States border" } ] }, { "id": "37990", "question": "what do many latino residents vote for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "Democratic Party candidates" } ] }, { "id": "37991", "question": "what type of party has most other rural and suburban areas of texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "Republican Party candidates" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As of the general elections of 2014, a large majority of the members of Texas's U.S. House delegation are Republican, along with both U.S. Senators. In the 114th United States Congress, of the 36 Congressional districts in Texas, 25 are held by Republicans and 11 by Democrats. Texas's Senators are John Cornyn and Ted Cruz. Since 1994, Texans have not elected a Democrat to a statewide office. The state's Democratic voters are made up primarily by liberal and minority groups in Austin, San Antonio, Dallas, Houston, Beaumont, and El Paso, as well as minority voters in East Texas and South Texas.", "qas": [ { "id": "37992", "question": "how many congressional districts are there in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "36" } ] }, { "id": "37993", "question": "who are texas 's senators ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 299, "text": "John Cornyn and Ted Cruz" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas has 254 counties\u2014 the most nationwide. Each county runs on Commissioners' Court system consisting of four elected commissioners (one from each of four precincts in the county, roughly divided according to population) and a county judge elected at large from the entire county. County government runs similar to a \"weak\" mayor-council system; the county judge has no veto authority, but votes along with the other commissioners.", "qas": [ { "id": "37994", "question": "how many counties does texas have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "254" } ] }, { "id": "37995", "question": "what is the name of the system of each county ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Commissioners' Court system consisting of four elected commissioners" } ] }, { "id": "37996", "question": "what is the four elected commissioners in the county ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "one from each of four precincts in the county, roughly divided according to population) and a county judge elected at large from the entire county" } ] }, { "id": "37997", "question": "what does county government similar to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "\"weak\" mayor-council system" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although Texas permits cities and counties to enter \"interlocal agreements\" to share services, the state does not allow consolidated city-county governments, nor does it have metropolitan governments. Counties are not granted home rule status; their powers are strictly defined by state law. The state does not have townships\u2014 areas within a county are either incorporated or unincorporated. Incorporated areas are part of a municipality. The county provides limited services to unincorporated areas and to some smaller incorporated areas. Municipalities are classified either \"general law\" cities or \"home rule\". A municipality may elect home rule status once it exceeds 5,000 population with voter approval.", "qas": [ { "id": "37998", "question": "what are counties strictly defined by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "state law" } ] }, { "id": "37999", "question": "what are municipalities classified as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 578, "text": "general law\" cities or \"home rule\"" } ] }, { "id": "38000", "question": "how many population does a municipality have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 672, "text": "5,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas also permits the creation of \"special districts\", which provide limited services. The most common is the school district, but can also include hospital districts, community college districts, and utility districts (one utility district located near Austin was the plaintiff in a landmark Supreme Court case involving the Voting Rights Act).", "qas": [ { "id": "38001", "question": "what is the name of the creation that provide limited services ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "special districts" } ] }, { "id": "38002", "question": "what are the most common district in austin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "hospital districts, community college districts, and utility districts" } ] }, { "id": "38003", "question": "what is the name of the supreme court 's supreme court ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "the Voting Rights Act" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Municipal, school district, and special district elections are nonpartisan, though the party affiliation of a candidate may be well-known. County and state elections are partisan.", "qas": [ { "id": "38004", "question": "what elections are nonpartisan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Municipal, school district, and special district elections" } ] }, { "id": "38005", "question": "what are special district elections ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "nonpartisan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas has a reputation of very harsh criminal punishment for criminal offenses. It is one of the 32 states that practice capital punishment, and since the US Supreme Court allowed capital punishment to resume in 1976, 40% of all US executions have taken place in Texas. As of 2008, Texas had the 4th highest incarceration rate in the US. Texas also has strong self defense laws, allowing citizens to use lethal force to defend themselves, their families, or their property.", "qas": [ { "id": "38006", "question": "how many states practice capital punishment ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "32" } ] }, { "id": "38007", "question": "what percentage of executions have taken place in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "40%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As of 2014, Texas had a gross state product (GSP) of $1.648 trillion, the second highest in the U.S. Its GSP is greater than the GDPs of Australia and South Korea, which are the world's 12th- and 13th-largest economies, respectively. Texas' economy is the fourth-largest of any country subdivision globally, behind England (as part of the UK), California, and Tokyo Prefecture. Its Per Capita personal income in 2009 was $36,484, ranking 29th in the nation.", "qas": [ { "id": "38008", "question": "what was the gross state product as of 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "$1.648 trillion" } ] }, { "id": "38009", "question": "what two countries have the second highest in the u.s. ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "GDPs of Australia and South Korea" } ] }, { "id": "38010", "question": "what was the per capita personal income in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 421, "text": "$36,484" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas's large population, abundance of natural resources, thriving cities and leading centers of higher education have contributed to a large and diverse economy. Since oil was discovered, the state's economy has reflected the state of the petroleum industry. In recent times, urban centers of the state have increased in size, containing two-thirds of the population in 2005. The state's economic growth has led to urban sprawl and its associated symptoms.", "qas": [ { "id": "38011", "question": "what percentage of the population in 2005 has increased in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 339, "text": "two-thirds" } ] }, { "id": "38012", "question": "in what year was the population of the state increased in size ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 371, "text": "2005" } ] }, { "id": "38013", "question": "what has the state 's economic growth led to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 416, "text": "urban sprawl and its associated symptoms" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As of April 2013, the state's unemployment rate is 6.4 percent.", "qas": [ { "id": "38014", "question": "when was the state 's unemployment rate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 6, "text": "April 2013" } ] }, { "id": "38015", "question": "what is the unemployment rate in april 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "6.4 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2010, \"Site Selection Magazine\" ranked Texas as the most business-friendly state in the nation, in part because of the state's three-billion-dollar Texas Enterprise Fund. Texas has the joint-highest number of Fortune 500 company headquarters in the United States, along with California.", "qas": [ { "id": "38016", "question": "in what year was `` site selection '' ranked as the most business-friendly state in the nation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2010" } ] }, { "id": "38017", "question": "what was the name of the fund that ranked texas as the most business-friendly state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "Texas Enterprise Fund" } ] }, { "id": "38018", "question": "what is the name of the company that texas city has the headquarters of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "Fortune 500" } ] }, { "id": "38019", "question": "what country has texas 500 company ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "California" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2010, there were 346,000 millionaires in Texas, constituting the second-largest population of millionaires in the nation.", "qas": [ { "id": "38020", "question": "in what year was the second-largest population of millionaires ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2010" } ] }, { "id": "38021", "question": "what was the population of texas in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "346,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas has a \"low taxes, low services\" reputation. According to the Tax Foundation, Texans' state and local tax burdens rank among the lowest in the nation, 7th lowest nationally; state and local taxes cost $3,580 per capita, or 8.4 percent of resident incomes. Texas is one of seven states that lack a state income tax.", "qas": [ { "id": "38022", "question": "what does texas have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "low taxes, low services\" reputation" } ] }, { "id": "38023", "question": "what is the cost of local taxes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "$3,580 per capita" } ] }, { "id": "38024", "question": "what percentage of resident incomes incomes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "8.4 percent" } ] }, { "id": "38025", "question": "how many states lack a state income in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "seven" } ] }, { "id": "38026", "question": "what does texas do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 295, "text": "lack a state income tax" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Instead, the state collects revenue from property taxes (though these are collected at the county, city, and school district level; Texas has a state constitutional prohibition against a state property tax) and sales taxes. The state sales tax rate is 6.25 percent, but local taxing jurisdictions (cities, counties, special purpose districts, and transit authorities) may also impose sales and use tax up