{ "data": [ { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The gmina (Polish pronunciation , plural \"gminy\" ) is the principal unit of the administrative division of Poland, similar to a commune or municipality. As of 2010 there were 2,478 gminy throughout the country. The word \"gmina\" derives from the German word \"Gemeinde\", meaning \"community.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "38281", "question": "what is the principal unit of the administrative division of poland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "gmina" } ] }, { "id": "38282", "question": "what is the principal unit of poland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "gminy" } ] }, { "id": "38283", "question": "what was the population of the country in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "2,478" } ] }, { "id": "38284", "question": "what word does the word `` community '' come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "Gemeinde" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The gmina has been the basic unit of territorial division in Poland since 1974, when it replaced the smaller gromada (cluster). There are three types of gminy:\nSome rural gminy have their seat in a town which is outside the gmina's division. For example, the \"rural\" Gmina August\u00f3w is administered from the town of August\u00f3w, but does not include the town, as August\u00f3w is an \"urban\" type gmina in its own right.", "qas": [ { "id": "38285", "question": "in what year did the cluster division become the basic unit of territorial division ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "1974" } ] }, { "id": "38286", "question": "what town is the `` rural ages '' administered from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 315, "text": "August\u00f3w" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The legislative and controlling body of each gmina is the elected municipal council (\"rada gminy\"), or in a town: \"rada miasta\" (town assembly). Executive power is held by the directly elected mayor of the municipality, called \"w\u00f3jt\" in rural gminy, \"burmistrz\" in most urban and urban-rural gminy, or \"prezydent\" in towns with more than 400,000 inhabitants and some others which traditionally use the title. A gmina may create auxiliary units (\"jednostki pomocnicze\"), which play a subordinate administrative role. In rural areas these are called so\u0142ectwa, in towns they may be dzielnice or osiedla and in an urban-rural gmina, the town itself may be designated as an auxiliary unit. For a complete listing of all the gminy in Poland, see \"List of Polish gminas\".", "qas": [ { "id": "38287", "question": "how many inhabitants are in the mayor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 338, "text": "400,000" } ] }, { "id": "38288", "question": "what are the town itself called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 548, "text": "so\u0142ectwa" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Each gmina carries out two types of tasks: its own tasks and commissioned ones. Own tasks are public tasks exercised by self-government, which serve to satisfy the needs of the community. The tasks can be twofold:", "qas": [ { "id": "38289", "question": "what are the types of tasks of tasks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "its own tasks and commissioned ones" } ] }, { "id": "38290", "question": "what serve to satisfy the needs of the community ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "self-government" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Commissioned tasks cover the remaining public tasks resulting from legitimate needs of the state, commissioned by central government for the units of local government to implement. The tasks are handed over on the basis of statutory by-laws, charters and regulations, or by way of agreements between the self-government units and central-government administration.", "qas": [ { "id": "38291", "question": "what are statutory by-laws handed over ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "charters and regulations" } ] }, { "id": "38292", "question": "what are the tasks of statutory by-laws ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "agreements between the self-government units and central-government administration" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Gmina" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Ireland (; ; Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth.", "qas": [ { "id": "38293", "question": "where is ireland located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "North Atlantic" } ] }, { "id": "38294", "question": "ireland is separated from great britain to what channel ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland (officially named Ireland), which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom, in the northeast of the island. In 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4\u00a0million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6\u00a0million live in the Republic of Ireland and just over 1.8\u00a0million live in Northern Ireland.", "qas": [ { "id": "38295", "question": "what country is ireland divided between ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "the Republic of Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "38296", "question": "what is another name for the republic of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "38297", "question": "what was the population of ireland in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 268, "text": "6.4\u00a0million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The island's geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild but changeable climate which avoids extremes in temperature. Thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, compared with a European average of 35%. There are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is very moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area. However, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant.", "qas": [ { "id": "38298", "question": "what percentage of land is wooded in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 380, "text": "11%" } ] }, { "id": "38299", "question": "what is the european average of land in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 434, "text": "35%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE. The island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland. However, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th\u201317th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, and was extended during the 18th century. With the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. A war of independence in the early 20th century was followed by the partition of the island, creating the Irish Free State, which became increasingly sovereign over the following decades, and Northern Ireland, which remained a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s. This subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, and Northern Ireland, as part of it, did the same.", "qas": [ { "id": "38300", "question": "when is the earliest evidence of human presence in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "10,500 BC" } ] }, { "id": "38301", "question": "when did gaelic ireland emerged ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "1st century CE" } ] }, { "id": "38302", "question": "what happened to the island in the 5th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Christianised" } ] }, { "id": "38303", "question": "in what year did ireland become a part of the united kingdom ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 637, "text": "1801" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, a strong indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music, and the Irish language. The culture of the island also shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing, and golf.", "qas": [ { "id": "38304", "question": "what were the indigenous culture expressed through ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "Gaelic games, Irish music, and the Irish language" } ] }, { "id": "38305", "question": "what country does the culture of the island have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 316, "text": "Great Britain" } ] }, { "id": "38306", "question": "what are some of the sports language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 382, "text": "association football, rugby, horse racing, and golf" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The name Ireland derives from Old Irish \"Eriu\". This in turn derives from Proto-Celtic \"*Iveriu\" (compare Welsh \"\"), which is also the source of Latin \"Hibernia\". \"Iveriu\" derives from a root meaning \"fat, prosperous\".", "qas": [ { "id": "38307", "question": "where does the name ireland come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "Old Irish \"Eriu\"" } ] }, { "id": "38308", "question": "where is the source of latin `` hibernia '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "Proto-Celtic \"*Iveriu" } ] }, { "id": "38309", "question": "what is the latin word for latin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "Hibernia" } ] }, { "id": "38310", "question": "what does a root word for `` iveriu '' mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "fat, prosperous\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time. Sea levels were lower and Ireland, like Great Britain, formed part of continental Europe. By 12,000 BC, rising sea levels due to ice melting caused Ireland to become separated from Great Britain. Later, around 5600 BC, Great Britain itself became separated from continental Europe. The earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Until recently the earliest evidence of humans in Ireland were Mesolithic people who arrived by boat from Britain between 8000 BC and 7000 BC.", "qas": [ { "id": "38311", "question": "when was most of the time of ireland covered by the last glacial period ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "9000 years ago" } ] }, { "id": "38312", "question": "when did ireland begin to become separated from great britain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "12,000 BC" } ] }, { "id": "38313", "question": "when did great britain become separated from continental europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 333, "text": "5600 BC" } ] }, { "id": "38314", "question": "when is the earliest evidence of human presence in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 468, "text": "10,500 BC" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From about 4500 BC, Neolithic settlers arrived introducing cereal cultivars, a housing culture (similar to those of the same period in Scotland) and stone monuments. A more advanced agriculture was to develop at the C\u00e9ide Fields, preserved beneath a blanket of peat in present-day Tyrawley. An extensive field system, arguably the oldest in the world, consisted of small divisions separated by dry-stone walls. The fields were farmed for several centuries between 3500 BC and 3000 BC. Wheat and barley were the principal crops, imported from the Iberian Peninsula.", "qas": [ { "id": "38315", "question": "from what year did neolithic settlers begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "4500 BC" } ] }, { "id": "38316", "question": "where was a more advanced agriculture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "C\u00e9ide Fields" } ] }, { "id": "38317", "question": "how many walls of divisions are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 394, "text": "dry-stone walls" } ] }, { "id": "38318", "question": "when were the fields of the fields farmed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 464, "text": "3500 BC and 3000 BC" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Bronze Age\u00a0\u2013 defined by the use of metal\u00a0\u2013 began around 2500 BC, with technology changing people's everyday lives during this period through innovations such as the wheel, harnessing oxen, weaving textiles, brewing alcohol, and skilful metalworking, which produced new weapons and tools, along with fine gold decoration and jewellery, such as brooches and torcs. According to John T. Koch and others, Ireland in the Late Bronze Age was part of a maritime trading-network culture called the Atlantic Bronze Age that also included Britain, western France and Iberia, and that this is where Celtic languages developed. This contrasts with the traditional view that their origin lies in mainland Europe with the Hallstatt culture.", "qas": [ { "id": "38319", "question": "what is the bronze age defined by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "metal\u00a0" } ] }, { "id": "38320", "question": "when did the bronze age begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "2500 BC" } ] }, { "id": "38321", "question": "who developed the atlantic bronze age ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 380, "text": "John T. Koch" } ] }, { "id": "38322", "question": "what was the name of the age that ireland was called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 494, "text": "Atlantic Bronze Age" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the Iron Age, a Celtic language and culture emerged in Ireland. How and when the island of Ireland became Celtic has been debated for close to a century, with the migrations of the Celts being one of the more enduring themes of archaeological and linguistic studies. Today, there is more than one school of thought on how this occurred in Ireland.\nThe long-standing traditional view, once widely accepted, is that Celtic language, Ogham script and culture were brought to Ireland by waves of invading or migrating Celts from mainland Europe. This theory draws on the \"Lebor Gab\u00e1la \u00c9renn\", a medieval Christian pseudo-history of Ireland along with the presence of Celtic culture, language and artefacts found in Ireland such as Celtic bronze spears, shields, torcs and other finely crafted Celtic associated possessions. The theory holds that there were four separate Celtic invasions of Ireland. The Priteni were said to be the first, followed by the Belgae from northern Gaul and Britain. Later, Laighin tribes from Armorica (present-day Brittany) were said to have invaded Ireland and Britain more or less simultaneously. Lastly, the Milesians (Gaels) were said to have reached Ireland from either northern Iberia or southern Gaul. It was claimed that a second wave named the Euerni, belonging to the Belgae people of northern Gaul, began arriving about the sixth century BC. They were said to have given their name to the island.", "qas": [ { "id": "38323", "question": "what is the name of the theory of ireland 's theory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 575, "text": "Lebor Gab\u00e1la \u00c9renn" } ] }, { "id": "38324", "question": "how many celtic invasions are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 860, "text": "four" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A more recent theory, with broad support among archaeologists, is that Celtic culture and language arrived in Ireland as a result of cultural diffusion. This theory proposes that the Celticisation of Ireland may have been the culmination of a long process of social and economic interaction between Ireland, Britain and adjacent parts of Continental Europe.", "qas": [ { "id": "38325", "question": "what type of diffusion did celtic culture have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "cultural diffusion" } ] }, { "id": "38326", "question": "what may have been the culmination of a long process of social and economic interaction ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "Celticisation of Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "38327", "question": "what parts of ireland has the culmination of social and economic interaction ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 299, "text": "Ireland, Britain and adjacent parts of Continental Europe" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The theory was advanced in part because of lack of archeological evidence for large-scale Celtic immigration, though it is accepted that such movements are notoriously difficult to identify. Some proponents of this theory hold that it is likely that there was migration of smaller groups of Celts to Ireland, with sufficiently regular traffic to constitute a \"migration stream,\" but that this was not the fundamental cause of Insular Celticisation. Historical linguists are sceptical that this method alone could account for the absorption of the Celtic language, with some saying that an assumed processional view of Celtic linguistic formation is 'an especially hazardous exercise'. Genetic lineage investigation into the area of Celtic migration to Ireland has led to findings that showed no significant differences in mitochondrial DNA between Ireland and large areas of continental Europe, in contrast to parts of the Y-chromosome pattern. When taking both into account a recent study drew the conclusion that modern Celtic speakers in Ireland could be thought of as European \"Atlantic Celts\" showing a shared ancestry throughout the Atlantic zone from northern Iberia to western Scandinavia rather than substantially central European.", "qas": [ { "id": "38328", "question": "what is the fundamental cause of migration ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 426, "text": "Insular Celticisation" } ] }, { "id": "38329", "question": "what is the name of the pattern that ireland has led to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 923, "text": "Y-chromosome pattern" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The earliest written records of Ireland come from classical Greco-Roman geographers. Ptolemy in his \"Almagest\" refers to Ireland as \"Mikra Brettania\" (\"Little Britain\"), in contrast to the larger island, which he called \"Megale Brettania\" (\"Great Britain\"). In his later work, \"Geography\", Ptolemy refers to Ireland as \"Iouernia\" and to Great Britain as \"Albion\". These \"new\" names were likely to have been the local names for the islands at the time. The earlier names, in contrast, were likely to have been coined before direct contact with local peoples was made.", "qas": [ { "id": "38330", "question": "what does almagest mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Mikra Brettania" } ] }, { "id": "38331", "question": "what was the name of ptolemy 's larger island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 221, "text": "Megale Brettania" } ] }, { "id": "38332", "question": "what did ptolemy call ptolemy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 355, "text": "Albion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Romans would later refer to Ireland by this name too in its Latinised form, \"Hibernia\", or Scotia. Ptolemy records sixteen nations inhabiting every part of Ireland in 100 CE. The relationship between the Roman Empire and the kingdoms of ancient Ireland is unclear. However, a number of finds of Roman coins have been made, for example at the Iron Age settlement of Freestone Hill near Gowran and Newgrange.", "qas": [ { "id": "38333", "question": "what were the names of the form of the romans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "\"Hibernia\", or Scotia" } ] }, { "id": "38334", "question": "how many nations did ptolemy records have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "sixteen" } ] }, { "id": "38335", "question": "when did ptolemy records begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "100 CE" } ] }, { "id": "38336", "question": "what is the name of the iron age settlement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 369, "text": "Freestone Hill near Gowran and Newgrange" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ireland continued as a patchwork of rival kingdoms but, beginning in the 7th century, a concept of national kingship gradually became articulated through the concept of a High King of Ireland. Medieval Irish literature portrays an almost unbroken sequence of High Kings stretching back thousands of years but modern historians believe the scheme was constructed in the 8th century to justify the status of powerful political groupings by projecting the origins of their rule into the remote past.", "qas": [ { "id": "38337", "question": "when did the concept of national kingship begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "7th century" } ] }, { "id": "38338", "question": "what was the concept of national kingship ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "High King of Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "38339", "question": "in what century was the scheme constructed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 369, "text": "8th century" } ] } ] }, { "context": "All of the Irish kingdoms had their own kings but were nominally subject to the High King. The High King was drawn from the ranks of the provincial kings and ruled also the royal kingdom of Meath, with a ceremonial capital at the Hill of Tara. The concept only became a political reality in the Viking Age and even then was not a consistent one. Ireland did have a culturally unifying rule of law: the early written judicial system, the Brehon Laws, administered by a professional class of jurists known as the \"brehons\".\n\"The Chronicle of Ireland\" records that in 431 Bishop Palladius arrived in Ireland on a mission from Pope Celestine I to minister to the Irish \"already believing in Christ\". The same chronicle records that Saint Patrick, Ireland's best known patron saint, arrived the following year. There is continued debate over the missions of Palladius and Patrick but the consensus is that they both took place and that the older druid tradition collapsed in the face of the new religion. Irish Christian scholars excelled in the study of Latin and Greek learning and Christian theology. In the monastic culture that followed the Christianisation of Ireland, Latin and Greek learning was preserved in Ireland during the Early Middle Ages in contrast to elsewhere in Europe, where the Dark Ages followed the Fall of the Western Roman Empire.", "qas": [ { "id": "38340", "question": "who were the irish kingdoms subject to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "High King" } ] }, { "id": "38341", "question": "what was the royal kingdom of the provincial kings called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "Meath" } ] }, { "id": "38342", "question": "where was the ceremonial king of the king ruled ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "Hill of Tara" } ] }, { "id": "38343", "question": "what was the professional class of jurists called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 512, "text": "brehons" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The arts of manuscript illumination, metalworking and sculpture flourished and produced treasures such as the \"Book of Kells\", ornate jewellery and the many carved stone crosses that still dot the island today. A mission founded in 563 on Iona by the Irish monk Saint Columba began a tradition of Irish missionary work that spread Celtic Christianity and learning to Scotland, England and the Frankish Empire on Continental Europe after the fall of Rome. These missions continued until the late Middle Ages, establishing monasteries and centres of learning, producing scholars such as Sedulius Scottus and Johannes Eriugena and exerting much influence in Europe.", "qas": [ { "id": "38344", "question": "what was the name of the book that carved the arts of manuscript ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "Book of Kells" } ] }, { "id": "38345", "question": "when was the mission of a mission founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "563" } ] }, { "id": "38346", "question": "who founded the irish missionary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "Saint Columba" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 1 May 1169, an expedition of Cambro-Norman knights with an army of about six hundred landed at Bannow Strand in present-day County Wexford. It was led by Richard de Clare, called \"Strongbow\" due to his prowess as an archer. The invasion, which coincided with a period of renewed Norman expansion, was at the invitation of Dermot Mac Murrough, the king of Leinster.", "qas": [ { "id": "38347", "question": "when was the expedition of about six hundred landed at county ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1 May 1169" } ] }, { "id": "38348", "question": "where was an army of about six hundred landed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "Bannow Strand" } ] }, { "id": "38349", "question": "where was an army of about six hundred hundred hundred hundred hundred county landed in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "County Wexford" } ] }, { "id": "38350", "question": "who led the knights of an army ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "Richard de Clare" } ] }, { "id": "38351", "question": "what was richard de clare 's nickname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "Strongbow" } ] }, { "id": "38352", "question": "who was the king of leinster ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 325, "text": "Dermot Mac Murrough" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1166, Mac Murrough had fled to Anjou, France, following a war involving Tighearn\u00e1n Ua Ruairc, of Breifne, and sought the assistance of the Angevin king, Henry II, in recapturing his kingdom. In 1171, Henry arrived in Ireland in order to review the general progress of the expedition. He wanted to re-exert royal authority over the invasion which was expanding beyond his control. Henry successfully re-imposed his authority over Strongbow and the Cambro-Norman warlords and persuaded many of the Irish kings to accept him as their overlord, an arrangement confirmed in the 1175 Treaty of Windsor.", "qas": [ { "id": "38353", "question": "in what year did mac murrough fled to anjou ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1166" } ] }, { "id": "38354", "question": "who sought to anjou france in 1166 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Mac Murrough" } ] }, { "id": "38355", "question": "who was the war in 1166 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "Tighearn\u00e1n Ua Ruairc" } ] }, { "id": "38356", "question": "who was the assistance of the angevin king ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "Henry II" } ] }, { "id": "38357", "question": "in what year did henry arrived ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "1171" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The invasion was legitimised by the provisions of the Papal Bull \"Laudabiliter\", issued by Adrian IV in 1155. The bull encouraged Henry to take control in Ireland in order to oversee the financial and administrative reorganisation of the Irish Church and its integration into the Roman Church system. Some restructuring had already begun at the ecclesiastical level following the Synod of Kells in 1152. There has been significant controversy regarding the authenticity of \"Laudabiliter\", and there is no general agreement as to whether the bull was genuine or a forgery.", "qas": [ { "id": "38358", "question": "what was the name of the bull that legitimised adrian iv ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "Papal Bull \"Laudabiliter\"" } ] }, { "id": "38359", "question": "who issued the papal bull ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "Adrian IV" } ] }, { "id": "38360", "question": "where was adrian iv issued ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "1155" } ] }, { "id": "38361", "question": "in what year did the synod of some restructuring begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 398, "text": "1152" } ] }, { "id": "38362", "question": "what is the name of the authenticity that there has been significant controversy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 474, "text": "Laudabiliter" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1172, the new pope, Alexander III, further encouraged Henry to advance the integration of the Irish Church with Rome. Henry was authorised to impose a tithe of one penny per hearth as an annual contribution. This church levy, called Peter's Pence, is extant in Ireland as a voluntary donation. In turn, Henry accepted the title of Lord of Ireland which Henry conferred on his younger son, John Lackland, in 1185. This defined the Irish state as the Lordship of Ireland. When Henry's successor died unexpectedly in 1199, John inherited the crown of England and retained the Lordship of Ireland.\nOver the century that followed, Norman feudal law gradually replaced the Gaelic Brehon Law so that by the late 13th century the Norman-Irish had established a feudal system throughout much of Ireland. Norman settlements were characterised by the establishment of baronies, manors, towns and the seeds of the modern county system. A version of the Magna Carta (the Great Charter of Ireland), substituting \"Dublin\" for \"London\" and \"Irish Church\" for \"Church of England\", was published in 1216 and the Parliament of Ireland was founded in 1297.", "qas": [ { "id": "38363", "question": "in what year did alexander iii encouraged henry to advance the integration of the irish church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1172" } ] }, { "id": "38364", "question": "who encouraged henry to advance the integration of the irish church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "Alexander III" } ] }, { "id": "38365", "question": "what is the name of ireland 's church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "Peter's Pence" } ] }, { "id": "38366", "question": "who was henry 's younger son ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 392, "text": "John Lackland" } ] }, { "id": "38367", "question": "when did henry 's successor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 517, "text": "1199" } ] }, { "id": "38368", "question": "where was the parliament of ireland founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1134, "text": "1297" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From the mid-14th century, after the Black Death, Norman settlements in Ireland went into a period of decline. The Norman rulers and the Gaelic Irish elites intermarried and the areas under Norman rule became Gaelicised. In some parts, a hybrid Hiberno-Norman culture emerged. In response, the Irish parliament passed the Statutes of Kilkenny in 1367. These were a set of laws designed to prevent the assimilation of the Normans into Irish society by requiring English subjects in Ireland to speak English, follow English customs and abide by English law.", "qas": [ { "id": "38369", "question": "what was the name of the areas under norman rule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "Gaelicised" } ] }, { "id": "38370", "question": "in what year did the irish parliament adopt the statutes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 346, "text": "1367" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By the end of the 15th century central English authority in Ireland had all but disappeared and a renewed Irish culture and language, albeit with Norman influences, was dominant again. English Crown control remained relatively unshaken in an amorphous foothold around Dublin known as The Pale, and under the provisions of Poynings' Law of 1494, the Irish Parliamentary legislation was subject to the approval of the English Parliament.", "qas": [ { "id": "38371", "question": "what was the dublin foothold called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 284, "text": "The Pale" } ] }, { "id": "38372", "question": "what was the name of the irish parliamentary legislation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "Poynings' Law of 1494" } ] }, { "id": "38373", "question": "what was the irish parliamentary legislation subject to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 396, "text": "the approval of the English Parliament" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The title of \"King of Ireland\" was re-created in 1542 by Henry VIII, then King of England, of the Tudor dynasty. English rule of law was reinforced and expanded in Ireland during the latter part of the 16th century, leading to the Tudor conquest of Ireland. A near complete conquest was achieved by the turn of the 17th century, following the Nine Years' War and the Flight of the Earls.", "qas": [ { "id": "38374", "question": "what was the title of the title of the king of england ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "King of Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "38375", "question": "in what year was the title of king of ireland '' re-created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "1542" } ] }, { "id": "38376", "question": "who re-created the title of `` king of ireland '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Henry VIII" } ] }, { "id": "38377", "question": "what was the name of the king of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "King of England" } ] }, { "id": "38378", "question": "what dynasty was the title of king of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "the Tudor dynasty" } ] }, { "id": "38379", "question": "when did english rule of law begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "the 16th century" } ] }, { "id": "38380", "question": "what was the name of the conquest of english rule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "Tudor conquest of Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "38381", "question": "when was a near complete conquest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 311, "text": "the 17th century" } ] }, { "id": "38382", "question": "how long did the 17th century last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 343, "text": "Nine Years' War and the Flight of the Earls" } ] } ] }, { "context": "This control was further consolidated during the wars and conflicts of the 17th century, which witnessed English and Scottish colonisation in the Plantations of Ireland, the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Williamite War. Irish losses during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (which, in Ireland, included the Irish Confederacy and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland) are estimated to include 20,000 battlefield casualties. 200,000 civilians are estimated to have died as a result of a combination of war-related famine, displacement, guerrilla activity and pestilence over the duration of the war. A further 50,000 were sent into indentured servitude in the West Indies. Some historians estimate that as much as half of the pre-war population of Ireland may have died as a result of the conflict.", "qas": [ { "id": "38383", "question": "what wars did ireland have in the 17th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Williamite War" } ] }, { "id": "38384", "question": "during what wars did irish losses begin to include 20,000 battlefield casualties ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "Wars of the Three Kingdoms" } ] }, { "id": "38385", "question": "what were the names of the irish losses that are in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "Irish Confederacy and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "38386", "question": "how many battlefield casualties are there in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 393, "text": "20,000" } ] }, { "id": "38387", "question": "how many civilians are estimated to have died as a result of the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 424, "text": "200,000" } ] }, { "id": "38388", "question": "how many were sent into indentured servitude ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 609, "text": "50,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The religious struggles of the 17th century left a deep sectarian division in Ireland. Religious allegiance now determined the perception in law of loyalty to the Irish King and Parliament. After the passing of the Test Act 1672, and with the victory of the forces of the dual monarchy of William and Mary over the Jacobites, Roman Catholics and nonconforming Protestant Dissenters were barred from sitting as members in the Irish Parliament. Under the emerging Penal Laws, Irish Roman Catholics and Dissenters were increasingly deprived of various and sundry civil rights even to the ownership of hereditary property. Additional regressive punitive legislation followed 1703, 1709 and 1728. This completed a comprehensive systemic effort to materially disadvantage Roman Catholics and Protestant Dissenters, while enriching a new ruling class of Anglican conformists. The new Anglo-Irish ruling class became known as the Protestant Ascendancy.\nAn extraordinary climatic shock known as the \"Great Frost\" struck Ireland and the rest of Europe between December 1739 and September 1741, after a decade of relatively mild winters. The winters destroyed stored crops of potatoes and other staples and the poor summers severely damaged harvests. This resulted in the famine of 1740. An estimated 250,000 people (about one in eight of the population) died from the ensuing pestilence and disease. The Irish government halted export of corn and kept the army in quarters but did little more. Local gentry and charitable organisations provided relief but could do little to prevent the ensuing mortality.", "qas": [ { "id": "38389", "question": "who was the perception of religious allegiance in law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "Irish King and Parliament" } ] }, { "id": "38390", "question": "when did the passing of the test act occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "1672" } ] }, { "id": "38391", "question": "what was the new anglo-irish ruling class called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 918, "text": "the Protestant Ascendancy" } ] }, { "id": "38392", "question": "how many people died in the population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1290, "text": "250,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the aftermath of the famine, an increase in industrial production and a surge in trade brought a succession of construction booms. The population soared in the latter part of this century and the architectural legacy of Georgian Ireland was built. In 1782, Poynings' Law was repealed, giving Ireland legislative independence from Great Britain for the first time since 1495. The British government, however, still retained the right to nominate the government of Ireland without the consent of the Irish parliament.", "qas": [ { "id": "38393", "question": "when was ireland 's law repealed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "1782" } ] }, { "id": "38394", "question": "what was the name of the first time that repealed ireland in 1782 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 372, "text": "1495" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1798, members of the Protestant Dissenter tradition (mainly Presbyterian) made common cause with Roman Catholics in a republican rebellion inspired and led by the Society of United Irishmen, with the aim of creating an independent Ireland. Despite assistance from France the rebellion was put down by British and Irish government and yeomanry forces. In 1800, the British and Irish parliaments both passed Acts of Union that, with effect from 1 January 1801, merged the Kingdom of Ireland and the Kingdom of Great Britain to create a United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.", "qas": [ { "id": "38395", "question": "in what year did members of the protestant rebellion occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1798" } ] }, { "id": "38396", "question": "what tradition did members of roman catholics use in 1798 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "Protestant Dissenter tradition" } ] }, { "id": "38397", "question": "who led the aim of roman catholics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "Society of United Irishmen" } ] }, { "id": "38398", "question": "who put the rebellion from france ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 304, "text": "British and Irish government and yeomanry forces" } ] }, { "id": "38399", "question": "in what year was the british and irish parliaments passed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 357, "text": "1800" } ] }, { "id": "38400", "question": "when did the british and irish parliaments effect union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 446, "text": "1 January 1801" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The passage of the Act in the Irish Parliament was ultimately achieved with substantial majorities, having failed on the first attempt in 1799. According to contemporary documents and historical analysis, this was achieved through a considerable degree of bribery, with funding provided by the British Secret Service Office, and the awarding of peerages, places and honours to secure votes. Thus, the parliament in Ireland was abolished and replaced by a united parliament at Westminster in London, though resistance remained, as evidenced by Robert Emmet's failed Irish Rebellion of 1803.", "qas": [ { "id": "38401", "question": "what was the passage of the passage of the irish parliament ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "substantial majorities" } ] }, { "id": "38402", "question": "in what year did the first attempt take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "1799" } ] }, { "id": "38403", "question": "who provided funding funding ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 294, "text": "British Secret Service Office" } ] }, { "id": "38404", "question": "what was the name of the rebellion in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 565, "text": "Irish Rebellion of 1803" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Aside from the development of the linen industry, Ireland was largely passed over by the industrial revolution, partly because it lacked coal and iron resources and partly because of the impact of the sudden union with the structurally superior economy of England, which saw Ireland as a source of agricultural produce and capital.\nThe Great Famine of 1845-1851 devastated Ireland, as in those years Ireland's population fell by one-third. More than one million people died from starvation and disease, while an additional two million people emigrated, mostly to the United States and Canada. By the end of the decade, half of all immigration to the United States was from Ireland. The period of civil unrest that followed until the end of the 19th century is referred to as the Land War. Mass emigration became deeply entrenched and the population continued to decline until the mid-20th century. Immediately prior to the famine the population was recorded as 8.2 million by the 1841 census. The population has never returned to this level since. The population continued to fall until 1961 and it was not until the 2006 census that the last county of Ireland (County Leitrim) to record a rise in population since 1841 did so.", "qas": [ { "id": "38405", "question": "what was the name of the great famine of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 352, "text": "1845-1851" } ] }, { "id": "38406", "question": "what was the population of the population in 1841 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 961, "text": "8.2 million" } ] }, { "id": "38407", "question": "when did the population of ireland begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1087, "text": "1961" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 19th and early 20th centuries saw the rise of modern Irish nationalism, primarily among the Roman Catholic population. The pre-eminent Irish political figure after the Union was Daniel O'Connell. He was elected as Member of Parliament for Ennis in a surprise result and despite being unable to take his seat as a Roman Catholic. O'Connell spearheaded a vigorous campaign that was taken up by the Prime Minister, the Irish-born soldier and statesman, the Duke of Wellington. Steering the Catholic Relief Bill through Parliament, aided by future prime minister Robert Peel, Wellington prevailed upon a reluctant George IV to sign the Bill and proclaim it into law. George's father had opposed the plan of the earlier Prime Minister, Pitt the Younger, to introduce such a bill following the Union of 1801, fearing Catholic Emancipation to be in conflict with the Act of Settlement 1701.", "qas": [ { "id": "38408", "question": "who was the pre-eminent irish political figure ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "Daniel O'Connell" } ] }, { "id": "38409", "question": "who was the duke of wellington ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 458, "text": "Duke of Wellington" } ] }, { "id": "38410", "question": "who was george 's father ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 735, "text": "Pitt the Younger" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Daniel O'Connell led a subsequent campaign, for the repeal of the Act of Union, which failed. Later in the century, Charles Stewart Parnell and others campaigned for autonomy within the Union, or \"Home Rule\". Unionists, especially those located in Ulster, were strongly opposed to Home Rule, which they thought would be dominated by Catholic interests. After several attempts to pass a Home Rule bill through parliament, it looked certain that one would finally pass in 1914. To prevent this from happening, the Ulster Volunteers were formed in 1913 under the leadership of Edward Carson.", "qas": [ { "id": "38411", "question": "who led the campaign of union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Daniel O'Connell" } ] }, { "id": "38412", "question": "what did daniel o'connell led to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "the repeal of the Act of Union" } ] }, { "id": "38413", "question": "who campaigned for autonomy within the union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Charles Stewart Parnell" } ] }, { "id": "38414", "question": "what was the name of the autonomy of charles stewart ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "Home Rule" } ] }, { "id": "38415", "question": "when were the ulster volunteers formed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 545, "text": "1913" } ] }, { "id": "38416", "question": "who formed the ulster volunteers in 1913 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 574, "text": "Edward Carson" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Their formation was followed in 1914 by the establishment of the Irish Volunteers, whose aim was to ensure that the Home Rule Bill was passed. The Act was passed but with the \"temporary\" exclusion of the six counties of Ulster that would become Northern Ireland. Before it could be implemented, however, the Act was suspended for the duration of the First World War. The Irish Volunteers split into two groups. The majority, approximately 175,000 in number, under John Redmond, took the name National Volunteers and supported Irish involvement in the war. A minority, approximately 13,000, retained the Irish Volunteers' name, and opposed Ireland's involvement in the war.