to 2 percent for a total maximum combined rate of 8.25 percent.", "qas": [ { "id": "38027", "question": "what does texas have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "a state constitutional prohibition against a state property tax" } ] }, { "id": "38028", "question": "what is the state sales tax rate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "6.25 percent" } ] }, { "id": "38029", "question": "what is the maximum maximum maximum rate in the state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 455, "text": "8.25 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas is a \"tax donor state\"; in 2005, for every dollar Texans paid to the federal government in federal income taxes, the state got back about $0.94 in benefits. To attract business, Texas has incentive programs worth $19 billion per year (2012); more than any other US state.", "qas": [ { "id": "38030", "question": "what type of state is texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 12, "text": "tax donor state" } ] }, { "id": "38031", "question": "in what year was texas texans paid to the federal government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "2005" } ] }, { "id": "38032", "question": "how much money did the state texans have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "$0.94" } ] }, { "id": "38033", "question": "how much has texas programs been worth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "$19 billion per year" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas has the most farms and the highest acreage in the United States. The state is ranked #1 for revenue generated from total livestock and livestock products. It is ranked #2 for total agricultural revenue, behind California. At $7.4 billion or 56.7 percent of Texas\u2019 annual agricultural cash receipts, beef cattle production represents the largest single segment of Texas agriculture. This is followed by cotton at $1.9 billion (14.6 percent), greenhouse/nursery at $1.5 billion (11.4 percent), broilers at $1.3 billion (10 percent), and dairy products at $947 million ($7.3 percent).", "qas": [ { "id": "38034", "question": "how much is the state ranked from total livestock and livestock products ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "#1" } ] }, { "id": "38035", "question": "how much money does texas receive in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "#2" } ] }, { "id": "38036", "question": "what is the cotton rate in cotton ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 418, "text": "$1.9 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas leads the nation in the production of cattle, horses, sheep, goats, wool, mohair and hay. The state also leads the nation in production of cotton which is the number one crop grown in the state in terms of value. The state grows significant amounts of cereal crops and produce. Texas has a large commercial fishing industry. With mineral resources, Texas leads in creating cement, crushed stone, lime, salt, sand and gravel.", "qas": [ { "id": "38037", "question": "what are some of the nation 's cattle cattle ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "horses, sheep, goats, wool, mohair and hay" } ] }, { "id": "38038", "question": "what is the number of crop grown in the state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "cotton" } ] }, { "id": "38039", "question": "what does the state grows significant amounts of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "cereal crops and produce" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas throughout the 21st century has been hammered by drought. This has cost the state billions of dollars in livestock and crops.\nEver since the discovery of oil at Spindletop, energy has been a dominant force politically and economically within the state. If Texas were its own country it would be the sixth largest oil producer in the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "38040", "question": "what has been texas throughout the 21st century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "drought" } ] }, { "id": "38041", "question": "where is the discovery of oil ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "Spindletop" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Railroad Commission of Texas, contrary to its name, regulates the state's oil and gas industry, gas utilities, pipeline safety, safety in the liquefied petroleum gas industry, and surface coal and uranium mining. Until the 1970s, the commission controlled the price of petroleum because of its ability to regulate Texas's oil reserves. The founders of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) used the Texas agency as one of their models for petroleum price control.", "qas": [ { "id": "38042", "question": "what regulates the state 's oil and gas industry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Railroad Commission of Texas" } ] }, { "id": "38043", "question": "what is the name of the railroad commission of texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "surface coal and uranium mining" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the Energy Information Administration, Texans consume, on average, the fifth most energy (of all types) in the nation per capita and as a whole, following behind Wyoming, Alaska, Louisiana, North Dakota, and Iowa.", "qas": [ { "id": "38044", "question": "what are some of the fifth most energy energy administration ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "Wyoming, Alaska, Louisiana, North Dakota, and Iowa" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Unlike the rest of the nation, most of Texas is on its own alternating current power grid, the Texas Interconnection. Texas has a deregulated electric service. Texas leads the nation in total net electricity production, generating 437,236 MWh in 2014, 89% more MWh than Florida, which ranked second. As an independent nation, Texas would rank as the world's eleventh-largest producer of electricity, after South Korea, and ahead of the United Kingdom.", "qas": [ { "id": "38045", "question": "what is the name of the power grid in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "Texas Interconnection" } ] }, { "id": "38046", "question": "what is the name of the net electricity production in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "437,236 MWh" } ] }, { "id": "38047", "question": "what percentage of florida is more mwh than florida ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "89%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The state is a leader in renewable energy commercialization; it produces the most wind power in the nation. In 2014, 10.6% of the electricity consumed in Texas came from wind turbines. The Roscoe Wind Farm in Roscoe, Texas, is one of the world's largest wind farms with a 781.5 megawatt (MW) capacity. The Energy Information Administration states that the state's large agriculture and forestry industries could give Texas an enormous amount biomass for use in biofuels. The state also has the highest solar power potential for development in the nation.", "qas": [ { "id": "38048", "question": "what is the most wind power in the nation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "renewable energy commercialization" } ] }, { "id": "38049", "question": "what percentage of electricity consumed in texas came from wind turbines ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "10.6%" } ] }, { "id": "38050", "question": "what is the largest wind farms in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "781.5 megawatt" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With large universities systems coupled with initiatives like the Texas Enterprise Fund and the Texas Emerging Technology Fund, a wide array of different high tech industries have developed in Texas. The Austin area is nicknamed the \"Silicon Hills\" and the north Dallas area the \"Silicon Prairie\". Texas has the headquarters of many high technology companies, such as Dell, Inc., Texas Instruments, Perot Systems, Rackspace and AT&T.", "qas": [ { "id": "38051", "question": "what is the name of the initiatives that developed in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "Texas Enterprise Fund and the Texas Emerging Technology Fund" } ] }, { "id": "38052", "question": "what is another name for the austin area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "Silicon Hills" } ] }, { "id": "38053", "question": "what is another name for the north dallas area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "Silicon Prairie" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (NASA JSC) located in Southeast Houston, sits as the crown jewel of Texas's aeronautics industry. Fort Worth hosts both Lockheed Martin's Aeronautics division and Bell Helicopter Textron. Lockheed builds the F-16 Fighting Falcon, the largest Western fighter program, and its successor, the F-35 Lightning II in Fort Worth.", "qas": [ { "id": "38054", "question": "what is the name of the nasa space and space administration ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center" } ] }, { "id": "38055", "question": "where is the national aeronautics and space administration located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "Southeast Houston" } ] }, { "id": "38056", "question": "who is the fort worth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "Lockheed Martin's Aeronautics division and Bell Helicopter Textron" } ] }, { "id": "38057", "question": "what was the name of the largest western fighter program ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 291, "text": "F-16 Fighting Falcon" } ] }, { "id": "38058", "question": "what was the name of the successor in fort worth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 373, "text": "F-35 Lightning II" } ] }, { "id": "38059", "question": "where did the successor lightning ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 394, "text": "Fort Worth" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas's affluence stimulates a strong commercial sector consisting of retail, wholesale, banking and insurance, and construction industries. Examples of Fortune 500 companies not based on Texas traditional industries are AT&T, Kimberly-Clark, Blockbuster, J. C. Penney, Whole Foods Market, and Tenet Healthcare.\nNationally, the Dallas\u2013Fort Worth area, home to the second shopping mall in the United States, has the most shopping malls per capita of any American metropolitan area.", "qas": [ { "id": "38060", "question": "what types of commercial sector does texas have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "retail, wholesale, banking and insurance, and construction industries" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Mexico, the state's largest trading partner, imports a third of the state's exports because of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). NAFTA has encouraged the formation of controversial maquiladoras on the Texas/Mexico border.", "qas": [ { "id": "38061", "question": "what does nafta stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "North American Free Trade Agreement" } ] }, { "id": "38062", "question": "nafta has encouraged maquiladoras on what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "Texas/Mexico border" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Texas was 27,469,114 on July 1, 2015, a 9.24 percent increase since the 2010 United States Census.", "qas": [ { "id": "38063", "question": "what was the population of texas in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "27,469,114" } ] }, { "id": "38064", "question": "what was the population of texas in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "9.24 percent increase since the 2010 United States Census" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As of 2004, the state had 3.5 million foreign-born residents (15.6 percent of the state population), of which an estimated 1.2 million are illegal. Texas from 2000 to 2006 had the fastest growing illegal immigration rate in the nation. In 2010, illegal immigrants constituted an estimated 6.0 percent of the population. This was the fifth highest percentage of any state in the country. In 2015, the population of illegal immigrants living in Texas was around 0.8 million.", "qas": [ { "id": "38065", "question": "how many foreign-born residents were there in 2004 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "3.5 million" } ] }, { "id": "38066", "question": "what percentage of the population was foreign-born ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "15.6" } ] }, { "id": "38067", "question": "how many people lived in the state in 2004 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "1.2 million" } ] }, { "id": "38068", "question": "what percentage of the population was illegal in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 289, "text": "6.0" } ] }, { "id": "38069", "question": "what was the population of illegal immigrants in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 460, "text": "0.8 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas' Rio Grande Valley is ground zero for illegal immigration across the Southwest border. According to a June 2014 \"Los Angeles Times\" article, illegal immigrants are arriving at a rate of more than 35,000 a month. It is expected that the number of minors traveling alone from Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador is growing and will reach up to 90,000 by the end of 2014. Hondurans, Salvadorans, and Guatemalans make up roughly 75% of illegal immigrants in South Texas.", "qas": [ { "id": "38070", "question": "where is texas ' ground zero ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "illegal immigration across the Southwest border" } ] }, { "id": "38071", "question": "what is the rate of illegal immigrants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "more than 35,000 a month" } ] }, { "id": "38072", "question": "how many minors does the number of minors traveling up by the end of 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 349, "text": "90,000" } ] }, { "id": "38073", "question": "what percentage of illegal immigrants are in south texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 432, "text": "75%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas's population density is 34.8 persons/km which is slightly higher than the average population density of the U.S. as a whole, at 31 persons/km. In contrast, while Texas and France are similarly sized geographically, the European country has a population density of 116 persons/km.", "qas": [ { "id": "38074", "question": "what is texas 's population density ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "34.8 persons" } ] }, { "id": "38075", "question": "what is the average population of texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "31 persons/km" } ] }, { "id": "38076", "question": "what is the population of the european country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "116 persons/km" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Two-thirds of all Texans live in a major metropolitan area such as Houston. The Dallas-Fort Worth Metropolitan Area is the largest in Texas. While Houston is the largest city in Texas and the fourth largest city in the United States, the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area is larger than that of Houston.", "qas": [ { "id": "38077", "question": "what is the largest in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "Dallas-Fort Worth Metropolitan Area" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the 2010 United States census, the racial composition of Texas was the following:\nIn addition, 37.6 percent of the population are Hispanic or Latino (of any race) ", "qas": [ { "id": "38078", "question": "what percentage of the population are hispanic or latino ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "37.6" } ] }, { "id": "38079", "question": "what is the population of texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "Hispanic or Latino" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As of 2011, 69.8% of the population of Texas younger than age 1 were minorities (meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white).", "qas": [ { "id": "38080", "question": "what percentage of the population of texas were minorities as of 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 12, "text": "69.8%" } ] }, { "id": "38081", "question": "what was the population of texas in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white" } ] } ] }, { "context": "German, Irish, and English Americans are the three largest European ancestry groups in Texas. German Americans make up 11.3 percent of the population, and number over 2.7 million members. Irish Americans make up 8.2 percent of the population, and number over 1.9 million members. There are roughly 600,000 French Americans and 472,000 Italian Americans residing in Texas; these two ethnic groups make up 2.5 percent and 2.0 percent of the population respectively. In the 1980 United States Census the largest ancestry group reported in Texas was English with 3,083,323 Texans citing that they were of English or mostly English ancestry making them 27 percent of the state at the time. Their ancestry primarily goes back to the original thirteen colonies and thus many of them today identify as \"American\" in ancestry, though they are of predominately British stock. There are nearly 200,000 Czech-Americans living in Texas, the largest number of any state.", "qas": [ { "id": "38082", "question": "what are the three largest european ancestry in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "German, Irish, and English Americans" } ] }, { "id": "38083", "question": "what percentage of the population of the population is german ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "11.3 percent" } ] }, { "id": "38084", "question": "how many members are in german americans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "2.7 million" } ] }, { "id": "38085", "question": "how many members are in irish americans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "1.9 million" } ] }, { "id": "38086", "question": "how many french americans are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "600,000" } ] }, { "id": "38087", "question": "how many texans were in texas in 1980 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 559, "text": "3,083,323" } ] }, { "id": "38088", "question": "how many living living in texas are living in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 883, "text": "200,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "African Americans are the largest racial minority in Texas. Their proportion of population has declined since the early 20th century, after many left the state in the Great Migration. Blacks of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin make up 11.5 percent of the population; blacks of non-Hispanic origin form 11.3 percent of the populace. African Americans of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin number at roughly 2.7 million individuals.", "qas": [ { "id": "38089", "question": "what percentage of the population is hispanic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 240, "text": "11.5 percent" } ] }, { "id": "38090", "question": "what percentage of the populace of the population is blacks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "11.3 percent" } ] }, { "id": "38091", "question": "how many individuals are in the african americans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 414, "text": "2.7 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Native Americans are a smaller minority in the state. Native Americans make up 0.5 percent of Texas' population, and number over 118,000 individuals. Native Americans of non-Hispanic origin make up 0.3 percent of the population, and number over 75,000 individuals. Cherokee made up 0.1 percent of the population, and numbered over 19,400 members. In contrast, only 583 identified as Chippewa.\nAsian Americans are a sizable minority group in Texas. Americans of Asian descent form 3.8 percent of the population, with those of non-Hispanic descent making up 3.7 percent of the populace. They total more than 808,000 individuals. Non-Hispanic Asians number over 795,000. Just over 200,000 Indian Americans make Texas their home. Texas is also home to over 187,000 Vietnamese and 136,000 Chinese. In addition to 92,000 Filipinos and 62,000 Koreans, there are 18,000 Japanese Americans living in the state. Lastly, over 111,000 people are of other Asian ancestry groups, such as Cambodian, Thai, and Hmong. Sugar Land, a city within the Houston metropolitan area, and Plano, located within the Dallas metropolitan area, both have high concentrations of ethnic Chinese and Korean residents. The Houston and Dallas areas, and to a lesser extent, the Austin metropolitan area, all contain substantial Vietnamese communities.", "qas": [ { "id": "38092", "question": "how much of texas 's population is native americans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "0.5 percent" } ] }, { "id": "38093", "question": "what is the number of individuals in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "118,000" } ] }, { "id": "38094", "question": "how many individuals are in the native americans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "75,000" } ] }, { "id": "38095", "question": "how many members were there in cherokee ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 331, "text": "19,400" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Americans with origins from the Pacific are the smallest minority in Texas. According to the survey, only 18,000 Texans are Pacific Islanders; 16,400 are of non-Hispanic descent. There are roughly 5,400 Native Hawaiians, 5,300 Guamanians, and 6,400 people from other groups. Samoan Americans were scant; only 2,920 people were from this group. The city of Euless, a suburb of Fort Worth, contains a sizable population of Tongan Americans, at nearly 900 people, over one percent of the city's population. Killeen has a sufficient population of Samoans and Guamanian, and people of Pacific Islander descent surpass one percent of the city's population.", "qas": [ { "id": "38096", "question": "how many texans are pacific islanders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "18,000" } ] }, { "id": "38097", "question": "what is the non-hispanic descent of non-hispanic descent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "16,400" } ] }, { "id": "38098", "question": "how many native groups are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "5,400" } ] }, { "id": "38099", "question": "how many people were from samoan americans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "2,920" } ] }, { "id": "38100", "question": "how many people live in fort worth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 449, "text": "900" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Multiracial individuals are also a visible minority in Texas. People identifying as multiracial form 1.9 percent of the population, and number over 448,000 people. Almost 80,000 Texans claim African and European heritage, and make up 0.3 percent of the population. People of European and Native American heritage number over 108,800 (close to the number of Native Americans), and make up 0.5 percent of the population. People of European and Asian heritage number over 57,600, and form just 0.2 percent of the population. People of African and Native American heritage were even smaller in number (15,300), and make up just 0.1 percent of the total population.