\nThe Easter Rising of 1916 was carried out by the latter group together with a smaller socialist militia, the Irish Citizen Army. The British response, executing fifteen leaders of the Rising over a period of ten days and imprisoning or interning more than a thousand people, turned the mood of the country in favour of the rebels. Support for Irish republicanism increased further due to the ongoing war in Europe, as well as the Conscription Crisis of 1918.", "qas": [ { "id": "38417", "question": "when was the irish volunteers followed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "1914" } ] }, { "id": "38418", "question": "who was the establishment of the aim of the home rule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "the Irish Volunteers" } ] }, { "id": "38419", "question": "what was passed in 1914 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Home Rule Bill" } ] }, { "id": "38420", "question": "what was the act of the act called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "\"temporary\" exclusion of the six counties of Ulster that would become Northern Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "38421", "question": "how many number of national volunteers were there in the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 439, "text": "175,000" } ] }, { "id": "38422", "question": "who supported the name national volunteers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 464, "text": "John Redmond" } ] }, { "id": "38423", "question": "how many minority name did the irish volunteers have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 582, "text": "13,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The pro-independence republican party, Sinn F\u00e9in, received overwhelming endorsement in the general election of 1918, and in 1919 proclaimed an Irish Republic, setting up its own parliament (D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann) and government. Simultaneously the Volunteers, which became known as the Irish Republican Army (IRA), launched a three-year guerrilla war, which ended in a truce in July 1921 (although violence continued until June 1922, mostly in Northern Ireland).", "qas": [ { "id": "38424", "question": "what was the name of the pro-independence republican party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "Sinn F\u00e9in" } ] }, { "id": "38425", "question": "in what year was the pro-independence republican party received ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "1918" } ] }, { "id": "38426", "question": "in what year was the irish republic proclaimed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "1919" } ] }, { "id": "38427", "question": "what was the name of the guerrilla war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "Irish Republican Army" } ] }, { "id": "38428", "question": "when did the guerrilla war end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 369, "text": "July 1921" } ] }, { "id": "38429", "question": "when did the guerrilla war end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 414, "text": "June 1922" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In December 1921, the Anglo-Irish Treaty was concluded between the British Government and representatives of the Second D\u00e1il. It gave Ireland complete independence in its home affairs and practical independence for foreign policy, but an opt-out clause allowed Northern Ireland to remain within the United Kingdom, which it immediately exercised as expected. Additionally, an oath of allegiance to the King was to be taken. Disagreements over these provisions led to a split in the nationalist movement and a subsequent Irish Civil War between the new government of the Irish Free State and those opposed to the treaty, led by \u00c9amon de Valera. The civil war officially ended in May 1923 when de Valera issued a cease-fire order.", "qas": [ { "id": "38430", "question": "in what year was the anglo-irish treaty concluded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 12, "text": "1921" } ] }, { "id": "38431", "question": "what treaty was concluded between the british government and representatives of the second d\u00e1il ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "Anglo-Irish Treaty" } ] }, { "id": "38432", "question": "who concluded the anglo-irish treaty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "the British Government and representatives of the Second D\u00e1il" } ] }, { "id": "38433", "question": "who led the treaty of the irish war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 627, "text": "\u00c9amon de Valera" } ] }, { "id": "38434", "question": "when did the civil war end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 678, "text": "May 1923" } ] }, { "id": "38435", "question": "who issued the cease-fire order ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 692, "text": "de Valera" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During its first decade, the newly formed Irish Free State was governed by the victors of the civil war. When de Valera achieved power, he took advantage of the Statute of Westminster and political circumstances to build upon inroads to greater sovereignty made by the previous government. The oath was abolished and in 1937 a new constitution was adopted. This completed a process of gradual separation from the British Empire that governments had pursued since independence. However, it was not until 1949 that the state was declared, officially, to be the Republic of Ireland.", "qas": [ { "id": "38436", "question": "what was governed by the victors of the civil war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "Irish Free State" } ] }, { "id": "38437", "question": "who governed irish free state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "the victors of the civil war" } ] }, { "id": "38438", "question": "when was a new constitution adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 320, "text": "1937" } ] }, { "id": "38439", "question": "when was the state declared the republic of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 503, "text": "1949" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The state was neutral during World War II, but offered clandestine assistance to the Allies, particularly in the potential defence of Northern Ireland. Despite their country's neutrality, approximately 50,000 volunteers from independent Ireland joined the British forces during the war, four being awarded Victoria Crosses.", "qas": [ { "id": "38440", "question": "during what war was the state neutral neutral ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "World War II" } ] }, { "id": "38441", "question": "how many volunteers did the country lose during the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "50,000" } ] }, { "id": "38442", "question": "how many volunteers were awarded victoria 's neutrality ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "38443", "question": "what was the name of victoria 's neutrality 's neutrality ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "Victoria Crosses" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Abwehr was also active in Ireland. German intelligence operations effectively ended in September 1941 when police made arrests on the basis of surveillance carried out on the key diplomatic legations in Dublin, including that of the United States. To the authorities, counterintelligence was a fundamental line of defence. With a regular army of only slightly over seven thousand men at the start of the war, and with limited supplies of modern weapons, the state would have had great difficulty in defending itself from invasion from either side in the conflict.", "qas": [ { "id": "38444", "question": "when did german intelligence operations end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "September 1941" } ] }, { "id": "38445", "question": "what was a fundamental line of defence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "counterintelligence" } ] }, { "id": "38446", "question": "how many men were at the start of the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 364, "text": "over seven thousand" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Large-scale emigration marked most of the post-WWII period (particularly during the 1950s and 1980s), but beginning in 1987 the economy improved, and the 1990s saw the beginning of substantial economic growth. This period of growth became known as the \"Celtic Tiger\". The Republic's real GDP grew by an average of 9.6% per annum between 1995 and 1999, in which year the Republic joined the euro. In 2000, it was the sixth-richest country in the world in terms of GDP per capita.", "qas": [ { "id": "38447", "question": "in what year did the large-scale emigration occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "1987" } ] }, { "id": "38448", "question": "what was the name of the period that growth was known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "Celtic Tiger" } ] }, { "id": "38449", "question": "what was the average gdp of the republic 's real gdp ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 314, "text": "9.6%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Social changes also occurred in this time, most markedly with the decline in authority of the Catholic Church. The financial crisis that began in 2008 dramatically ended this period of boom. GDP fell by 3% in 2008 and by 7.1% in 2009, the worst year since records began (although earnings by foreign-owned businesses continued to grow). The state has since experienced deep recession, with unemployment, which doubled during 2009, remaining above 14% in 2012.", "qas": [ { "id": "38450", "question": "when did the financial crisis begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "2008" } ] }, { "id": "38451", "question": "what was the gdp of gdp in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "3%" } ] }, { "id": "38452", "question": "what was the percentage of gdp in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 221, "text": "7.1%" } ] }, { "id": "38453", "question": "what was the unemployment rate in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 447, "text": "14%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Northern Ireland was created as a division of the United Kingdom by the Government of Ireland Act 1920 and until 1972 it was a self-governing jurisdiction within the United Kingdom with its own parliament and prime minister. Northern Ireland, as part of the United Kingdom, was not neutral during the Second World War and Belfast suffered four bombing raids in 1941. Conscription was not extended to Northern Ireland and roughly an equal number volunteered from Northern Ireland as volunteered from the south. One, James Joseph Magennis, received the Victoria Cross for valour.", "qas": [ { "id": "38454", "question": "northern ireland was created as what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "the Government of Ireland Act 1920" } ] }, { "id": "38455", "question": "how many bombing raids did belfast have in 1941 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 339, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "38456", "question": "in what year did the second bombing raids occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 361, "text": "1941" } ] }, { "id": "38457", "question": "who was victoria 's cross ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 515, "text": "James Joseph Magennis" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although Northern Ireland was largely spared the strife of the civil war, in decades that followed partition there were sporadic episodes of inter-communal violence. Nationalists, mainly Roman Catholic, wanted to unite Ireland as an independent republic, whereas unionists, mainly Protestant, wanted Northern Ireland to remain in the United Kingdom. The Protestant and Catholic communities in Northern Ireland voted largely along sectarian lines, meaning that the Government of Northern Ireland (elected by \"first-past-the-post\" from 1929) was controlled by the Ulster Unionist Party. Over time, the minority Catholic community felt increasingly alienated with further disaffection fuelled by practices such as gerrymandering and discrimination in housing and employment.", "qas": [ { "id": "38458", "question": "what religion did unionists belong to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "Protestant" } ] }, { "id": "38459", "question": "what did the protestant and catholic communities believe was controlled by sectarian lines ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 460, "text": "the Government of Northern Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "38460", "question": "who controlled the government of northern ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 562, "text": "Ulster Unionist Party" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the late 1960s, nationalist grievances were aired publicly in mass civil rights protests, which were often confronted by loyalist counter-protests. The government's reaction to confrontations was seen to be one-sided and heavy-handed in favour of unionists. Law and order broke down as unrest and inter-communal violence increased. The Northern Ireland government requested the British Army to aid the police, who were exhausted after several nights of serious rioting. In 1969, the paramilitary Provisional IRA, which favoured the creation of a united Ireland, emerged from a split in the Irish Republican Army and began a campaign against what it called the \"British occupation of the six counties\".", "qas": [ { "id": "38461", "question": "what were nationalist grievances aired in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "mass civil rights protests" } ] }, { "id": "38462", "question": "who confronted nationalist grievances ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "loyalist counter-protests" } ] }, { "id": "38463", "question": "what was the reaction of the government 's reaction to confrontations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "one-sided and heavy-handed in favour of unionists" } ] }, { "id": "38464", "question": "what were the law and order and order and order and order and order broke down ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 289, "text": "unrest and inter-communal violence increased" } ] }, { "id": "38465", "question": "what did the northern ireland government support ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 377, "text": "the British Army to aid the police" } ] }, { "id": "38466", "question": "in what year did the paramilitary provisional ira , which favoured the creation of a united ireland government take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 476, "text": "1969" } ] }, { "id": "38467", "question": "where did the paramilitary provisional ira come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 593, "text": "Irish Republican Army" } ] }, { "id": "38468", "question": "what was the name of the occupation of the united ireland government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 664, "text": "British occupation of the six counties" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other groups, on both the unionist side and the nationalist side, participated in violence and a period known as the Troubles began. Over 3,600 deaths resulted over the subsequent three decades of conflict. Owing to the civil unrest during the Troubles, the British government suspended home rule in 1972 and imposed direct rule. There were several unsuccessful attempts to end the Troubles politically, such as the Sunningdale Agreement of 1973. In 1998, following a ceasefire by the Provisional IRA and multi-party talks, the Good Friday Agreement was concluded as a treaty between the British and Irish governments, annexing the text agreed in the multi-party talks.", "qas": [ { "id": "38469", "question": "what was the name of the period that participated in violence in violence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "the Troubles began" } ] }, { "id": "38470", "question": "how many people died in the conflict ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Over 3,600 deaths" } ] }, { "id": "38471", "question": "when was the british government suspended ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 300, "text": "1972" } ] }, { "id": "38472", "question": "what was the name of the agreement that was used to end the troubles ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 416, "text": "Sunningdale Agreement of 1973" } ] }, { "id": "38473", "question": "in what year was the treaty between the british and irish governments annexing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 450, "text": "1998" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The substance of the Agreement (formally referred to as the Belfast Agreement) was later endorsed by referendums in both parts of Ireland. The Agreement restored self-government to Northern Ireland on the basis of power-sharing in a regional Executive drawn from the major parties in a new Northern Ireland Assembly, with entrenched protections for the two main communities. The Executive is jointly headed by a First Minister and deputy First Minister drawn from the unionist and nationalist parties. Violence had decreased greatly after the Provisional IRA and loyalist ceasefires in 1994 and in 2005 the Provisional IRA announced the end of its armed campaign and an independent commission supervised its disarmament and that of other nationalist and unionist paramilitary organisations.", "qas": [ { "id": "38474", "question": "what was the substance formally referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "the Belfast Agreement" } ] }, { "id": "38475", "question": "who headed the executive executive ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 410, "text": "a First Minister and deputy First Minister" } ] }, { "id": "38476", "question": "when did the provisional ira and loyalist ceasefires ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 586, "text": "1994" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Assembly and power-sharing Executive were suspended several times but were restored again in 2007. In that year the British government officially ended its military support of the police in Northern Ireland (Operation Banner) and began withdrawing troops.\nOn 27 June 2012, Northern Ireland's deputy first minister and former IRA commander, Martin McGuinness, shook hands with Queen Elizabeth II in Belfast, symbolising reconciliation between the two sides.", "qas": [ { "id": "38477", "question": "in what year were the executive assembly suspended ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "2007" } ] }, { "id": "38478", "question": "when did queen elizabeth ii die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "27 June 2012" } ] }, { "id": "38479", "question": "who was northern ireland 's former ira commander ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 344, "text": "Martin McGuinness" } ] }, { "id": "38480", "question": "who was the queen 's first minister ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 380, "text": "Queen Elizabeth II" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Politically, the island is divided between the Republic of Ireland, an independent state, and Northern Ireland (a constituent country of the United Kingdom). They share an open border and both are part of the Common Travel Area.", "qas": [ { "id": "38481", "question": "what is the island divided between ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "the Republic of Ireland, an independent state, and Northern Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "38482", "question": "what does northern ireland stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "a constituent country of the United Kingdom" } ] }, { "id": "38483", "question": "what are the part of the travel border ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "Common Travel Area" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Both the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom are members of the European Union, and as a consequence there is free movement of people, goods, services and capital across the border.", "qas": [ { "id": "38484", "question": "the republic of ireland and the united kingdom are members of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "the European Union" } ] }, { "id": "38485", "question": "what are the free movement of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "people, goods, services and capital across the border" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Republic of Ireland is a parliamentary democracy based on the British model, with a written constitution and a popularly elected president who has mostly ceremonial powers. The government is headed by a prime minister, the Taoiseach, who is appointed by the President on the nomination of the lower house of parliament, the D\u00e1il. Members of the government are chosen from both the D\u00e1il and the upper house of parliament, the Seanad. Its capital is Dublin.", "qas": [ { "id": "38486", "question": "what is a parliamentary democracy based on the british model ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Republic of Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "38487", "question": "the republic of ireland is a parliamentary democracy based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "the British model" } ] }, { "id": "38488", "question": "what type of powers does the republic of ireland have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "ceremonial powers" } ] }, { "id": "38489", "question": "who is the prime minister of parliament ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "the Taoiseach" } ] }, { "id": "38490", "question": "what is the name of the prime minister ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "the D\u00e1il" } ] }, { "id": "38491", "question": "what is the name of the upper house of parliament ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 425, "text": "the Seanad" } ] }, { "id": "38492", "question": "what is the capital of the government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 452, "text": "Dublin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Republic today ranks amongst the wealthiest countries in the world in terms of GDP per capita and in 2015 was ranked the sixth most developed nation in the world by the United Nations' Human Development Index. A period of rapid economic expansion from 1995 onwards became known as the Celtic Tiger period, was brought to an end in 2008 with an unprecedented financial crisis and an economic depression in 2009.", "qas": [ { "id": "38493", "question": "who ranked the sixth most developed nation in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "the United Nations' Human Development Index" } ] }, { "id": "38494", "question": "when was the celtic tiger period ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "1995" } ] }, { "id": "38495", "question": "what was the name of the rapid economic expansion from 1995 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "the Celtic Tiger period" } ] }, { "id": "38496", "question": "when was the celtic tiger period brought to an end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 335, "text": "2008" } ] }, { "id": "38497", "question": "when was the celtic tiger period ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 409, "text": "2009" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom with a local executive and assembly which exercise devolved powers. The executive is jointly headed by the first and deputy-first minister, with the ministries being allocated in proportion with each party's representation in the assembly. Its capital is Belfast.", "qas": [ { "id": "38498", "question": "what type of powers does northern ireland have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "exercise devolved powers" } ] }, { "id": "38499", "question": "who headed the executive ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "the first and deputy-first minister" } ] }, { "id": "38500", "question": "what is the name of the executive capital ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 304, "text": "Belfast" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ultimately political power is held by the UK government, from which Northern Ireland has gone through intermittent periods of direct rule during which devolved powers have been suspended. Northern Ireland elects 18 of the UK House of Commons' 650 MPs. The Northern Ireland Secretary is a cabinet-level post in the British government.", "qas": [ { "id": "38501", "question": "who held political power ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "the UK government" } ] }, { "id": "38502", "question": "what is northern ireland 's house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "Northern Ireland elects 18 of the UK House of Commons' 650 MPs" } ] }, { "id": "38503", "question": "what is a cabinet-level post in the british government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "The Northern Ireland Secretary" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Along with England and Wales and Scotland, Northern Ireland forms one of the three separate legal jurisdictions of the UK, all of which share the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom as their court of final appeal.", "qas": [ { "id": "38504", "question": "which two countries have one of the three separate legal jurisdictions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "England and Wales and Scotland" } ] }, { "id": "38505", "question": "what is the name of the final legal jurisdictions of the uk ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "Supreme Court of the United Kingdom" } ] }, { "id": "38506", "question": "what is the supreme court of the united kingdom ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "their court of final appeal" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As part of the Good Friday Agreement, the British and Irish governments agreed on the creation of all-island institutions and areas of cooperation.", "qas": [ { "id": "38507", "question": "who agreed on the creation of all-island institutions and areas of cooperation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "the British and Irish governments" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The North/South Ministerial Council is an institution through which ministers from the Government of Ireland and the Northern Ireland Executive agree all-island policies. At least six of these policy areas must have an associated all-island \"implementation bodies\" and at least six others must be implemented separately in each jurisdiction. The implementation bodies are: Waterways Ireland, the Food Safety Promotion Board, InterTradeIreland, the Special European Union Programmes Body, the North/South Language Body and the Foyle, Carlingford and Irish Lights Commission.", "qas": [ { "id": "38508", "question": "what is the name of the institution through the government of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The North/South Ministerial Council" } ] }, { "id": "38509", "question": "who is the ministerial council of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "the Government of Ireland and the Northern Ireland Executive" } ] }, { "id": "38510", "question": "how many policy must have an associated all-island implementation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "six" } ] }, { "id": "38511", "question": "what are the special european union programmes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 492, "text": "North/South Language Body and the Foyle, Carlingford and Irish Lights Commission" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The British\u2013Irish Intergovernmental Conference provides for co-operation between the Government of Ireland and the Government of the United Kingdom on all matter of mutual interest, especially Northern Ireland. In light of the Republic's particular interest in the governance of Northern Ireland, \"regular and frequent\" meetings co-chaired by the ROI Minister for Foreign Affairs and the UK Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, dealing with non-devolved matters to do with Northern Ireland and non-devolved all-Ireland issues, are required to take place under the establishing treaty.", "qas": [ { "id": "38512", "question": "who provides co-operation between the government of ireland and the government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The British\u2013Irish Intergovernmental Conference" } ] }, { "id": "38513", "question": "who does the irish intergovernmental conference focus for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "the Government of Ireland and the Government of the United Kingdom" } ] }, { "id": "38514", "question": "what part of ireland is the irish intergovernmental conference ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "Northern Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "38515", "question": "who co-chaired `` regular and frequent '' meetings ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 347, "text": "ROI Minister for Foreign Affairs and the UK Secretary of State for Northern Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "38516", "question": "what two issues are required to take place under the establishing treaty for northern ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 477, "text": "Northern Ireland and non-devolved all-Ireland issues" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The North/South Inter-Parliamentary Association is a joint parliamentary forum for the island of Ireland. It has no formal powers but operates as a forum for discussing matters of common concern between the respective legislatures.", "qas": [ { "id": "38517", "question": "what is a joint parliamentary forum ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The North/South Inter-Parliamentary Association" } ] }, { "id": "38518", "question": "what is the north/south inter-parliamentary association ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "joint parliamentary forum for the island of Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "38519", "question": "what is the forum operates for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "discussing matters of common concern between the respective legislatures" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Despite the two jurisdictions using two distinct currencies (the euro and pound sterling), a growing amount of commercial activity is carried out on an all-Ireland basis. This has been facilitated by the two jurisdictions' shared membership of the European Union, and there have been calls from members of the business community and policymakers for the creation of an \"all-Ireland economy\" to take advantage of economies of scale and boost competitiveness.", "qas": [ { "id": "38520", "question": "what are the two distinct currencies currencies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "the euro and pound sterling" } ] }, { "id": "38521", "question": "what is the growing amount of commercial currencies -lrb- the euro and pound carried out on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "an all-Ireland basis" } ] }, { "id": "38522", "question": "what facilitated the membership of the european union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "the two jurisdictions' shared membership of the European Union" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Below is a comparison of the Regional GDP on the island of Ireland.", "qas": [] }, { "context": "\nThere are three World Heritage Sites on the island: the Br\u00fa na B\u00f3inne, Skellig Michael and the Giant's Causeway. A number of other places are on the tentative list, for example the Burren, the Ceide Fields and Mount Stewart.", "qas": [ { "id": "38523", "question": "how many world heritage sites are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "38524", "question": "what are some world heritage sites ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Br\u00fa na B\u00f3inne, Skellig Michael and the Giant's Causeway" } ] }, { "id": "38525", "question": "what are some of the number of other places on the tentative list ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "Burren, the Ceide Fields and Mount Stewart" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some of the most visited sites in Ireland include Bunratty Castle, the Rock of Cashel, the Cliffs of Moher, Holy Cross Abbey and Blarney Castle. Historically important monastic sites include Glendalough and Clonmacnoise, which are maintained as national monuments in the Republic of Ireland.", "qas": [ { "id": "38526", "question": "what is the most visited sites in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Bunratty Castle" } ] }, { "id": "38527", "question": "what are some of the most visited sites in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "the Cliffs of Moher, Holy Cross Abbey and Blarney Castle" } ] }, { "id": "38528", "question": "what monastic sites are maintained as national monuments ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "Glendalough and Clonmacnoise" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Dublin is the most heavily touristed region and home to several of the most popular attractions such as the Guinness Storehouse and Book of Kells. The west and south west, which includes the Lakes of Killarney and the Dingle peninsula in County Kerry and Connemara and the Aran Islands in County Galway, are also popular tourist destinations.", "qas": [ { "id": "38529", "question": "what is the most heavily touristed region ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Dublin" } ] }, { "id": "38530", "question": "what are the most popular attractions in dublin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "Guinness Storehouse and Book of Kells" } ] }, { "id": "38531", "question": "what are the west and south west destinations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "Lakes of Killarney and the Dingle peninsula" } ] }, { "id": "38532", "question": "which islands are in the west and south west destinations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "County Kerry and Connemara and the Aran Islands" } ] }, { "id": "38533", "question": "where is the west and south west destinations located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 289, "text": "County Galway" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Achill Island lies off the coast of County Mayo and is Ireland's largest island. It is a popular tourist destination for surfing and contains 5 Blue Flag beaches and Croaghaun one of the worlds highest sea cliffs. Stately homes, built during the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries in Palladian, Neoclassical and neo-Gothic styles, such as, Castle Ward, Castletown House, Bantry House, Glenveagh Castle are also of interest to tourists. Some have been converted into hotels, such as Ashford Castle, Castle Leslie and Dromoland Castle.", "qas": [ { "id": "38534", "question": "what is the largest island in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "County Mayo" } ] }, { "id": "38535", "question": "how many blue flag does the island have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "5 Blue Flag beaches and Croaghaun" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ireland has an ancient industry based on peat (known locally as \"turf\") as a source of energy for home fires. A form of biomass energy, this source of heat is still widely used in rural areas. However, due to the ecological importance of peatlands in storing carbon and their rarity, the EU is attempting to protect this habitat by fining Ireland if they are dug up. In cities, heat is generally supplied by heating oil, although some urban suppliers distribute \"sods of turf\" as \"smokeless fuel\".", "qas": [ { "id": "38536", "question": "what is ireland 's ancient industry called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "peat" } ] }, { "id": "38537", "question": "what is ireland 's ancient industry called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "turf" } ] }, { "id": "38538", "question": "what causes the eu to protect this habitat ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 332, "text": "fining Ireland if they are dug up" } ] }, { "id": "38539", "question": "what is heat supplied by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 408, "text": "heating oil" } ] } ] }, { "context": "An area in which the island operates as a single market is electricity. For much of their existence electricity networks in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland were entirely separate. Both networks were designed and constructed independently post partition. However, as a result of changes over recent years they are now connected with three interlinks and also connected through Great Britain to mainland Europe. The situation in Northern Ireland is complicated by the issue of private companies not supplying Northern Ireland Electricity (NIE) with enough power. In the Republic of Ireland, the ESB has failed to modernise its power stations and the availability of power plants has recently averaged only 66%, one of the worst such rates in Western Europe. EirGrid is building a HVDC transmission line between Ireland and Great Britain with a capacity of 500 MW, about 10% of Ireland's peak demand.", "qas": [ { "id": "38540", "question": "what is the issue of private companies in northern ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 520, "text": "Northern Ireland Electricity" } ] }, { "id": "38541", "question": "what percentage of the power plants has the availability of power plants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 717, "text": "66%" } ] }, { "id": "38542", "question": "what percentage of ireland 's peak is building ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 881, "text": "10%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As with electricity, the natural gas distribution network is also now all-island, with a pipeline linking Gormanston, County Meath, and Ballyclare, County Antrim completed in 2007. Most of Ireland's gas comes through interconnectors between Twynholm in Scotland and Ballylumford, County Antrim and Loughshinny, County Dublin. A decreasing supply is coming from the Kinsale gas field off the County Cork coast and the Corrib Gas Field off the coast of County Mayo has yet to come on-line. The County Mayo field is facing some localised opposition over a controversial decision to refine the gas onshore.", "qas": [ { "id": "38543", "question": "what are the pipeline linking in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Gormanston, County Meath, and Ballyclare" } ] }, { "id": "38544", "question": "in what year was county antrim completed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "2007" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Republic of Ireland has shown a strong commitment to renewable energy, ranking as one of the top 10 markets for cleantech investment in the 2014 Global Green Economy Index. Research and development in Ireland in renewable energy such as wind power has increased since 2004. Large wind farms are being constructed in coastal counties such as Cork, Donegal, Mayo and Antrim. The construction of wind farms has in some cases been delayed by opposition from local communities, some of whom overall consider the wind turbines to be unsightly. The Republic of Ireland is also hindered by an ageing network that was not designed to handle the varying availability of power that comes from wind farms. The ESB's Turlough Hill facility is the only power-storage facility in the state.", "qas": [ { "id": "38545", "question": "what is the index of the republic of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "2014 Global Green Economy Index" } ] }, { "id": "38546", "question": "when did wind power in renewable energy such as research and development in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "2004" } ] }, { "id": "38547", "question": "what coastal counties are large wind farms being constructed in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 345, "text": "Cork, Donegal, Mayo and Antrim" } ] }, { "id": "38548", "question": "what is the only power-storage facility in the state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 708, "text": "Turlough Hill facility" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The island of Ireland is located in the north-west of Europe, between latitudes 51\u00b0 and 56\u00b0 N, and longitudes 11\u00b0 and 5\u00b0 W. It is separated from the neighbouring island of Great Britain by the Irish Sea and the North Channel, which has a width of at its narrowest point. To the west is the northern Atlantic Ocean and to the south is the Celtic Sea, which lies between Ireland and Brittany, in France. Ireland has a total area of . Ireland and Great Britain, together with many nearby smaller islands, are known collectively as the British Isles. As the term British Isles is controversial in relation to Ireland, the alternate term \"Britain and Ireland\" is often used as a neutral term for the islands.", "qas": [ { "id": "38549", "question": "what is the latitudes of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "51\u00b0 and 56\u00b0 N" } ] }, { "id": "38550", "question": "what is the name of the sea that runs the island of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "the Irish Sea and the North Channel" } ] }, { "id": "38551", "question": "what is the celtic sea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "the northern Atlantic Ocean" } ] }, { "id": "38552", "question": "what is the northern atlantic ocean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 334, "text": "the Celtic Sea" } ] }, { "id": "38553", "question": "what is another name for ireland and great britain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 532, "text": "British Isles" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A ring of coastal mountains surround low plains at the centre of the island. The highest of these is Carrauntoohil () in County Kerry, which rises to above sea level. The most arable land lies in the province of Leinster. Western areas can be mountainous and rocky with green panoramic vistas. The River Shannon, the island's longest river at long, rises in County Cavan in the north west and flows to Limerick city in the mid west.", "qas": [ { "id": "38554", "question": "what is kerry 's highest of county ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "Carrauntoohil" } ] }, { "id": "38555", "question": "which county rises to above sea level ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "County Kerry" } ] }, { "id": "38556", "question": "what is the longest river at long city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 294, "text": "The River Shannon" } ] }, { "id": "38557", "question": "where is the longest river in the north west ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 358, "text": "County Cavan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The island consists of varied geological provinces. In the far west, around County Galway and County Donegal, is a medium to high grade metamorphic and igneous complex of Caledonide affinity, similar to the Scottish Highlands. Across southeast Ulster and extending southwest to Longford and south to Navan is a province of Ordovician and Silurian rocks, with similarities to the Southern Uplands province of Scotland. Further south, along the County Wexford coastline, is an area of granite intrusives into more Ordovician and Silurian rocks, like that found in Wales.", "qas": [ { "id": "38558", "question": "what county is a medium of the scottish highlands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "County Galway and County Donegal" } ] }, { "id": "38559", "question": "what is the medium that is similar to high grade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "Scottish Highlands" } ] }, { "id": "38560", "question": "what is the province of scotland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "Ordovician and Silurian rocks" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the southwest, around Bantry Bay and the mountains of Macgillicuddy's Reeks, is an area of substantially deformed, but only lightly metamorphosed, Devonian-aged rocks. This partial ring of \"hard rock\" geology is covered by a blanket of Carboniferous limestone over the centre of the country, giving rise to a comparatively fertile and lush landscape. The west-coast district of the Burren around Lisdoonvarna has well-developed karst features. Significant stratiform lead-zinc mineralisation is found in the limestones around Silvermines and Tynagh.", "qas": [ { "id": "38561", "question": "what is the name of the bay in the southwest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "Bantry Bay" } ] }, { "id": "38562", "question": "what is the name of the mountains in the southwest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Macgillicuddy's Reeks" } ] }, { "id": "38563", "question": "what is the name of the lightly metamorphosed in the southwest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "Devonian-aged rocks" } ] }, { "id": "38564", "question": "what is the blanket ring of `` hard rock '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "Carboniferous limestone" } ] }, { "id": "38565", "question": "what district has well-developed karst ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 399, "text": "Lisdoonvarna" } ] }, { "id": "38566", "question": "what is the name of the significant found in which the significant stratiform is found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 529, "text": "Silvermines and Tynagh" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hydrocarbon exploration is ongoing following the first major find at the Kinsale Head gas field off Cork in the mid-1970s. In 1999, economically significant finds of natural gas were made in the Corrib Gas Field off the County Mayo coast. This has increased activity off the west coast in parallel with the \"West of Shetland\" step-out development from the North Sea hydrocarbon province. The Helvick oil field, estimated to contain over of oil, is another recent discovery.", "qas": [ { "id": "38567", "question": "what is the name of the first find at the kinsale head gas field ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hydrocarbon exploration" } ] }, { "id": "38568", "question": "where is hydrocarbon exploration ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "Kinsale Head gas" } ] }, { "id": "38569", "question": "in what year was the county mayo made ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "1999" } ] }, { "id": "38570", "question": "where were natural gas made in 1999 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "Corrib Gas Field" } ] }, { "id": "38571", "question": "where was the gas field made in 1999 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "County Mayo coast" } ] }, { "id": "38572", "question": "what is the name of the province of the north sea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "\"West of Shetland" } ] }, { "id": "38573", "question": "where does the `` west of shetland '' come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 356, "text": "North Sea hydrocarbon province" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The island's lush vegetation, a product of its mild climate and frequent rainfall, earns it the sobriquet \"the Emerald Isle\". Overall, Ireland has a mild but changeable oceanic climate with few extremes. The climate is typically insular and is temperate avoiding the extremes in temperature of many other areas in the world at similar latitudes. This is a result of the moderating moist winds which ordinarily prevail from the South-Western Atlantic.", "qas": [ { "id": "38574", "question": "what is the nickname of the island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "\"the Emerald Isle" } ] }, { "id": "38575", "question": "where does the moderating moist winds come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 427, "text": "South-Western Atlantic" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Precipitation falls throughout the year but is light overall, particularly in the east. The west tends to be wetter on average and prone to Atlantic storms, especially in the late autumn and winter months. These occasionally bring destructive winds and higher total rainfall to these areas, as well as sometimes snow and hail. The regions of north County Galway and east County Mayo have the highest incidents of recorded lightning annually for the island, with lightning occurring approximately five to ten days per year in these areas. Munster, in the south, records the least snow whereas Ulster, in the north, records the most.\nInland areas are warmer in summer and colder in winter. Usually around 40 days of the year are below freezing at inland weather stations, compared to 10 days at coastal stations. Ireland is sometimes affected by heat waves, most recently in 1995, 2003, 2006 and 2013. In common with the rest of Europe, Ireland experienced unusually cold weather during the winter of 2009/10. Temperatures fell as low as \u221217.2\u00a0\u00b0C (1\u00a0\u00b0F) in County Mayo on 20 December and up to a metre (3\u00a0ft) of snow fell in mountainous areas.", "qas": [ { "id": "38576", "question": "which county have the highest incidents of lightning annually ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 342, "text": "north County Galway and east County Mayo" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Because Ireland became isolated from mainland Europe by rising sea levels before the last ice age had completely finished, it has fewer land animal and plant species than Great Britain, which separated later, or mainland Europe. There are 55 mammal species in Ireland and of them only 26 land mammal species are considered native to Ireland. Some species, such as, the red fox, hedgehog and badger, are very common, whereas others, like the Irish hare, red deer and pine marten are less so. Aquatic wildlife, such as species of sea turtle, shark, seal, whale, and dolphin, are common off the coast. About 400 species of birds have been recorded in Ireland. Many of these are migratory, including the barn swallow.", "qas": [ { "id": "38577", "question": "how did ireland become isolated from mainland europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "rising sea levels" } ] }, { "id": "38578", "question": "how many mammal species are there in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "55" } ] }, { "id": "38579", "question": "how many land species are in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "26" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Several different habitat types are found in Ireland, including farmland, open woodland, temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, conifer plantations, peat bogs and a variety of coastal habitats. However, agriculture drives current land use patterns in Ireland, limiting natural habitat preserves, particularly for larger wild mammals with greater territorial needs. With no large apex predators in Ireland other than humans and dogs, such populations of animals as semi-wild deer that cannot be controlled by smaller predators, such as the fox, are controlled by annual culling.", "qas": [ { "id": "38580", "question": "what do natural habitat preserves ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 313, "text": "larger wild mammals with greater territorial needs" } ] }, { "id": "38581", "question": "what are the fox predators controlled by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 562, "text": "annual culling" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are no snakes in Ireland and only one species of reptile (the common lizard) is native to the island. Extinct species include the Irish elk, the great auk and the wolf. Some previously extinct birds, such as the golden eagle, been reintroduced in about the year 2000 after decades of extirpation. Until medieval times Ireland was heavily forested with oak, pine and birch. Forests today cover about 12.6% of Ireland, of which 4,450\u00a0km\u00b2 or one million acres is owned by Coillte, the Republic's forestry service.", "qas": [ { "id": "38582", "question": "who is the great auk ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "the Irish elk" } ] }, { "id": "38583", "question": "what is the eagle birds called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "golden eagle" } ] }, { "id": "38584", "question": "what percentage of ireland 's forestry service is forests ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 405, "text": "12.6%" } ] }, { "id": "38585", "question": "who owned the republic 's forestry service ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 475, "text": "Coillte" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As of 2012 the Republic is one of the least forested countries in Europe. Much of the land is now covered with pasture and there are many species of wild-flower. Gorse (\"Ulex europaeus\"), a wild furze, is commonly found growing in the uplands and ferns are plentiful in the more moist regions, especially in the western parts. It is home to hundreds of plant species, some of them unique to the island, and has been \"invaded\" by some grasses, such as \"Spartina anglica\".\nThe algal and seaweed flora is that of the cold-temperate variety. The total number of species is 574 and is distributed as follows:", "qas": [ { "id": "38586", "question": "what is the total number of species ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 569, "text": "574" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The island has been invaded by some algae, some of which are now well established. For example:", "qas": [] }, { "context": "\"Codium fragile\" ssp. \"atlanticum\" has been established to be native, although for many years it was regarded as an alien species.", "qas": [ { "id": "38587", "question": "what is the name of the `` fragile '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1, "text": "Codium fragile\" ssp" } ] }, { "id": "38588", "question": "what has been established to be native ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "atlanticum" } ] }, { "id": "38589", "question": "what was the species regarded as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "an alien species" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Because of its mild climate, many species, including sub-tropical species such as palm trees, are grown in Ireland. Phytogeographically, Ireland belongs to the Atlantic European province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. The island itself can be subdivided into two ecoregions: the Celtic broadleaf forests and North Atlantic moist mixed forests.", "qas": [ { "id": "38590", "question": "what are sub-tropical species ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "palm trees" } ] }, { "id": "38591", "question": "what does ireland stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "Atlantic European province of the Circumboreal Region" } ] }, { "id": "38592", "question": "where does the atlantic european province originate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "Boreal Kingdom" } ] }, { "id": "38593", "question": "what are the two ecoregions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "the Celtic broadleaf forests and North Atlantic moist mixed forests" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The long history of agricultural production, coupled with modern intensive agricultural methods such as pesticide and fertiliser use and runoff from contaminants into streams, rivers and lakes, impact the natural fresh-water ecosystems and have placed pressure on biodiversity in Ireland.", "qas": [ { "id": "38594", "question": "what type of methods have placed pressure on biodiversity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "modern intensive agricultural methods" } ] }, { "id": "38595", "question": "what are some intensive agricultural methods ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "pesticide and fertiliser use and runoff" } ] }, { "id": "38596", "question": "along with streams , contaminants into streams , contaminants into streams , contaminants into streams , and streams , what else has placed pressure on biodiversity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "rivers and lakes" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A land of green fields for crop cultivation and cattle rearing limits the space available for the establishment of native wild species. Hedgerows, however, traditionally used for maintaining and demarcating land boundaries, act as a refuge for native wild flora. This ecosystem stretches across the countryside and acts as a network of connections to preserve remnants of the ecosystem that once covered the island. Subsidies under the Common Agricultural Policy, which supported agricultural practices that preserved hedgerow environments, are undergoing reforms. The Common Agricultural Policy had in the past subsidised potentially destructive agricultural practices, for example by emphasising production without placing limits on indiscriminate use of fertilisers and pesticides; but reforms have gradually decoupled subsidies from production levels and introduced environmental and other requirements.", "qas": [ { "id": "38597", "question": "what are native wild flora flora used for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "maintaining and demarcating land boundaries" } ] }, { "id": "38598", "question": "what supported agricultural practices ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 436, "text": "Common Agricultural Policy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Forest covers about 12.6% of the country, most of it designated for commercial production. Forested areas typically consist of monoculture plantations of non-native species, which may result in habitats that are not suitable for supporting native species of invertebrates. Remnants of native forest can be found scattered around the island, in particular in the Killarney National Park. Natural areas require fencing to prevent over-grazing by deer and sheep that roam over uncultivated areas. Grazing in this manner is one of the main factors preventing the natural regeneration of forests across many regions of the country.", "qas": [ { "id": "38599", "question": "what percentage of the country is forest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "12.6%" } ] }, { "id": "38600", "question": "where is the island located in the island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 362, "text": "Killarney National Park" } ] } ] }, { "context": "People have lived in Ireland for over 9,000 years. The different eras are termed mesolithic, neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age.", "qas": [ { "id": "38601", "question": "how long have people lived in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "over 9,000 years" } ] }, { "id": "38602", "question": "what are the different eras that the different eras are termed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "mesolithic, neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Early historical and genealogical records note the existence of major groups such as the Cruthin, Corcu Lo\u00edgde, D\u00e1l Riata, D\u00e1irine, Deirgtine, Delbhna, \u00c9rainn, Laigin, Ulaid. Slightly later major groups included the Connachta, Ciannachta, E\u00f3ganachta.", "qas": [ { "id": "38603", "question": "what was the name of the major major groups that were included in the slightly groups ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "Connachta, Ciannachta, E\u00f3ganachta" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Over the past 1200 years, Vikings, Normans, Welsh, Flemings, Scots, English, Africans, Eastern Europeans and South Americans have all added to the population and have had significant influences on Irish culture.", "qas": [] }, { "context": "Ireland's largest religious group is Christianity. The largest denomination is Roman Catholicism representing over 73% for the island (and about 87% of the Republic of Ireland). Most of the rest of the population adhere to one of the various Protestant denominations (about 48% of Northern Ireland). The largest is the Anglican Church of Ireland. The Muslim community is growing in Ireland, mostly through increased immigration, with a 50% increase in the republic between the 2006 and 2011 census. The island has a small Jewish community. About 4% of the Republic's population and about 14% of the Northern Ireland population describe themselves as of no religion. In a 2010 survey conducted on behalf of the Irish Times, 32% of respondents said they went to a religious service more than once a week.", "qas": [ { "id": "38604", "question": "what is ireland 's largest religious group ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Christianity" } ] }, { "id": "38605", "question": "what is the largest denomination of roman catholicism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "73%" } ] }, { "id": "38606", "question": "what percentage of the republic is roman catholicism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "87%" } ] }, { "id": "38607", "question": "what percentage of northern ireland 's protestant denominations are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "48%" } ] }, { "id": "38608", "question": "what is the largest anglican church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "Anglican Church of Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "38609", "question": "what percentage of the muslim community is increase in the muslim community ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 436, "text": "50%" } ] }, { "id": "38610", "question": "what percentage of the republic 's population is of no religion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 546, "text": "4%" } ] }, { "id": "38611", "question": "what percentage of the northern ireland population describe themselves as of no religion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 588, "text": "14%" } ] }, { "id": "38612", "question": "what percentage of respondents went to a religious service ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 723, "text": "32%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The population of Ireland rose rapidly from the 16th century until the mid-19th century, but a devastating famine in the 1840s caused one million deaths and forced over one million more to emigrate in its immediate wake. Over the following century the population was reduced by over half, at a time when the general trend in European countries was for populations to rise by an average of three-fold.", "qas": [ { "id": "38613", "question": "when did the population of ireland end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "16th century" } ] }, { "id": "38614", "question": "how many deaths did ireland have in the 1840s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "one million deaths" } ] }, { "id": "38615", "question": "how many deaths did the population lose in the 16th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "over one million" } ] }, { "id": "38616", "question": "how much was the population reduced by the general trend ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "over half" } ] }, { "id": "38617", "question": "what was the average of european countries in european countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 389, "text": "three-fold" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Traditionally, Ireland