\nHispanics and Latinos are the second largest group in Texas after non-Hispanic European Americans. Over 8.5 million people claim Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This group forms over 37 percent of Texas' population. People of Mexican descent alone number over 7.9 million, and make up 31.6 percent of the population. The vast majority of the Hispanic/Latino population in the state is of Mexican descent, the next two largest groups are Salvadorans and Puerto Ricans. There are over 222,000 Salvadorans and over 130,000 Puerto Ricans in Texas. Other groups with large numbers in Texas include Hondurans, Guatemalans, Nicaraguans and Cubans, among others. The Hispanics in Texas are more likely than in some other states (such as California) to identify as white; according to the 2010 U.S. Census, Texas is home to 6,304,207 White Hispanics and 2,594,206 Hispanics of \"some other race\" (usually mestizo).\nGerman descendants inhabit much of central and southeast-central Texas. Over one-third of Texas residents are of Hispanic origin; while many have recently arrived, some Tejanos have ancestors with multi-generational ties to 18th century Texas. In addition to the descendants of the state's former slave population, many African American college graduates have come to the state for work recently in the New Great Migration. Recently, the Asian population in Texas has grown\u2014primarily in Houston and Dallas. Other communities with a significantly growing Asian American population is in Austin, Corpus Christi, and the Sharyland area next McAllen, Texas. Three federally recognized Native American tribes reside in Texas: the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe, the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe, and the Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo.", "qas": [ { "id": "38101", "question": "what percentage of the population is identifying as multiracial form ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "1.9 percent" } ] }, { "id": "38102", "question": "how many people are there in the population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "448,000" } ] }, { "id": "38103", "question": "how many texans claim african and european heritage ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "80,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2010, 49 percent of all births were Hispanics; 35 percent were non-Hispanic whites; 11.5 percent were non-Hispanic blacks, and 4.3 percent were Asians/Pacific Islanders. Based on Census Bureau data released on February 2011, for the first time in recent history, Texas' white population is below 50 percent (45 percent) and Hispanics grew to 38 percent. Between 2000 and 2010, the total population growth by 20.6 percent, but Hispanics growth by 65 percent, whereas non-Hispanic whites only grew by 4.2 percent. Texas has the fifth highest rate of teenage births in the nation and a plurality of these are to Hispanics.", "qas": [ { "id": "38104", "question": "what percentage of all births were hispanics in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "49" } ] }, { "id": "38105", "question": "what percentage of non-hispanic whites were non-hispanic whites in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "35" } ] }, { "id": "38106", "question": "what percentage of non-hispanic blacks were non-hispanic blacks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "11.5 percent" } ] }, { "id": "38107", "question": "what percentage of whites were asians/pacific in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "4.3 percent" } ] }, { "id": "38108", "question": "when was bureau data released ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "February 2011" } ] }, { "id": "38109", "question": "what was the white population in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 299, "text": "50 percent" } ] }, { "id": "38110", "question": "what percentage of texas 's white population is hispanics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 345, "text": "38 percent" } ] }, { "id": "38111", "question": "what percentage of the population was the total population in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 411, "text": "20.6 percent" } ] }, { "id": "38112", "question": "what percentage of the population was non-hispanic whites ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 502, "text": "4.2 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The state has three cities with populations exceeding one million: Houston, San\u00a0Antonio, and Dallas. These three rank among the 10 most populous cities of the United States. As of 2010, six Texas cities had populations greater than 600,000 people. Austin, Fort\u00a0Worth, and El\u00a0Paso are among the 20 largest U.S. cities. Texas has four metropolitan areas with populations greater than a million: , , , and . The Dallas\u2013Fort Worth and Houston metropolitan areas number about 6.3 million and 5.7 million residents, respectively.", "qas": [ { "id": "38113", "question": "what are the names of the three cities in the state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Houston, San\u00a0Antonio, and Dallas" } ] }, { "id": "38114", "question": "how many texas cities had populations greater than 600,000 people ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "six" } ] }, { "id": "38115", "question": "how many people were greater than six texas cities in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "600,000" } ] }, { "id": "38116", "question": "how many metropolitan areas does texas have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "38117", "question": "how many residents did the dallas -- fort worth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 471, "text": "6.3 million and 5.7 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Three interstate highways\u2014I-35 to the west (Dallas\u2013Fort Worth to San Antonio, with Austin in between), I-45 to the east (Dallas to Houston), and I-10 to the south (San Antonio to Houston) define the Texas Urban Triangle region. The region of contains most of the state's largest cities and metropolitan areas as well as 17 million people, nearly 75 percent of Texas's total population. Houston and Dallas have been recognized as beta world cities. These cities are spread out amongst the state. Texas has 254 counties, which is more than any other state by 95 (Georgia).", "qas": [ { "id": "38118", "question": "what is the name of the three interstate highways to houston ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "I-45" } ] }, { "id": "38119", "question": "what is the name of the interstate region define to the south ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "Texas Urban Triangle region" } ] }, { "id": "38120", "question": "how many people live in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 320, "text": "17 million" } ] }, { "id": "38121", "question": "what percentage of texas 's population is most of the population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 346, "text": "75" } ] }, { "id": "38122", "question": "how many counties does texas have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 505, "text": "254" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In contrast to the cities, unincorporated rural settlements known as colonias often lack basic infrastructure and are marked by poverty. The office of the Texas Attorney General stated, in 2011, that Texas had about 2,294 colonias and estimates that about 500,000 lived in the colonias. Hidalgo County, as of 2011, has the largest number of colonias. Texas has the largest number of people of all states, living in colonias.", "qas": [ { "id": "38123", "question": "what are rural settlements called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "colonias" } ] }, { "id": "38124", "question": "what is the name of the cities that are marked by rural settlements ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "poverty" } ] }, { "id": "38125", "question": "in what year was the texas attorney general general general stated as the office of texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "2011" } ] }, { "id": "38126", "question": "how many colonias did texas have in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "2,294" } ] }, { "id": "38127", "question": "how many texas attorney general lived in texas in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "500,000" } ] }, { "id": "38128", "question": "which county has the largest number of colonias ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "Hidalgo County" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The most common accent and/or dialect spoken by natives throughout Texas is sometimes referred to as Texan English, which itself is a sub-variety of a broader category of American English known as Southern American English. Creole language is spoken in East Texas. In some areas of the state\u2014particularly in the large cities \u2013 Western American English and General American English, have been on the increase. Chicano English\u2014due to a growing Hispanic population\u2014is widespread in South Texas, while African American Vernacular English, is especially notable in historically minority areas of urban Texas.", "qas": [ { "id": "38129", "question": "what is the most common accent in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "Texan English" } ] }, { "id": "38130", "question": "what is the american english known for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "Southern American English" } ] }, { "id": "38131", "question": "where is creole language spoken ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "East Texas" } ] }, { "id": "38132", "question": "what are the two large cities in the state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 327, "text": "Western American English and General American English" } ] }, { "id": "38133", "question": "what is widespread in south texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 409, "text": "Chicano English" } ] }, { "id": "38134", "question": "what is the name of the english population of urban texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 498, "text": "African American Vernacular English" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As of 2010, 65.8% (14,740,304) of Texas residents age 5 and older spoke only English at home, while 29.2% (6,543,702) spoke Spanish, 0.75 percent (168,886) Vietnamese, and Chinese (which includes Cantonese and Mandarin) was spoken by 0.56% (122,921) of the population over the age of five.", "qas": [ { "id": "38135", "question": "what percentage of texas residents age 5 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 12, "text": "65.8%" } ] }, { "id": "38136", "question": "what percentage of the population spoke spanish ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "29.2%" } ] }, { "id": "38137", "question": "what percentage of the population was spoken in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "0.56%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other languages spoken include German (including Texas German) by 0.33% (73,137,) Tagalog with 0.29% (73,137) speakers, and French (including Cajun French) was spoken by 0.25% (55,773) of Texans. Reportedly, Cherokee is the most widely spoken Native American language in Texas.", "qas": [ { "id": "38138", "question": "what percentage of tagalog was spoken in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "0.33%" } ] }, { "id": "38139", "question": "what percentage of texans was spoken in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "0.29%" } ] }, { "id": "38140", "question": "what percentage of texans was spoken by texans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "0.25%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In total, 34.2% (7,660,406) of Texas's population aged five and older spoke a language at home other than English.", "qas": [ { "id": "38141", "question": "what percentage of texas 's population spoke a language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "34.2%" } ] }, { "id": "38142", "question": "what is the population of texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "7,660,406" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 2014 Pew Religious Landscape Survey showed the religious makeup of the state was as follows:", "qas": [ { "id": "38143", "question": "what survey showed the religious makeup of the state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Pew Religious Landscape Survey" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The largest denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church (4,673,500); the Southern Baptist Convention (3,721,318); the United Methodist Church with (1,035,168); and Islam (421,972).", "qas": [ { "id": "38144", "question": "what was the largest denominations in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "Roman Catholic Church" } ] }, { "id": "38145", "question": "what was the roman catholic church called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "4,673,500" } ] }, { "id": "38146", "question": "what was the name of the roman catholic church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "Southern Baptist Convention" } ] }, { "id": "38147", "question": "what was the name of the southern baptist convention ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "3,721,318" } ] }, { "id": "38148", "question": "what was the name of the united methodist church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "1,035,168" } ] }, { "id": "38149", "question": "what was the largest denominations in islam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "421,972" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Known as the buckle of the Bible Belt, East Texas is socially conservative. The Dallas\u2013Fort Worth metroplex is home to three major evangelical seminaries and a host of Bible schools. Lakewood Church in Houston, boasts the largest attendance in the nation averaging more than 43,000 weekly.", "qas": [ { "id": "38150", "question": "how many weekly weekly does houston have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "43,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Adherents of many other religions reside predominantly in the urban centers of Texas. In 1990, the Islamic population was about 140,000 with more recent figures putting the current number of Muslims between 350,000 and 400,000. The Jewish population is around 128,000. Around 146,000 adherents of religions such as Hinduism and Sikhism live in Texas. It is the fifth-largest Muslim-populated state in the country.", "qas": [ { "id": "38151", "question": "in what year did the islamic population begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "1990" } ] }, { "id": "38152", "question": "how many recent figures were there in 1990 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "140,000" } ] }, { "id": "38153", "question": "how many muslims were in the islamic population in 1990 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "350,000 and 400,000" } ] }, { "id": "38154", "question": "what is the jewish population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "128,000" } ] }, { "id": "38155", "question": "how many adherents of religions live in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 276, "text": "146,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Historically, Texas culture comes from a blend of Southern (Dixie), Western (frontier), and Southwestern (Mexican/Anglo fusion) influences, varying in degrees of such from one intrastate region to another. A popular food item, the breakfast burrito, draws from all three, having a soft flour tortilla wrapped around bacon and scrambled eggs or other hot, cooked fillings. Adding to Texas's traditional culture, established in the 18th and 19th centuries, immigration has made Texas a melting pot of cultures from around the world. East Texas and the Gulf Coastal Plains regions near the Louisiana border have a Cajun/Creole influence.", "qas": [ { "id": "38156", "question": "what is the name of the influences influences in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Mexican/Anglo fusion" } ] }, { "id": "38157", "question": "when was texas 's traditional culture established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 430, "text": "18th and 19th centuries" } ] }, { "id": "38158", "question": "what type of influence does east texas and the gulf coastal plains have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 611, "text": "Cajun/Creole influence" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas has made a strong mark on national and international pop culture. The state is strongly associated with the image of the cowboy shown in westerns and in country western music. The state's numerous oil tycoons are also a popular pop culture topic as seen in the hit TV series \"Dallas\".", "qas": [ { "id": "38159", "question": "texas has a strong mark on what culture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "national and international pop culture" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The internationally known slogan \"Don't Mess with Texas\" began as an anti-littering advertisement. Since the campaign's inception in 1986, the phrase has become \"an identity statement, a declaration of Texas swagger\".", "qas": [ { "id": "38160", "question": "what was the name of the internationally known slogan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "Don't Mess with Texas" } ] }, { "id": "38161", "question": "what was the name of the internationally known slogan `` do n't mess with texas '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "anti-littering advertisement" } ] }, { "id": "38162", "question": "in what year was the phrase has become an identity statement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "1986" } ] }, { "id": "38163", "question": "what is the name of the declaration of texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "Texas swagger" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas-sized is an expression that can be used in two ways: to describe something that is about the size of the U.S. state of Texas, or to describe something (usually but not always originating from Texas) that is large compared to other objects of its type. Texas was the largest U.S. state, until Alaska became a state in 1959. The phrase, \"everything is bigger in Texas,\" has been in regular use since at least 1950; and was used as early as 1913.", "qas": [ { "id": "38164", "question": "when did alaska become a state state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "1959" } ] }, { "id": "38165", "question": "when was the phrase `` everything is bigger in texas ' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 413, "text": "1950" } ] }, { "id": "38166", "question": "when was the phrase `` everything is bigger '' used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 444, "text": "1913" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Houston is one of only five American cities with permanent professional resident companies in all of the major performing arts disciplines: the Houston Grand Opera, the Houston Symphony Orchestra, the Houston Ballet, and The Alley Theatre. Known for the vibrancy of its visual and performing arts, the Houston Theater District\u2014a 17-block area in the heart of Downtown Houston\u2014 ranks second in the country in the number of theater seats in a concentrated downtown area, with 12,948 seats for live performances and 1,480 movie seats.", "qas": [ { "id": "38167", "question": "how many american cities are in houston ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "five" } ] }, { "id": "38168", "question": "along with the houston grand opera , what theatre is located in houston ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 221, "text": "The Alley Theatre" } ] }, { "id": "38169", "question": "what is the name of the district in downtown houston ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "Houston Theater District" } ] }, { "id": "38170", "question": "where is the houston theater district located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 359, "text": "Downtown Houston\u2014" } ] }, { "id": "38171", "question": "how many seats are in houston ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 474, "text": "12,948" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Founded in 1892, Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, also called \"The Modern\", is Texas's oldest art museum. Fort Worth also has the Kimbell Art Museum, the Amon Carter Museum, the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame, the Will Rogers Memorial Center, and the Bass Performance Hall downtown. The Arts District of Downtown Dallas has arts venues such as the Dallas Museum of Art, the Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center, the Margot and Bill Winspear Opera House, the Trammell & Margaret Crow Collection of Asian Art, and the Nasher Sculpture Center.", "qas": [ { "id": "38172", "question": "when was modern art museum of fort worth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "1892" } ] }, { "id": "38173", "question": "what is texas 's oldest art museum ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth" } ] }, { "id": "38174", "question": "what is texas 's oldest art museum ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "The Modern\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Deep Ellum district within Dallas became popular during the 1920s and 1930s as the prime jazz and blues hotspot in the Southern United States. The name Deep Ellum comes from local people pronouncing \"Deep Elm\" as \"Deep Ellum\". Artists such as Blind Lemon Jefferson, Robert Johnson, Huddie \"Lead Belly\" Ledbetter, and Bessie Smith played in early Deep Ellum clubs.", "qas": [ { "id": "38175", "question": "when was the prime jazz and blues popular ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "1920s and 1930s" } ] }, { "id": "38176", "question": "where was the prime jazz and blues hotspot located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "Southern United States" } ] }, { "id": "38177", "question": "what did the name `` deep elm '' mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "Deep Ellum" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Austin, \"The\u00a0Live\u00a0Music\u00a0Capital\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0World\", boasts \"more live music venues per capita than such music hotbeds as Nashville, Memphis, Los Angeles, Las Vegas or New York City.