is subdivided into four provinces: Connacht (west), Leinster (east), Munster (south), and Ulster (north). In a system that developed between the 13th and 17th centuries, Ireland has 32 traditional counties. Twenty-six of these counties are in the Republic of Ireland and six are in Northern Ireland. The six counties that constitute Northern Ireland are all in the province of Ulster (which has nine counties in total). As such, \"Ulster\" is often used as a synonym for Northern Ireland, although the two are not coterminous.", "qas": [ { "id": "38618", "question": "how many provinces does ireland have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "38619", "question": "what are the names of the four provinces of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "Connacht (west), Leinster (east), Munster (south), and Ulster" } ] }, { "id": "38620", "question": "when was ireland 's system developed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "13th and 17th centuries" } ] }, { "id": "38621", "question": "how many traditional counties does ireland have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "32" } ] }, { "id": "38622", "question": "what counties are in the republic of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "Twenty-six" } ] }, { "id": "38623", "question": "how many counties does ulster have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 418, "text": "nine" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the Republic of Ireland, counties form the basis of the system of local government. Counties Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Galway, Waterford and Tipperary have been broken up into smaller administrative areas. However, they are still treated as counties for cultural and some official purposes, for example postal addresses and by the Ordnance Survey Ireland. Counties in Northern Ireland are no longer used for local governmental purposes, but, as in the Republic, their traditional boundaries are still used for informal purposes such as sports leagues and in cultural or tourism contexts.", "qas": [ { "id": "38624", "question": "what counties have been broken up into smaller administrative areas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "Cork, Limerick, Galway, Waterford and Tipperary" } ] } ] }, { "context": "City status in Ireland is decided by legislative or royal charter. Dublin, with over 1 million residents in the Greater Dublin Area, is the largest city on the island. Belfast, with 579,726 residents, is the largest city in Northern Ireland. City status does not directly equate with population size. For example, Armagh, with 14,590 is the seat of the Church of Ireland and the Roman Catholic Primate of All Ireland and was re-granted city status by Queen Elizabeth II in 1994 (having lost that status in local government reforms of 1840). In the Republic of Ireland, Kilkenny, seat of the Butler dynasty, while no longer a city for administrative purposes (since the 2001 Local Government Act), is entitled by law to continue to use the description.", "qas": [ { "id": "38625", "question": "what is the name of the charter that runs city status ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "legislative or royal charter" } ] }, { "id": "38626", "question": "how many residents are in the greater dublin area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "1 million" } ] }, { "id": "38627", "question": "where is dublin located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "Greater Dublin Area" } ] }, { "id": "38628", "question": "how many residents are in belfast ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "579,726" } ] }, { "id": "38629", "question": "what is the seat of the church of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 327, "text": "14,590" } ] }, { "id": "38630", "question": "who was the city of ireland in 1994 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 451, "text": "Queen Elizabeth II" } ] }, { "id": "38631", "question": "when did queen elizabeth ii die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 473, "text": "1994" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The population of Ireland collapsed dramatically during the second half of the 19th century. A population of over 8 million in 1841 was reduced to slightly more than 4 million by 1921. In part, the fall in population was due to death from the Great Famine of 1845 to 1852, which took about 1 million lives. However, by far the greater cause of population decline was the dire economic state of the country which led to an entrenched culture of emigration lasting until the 21st century.", "qas": [ { "id": "38632", "question": "what was the population of 1841 in 1841 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "8 million" } ] }, { "id": "38633", "question": "in what year was the population of 8 million by 1921 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "1841" } ] }, { "id": "38634", "question": "what was the population of 8 million in 1921 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "4 million" } ] }, { "id": "38635", "question": "when did the fall in population death occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 243, "text": "Great Famine of 1845 to 1852" } ] }, { "id": "38636", "question": "how many lives did the great famine of 1845 take ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "1 million lives" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Emigration from Ireland in the 19th century contributed to the populations of England, the United States, Canada and Australia, where a large Irish diaspora lives. , 4.3 million Canadians, or 14% of the population, are of Irish descent. , a total of 34.5 million Americans claim Irish ancestry.", "qas": [ { "id": "38637", "question": "what countries contributed to ireland in the 19th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "the United States, Canada and Australia" } ] }, { "id": "38638", "question": "how many canadians are of irish descent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "4.3 million" } ] }, { "id": "38639", "question": "what percentage of the population is of irish descent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "14%" } ] }, { "id": "38640", "question": "how many americans claim irish ancestry claim irish ancestry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "34.5 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With growing prosperity since the last decade of the 20th century, Ireland became a destination for immigrants. Since the European Union expanded to include Poland in 2004, Polish people have made up the largest number of immigrants (over 150,000) from Central Europe. There has also been significant immigration from Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Latvia.", "qas": [ { "id": "38641", "question": "in what year did polish people begin to include poland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "2004" } ] }, { "id": "38642", "question": "how many immigrants have made the largest number of immigrants in poland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "over 150,000" } ] }, { "id": "38643", "question": "what are the two immigration immigration from lithuania ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 329, "text": "the Czech Republic and Latvia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Republic of Ireland in particular has seen large-scale immigration, with 420,000 foreign nationals as of 2006, about 10% of the population. A quarter of births (24 percent) in 2009 were to mothers born outside Ireland. Chinese and Nigerians, along with people from other African countries, have accounted for a large proportion of the non\u2013European Union migrants to Ireland. Up to 50,000 eastern and central European migrant workers left Ireland in response to the Irish financial crisis.", "qas": [ { "id": "38644", "question": "how many foreign nationals are there in 2006 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "420,000" } ] }, { "id": "38645", "question": "what percentage of the population of ireland is the republic of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "10%" } ] }, { "id": "38646", "question": "what was the quarter of births in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "mothers born outside Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "38647", "question": "how many eastern european migrant workers were there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 385, "text": "50,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Two main languages are spoken in Ireland: Irish and English. Both languages have widely contributed to literature. Irish, now a minority but official language of the Republic of Ireland, was the vernacular of the Irish people for over two thousand years and was probably introduced by some sort of proto-Gaelic migration during the Iron Age, possibly earlier. It began to be written down after Christianisation in the 5th century and spread to Scotland and the Isle of Man where it evolved into the Scottish Gaelic and Manx languages respectively.", "qas": [ { "id": "38648", "question": "what languages are spoken in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "Irish and English" } ] }, { "id": "38649", "question": "what was the official language of the republic of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "Irish" } ] }, { "id": "38650", "question": "how long was the irish people introduced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "over two thousand years" } ] }, { "id": "38651", "question": "during what age was irish people introduced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 332, "text": "Iron Age" } ] }, { "id": "38652", "question": "when did scotland begin to be written ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 418, "text": "5th century" } ] }, { "id": "38653", "question": "where did the manx languages begin to spread ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 444, "text": "Scotland and the Isle of Man" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Irish language has a vast treasure of written texts from many centuries, and is divided by linguists into Old Irish from the 6th to 10th century, Middle Irish from the 10th to 13th century, Early Modern Irish until the 17th century, and the Modern Irish spoken today. It remained the dominant language of Ireland for most of those periods, having influences from Latin, Old Norse, French and English. It declined under British rule but remained the majority tongue until the early 19th century, and since then has been a minority language, although revival efforts are continuing in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.", "qas": [ { "id": "38654", "question": "when was the irish language divided ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "6th to 10th century" } ] }, { "id": "38655", "question": "where is the irish language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "Middle Irish" } ] }, { "id": "38656", "question": "when was the irish language divided ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "10th to 13th century" } ] }, { "id": "38657", "question": "where did the irish language come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 367, "text": "Latin, Old Norse, French and English" } ] }, { "id": "38658", "question": "when did the irish language become the majority tongue ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 479, "text": "early 19th century" } ] }, { "id": "38659", "question": "what countries were the revival of the revival of the irish language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 596, "text": "Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Gaeltacht or Irish-speaking areas are still seeing a decline in the language. The main Gaeltacht areas are down the west of the country, in Donegal, Mayo, Galway and Kerry with smaller Gaeltacht areas near Dungarvan in Waterford, Navan, in Meath, and the Shaw's Road in Belfast. Irish language is a compulsory subject in the state education system in the Republic, and the Gaelscoil movement has seen many Irish medium schools established in both jurisdictions.", "qas": [ { "id": "38660", "question": "where are the west of the country located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "Donegal, Mayo, Galway and Kerry" } ] } ] }, { "context": "English was first introduced to Ireland in the Norman invasion. It was spoken by a few peasants and merchants brought over from England, and was largely replaced by Irish before the Tudor Conquest of Ireland. It was introduced as the official language with the Tudor and Cromwellian conquests. The Ulster plantations gave it a permanent foothold in Ulster, and it remained the official and upper-class language elsewhere, the Irish-speaking chieftains and nobility having been deposed. Language shift during the 19th century replaced Irish with English as the first language for a vast majority of the population.", "qas": [ { "id": "38661", "question": "who replaced english before the tudor conquest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "Irish" } ] }, { "id": "38662", "question": "what was the name of the conquest of irish merchants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "Tudor Conquest of Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "38663", "question": "what language was english introduced with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "Tudor and Cromwellian conquests" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Less than 10% of the population of the Republic of Ireland today speak Irish regularly outside of the education system and 38% of those over 15 years are classified as \"Irish speakers\". In Northern Ireland, English is the de facto official language, but official recognition is afforded to Irish, including specific protective measures under Part III of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. A lesser status (including recognition under Part II of the Charter) is given to Ulster Scots dialects, which are spoken by roughly 2% of Northern Ireland residents, and also spoken by some in the Republic of Ireland. Since the 1960s with the increase in immigration, many more languages have been introduced, particularly deriving from Asia and Eastern Europe.", "qas": [ { "id": "38664", "question": "what percentage of the population of ireland is less than irish regularly ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "10%" } ] }, { "id": "38665", "question": "what percentage of the population of ireland is irish speakers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "38%" } ] }, { "id": "38666", "question": "what is english in northern ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "the de facto official language" } ] }, { "id": "38667", "question": "what is specific protective measures ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 342, "text": "Part III of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages" } ] }, { "id": "38668", "question": "what percentage of northern ireland residents are spoken by scots ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 543, "text": "2%" } ] }, { "id": "38669", "question": "where were more languages introduced in the 1960s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 748, "text": "Asia and Eastern Europe" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Shelta, the language of the nomadic Irish Travellers is native to Ireland.", "qas": [ { "id": "38670", "question": "what language is native to ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Shelta" } ] }, { "id": "38671", "question": "who is native to ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "the nomadic Irish Travellers" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ireland's culture comprises elements of the culture of ancient peoples, later immigrant and broadcast cultural influences (chiefly Gaelic culture, Anglicisation, Americanisation and aspects of broader European culture). In broad terms, Ireland is regarded as one of the Celtic nations of Europe, alongside Scotland, Wales, Cornwall, Isle of Man and Brittany. This combination of cultural influences is visible in the intricate designs termed \"Irish interlace\" or \"Celtic knotwork.\" These can be seen in the ornamentation of medieval religious and secular works. The style is still popular today in jewellery and graphic art, as is the distinctive style of traditional Irish music and dance, and has become indicative of modern \"Celtic\" culture in general.", "qas": [ { "id": "38672", "question": "what type of influences did ireland have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "immigrant and broadcast cultural influences" } ] }, { "id": "38673", "question": "what cultural influences did ireland have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Anglicisation, Americanisation and aspects of broader European culture" } ] }, { "id": "38674", "question": "which celtic nations have one of the celtic nations of europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "Scotland, Wales, Cornwall, Isle of Man and Brittany" } ] }, { "id": "38675", "question": "what are the intricate designs called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 443, "text": "Irish interlace\" or \"Celtic knotwork" } ] }, { "id": "38676", "question": "where is the style of traditional irish music located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 598, "text": "jewellery and graphic art" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Religion has played a significant role in the cultural life of the island since ancient times (and since the 17th century plantations, has been the focus of political identity and divisions on the island). Ireland's pre-Christian heritage fused with the Celtic Church following the missions of Saint Patrick in the 5th century. The Hiberno-Scottish missions, begun by the Irish monk Saint Columba, spread the Irish vision of Christianity to pagan England and the Frankish Empire. These missions brought written language to an illiterate population of Europe during the Dark Ages that followed the fall of Rome, earning Ireland the sobriquet, \"the island of saints and scholars\".", "qas": [ { "id": "38677", "question": "when was the focus of political identity and divisions on the island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "17th century plantations" } ] }, { "id": "38678", "question": "what church did ireland 's pre-christian heritage fused with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "the Celtic Church" } ] }, { "id": "38679", "question": "who was the missions of ireland in the 5th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 294, "text": "Saint Patrick" } ] }, { "id": "38680", "question": "when did the missions of saint patrick take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 311, "text": "the 5th century" } ] }, { "id": "38681", "question": "who begun the missions of christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 368, "text": "the Irish monk Saint Columba" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since the 20th century the Irish pubs worldwide have become, especially those with a full range of cultural and gastronomic offerings, outposts of Irish culture.", "qas": [ { "id": "38682", "question": "what were the full range of irish culture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "cultural and gastronomic offerings" } ] }, { "id": "38683", "question": "what was the full range of irish pubs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "outposts of Irish culture" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Republic of Ireland's national theatre is the Abbey Theatre, which was founded in 1904, and the national Irish-language theatre is An Taibhdhearc, which was established in 1928 in Galway. Playwrights such as Se\u00e1n O'Casey, Brian Friel, Sebastian Barry, Conor McPherson and Billy Roche are internationally renowned.", "qas": [ { "id": "38684", "question": "what is the name of the republic of ireland 's national theatre ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Abbey Theatre" } ] }, { "id": "38685", "question": "when was the abbey theatre founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "1904" } ] }, { "id": "38686", "question": "what is the national irish-language theatre ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "Taibhdhearc" } ] }, { "id": "38687", "question": "when was the abbey theatre established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "1928" } ] }, { "id": "38688", "question": "when was the abbey theatre established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "Galway" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ireland has made a large contribution to world literature in all its branches, particularly in the English language. Poetry in Irish is among the oldest vernacular poetry in Europe, with the earliest examples dating from the 6th century. In English, Jonathan Swift, still often called the foremost satirist in the English language, was very popular in his day for works such as \"Gulliver's Travels\" and \"A Modest Proposal\", and Oscar Wilde is known most for his often quoted witticisms.", "qas": [ { "id": "38689", "question": "when was the earliest examples of poetry in europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 221, "text": "the 6th century" } ] }, { "id": "38690", "question": "what is the name of the english language in english ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "Jonathan Swift" } ] }, { "id": "38691", "question": "what is the name of the works that was used in the english language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 379, "text": "Gulliver's Travels" } ] }, { "id": "38692", "question": "who is known as most for his often quoted witticisms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 428, "text": "Oscar Wilde" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 20th century, Ireland produced four winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature: George Bernard Shaw, William Butler Yeats, Samuel Beckett and Seamus Heaney. Although not a Nobel Prize winner, James Joyce is widely considered to be one of the most significant writers of the 20th century. Joyce's 1922 novel \"Ulysses\" is considered one of the most important works of Modernist literature and his life is celebrated annually on 16 June in Dublin as \"Bloomsday\". Modern Irish literature is often connected with its rural heritage through writers such as John McGahern and poets such as Seamus Heaney.", "qas": [ { "id": "38693", "question": "how many winners of the nobel prize did ireland produce in the 20th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "38694", "question": "who were some winners of the nobel prize for literature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "George Bernard Shaw, William Butler Yeats, Samuel Beckett and Seamus Heaney" } ] }, { "id": "38695", "question": "who is the most significant writers of the 20th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "James Joyce" } ] }, { "id": "38696", "question": "on what date is ulysses celebrated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 432, "text": "16 June" } ] }, { "id": "38697", "question": "what was the novel `` ulysses '' called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 454, "text": "Bloomsday" } ] }, { "id": "38698", "question": "what is the name of the irish literature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 589, "text": "Seamus Heaney" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Music has been in evidence in Ireland since prehistoric times. Although in the early Middle Ages the church was \"quite unlike its counterpart in continental Europe\", there was considerable interchange between monastic settlements in Ireland and the rest of Europe that contributed to what is known as Gregorian chant. Outside religious establishments, musical genres in early Gaelic Ireland are referred to as a triad of weeping music (\"goltraige\"), laughing music (\"geantraige\") and sleeping music (\"suantraige\"). Vocal and instrumental music (e.g. for the harp, pipes, and various string instruments) was transmitted orally, but the Irish harp, in particular, was of such significance that it became Ireland's national symbol. Classical music following European models first developed in urban areas, in establishments of Anglo-Irish rule such as Dublin Castle, St Patrick's Cathedral and Christ Church as well as the country houses of the Anglo-Irish ascendancy, with the first performance of Handel's \"Messiah\" (1742) being among the highlights of the baroque era. In the 19th century, public concerts provided access to classical music to all classes of society. Yet, for political and financial reasons Ireland has been too small to provide a living to many musicians, so the names of the better-known Irish composers of this time belong to emigrants.", "qas": [ { "id": "38699", "question": "what was the church of europe known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 301, "text": "Gregorian chant" } ] }, { "id": "38700", "question": "what is another name for a triad of ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 437, "text": "goltraige" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Irish traditional music and dance has seen a surge in popularity and global coverage since the 1960s. In the middle years of the 20th century, as Irish society was modernising, traditional music had fallen out of favour, especially in urban areas. However during the 1960s, there was a revival of interest in Irish traditional music led by groups such as The Dubliners, The Chieftains, The Wolfe Tones, the Clancy Brothers, Sweeney's Men and individuals like Se\u00e1n \u00d3 Riada and Christy Moore. Groups and musicians including Horslips, Van Morrison and Thin Lizzy incorporated elements of Irish traditional music into contemporary rock music and, during the 1970s and 1980s, the distinction between traditional and rock musicians became blurred, with many individuals regularly crossing over between these styles of playing. This trend can be seen more recently in the work of artists like Enya, The Saw Doctors, The Corrs, Sin\u00e9ad O'Connor, Clannad, The Cranberries and The Pogues among others. Since then there have been a number of stylistic fusions including folk metal and others, while some contemporary music groups stick closer to a \"traditional\" sound.", "qas": [ { "id": "38701", "question": "who were some of the men and individuals and individuals and individuals and individuals and individuals of music ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 459, "text": "Se\u00e1n \u00d3 Riada and Christy Moore" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The earliest known Irish graphic art and sculpture are Neolithic carvings found at sites such as Newgrange and is traced through Bronze age artefacts and the religious carvings and illuminated manuscripts of the medieval period. During the course of the 19th and 20th centuries, a strong tradition of painting emerged, including such figures as John Butler Yeats, William Orpen, Jack Yeats and Louis le Brocquy. Contemporary Irish visual artists of note include Sean Scully, Kevin Abosch, and Alice Maher.", "qas": [ { "id": "38702", "question": "what are the earliest known irish graphic art and sculpture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "Neolithic carvings" } ] }, { "id": "38703", "question": "what is the name of the irish graphic art and sculpture and sculpture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "Newgrange" } ] }, { "id": "38704", "question": "who are some of the irish visual artists ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 462, "text": "Sean Scully, Kevin Abosch, and Alice Maher" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Irish philosopher and theologian Johannes Scotus Eriugena was considered one of the leading intellectuals of his early Middle Ages. Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, an Irish explorer, was one of the principal figures of Antarctic exploration. He, along with his expedition, made the first ascent of Mount Erebus and the discovery of the approximate location of the South Magnetic Pole. Robert Boyle was a 17th-century natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, inventor and early gentleman scientist. He is largely regarded one of the founders of modern chemistry and is best known for the formulation of Boyle's law.", "qas": [ { "id": "38705", "question": "who was the irish philosopher ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Johannes Scotus Eriugena" } ] }, { "id": "38706", "question": "who was the irish explorer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton" } ] }, { "id": "38707", "question": "what was the first ascent of the south magnetic pole ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 299, "text": "Mount Erebus" } ] }, { "id": "38708", "question": "the first ascent of mount erebus and the discovery of mount erebus was the first location of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 365, "text": "South Magnetic Pole" } ] }, { "id": "38709", "question": "who was the natural philosopher of robert boyle ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 386, "text": "Robert Boyle" } ] } ] }, { "context": "19th century physicist, John Tyndall, discovered the Tyndall effect. Father Nicholas Joseph Callan, Professor of Natural Philosophy in Maynooth College, is best known for his invention of the induction coil, transformer and he discovered an early method of galvanisation in the 19th century.", "qas": [ { "id": "38710", "question": "who discovered the 19th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "John Tyndall" } ] }, { "id": "38711", "question": "who is father of natural philosophy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "Nicholas Joseph Callan" } ] }, { "id": "38712", "question": "where was the professor of natural philosophy located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "Maynooth College" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other notable Irish physicists include Ernest Walton, winner of the 1951 Nobel Prize in Physics. With Sir John Douglas Cockcroft, he was the first to split the nucleus of the atom by artificial means and made contributions to the development of a new theory of wave equation. William Thomson, or Lord Kelvin, is the person whom the absolute temperature unit, the Kelvin, is named after. Sir Joseph Larmor, a physicist and mathematician, made innovations in the understanding of electricity, dynamics, thermodynamics and the electron theory of matter. His most influential work was Aether and Matter, a book on theoretical physics published in 1900.", "qas": [ { "id": "38713", "question": "who is the winner of the 1951 nobel prize ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "Ernest Walton" } ] }, { "id": "38714", "question": "in what year was ernest walton winner of physics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "1951" } ] }, { "id": "38715", "question": "who was the first to split the nucleus of the atom ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "Sir John Douglas Cockcroft" } ] }, { "id": "38716", "question": "who is william thomson 's absolute temperature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "Lord Kelvin" } ] }, { "id": "38717", "question": "who is the absolute temperature unit ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 359, "text": "the Kelvin" } ] }, { "id": "38718", "question": "who made innovations in the understanding of electricity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 387, "text": "Sir Joseph Larmor" } ] }, { "id": "38719", "question": "what was a book on theoretical physics published in 1900 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 581, "text": "Aether and Matter" } ] }, { "id": "38720", "question": "when was theoretical physics published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 643, "text": "1900" } ] } ] }, { "context": "George Johnstone Stoney introduced the term \"electron\" in 1891. John Stewart Bell was the originator of Bell's Theorem and a paper concerning the discovery of the Bell-Jackiw-Adler anomaly and was nominated for a Nobel prize. Notable mathematicians include Sir William Rowan Hamilton, famous for work in classical mechanics and the invention of quaternions. Francis Ysidro Edgeworth's contribution of the Edgeworth Box remains influential in neo-classical microeconomic theory to this day; while Richard Cantillon inspired Adam Smith, among others. John B. Cosgrave was a specialist in number theory and discovered a 2000-digit prime number in 1999 and a record composite Fermat number in 2003. John Lighton Synge made progress in different fields of science, including mechanics and geometrical methods in general relativity. He had mathematician John Nash as one of his students. Kathleen Lonsdale, born in Ireland and most known for her work with crystallography, became the first female president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.", "qas": [ { "id": "38721", "question": "who introduced the term `` electron '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "George Johnstone Stoney" } ] }, { "id": "38722", "question": "what was the name of the term `` electron '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "electron" } ] }, { "id": "38723", "question": "when was the term `` electron '' released ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "1891" } ] }, { "id": "38724", "question": "who was the originator of bell 's theorem ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "John Stewart Bell" } ] }, { "id": "38725", "question": "what was bell 's originator ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "Bell's Theorem" } ] }, { "id": "38726", "question": "who is the author of the notable mathematicians of work in classical mechanics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "Sir William Rowan Hamilton" } ] }, { "id": "38727", "question": "who was one of the mathematician that john lighton ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 848, "text": "John Nash" } ] }, { "id": "38728", "question": "who became the first president of the british association ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 882, "text": "Kathleen Lonsdale" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ireland has nine universities, seven in the Republic of Ireland and two in Northern Ireland, including Trinity College, Dublin and the University College Dublin, as well as numerous third-level colleges and institutes and a branch of the Open University, the Open University in Ireland.", "qas": [ { "id": "38729", "question": "how many universities does ireland have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 12, "text": "nine" } ] }, { "id": "38730", "question": "how many universities does ireland have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "seven" } ] }, { "id": "38731", "question": "what are some universities in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "Trinity College, Dublin and the University College Dublin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The island of Ireland fields a single international team in most sports. One notable exception to this is association football, although both associations continued to field international teams under the name \"Ireland\" until the 1950s. An all-Ireland club competition for soccer, the Setanta Cup, was created in 2005.", "qas": [ { "id": "38732", "question": "how did the association of ireland 's football view ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "associations continued to field international teams under the name \"Ireland\" until the 1950s" } ] }, { "id": "38733", "question": "what was created in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "the Setanta Cup" } ] }, { "id": "38734", "question": "when was the setanta cup created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "2005" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Gaelic football is the most popular sport in Ireland in terms of match attendance and community involvement, with about 2,600 clubs on the island. In 2003 it represented 34% of total sports attendances at events in Ireland and abroad, followed by hurling at 23%, soccer at 16% and rugby at 8% and the All-Ireland Football Final is the most watched event in the sporting calendar. Soccer is the most widely played team game on the island, and the most popular in Northern Ireland. Swimming, golf, aerobics, soccer, cycling, Gaelic football and billiards/snooker are the sporting activities with the highest levels of playing participation. The sport is also the most notable exception where the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland field separate international teams.\nNorthern Ireland has produced two World Snooker Champions.", "qas": [ { "id": "38735", "question": "how many clubs are in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "2,600" } ] }, { "id": "38736", "question": "what percentage of total sports attendances attendances at events in 2003 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "34%" } ] }, { "id": "38737", "question": "how much of the hurling in the sporting calendar is the hurling in 2003 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "23%" } ] }, { "id": "38738", "question": "what percentage of sports sports is soccer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "16%" } ] }, { "id": "38739", "question": "what percentage of sports sports is the all-ireland football ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "8%" } ] }, { "id": "38740", "question": "what is the most watched event in the sporting calendar ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 301, "text": "All-Ireland Football Final" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many other sports are also played and followed, including basketball, boxing, cricket, fishing, greyhound racing, handball, hockey, horse racing, motor sport, netball, show jumping and tennis.", "qas": [ { "id": "38741", "question": "what are some of the three sports sports sports ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "basketball, boxing, cricket, fishing, greyhound racing, handball, hockey, horse racing, motor sport, netball, show jumping and tennis" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Gaelic football, hurling and handball are the best-known of the Irish traditional sports, collectively known as Gaelic games. Gaelic games are governed by the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), with the exception of ladies' Gaelic football and camogie (women's variant of hurling), which are governed by separate organisations. The headquarters of the GAA (and the main stadium) is located at the 82,500 capacity Croke Park in north Dublin. Many major GAA games are played there, including the semi-finals and finals of the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship and All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship. During the redevelopment of the Lansdowne Road stadium in 2007\u201310, international rugby and soccer were played there. All GAA players, even at the highest level, are amateurs, receiving no wages, although they are permitted to receive a limited amount of sport-related income from commercial sponsorship.", "qas": [ { "id": "38742", "question": "what is another name for irish traditional sports ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "Gaelic games" } ] }, { "id": "38743", "question": "who governed gaelic games ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "the Gaelic Athletic Association" } ] }, { "id": "38744", "question": "where is the main stadium located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 397, "text": "82,500" } ] }, { "id": "38745", "question": "where is the main stadium located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 413, "text": "Croke Park" } ] }, { "id": "38746", "question": "when did the redevelopment of the lansdowne road stadium begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 668, "text": "2007\u201310" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Irish Football Association (IFA) was originally the governing body for soccer across the island. The game has been played in an organised fashion in Ireland since the 1870s, with Cliftonville F.C. in Belfast being Ireland's oldest club. It was most popular, especially in its first decades, around Belfast and in Ulster. However, some clubs based outside Belfast thought that the IFA largely favoured Ulster-based clubs in such matters as selection for the national team. In 1921, following an incident in which, despite an earlier promise, the IFA moved an Irish Cup semi-final replay from Dublin to Belfast, Dublin-based clubs broke away to form the Football Association of the Irish Free State. Today the southern association is known as the Football Association of Ireland (FAI). Despite being initially blacklisted by the Home Nations' associations, the FAI was recognised by FIFA in 1923 and organised its first international fixture in 1926 (against Italy). However, both the IFA and FAI continued to select their teams from the whole of Ireland, with some players earning international caps for matches with both teams. Both also referred to their respective teams as \"Ireland\".\nIn 1950, FIFA directed the associations only to select players from within their respective territories and, in 1953, directed that the FAI's team be known only as \"Republic of Ireland\" and that the IFA's team be known as \"Northern Ireland\" (with certain exceptions). Northern Ireland qualified for the World Cup finals in 1958 (reaching the quarter-finals), 1982 and 1986. The Republic qualified for the World Cup finals in 1990 (reaching the quarter-finals), 1994, 2002 and the European Championships in 1988 and 2012. Across Ireland, there is significant interest in the English and, to a lesser extent, Scottish soccer leagues.", "qas": [ { "id": "38747", "question": "who was the governing body for soccer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Irish Football Association" } ] }, { "id": "38748", "question": "what was the irish football association originally known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "the governing body for soccer across the island" } ] }, { "id": "38749", "question": "what was ireland 's oldest club in belfast ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "Cliftonville F.C." } ] }, { "id": "38750", "question": "what is the southern association of ireland called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 749, "text": "Football Association of Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "38751", "question": "when was the home nations ' associations recognised ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 893, "text": "1923" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Unlike soccer, Ireland continues to field a single national rugby team and a single association, the Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU), governs the sport across the island. The Irish rugby team have played in every Rugby World Cup, making the quarter-finals in four of them. Ireland also hosted games during the 1991 and the 1999 Rugby World Cups (including a quarter-final). There are four professional Irish teams; all four play in the Magners League (now called the RaboDirect Pro12) and at least three compete for the Heineken Cup. Irish rugby has become increasingly competitive at both the international and provincial levels since the sport went professional in 1994. During that time, Ulster (1999), Munster (2006 and 2008) and Leinster (2009, 2011 and 2012) have won the Heineken Cup. In addition to this, the Irish International side has had increased success in the Six Nations Championship against the other European elite sides. This success, including Triple Crowns in 2004, 2006 and 2007, culminated with a clean sweep of victories, known as a Grand Slam, in 2009.", "qas": [ { "id": "38752", "question": "what is the name of the irish football union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "the Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU), governs the sport across the island" } ] }, { "id": "38753", "question": "where has the irish rugby team played ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "every Rugby World Cup" } ] }, { "id": "38754", "question": "when did ireland host games ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "1991 and the 1999 Rugby World Cups" } ] }, { "id": "38755", "question": "how many professional irish teams are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 386, "text": "four" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Horse racing and greyhound racing are both popular in Ireland. There are frequent horse race meetings and greyhound stadiums are well-attended. The island is noted for the breeding and training of race horses and is also a large exporter of racing dogs. The horse racing sector is largely concentrated in the County Kildare.", "qas": [ { "id": "38756", "question": "what are both popular in ireland in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Horse racing and greyhound racing" } ] }, { "id": "38757", "question": "what is the island noted for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "the breeding and training of race horses" } ] }, { "id": "38758", "question": "what is the large exporter of the island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "racing dogs" } ] }, { "id": "38759", "question": "where is the horse racing sector located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "County Kildare" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Irish athletics has seen a heightened success rate since the year 2000, with Sonia O'Sullivan winning two medals at 5,000 metres on the track; gold at the 1995 World Championships and silver at the 2000 Sydney Olympics. Gillian O'Sullivan won silver in the 20k walk at the 2003 World Championships, while sprint hurdler Derval O'Rourke won gold at the 2006 World Indoor Championship in Moscow. Olive Loughnane won a silver medal in the 20k walk in the World Athletics Championships in Berlin in 2009.", "qas": [ { "id": "38760", "question": "how many medals did irish athletics have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "5,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ireland has won more medals in boxing than in any other Olympic sport. Boxing is governed by the Irish Amateur Boxing Association. Michael Carruth won a gold medal and Wayne McCullough won a silver medal in the Barcelona Olympic Games and in 2008 Kenneth Egan won a silver medal in the Beijing Games. Paddy Barnes secured bronze in those games and gold in the 2010 European Amateur Boxing Championships (where Ireland came 2nd in the overall medal table) and 2010 Commonwealth Games. Katie Taylor has won gold in every European and World championship since 2005. In August 2012 at the Olympic Games in London Katie Taylor created history by becoming the first Irish woman to win a gold medal in boxing in the 60\u00a0kg lightweight.", "qas": [ { "id": "38761", "question": "who governed boxing boxing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "the Irish Amateur Boxing Association" } ] }, { "id": "38762", "question": "who won a gold medal in beijing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "Michael Carruth" } ] }, { "id": "38763", "question": "who won a silver medal in barcelona ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "Wayne McCullough" } ] }, { "id": "38764", "question": "who won the silver medal in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "Kenneth Egan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Golf is very popular and golf tourism is a major industry attracting more than 240,000 golfing visitors annually. The 2006 Ryder Cup was held at The K Club in County Kildare. P\u00e1draig Harrington became the first Irishman since Fred Daly in 1947 to win the British Open at Carnoustie in July 2007. He successfully defended his title in July 2008 before going on to win the PGA Championship in August. Harrington became the first European to win the PGA Championship in 78 years and was the first winner from Ireland. Three golfers from Northern Ireland have been particularly successful. In 2010, Graeme McDowell became the first Irish golfer to win the U.S. Open, and the first European to win that tournament since 1970. Rory McIlroy, at the age of 22, won the 2011 U.S. Open, while Darren Clarke's latest victory was the 2011 Open Championship at Royal St. George's. In August 2012, McIlroy won his 2nd major championship by winning the USPGA Championship by a record margin of 8 shots.", "qas": [ { "id": "38765", "question": "how many golfing visitors are in golf tourism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "240,000" } ] }, { "id": "38766", "question": "where was the 2006 ryder cup held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "The K Club" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The west coast of Ireland, Lahinch and Donegal Bay in particular, have popular surfing beaches, being fully exposed to the Atlantic Ocean. Donegal Bay is shaped like a funnel and catches west/south-west Atlantic winds, creating good surf, especially in winter. Since just before the year 2010, Bundoran has hosted European championship surfing. Scuba diving is increasingly popular in Ireland with clear waters and large populations of sea life, particularly along the western seaboard. There are also many shipwrecks along the coast of Ireland, with some of the best wreck dives being in Malin Head and off the County Cork coast.", "qas": [ { "id": "38767", "question": "what are the names of the popular beaches in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "Lahinch and Donegal Bay" } ] }, { "id": "38768", "question": "where is the west coast of ireland located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "Atlantic Ocean" } ] }, { "id": "38769", "question": "what is shaped like a funnel and catches atlantic city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Donegal Bay" } ] }, { "id": "38770", "question": "what is shaped bay bay ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "funnel and catches west/south-west Atlantic winds" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With thousands of lakes, over of fish bearing rivers and over of coastline, Ireland is a popular angling destination. The temperate Irish climate is suited to sport angling. While salmon and trout fishing remain popular with anglers, salmon fishing in particular received a boost in 2006 with the closing of the salmon driftnet fishery. Coarse fishing continues to increase its profile. Sea angling is developed with many beaches mapped and signposted, and the range of sea angling species is around 80.", "qas": [ { "id": "38771", "question": "what is the temperate irish climate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "sport angling" } ] }, { "id": "38772", "question": "in what year was salmon fishing in a boost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 283, "text": "2006" } ] }, { "id": "38773", "question": "what is the closing of the salmon fishing in 2006 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "salmon driftnet fishery" } ] }, { "id": "38774", "question": "what is the range of sea angling species ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 500, "text": "80" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Food and cuisine in Ireland takes its influence from the crops grown and animals farmed in the island's temperate climate and from the social and political circumstances of Irish history. For example, whilst from the Middle Ages until the arrival of the potato in the 16th century the dominant feature of the Irish economy was the herding of cattle, the number of cattle a person owned was equated to their social standing. Thus herders would avoid slaughtering a milk-producing cow.", "qas": [ { "id": "38775", "question": "when was the dominant feature of the irish economy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 268, "text": "16th century" } ] }, { "id": "38776", "question": "what was the dominant feature of the irish economy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 327, "text": "the herding of cattle" } ] }, { "id": "38777", "question": "what was the number of cattle a person owned to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 401, "text": "their social standing" } ] }, { "id": "38778", "question": "what did herders avoid ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 462, "text": "a milk-producing cow" } ] } ] }, { "context": "For this reason, pork and white meat were more common than beef and thick fatty strips of salted bacon (or rashers) and the eating of salted butter (i.e. a dairy product rather than beef itself) have been a central feature of the diet in Ireland since the Middle Ages. The practice of bleeding cattle and mixing the blood with milk and butter (not unlike the practice of the Maasai) was common and black pudding, made from blood, grain (usually barley) and seasoning, remains a breakfast staple in Ireland. All of these influences can be seen today in the phenomenon of the \"breakfast roll\".", "qas": [ { "id": "38779", "question": "what were more common than beef and thick fatty strips ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "pork and white meat" } ] }, { "id": "38780", "question": "what is the name of the phenomenon that all of the influences today can be seen ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 575, "text": "breakfast roll" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The introduction of the potato in the second half of the 16th century heavily influenced cuisine thereafter. Great poverty encouraged a subsistence approach to food and by the mid-19th century the vast majority of the population sufficed with a diet of potatoes and milk. A typical family, consisting of a man, a woman and four children, would eat of potatoes a week. Consequently, dishes that are considered as national dishes represent a fundamental unsophistication to cooking, such as the Irish stew, bacon and cabbage, boxty, a type of potato pancake, or colcannon, a dish of mashed potatoes and kale or cabbage.", "qas": [ { "id": "38781", "question": "in what century did the vast majority of the population sufficed with potatoes and milk ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "the mid-19th century" } ] }, { "id": "38782", "question": "what diet did the great poverty encouraged ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "potatoes and milk" } ] }, { "id": "38783", "question": "who would eat potatoes a week ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 311, "text": "a woman and four children" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since the last quarter of the 20th century, with a re-emergence of wealth in Ireland, a \"New Irish Cuisine\" based on traditional ingredients incorporating international influences has emerged. This cuisine is based on fresh vegetables, fish (especially salmon, trout, oysters, mussels and other shellfish), as well as traditional soda breads and the wide range of hand-made cheeses that are now being produced across the country. An example of this new cuisine is \"Dublin Lawyer\": lobster cooked in whiskey and cream. The potato remains however a fundamental feature of this cuisine and the Irish remain the highest per capita consumers of