\" The city's music revolves around the nightclubs on 6th Street; events like the film, music, and multimedia festival South by Southwest; the longest-running concert music program on American television, \"Austin City Limits\"; and the Austin City Limits Music Festival held in Zilker Park.", "qas": [ { "id": "38178", "question": "on what street did the city 's music program occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "6th Street" } ] }, { "id": "38179", "question": "in what city is the multimedia festival south by austin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 303, "text": "Southwest" } ] }, { "id": "38180", "question": "what is the name of the longest-running concert music program ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 381, "text": "Austin City Limits" } ] }, { "id": "38181", "question": "what is the name of the festival held in austin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 410, "text": "Austin City Limits Music Festival" } ] }, { "id": "38182", "question": "where is the austin city limits ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 452, "text": "Zilker Park" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since 1980, San Antonio has evolved into \"The Tejano Music Capital Of The World.\" The Tejano Music Awards have provided a forum to create greater awareness and appreciation for Tejano music and culture.", "qas": [ { "id": "38183", "question": "in what year did san antonio become the capital of the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 6, "text": "1980" } ] }, { "id": "38184", "question": "what was san antonio evolved into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "The Tejano Music Capital Of The World" } ] }, { "id": "38185", "question": "what have provided a forum to create greater awareness and appreciation for culture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "The Tejano Music Awards" } ] }, { "id": "38186", "question": "what types of music did the music awards create ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "Tejano music and culture" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The second president of the Republic of Texas, Mirabeau B. Lamar, is the \"Father of Texas Education\". During his term, the state set aside three leagues of land in each county for equipping public schools. An additional 50 leagues of land set aside for the support of two universities would later become the basis of the state's Permanent University Fund. Lamar's actions set the foundation for a Texas-wide public school system.", "qas": [ { "id": "38187", "question": "who is the second president of texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "Mirabeau B. Lamar" } ] }, { "id": "38188", "question": "what is the second president of the republic of texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "Father of Texas Education" } ] }, { "id": "38189", "question": "how many leagues did the state set aside from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "38190", "question": "how many leagues of land were there in the permanent university fund ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "50" } ] }, { "id": "38191", "question": "what was the name of the fund that was the basis of the land of land ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 329, "text": "Permanent University Fund" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Between 2006 and 2007, Texas spent $7,275 per pupil ranking it below the national average of $9,389. The pupil/teacher ratio was 14.9, below the national average of 15.3. Texas paid instructors $41,744, below the national average of $46,593. The Texas Education Agency (TEA) administers the state's public school systems. Texas has over 1,000 school districts- all districts except the Stafford Municipal School District are independent from municipal government and many cross city boundaries. School districts have the power to tax their residents and to assert eminent domain over privately owned property. Due to court-mandated equitable school financing for school districts, the state has a controversial tax redistribution system called the\"Robin Hood plan\". This plan transfers property tax revenue from wealthy school districts to poor ones. The TEA has no authority over private or home school activities.", "qas": [ { "id": "38192", "question": "how much money did texas receive per pupil ranking between 2006 and 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "$7,275" } ] }, { "id": "38193", "question": "what was the national average of texas in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "$9,389" } ] }, { "id": "38194", "question": "what was the name of the ratio of the national average ratio ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "14.9" } ] }, { "id": "38195", "question": "how much money did texas sell instructors ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "$41,744" } ] }, { "id": "38196", "question": "what was the national average of texas in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "$46,593" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Students in Texas take the State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR) in primary and secondary school. STAAR assess students' attainment of reading, writing, mathematics, science, and social studies skills required under Texas education standards and the No Child Left Behind Act. The test replaced the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) test in the 2011\u20132012 school year.", "qas": [ { "id": "38197", "question": "what is one of the reasons for child education ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "No Child Left Behind Act" } ] }, { "id": "38198", "question": "what was replaced by the test test in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 317, "text": "Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The state's two most widely recognized flagship universities are The University of Texas at Austin and Texas A&M University, ranked as the 52nd and 69th best universities in the nation according to the 2014 edition of U.S. News & World Report's \"Best Colleges\", respectively. Some observers also include the University of Houston and Texas Tech University as tier one flagships alongside UT Austin and A&M. The Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board (THECB) ranks the state's public universities into three distinct tiers:", "qas": [ { "id": "38199", "question": "where is the university of texas located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "Austin and Texas A&M University" } ] }, { "id": "38200", "question": "what are the best universities in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "the 52nd and 69th" } ] }, { "id": "38201", "question": "what was the name of the NULL that NULL NULL ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 388, "text": "UT Austin and A&M. The Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas's controversial alternative affirmative action plan, Texas House Bill 588, guarantees Texas students who graduated in the percent of their high school class automatic admission to state-funded universities. The bill encourages demographic diversity while avoiding problems stemming from the \"Hopwood v. Texas\" (1996) case.\nThirty-six (36) separate and distinct public universities exist in Texas, of which 32 belong to one of the six state university systems. Discovery of minerals on Permanent University Fund land, particularly oil, has helped fund the rapid growth of the state's two largest university systems: The University of Texas\u00a0System and the Texas\u00a0A&M System. The four other university systems: the University of Houston\u00a0System, the University of North\u00a0Texas System, the Texas\u00a0State System, and the Texas\u00a0Tech System are not funded by the Permanent University Fund.\nThe Carnegie Foundation classifies three of Texas's universities as Tier\u00a0One research institutions: The University of Texas at Austin, the Texas\u00a0A&M University, and the University of Houston. The University of Texas at Austin and Texas A&M University are flagship universities of the state of Texas. Both were established by the Texas Constitution and hold stakes in the Permanent University Fund. The state has been putting effort to expand the number of flagship universities by elevating some of its seven institutions designated as \"emerging research universities.\" The two that are expected to emerge first are the University of Houston and Texas\u00a0Tech University, likely in that order according to discussions on the House floor of the 82nd Texas Legislature.\nThe state is home to various private institutions of higher learning\u2014ranging from liberal arts colleges to a nationally recognized top-tier research university. in Houston is one of the leading teaching and research universities of the United States and is ranked the nation's 17th-best overall university by \"U.S. News & World Report\". Trinity University, a private, primarily undergraduate liberal arts university in San Antonio, has ranked first among universities granting primarily bachelor's and select master's degrees in the Western United States for 20 consecutive years by \"U.S. News\". Private universities include , , , and .", "qas": [ { "id": "38202", "question": "what is the name of the alternative affirmative action plan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Texas House Bill 588" } ] }, { "id": "38203", "question": "what is the name of the case that the bill encourages demographic diversity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "Hopwood v. Texas" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Universities in Texas host three presidential libraries: George Bush Presidential Library at Texas A&M University, the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum at The University of Texas at Austin, and the George W. Bush Presidential Library at Southern Methodist University.", "qas": [ { "id": "38204", "question": "what is the name of the library in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "George W. Bush Presidential Library" } ] }, { "id": "38205", "question": "where is the george w. bush presidential library located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "Southern Methodist University" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Commonwealth Fund ranks the Texas healthcare system the third worst in the nation. Texas ranks close to last in access to healthcare, quality of care, avoidable hospital spending, and equity among various groups. Causes of the state's poor rankings include politics, a high poverty rate, and the highest rate of illegal immigration in the nation. In May 2006, Texas initiated the program \"code red\" in response to the report that the state had 25.1 percent of the population without health insurance, the largest proportion in the nation. Texas also has controversial non-economic damages caps for medical malpractice lawsuits, set at $250,000, in an attempt to \"curb rising malpractice premiums, and control escalating healthcare costs\".", "qas": [ { "id": "38206", "question": "what percentage of the population without health insurance was code without health insurance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 448, "text": "25.1 percent" } ] }, { "id": "38207", "question": "how much did texas 's lawsuits set lawsuits ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 639, "text": "$250,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Trust for America's Health ranked Texas 15th highest in adult obesity, with 27.2 percent of the state's population measured as obese. The 