potatoes in Europe. Traditional regional foods can be found throughout the country, for example coddle in Dublin or drisheen in Cork, both a type of sausage, or blaa, a doughy white bread particular to Waterford.", "qas": [ { "id": "38784", "question": "what was the name of ireland 's wealth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "New Irish Cuisine" } ] }, { "id": "38785", "question": "what is an example of a new cuisine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 465, "text": "Dublin Lawyer" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ireland once dominated the world's market for whiskey, producing 90% of the world's whiskey at the start of the 20th century. However, as a consequence of bootleggers during the prohibition in the United States (who sold poor-quality whiskey bearing Irish-sounding names thus eroding the pre-prohibition popularity for Irish brands) and tariffs on Irish whiskey across the British Empire during the Anglo-Irish Trade War of the 1930s, sales of Irish whiskey worldwide fell to a mere 2% by the mid-20th century. In 1953, an Irish government survey, found that 50 per cent of whiskey drinkers in the United States had never heard of Irish whiskey.", "qas": [ { "id": "38786", "question": "what percentage of the world 's whiskey at the start of the 20th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "90%" } ] }, { "id": "38787", "question": "what was the percentage of bootleggers in the mid-20th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 483, "text": "2%" } ] }, { "id": "38788", "question": "in what year was the irish government survey found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 514, "text": "1953" } ] }, { "id": "38789", "question": "what percentage of the united states survey was found in 1953 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 559, "text": "50 per cent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Irish whiskey, as researched in 2009 by the CNBC American broadcaster, remains popular domestically and has grown in international sales steadily over a few decades. Typically CNBC states Irish whiskey is not as smoky as a Scotch whisky, but not as sweet as American or Canadian whiskies. Whiskey forms the basis of traditional cream liqueurs, such as Baileys, and the \"Irish coffee\" (a cocktail of coffee and whiskey reputedly invented at Foynes flying-boat station) is probably the best-known Irish cocktail.", "qas": [ { "id": "38790", "question": "in what year was the cnbc american broadcaster researched ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "2009" } ] }, { "id": "38791", "question": "what is smoky not as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "Scotch whisky" } ] }, { "id": "38792", "question": "what are sweet whiskey not as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "American or Canadian whiskies" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Stout, a kind of porter beer, particularly Guinness, is typically associated with Ireland, although historically it was more closely associated with London. Porter remains very popular, although it has lost sales since the mid-20th century to lager. Cider, particularly \"Magners\" (marketed in the Republic of Ireland as \"Bulmers\"), is also a popular drink. Red lemonade, a soft-drink, is consumed on its own and as a mixer, particularly with whiskey.", "qas": [ { "id": "38793", "question": "what is typically associated with ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Stout" } ] }, { "id": "38794", "question": "what language is typically associated with ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Guinness" } ] }, { "id": "38795", "question": "what country is stout associated with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "Ireland" } ] }, { "id": "38796", "question": "what is cider ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "Magners" } ] }, { "id": "38797", "question": "what is the popular name for cider ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 321, "text": "Bulmers" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Ireland" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A given name (also known as a personal name, Christian name, first name, or forename) is a part of a person's full nomenclature. It identifies a specific person, and differentiates that person from other members of a group, such as a family or clan, with whom that person shares a common surname. The term \"given name\" refers to the fact that the name usually is \"bestowed\" upon a person, normally \"given\" to a child by its parents at or near the time of birth. This contrasts with a surname (also known as a family name, last name, or gentile name), which is normally inherited, and shared with other members of the child's immediate family.", "qas": [ { "id": "38798", "question": "what is a given name for a personal name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "a part of a person's full nomenclature" } ] }, { "id": "38799", "question": "what are some members of a group that person shares a common surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "a family or clan" } ] }, { "id": "38800", "question": "what is the term `` given name '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 363, "text": "\"bestowed\" upon a person, normally \"given\" to a child by its parents at or near the time of birth" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Regnal names and religious or monastic names are special types of given names, as they are given to adults upon them receiving a crown or entering a religious order and as such are replacing the original given name of those persons.", "qas": [ { "id": "38801", "question": "what are special types of given names for a religious order ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "adults upon them receiving a crown or entering a religious order" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The order \"given name \u2013 family name\", commonly known as the \"Western order\", is used throughout most European countries and in countries that have cultures predominantly influenced by Western Europe (North and South America, North, East, Central and West India, Australia, New Zealand and the Philippines).", "qas": [ { "id": "38802", "question": "what is another name for the order `` given name '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Western order" } ] }, { "id": "38803", "question": "what are the names of the cultures that influenced western europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "North and South America, North, East, Central and West India, Australia, New Zealand and the Philippines" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The order \"family name \u2013 given name\", commonly known as the \"Eastern order\", is primarily used in East Asia (for example in China, Japan, Korea, Malaysian Chinese, Singapore, Taiwan and Vietnam), as well as in Southern and North-Eastern parts of India, but also in Hungary. It is common in popular use also in Austria and Bavaria, but also in France, Belgium, Greece and Italy, possibly because of the influence of the bureaucratic use of putting the family name before the given name. In China and Korea, even part of the given name may be shared among all members of a given generation in a family and the family's extensions, to differentiate those generations from other generations.", "qas": [ { "id": "38804", "question": "what is another name for the order `` family name '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Eastern order" } ] }, { "id": "38805", "question": "where is the `` eastern order '' used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "East Asia" } ] }, { "id": "38806", "question": "where is the `` eastern order '' used in east asia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "China, Japan, Korea, Malaysian Chinese, Singapore, Taiwan and Vietnam" } ] }, { "id": "38807", "question": "in what areas of india is the eastern order used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "Southern and North-Eastern parts of India" } ] }, { "id": "38808", "question": "in which two countries are it common in popular use of the name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 310, "text": "Austria and Bavaria" } ] }, { "id": "38809", "question": "where are the popular use of the family name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 343, "text": "France, Belgium, Greece and Italy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The order \"given name - father's family name - mother's family name\" is commonly used in Spanish-speaking countries to acknowledge the families of both parents. Today the order can also be changed legally in Spain using \"given name - mother's family name - father's family name\".", "qas": [ { "id": "38810", "question": "what is the name of the father 's family name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "given name - father's family name - mother's family name" } ] }, { "id": "38811", "question": "where is the mother 's family name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Spanish-speaking countries to acknowledge the families of both parents" } ] }, { "id": "38812", "question": "what is the name of spain 's family name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 221, "text": "given name - mother's family name - father's family name" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Under the common Western naming convention, people may have one or more forenames (either given or acquired). If more than one, there is usually a main forename () for everyday use, and one or more supplementary forenames. Sometimes however two or more forenames may carry equal weight. There is no particular ordering rule for forenames \u2013 often the main forename is at the beginning, but other arrangements are quite common.", "qas": [ { "id": "38813", "question": "how many forenames may people have acquired ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "one or more forenames" } ] }, { "id": "38814", "question": "how many forenames forenames are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "one or more supplementary forenames" } ] }, { "id": "38815", "question": "what is there no particular ordering rule for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "forenames" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A child's given name or names are usually chosen by the parents soon after birth. If a name is not assigned at birth, one may be given at a naming ceremony, with family and friends in attendance. In most jurisdictions, a child's name at birth is a matter of public record, inscribed on a birth certificate, or its equivalent. In western cultures, people normally retain the same given name throughout their lives. However, in some cases these names may be changed by petitioning a court of law. People may also change their names when immigrating from one country to another with different naming conventions.", "qas": [ { "id": "38816", "question": "who chosen a child 's given name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "the parents soon after birth" } ] }, { "id": "38817", "question": "what is a child 's name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "a birth certificate, or its equivalent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In certain jurisdictions, mainly civil-law jurisdictions such as France, Quebec, the Netherlands or Germany, a government-appointed registrar of births may refuse to register a name that may cause a child harm, or which is considered offensive. In France, the agency can refer the case to a local judge. Some jurisdictions, like in Sweden, restrict the spelling of names.", "qas": [ { "id": "38818", "question": "what are some of the jurisdictions that may cause a child harm ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "France, Quebec, the Netherlands or Germany" } ] }, { "id": "38819", "question": "what is considered to be considered offensive ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "a government-appointed registrar of births may refuse to register a name that may cause a child harm" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Parents may choose a name because of its meaning. This may be a personal or familial meaning, such as giving a child the name of an admired person, or it may be an example of nominative determinism, in which the parents give the child a name that they believe will be lucky or favourable for the child. Given names most often derive from the following categories:", "qas": [ { "id": "38820", "question": "what is the example of a child ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "personal or familial meaning" } ] }, { "id": "38821", "question": "what is a personal or familial meaning ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "giving a child the name of an admired person" } ] }, { "id": "38822", "question": "what is the personal or familial meaning ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "nominative determinism" } ] }, { "id": "38823", "question": "what is a personal or familial meaning ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "the parents give the child a name that they believe will be lucky or favourable for the child" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In many cultures, given names are reused, especially to commemorate ancestors or those who are particularly admired, resulting in a limited repertoire of names that sometimes vary by orthography.", "qas": [ { "id": "38824", "question": "what is the limited repertoire of names ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "orthography" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The most familiar example of this, to Western readers, is the use of Biblical and saints' names in most of the Christian countries (with Ethiopia, in which names were often ideals or abstractions\u2014Haile Selassie, \"power of the Trinity\"; Haile Miriam, \"power of Mary\"\u2014as the most conspicuous exception). However, the name Jesus is considered taboo or sacrilegious in some parts of the Christian world, though this taboo does not extend to the cognate Joshua or related forms which are common in many languages even among Christians. In some Spanish speaking countries, the name Jesus is considered a normal given name.", "qas": [ { "id": "38825", "question": "what are the names of the names of the names of the christian countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Biblical and saints" } ] }, { "id": "38826", "question": "along with abstractions , what is the name of the biblical and saints ' names ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "Haile Selassie" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Similarly, the name Mary, now popular among Christians, particularly Roman Catholics, was considered too holy for secular use until about the 12th century. In countries that particularly venerated Mary, this remained the case much longer; in Poland, until the arrival in the 17th century of French queens named Marie.", "qas": [ { "id": "38827", "question": "who was considered too holy for secular use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Roman Catholics" } ] }, { "id": "38828", "question": "when was mary considered to be too holy for secular use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "12th century" } ] }, { "id": "38829", "question": "what was the name of the french queens named ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 311, "text": "Marie" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nFrequently, a given name has versions in many different languages. For example, the biblical name \"Susanna\" also occurs in its original biblical Hebrew version, \"Shoshannah\", its Spanish and Portuguese version \"Susana\", its French version, \"Suzanne\", and its Polish version, \"Zuzanna\".\nDespite the uniformity of Chinese surnames, Chinese given names can be fairly original because Chinese characters can be combined extensively. Unlike European languages with their Biblical and Roman heritage, the Chinese language does not have a particular set of words reserved for given names: any combination of Chinese characters can theoretically be used as a given name. Nonetheless, a number of popular characters commonly recur, including \"Strong\" (, \"W\u011bi\"), \"Learned\" (, \"W\u00e9n\"), \"Peaceful\" (, \"\u0100n\"), and \"Beautiful\" (, \"M\u011bi\"). Despite China's increasing urbanization, a great many namessuch as \"Pine\" (, \"S\u014dng\") and \"Plum\" (, \"M\u00e9i\")also still reference nature.", "qas": [ { "id": "38830", "question": "what is the biblical name for susanna ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "Susanna" } ] }, { "id": "38831", "question": "what does susanna polish version mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "Zuzanna" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most Chinese given names are two characters long anddespite the examples abovethe two characters together may mean nothing at all. Instead, they may be selected to include particular sounds, tones, or radicals; to balance the Chinese elements of a child's birth chart; or to honor a generation poem handed down through the family for centuries. Traditionally, it is considered an affront and not an honor to have a newborn named after an older relative, so that full names are rarely passed down through a family in the manner of American English \"Seniors,\" \"Juniors\", \"III\", etc. Similarly, it is considered disadvantageous for the child to bear a name already made famous by someone else, although Romanizations might be identical or a common name like Liu Xiang might be borne by tens of thousands.", "qas": [ { "id": "38832", "question": "what are most chinese elements selected to include ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "particular sounds, tones, or radicals" } ] }, { "id": "38833", "question": "what is a generation of a child ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "balance the Chinese elements of a child's birth chart" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Korean names and Vietnamese names are often simply conventions derived from Classical Chinese counterparts.", "qas": [ { "id": "38834", "question": "where are conventions derived from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "Classical Chinese counterparts" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many female Japanese names end in \"-ko\" (), meaning \"child\". This can make them seem decidedly unfeminine to Europeans accustomed to Indo-European tendencies to end masculine names in \"o\".", "qas": [ { "id": "38835", "question": "what is another name for japanese names ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "-ko" } ] }, { "id": "38836", "question": "what does ko '' mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "child" } ] }, { "id": "38837", "question": "what is the purpose of europeans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Indo-European tendencies to end masculine names in \"o\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In many Westernised Asian locations, many Asians also have an unofficial or even registered Western (typically English) given name, in addition to their Asian given name. This is also true for Asian students at colleges in countries such as the United States, Canada, and Australia as well as among international businesspeople. \nMost names in English are specifically masculine or feminine, but there are many unisex names as well, such as Jordan, Jamie, Jesse, Alex, Ash, Chris/Kris, Hilary/Hillary, Kim, Leslie/Lesley, Joe/Jo, Jackie, Pat, Dana, Sam or Ryan/Ryann. Often, one gender is predominant. Also, a particular spelling is often more common for each of the two genders, even when the pronunciation is the same. Predicting gender using names in the US or Europe is about 99% accurate.", "qas": [ { "id": "38838", "question": "what are some of the asian students in businesspeople ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "the United States, Canada, and Australia" } ] }, { "id": "38839", "question": "what is the predicting gender using names in the us ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 780, "text": "99%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many culture groups, past and present, did not or do not gender names strongly, so that many or all of their names are unisex. On the other hand, in many languages including most Indo-European languages (but not English), gender is inherent in the grammar. Some countries have laws preventing unisex names, requiring parents to give their children sex-specific names. Names may have different gender connotations from country to country or language to language.", "qas": [ { "id": "38840", "question": "what did many culture do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "did not or do not gender names strongly" } ] }, { "id": "38841", "question": "what are many or all or all of their names ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "unisex" } ] }, { "id": "38842", "question": "what do some countries preventing laws preventing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 293, "text": "unisex names" } ] }, { "id": "38843", "question": "what do some countries do in regards to laws ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "requiring parents to give their children sex-specific names" } ] }, { "id": "38844", "question": "what do names have to have different gender ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 393, "text": "gender connotations from country to country or language to language" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The popularity (frequency) distribution of given names typically follows a power law distribution.", "qas": [ { "id": "38845", "question": "what does the frequency distribution of given names typically follows ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "a power law distribution" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since about 1800 in England and Wales and in the U.S., the popularity distribution of given names has been shifting so that the most popular names are losing popularity. For example, in England and Wales, the most popular female and male names given to babies born in 1800 were Mary and John, with 24% of female babies and 22% of male babies receiving those names, respectively. In contrast, the corresponding statistics for in England and Wales in 1994 were Emily and James, with 3% and 4% of names, respectively. Not only have Mary and John gone out of favour in the English speaking world, also the overall distribution of names has changed significantly over the last 100\u00a0years for females, but not for males. This has led to an increasing amount of diversity for female names.", "qas": [ { "id": "38846", "question": "in what year was the most popular names for the popularity of england in england ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 12, "text": "1800" } ] }, { "id": "38847", "question": "in what year were babies born ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 268, "text": "1800" } ] }, { "id": "38848", "question": "who were the most popular female and male names in england ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "Mary and John" } ] }, { "id": "38849", "question": "what percentage of female babies were born in england ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "24%" } ] }, { "id": "38850", "question": "what percentage of male babies were born in england ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "22%" } ] }, { "id": "38851", "question": "in what year was the corresponding statistics for in england ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 449, "text": "1994" } ] }, { "id": "38852", "question": "what percentage of names did james and wales make in england ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 481, "text": "3% and 4%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Education, ethnicity, religion, class and political ideology affect parents' choice of names. In the United States, popular names tend to be chosen by parents with more education. Politically conservative parents choose common and traditional names, while politically liberal parents choose the names of literary characters or other relatively obscure cultural figures. Devout members of religions often choose names from their religious scriptures. For example, Hindu parents may name a daughter Saanvi after the goddess, Jewish parents may name a boy Isaac after one of the earliest ancestral figures, and Muslim parents may name a boy Mohammed after the prophet.", "qas": [ { "id": "38853", "question": "what are some of the parents that are affect ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Education, ethnicity, religion, class and political ideology affect parents' choice of names" } ] }, { "id": "38854", "question": "what is the popular names for popular names in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "parents with more education" } ] }, { "id": "38855", "question": "who is the daughter of hindu parents ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 497, "text": "Saanvi" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are many tools parents can use to choose names, including books, websites and applications. An example is the Baby Name Game that uses the Elo rating system to rank parents preferred names and help them select one.", "qas": [ { "id": "38856", "question": "what are some tools that parents can use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "books, websites and applications" } ] }, { "id": "38857", "question": "what is the name of the game that uses the rating system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Baby Name Game" } ] }, { "id": "38858", "question": "what is the baby name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "Elo rating system to rank parents preferred names and help them select one" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Popular culture appears to have an influence on naming trends, at least in the United States and United Kingdom. Newly famous celebrities and public figures may influence the popularity of names. For example, in 2004, the names \"Keira\" and \"Kiera\" respectively became the 51st and 92nd most popular girls' names in the UK, following the rise in popularity of British actress Keira Knightley. In 2001, the use of Colby as a boys' name for babies in the United States jumped from 233rd place to 99th, just after Colby Donaldson was the runner-up on \"\". Also, the female name \"Miley\" which before was not in the top 1000 was 278th most popular in 2007, following the rise to fame of singer-actress Miley Cyrus (who was named Destiny at birth).", "qas": [ { "id": "38859", "question": "what was the name of the british actress in the uk ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 375, "text": "Keira Knightley" } ] }, { "id": "38860", "question": "what was the female name of the top 1000 in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 622, "text": "278th" } ] }, { "id": "38861", "question": "who was named destiny at birth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 695, "text": "Miley Cyrus" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Characters from fiction also seem to influence naming. After the name Kayla was used for a character on the American soap opera \"Days of Our Lives\", the name's popularity increased greatly. The name Tammy, and the related Tamara became popular after the movie \"Tammy and the Bachelor\" came out in 1957. Some names were established or spread by being used in literature. Notable examples include Pamela, invented by Sir Philip Sidney for a pivotal character in his epic prose work, \"The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia\"; Jessica, created by William Shakespeare in his play \"The Merchant of Venice\"; Vanessa, created by Jonathan Swift; Fiona, a character from James Macpherson's spurious cycle of Ossian poems; Wendy, an obscure name popularised by J. M. Barrie in his play \"Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up\"; and Madison, a character from the movie \"Splash\". Lara and Larissa were rare in America before the appearance of \"Doctor Zhivago,\" and have become fairly common since.", "qas": [ { "id": "38862", "question": "what was the character on the american soap opera called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "\"Days of Our Lives" } ] }, { "id": "38863", "question": "what was the name of the movie that was popular in 1957 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "Tammy and the Bachelor" } ] }, { "id": "38864", "question": "when did the movie `` tammy '' begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "1957" } ] }, { "id": "38865", "question": "who invented william shakespeare ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 415, "text": "Sir Philip Sidney" } ] }, { "id": "38866", "question": "what was the name of the epic prose work ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 482, "text": "The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia" } ] }, { "id": "38867", "question": "who wrote `` peter pan , or the boy '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 746, "text": "J. M. Barrie" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Songs can influence the naming of children. Jude jumped from 814th most popular male name in 1968 to 668th in 1969, following the release of The Beatles' \"Hey Jude.\" Similarly, Layla charted as 969th most popular in 1972 after the Eric Clapton song. It had not been in the top 1,000 before.", "qas": [ { "id": "38868", "question": "what was most popular male name in 1968 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "814th" } ] }, { "id": "38869", "question": "what was the name of the name of the name of the 1969 name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "668th" } ] }, { "id": "38870", "question": "in what year did most of the name of the beatles take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "1969" } ] }, { "id": "38871", "question": "what was layla charted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "969th" } ] }, { "id": "38872", "question": "who song layla charted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "Eric Clapton" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Kayleigh became a particularly popular name in the United Kingdom following the release of a song by the British rock group Marillion. Government statistics in 2005 revealed that 96% of Kayleighs were born after 1985, the year in which Marillion released \"Kayleigh.\" ", "qas": [ { "id": "38873", "question": "who became a song in the united kingdom ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "the British rock group Marillion" } ] }, { "id": "38874", "question": "what percentage of kayleighs were born in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "96%" } ] }, { "id": "38875", "question": "in what year were 96 % of kayleighs born ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "1985" } ] }, { "id": "38876", "question": "what was the name of the year the year in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "Kayleigh" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Popular culture figures need not be admirable in order to influence naming trends. For example, Peyton came in to the top 1000 as a female given name for babies in the United States for the first time in 1992 (at #583), immediately after it was featured as the name of an evil nanny in the film \"The Hand That Rocks the Cradle\". On the other hand, historical events can influence child-naming. For example, the given name Adolf has fallen out of use since the end of World War II in 1945.", "qas": [ { "id": "38877", "question": "in what year did the hand of babies become a name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "1992" } ] }, { "id": "38878", "question": "what was the name of the film in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "The Hand That Rocks the Cradle" } ] }, { "id": "38879", "question": "in what year did adolf adolf fallen out since the end of world war ii ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 483, "text": "1945" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In contrast with these anecdotal evidence, a comprehensive study of Norwegian first name datasets shows that the main factors that govern first name dynamics are endogenous. Monitoring the popularity of 1000 names along 130 years, the authors have identified only five cases of exogenous effects, three of them are connected to the names given to the babies of the Norwegian royal family.", "qas": [ { "id": "38880", "question": "how long has the popularity of 1000 names been connected to the popularity of 1000 names ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "130 years" } ] }, { "id": "38881", "question": "how many cases did the authors of the norwegian royal family have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "five" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Where births are required to be officially registered, the name entered onto a births register or birth certificate may by that fact alone become a legal name. The assumption in the Western world is often that the name from birth, or perhaps from baptism or bris, persists to adulthood in the normal course of affairs. Some possible changes concern middle names, uses of diminutive forms, adoption, choice of surname as parents divorce or were not married. Matters are very different in some cultures, where a name at birth is only a childhood name rather than the default choice for later life.", "qas": [ { "id": "38882", "question": "what happens to the name births ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "the name entered onto a births register or birth certificate" } ] }, { "id": "38883", "question": "what are diminutive forms of surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 420, "text": "parents divorce or were not married" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The French and English-adopted terms n\u00e9e and n\u00e9 (; French: , ) are used to indicate the name at birth. The term \"n\u00e9e\", having feminine grammatical gender, can be applied to a woman's surname at birth that has been replaced or changed, most often (in English-speaking cultures) at marriage. The masculine form \"n\u00e9\", though uncommon, can likewise be applied in English or French to men's family names changed for any reason. The accent marks are significant to the spelling but sometimes omitted.", "qas": [ { "id": "38884", "question": "who are used to indicate the name at birth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The French and English-adopted terms n\u00e9e and n\u00e9 (; French" } ] }, { "id": "38885", "question": "what term can be used to be applied to a woman 's surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "n\u00e9e" } ] }, { "id": "38886", "question": "what is the masculine form of the masculine form ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 310, "text": "n\u00e9" } ] }, { "id": "38887", "question": "what is the masculine form of the masculine form ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 359, "text": "English or French to men's family names changed for any reason" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"Birth name\", or now sometimes \"birthname\", can mean name at birth, or the more elusive concept of personal name (that is, name before taking a professional name such as stage name, pen name, ring name, assumed name, alias, nickname, or some recognised name change process that \"de jure\" alters names). The term \"birth name\" is sometimes used for the name before marriage of a woman \u2013 in cultures where a married woman's name customarily changes \u2013 by those who find \"maiden name\" to be an old-fashioned usage with the wrong connotations.", "qas": [ { "id": "38888", "question": "what is another name for birth name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "birthname" } ] }, { "id": "38889", "question": "what is the name of alias name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 279, "text": "de jure\" alters names" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The term \"birth name\" is also applied to mean the family name of the mother of a child adopted at birth, and is thus likely to be used with more flexibility than the loan-words \"n\u00e9e\" and \"n\u00e9\", even when the name being referred to was acquired by adoption (at or long after birth), or made in connection with a change of nationality, or changed in any of many other (rarer) circumstances.", "qas": [ { "id": "38890", "question": "what is the term `` birth name '' applied to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "mean the family name of the mother of a child adopted at birth" } ] }, { "id": "38891", "question": "what is the term for the term `` birth name '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "more flexibility than the loan-words \"n\u00e9e\" and \"n\u00e9\"" } ] }, { "id": "38892", "question": "when was adoption acquired ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "at or long after birth" } ] } ] } ], "title": "Given name" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Malaysia ( or ; ) is a federal constitutional monarchy located in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions, Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia (Malaysian Borneo). Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, and Indonesia. East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. With a population of over 30 million, Malaysia is the 44th most populous country. The southernmost point of continental Eurasia, Tanjung Piai, is in Malaysia. Located in the tropics, Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries on earth, with large numbers of endemic species.", "qas": [ { "id": "38893", "question": "where is a federal constitutional monarchy located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Malaysia" } ] }, { "id": "38894", "question": "where is malaysia located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "Southeast Asia" } ] }, { "id": "38895", "question": "how many states are in the south china sea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "thirteen" } ] }, { "id": "38896", "question": "which sea has a total landmass of the sea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "South China Sea" } ] }, { "id": "38897", "question": "what are the names of the two federal territories that are in south china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia" } ] }, { "id": "38898", "question": "where did peninsular malaysia migrate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 390, "text": "Singapore, Vietnam, and Indonesia" } ] }, { "id": "38899", "question": "what is the capital city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 574, "text": "Kuala Lumpur" } ] }, { "id": "38900", "question": "what is the seat of the federal government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 594, "text": "Putrajaya" } ] }, { "id": "38901", "question": "what is the population of malaysia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 669, "text": "30 million" } ] }, { "id": "38902", "question": "how many countries are in malaysia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 845, "text": "17" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms present in the area which, from the 18th century, became subject to the British Empire. The first British territories were known as the Straits Settlements, whose establishment was followed by the Malay kingdoms becoming British protectorates. The territories on Peninsular Malaysia were first unified as the Malayan Union in 1946. Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31 August 1957. Malaya united with North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia. Less than two years later in 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation.", "qas": [ { "id": "38903", "question": "when did the malay kingdoms begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "18th century" } ] }, { "id": "38904", "question": "what empire did malaysia become subject to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "British Empire" } ] }, { "id": "38905", "question": "what were the first british territories known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "Straits Settlements" } ] }, { "id": "38906", "question": "who followed the straits settlements ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "Malay kingdoms becoming British protectorates" } ] }, { "id": "38907", "question": "what were the territories on peninsular malaysia first unified as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 356, "text": "Malayan Union" } ] }, { "id": "38908", "question": "when was the malayan union first unified ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 373, "text": "1946" } ] }, { "id": "38909", "question": "when was the federation of malaya ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 434, "text": "1948" } ] }, { "id": "38910", "question": "when did the federation of malaya end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 469, "text": "31 August 1957" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The country is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural, which plays a large role in politics. About half the population is ethnically Malay, with large minorities of Malaysian Chinese, Malaysian Indians, and indigenous peoples. The constitution declares Islam the state religion while allowing freedom of religion for non-Muslims. The government system is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system and the legal system is based on common law. The head of state is the king, known as the \"Yang di-Pertuan Agong\". He is an elected monarch chosen from the hereditary rulers of the nine Malay states every five years. The head of government is the prime minister.", "qas": [ { "id": "38911", "question": "what are the large minorities of ethnically malay ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "Malaysian Chinese, Malaysian Indians, and indigenous peoples" } ] }, { "id": "38912", "question": "what is the government system closely modelled on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 368, "text": "the Westminster parliamentary system" } ] }, { "id": "38913", "question": "what is the legal system based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 438, "text": "common law" } ] }, { "id": "38914", "question": "what is the head of state known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 495, "text": "Yang di-Pertuan Agong" } ] }, { "id": "38915", "question": "what is the head of the state of state monarch ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 560, "text": "hereditary rulers of the nine Malay states every five years" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since its independence, Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with its GDP growing at an average of 6.5% per annum for almost 50 years. The economy has traditionally been fuelled by its natural resources, but is expanding in the sectors of science, tourism, commerce and medical tourism. Today, Malaysia has a newly industrialised market economy, ranked third largest in Southeast Asia and 29th largest in the world. It is a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the East Asia Summit and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and a member of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the Non-Aligned Movement.", "qas": [ { "id": "38916", "question": "what percentage of malaysia 's gdp was per annum ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "6.5%" } ] }, { "id": "38917", "question": "in what sectors is the economy expanding ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "science, tourism, commerce and medical tourism" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The name \"Malaysia\" is a combination of the word \"Malay\" and the Latin-Greek suffix \"-sia\"/-\u03c3\u03af\u03b1. The word \"\"melayu\"\" in Malay may derive from the Tamil words \"\"malai\"\" and \"\"ur\"\" meaning \"mountain\" and \"city, land\", respectively. \"\"Malayadvipa\"\" was the word used by ancient Indian traders when referring to the Malay Peninsula. Whether or not it originated from these roots, the word \"\"melayu\"\" or \"\"mlayu\"\" may have been used in early Malay/Javanese to mean to steadily accelerate or run. This term was applied to describe the strong current of the river Melayu in Sumatra. The name was later adopted by the Melayu Kingdom that existed in the seventh century on Sumatra.", "qas": [ { "id": "38918", "question": "what is the name of the peninsula that was used by ancient indian traders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "Malay Peninsula" } ] }, { "id": "38919", "question": "who adopted the name on the seventh century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 610, "text": "Melayu Kingdom" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Before the onset of European colonisation, the Malay Peninsula was known natively as \"\"Tanah Melayu\"\" (\"Malay Land\"). Under a racial classification created by a German scholar Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, the natives of maritime Southeast Asia were grouped into a single category, the Malay race. Following the expedition of French navigator Jules Dumont d'Urville to Oceania in 1826, he later proposed the terms of \"Malaysia\", \"Micronesia\" and \"Melanesia\" to the \"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de G\u00e9ographie\" in 1831, distinguishing these Pacific cultures and island groups from the existing term \"Polynesia\". Dumont d'Urville described Malaysia as \"an area commonly known as the East Indies\". In 1850, the English ethnologist George Samuel Windsor Earl, writing in the \"Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia\", proposed naming the islands of Southeast Asia as \"Melayunesia\" or \"Indunesia\", favouring the former. In modern terminology, \"Malay\" remains the name of an ethnoreligious group of Austronesian people predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula and portions of the adjacent islands of Southeast Asia, including the east coast of Sumatra, the coast of Borneo, and smaller islands that lie between these areas.", "qas": [ { "id": "38920", "question": "what is another name for the malay peninsula ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "Tanah Melayu" } ] }, { "id": "38921", "question": "who created the malay race ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "Johann Friedrich Blumenbach" } ] }, { "id": "38922", "question": "who was the french leader of french navigator ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 342, "text": "Jules Dumont" } ] }, { "id": "38923", "question": "who was the english ethnologist in 1850 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 706, "text": "George Samuel Windsor Earl" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The state that gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1957 took the name the \"Federation of Malaya\", chosen in preference to other potential names such as \"Langkasuka\", after the historic kingdom located at the upper section of the Malay Peninsula in the first millennium CE. The name \"Malaysia\" was adopted in 1963 when the existing states of the Federation of Malaya, plus Singapore, North Borneo and Sarawak formed a new federation. One theory posits the name was chosen so that \"si\" represented the inclusion of Singapore, North Borneo, and Sarawak to Malaya in 1963. Politicians in the Philippines contemplated renaming their state \"Malaysia\" before the modern country took the name.", "qas": [ { "id": "38924", "question": "when did the state that gained independence occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "1957" } ] }, { "id": "38925", "question": "what was the state that gained independence from the united kingdom ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "Federation of Malaya" } ] }, { "id": "38926", "question": "what was the `` federation of malaya '' called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "Langkasuka" } ] }, { "id": "38927", "question": "when was the name `` malaysia '' adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "1963" } ] }, { "id": "38928", "question": "in what year was the name of singapore 's name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 574, "text": "1963" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Evidence of modern human habitation in Malaysia dates back 40,000\u00a0years. In the Malay Peninsular, the first inhabitants are thought to be Negritos. Traders and settlers from India and China arrived as early as the first century AD, establishing trading ports and coastal towns in the second and third centuries. Their presence resulted in strong Indian and Chinese influences on the local cultures, and the people of the Malay Peninsula adopted the religions of Hinduism and Buddhism. Sanskrit inscriptions appear as early as the fourth or fifth century. The Kingdom of Langkasuka arose around the second century in the northern area of the Malay Peninsula, lasting until about the 15th century. Between the 7th and 13th centuries, much of the southern Malay Peninsula was part of the maritime Srivijaya Empire. After the fall of Srivijaya, the Majapahit Empire had influence over most of Peninsular Malaysia and the Malay Archipelago. Islam began to spread among Malays in the 14th century. In the early 15th century, Sultan Iskandar Shah, a runaway king of the former Kingdom of Singapura, founded the Malacca Sultanate, commonly considered the first independent state in the peninsula area. Malacca was an important commercial centre during this time, attracting trade from around the region.\nIn 1511, Malacca was conquered by Portugal, after which it was taken by the Dutch in 1641. In 1786, the British Empire established a presence in Malaya, when the Sultan of Kedah leased Penang Island to the British East India Company. The British obtained the town of Singapore in 1819, and in 1824 took control of Malacca following the Anglo-Dutch Treaty. By 1826, the British directly controlled Penang, Malacca, Singapore, and the island of Labuan, which they established as the crown colony of the Straits Settlements. By the 20th century, the states of Pahang, Selangor, Perak, and Negeri Sembilan, known together as the Federated Malay States, had British residents appointed to advise the Malay rulers, to whom the rulers were bound to defer to by treaty. The remaining five states in the peninsula, known as the Unfederated Malay States, while not directly under British rule, also accepted British advisers around the turn of the 20th century. Development on the peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. Under British rule the immigration of Chinese and Indians to serve as labourers was encouraged. The area that is now Sabah came under British control as North Borneo when both the Sultan of Brunei and the Sultan of Sulu transferred their respective territorial rights of ownership, between 1877 and 1878. In 1842, Sarawak was ceded by the Sultan of Brunei to James Brooke, whose successors ruled as the White Rajahs over an independent kingdom until 1946, when it became a crown colony.