2008 Men's Health obesity survey ranked four Texas cities among the top 25 fattest cities in America; Houston ranked 6th, Dallas 7th, El Paso 8th, and Arlington 14th. Texas had only one city, Austin, ranked 21st, in the top 25 among the \"fittest cities\" in America. The same survey has evaluated the state's obesity initiatives favorably with a \"B+\". The state is ranked forty-second in the percentage of residents who engage in regular exercise.", "qas": [ { "id": "38208", "question": "what percentage of the state 's population measured as obese texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "27.2 percent" } ] }, { "id": "38209", "question": "how many texas cities does the 2008 men 's health obesity have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "38210", "question": "what is the state ranked in regular exercise ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 513, "text": "forty-second" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas has highest maternal mortality rate in the developed world, and the rate by which Texas women died from pregnancy related complications doubled from 2010 to 2014, to 23.8 per 100,000. A rate unmatched in any other U.S. state or economically developed country.", "qas": [ { "id": "38211", "question": "how much did texas women pay in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "23.8 per 100,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many elite research medical centers are located in Texas. The state has nine medical schools, three dental schools, and two optometry schools. Texas has two Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) laboratories: one at The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) in Galveston, and the other at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research in San Antonio\u2014the first privately owned BSL-4 lab in the United States.", "qas": [ { "id": "38212", "question": "where are many elite research medical centers located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "Texas" } ] }, { "id": "38213", "question": "how many medical schools does the state have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "nine" } ] }, { "id": "38214", "question": "how many dental schools does the state have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "three" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Texas Medical Center in Houston, holds the world's largest concentration of research and healthcare institutions, with 47 member institutions. Texas Medical Center performs the most heart transplants in the world. The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston is a highly regarded academic institution that centers around cancer patient care, research, education and prevention.", "qas": [ { "id": "38215", "question": "how many member institutions does the texas medical center have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "47" } ] }, { "id": "38216", "question": "what is the name of the university in houston ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center" } ] } ] }, { "context": "San Antonio's South Texas Medical Center facilities rank sixth in clinical medicine research impact in the United States. The University of Texas Health Science Center is another highly ranked research and educational institution in San Antonio.", "qas": [ { "id": "38217", "question": "what is the name of the university in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "Texas Health Science Center" } ] }, { "id": "38218", "question": "where is the university of texas health center ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "San Antonio" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Both the American Heart Association and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center call Dallas home. The Southwestern Medical Center ranks \"among the top academic medical centers in the world\". The institution's medical school employs the most medical school Nobel laureates in the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "38219", "question": "what is the name of the dallas home call dallas home ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texans have historically had difficulties traversing Texas due to the state's large size and rough terrain. Texas has compensated by building both America's largest highway and railway systems in length. The regulatory authority, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) maintains the state's immense highway system, regulates aviation, and public transportation systems.", "qas": [ { "id": "38220", "question": "what is the name of the regulatory authority in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "Texas Department of Transportation" } ] }, { "id": "38221", "question": "what does the texas department of transportation include ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "regulates aviation, and public transportation systems" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Located centrally in North America, the state is an important transportation hub. From the Dallas/Fort Worth area, trucks can reach 93 percent of the nation's population within 48 hours, and 37 percent within 24 hours. Texas has 33 foreign trade zones (FTZ), the most in the nation. In 2004, a combined total of $298 billion of goods passed though Texas FTZs.", "qas": [ { "id": "38222", "question": "what percentage of the nation 's population is trucks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "93 percent" } ] }, { "id": "38223", "question": "what is the population of the nation 's population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "48 hours" } ] }, { "id": "38224", "question": "what percentage of the nation 's population is within 24 hours ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "37 percent" } ] }, { "id": "38225", "question": "how many foreign trade zones does texas have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "33" } ] }, { "id": "38226", "question": "how much did texas cost in 2004 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "$298 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The first Texas freeway was the Gulf Freeway opened in 1948 in Houston. As of 2005, of public highway crisscrossed Texas (up from in 1984). To fund recent growth in the state highways, Texas has 17 toll roads (see list) with several additional tollways proposed. In central Texas, the southern section of the State Highway 130 toll road has a speed limit of , the highest in the nation. All federal and state highways in Texas are paved.", "qas": [ { "id": "38227", "question": "what was the name of the first texas freeway ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "Gulf Freeway" } ] }, { "id": "38228", "question": "when was the gulf freeway opened ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "1948" } ] }, { "id": "38229", "question": "how many toll roads does texas have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "17" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas has 730 airports, second most of any state in the nation. Largest in Texas by size and passengers served, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) is the second largest by area in the United States, and fourth in the world with . In traffic, DFW is the busiest in the state, the fourth busiest in the United States, and sixth worldwide. American Airlines Group's American / American Eagle, the world's largest airline in total passengers-miles transported and passenger fleet size, uses DFW as its largest and main hub. Southwest Airlines, headquartered in Dallas, has its operations at Dallas Love Field. It ranks as the largest airline in the United States by number of passengers carried domestically per year and the largest airline in the world by number of passengers carried.", "qas": [ { "id": "38230", "question": "how many airports does texas have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "730" } ] }, { "id": "38231", "question": "what is the second largest by area in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport" } ] }, { "id": "38232", "question": "what is the busiest in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "DFW" } ] }, { "id": "38233", "question": "what is the name of the american airlines group ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 374, "text": "American / American Eagle" } ] }, { "id": "38234", "question": "where is southwest airlines located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 598, "text": "Dallas Love Field" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas's second-largest air facility is Houston's George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH). It served as the largest hub for the former Continental Airlines, which was based in Houston; it serves as the largest hub for United Airlines, the world's third-largest airline, by passenger-miles flown. IAH offers service to the most Mexican destinations of any U.S. airport. The next five largest airports in the state all serve over 3 million passengers annually; they include Austin-Bergstrom International Airport, William P. Hobby Airport, San Antonio International Airport, Dallas Love Field and El Paso International Airport. The smallest airport in the state to be designated an international airport is Del Rio International Airport.", "qas": [ { "id": "38235", "question": "what is houston 's second-largest air facility ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "George Bush Intercontinental Airport" } ] }, { "id": "38236", "question": "what was the largest hub for texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "Continental Airlines" } ] }, { "id": "38237", "question": "what is the largest hub for the former continental airlines ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "United Airlines" } ] }, { "id": "38238", "question": "how many passengers are in the state all largest airports ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 430, "text": "3 million" } ] }, { "id": "38239", "question": "what is the smallest airport in the state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 707, "text": "Del Rio International Airport" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Around 1,150 seaports dot Texas's coast with over of channels. Ports employ nearly one-million people and handle an average of 317 million metric tons. Texas ports connect with the rest of the U.S. Atlantic seaboard with the Gulf section of the Intracoastal Waterway. The Port of Houston today is the busiest port in the United States in foreign tonnage, second in overall tonnage, and tenth worldwide in tonnage. The Houston Ship Channel spans wide by deep by long.", "qas": [ { "id": "38240", "question": "what is the name of the dot texas coast in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 7, "text": "1,150" } ] }, { "id": "38241", "question": "how many people are in the ports ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "one-million" } ] }, { "id": "38242", "question": "how many metric tons of ports are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "317 million metric tons" } ] }, { "id": "38243", "question": "the gulf section of the u.s. atlantic seaboard connect to what waterway ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "Intracoastal Waterway" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Part of the state's tradition of cowboys is derived from the massive cattle drives which its ranchers organized in the nineteenth century to drive livestock to railroads and markets in Kansas, for shipment to the East. Towns along the