\nIn the Second World War, the Japanese Army invaded and occupied Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore for over three years. During this time, ethnic tensions were raised and nationalism grew. Popular support for independence increased after Malaya was reconquered, by Allied forces. Post-war British plans to unite the administration of Malaya under a single crown colony called the \"Malayan Union\" met with strong opposition from the Malays, who opposed the weakening of the Malay rulers and the granting of citizenship to the ethnic Chinese. The Malayan Union, established in 1946, and consisting of all the British possessions in the Malay Peninsula with the exception of Singapore, was quickly dissolved and replaced on 1 February 1948 by the Federation of Malaya, which restored the autonomy of the rulers of the Malay states under British protection. During this time, mostly Chinese rebels under the leadership of the Malayan Communist Party launched guerrilla operations designed to force the British out of Malaya. The Malayan Emergency lasted from 1948 to 1960, and involved a long anti-insurgency campaign by Commonwealth troops in Malaya. On 31 August 1957 Malaya became an independent member of the Commonwealth of Nations. After this a plan was put in place to federate Malaya with the crown colonies of North Borneo (which joined as Sabah), Sarawak, and Singapore. The date of federation was planned to be 31 August 1963 so as to coincide with the anniversary of Malayan independence; however, federation was delayed until 16 September 1963 in order for a United Nations survey of support for federation in Sabah and Sarawak, called for by parties opposed to federation including Indonesia's Sukarno and the Sarawak United Peoples' Party, to be completed.", "qas": [ { "id": "38929", "question": "how many years does modern human habitation in malaysia last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "40,000" } ] }, { "id": "38930", "question": "who is the first inhabitants thought to be in the malay peninsular , the first inhabitants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "Negritos" } ] }, { "id": "38931", "question": "the people of the malay peninsula adopted the religions of what religions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 462, "text": "Hinduism and Buddhism" } ] }, { "id": "38932", "question": "who founded the malacca sultanate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1019, "text": "Sultan Iskandar Shah" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Federation brought heightened tensions including a conflict with Indonesia, Singapore being expelled from the Federation in 1965, and racial strife. This strife culminated in the 13 May race riots in 1969. After the riots, the controversial New Economic Policy was launched by Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak, trying to increase the share of the economy held by the \"bumiputera\". Under Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad there was a period of rapid economic growth and urbanisation beginning in the 1980s. The economy shifted from being agriculturally based to one based on manufacturing and industry. Numerous mega-projects were completed, such as the Petronas Towers, the North-South Expressway, the Multimedia Super Corridor, and the new federal administrative capital of Putrajaya. However, in the late 1990s the Asian financial crisis almost caused the collapse of the currency and the stock and property markets.", "qas": [ { "id": "38933", "question": "in what year was singapore expelled from the federation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "1965" } ] }, { "id": "38934", "question": "in what year did race riots occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "1969" } ] }, { "id": "38935", "question": "who launched the economic economic policy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak" } ] }, { "id": "38936", "question": "what was the name of the economy that launched the new economic policy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 366, "text": "bumiputera" } ] }, { "id": "38937", "question": "who was the prime minister in the 1980s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "Mahathir Mohamad" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Malaysia is a federal constitutional elective monarchy, and the only federation in Southeast Asia. The system of government is closely modelled on that of the Westminster parliamentary system, a legacy of British colonial rule. The head of state is the Yang\u00a0di-Pertuan\u00a0Agong, commonly referred to as the King. The King is elected to a five-year term by and from among the nine hereditary rulers of the Malay states; the other four states, which have titular Governors, do not participate in the selection. By informal agreement the position is systematically rotated among the nine, and has been held by Abdul Halim of Kedah since December 2011. The King's role has been largely ceremonial since changes to the constitution in 1994, picking ministers and members of the upper house.", "qas": [ { "id": "38938", "question": "the system of government is closely modelled on what system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "Westminster parliamentary system" } ] }, { "id": "38939", "question": "the westminster parliamentary system is a legacy of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "British colonial rule" } ] }, { "id": "38940", "question": "what is the head of state state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "Yang\u00a0di-Pertuan\u00a0Agong" } ] }, { "id": "38941", "question": "what is the name of the head of state state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 300, "text": "the King" } ] }, { "id": "38942", "question": "who held the position of the position in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 604, "text": "Abdul Halim of Kedah" } ] }, { "id": "38943", "question": "when was abdul halim held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 631, "text": "December 2011" } ] }, { "id": "38944", "question": "in what year did the king 's role to the constitution take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 727, "text": "1994" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Legislative power is divided between federal and state legislatures. The bicameral federal parliament consists of the lower house, the House of Representatives and the upper house, the Senate. The 222-member House of Representatives is elected for a maximum term of five years from single-member constituencies. All 70 senators sit for three-year terms; 26 are elected by the 13 state assemblies, and the remaining 44 are appointed by the King upon the Prime Minister's recommendation. The parliament follows a multi-party system and the government is elected through a first-past-the-post system. Since independence Malaysia has been governed by a 13-party coalition known as the Barisan Nasional.", "qas": [ { "id": "38945", "question": "what is legislative power divided between ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "federal and state legislatures" } ] }, { "id": "38946", "question": "what is the name of the bicameral federal parliament ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "the House of Representatives and the upper house" } ] }, { "id": "38947", "question": "what is the name of the coalition known as independence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 681, "text": "Barisan Nasional" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Each state has a unicameral State Legislative Assembly whose members are elected from single-member constituencies. State governments are led by Chief Ministers, who are state assembly members from the majority party in the assembly. In each of the states with a hereditary ruler, the Chief Minister is normally required to be a Malay, appointed by the ruler upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister. Parliamentary elections are held at least once every five years, the most recent of which took place in May 2013. Registered voters of age 21 and above may vote for the members of the House of Representatives and, in most of the states, for the state legislative chamber. Voting is not mandatory. Except for state elections in Sarawak, by convention state elections are held concurrently with the federal election.\nExecutive power is vested in the Cabinet, led by the Prime Minister. The prime minister must be a member of the house of representatives, who in the opinion of the King, commands a majority in parliament. The cabinet is chosen from members of both houses of Parliament. The Prime Minister is both the head of cabinet and the head of government. The incumbent, Najib Razak, appointed in 2009, is the sixth prime minister.", "qas": [ { "id": "38948", "question": "who led the state assembly members ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "Chief Ministers" } ] }, { "id": "38949", "question": "who is the sixth prime minister ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1181, "text": "Najib Razak" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Malaysia's legal system is based on English Common Law. Although the judiciary is theoretically independent, its independence has been called into question and the appointment of judges lacks accountability and transparency. The highest court in the judicial system is the Federal Court, followed by the Court of Appeal and two high courts, one for Peninsular Malaysia and one for East Malaysia. Malaysia also has a special court to hear cases brought by or against royalty. The death penalty is in use for serious crimes such as murder, terrorism, drug trafficking, and kidnapping. Separate from and running parallel to the civil courts are the Syariah Courts, which apply Shariah law to Muslims in the areas of family law and religious observances.", "qas": [ { "id": "38950", "question": "what is malaysia 's legal system based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "English Common Law" } ] }, { "id": "38951", "question": "what is the highest court in the judicial system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 300, "text": "the Court of Appeal and two high courts" } ] }, { "id": "38952", "question": "what are some serious crimes in the death penalty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 530, "text": "murder, terrorism, drug trafficking, and kidnapping" } ] }, { "id": "38953", "question": "what courts are separate from the civil courts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 646, "text": "Syariah Courts" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Race is a significant force in politics, and many political parties are ethnically based. Affirmative actions such as the New Economic Policy and the National Development Policy which superseded it, were implemented to advance the standing of the \"bumiputera\", consisting of Malays and the indigenous tribes who are considered the original inhabitants of Malaysia, over non-\"bumiputera\" such as Malaysian Chinese and Malaysian Indians. These policies provide preferential treatment to \"bumiputera\" in employment, education, scholarships, business, and access to cheaper housing and assisted savings. However, it has generated greater interethnic resentment. There is ongoing debate over whether the laws and society of Malaysia should reflect secular or Islamic principles. Islamic criminal laws passed by the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party with the support of UMNO state assemblymen in the state legislative assembly of Kelantan have been blocked by the federal government on the basis that criminal laws are the responsibility of the federal government.", "qas": [ { "id": "38954", "question": "what were the names of the affirmative actions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "New Economic Policy and the National Development Policy" } ] }, { "id": "38955", "question": "what were affirmative actions implemented to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "bumiputera" } ] }, { "id": "38956", "question": "what are some of the indigenous tribes that are considered to advance the indigenous tribes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 395, "text": "Malaysian Chinese and Malaysian Indians" } ] }, { "id": "38957", "question": "what is the term used to describe the policies in employment , education and scholarships ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 486, "text": "bumiputera" } ] }, { "id": "38958", "question": "what are some of the reasons for these policies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 501, "text": "employment, education, scholarships, business, and access to cheaper housing and assisted savings" } ] }, { "id": "38959", "question": "who passed islamic criminal laws ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 810, "text": "Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), the country participates in many international organisations such as the United Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Developing 8 Countries, and the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). It has chaired ASEAN, the OIC, and the NAM in the past. A former British colony, it is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. Kuala Lumpur was the site of the first East Asia Summit in 2005.", "qas": [ { "id": "38960", "question": "what are the founding member of the asean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation" } ] }, { "id": "38961", "question": "what is the name of the nam nam in asean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "Non-Aligned Movement" } ] }, { "id": "38962", "question": "what are the three asean asean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 337, "text": "the OIC, and the NAM in the past" } ] }, { "id": "38963", "question": "when was the first east asia summit held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 507, "text": "2005" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Malaysia's foreign policy is officially based on the principle of neutrality and maintaining peaceful relations with all countries, regardless of their political system. The government attaches a high priority to the security and stability of Southeast Asia, and seeks to further develop relations with other countries in the region. Historically the government has tried to portray Malaysia as a progressive Islamic nation while strengthening relations with other Islamic states. A strong tenet of Malaysia's policy is national sovereignty and the right of a country to control its domestic affairs.", "qas": [ { "id": "38964", "question": "what is malaysia 's foreign policy based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "neutrality and maintaining peaceful relations with all countries" } ] }, { "id": "38965", "question": "why is malaysia 's foreign policy based ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "regardless of their political system" } ] }, { "id": "38966", "question": "what is a strong tenet of malaysia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 520, "text": "national sovereignty and the right of a country to control its domestic affairs" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The policy towards territorial disputes by the government is one of pragmatism, with the government solving disputes in a number of ways, such as bringing the case to the International Court of Justice. The Spratly Islands are disputed by many states in the area, and a large portion of the South China Sea is claimed by China. Unlike its neighbours of Vietnam and the Philippines, Malaysia historically avoided conflicts with China. However, after the enroachment of Chinese ships in Malaysian territorial waters, Malaysia has become active in condemning China. Brunei and Malaysia in 2009 announced an end to claims of each other's land, and committed to resolve issues related to their maritime borders. The Philippines has a dormant claim to the eastern part of Sabah. Singapore's land reclamation has caused tensions, and minor maritime and land border disputes exist with Indonesia.\nMalaysia has never recognised Israel and has no diplomatic ties with it, and has called for the International Criminal Court to take action against Israel over their Gaza flotilla raid. Malaysia has stated it will only establish an official relations with Israel once a peace agreement with the State of Palestine been reached and called for both parties to find a quick resolution. Malaysian peacekeeping forces have contributed to many UN peacekeeping missions, such as in Congo, Iran\u2013Iraq, Namibia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Somalia, East Timor and Lebanon.", "qas": [ { "id": "38967", "question": "what is the policy of territorial disputes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "pragmatism" } ] }, { "id": "38968", "question": "what is the case of pragmatism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "International Court of Justice" } ] }, { "id": "38969", "question": "who claimed the south china sea sea is a large portion of the south china sea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 321, "text": "China" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Malaysian Armed Forces have three branches, the Royal Malaysian Navy, the Malaysian Army, and the Royal Malaysian Air Force. There is no conscription, and the required age for voluntary military service is 18. The military uses 1.5% of the country's GDP, and employs 1.23% of Malaysia's manpower.", "qas": [ { "id": "38970", "question": "what are the three branches of the armed forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "Royal Malaysian Navy, the Malaysian Army, and the Royal Malaysian Air Force" } ] }, { "id": "38971", "question": "what is the required age of voluntary military service ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "18" } ] }, { "id": "38972", "question": "what percentage of the country 's gdp is the military ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "1.5%" } ] }, { "id": "38973", "question": "what percentage of malaysia 's manpower is uses in malaysia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "1.23%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Five Power Defence Arrangements is a regional security initiative which has been in place for almost 40 years. It involves joint military exercises held among Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. Joint exercises and war games also been held with Brunei, China, Indonesia and the United States. Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam have agreed to host joint security force exercises to secure their maritime border and tackle issues such as illegal immigration, piracy and smuggling. There are fears that extremist militants activities in the Muslim areas of the southern Philippines and southern Thailand would spill over into Malaysia.", "qas": [ { "id": "38974", "question": "what is a regional security initiative ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Five Power Defence Arrangements" } ] }, { "id": "38975", "question": "how long has the five power defence arrangements been in place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "40 years" } ] }, { "id": "38976", "question": "what countries were the joint military exercises among ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom" } ] }, { "id": "38977", "question": "what countries were joint exercises and war games held with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "Brunei, China, Indonesia and the United States" } ] }, { "id": "38978", "question": "which countries have agreed to host joint security force ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 330, "text": "Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Malaysia is a federation of 13 states and three federal territories. These are divided between two regions, with 11 states and two federal territories on Peninsular Malaysia and the other two states and one federal territory in East Malaysia. Each state is divided into districts, which are then divided into mukim. In Sabah and Sarawak districts are grouped into divisions.", "qas": [ { "id": "38979", "question": "how many territories are in malaysia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "13 states and three federal territories" } ] }, { "id": "38980", "question": "how many states are in east malaysia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "11" } ] }, { "id": "38981", "question": "where are the two federal territories located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "Peninsular Malaysia and the other two states and one federal territory in East Malaysia" } ] }, { "id": "38982", "question": "what is the state divided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "mukim" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Governance of the states is divided between the federal and the state governments, with different powers reserved for each, and the Federal government has direct administration of the federal territories. Lower-level administration is carried out by local authorities, which include city councils, district councils, and municipal councils, although autonomous statutory bodies can be created by the federal and state governments to deal with certain tasks. The federal constitution puts local authorities outside of the federal territories under the exclusive jurisdictions of the state government, although in practice the federal government has intervened in the affairs of state local governments. There are 144 local authorities, consisting of 11 city councils, 33 municipal councils, and 97 district councils.", "qas": [ { "id": "38983", "question": "who is governance of the states divided between ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "the federal and the state governments" } ] }, { "id": "38984", "question": "who carried out city councils ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "local authorities" } ] }, { "id": "38985", "question": "what are some examples of statutory authorities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 283, "text": "city councils, district councils, and municipal councils" } ] }, { "id": "38986", "question": "how many local authorities are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 712, "text": "144" } ] }, { "id": "38987", "question": "how many city councils are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 749, "text": "11" } ] }, { "id": "38988", "question": "how many municipal councils are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 767, "text": "33" } ] }, { "id": "38989", "question": "how many district councils are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 794, "text": "97" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 13 states are based on historical Malay kingdoms, and 9 of the 11 Peninsular states, known as the Malay states, retain their royal families. The King is elected by and from the nine rulers to serve a five-year term. This King appoints governors serving a four-year term for the states without monarchies, after consultations with the chief minister of that state. Each state has a unicameral legislature known as the State Legislative Assembly, and its own written constitution. Sabah and Sarawak have considerably more autonomy than the other states, most notably having separate immigration policies and controls, and a unique residency status. Federal intervention in state affairs, lack of development, and disputes over oil royalties have occasionally led to statements about secession from leaders in several states such as Johor, Kelantan, Sabah and Sarawak, although these have not been followed up and no serious independence movements exist.", "qas": [ { "id": "38990", "question": "how many states are based on historical malay kingdoms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "13" } ] }, { "id": "38991", "question": "what are the 13 states based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "historical Malay kingdoms" } ] }, { "id": "38992", "question": "what is the malay states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "9 of the 11 Peninsular states" } ] }, { "id": "38993", "question": "what is the name of the 11 peninsular states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "the Malay states, retain their royal families" } ] }, { "id": "38994", "question": "how is the king elected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "the nine rulers to serve a five-year term" } ] }, { "id": "38995", "question": "what is the unicameral legislature known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 421, "text": "State Legislative Assembly" } ] }, { "id": "38996", "question": "what are some examples of oil royalties in state affairs in state affairs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 834, "text": "Johor, Kelantan, Sabah and Sarawak" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Malaysia is the 66th largest country by total land area, with a land area of . It has land borders with Thailand in West Malaysia, and Indonesia and Brunei in East Malaysia. It is linked to Singapore by a narrow causeway and a bridge. The country also has maritime boundaries with Vietnam and the Philippines. The land borders are defined in large part by geological features such as the Perlis River, the Golok River and the Pagalayan Canal, whilst some of the maritime boundaries are the subject of ongoing contention. Brunei forms what is almost an enclave in Malaysia, with the state of Sarawak dividing it into two parts. Malaysia is the only country with territory on both the Asian mainland and the Malay archipelago. Tanjung Piai, located in the southern state of Johor, is the southernmost tip of continental Asia. The Strait of Malacca, lying between Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, is one of the most important thoroughfares in global commerce, carrying 40 per cent of the world's trade.", "qas": [ { "id": "38997", "question": "where is thailand located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "West Malaysia, and Indonesia and Brunei" } ] }, { "id": "38998", "question": "which two countries have maritime boundaries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "Vietnam and the Philippines" } ] }, { "id": "38999", "question": "who is the southernmost tip of continental asia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 725, "text": "Tanjung Piai" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The two parts of Malaysia, separated from each other by the South China Sea, share a largely similar landscape in that both Peninsular and East Malaysia feature coastal plains rising to hills and mountains. Peninsular Malaysia, containing 40 per cent of Malaysia's land area, extends from north to south, and its maximum width is . It is divided between its east and west coasts by the Titiwangsa Mountains, rising to a peak elevation of at Mount Korbu,\npart of a series of mountain ranges running down the centre of the peninsula. These mountains are heavily forested, and mainly composed of granite and other igneous rocks. Much of it has been eroded, creating a karst landscape. The range is the origin of some of Peninsular Malaysia's river systems. The coastal plains surrounding the peninsula reach a maximum width of , and the peninsula's coastline is nearly long, although harbours are only available on the western side.\nEast Malaysia, on the island of Borneo, has a coastline of . It is divided between coastal regions, hills and valleys, and a mountainous interior. The Crocker Range extends northwards from Sarawak, dividing the state of Sabah. It is the location of the high Mount Kinabalu, the tallest mountain in Malaysia. Mount Kinabalu is located in the Kinabalu National Park, which is protected as one of the four UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Malaysia. The highest mountain ranges form the border between Malaysia and Indonesia. Sarawak contains the Mulu Caves, the largest cave system in the world, in the Gunung Mulu National Park which is also a World Heritage Site.", "qas": [ { "id": "39000", "question": "the two parts of malaysia separated from which sea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "South China Sea" } ] }, { "id": "39001", "question": "how much of malaysia 's land is peninsular malaysia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "40 per cent" } ] }, { "id": "39002", "question": "what mountains is peninsular malaysia divided between ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 386, "text": "Titiwangsa Mountains" } ] }, { "id": "39003", "question": "where is mount kinabalu located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1271, "text": "Kinabalu National Park" } ] }, { "id": "39004", "question": "what is the largest cave system in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1471, "text": "Mulu Caves" } ] }, { "id": "39005", "question": "where is the largest cave system located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1528, "text": "Gunung Mulu National Park" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Around these two halves of Malaysia are numerous islands, the largest of which is Banggi. The local climate is equatorial and characterised by the annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons. The temperature is moderated by the presence of the surrounding oceans. Humidity is usually high, and the average annual rainfall is . The climates of the Peninsula and the East differ, as the climate on the peninsula is directly affected by wind from the mainland, as opposed to the more maritime weather of the East. Local climates can be divided into three regions, highland, lowland, and coastal. Climate change is likely to affect sea levels and rainfall, increasing flood risks and leading to droughts.", "qas": [ { "id": "39006", "question": "what is the largest islands in malaysia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "Banggi" } ] }, { "id": "39007", "question": "when was the annual southwest period ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "April to October) and northeast" } ] }, { "id": "39008", "question": "when did the annual southwest climate occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "October to February) monsoons" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Malaysia signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 12 June 1993, and became a party to the convention on 24 June 1994. It has subsequently produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, which was received by the convention on 16 April 1998. The country is megadiverse with a high number of species and high levels of endemism. It is estimated to contain 20\u00a0per\u00a0cent of the world's animal species. High levels of endemism are found on the diverse forests of Borneo's mountains, as species are isolated from each other by lowland forest. There are about 210 mammal species in the country. Over 620 species of birds have been recorded in Peninsular Malaysia, with many endemic to the mountains there. A high number of endemic bird species are also found in Malaysian Borneo. 250 reptile species have been recorded in the country, with about 150 species of snakes and 80 species of lizards. There are about 150 species of frogs, and thousands of insect species. Malaysia's exclusive economic zone is 1.5 times larger than its land area, and some of its waters are in the Coral Triangle, a biodiversity hotspot. The waters around Sipadan island are the most biodiverse in the world. Bordering East Malaysia, the Sulu Sea is a biodiversity hotspot, with around 600 coral species and 1200 fish species. The unique biodiversity of Malaysian Caves always attracts lovers of ecotourism from all over the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "39009", "question": "when was the rio convention on biological diversity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "12 June 1993" } ] }, { "id": "39010", "question": "when did the rio convention become a party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "24 June 1994" } ] }, { "id": "39011", "question": "what was the name of the plan that malaysia has produced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan" } ] }, { "id": "39012", "question": "when was malaysia 's action plan received ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "16 April 1998" } ] }, { "id": "39013", "question": "what percentage of the world 's animal species is estimated to contain the world 's animal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 377, "text": "20\u00a0per\u00a0cent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Nearly 4,000 species of fungi, including lichen-forming species have been recorded from Malaysia. Of the two fungal groups with the largest number of species in Malaysia, the Ascomycota and their asexual states have been surveyed in some habitats (decaying wood, marine and freshwater ecosystems, as parasites of some plants, and as agents of biodegradation), but have not been or have been only poorly surveyed in other habitats (as endobionts, in soils, on dung, as human and animal pathogens); the Basidiomycota are only partly surveyed: bracket fungi, and mushrooms and toadstools have been studied, but Malaysian rust and smut fungi remain very poorly known. Without doubt, many more fungal species in Malaysia have not yet been recorded, and it is likely that many of those, when found, will be new to science.\nAbout two\u00a0thirds of Malaysia is covered in forest, with some forests believed to be 130\u00a0million years old. The forests are dominated by dipterocarps. Lowland forest covers areas below , and formerly East Malaysia was covered in such rainforest, which is supported by its hot wet climate. There are around 14,500 species of flowering plants and trees. Besides rainforests, there are over of mangroves in Malaysia, and a large amount of peat forest. At higher altitudes, oaks, chestnuts, and rhododendrons replace dipterocarps. There are an estimated 8,500 species of vascular plants in Peninsular Malaysia, with another 15,000 in the East. The forests of East Malaysia are estimated to be the habitat of around 2,000 tree species, and are one of the most biodiverse areas in the world, with 240 different species of trees every hectare. These forests host many members of the Rafflesia genus, the largest flowers in the world, with a maximum diameter of .", "qas": [ { "id": "39014", "question": "how many species of fungi have been recorded from malaysia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 7, "text": "4,000" } ] }, { "id": "39015", "question": "what are the forests dominated by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 953, "text": "dipterocarps" } ] }, { "id": "39016", "question": "how many species of flowering plants are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1122, "text": "14,500" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Logging, along with cultivation practices has devastated tree cover, causing severe environmental degradation in the country. Over 80\u00a0per\u00a0cent of Sarawak's rainforest has been cleared. Floods in East Malaysia have been worsened by the loss of trees, and over 60\u00a0per\u00a0cent of the Peninsular's forest have been cleared. With current rates of deforestation, the forests are predicted to be extinct by 2020. Deforestation is a major problem for animals, fungi and plants, as the forest is cut to make room for plantations. Most remaining forest is found inside national parks. Habitat destruction has proved a threat for marine life. Illegal fishing is another major threat, with fishing methods such as dynamite fishing and poisoning depleting marine ecosystems. Leatherback turtle numbers have dropped 98\u00a0per\u00a0cent since the 1950s. Hunting has also been an issue for some animals, with overconsumption and the use of animal parts for profit endangering many animals, from marine life to tigers. Marine life is also detrimentally affected by uncontrolled tourism.", "qas": [ { "id": "39017", "question": "when are forests predicted to be extinct ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 397, "text": "2020" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Malaysian government aims to balance economic growth with environmental protection, but has been accused of favouring big business over the environment. Some state governments are now trying to counter the environmental impact and pollution created by deforestation; and the federal government is trying to cut logging by 10\u00a0per\u00a0cent each year. 28 national parks have been established; 23 in East Malaysia and five in the Peninsular. Tourism has been limited in biodiverse areas such as Sipadan island. Animal trafficking is a large issue, and the Malaysian government is holding talks with the governments of Brunei and Indonesia to standardise anti-trafficking laws.", "qas": [ { "id": "39018", "question": "what has the government been accused of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "favouring big business over the environment" } ] }, { "id": "39019", "question": "how much is the federal government trying to cut ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 326, "text": "10\u00a0per\u00a0cent each year" } ] }, { "id": "39020", "question": "how many national parks have been established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 349, "text": "28" } ] }, { "id": "39021", "question": "how many national parks have been established in east malaysia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 390, "text": "23" } ] }, { "id": "39022", "question": "what is tourism limited in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 491, "text": "Sipadan island" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Malaysia is a relatively open state-oriented and newly industrialised market economy. The state plays a significant but declining role in guiding economic activity through macroeconomic plans. Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with GDP growing an average 6.5 per cent annually from 1957 to 2005. Malaysia's economy in 2014\u20132015 was one of the most competitive in Asia, ranking 6th in Asia and 20th in the world, higher than countries like Australia, France and South Korea. In 2014, Malaysia's economy grew 6%, the second highest growth in ASEAN behind Philippines' growth of 6.1%. The economy of Malaysia (GDP PPP) in 2014 was $746.821\u00a0billion, the third largest in ASEAN behind more populous Indonesia and Thailand and the 28th largest in the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "39023", "question": "what is the gdp of malaysia in 1957 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "6.5 per cent annually" } ] }, { "id": "39024", "question": "when was malaysia 's economy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 343, "text": "2014\u20132015" } ] }, { "id": "39025", "question": "what percentage of malaysia 's economy was malaysia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 532, "text": "6%" } ] }, { "id": "39026", "question": "what was the economy of malaysia in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 653, "text": "$746.821" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1991, former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Mahathir Mohamad outlined his ideal in Vision 2020, in which Malaysia would become a self-sufficient industrialised nation by 2020. Najib Razak has said Malaysia could attain developed country status much earlier from the actual target in 2020, adding the country has two program concept such as Government Transformation Programme and the Economic Transformation Programme.", "qas": [ { "id": "39027", "question": "in what year did former prime minister of malaysia take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1991" } ] }, { "id": "39028", "question": "who was the former prime minister of malaysia in 1991 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Mahathir Mohamad" } ] }, { "id": "39029", "question": "in what year did former prime minister of malaysia begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "Vision 2020" } ] }, { "id": "39030", "question": "when did malaysia become a nation in 1991 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "2020" } ] }, { "id": "39031", "question": "who has said malaysia could attain country status ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "Najib Razak" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to a HSBC report, Malaysia will become the world's 21st largest economy by 2050, with a GDP of $1.2 trillion (Year 2000 dollars) and a GDP per capita of $29,247 (Year 2000 dollars). The report also says \"The electronic equipment, petroleum, and liquefied natural gas producer will see a substantial increase in income per capita. Malaysian life expectancy, relatively high level of schooling, and above average fertility rate will help in its rapid expansion\". Viktor Shvets, the managing director of Credit Suisse, has said \"Malaysia has all the right ingredients to become a developed nation\".", "qas": [ { "id": "39032", "question": "when did malaysia become the world 's 21st largest economy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "2050" } ] }, { "id": "39033", "question": "what was the gdp of malaysia in 2050 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "$1.2 trillion" } ] }, { "id": "39034", "question": "what was the gdp of malaysia in 2050 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "$29,247" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 1970s, the predominantly mining and agricultural-based economy began a transition towards a more multi-sector economy. Since the 1980s, the industrial sector, with a high level of investment, has led the country's growth. The economy recovered from the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis earlier than neighbouring countries did, and has since recovered to the levels of the pre-crisis era with a GDP per capita of $14,800. Economic inequalities exist between different ethnic groups. The Chinese make up about one-quarter of the population, but accounts for 70 per cent of the country's market capitalisation. Chinese businesses in Malaysia are part of the larger bamboo network, a network of overseas Chinese businesses in the Southeast Asian market sharing common family and cultural ties.\nInternational trade, facilitated by the shipping route in adjacent Strait of Malacca, and manufacturing are the key sectors. Malaysia is an exporter of natural and agricultural resources, and petroleum is a major export. Malaysia has once been the largest producer of tin, rubber and palm oil in the world. Manufacturing has a large influence in the country's economy, although Malaysia's economic structure has been moving away from it. Malaysia remains one of the world's largest producers of palm oil.", "qas": [ { "id": "39035", "question": "in what year did the asian financial crisis end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "1997" } ] }, { "id": "39036", "question": "what was the gdp of the economy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 414, "text": "$14,800" } ] }, { "id": "39037", "question": "what percentage of the country 's market is the chinese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 558, "text": "70 per cent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In an effort to diversify the economy and make it less dependent on export goods, the government has pushed to increase tourism to Malaysia. As a result, tourism has become Malaysia's third largest source of foreign exchange, although it is threatened by the negative effects of the growing industrial economy, with large amounts of air and water pollution along with deforestation affecting tourism. The tourism sector came under some pressure in 2014 when the national carrier Malaysia Airlines had one of its planes disappear in March, while another was brought down by a missile over Ukraine in July, resulting in the loss of a total 537 passengers and crew. The state of the airline, which had been unprofitable for 3 years, prompted the government in August 2014 to nationalise the airline by buying up the 30 per cent it did not already own. Between 2013 and 2014, Malaysia has been listed as one of the best places to retire in the world too, with the country in third position on the Global Retirement Index. This in part was the result of the Malaysia My Second Home programme to allow foreigners to live in the country on a long-stay visa for up to 10 years. In 2015, Malaysia ranked in fourth position on The World's Best Retirement Havens while getting in the first place as the best place in Asia to retire. Warm climate with British colonial background made foreigners easy to interact with the locals.", "qas": [ { "id": "39038", "question": "how many passengers did the national carrier malaysia airlines have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 638, "text": "537" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The country has developed into a centre of Islamic banking, and is the country with the highest numbers of female workers in that industry. Knowledge-based services are also expanding. To create a self-reliant defensive ability and support national development, Malaysia privatised some of its military facilities in the 1970s. The privatisation has created defence industry, which in 1999 was brought under the Malaysia Defence Industry Council. The government continues to promote this sector and its competitiveness, actively marketing the defence industry.", "qas": [ { "id": "39039", "question": "where is the country developed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "centre of Islamic banking" } ] }, { "id": "39040", "question": "in what year was defence industry created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 385, "text": "1999" } ] }, { "id": "39041", "question": "what council brought defence industry in 1999 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 412, "text": "Malaysia Defence Industry Council" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Science policies in Malaysia are regulated by the Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation. The country is one of the world's largest exporters of semiconductor devices, electrical devices, and IT and communication products.\nMalaysia began developing its own space programme in 2002, and in 2006, Russia agreed to transport one Malaysian to the International Space Station as part of a multibillion-dollar purchase of 18 Russian Sukhoi Su-30MKM fighter jets by the Royal Malaysian Air Force. The government has invested in building satellites in through the RazakSAT programme.", "qas": [ { "id": "39042", "question": "who regulated science policies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation" } ] }, { "id": "39043", "question": "when did malaysia begin developing its own space programme ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "2002" } ] }, { "id": "39044", "question": "in what year did russia transport the international space station ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "2006" } ] }, { "id": "39045", "question": "who jets the international space station ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 472, "text": "Royal Malaysian Air Force" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The overall infrastructure of Malaysia is one of the most developed in Asia and ranked 8th in Asia and 25th in the world. Malaysia is ranked 19th in the world for its quality roads, quality of port infrastructure and quality of air transport infrastructure but ranked 39th in quality of electricity supply. Its telecommunications network is second only to Singapore's in Southeast Asia, with 4.7\u00a0million fixed-line subscribers and more than 30\u00a0million cellular subscribers. The country has seven international ports, the major one being the Port Klang. There are 200 industrial parks along with specialised parks such as Technology Park Malaysia and Kulim Hi-Tech Park. Fresh water is available to over 95 per cent of the population. During the colonial period, development was mainly concentrated in economically powerful cities and in areas forming security concerns. Although rural areas have been the focus of great development, they still lag behind areas such as the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The telecommunication network, although strong in urban areas, is less available to the rural population.", "qas": [ { "id": "39046", "question": "where is malaysia ranked in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "19th" } ] }, { "id": "39047", "question": "what is the quality of electricity supply in malaysia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 268, "text": "39th" } ] }, { "id": "39048", "question": "how many international ports does the country have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 490, "text": "seven" } ] }, { "id": "39049", "question": "what is the major international ports in the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 541, "text": "Port Klang" } ] }, { "id": "39050", "question": "how many industrial parks are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 563, "text": "200" } ] }, { "id": "39051", "question": "what percentage of the population is fresh water ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 698, "text": "over 95 per cent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Malaysia's energy infrastructure sector is largely dominated by Tenaga Nasional, the largest electric utility company in Southeast Asia, with over RM99.03 billion of assets. Customers are connected to electricity through the National Grid, with more than 420 transmission substations in the Peninsular linked together by approximately 11,000\u00a0km of transmission lines operating at 132, 275 and 500 kilovolts. In 2013, Malaysia's total power generation capacity was over 29,728 megawatts. Total electricity generation was 140,985.01 GWh and total electricity consumption was 116,087.51 GWh. Energy production in Malaysia is largely based on oil and natural gas, owing to Malaysia's oil reserves and natural gas reserves, which is the fourth largest in Asia-Pacific after China, India and Vietnam.", "qas": [ { "id": "39052", "question": "who dominated malaysia 's energy infrastructure sector ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "Tenaga Nasional" } ] }, { "id": "39053", "question": "how many assets are in malaysia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "RM99.03 billion" } ] }, { "id": "39054", "question": "how many transmission substations are there in the peninsular linked ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 255, "text": "420" } ] }, { "id": "39055", "question": "what was malaysia 's total power generation capacity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 469, "text": "29,728 megawatts" } ] }, { "id": "39056", "question": "what was total electricity generation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 520, "text": "140,985.01 GWh" } ] }, { "id": "39057", "question": "what was total electricity consumption ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 573, "text": "116,087.51 GWh" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Malaysia's road network is one of the most comprehensive in Asia and covers a total of . The main national road network is the Malaysian Federal Roads System, which span over . Most of the federal roads in Malaysia are 2-lane roads. In town areas, federal roads may become 4-lane roads to increase traffic capacity. Nearly all federal roads are paved with tarmac except parts of the Skudai\u2013Pontian Highway which is paved with concrete, while parts of the Federal Highway linking Klang to Kuala Lumpur, is paved with asphalt. Malaysia has over of highways and the longest highway, the North\u2013South Expressway, extends over on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, connecting major urban centres like Kuala Lumpur, Penang and Johor Bahru. In 2015, the government announced a RM27 billion (US$8.23 billion) Pan-Borneo Highway project to upgrade all trunk roads to dual carriage expressways, bringing the standard of East Malaysian highways to the same level of quality of Peninsular highways.\nThere is currently of railways in Malaysia, are double tracked and electrified. Rail transport in Malaysia comprises heavy rail (KTM), light rapid transit and monorail (Rapid Rail), and a funicular railway line (Penang Hill Railway). Heavy rail is mostly used for intercity passenger and freight transport as well as some urban public transport, while LRTs are used for intra-city urban public transport. There two commuter rail services linking Kuala Lumpur with the Kuala Lumpur International Airport. The sole monorail line in the country is also used for public transport in Kuala Lumpur, while the only funicular railway line is in Penang. A rapid transit project, the KVMRT, is currently under construction to improve Kuala Lumpur's public transport system. The railway network covers most of the 11 states in Peninsular Malaysia. In East Malaysia, only the state of Sabah has railways. The network is also connected to the Thai railway network in the north. If the Burma Railway is rebuilt, services to Myanmar, India, and China could be initiated.\nMalaysia has 118 airports, of which 38 are paved. The national airline is Malaysia Airlines, providing international and domestic air services. Major international routes and domestic routes crossing between West Malaysia and East Malaysia are served by Malaysia Airlines, AirAsia and Malindo Air while smaller domestic routes are supplemented by smaller airlines like MASwings, Firefly and Berjaya Air. Major cargo airlines include MASkargo and Transmile Air Services. Kuala Lumpur International Airport is the main and busiest airport of Malaysia. In 2014, it was the world's 13th busiest airport by international passenger traffic, recording over 25.4 million international passenger traffic. It was also the world's 20th busiest airport by passenger traffic, recording over 48.9 million passengers. Other major airports include Kota Kinabalu International Airport, which is also Malaysia's second busiest airport and busiest airport in East Malaysia with over 6.9 million passengers in 2013, and Penang International Airport, which serves Malaysia's second largest urban area, with over 5.4 million passengers in 2013.\nMalaysia is strategically located on the Strait of Malacca, one of the most important shipping lanes in the world. Malaysia has two ports that are listed in the top 20 busiest ports in the world, Port Klang and Port of Tanjung Pelepas, which are respectively the 2nd and 3rd busiest ports in Southeast Asia after the Port of Singapore. Port Klang is Malaysia's busiest port, and the 13th busiest port in the world in 2013, handling over 10.3 million TEUs. Port of Tanjung Pelepas is Malaysia's second busiest port, and the 19th busiest port in the world in 2013, handling over 7.6 million TEUs.", "qas": [ { "id": "39058", "question": "what is the main national road network ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "Malaysian Federal Roads System" } ] }, { "id": "39059", "question": "what are most of the federal roads in malaysia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "2-lane roads" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As of the 2010 census, the population of Malaysia was 28,334,135, making it the 42nd most populated country. 91.8 per cent of the population are Malaysian citizens. Malaysian citizens are divided along ethnic lines, with 67.4 per cent considered \"bumiputera\" The largest group of \"bumiputera\" are Malays, who are defined in the constitution as Muslims who practice Malay customs and culture. They play a dominant role politically. \"Bumiputera\" status is also accorded to certain non-Malay indigenous peoples, including ethnic Thais, Khmers, Chams and the natives of Sabah and Sarawak. Non-Malay \"bumiputera\" make up more than half of Sarawak's population and over two thirds of Sabah's population. There also exist aboriginal groups in much smaller numbers on the peninsula, where they are collectively known as the Orang Asli. Laws over who gets \"bumiputera\" status vary between states.", "qas": [ { "id": "39060", "question": "what was the population of malaysia in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "28,334,135" } ] }, { "id": "39061", "question": "what percentage of citizens are malays ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 221, "text": "67.4 per cent" } ] }, { "id": "39062", "question": "what are aboriginal groups in the peninsula called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 816, "text": "Orang Asli" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other minorities lack \"bumiputera\" status. 24.6 per cent of the population are of Chinese descent, while those of Indian descent comprise 7.3 per cent of the population. The Chinese have historically been dominant in the business and commerce community, and form a plurality of the population of Penang. Immigrants from India, the majority of them Tamils, began arriving in Malaysia early in the 19th century. Malaysian citizenship is not automatically granted to those born in Malaysia, but is granted to a child born of two Malaysian parents outside Malaysia. Dual citizenship is not permitted. Citizenship in the states of Sabah and Sarawak in Malaysian Borneo are distinct from citizenship in Peninsular Malaysia for immigration purposes. Every citizen is issued a biometric smart chip identity card known as \"MyKad\" at the age of 12, and must carry the card at all times.\nThe education system features a non-compulsory kindergarten education followed by six years of compulsory primary education, and five years of optional secondary education. Schools in the primary education system are divided into two categories: national primary schools, which teach in Malay, and vernacular schools, which teach in Chinese or Tamil. Secondary education is conducted for five years. In the final year of secondary education, students sit for the Malaysian Certificate of Education examination. Since the introduction of the matriculation programme in 1999, students who completed the 12-month programme in matriculation colleges can enroll in local universities. However, in the matriculation system, only 10 per cent of places are open to non-\"bumiputera\" students.\nThe infant mortality rate in 2009 was 6 deaths per 1000 births, and life expectancy at birth in 2009 was 75 years. With the aim of developing Malaysia into a medical tourism destination, 5 per cent of the government social sector development budget is spent on health care. The population in concentrated on Peninsular Malaysia where 20\u00a0million of approximately 28\u00a0million Malaysians live. 70 per cent of the population is urban. Kuala Lumpur is the capital and the largest city in Malaysia, as well as its main commercial and financial centre. Putrajaya, a purpose-built city constructed from 1999, is the seat of government, as many executive and judicial branches of the federal government were moved there to ease growing congestion within Kuala Lumpur. Due to the rise in labour-intensive industries, the country is estimated to have over 3\u00a0million migrant workers; about 10 per cent of the population. Sabah-based NGOs estimate that out of the 3\u00a0million that make up the population of Sabah, 2\u00a0million are illegal immigrants. Malaysia hosts a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 171,500. Of this population, approximately 79,000 are from Burma, 72,400 from the Philippines, and 17,700 from Indonesia. Malaysian officials are reported to have turned deportees directly over to human smugglers in 2007, and Malaysia employs RELA, a volunteer militia with a history of controversies, to enforce its immigration law.", "qas": [ { "id": "39063", "question": "what do other minorities lack ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "bumiputera" } ] }, { "id": "39064", "question": "what percentage of chinese descent are chinese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "24.6 per cent" } ] }, { "id": "39065", "question": "what percentage of the population are indian descent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "7.3 per cent" } ] }, { "id": "39066", "question": "how long is secondary education ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1265, "text": "five years" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Malaysian constitution says it guarantees freedom of religion while making Islam the state religion. According to the Population and Housing Census 2010 figures, ethnicity and religious beliefs correlate highly. Approximately 61.3% of the population practice Islam, 19.8% practice Buddhism, 9.2% Christianity, 6.3% Hinduism and 1.3% practice Confucianism, Taoism and other traditional Chinese religions. 0.7% declared no religion and the remaining 1.4% practised other religions or did not provide any information. Sunni Islam of Shafi'i school of jurisprudence is the dominant branch of Islam in Malaysia, while 18% are nondenominational Muslims.", "qas": [ { "id": "39067", "question": "what percentage of the population practice islam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "61.3%" } ] }, { "id": "39068", "question": "what percentage of the population practice buddhism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "19.8%" } ] }, { "id": "39069", "question": "what percentage of muslims are nondenominational muslims ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 617, "text": "18%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Malaysian constitution strictly defines what makes a \"Malay\", considering Malays those who are Muslim, speak Malay regularly, practise Malay customs, and lived in or have ancestors from Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore. Statistics from the 2010 Census indicate that 83.6% of the Chinese population identify as Buddhist, with significant numbers of adherents following Taoism (3.4%) and Christianity (11.1%), along with small Hui-Muslim populations in areas like Penang. The majority of the Indian population follow Hinduism (86.2%), with a significant minority identifying as Christians (6.0%) or Muslims (4.1%). Christianity is the predominant religion of the non-Malay \"bumiputera\" community (46.5%) with an additional 40.4% identifying as Muslims.", "qas": [ { "id": "39070", "question": "what is the name of the constitution that speak malay ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "Malay" } ] }, { "id": "39071", "question": "where are the ancestors of malay speak ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore" } ] }, { "id": "39072", "question": "what percentage of the chinese population identify as buddhist ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 268, "text": "83.6%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Muslims are obliged to follow the decisions of Syariah courts in matters concerning their religion. The Islamic judges are expected to follow the Shafi'i legal school of Islam, which is the main \"madh'hab\" of Malaysia. The jurisdiction of Syariah courts is limited to Muslims in matters such as marriage, inheritance, divorce, apostasy, religious conversion, and custody among others. No other criminal or civil offences are under the jurisdiction of the Shariah courts, which have a similar hierarchy to the Civil Courts. Despite being the supreme courts of the land, the Civil Courts do not hear matters related to Islamic practices.", "qas": [ { "id": "39073", "question": "what are muslims obliged to follow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "Syariah courts in matters concerning their religion" } ] }, { "id": "39074", "question": "what are islamic judges expected to follow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "Shafi'i legal school of Islam" } ] }, { "id": "39075", "question": "what is the main school of islam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "\"madh'hab\" of Malaysia" } ] }, { "id": "39076", "question": "what are some matters of the jurisdiction of syariah ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 295, "text": "marriage, inheritance, divorce, apostasy, religious conversion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The official and national language of Malaysia is Malaysian, a standardised form of the Malay language. The terminology as per government policy is \"Bahasa Malaysia\" (literally \"Malaysian language\") but legislation continues to refer to the official language as \"Bahasa Melayu\" (literally \"Malay language\"). The National Language Act 1967 specifies the Latin (Rumi) script as the official script of the national language, but does not prohibit the use of the traditional Jawi script.", "qas": [ { "id": "39077", "question": "what is the official and national language of malaysia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Malaysian" } ] }, { "id": "39078", "question": "what is the terminology as per government policy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "Bahasa Malaysia" } ] }, { "id": "39079", "question": "what is another name for malay language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "Bahasa Melayu" } ] }, { "id": "39080", "question": "what is the official script of the national language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "National Language Act 1967" } ] } ] }, { "context": "English remains an active second language, with its use allowed for some official purposes under the National Language Act of 1967. In Sarawak, English is an official state language alongside Malaysian. Historically, English was the de facto administrative language, with Malay becoming predominant after the 1969 race riots. Malaysian English, also known as Malaysian Standard English, is a form of English derived from British English. Malaysian English is widely used in business, along with Manglish, which is a colloquial form of English with heavy Malay, Chinese, and Tamil influences. The government discourages the use of non-standard Malay but has no power to issue compounds or fines to those who use improper Malay on their advertisements.", "qas": [ { "id": "39081", "question": "what is the name of the act that english remains used for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "National Language Act of 1967" } ] }, { "id": "39082", "question": "what is english 's official state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "Malaysian" } ] }, { "id": "39083", "question": "what was english 's language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "the de facto administrative language" } ] }, { "id": "39084", "question": "when did malay become predominant ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "1969 race riots" } ] }, { "id": "39085", "question": "what is the english name for english ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 359, "text": "Malaysian Standard English" } ] }, { "id": "39086", "question": "where is english derived from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 421, "text": "British English" } ] }, { "id": "39087", "question": "what is a colloquial form of english ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 495, "text": "Manglish" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many other languages are used in Malaysia, which contains speakers of 137 living languages. Peninsular Malaysia contains speakers of 41 of these languages. The native tribes of East Malaysia have their own languages which are related to, but easily distinguishable from, Malay. Iban is the main tribal language in Sarawak while Dusunic and Kadazan languages are spoken by the natives in Sabah. Chinese Malaysians predominantly speak Chinese dialects from the southern provinces of China. The more common Chinese varieties in the country are Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainanese, and Fuzhou. Tamil is used predominantly by Tamils, who form a majority of Malaysian Indians. Other South Asian languages are also widely spoken in Malaysia, as well as Thai A small number of Malaysians have Caucasian ancestry and speak creole languages, such as the Portuguese-based Malaccan Creoles, and the Spanish-based Chavacano language.", "qas": [ { "id": "39088", "question": "where are speakers of 137 languages used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "Malaysia" } ] }, { "id": "39089", "question": "how many living languages are there in malaysia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "137" } ] }, { "id": "39090", "question": "how many languages does peninsular malaysia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "41" } ] }, { "id": "39091", "question": "the native tribes of east malaysia have easily distinguishable from what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "Malay" } ] }, { "id": "39092", "question": "who form tamil indians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 632, "text": "Tamils" } ] } ] }, { "context": " Malaysia has a multi-ethnic, multicultural, and multilingual society. The original culture of the area stemmed from indigenous tribes that inhabited it, along with the Malays who later moved there. Substantial influence exists from Chinese and Indian culture, dating back to when foreign trade began. Other cultural influences include the Persian, Arabic, and British cultures. Due to the structure of the government, coupled with the social contract theory, there has been minimal cultural assimilation of ethnic minorities.", "qas": [ { "id": "39093", "question": "what society does malaysia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 16, "text": "multi-ethnic, multicultural, and multilingual society" } ] }, { "id": "39094", "question": "what indigenous group did the original culture of the area of the area of the area stemmed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "indigenous tribes" } ] }, { "id": "39095", "question": "where are substantial influence in chinese culture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "Chinese and Indian culture" } ] }, { "id": "39096", "question": "what caused the influence of chinese and indian culture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "foreign trade began" } ] }, { "id": "39097", "question": "what are some cultural influences ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 340, "text": "Persian, Arabic, and British cultures" } ] }, { "id": "39098", "question": "what theory has been minimal cultural assimilation of ethnic minorities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 436, "text": "social contract theory" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1971, the government created a \"National Cultural Policy\", defining Malaysian culture. It stated that Malaysian culture must be based on the culture of the indigenous peoples of Malaysia, that it may incorporate suitable elements from other cultures, and that Islam must play a part in it. It also promoted the Malay language above others. This government intervention into culture has caused resentment among non-Malays who feel their cultural freedom was lessened. Both Chinese and Indian associations have submitted memorandums to the government, accusing it of formulating an undemocratic culture policy.", "qas": [ { "id": "39099", "question": "in what year was the government created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1971" } ] }, { "id": "39100", "question": "what was the name of the government created by the government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "National Cultural Policy" } ] }, { "id": "39101", "question": "what does the government say malaysian culture must be based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "the culture of the indigenous peoples of Malaysia" } ] }, { "id": "39102", "question": "what happens to islam 's culture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "Islam must play a part in it" } ] }, { "id": "39103", "question": "what do chinese and indian associations accusing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 568, "text": "formulating an undemocratic culture policy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some cultural disputes exist between Malaysia and neighbouring countries, notably Indonesia. The two countries have a similar cultural heritage, sharing many traditions and items. However, disputes have arisen over things ranging from culinary dishes to Malaysia's national anthem. Strong feelings exist in Indonesia about protecting their national heritage. The Malaysian government and the Indonesian government have met to defuse some of the tensions resulting from the overlaps in culture. Feelings are not as strong in Malaysia, where most recognise that many cultural values are shared.", "qas": [ { "id": "39104", "question": "what country has cultural disputes in indonesia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "Indonesia" } ] }, { "id": "39105", "question": "where do disputes ranging from culinary dishes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "Malaysia's national anthem" } ] }, { "id": "39106", "question": "what do strong feelings exist in indonesia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "protecting their national heritage" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Traditional Malaysian art was mainly centred on the areas of carving, weaving, and silversmithing. Traditional art ranges from handwoven baskets from rural areas to the silverwork of the Malay courts. Common artworks included ornamental kris, beetle nut sets, and woven batik and songket fabrics. Indigenous East Malaysians are known for their wooden masks. Each ethnic group have distinct performing arts, with little overlap between them. However, Malay art does show some North Indian influence due to the historical influence of India.", "qas": [ { "id": "39107", "question": "where was traditional malaysian art centred ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "carving, weaving, and silversmithing" } ] }, { "id": "39108", "question": "where is traditional art ranges located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "handwoven baskets" } ] }, { "id": "39109", "question": "what are indigenous east malaysians known for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 338, "text": "their wooden masks" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Traditional Malay music and performing arts appear to have originated in the Kelantan-Pattani region with influences from India, China, Thailand and Indonesia. The music is based around percussion instruments, the most important of which is the gendang (drum). There are at least 14 types of traditional drums. Drums and other traditional percussion instruments and are often made from natural materials. Music is traditionally used for storytelling, celebrating life-cycle events, and occasions such as a harvest. It was once used as a form of long-distance communication. In East Malaysia, gong-based musical ensembles such as agung and kulintang are commonly used in ceremonies such as funerals and weddings. These ensembles are also common in neighbouring regions such as in Mindanao in the Philippines, Kalimantan in Indonesia, and Brunei.\nMalaysia has a strong oral tradition that has existed since before the arrival of writing, and continues today. Each of the Malay Sultanates created their own literary tradition, influenced by pre-existing oral stories and by the stories that came with Islam. The first Malay literature was in the Arabic script. The earliest known Malay writing is on the Terengganu stone, made in 1303. Chinese and Indian literature became common as the numbers of speakers increased in Malaysia, and locally produced works based in languages from those areas began to be produced in the 19th century. English has also become a common literary language. In 1971, the government took the step of defining the literature of different languages. Literature written in Malay was called \"the national literature of Malaysia\", literature in other \"bumiputera\" languages was called \"regional literature\", while literature in other languages was called \"sectional literature\". Malay poetry is highly developed, and uses many forms. The \"Hikayat\" form is popular, and the \"pantun\" has spread from Malay to other languages.", "qas": [ { "id": "39110", "question": "where were traditional malay music and performing arts appear ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Kelantan-Pattani" } ] }, { "id": "39111", "question": "where were traditional malay music and performing arts appear ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "India, China, Thailand and Indonesia" } ] }, { "id": "39112", "question": "what is the music based around ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "percussion instruments" } ] }, { "id": "39113", "question": "how many types of traditional drums are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "14" } ] }, { "id": "39114", "question": "what is the earliest known malay writing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1201, "text": "Terengganu stone" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Malaysia's cuisine reflects the multi-ethnic makeup of its population. Many cultures from within the country and from surrounding regions have greatly influenced the cuisine. Much of the influence comes from the Malay, Chinese, Indian, Thai, Javanese, and Sumatran cultures, largely due to the country being part of the ancient spice route. The cuisine is very similar to that of Singapore and Brunei, and also bears resemblance to Filipino cuisine. The different states have varied dishes, and often the food in Malaysia is different from the original dishes.", "qas": [ { "id": "39115", "question": "where are the influence of the ancient spice route ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "Malay, Chinese, Indian, Thai, Javanese, and Sumatran cultures" } ] }, { "id": "39116", "question": "much of the influence of the influence comes from what route ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 316, "text": "the ancient spice route" } ] }, { "id": "39117", "question": "what is the cuisine very similar to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 380, "text": "Singapore and Brunei" } ] }, { "id": "39118", "question": "what is the bears of the cuisine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 432, "text": "Filipino cuisine" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sometimes food not found in its original culture is assimilated into another; for example, Chinese restaurants in Malaysia often serve Malay dishes. Food from one culture is sometimes also cooked using styles taken from another culture, For example, \"sambal belacan\" (shrimp paste) are commonly used as ingredients by Chinese restaurants to create the stir fried water spinach (\"kangkung belacan\"). This means that although much of Malaysian food can be traced back to a certain culture, they have their own identity. Rice is popular in many dishes. Chili is commonly found in local cuisine, although this does not necessarily make them spicy.", "qas": [ { "id": "39119", "question": "what do chinese restaurants serve in malaysia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "Malay dishes" } ] }, { "id": "39120", "question": "what is another name for chinese restaurants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "sambal belacan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Malaysia's main newspapers are owned by the government and political parties in the ruling coalition, although some major opposition parties also have their own, which are openly sold alongside regular newspapers. A divide exists between the media in the two halves of the country. Peninsular-based media gives low priority to news from the East, and often treats the eastern states as colonies of the Peninsula. The media have been blamed for increasing tension between Indonesia and Malaysia, and giving Malaysians a bad image of Indonesians. The country has Malay, English, Chinese, and Tamil dailies.", "qas": [ { "id": "39121", "question": "who owned malaysia 's main newspapers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "the government and political parties in the ruling coalition" } ] }, { "id": "39122", "question": "what do media media often treats the eastern states as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 386, "text": "colonies of the Peninsula" } ] }, { "id": "39123", "question": "what are the names of the country 's country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 561, "text": "Malay, English, Chinese, and Tamil dailies" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Freedom of the press is limited, with numerous restrictions on publishing rights and information dissemination. The government has previously tried to crack down on opposition papers before elections. In 2007, a government agency issued a directive to all private television and radio stations to refrain from broadcasting speeches made by opposition leaders, a move condemned by politicians from the opposition Democratic Action Party. Sabah, where all tabloids but one are independent of government control, has the freest press in Malaysia. Laws such as the Printing Presses and Publications Act have also been cited as curtailing freedom of expression.", "qas": [ { "id": "39124", "question": "what do freedom of the press freedom numerous restrictions on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "publishing rights and information dissemination" } ] }, { "id": "39125", "question": "in what year was a directive to all private television and radio stations issued ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "2007" } ] }, { "id": "39126", "question": "what was the name of the party that condemned the directive of a radio and radio stations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 412, "text": "Democratic Action Party" } ] }, { "id": "39127", "question": "what are some laws that have been cited as curtailing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 561, "text": "Printing Presses and Publications Act" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Malaysians observe a number of holidays and festivities throughout the year. Some are federally gazetted public holidays and some are observed by individual states. Other festivals are observed by particular ethnic or religion groups, and the main holiday of each major group has been declared a public holiday. The most observed national holiday is \"Hari Merdeka\" (Independence Day) on 31 August, commemorating the independence of the Federation of Malaya in 1957. Malaysia Day on 16 September commemorates federation in 1963. Other notable national holidays are Labour Day (1 May) and the King's birthday (first week of June).", "qas": [ { "id": "39128", "question": "how are other festivals observed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "particular ethnic or religion groups" } ] }, { "id": "39129", "question": "what is the most observed national holiday in malaya ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 351, "text": "Hari Merdeka" } ] }, { "id": "39130", "question": "when was the most observed national holiday of malaya ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 387, "text": "31 August" } ] }, { "id": "39131", "question": "when was the independence of malaya ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 460, "text": "1957" } ] }, { "id": "39132", "question": "in what year was the malaysia day federation established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 522, "text": "1963" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Muslim holidays are prominent as Islam is the state religion; \"Hari Raya Puasa\" (also called \"Hari Raya Aidilfitri\", Malay for Eid al-Fitr), \"Hari Raya Haji\" (also called \"Hari Raya Aidiladha\", Malay for Eid ul-Adha), \"Maulidur Rasul\" (birthday of the Prophet), and others being observed. Malaysian Chinese celebrate festivals such as Chinese New Year and others relating to traditional Chinese beliefs. Hindus in Malaysia celebrate \"Deepavali\", the festival of lights, while \"Thaipusam\" is a religious rite which sees pilgrims from all over the country converge at the Batu Caves. Malaysia's Christian community celebrates most of the holidays observed by Christians elsewhere, most notably Christmas and Easter. East Malaysians also celebrate a harvest festival known as \"Gawai\", and another one known as \"Kaamatan\". Despite most festivals being identified with a particular ethnic or religious group, celebrations are universal. In a custom known as \"open house\" Malaysians participate in the celebrations of others, often visiting the houses of those who identify with the festival.", "qas": [ { "id": "39133", "question": "what is another name for muslim holidays ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "Hari Raya Puasa" } ] }, { "id": "39134", "question": "what is another name for muslim holidays ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "Hari Raya Aidilfitri" } ] }, { "id": "39135", "question": "what is the name of the chinese celebrate festivals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 335, "text": "Chinese New Year" } ] }, { "id": "39136", "question": "what do hindus call the festival of lights ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 434, "text": "Deepavali" } ] }, { "id": "39137", "question": "what is the harvest festival called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 774, "text": "Gawai" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Popular sports in Malaysia include association football, badminton, field hockey, bowls, tennis, squash, martial arts, horse riding, sailing, and skate boarding. Football is the most popular sport in Malaysia and the country is currently studying the possibility of bidding as a joint host for 2034 FIFA World Cup. Badminton matches attract thousands of spectators, and since 1948 Malaysia has been one of four countries to hold the Thomas Cup, the world team championship trophy of men's badminton. The Malaysian Lawn Bowls Federation was registered in 1997. Squash was brought to the country by members of the British army, with the first competition being held in 1939. The Squash Racquets Association Of Malaysia was created on 25 June 1972. Malaysia has proposed a Southeast Asian football league. The men's national field hockey team ranked 13th in the world as of December 2015. The 3rd Hockey World Cup was hosted at Merdeka Stadium in Kuala Lumpur, as well as the 10th cup. The country also has its own Formula One track\u2013the Sepang International Circuit. It runs for , and held its first Grand Prix in 1999. Traditional sports include Silat Melayu, the most common style of martial arts practised by ethnic Malays in Malaysia, Brunei, and Singapore.", "qas": [ { "id": "39138", "question": "what is the joint host in malaysia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 294, "text": "2034 FIFA World Cup" } ] }, { "id": "39139", "question": "in what year was the thomas cup been one of four countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 376, "text": "1948" } ] }, { "id": "39140", "question": "when was the lawn bowls federation registered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 554, "text": "1997" } ] }, { "id": "39141", "question": "when was the squash racquets association of malaysia created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 732, "text": "25 June 1972" } ] }, { "id": "39142", "question": "what is the most common style of martial arts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1144, "text": "Silat Melayu" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Federation of Malaya Olympic Council was formed in 1953, and received recognition by the IOC in 1954. It first participated in the 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games. The council was renamed the Olympic Council of Malaysia in 1964, and has participated in all but one Olympic games since its inception. The largest number of athletes ever sent to the Olympics was 57 to the 1972 Munich Olympic Games. Malaysian athletes have won a total of six Olympic medals, five in Badminton, one in Platform diving. The country has competed at the Commonwealth Games since 1950 as Malaya, and 1966 as Malaysia, and the games were hosted in Kuala Lumpur in 1998. The most common martial arts are \"Silat Melayu\" and kickboxing or \"tomoi\".", "qas": [ { "id": "39143", "question": "what was formed in 1953 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Federation of Malaya Olympic Council" } ] }, { "id": "39144", "question": "when was the federation of malaya olympic council formed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "1953" } ] }, { "id": "39145", "question": "when was the federation of malaya olympic council formed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "1954" } ] }, { "id": "39146", "question": "when did the melbourne olympic games first appear ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "1956" } ] }, { "id": "39147", "question": "what games did the federation of malaya take place in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "Melbourne Olympic Games" } ] }, { "id": "39148", "question": "what was the name of the olympic council ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "Olympic Council of Malaysia" } ] }, { "id": "39149", "question": "when was the olympic council renamed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "1964" } ] }, { "id": "39150", "question": "what was the largest number of athletes sent to the olympics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 362, "text": "57 to the 1972 Munich Olympic Games" } ] }, { "id": "39151", "question": "how many olympic medals have been won ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 438, "text": "six" } ] } ] } ], "title": "Malaysia" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A sovereign state is, in international law, a nonphysical juridical entity that is represented by one centralised government that has sovereignty over a geographic area. International law defines sovereign states as having a permanent population, defined territory, one government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other sovereign states. It is also normally understood that a sovereign state is neither dependent on nor subjected to any other power or state.", "qas": [ { "id": "39152", "question": "what is the sovereign state represented by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "one centralised government that has sovereignty over a geographic area" } ] }, { "id": "39153", "question": "what do international law defines ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "having a permanent population, defined territory, one government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other sovereign states" } ] }, { "id": "39154", "question": "what is a sovereign neither dependent on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 430, "text": "nor subjected to any other power or state" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The existence or disappearance of a state is a question of fact. While according to the declarative theory of statehood, a sovereign state can exist without being recognised by other sovereign states, unrecognised states will often find it hard to exercise full treaty-making powers and engage in diplomatic relations with other sovereign states.", "qas": [ { "id": "39155", "question": "what does the declarative theory of statehood do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "exercise full treaty-making powers and engage in diplomatic relations with other sovereign states" } ] } ] }, { "context": "States came into existence as people \"gradually transferred their allegiance from an individual sovereign (king, duke, prince) to an intangible but territorial political entity, of the state\". States are but one of several political orders that emerged from feudal Europe, others being city states, leagues, and empires with universalist claims to authority.", "qas": [ { "id": "39156", "question": "what did duke , duke , prince -rrb- to an intangible but have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "gradually transferred their allegiance from an individual sovereign" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Westphalian sovereignty is the concept of nation-state sovereignty based on territoriality and the absence of a role for external agents in domestic structures. It is an international system of states, multinational corporations, and organizations that began with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.", "qas": [ { "id": "39157", "question": "what is the concept of nation-state sovereignty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Westphalian sovereignty" } ] }, { "id": "39158", "question": "what is the concept of nation-state sovereignty based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "territoriality" } ] }, { "id": "39159", "question": "when did the peace of westphalia begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 291, "text": "1648" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sovereignty is a term that is frequently misused. Up until the 19th century, the radicalised concept of a \"standard of civilization\" was routinely deployed to determine that certain peoples in the world were \"uncivilised\", and lacking organised societies. That position was reflected and constituted in the notion that their \"sovereignty\" was either completely lacking, or at least of an inferior character when compared to that of \"civilised\" people.\" Lassa Oppenheim said \"There exists perhaps no conception the meaning of which is more controversial than that of sovereignty. It is an indisputable fact that this conception, from the moment when it was introduced into political science until the present day, has never had a meaning which was universally agreed upon.\" In the opinion of H. V. Evatt of the High Court of Australia, \"sovereignty is neither a question of fact, nor a question of law, but a question that does not arise at all.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "39160", "question": "what were the concept of a `` standard of civilization '' called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "uncivilised" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sovereignty has taken on a different meaning with the development of the principle of self-determination and the prohibition against the threat or use of force as \"jus cogens\" norms of modern international law. The United Nations Charter, the Draft Declaration on Rights and Duties of States, and the charters of regional international organizations express the view that all states are juridically equal and enjoy the same rights and duties based upon the mere fact of their existence as persons under international law. The right of nations to determine their own political status and exercise permanent sovereignty within the limits of their territorial jurisdictions is widely recognised.", "qas": [ { "id": "39161", "question": "what is sovereignty of self-determination called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "jus cogens\" norms of modern international law" } ] }, { "id": "39162", "question": "what is the name of the united nations charter ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "the Draft Declaration on Rights and Duties of States" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Named after the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, the Westphalian System of state sovereignty, which according to Bryan Turner is \"made a more or less clear separation between religion and state, and recognised the right of princes 'to confessionalise' the state, that is, to determine the religious affiliation of their kingdoms on the pragmatic principle of cuius regio eius religio.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "39163", "question": "when was the system of state sovereignty named ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 16, "text": "1648 Treaty of Westphalia" } ] }, { "id": "39164", "question": "what is the 1648 treaty of westphalia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "the Westphalian System of state sovereignty" } ] }, { "id": "39165", "question": "who is `` less or less clear separation between religion and state , state , state , and state , and state , according to the 1648 treaty of westphalia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "Bryan Turner" } ] }, { "id": "39166", "question": "what is the pragmatic principle of state sovereignty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 353, "text": "cuius regio eius religio" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Westphalian model of state sovereignty has increasingly come under fire from the \"non-west\" as a system imposed solely by Western Colonialism. What this model did was make religion a subordinate to politics, a problem that has caused some issues in the Islamic world. This system does not fit in the Islamic world because concepts such as \"separation of church and state\" and \"individual conscience\" are not recognised in the Islamic religion as social systems.", "qas": [ { "id": "39167", "question": "what is the name of the system that state sovereignty has increasingly come under ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "non-west" } ] }, { "id": "39168", "question": "who imposed the model of state sovereignty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "Western Colonialism" } ] }, { "id": "39169", "question": "what are the concepts of islamic religion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 343, "text": "\"separation of church and state\" and \"individual conscience\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In casual usage, the terms \"country\", \"nation\", and \"state\" are often used as if they were synonymous; but in stricter usage they can be distinguished:", "qas": [ { "id": "39170", "question": "what are often used as if they were synonymous as stricter ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "the terms \"country\", \"nation\", and \"state\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nState recognition signifies the decision of a sovereign state to treat another entity as also being a sovereign state. Recognition can be either expressed or implied and is usually retroactive in its effects. It does not necessarily signify a desire to establish or maintain diplomatic relations.", "qas": [ { "id": "39171", "question": "what does state recognition signifies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "the decision of a sovereign state to treat another entity as also being a sovereign state" } ] }, { "id": "39172", "question": "what does recognition not signify ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "a desire to establish or maintain diplomatic relations" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There is no definition that is binding on all the members of the community of nations on the criteria for statehood. In actual practice, the criteria are mainly political, not legal. L.C. Green cited the recognition of the unborn Polish and Czechoslovak states in World War I and explained that \"since recognition of statehood is a matter of discretion, it is open to any existing State to accept as a state any entity it wishes, regardless of the existence of territory or of an established government.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "39173", "question": "what is there no definition that is binding on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "all the members of the community of nations on the criteria for statehood" } ] }, { "id": "39174", "question": "who cited the recognition of the unborn polish and czechoslovak states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "L.C. Green" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In international law, however, there are several theories of when a state should be recognised as sovereign.", "qas": [ { "id": "39175", "question": "what should be recognised in international law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "sovereign" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The constitutive theory of statehood defines a state as a person of international law if, and only if, it is recognised as sovereign by other states. This theory of recognition was developed in the 14th century. Under it, a state was sovereign if another sovereign state recognised it as such. Because of this, new states could not immediately become part of the international community or be bound by international law, and recognised nations did not have to respect international law in their dealings with them. In 1815 at the Congress of Vienna the Final Act recognised only 39 sovereign states in the European diplomatic system, and as a result it was firmly established that in the future new states would have to be recognised by other states, and that meant in practice recognition by one or more of the great powers.", "qas": [ { "id": "39176", "question": "when was the theory of recognition developed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "the 14th century" } ] }, { "id": "39177", "question": "in what year was the final act recognised only 39 sovereign states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 518, "text": "1815" } ] }, { "id": "39178", "question": "where was the only sovereign states in the european diplomatic system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 530, "text": "Congress of Vienna the Final Act" } ] }, { "id": "39179", "question": "how many sovereign states were in the european diplomatic system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 579, "text": "39" } ] } ] }, { "context": "One of the major criticisms of this law is the confusion caused when some states recognise a new entity, but other states do not. Hersch Lauterpacht, one of the theory's main proponents, suggested that it is a state's duty to grant recognition as a possible solution. However, a state may use any criteria when judging if they should give recognition and they have no obligation to use such criteria. Many states may only recognise another state if it is to their advantage.", "qas": [ { "id": "39180", "question": "who suggested that it is a state 's duty to grant recognition as a possible solution .", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "Hersch Lauterpacht" } ] }, { "id": "39181", "question": "what is the main proponents of the law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "a state's duty to grant recognition as a possible solution" } ] }, { "id": "39182", "question": "what does a state use to use any criteria ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 293, "text": "any criteria when judging if they should give recognition and they have no obligation to use such criteria" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1912, L. F. L. Oppenheim had the following to say on constitutive theory:\nInternational Law does not say that a State is not in existence as long as it isn't recognised, but it takes no notice of it before its recognition. Through recognition only and exclusively a State becomes an International Person and a subject of International Law.", "qas": [ { "id": "39183", "question": "in what year did international law not say that a state is not in existence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1912" } ] }, { "id": "39184", "question": "who had the international law in 1912 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "L. F. L. Oppenheim" } ] }, { "id": "39185", "question": "what was the theory of international law in 1912 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "constitutive theory" } ] }, { "id": "39186", "question": "what is a state 's state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "International Person and a subject of International Law" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By contrast, the declarative theory of statehood defines a state as a person in international law if it meets the following criteria: 1) a defined territory; 2) a permanent population; 3) a government and 4) a capacity to enter into relations with other states. According to declarative theory, an entity's statehood is independent of its recognition by other states. The declarative model was most famously expressed in the 1933 Montevideo Convention.", "qas": [ { "id": "39187", "question": "what does the declarative theory of statehood represent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "a person in international law if it meets the following criteria: 1) a defined territory" } ] }, { "id": "39188", "question": "when was the declarative model expressed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 425, "text": "1933 Montevideo Convention" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Article 3 of the Montevideo Convention declares that political statehood is independent of recognition by other states, and the state is not prohibited from defending itself. In contrast, recognition is considered a requirement for statehood by the constitutive theory of statehood.", "qas": [ { "id": "39189", "question": "what is the article 3 of the montevideo convention ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "the state is not prohibited from defending itself" } ] }, { "id": "39190", "question": "what causes recognition to statehood ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "the constitutive theory of statehood" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A similar opinion about \"the conditions on which an entity constitutes a state\" is expressed by the European Economic Community \"Opinions of the Badinter Arbitration Committee\", which found that a state was defined by having a territory, a population, and a political authority.", "qas": [ { "id": "39191", "question": "what is the similar opinion of the conditions on which an conditions constitutes a state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "the European Economic Community \"Opinions of the Badinter Arbitration Committee" } ] }, { "id": "39192", "question": "what is the state defined by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "having a territory, a population, and a political authority" } ] } ] }, { "context": "State practice relating to the recognition of states typically falls somewhere between the declaratory and constitutive approaches. International law does not require a state to recognise other states.", "qas": [ { "id": "39193", "question": "state practice relating to the recognition of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "declaratory and constitutive approaches" } ] }, { "id": "39194", "question": "what does international law do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "International law does not require a state to recognise other states" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Recognition is often withheld when a new state is seen as illegitimate or has come about in breach of international law. Almost universal non-recognition by the international community of Rhodesia and Northern Cyprus are good examples of this. In the former case, recognition was widely withheld when the white minority seized power and attempted to form a state along the lines of Apartheid South Africa, a move that the United Nations Security Council described as the creation of an \"illegal racist minority r\u00e9gime\". In the latter case, recognition was widely withheld from a state created in Northern Cyprus on land illegally invaded by Turkey in 1974.", "qas": [ { "id": "39195", "question": "how is recognition withheld ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "illegitimate or has come about in breach of international law" } ] }, { "id": "39196", "question": "which international community are good examples of the international community ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "Rhodesia and Northern Cyprus" } ] }, { "id": "39197", "question": "what lines did the united nations security council form ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 382, "text": "Apartheid South Africa" } ] }, { "id": "39198", "question": "who described as the creation of an illegal racist minority r\u00e9gime ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 422, "text": "United Nations Security Council" } ] }, { "id": "39199", "question": "what did the united nations security council call the creation of apartheid ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 487, "text": "illegal racist minority r\u00e9gime" } ] }, { "id": "39200", "question": "in what year was recognition created in northern cyprus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 651, "text": "1974" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most sovereign states are states \"de jure\" and \"de facto\" (i.e., they exist both in law and in reality). However, a state may be recognised only as a \"de jure\" state, in that it is recognised as being the legitimate government of a territory over which it has no actual control. For example, during the Second World War, governments-in-exile of a number of continental European states continued to enjoy diplomatic relations with the Allies, notwithstanding that their countries were under Nazi occupation. The PLO and Palestinian Authority claim that the State of Palestine is a sovereign state, a claim which has been recognised by most states, though the territory it claims is under the \"de facto\" control of Israel. \nOther entities may have \"de facto\" control over a territory but lack international recognition; these may be considered by the international community to be only \"de facto\" states. They are considered \"de jure\" states only according to their own law and by states that recognise them. For example, Somaliland is commonly considered to be such a state. For a list of entities that wish to be universally recognised as sovereign states, but do not have complete worldwide diplomatic recognition, see the list of states with limited recognition.", "qas": [ { "id": "39201", "question": "what are most sovereign states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "de jure\" and \"de facto" } ] }, { "id": "39202", "question": "what may a state be recognised as the legitimate government of a territory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "de jure\" state" } ] }, { "id": "39203", "question": "what is the claim of the state of palestine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 692, "text": "de facto\" control of Israel" } ] }, { "id": "39204", "question": "what is the international community to be only considered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 885, "text": "de facto\" states" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although the terms \"state\" and \"government\" are often used interchangeably, international law distinguishes between a non-physical state and its government; and in fact, the concept of \"government-in-exile\" is predicated upon that distinction. States are non-physical juridical entities, and not organisations of any kind. However, ordinarily, only the government of a state can obligate or bind the state, for example by treaty.", "qas": [ { "id": "39205", "question": "what is the concept of international law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "international law distinguishes between a non-physical state and its government" } ] }, { "id": "39206", "question": "what is the concept of international law called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "government-in-exile" } ] }, { "id": "39207", "question": "what are states that are not organisations of any kind of entities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 255, "text": "non-physical juridical entities" } ] }, { "id": "39208", "question": "what is the government of a state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 349, "text": "the government of a state can obligate or bind the state" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Generally speaking, states are durable entities, though it is possible for them to be become extinguished, either through voluntary means or outside forces, such as military conquest. According to a 2004 study, violent state death has virtually ceased since the end of World War II. Because states are non-physical juridical entities, it has been argued their extinction cannot be due to physical force alone. Instead, the physical actions of the military must be associated with the correct social or judiciary actions in order to abolish a state.", "qas": [ { "id": "39209", "question": "how are durable entities possible ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "voluntary means or outside forces" } ] }, { "id": "39210", "question": "according to the 2004 study , what war has virtually ceased to state death ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "World War II" } ] }, { "id": "39211", "question": "what are states that has been argued to be due to physical force alone ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "non-physical juridical entities" } ] }, { "id": "39212", "question": "what can states not be argued to be due to their extinction ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 388, "text": "physical force alone" } ] }, { "id": "39213", "question": "what must the physical actions of the military be associated with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 480, "text": "the correct social or judiciary actions in order to abolish a state" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The ontological status of the state has been the subject of debate, specially, whether or not the state, being an object that no one can see, taste, touch, or otherwise detect, actually exists. ", "qas": [ { "id": "39214", "question": "what is the ontological status of the state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "debate, specially, whether or not the state" } ] }, { "id": "39215", "question": "what is the object that the state has been an object that has been an object ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "no one can see, taste, touch, or otherwise detect" } ] } ] }, { "context": "It has been argued that one potential reason as to why the existence of states has been controversial is because states do not have a place in the traditional Platonist duality of the concrete and the abstract. Characteristically, concrete objects are those that have position in time and space, which states do not have (though their territories have spatial position, but states are distinct from their territories), and abstract objects have position in neither time nor space, which does not fit the supposed characteristics of states either, since states do have temporal position (they can be created at certain times and then become extinct at a future time). Also, abstract objects are characteristically completely non-causal, which is also not a characteristics of states, since states can act in the world and can cause certain events (though only by actions taken on their behalf through a representative). Therefore, it has been argued that states belong to a third category, the quasi-abstract, that has recently begun to garner philosophical attention, specially in the area of documentality, an ontological theory that seeks to understand the role of documents in understanding all of social reality. Quasi-abstract objects, such as states, can be brought into being through document acts, and can also be used to manipulate them, such as by binding them by treaty or surrendering them as the result of a war. ", "qas": [ { "id": "39216", "question": "what is the name of the theory that seeks to understand the role of documents ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1093, "text": "documentality" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Scholars in international relations can be broken up into two different practices, realists and pluralists, of what they believe the ontological state of the state is. Realists believe that the world is one of only states and interstate relations and the identity of the state is defined before any international relations with other states. On the other hand, pluralists believe that the state is not the only actor in international relations and interactions between states and the state is competing against many other actors.", "qas": [ { "id": "39217", "question": "what are the two different practices in international relations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "realists and pluralists" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Another theory of the ontology of the state is that the state is a spiritual or \"mystical entity\" with its own being, distinct from the members of the state. The German Idealist philosopher Georg Hegel (1770-1831) was perhaps the greatest proponent of this theory. The Hegelian definition of the state is \"the Divine Idea as it exists on Earth.