way, such as Baxter Springs, the first cow town in Kansas, developed to handle the seasonal workers and tens of thousands of head of cattle being driven.", "qas": [ { "id": "38244", "question": "what is cowboys derived from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "massive cattle drives" } ] }, { "id": "38245", "question": "what is the name of the first cow town in kansas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "Baxter Springs" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The first railroad to operate in Texas was the Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway, opening in August 1853. The first railroad to enter Texas from the north, completed in 1872, was the . With increasing railroad access, the ranchers did not have to take their livestock up to the Midwest, and shipped beef out from Texas. This caused a decline in the economies of the cow towns.", "qas": [ { "id": "38246", "question": "what was the first railroad to operate in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway" } ] }, { "id": "38247", "question": "when was the first railroad to operate in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "August 1853" } ] }, { "id": "38248", "question": "when was the first railroad to enter texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "1872" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since 1911, Texas has led the nation in length of railroad miles within the state. Texas railway length peaked in 1932 at , but declined to by 2000. While the Railroad Commission of Texas originally regulated state railroads, in 2005 the state reassigned these duties to TxDOT.", "qas": [ { "id": "38249", "question": "in what year was the nation led to texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 6, "text": "1911" } ] }, { "id": "38250", "question": "in what year did texas railway length begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "1932" } ] }, { "id": "38251", "question": "in what year did the texas railway length end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "2000" } ] }, { "id": "38252", "question": "in what year did the state reassigned these duties ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "2005" } ] }, { "id": "38253", "question": "what was the name of the state that the state reassigned these duties to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "TxDOT" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Both Dallas and Houston feature light rail systems. Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) built the first light rail system in the Southwest United States, completed in 1996.\nThe Trinity Railway Express (TRE) commuter rail service, which connects Fort Worth and Dallas, is provided by the Fort Worth Transportation Authority (the T) and DART. In the Austin area, Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates a commuter rail service known as Capital MetroRail to the northwestern suburbs. The Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas (METRO) operates light rail lines in the Houston area.", "qas": [ { "id": "38254", "question": "when was the first light rail system built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "1996" } ] }, { "id": "38255", "question": "what is the name of the commuter rail service in austin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 446, "text": "Capital MetroRail" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Amtrak provides Texas with limited intercity passenger rail service. Three scheduled routes serve the state: the daily \"Texas Eagle\" ; the tri-weekly \"Sunset Limited\" , with stops in Texas; and the daily \"Heartland Flyer\" .", "qas": [ { "id": "38256", "question": "what type of service does amtrak have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "intercity passenger rail service" } ] }, { "id": "38257", "question": "what is the name of the daily eagle routes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "Texas Eagle" } ] }, { "id": "38258", "question": "what is the daily name for the daily eagle '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "Heartland Flyer" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While American football has long been considered \"king\" in the state, Texans today enjoy a wide variety of sports.", "qas": [ { "id": "38259", "question": "what was american football 's nickname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "king" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texans can cheer for a plethora of professional sports teams. Within the \"Big Four\" professional leagues, Texas has two NFL teams (the Dallas Cowboys and the Houston Texans), two Major League Baseball teams (the Texas Rangers and the Houston Astros), three NBA teams (the Houston Rockets, the San Antonio Spurs, and the Dallas Mavericks), and one National Hockey League team (the Dallas Stars). The Dallas \u2013 Fort Worth Metroplex is one of only twelve American metropolitan areas that hosts sports teams from all the \"Big Four\" professional leagues. Outside of the \"Big Four\" leagues, Texas also has one WNBA team (the San Antonio Stars) and two Major League Soccer teams (the Houston Dynamo and FC Dallas).", "qas": [ { "id": "38260", "question": "what is the dallas stars ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 347, "text": "National Hockey League team" } ] }, { "id": "38261", "question": "what is the dallas -- fort worth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 517, "text": "Big Four\" professional leagues" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Collegiate athletics have deep significance in Texas culture, especially football. The state has ten Division I-FBS schools, the most in the nation. Four of the state's universities, the Baylor Bears, Texas Longhorns, TCU Horned Frogs, and Texas Tech Red Raiders, compete in the Big 12 Conference. The Texas A&M Aggies left the Big 12 and joined the Southeastern Conference in 2012, which led the Big 12 to invite TCU to join; TCU was previously in the Mountain West Conference. The Houston Cougars and the SMU Mustangs compete in the American Athletic Conference. The Texas State Bobcats and the UT Arlington Mavericks compete in the Sun Belt Conference. Four of the state's schools claim at least one national championship in football: the Texas Longhorns, the Texas A&M Aggies, the TCU Horned Frogs, and the SMU Mustangs.", "qas": [ { "id": "38262", "question": "what type of schools does the state have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "ten Division I-FBS schools" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to a survey of Division I-A coaches the rivalry between the University of Oklahoma and the University of Texas at Austin, the Red River Shootout, ranks the third best in the nation. The TCU Horned Frogs and SMU Mustangs also share a rivalry and compete annually in the Battle for the Iron Skillet. A fierce rivalry, the Lone Star Showdown, also exists between the state's two largest universities, Texas A&M University and the University of Texas at Austin. The athletics portion of the Lone Star Showdown rivalry has been put on hold after the Texas A&M Aggies joined the Southeastern Conference.", "qas": [ { "id": "38263", "question": "what is the third best in the nation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "Red River Shootout" } ] }, { "id": "38264", "question": "what share a rivalry and compete in the battle for the iron skillet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "TCU Horned Frogs and SMU Mustangs" } ] }, { "id": "38265", "question": "what is the name of the iron rivalry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 294, "text": "Iron Skillet" } ] }, { "id": "38266", "question": "what is the name of the rivalry between austin and austin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 330, "text": "Lone Star Showdown" } ] }, { "id": "38267", "question": "who joined the southeastern conference ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 555, "text": "Texas A&M Aggies" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The University Interscholastic League (UIL) organizes most primary and secondary school competitions. Events organized by UIL include contests in athletics (the most popular being high school football) as well as artistic and academic subjects.", "qas": [ { "id": "38268", "question": "what is the university competitions", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "University Interscholastic League (UIL) organizes most primary and secondary school competitions" } ] }, { "id": "38269", "question": "where is the most popular school in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "athletics" } ] }, { "id": "38270", "question": "what is the most popular school in athletics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "high school football" } ] }, { "id": "38271", "question": "what are the most popular school in athletics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "artistic and academic subjects" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texans also enjoy the rodeo. The world's first rodeo was hosted in Pecos, Texas. The annual Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo is the largest rodeo in the world. It begins with trail rides that originate from several points throughout the state that convene at Reliant Park. The Southwestern Exposition and Livestock Show in Fort Worth is the oldest continuously running rodeo incorporating many of the state's most historic traditions into its annual events. Dallas hosts the State Fair of Texas each year at Fair Park.", "qas": [ { "id": "38272", "question": "where was the world 's first rodeo hosted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Pecos, Texas" } ] }, { "id": "38273", "question": "what is the largest rodeo in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo" } ] }, { "id": "38274", "question": "where do trail rides from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "Reliant Park" } ] }, { "id": "38275", "question": "what is the oldest continuously running rodeo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "Fort Worth" } ] }, { "id": "38276", "question": "where is the state fair of texas located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 508, "text": "Fair Park" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Texas Motor Speedway hosts annual NASCAR Cup Series and IndyCar Series auto races since 1997. Since 2012, Austin's Circuit of the Americas plays host to a round of the Formula 1 World Championship \u2014the first at a permanent road circuit in the United States since the 1980 Grand Prix at Watkins Glen International\u2014, as well as Grand Prix motorcycle racing, FIA World Endurance Championship and United SportsCar Championship races.", "qas": [ { "id": "38277", "question": "what is auto races ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "NASCAR Cup Series and IndyCar Series" } ] }, { "id": "38278", "question": "in what year was the texas motor speedway speedway ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "1997" } ] }, { "id": "38279", "question": "where is the 1980 grand prix ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "Watkins Glen International\u2014" } ] }, { "id": "38280", "question": "what is the name of the world 's circuit races ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 356, "text": "FIA World Endurance Championship and United SportsCar Championship races" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\n", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Texas" } ] }