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "39218", "question": "what is the theory of the ontology ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "mystical entity" } ] }, { "id": "39219", "question": "who was the german idealist ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "Georg Hegel" } ] }, { "id": "39220", "question": "what was the name of hegel 's philosopher ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "1770-1831" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since the end of World War II, the number of sovereign states in the international system has surged. Some research suggests that the existence of international and regional organizations, the greater availability of economic aid, and greater acceptance of the norm of self-determination have increased the desire of political units to secede and can be credited for the increase in the number of states in the international system. Harvard economist Alberto Alesina and Tufts economist Enrico Spolaore argue in their book, \"Size of Nations,\" that the increase in the number of states can partly be credited to a more peaceful world, greater free trade and international economic integration, democratization, and the presence of international organizations that coordinate economic and political policies.", "qas": [ { "id": "39221", "question": "the number of sovereign states in the international system has surged since what war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "World War II" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Sovereign state" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A wojew\u00f3dztwo (; plural: \"wojew\u00f3dztwa\") is the highest-level administrative subdivision of Poland, corresponding to a \"province\" in many other countries. The term \"\"wojew\u00f3dztwo\"\" has been in use since the 14th century, and is commonly translated in English as \"province\". The word \"\"wojew\u00f3dztwo\"\" is also rendered as \"voivodeship\" () or a variant spelling.", "qas": [ { "id": "39222", "question": "what is the plural subdivision of poland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "wojew\u00f3dztwa" } ] }, { "id": "39223", "question": "what is the term `` province '' called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "wojew\u00f3dztwo" } ] }, { "id": "39224", "question": "when did the term `` wojew\u00f3dztwo '' begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "14th century" } ] }, { "id": "39225", "question": "what is the term for the term `` wojew\u00f3dztwo '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "province" } ] }, { "id": "39226", "question": "what is the word `` `` voivodeship '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 283, "text": "wojew\u00f3dztwo" } ] }, { "id": "39227", "question": "what is another term for the word `` wojew\u00f3dztwo '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 318, "text": "voivodeship" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998, which went into effect on 1 January 1999, created sixteen new voivodeships. These replaced the 49 former voivodeships that had existed from 1 July 1975.", "qas": [ { "id": "39228", "question": "when was the polish local government adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "1998" } ] }, { "id": "39229", "question": "when did the polish local government reforms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "1 January 1999" } ] }, { "id": "39230", "question": "how many former former voivodeships were replaced by these july 1975 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "49" } ] }, { "id": "39231", "question": "what was the date of the 49 former voivodeships ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "1 July 1975" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Today's voivodeships are mostly named after historical and geographical regions, while those prior to 1998 generally took their names from the cities on which they were centered. The new units range in area from under (Opole Voivodeship) to over (Masovian Voivodeship), and in population from one million (Lubusz Voivodeship) to over five million (Masovian Voivodeship).", "qas": [ { "id": "39232", "question": "what regions are mostly named in today ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "historical and geographical regions" } ] }, { "id": "39233", "question": "in what year did those prior to the cities on which they were centered from the cities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "1998" } ] }, { "id": "39234", "question": "what was the population of the new units in population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 334, "text": "five million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Administrative authority at the voivodeship level is shared between a government-appointed governor called a voivode (\"wojewoda\"), an elected assembly called a sejmik, and an executive board chosen by that assembly, headed by a voivodeship marshal (\"marsza\u0142ek wojew\u00f3dztwa\"). Voivodeships are further divided into powiats (counties) and gminas (communes or municipalities): see Administrative divisions of Poland.", "qas": [ { "id": "39235", "question": "what is the name of the governor 's governor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "voivode" } ] }, { "id": "39236", "question": "what is the name of the governor 's governor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "wojewoda" } ] }, { "id": "39237", "question": "what is the name of the elected assembly of administrative authority ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "sejmik" } ] }, { "id": "39238", "question": "what are counties further divided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 313, "text": "powiats" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Competences and powers at voivodeship level are shared between the voivode (governor), the sejmik (regional assembly) and the marshal. In most cases these institutions are all based in one city, but in Kuyavian-Pomeranian and Lubusz Voivodeship the voivode's offices are in a different city from those of the executive and the sejmik. Voivodeship capitals are listed in the table below.", "qas": [ { "id": "39239", "question": "what are the names of the powers that powers and powers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "the voivode (governor), the sejmik (regional assembly) and the marshal" } ] }, { "id": "39240", "question": "what are the city 's offices in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "Kuyavian-Pomeranian and Lubusz Voivodeship" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The voivode is appointed by the Prime Minister and is the regional representative of the central government. The voivode acts as the head of central government institutions at regional level (such as the police and fire services, passport offices, and various inspectorates), manages central government property in the region, oversees the functioning of local government, coordinates actions in the field of public safety and environment protection, and exercises special powers in emergencies. The voivode's offices collectively are known as the \"urz\u0105d wojew\u00f3dzki\".", "qas": [ { "id": "39241", "question": "who appointed the central government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "the Prime Minister" } ] }, { "id": "39242", "question": "what are the offices of the offices called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 549, "text": "urz\u0105d wojew\u00f3dzki\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The sejmik is elected every four years, at the same time as the local authorities at powiat and gmina level. It passes bylaws, including the voivodeship's development strategies and budget. It also elects the \"marsza\u0142ek\" and other members of the executive, and holds them to account.", "qas": [ { "id": "39243", "question": "how long is the sejmik elected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "every four years" } ] }, { "id": "39244", "question": "where is the sejmik elected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "powiat and gmina level" } ] }, { "id": "39245", "question": "what is the name of the sejmik that the sejmik is elects to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "marsza\u0142ek" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The executive (\"zarz\u0105d wojew\u00f3dztwa\"), headed by the \"marsza\u0142ek\" drafts the budget and development strategies, implements the resolutions of the sejmik, manages the voivodeship's property, and deals with many aspects of regional policy, including management of European Union funding. The marshal's offices are collectively known as the \"urz\u0105d marsza\u0142kowski\".", "qas": [ { "id": "39246", "question": "what headed the executive property ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "\"marsza\u0142ek\" drafts the budget and development strategies" } ] }, { "id": "39247", "question": "what is the regional policy of the sejmik ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "management of European Union funding" } ] }, { "id": "39248", "question": "what are the marshal 's offices called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 337, "text": "urz\u0105d marsza\u0142kowski\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Administrative division of Poland between 1979 and 1998 included 49 voivodeships upheld after the establishment of the Third Polish Republic in 1989 for another decade. This reorganization of administrative division of Poland was mainly a result of local government reform acts of 1973\u20131975. In place of the three-level administrative division (voivodeship, county, commune), a new two-level administrative division was introduced (49 small voivodeships, and communes). The three smallest voivodeships \u2013 Warsaw, Krak\u00f3w and \u0141\u00f3d\u017a \u2013 had the special status of municipal voivodeship; the city president (mayor) was also provincial governor.", "qas": [ { "id": "39249", "question": "how many people died in poland between 1979 and 1998 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "49" } ] }, { "id": "39250", "question": "in what year did the third polish republic take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "1989" } ] }, { "id": "39251", "question": "when was the reorganization of administrative division reform ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "1973\u20131975" } ] }, { "id": "39252", "question": "how many small voivodeships was introduced in the new division of the county ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 432, "text": "49" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After World War II, the new administrative division of the country within the new national borders was based on the prewar one and included 14 (+2) voivodeships, then 17 (+5). The voivodeships in the east that had not been annexed by the Soviet Union had their borders left almost unchanged. The newly acquired territories in the west and north were organized into the new voivodeships of Szczecin, Wroc\u0142aw and Olsztyn, and partly joined to Gda\u0144sk, Katowice and Pozna\u0144 voivodeships. Two cities were granted voivodeship status: Warsaw and \u0141\u00f3d\u017a.", "qas": [ { "id": "39253", "question": "after what war was the new administrative division based ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 6, "text": "World War II" } ] }, { "id": "39254", "question": "what was the new name of the new administrative division ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "14 (+2" } ] }, { "id": "39255", "question": "what were the newly acquired territories in the west ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 389, "text": "Szczecin, Wroc\u0142aw and Olsztyn" } ] }, { "id": "39256", "question": "what were the newly acquired territories in the west ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 441, "text": "Gda\u0144sk, Katowice and Pozna\u0144 voivodeships" } ] }, { "id": "39257", "question": "what two cities were granted status of two cities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 527, "text": "Warsaw and \u0141\u00f3d\u017a" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1950, new voivodeships were created: Koszalin (previously part of Szczecin), Opole (previously part of Katowice), and Zielona G\u00f3ra (previously part of Pozna\u0144, Wroc\u0142aw and Szczecin voivodeships).", "qas": [ { "id": "39258", "question": "in what year was new voivodeships created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1950" } ] }, { "id": "39259", "question": "what was the name of the new voivodeships created in 1950 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Koszalin" } ] }, { "id": "39260", "question": "what was the name of the new part of new delhi ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Szczecin" } ] }, { "id": "39261", "question": "what was the name of the part of the new voivodeships in 1950 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Katowice" } ] }, { "id": "39262", "question": "what was the name of the part of the new voivodeships in 1950 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "Zielona G\u00f3ra" } ] }, { "id": "39263", "question": "what were the part of the new voivodeships part of new delhi ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "Pozna\u0144, Wroc\u0142aw and Szczecin voivodeships" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1957, three more cities were granted voivodeship status: Wroc\u0142aw, Krak\u00f3w and Pozna\u0144.", "qas": [ { "id": "39264", "question": "in what year were three cities granted status status ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1957" } ] }, { "id": "39265", "question": "what were the three cities granted in 1957 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "Wroc\u0142aw, Krak\u00f3w and Pozna\u0144" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The administrative division of Poland in the interwar period included 16 voivodeships and Warsaw (with voivodeship rights).", "qas": [ { "id": "39266", "question": "what were the two rights of poland in the interwar period ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "16 voivodeships and Warsaw" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The voivodeships that remained in Poland after World War II as a result of Polish\u2013Soviet border agreement of August 1945 were very similar to the current voivodeships.", "qas": [ { "id": "39267", "question": "what war remained similar to the soviet border ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "World War II" } ] }, { "id": "39268", "question": "when was the soviet border agreement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "August 1945" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From 1816 to 1837 there were 8 voivodeships in Congress Poland.", "qas": [ { "id": "39269", "question": "how many voivodeships in congress were there in congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "8" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] }, { "context": "\nSome English-language sources, in historic contexts, speak of \"palatinates\" rather than \"voivodeships\". The term \"palatinate\" traces back to the Latin \"palatinus\" (\"palatine\"). ", "qas": [ { "id": "39270", "question": "what are some english-language sources speak of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "palatinates" } ] }, { "id": "39271", "question": "what is the term for some english-language sources ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "voivodeships" } ] }, { "id": "39272", "question": "what is the latin word for `` palatine '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "palatinus" } ] }, { "id": "39273", "question": "what does the term `` palatine '' mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "palatine" } ] } ] }, { "context": "More commonly used now is \"province\" or \"voivodeship\". The latter is a loanword-calque hybrid formed on the Polish \"\"wojew\u00f3dztwo\"\". ", "qas": [ { "id": "39274", "question": "what are more commonly used now ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "\"province\" or \"voivodeship\"" } ] }, { "id": "39275", "question": "where is the hybrid hybrid formed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "the Polish \"\"wojew\u00f3dztwo\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some writers argue against rendering \"\"wojew\u00f3dztwo\"\" in English as \"province\" on historic grounds. Before the Third and last Partition of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth, which occurred in 1795, each of the main constituent Regions of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth\u2014Greater Poland, Lesser Poland, Lithuania, and Royal Prussia\u2014was sometimes idiosyncratically referred to as a \"Province\" (\"\"prowincyja\"\"). According to the argument, a \"Province\" (such as Greater Poland) cannot consist of a number of subdivisions (\"\"wojew\u00f3dztwa\", \"the plural of \"\"wojew\u00f3dztwo\"\") that are likewise called \"provinces\". However, this is an antiquarian consideration, since \"province\" has not been used in this sense in Poland for over two centuries, and in any case the former larger political units\u2014all now obsolete\u2014can be referred to in English as \"Regions\" (which, in English parlance, is what they were). ", "qas": [ { "id": "39276", "question": "what do some writers argue against rendering rendering ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "wojew\u00f3dztwo" } ] }, { "id": "39277", "question": "what was the third and last partition of the commonwealth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "Partition of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth" } ] }, { "id": "39278", "question": "in what year did the polish -- lithuanian commonwealth end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "1795" } ] }, { "id": "39279", "question": "what was the `` province '' called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 396, "text": "prowincyja" } ] }, { "id": "39280", "question": "what is another term for greater poland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 594, "text": "provinces" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Polish \"\"wojew\u00f3dztwo\"\", designating a second-tier Polish or Polish\u2013Lithuanian administrative unit, derives from \"\"wojewoda\"\" (etymologically, a \"warlord\", \"war leader\" or \"leader of warriors\", but now simply the governor of a \"wojew\u00f3dztwo\") and the suffix \"\"-ztwo\"\" (a \"state or condition\").", "qas": [ { "id": "39281", "question": "what is another name for the polish '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "wojew\u00f3dztwo" } ] }, { "id": "39282", "question": "what did the polish '' designating ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "Polish or Polish\u2013Lithuanian administrative unit" } ] }, { "id": "39283", "question": "what is another name for a `` warlord '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "wojewoda" } ] }, { "id": "39284", "question": "what was the governor of warriors called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "wojew\u00f3dztwo" } ] }, { "id": "39285", "question": "what is another name for the `` state or condition '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "-ztwo" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The English \"voivodeship\", which is a hybrid of the loanword \"voivode\" and \"-ship\" (the latter a suffix that calques the Polish suffix \"\"-ztwo\"\"), has never been much used and is absent from many dictionaries. According to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\", it first appeared in 1792, spelled \"woiwodship\", in the sense of \"the district or province governed by a voivode.\" The word subsequently appeared in 1886 also in the sense of \"the office or dignity of a voivode.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "39286", "question": "what is the english word for the english word `` voivode '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "voivodeship" } ] }, { "id": "39287", "question": "what are the suffix that calques the polish suffix called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "\"voivode\" and \"-ship\"" } ] }, { "id": "39288", "question": "what is another name for the polish suffix ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "-ztwo" } ] }, { "id": "39289", "question": "what was the name of the first oxford dictionary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "Oxford English Dictionary" } ] }, { "id": "39290", "question": "when was the oxford english dictionary appeared ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "1792" } ] }, { "id": "39291", "question": "what was the name of the oxford english dictionary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "woiwodship" } ] }, { "id": "39292", "question": "what year did the word `` the office '' begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 405, "text": "1886" } ] }, { "id": "39293", "question": "what did the word `` the word '' appeared in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 431, "text": "\"the office or dignity of a voivode" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Poland's Commission on Standardization of Geographic Names outside the Republic of Poland, recommends the spelling \"voivodship\", without the \"e\". ", "qas": [ { "id": "39294", "question": "what was poland 's commission ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "Standardization of Geographic Names outside the Republic of Poland" } ] }, { "id": "39295", "question": "what is the name of poland 's commission ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "the spelling \"voivodship\", without the \"e\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Voivodeships of Poland" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Hong Kong (), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is an autonomous territory on the Pearl River Delta of East Asia. Macau lies across the delta to the west, and the Chinese province of Guangdong borders the territory to the north. With a total land area of and a population of over 7.3 million of various nationalities, it ranks as the world's fourth most densely populated sovereign state or territory.", "qas": [ { "id": "39296", "question": "where is the hong kong special administrative region ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hong Kong" } ] }, { "id": "39297", "question": "what is hong kong 's name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China" } ] }, { "id": "39298", "question": "where is hong kong located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "Pearl River Delta of East Asia" } ] }, { "id": "39299", "question": "what is macau ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "the Chinese province of Guangdong borders the territory to the north" } ] }, { "id": "39300", "question": "what is the population of macau ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 336, "text": "7.3 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After the First Opium War (1839\u201342), Hong Kong became a British colony with the perpetual cession of Hong Kong Island, followed by the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and a 99-year lease of the New Territories from 1898. Hong Kong was later occupied by Japan during World War II until British control resumed in 1945. In the early 1980s, negotiations between the United Kingdom and China resulted in the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration, which paved way for the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong in 1997, when it became a special administrative region (SAR) with a high degree of autonomy.", "qas": [ { "id": "39301", "question": "when was the first opium war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "1839\u201342" } ] }, { "id": "39302", "question": "what island did hong kong become a part of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "Hong Kong Island" } ] }, { "id": "39303", "question": "what was the name of the peninsula in 1860 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "Kowloon Peninsula" } ] }, { "id": "39304", "question": "when did the first opium war occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "1860" } ] }, { "id": "39305", "question": "when did the first opium war occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "1898" } ] }, { "id": "39306", "question": "in what year did hong kong die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "1945" } ] }, { "id": "39307", "question": "in what declaration did hong kong become a special administrative region ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 398, "text": "1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration" } ] }, { "id": "39308", "question": "when did hong kong become a special administrative region ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 499, "text": "1997" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Under the principle of \"one country, two systems\", Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system from China. Except in military defence and foreign affairs, Hong Kong maintains its independent executive, legislative and judiciary powers. In addition, Hong Kong develops relations directly with foreign states and international organisations in a broad range of \"appropriate fields\".", "qas": [ { "id": "39309", "question": "which city maintains its independent executive , legislative and foreign affairs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "Hong Kong" } ] }, { "id": "39310", "question": "what does hong kong have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "legislative and judiciary powers" } ] }, { "id": "39311", "question": "what is the broad range of hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 377, "text": "appropriate fields" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong is one of the world's most significant financial centres, with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the world's most competitive and most laissez-faire economic entity in the \"World Competitiveness Yearbook\". Its legal tender, the Hong Kong dollar, is the world's 13th most traded currency. Hong Kong's tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by simple taxation with a competitive level of corporate tax and supported by international confidence in its independent judiciary system where the rule of law, not rule by law, applies to legal, contractual proceedings. However, while Hong Kong has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, it suffers from the most severe income inequality among developed economies.", "qas": [ { "id": "39312", "question": "what is hong kong 's most competitive economic entity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 221, "text": "World Competitiveness Yearbook" } ] }, { "id": "39313", "question": "what is the world 's 13th most traded currency ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 276, "text": "Hong Kong dollar" } ] }, { "id": "39314", "question": "what is the most traded currency of hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "13th" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong is renowned for its deep natural harbour, which enables ready access by international cargo ships, and its skyline, with a very high density of skyscrapers; the territory boasts the second largest number of high rises of any city in the world. It has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the world's longest life expectancy. Over 90% of the population makes use of well-developed public transportation. Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring industrial areas of Mainland China, which adopts loose emissions standards, has resulted in a high level of atmospheric particulates.", "qas": [ { "id": "39315", "question": "hong kong is renowned for what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "deep natural harbour" } ] }, { "id": "39316", "question": "hong kong is ready by what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "international cargo ships" } ] }, { "id": "39317", "question": "what percentage of the population makes well-developed public transportation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 351, "text": "90%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong was officially recorded in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking to encompass the entirety of the island.", "qas": [ { "id": "39318", "question": "where was hong kong recorded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "the 1842 Treaty of Nanking" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The source of the romanised name \"Hong Kong\" is not known, but it is generally believed to be an early imprecise phonetic rendering of the pronunciation in spoken Cantonese or Hakka , which means \"Fragrant Harbour\" or \"Incense Harbour. Before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet\u2014now Aberdeen Harbour (, Sidney Lau: \"heunggong jai\", Jyutping: \"\", or \"Hionggong zai\" in a form of Hakka, literally means \"Little Hong Kong\")\u2014between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was an initial point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen.", "qas": [ { "id": "39319", "question": "what is the source of hong kong 's name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "Hong Kong" } ] }, { "id": "39320", "question": "what does hakka cantonese mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "Fragrant Harbour\" or \"Incense Harbour" } ] }, { "id": "39321", "question": "what year was the name aberdeen referred to as aberdeen ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 243, "text": "1842" } ] }, { "id": "39322", "question": "what does hakka mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 407, "text": "Little Hong Kong\")\u2014between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Another theory is that the name would have been taken from Hong Kong's early inhabitants, the Tankas (); it is equally probable that romanisation was done with a faithful execution of their speeches, i.e. hong, not heung in Cantonese. Detailed and accurate romanisation systems for Cantonese were available and in use at the time.", "qas": [ { "id": "39323", "question": "what is the name of the theory that the name the name would be taken from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Hong Kong's early inhabitants" } ] }, { "id": "39324", "question": "what is the name of hong kong 's early execution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "the Tankas" } ] }, { "id": "39325", "question": "what was the faithful execution of their speeches ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "romanisation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Fragrance may refer to the sweet taste of the harbour's fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River or to the incense from factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Hong Kong developed Victoria Harbour.", "qas": [ { "id": "39326", "question": "what may refer to the sweet taste of the pearl river ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Fragrance" } ] }, { "id": "39327", "question": "what river is the sweet taste of the harbour 's influx of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "Pearl River" } ] }, { "id": "39328", "question": "where was the incense harbour stored ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "Aberdeen Harbour" } ] }, { "id": "39329", "question": "what was the name of the incense harbour developed by hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "Victoria Harbour" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The name had often been written as the single word \"Hongkong\" until the government adopted the current form in 1926. Nevertheless, a number of century-old institutions still retain the single-word form, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation.", "qas": [ { "id": "39330", "question": "what was the name of the word `` the name in 1926 ' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "Hongkong" } ] }, { "id": "39331", "question": "in what year was the current word `` hongkong '' adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "1926" } ] }, { "id": "39332", "question": "what are some of the number of institutions that retain the number of century-old institutions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As of 1997, its official name is the \"Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China\". This is the official title as mentioned in the Hong Kong Basic Law and the Hong Kong Government's website; however, \"Hong Kong Special Administrative Region\" and \"Hong Kong\" are widely accepted.", "qas": [ { "id": "39333", "question": "in what year was the `` hong kong special administrative region of the people 's republic of china '' published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 6, "text": "1997" } ] }, { "id": "39334", "question": "what is the official name of hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China" } ] }, { "id": "39335", "question": "what is the name of the official title of hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Hong Kong Basic Law and the Hong Kong Government's website" } ] }, { "id": "39336", "question": "what are the names of the hong kong government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region\" and \"Hong Kong" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong has carried many nicknames. The most famous among those is the \"Pearl of the Orient\", which reflected the impressive night-view of the city's light decorations on the skyscrapers along both sides of the Victoria Harbour. The territory is also known as \"Asia's World City\".", "qas": [ { "id": "39337", "question": "what is the most famous among the city 's light decorations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "Pearl of the Orient" } ] }, { "id": "39338", "question": "what is the `` pearl of the orient '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "Victoria Harbour" } ] }, { "id": "39339", "question": "what is the territory also known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "Asia's World City" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Archaeological studies support human presence in the Chek Lap Kok area (now Hong Kong International Airport) from 35,000 to 39,000 years ago and on Sai Kung Peninsula from 6,000 years ago.", "qas": [ { "id": "39340", "question": "where do archaeological studies support human presence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "Chek Lap Kok area" } ] }, { "id": "39341", "question": "what is the name of the airport that support human presence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "Hong Kong International Airport" } ] }, { "id": "39342", "question": "when did the hong kong international airport begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "35,000 to 39,000 years ago" } ] }, { "id": "39343", "question": "what is the name of the peninsula that support human presence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "Sai Kung Peninsula" } ] }, { "id": "39344", "question": "when did the hong kong international airport begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "6,000 years ago" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Wong Tei Tung and Three Fathoms Cove are the earliest sites of human habitation in Hong Kong during the Paleolithic Period. It is believed that the Three Fathom Cove was a river-valley settlement and Wong Tei Tung was a lithic manufacturing site. Excavated Neolithic artefacts suggested cultural differences from the Longshan culture of northern China and settlement by the Che people, prior to the migration of the Baiyue (modern-day Viets) to Hong Kong. Eight petroglyphs, which dated to the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600 BC \u2013 1066 BC) in China, were discovered on the surrounding islands.", "qas": [ { "id": "39345", "question": "what are the earliest sites of human habitation in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Wong Tei Tung and Three Fathoms Cove" } ] }, { "id": "39346", "question": "when was the earliest sites of human habitation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "Paleolithic Period" } ] }, { "id": "39347", "question": "what was the name of the settlement that was believed to be a lithic manufacturing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "Three Fathom Cove" } ] }, { "id": "39348", "question": "who was a lithic manufacturing site ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "Wong Tei Tung" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 214 BC, Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of a centralised China, conquered the Baiyue tribes in Jiaozhi (modern-day Liangguang region and Vietnam) and incorporated the area of Hong Kong into his imperial China for the first time. Hong Kong proper was assigned to the Nanhai commandery (modern-day Nanhai District), near the commandery's capital city Panyu.", "qas": [ { "id": "39349", "question": "when was the first emperor of a centralised china conquered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "214 BC" } ] }, { "id": "39350", "question": "who was the first emperor of a centralised china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "Qin Shi Huang" } ] }, { "id": "39351", "question": "where was the first emperor of a centralised tribes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "Jiaozhi" } ] }, { "id": "39352", "question": "what commandery was hong kong assigned to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "Nanhai commandery" } ] }, { "id": "39353", "question": "what is the name of the district in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 300, "text": "Nanhai District" } ] }, { "id": "39354", "question": "what was the name of the capital of hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 353, "text": "Panyu" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After a brief period of centralisation and collapse of the Qin dynasty, the area of Hong Kong was consolidated under the Kingdom of Nanyue (Nam Viet), founded by general Zhao Tuo in 204 BC. When Nanyue lost the Han-Nanyue War in 111 BC, Hong Kong came under the Jiaozhi commandery of the Han dynasty. Archaeological evidence indicates an increase of population and flourish of salt production. The Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb on the Kowloon Peninsula is believed to have been built as a burial site during the Han dynasty.", "qas": [ { "id": "39355", "question": "who consolidated the area of hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "Kingdom of Nanyue" } ] }, { "id": "39356", "question": "who founded the kingdom of nanyue ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "Zhao Tuo" } ] }, { "id": "39357", "question": "when was the kingdom of nanyue founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "204 BC" } ] }, { "id": "39358", "question": "when did nanyue invade the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "111 BC" } ] }, { "id": "39359", "question": "what is the name of the uk han tomb ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 398, "text": "Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From the Han dynasty to the early Tang dynasty, Hong Kong was a part of Bao'an County. In the Tang dynasty, modern-day Guangzhou (Canton) flourished as an international trading centre. In 736, the Emperor Xuanzong of Tang established a military stronghold in Tuen Mun to strengthen defence of the coastal area. The nearby Lantau Island was a salt production centre and salt smuggler riots occasionally broke out against the government. In c. 1075, The first village school, Li Ying College, was established around 1075 AD in modern-day New Territories by the Northern Song dynasty. During their war against the Mongols, the imperial court of Southern Song was briefly stationed at modern-day Kowloon City (the Sung Wong Toi site) before their ultimate defeat by the Mongols at the Battle of Yamen in 1279. The Mongols then established their dynastic court and governed Hong Kong for 97 years.", "qas": [ { "id": "39360", "question": "what was hong kong a part of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "Bao'an County" } ] }, { "id": "39361", "question": "in what year was the emperor xuanzong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "736" } ] }, { "id": "39362", "question": "who established a military stronghold ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "Emperor Xuanzong of Tang" } ] }, { "id": "39363", "question": "where did tang established a military stronghold ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "Tuen Mun" } ] }, { "id": "39364", "question": "who was the first village school in c. 1075 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 474, "text": "Li Ying College" } ] }, { "id": "39365", "question": "when was li ying college established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 514, "text": "1075 AD" } ] }, { "id": "39366", "question": "how long did the mongols governed hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 883, "text": "97 years" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From the mid-Tang dynasty to the early Ming dynasty (1368\u20131644), Hong Kong was a part of Dongguan County (\u6771\u839e\u7e23/ \u6771\u5b98\u7e23). During the Ming dynasty, the area was transferred to Xin'an County (\u65b0\u5b89\u7e23). The indigenous inhabitants at that time consisted of several ethnicities such as Punti, Hakka, Tanka and Hoklo.", "qas": [ { "id": "39367", "question": "when was the early ming dynasty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "1368\u20131644" } ] }, { "id": "39368", "question": "hong kong was a part of what county ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Dongguan County" } ] }, { "id": "39369", "question": "what was the area during the ming dynasty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "Xin'an County" } ] }, { "id": "39370", "question": "what are some ethnicities of the indigenous inhabitants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "Punti, Hakka, Tanka and Hoklo" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The earliest European visitor on record was Jorge \u00c1lvares, a Portuguese explorer, who arrived in 1513. Having established a trading post in a site they called \"Tam\u00e3o\" in Hong Kong waters, Portuguese merchants commenced with regular trading in southern China. Subsequent military clashes between China and Portugal, however, led to the expulsion of all Portuguese merchants from southern China.", "qas": [ { "id": "39371", "question": "who was the earliest european visitor on record ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Jorge \u00c1lvares" } ] }, { "id": "39372", "question": "where did a portuguese explorer come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "1513" } ] }, { "id": "39373", "question": "what was the name of the trading post in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "Tam\u00e3o" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since the 14th century, the Ming court had enforced the maritime prohibition laws that strictly forbade all private maritime activities in order to prevent contact with foreigners by sea. When the Manchu Qing dynasty took over China, Hong Kong was directly affected by the Great Clearance decree of the Kangxi Emperor, who ordered the evacuation of coastal areas of Guangdong from 1661 to 1669. Over 16,000 inhabitants of Xin'an County including those in Hong Kong were forced to migrate inland; only 1,648 of those who had evacuated subsequently returned.", "qas": [ { "id": "39374", "question": "who affected hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "Great Clearance decree of the Kangxi Emperor" } ] }, { "id": "39375", "question": "when was the evacuation of coastal areas of guangdong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 381, "text": "1661 to 1669" } ] }, { "id": "39376", "question": "how many of the county 's county had evacuated inland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 501, "text": "1,648" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1839, threats by the imperial court of Qing to sanction opium imports caused diplomatic friction with the British Empire. Tensions escalated into the First Opium War. The Qing admitted defeat when British forces captured Hong Kong Island on 20 January 1841. The island was initially ceded under the Convention of Chuenpi as part of a ceasefire agreement between Captain Charles Elliot and Governor Qishan. A dispute between high-ranking officials of both countries, however, led to the failure of the treaty's ratification. On 29 August 1842, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded in perpetuity to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the Treaty of Nanking. The British officially established a Crown colony and founded the City of Victoria in the following year.", "qas": [ { "id": "39377", "question": "when did the imperial court of qing imports take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1839" } ] }, { "id": "39378", "question": "what war did the tensions of the opium war take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "First Opium War" } ] }, { "id": "39379", "question": "which island did british forces defeat on 20 january 1841 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "Hong Kong Island" } ] }, { "id": "39380", "question": "when did british forces invade hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "20 January 1841" } ] }, { "id": "39381", "question": "what was the island initially ceded under ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "Convention of Chuenpi" } ] }, { "id": "39382", "question": "who was the agreement between the convention and the island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 365, "text": "Captain Charles Elliot and Governor Qishan" } ] }, { "id": "39383", "question": "when was hong kong island ceded in perpetuity to the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 530, "text": "29 August 1842" } ] }, { "id": "39384", "question": "what was the name of the crown founded by the british officially ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 742, "text": "City of Victoria" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The population of Hong Kong Island was 7,450 when the Union Flag raised over Possession Point on 26 January 1841. It mostly consisted of Tanka fishermen and Hakka charcoal burners, whose settlements scattered along several coastal hamlets. In the 1850s, a large number of Chinese immigrants crossed the then-free border to escape from the Taiping Rebellion. Other natural disasters, such as flooding, typhoons and famine in mainland China would play a role in establishing Hong Kong as a place for safe shelter.", "qas": [ { "id": "39385", "question": "what was the population of hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "7,450" } ] }, { "id": "39386", "question": "when was the population of hong kong island raised ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "26 January 1841" } ] }, { "id": "39387", "question": "what are the population of hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "Tanka fishermen and Hakka charcoal burners" } ] }, { "id": "39388", "question": "where did a large number of chinese immigrants escape from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 339, "text": "Taiping Rebellion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Further conflicts over the opium trade between Britain and Qing quickly escalated into the Second Opium War. Following the Anglo-French victory, the Crown Colony was expanded to include Kowloon Peninsula (south of Boundary Street) and Stonecutter's Island, both of which were ceded to the British in perpetuity under the Convention of Beijing in 1860.", "qas": [ { "id": "39389", "question": "what war did the opium trade play ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "Second Opium War" } ] }, { "id": "39390", "question": "what was the name of the peninsula that the crown colony was expanded to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "Kowloon Peninsula" } ] }, { "id": "39391", "question": "where was the crown colony expanded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "south of Boundary Street) and Stonecutter's Island" } ] }, { "id": "39392", "question": "when was the convention of beijing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 346, "text": "1860" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1898, Britain obtained a 99-year lease from Qing under the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, in which Hong Kong obtained a 99-year lease of Lantau Island, the area north of Boundary Street in Kowloon up to Shenzhen River and over 200 other outlying islands.", "qas": [ { "id": "39393", "question": "in what year did hong kong experience a lease lease from hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1898" } ] }, { "id": "39394", "question": "what did britain receive from qing under the convention ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "99-year" } ] }, { "id": "39395", "question": "what was the convention for hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "Extension of Hong Kong Territory" } ] }, { "id": "39396", "question": "how many island did hong kong receive ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "99-year" } ] }, { "id": "39397", "question": "what island did hong kong receive ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Lantau Island" } ] }, { "id": "39398", "question": "how many islands did hong kong have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "over 200 other outlying islands" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong soon became a major entrep\u00f4t thanks to its free port status, attracting new immigrants to settle from both China and Europe. The society, however, remained racially segregated and polarised under early British colonial policies. Despite the rise of a British-educated Chinese upper-class by the late-19th century, race laws such as the Peak Reservation Ordinance prevented ethnic Chinese in Hong Kong from acquiring houses in reserved areas such as Victoria Peak. At this time, the majority of the Chinese population in Hong Kong had no political representation in the British colonial government. The British governors did rely, however, on a small number of Chinese elites, including Sir Kai Ho and Robert Hotung, who served as ambassadors and mediators between the government and local population.", "qas": [ { "id": "39399", "question": "where did hong kong settle from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "China and Europe" } ] }, { "id": "39400", "question": "what prevented ethnic chinese in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 346, "text": "Peak Reservation Ordinance" } ] }, { "id": "39401", "question": "what was the name of the reserved ethnic chinese in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 459, "text": "Victoria Peak" } ] }, { "id": "39402", "question": "who were the chinese elites ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 696, "text": "Sir Kai Ho and Robert Hotung" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1904, the United Kingdom established the world's first border and immigration control; all residents of Hong Kong were given citizenship as Citizens of United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKC).", "qas": [ { "id": "39403", "question": "when was the world 's first border and immigration control control ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1904" } ] }, { "id": "39404", "question": "who were all residents of hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "Citizens of United Kingdom and Colonies" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong continued to experience modest growth during the first half of the 20th century. The University of Hong Kong was established in 1911 as the territory's oldest higher education institute. While there had been an exodus of 60,000 residents for fear of a German attack on the British colony during the First World War, Hong Kong remained peaceful. Its population increased from 530,000 in 1916 to 725,000 in 1925 and reached 1.6 million by 1941.", "qas": [ { "id": "39405", "question": "when was the university of hong kong established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "1911" } ] }, { "id": "39406", "question": "how many residents did hong kong have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "60,000" } ] }, { "id": "39407", "question": "what was the population of hong kong in 1916 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 385, "text": "530,000" } ] }, { "id": "39408", "question": "how many hong kong population did hong kong receive in 1941 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 432, "text": "1.6 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1925, Cecil Clementi became the 17th Governor of Hong Kong. Fluent in Cantonese and without a need for translator, Clementi introduced the first ethnic Chinese, Shouson Chow, into the Executive Council as an unofficial member. Under Clementi's tenure, Kai Tak Airport entered operation as RAF Kai Tak and several aviation clubs. In 1937, the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out when the Japanese Empire expanded its territories from northeastern China into the mainland proper. To safeguard Hong Kong as a freeport, Governor Geoffry Northcote declared the Crown Colony as a neutral zone.", "qas": [ { "id": "39409", "question": "when did cecil clementi become the 17th governor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1925" } ] }, { "id": "39410", "question": "who was the 17th governor of hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Cecil Clementi" } ] }, { "id": "39411", "question": "who was the first ethnic chinese council ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "Shouson Chow" } ] }, { "id": "39412", "question": "who entered operation as raf kai ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 255, "text": "Kai Tak Airport" } ] }, { "id": "39413", "question": "what was the name of the operation of operation airport ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "RAF Kai Tak" } ] }, { "id": "39414", "question": "who declared the crown colony ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 518, "text": "Governor Geoffry Northcote" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As part of its military campaign in Southeast Asia during Second World War, the Japanese army moved south from Guangzhou of mainland China and attacked Hong Kong in 1941. on 8 December 1941. Crossing the border at Shenzhen River on 8 December, the Battle of Hong Kong lasted for 18 days when British and Canadian forces held onto Hong Kong Island. Unable to defend against intensifying Japanese air and land bombardments, they eventually surrendered control of Hong Kong on 25 December 1941. The Governor of Hong Kong was captured and taken as a prisoner of war. This day is regarded by the locals as \"Black Christmas\".", "qas": [ { "id": "39415", "question": "in what year did the japanese attack hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "1941" } ] }, { "id": "39416", "question": "on what date was the date on the date of 1941 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "8 December 1941" } ] }, { "id": "39417", "question": "when did the battle of hong kong begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "8 December" } ] }, { "id": "39418", "question": "how long did the battle of hong kong last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 279, "text": "18 days" } ] }, { "id": "39419", "question": "where did the battle of hong kong begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 330, "text": "Hong Kong Island" } ] }, { "id": "39420", "question": "on what date did hong kong surrendered control of hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 474, "text": "25 December 1941" } ] }, { "id": "39421", "question": "what is the term for the locals of the day ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 602, "text": "Black Christmas" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, the Japanese army committed atrocities against civilians and POWs, such as the St. Stephen's College massacre. Local residents also suffered widespread food shortages, limited rationing and hyper-inflation arising from the forced exchange of currency from Hong Kong dollars to Japanese military banknotes. The initial ratio of 2:1 was gradually devalued to 4:1 and ownership of Hong Kong dollars was declared illegal and punishable by harsh torture. Due to starvation and forced deportation for slave labour to mainland China, the population of Hong Kong had dwindled from 1.6 million in 1941 to 600,000 in 1945, when the United Kingdom resumed control of the colony on 30 August 1945.", "qas": [ { "id": "39422", "question": "what was the name of the japanese army ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "St. Stephen's College massacre" } ] }, { "id": "39423", "question": "what was the initial ratio of hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 402, "text": "4:1" } ] }, { "id": "39424", "question": "what was the population of hong kong in 1941 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 618, "text": "1.6 million" } ] }, { "id": "39425", "question": "when did the united kingdom resumed control of the colony ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 715, "text": "30 August 1945" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong's population recovered quickly after the war, as a wave of skilled migrants from the Republic of China moved in to seek refuge from the Chinese Civil War. When the Communist Party eventually took full control of mainland China in 1949, even more skilled migrants fled across the open border for fear of persecution. Many newcomers, especially those who had been based in the major port cities of Shanghai and Guangzhou, established corporations and small- to medium-sized businesses and shifted their base operations to British Hong Kong. The establishment of a socialist state in China (PR China) on 1 October 1949 caused the British colonial government to reconsider Hong Kong's open border to mainland China. In 1951, a boundary zone was demarked as a buffer zone against potential military attacks from communist China. Border posts along the north of Hong Kong began operation in 1953 to regulate the movement of people and goods into and out of the territory.", "qas": [ { "id": "39426", "question": "what war did hong kong move refuge from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "Chinese Civil War" } ] }, { "id": "39427", "question": "when did the communist party eventually take full control of mainland china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 240, "text": "1949" } ] }, { "id": "39428", "question": "where did many newcomers come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 530, "text": "British Hong Kong" } ] }, { "id": "39429", "question": "when was hong kong 's open border ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 611, "text": "1 October 1949" } ] }, { "id": "39430", "question": "in what year was a boundary zone against communist china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 725, "text": "1951" } ] }, { "id": "39431", "question": "in what year did the border of people begin to regulate the movement of people ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 895, "text": "1953" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 1950s, Hong Kong became the first of the Four Asian Tiger economies under rapid industrialisation driven by textile exports, manufacturing industries and re-exports of goods to China. As the population grew, with labour costs remaining low, living standards began to rise steadily. The construction of the Shek Kip Mei Estate in 1953 marked the beginning of the public housing estate programme to provide shelter for the less privileged and to cope with the influx of immigrants.", "qas": [ { "id": "39432", "question": "who became the first of the four asian tiger economies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "Hong Kong" } ] }, { "id": "39433", "question": "what was the construction of the public housing estate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 313, "text": "Shek Kip Mei Estate" } ] }, { "id": "39434", "question": "when was the beginning of the public housing estate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 336, "text": "1953" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Under Sir Murray MacLehose, 25th Governor of Hong Kong (1971\u201382), a series of reforms improved the public services, environment, housing, welfare, education and infrastructure of Hong Kong. MacLehose was British Hong Kong's longest-serving governor and, by the end of his tenure, had become one of the most popular and well-known figures in the Crown Colony. MacLehose laid the foundation for Hong Kong to establish itself as a key global city in the 1980s and early 1990s.", "qas": [ { "id": "39435", "question": "who improved the governor of hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 6, "text": "Sir Murray MacLehose" } ] }, { "id": "39436", "question": "who was the governor of hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "25th Governor of Hong Kong" } ] }, { "id": "39437", "question": "when was hong kong born ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "1971\u201382" } ] } ] }, { "context": "To resolve traffic congestion and to provide a more reliable means of crossing the Victoria Harbour, a rapid transit railway system (metro), the MTR, was planned from the 1970s onwards. The Island Line (Hong Kong Island), Kwun Tong Line (Kowloon Peninsula and East Kowloon) and Tsuen Wan Line (Kowloon and urban New Territories) opened in the early 1980s.", "qas": [ { "id": "39438", "question": "what is the name of the rapid transit railway system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "Victoria Harbour" } ] }, { "id": "39439", "question": "what is another name for the island line ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "Hong Kong Island" } ] }, { "id": "39440", "question": "what line opened in the early 1980s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "Tsuen Wan Line" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1983, the Hong Kong dollar left its 16:1 peg with the Pound sterling and switched to the current US-HK Dollar peg. Hong Kong's competitiveness in manufacturing gradually declined due to rising labour and property costs, as well as new development in southern China under the Open Door Policy introduced in 1978 which opened up China to foreign business. Nevertheless, towards the early 1990s, Hong Kong had established itself as a global financial centre along with London and New York, a regional hub for logistics and freight, one of the fastest-growing economies in Asia and the world's exemplar of Laissez-faire market policy.", "qas": [ { "id": "39441", "question": "when did the hong kong dollar win its dollar ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1983" } ] }, { "id": "39442", "question": "in 1983 , what did the hong kong dollar win ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "16:1" } ] }, { "id": "39443", "question": "what was the hong kong dollar switched to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "US-HK Dollar peg" } ] }, { "id": "39444", "question": "what was introduced in 1978 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "Open Door Policy" } ] }, { "id": "39445", "question": "when was the open door policy introduced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "1978" } ] }, { "id": "39446", "question": "what two countries were hong kong established with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 469, "text": "London and New York" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1971, the Republic of China (Taiwan)'s permanent seat on the United Nations was transferred to the People's Republic of China (PRC), Hong Kong's status as a recognised colony became terminated in 1972 under the request of PRC. Facing the uncertain future of Hong Kong and expiry of land lease of New Territories beyond 1997, Governor MacLehose raised the question in the late 1970s.", "qas": [ { "id": "39447", "question": "in what year was the republic of china transferred ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1971" } ] }, { "id": "39448", "question": "who was the republic of china in 1971 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "People's Republic of China" } ] }, { "id": "39449", "question": "when was hong kong 's status terminated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "1972" } ] }, { "id": "39450", "question": "in what year did the governor of hong kong take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "1997" } ] }, { "id": "39451", "question": "who raised the question of hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "Governor MacLehose" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The British Nationality Act 1981 reclassifed Hong Kong into a British Dependent Territory amid the reorganisation of global territories of the British Empire. All residents of Hong Kong became British Dependent Territory Citizens (BDTC). Diplomatic negotiations began with China and eventually concluded with the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration. Both countries agreed to transfer Hong Kong's sovereignty to the China on 1 July 1997, when Hong Kong would remain autonomous as a \"special administrative region\" and be able to retain its free-market economy, British common law through the Hong Kong Basic Law, independent representation in international organisations (e.g. WTO and WHO), treaty arrangements and policy-making except foreign diplomacy and military defence.", "qas": [ { "id": "39452", "question": "what was the name of the act held by hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The British Nationality Act 1981" } ] }, { "id": "39453", "question": "what did all residents of hong kong become ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "British Dependent Territory Citizens" } ] }, { "id": "39454", "question": "what was the name of the declaration that diplomatic negotiations began ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 313, "text": "1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration" } ] }, { "id": "39455", "question": "when did hong kong transfer hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 424, "text": "1 July 1997" } ] }, { "id": "39456", "question": "what did hong kong remain autonomous as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 482, "text": "special administrative region" } ] }, { "id": "39457", "question": "what is the name of the british common law in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 591, "text": "Hong Kong Basic Law" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 1 July 1997, the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China took place, officially marking the end of Hong Kong's 156 years under British colonial governance. As the largest remaining colony of the United Kingdom, the loss of Hong Kong effectively represented the end of the British Empire. This transfer of sovereignty made Hong Kong the first special administrative region of China. Tung Chee-Hwa, a pro-Beijing business tycoon, was elected Hong Kong's first Chief Executive by a selected electorate of 800 in a televised programme.", "qas": [ { "id": "39458", "question": "when was the transfer of sovereignty over hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1 July 1997" } ] }, { "id": "39459", "question": "what did the transfer of sovereignty over hong kong from the united kingdom to the people 's republic of china lead to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "Hong Kong's 156 years under British colonial governance" } ] }, { "id": "39460", "question": "the loss of hong kong effectively represented the end of what empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "the British Empire" } ] }, { "id": "39461", "question": "who was the first chief executive by a selected electorate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 442, "text": "Tung Chee-Hwa" } ] }, { "id": "39462", "question": "what was hong kong 's first electorate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 562, "text": "800" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Soon after Hong Kong's transfer to PR China, the territory has suffered coincidentally an economic double-blow: Asian Financial Crisis and the H5N1 avian flu pandemic. The then-Financial Secretary, Sir Donald Tsang, adopted a radical measure to make use of British Hong Kong foreign currency reserves and restored Hong Kong's financial stability. In December 1997, officials had to destroy 1.4 million livestock in order to contain the H5 virus from spreading.", "qas": [ { "id": "39463", "question": "where was hong kong 's transfer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "PR China" } ] }, { "id": "39464", "question": "what two economic crisis did hong kong have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "Asian Financial Crisis and the H5N1 avian flu pandemic" } ] }, { "id": "39465", "question": "who was the secretary of hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "Sir Donald Tsang" } ] }, { "id": "39466", "question": "what was the radical measure of hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "British Hong Kong foreign currency reserves" } ] }, { "id": "39467", "question": "how many livestock did officials destroy in december 1997 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 390, "text": "1.4 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Despite a recovering economy from the Asian Financial Crisis, mismanagement of Tung's housing policy triggered a housing market crisis in 1998, disrupting market supply and sent properties prices tumbling until 2002. This caused many homeowners to become bankrupt due to negative equity.", "qas": [ { "id": "39468", "question": "what was the name of the crisis that led to the economy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "Asian Financial Crisis" } ] }, { "id": "39469", "question": "in what year did the housing policy take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "1998" } ] }, { "id": "39470", "question": "in what year did properties of market supply tumbling end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "2002" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1998, Hong Kong moved its international airport from Kai Tak to an artificially-reclaimed island north of Lantau Island. Construction of this new airport began under the British Rose Garden Project and was completed in May 1998.", "qas": [ { "id": "39471", "question": "in what year did hong kong win its international airport ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1998" } ] }, { "id": "39472", "question": "where did hong kong move its international airport ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Kai Tak" } ] }, { "id": "39473", "question": "where did hong kong move its international airport ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Lantau Island" } ] }, { "id": "39474", "question": "what was the name of the project that started the new airport ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "British Rose Garden Project" } ] }, { "id": "39475", "question": "when was the new airport completed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "May 1998" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chris Patten's democratic reform of the Legislative Council Election in 1994 was abruptly terminated when Hong Kong transferred to PR China in 1997. In 1995, PR China set up a parallel \"Provisional Council\" of pro-Beijing members in Shenzhen. This Provisional Legislative Council, lacking legislative or constitutional power, moved into Hong Kong and completed its term in 1999. The Legislative Council resumed its full function after the 1999 election under pre-reformed rules; one of the prominent tasks was to complete legislation of articles in the Hong Kong Basic Law, constitutional document of the territory.", "qas": [ { "id": "39476", "question": "when was the legislative council election passed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "1994" } ] }, { "id": "39477", "question": "in what year did hong kong transferred to pr ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "1997" } ] }, { "id": "39478", "question": "in what year did hong kong move to hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 373, "text": "1999" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Despite the unopposed re-election of Tung in July 2002, distrust of PR China remained throughout Tung's first term as Chief Executive. In 2003, Hong Kong was gravely affected by the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The World Health Organization reported 1,755 infected and 299 deaths in Hong Kong. Economic activities slowed down and schools were closed for weeks at the height of SARS epidemic. An estimated 380 million Hong Kong dollars (US$48.9 million) in contracts were lost as a result of the epidemic.", "qas": [ { "id": "39479", "question": "when was the first term for pr ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "July 2002" } ] }, { "id": "39480", "question": "what was pr 's first term for pr ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "Chief Executive" } ] }, { "id": "39481", "question": "when was hong kong affected by the outbreak of hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "2003" } ] }, { "id": "39482", "question": "what was the name of the outbreak that affected hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "severe acute respiratory syndrome" } ] }, { "id": "39483", "question": "how many infected deaths did the world health organization have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "1,755" } ] }, { "id": "39484", "question": "how many deaths were there in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 294, "text": "299" } ] }, { "id": "39485", "question": "how many hong kong dollars were lost by hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 430, "text": "380 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In May 2003, the government's attempt to legislate Article 23 (National Security) of the Basic Law aroused strong suspicion among Hong Kong citizens. This Article would grant Hong Kong's police force right of access to private property on grounds of 'safeguarding national security', but without court warrants. Coupled with years of economic hardships and discontent of Tung's pro-Beijing stance, a mass demonstration broke out on 1 July 2003. This demonstration hastened the resignations of two government ministers and, eventually, that of Tung on 10 March 2005.", "qas": [ { "id": "39486", "question": "when did the government begin to legislate article 23 -lrb- national security -rrb- ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "May 2003" } ] }, { "id": "39487", "question": "what was the name of the national security law of the basic law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "Article 23" } ] }, { "id": "39488", "question": "what was the name of the article that the government aroused strong suspicion among ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "Hong Kong citizens" } ] }, { "id": "39489", "question": "what was the name of the grounds that hong kong would grant access to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "safeguarding national security" } ] }, { "id": "39490", "question": "when did a mass demonstration begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 432, "text": "1 July 2003" } ] }, { "id": "39491", "question": "on what date was the demonstration of the government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 551, "text": "10 March 2005" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sir Donald Tsang, then-Chief Secretary for Administration and ex-official of the British Hong Kong government, entered the 2005 election uncontested and was appointed by Beijing as the second Chief Executive of Hong Kong on 21 June 2005. In 2006, Tsang introduced food safety procedures to Hong Kong in light of loose vetting standards, contamination and counterfeit food issues of PR China.", "qas": [ { "id": "39492", "question": "who entered the 2005 election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sir Donald Tsang" } ] }, { "id": "39493", "question": "what did sir donald tsang ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Administration and ex-official of the British Hong Kong government" } ] }, { "id": "39494", "question": "in what year did sir donald tsang ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "2005" } ] }, { "id": "39495", "question": "what was the title of beijing in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "Chief Executive of Hong Kong" } ] }, { "id": "39496", "question": "when was the second chief executive of hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "21 June 2005" } ] }, { "id": "39497", "question": "in what year did tsang introduced food safety procedures to hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "2006" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Tsang went on to win a second term in office following the 2007 Chief Executive election under managed voting. As a result of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, Tsang's government rolled out a package of financial stimulus of HK$11 billion and a depositor guarantee scheme to safeguard Hong Kong dollar savings in bank accounts. Hong Kong narrowed avoided a technical recession from the ongoing crisis.", "qas": [ { "id": "39498", "question": "in what year was the chief executive election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "2007" } ] }, { "id": "39499", "question": "when did tsang 's government begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "2008 Global Financial Crisis" } ] }, { "id": "39500", "question": "what was the financial stimulus of financial stimulus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "HK$11 billion" } ] }, { "id": "39501", "question": "what did tsang 's government safeguard to safeguard ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "Hong Kong dollar savings in bank accounts" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2009, Hong Kong hosted the 5th East Asian Games and nine national teams competed in it. The Games were the first and largest international multi-sport event ever organised and hosted by the city. Major infrastructure and tourist projects also began under Sir Tsang's second term, including the Ngong Ping Cable Car, Tian Tan Buddha and the West Kowloon Cultural District. The most controversial, however, was the high-speed railway link connecting Hong Kong and neighbouring cities of PR China; as of 2016, the project has suffered numerous delays, surging labour and material costs and dispute over immigration procedures.\nDuring Tsang's second term, he initiated modest reforms in areas of education, environment and food safety. He concluded his term, however, when a local news media uncovered evidence of him receiving favours and hospitality from business tycoons on various occasions. This resulted in further discovery of bribery in Tsang's government; then-Chief Secretary of Administration, Rafael Hui, was convicted of corruption in 2014.", "qas": [ { "id": "39502", "question": "in what year did hong kong host the 5th east asian games ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2009" } ] }, { "id": "39503", "question": "what did hong kong host in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "5th East Asian Games and nine national teams" } ] }, { "id": "39504", "question": "what are the names of the second term for the major infrastructure ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "Ngong Ping Cable Car, Tian Tan Buddha and the West Kowloon Cultural District" } ] } ] }, { "context": "3 candidates stood for the 2012 Chief Executive Election, including one from the Democratic Party. A selected electorate of 1,200 pro-Beijing members constituted the election committee; Leung Chun-ying won 689 votes and was appointed Chief Executive on 1 July by PR China.", "qas": [ { "id": "39505", "question": "what was the name of the chief executive candidates in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "Chief Executive Election" } ] }, { "id": "39506", "question": "where did 3 candidates come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "Democratic Party" } ] }, { "id": "39507", "question": "how many members were in the election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "1,200" } ] }, { "id": "39508", "question": "who was appointed chief executive on 1 july by pr ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "Leung Chun-ying won 689 votes" } ] }, { "id": "39509", "question": "on what date was the chief executive executive executive executive appointed chief executive ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "1 July" } ] }, { "id": "39510", "question": "who was appointed chief executive on 1 july ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "PR China" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During Leung's term, the government completed legislation of Anti-trust and Competition Ordinance and introduced minimum wage in 2015. Political debates, however, have centred themselves predominately on universal suffrage and education reform. The government's proposed National Education curriculum in 2014 attracted polarising reactions across Hong Kong's public and a draft bill was eventually withdrawn. Reactions from PR China, including the 2014 White Paper on Hong Kong, attracted worldwide allegations of Beijing's intervention into Hong Kong's high-degree autonomy. The most contentious issue was China's outright disregard of its commitment to the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration in written text. This has fuelled up a number of mass protests and the most prominent one was the Occupy Central (later termed \"Umbrella\") movement in September to December 2014.", "qas": [ { "id": "39511", "question": "what legislation did the government support in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Anti-trust and Competition Ordinance" } ] }, { "id": "39512", "question": "in what year did the government release minimum wage ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "2015" } ] }, { "id": "39513", "question": "what do political debates have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "universal suffrage and education reform" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong's high-degree autonomy, along with neutrality of press and media, judicial independence and freedom of speech and publication, have at times been scrutinised. With continued distrust of PR China's government, notable events such as violent attack on journalists, increasing level of press self-censorship, alleged extraterritorial abduction of anti-PR China publishers and covert intervention into Hong Kong's educational, political and independent institutions have posed challenges to the \"One Country, Two Systems\" arrangement. In the 2016 Legislative Council Election, there were reports of discrepancies in the electorate registry, which contains ghost registrations across constituencies, as well as political intervention to strip pro-Independence individuals of their right to stand in elections and alleged death threats to election candidates.", "qas": [ { "id": "39514", "question": "what did hong kong 's political and independent institutions have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 502, "text": "One Country, Two Systems\" arrangement" } ] }, { "id": "39515", "question": "in what election did the legislative council begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 548, "text": "2016 Legislative Council Election" } ] }, { "id": "39516", "question": "what does the electorate registry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 662, "text": "ghost registrations across constituencies" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Social tension has heightened during Leung's term, with many Hongkongers believing that PR China increased their efforts to exert influence on everyday life in Hong Kong. The territory currently delegates control of PR Chinese immigrants, as well as issue of visitor permits, to Chinese authorities. On the first day of Chinese New Year 2016, riots targeting the police force broke out. The most recent survey in 2016 (with a sample base of 573) in Hong Kong shows that 17.8% respondents considered themselves as \"Chinese citizens\", whereas 41.9% considered themselves purely as \"citizens of Hong Kong\".", "qas": [ { "id": "39517", "question": "the territory currently delegates control of what immigrants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "PR Chinese immigrants" } ] }, { "id": "39518", "question": "what percentage of the survey respondents considered themselves as `` chinese citizens '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 470, "text": "17.8%" } ] }, { "id": "39519", "question": "what percent of the survey considered themselves purely as `` citizens of hong kong '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 541, "text": "41.9%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong's current structure of governance inherits from the British model of colonial administration set up in the 1850s. The 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration states that \"Hong Kong should enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all areas except defence and foreign affairs\" with reference to the underlying principle of one country, two systems. This Declaration stipulates that Hong Kong maintains her capitalist economic system and guarantees the rights and freedoms of her people for at least 50 years after the 1997 handover. Such guarantees are enshrined in the Hong Kong's Basic Law, the territory's constitutional document, which outlines the system of governance after 1997, albeit subject to interpretation by China's Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC).", "qas": [ { "id": "39520", "question": "how long did it take for hong kong 's people ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 497, "text": "50 years" } ] }, { "id": "39521", "question": "what is the name of the law that outlines guarantees to interpretation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 568, "text": "Hong Kong's Basic Law" } ] }, { "id": "39522", "question": "what does npcsc stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 720, "text": "China's Standing Committee of the National People's Congress" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong's most senior leader, Chief Executive, is elected by a committee of 1,200 selected members (600 in 1997) and nominally appointed by the Government of PR China. The primary pillars of government are the Executive Council, Legislative Council, civil service and Judiciary.", "qas": [ { "id": "39523", "question": "who was hong kong 's most senior leader ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "Chief Executive" } ] }, { "id": "39524", "question": "how many members are in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "1,200 selected members" } ] }, { "id": "39525", "question": "how many members were in hong kong in 1997 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "600" } ] }, { "id": "39526", "question": "who appointed hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "the Government of PR China" } ] }, { "id": "39527", "question": "what are the primary pillars of government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "Executive Council, Legislative Council, civil service and Judiciary" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Policy-making is initially discussed in the Executive Council, presided by the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, before passing to the Legislative Council for bill adopation. The Executive Council consists of 30 official/unofficial members appointed by the Chief Executive and one member among them acts as the convenor.", "qas": [ { "id": "39528", "question": "where is the chief executive of hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Executive Council" } ] }, { "id": "39529", "question": "who presided in the executive council ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "Chief Executive of Hong Kong" } ] }, { "id": "39530", "question": "who did hong kong work to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "the Legislative Council for bill adopation" } ] }, { "id": "39531", "question": "how many members are in the executive council ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "30 official/unofficial members" } ] }, { "id": "39532", "question": "who appointed the executive council ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "the Chief Executive" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Legislative Council, set up in 1843, debates policies and motions before voting to adopt or rejecting bills. It has 70 members (originally 60) and 40 (originally 30) among them are directly elected by universal suffrage; the other 30 members are \"functional constituencies\" (indirectly) elected by a smaller electorate of corporate bodies or representatives of stipulated economic sectors as defined by the government. The Legislative Council is chaired by a president who acts as the speaker.", "qas": [ { "id": "39533", "question": "when did the legislative council begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "1843" } ] }, { "id": "39534", "question": "what was the name of the legislative council ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "debates policies and motions before voting to adopt or rejecting bills" } ] }, { "id": "39535", "question": "how many members does the legislative council have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "70" } ] }, { "id": "39536", "question": "what are the 30 members of corporate bodies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "functional constituencies" } ] }, { "id": "39537", "question": "who chaired the legislative council ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 461, "text": "a president who acts as the speaker" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1997, seating of the Legislative Council (also public services and election franchises) of Hong Kong modelled on the British system: Urban Council (Hong Kong and Kowloon) and District Council (New Territories and Outlying Islands). In 1999, this system has been reformed into 18 directly elected District Offices across 5 Legislative Council constituencies: Hong Kong Island (East/West), Kowloon and New Territories (East/West); the remaining outlying islands are divided across the aforementioned regions.", "qas": [ { "id": "39538", "question": "in what year was the legislative council established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1997" } ] }, { "id": "39539", "question": "what are the names of the legislative council ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "Urban Council (Hong Kong and Kowloon) and District Council" } ] }, { "id": "39540", "question": "in what year was hong kong island reformed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "1999" } ] }, { "id": "39541", "question": "how many offices did hong kong have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 279, "text": "18" } ] }, { "id": "39542", "question": "what is the name of the 5 legislative council constituencies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 361, "text": "Hong Kong Island (East/West" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong's Civil Service, created by the British colonial government, is a politically neutral body that implements government policies and provides public services. Senior civil servants are appointed based on meritocracy. The territory's police, firefighting and customs forces, as well as clerical officers across various government departments, make up the civil service.", "qas": [ { "id": "39543", "question": "what is the name of the body that is created by the british colonial government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hong Kong's Civil Service" } ] }, { "id": "39544", "question": "who created hong kong 's civil service ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "the British colonial government" } ] }, { "id": "39545", "question": "what does hong kong do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "implements government policies and provides public services" } ] }, { "id": "39546", "question": "what are senior civil servants appointed on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "meritocracy" } ] }, { "id": "39547", "question": "what are the police police ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "firefighting and customs forces" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong's Basic Law, implemented in the territory on 1 July 1997, consists of outstanding articles which require bill adoption by the Legislative Council before becoming effective laws. Two of the most prominent articles include Article 23 (\"National Security\") and universal suffrage of Chief Executive elections. In 2002, the government's motion of an anti-subversion bill pursuant to Article 23, was met with fierce opposition and eventually dropped. Reform bills on universal suffrage, however, have made partial progress in expanding the Chief Executive election's committee (from 600 to 800 in 2007 and to 1,200 selected members in 2012) and the Legislative Council (from 60 to 70 seats). These additional 10 seats are created through directly elected members of District Offices.", "qas": [ { "id": "39548", "question": "when was hong kong 's basic law implemented ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "1 July 1997" } ] }, { "id": "39549", "question": "what are the two prominent articles of the chief of the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "Article 23 (\"National Security\") and universal suffrage of Chief Executive elections" } ] }, { "id": "39550", "question": "in what year was the motion of an bill dropped ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 320, "text": "2002" } ] }, { "id": "39551", "question": "what was the span of the chief executive election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 588, "text": "600 to 800" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Continual debate between pro-Beijing and pan-democratic factions characterises Hong Kong's contemporary political landscape across the transition from the British Empire to PR China. Aside from clashes over a range of social, welfare, labour and economic policies, the most contentious topic has been universal suffrage. Ideological differences over the pace of democratisation have shadowed over the 2004 Bill of Political Reform \"District Council Model (District Office)\", 2009 Bill of Political Reform (passed 46-12) \"Consultation Document on the Methods for Selecting the Chief Executive and for Forming the LegCo in 2012\" and the 2015 Bill of Political Reform (blocked 8-27).", "qas": [ { "id": "39552", "question": "what are the clashes over ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "social, welfare, labour and economic policies" } ] }, { "id": "39553", "question": "what was the name of the bill that the district of political reform was blocked ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 635, "text": "2015 Bill of Political Reform" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong's current legal system, independent of the legal system of mainland China and Chinese civil law, inherits from British Common Law established before 1997. The guiding principle is an independent judicial system in which the Rule of Law, as opposed to Rule by Law, safeguards judicial courts from government intervention.", "qas": [ { "id": "39554", "question": "hong kong is independent of what law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "China and Chinese civil law" } ] }, { "id": "39555", "question": "what is the name of the civil system of hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "British Common Law" } ] }, { "id": "39556", "question": "when was hong kong 's current legal system established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "1997" } ] }, { "id": "39557", "question": "what is the guiding principle of the law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "the Rule of Law" } ] }, { "id": "39558", "question": "what is the rule of law opposed to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "Law, safeguards judicial courts from government intervention" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The essence of British Common Law is the juror system: court judges (equivalent to British JPs) make case verdicts with the assistance of a group of eligible, court-appointed jurors who are members of the public. One feature of the Common Law system is the basis of legal precedent (\"stare decisis\") in which judges refer to empirical evidence from previous cases of a similar category prior to handing out a final verdict. According to Article 92 of Hong Kong's Basic Law, judicial courts may refer to decisions which are rendered by courts of other common law jurisdictions as precedents (England, Canada and Australia). Judges from these jurisdictions are permitted to sit as non-permanent judges of the Court of Final Appeal.", "qas": [ { "id": "39559", "question": "what is the essence of court judges called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 15, "text": "British Common Law" } ] }, { "id": "39560", "question": "what is the essence of british common law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "court judges (equivalent to British JPs" } ] }, { "id": "39561", "question": "what do judges refer to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 325, "text": "empirical evidence from previous cases of a similar category prior to handing out a final verdict" } ] }, { "id": "39562", "question": "what are the names of the courts that are rendered by courts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 591, "text": "England, Canada and Australia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong's court system comprises the Court of Final Appeal (formerly HM Court of Final Appeal in the United Kingdom), the High Court (constitutes the Court of Appeal and the Court of First Instance) and the District Court (includes the Family Court). Other adjudicative bodies include the Lands Tribunal, the Magistrates' Courts, the Juvenile Court, the Coroner's Court, the Labour Tribunal, the Small Claims Tribunal and the Obscene Articles Tribunal. Judges are appointed by the Chief Executive on the recommendation of an independent commission. The Court of Final Appeal has the power of final adjudication with respect to Hong Kong's Basic Law, as well as the power of final interpretation over local laws such as the power to strike down local ordinances on the grounds of inconsistency with the Basic Law.", "qas": [ { "id": "39563", "question": "what is the name of the court 's court system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "the Court of Final Appeal" } ] }, { "id": "39564", "question": "what is the name of the final court of final appeal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "HM Court of Final Appeal in the United Kingdom" } ] }, { "id": "39565", "question": "what are the high court in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "the Court of Appeal and the Court of First Instance) and the District Court" } ] }, { "id": "39566", "question": "who is the labour tribunal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 394, "text": "the Small Claims Tribunal and the Obscene Articles Tribunal" } ] }, { "id": "39567", "question": "who appointed judges on the recommendation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 483, "text": "Chief Executive" } ] }, { "id": "39568", "question": "the court of final appeal has the power of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 629, "text": "Hong Kong's Basic Law" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Department of Justice is responsible for handling legal matters for the government. Its responsibilities include providing legal advice, criminal prosecution, civil representation, legal and policy drafting and reform and international legal co-operation between different jurisdictions. Apart from prosecuting criminal cases, lawyers of the Department of Justice act on behalf of the government in all civil and administrative lawsuits against the government. As protector of public interest, the department may apply for judicial reviews and may intervene in any cases involving the greater public interest. The Basic Law protects the Department of Justice from any interference by the government when exercising its control over criminal prosecution.", "qas": [ { "id": "39569", "question": "who is responsible for handling legal matters ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Department of Justice" } ] }, { "id": "39570", "question": "what is the department of justice responsible for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "handling legal matters for the government" } ] }, { "id": "39571", "question": "what are the civil representation of justice ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "legal and policy drafting and reform and international legal co-operation between different jurisdictions" } ] }, { "id": "39572", "question": "what is the department of justice act ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 375, "text": "behalf of the government in all civil and administrative lawsuits against the government" } ] }, { "id": "39573", "question": "how do the basic law protects the department of justice ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 703, "text": "when exercising its control over criminal prosecution" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong's Basic Law (Article 151) delegates all diplomatic affairs to PR China's Foreign Ministry, but the territory retains exclusive rights in fostering external relations in international organisations, co-operation bodies and sports and cultural events. Under the alias \"Hong Kong, China\", Hong Kong maintains active partnerships with foreign nations in the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), and the International Basketball Federation (FIBA). Overseas Representatives of Hong Kong cover the fields of economy, trade, monetary finance, shipping, communications, tourism, culture and sports.", "qas": [ { "id": "39574", "question": "where does hong kong 's basic law work ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "PR China's Foreign Ministry" } ] }, { "id": "39575", "question": "what was the name of hong kong 's alias ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "Hong Kong, China\"" } ] }, { "id": "39576", "question": "what does hong kong stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 364, "text": "World Trade Organization" } ] }, { "id": "39577", "question": "what does the international olympic committee stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation" } ] }, { "id": "39578", "question": "what are the international olympic committee ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 489, "text": "International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), and the International Basketball Federation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Under the special condition of Hong Kong's high-degree autonomy, the territory is able to maintain an independent customs area and separate immigration policy from those of PR China. This separate exercise of customs and immigration, subject to conditional reviews, is recognised by foreign nations through their legislature, such as the United States-Hong Kong Policy Act. Hong Kong maintains an international border with PR China across 5 border control stations by land, 3 entry and exit points by sea and the International Airport. Applications for entry permits are, however, handled by Chinese Embassies for Hong Kong.", "qas": [ { "id": "39579", "question": "what is the territory able to maintain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "maintain an independent customs area and separate immigration policy" } ] }, { "id": "39580", "question": "where is the separate immigration policy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "PR China" } ] }, { "id": "39581", "question": "who recognised the kong policy act ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 283, "text": "foreign nations through their legislature" } ] }, { "id": "39582", "question": "what is the name of the act that is recognised by foreign nations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 338, "text": "United States-Hong Kong Policy Act" } ] }, { "id": "39583", "question": "how many border does hong kong have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 439, "text": "5" } ] }, { "id": "39584", "question": "how does hong kong compare to pr ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 474, "text": "3 entry and exit points by sea and the International Airport" } ] }, { "id": "39585", "question": "who handled applications for entry permits ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 592, "text": "Chinese Embassies for Hong Kong" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Foreign representation in Hong Kong includes 59 Consulates-General, 62 Consulates/Embassies and 5 officially recognised international bodies, such as the Office of the European Union. A number of Consulate-Generals in Hong Kong, such as the United States and United Kingdom, operate independently of their embassies in Beijing, extend their areas of jurisdiction beyond Hong Kong to include Macau, and report directly to their respective foreign offices.", "qas": [ { "id": "39586", "question": "what is the name of the foreign representation in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "the Office of the European Union" } ] }, { "id": "39587", "question": "what are the names of the number of consulate-generals in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 237, "text": "the United States and United Kingdom" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Hong Kong government generally respects the human rights of its citizens, and members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong and the District Council of Hong Kong are elected into office by Hong Kong citizens. However, there are 27 ex officio members of the district council (the Rural Committee Chairmen in the New Territories) as of the fifth District Council Assembly, and roughly half of the legislative council seats are elected by 3% of the people in Hong Kong through the functional constituency. The imbalance of voting power in the LegCo has led to widespread criticism of its inability to represent Hongkongers' socio-economic needs. In addition, the Chief Executive of Hong Kong is elected by 1,200 members based on their contributions to four different sectors of Hong Kong's society. This policy has received criticism from various political figures in Hong Kong, and led to the Umbrella Revolution. Plans to expand the voting population had begun to appear in the 2000s, and political figures liaised with the government to provide universal suffrage.", "qas": [ { "id": "39588", "question": "what council are elected into office by hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "Legislative Council of Hong Kong and the District Council of Hong Kong" } ] }, { "id": "39589", "question": "who elected the district council of hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "Hong Kong citizens" } ] }, { "id": "39590", "question": "how many ex officio members are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "27" } ] }, { "id": "39591", "question": "how much of the people in hong kong are elected in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 442, "text": "3%" } ] }, { "id": "39592", "question": "how many members are in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 709, "text": "1,200" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are restrictions on freedom of the press and freedom of assembly. 200,000 migrant workers cannot make complaints against their employers since they face deportation if dismissed from their jobs. A 2008 law against racial discrimination does not cover mainlanders, immigrants or migrant workers. The police have been accused of using heavy-handed tactics toward protesters in public rallies, and there is controversy regarding the extensive powers of the police. Covert surveillance is another major concern.", "qas": [ { "id": "39593", "question": "what are there restrictions on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "freedom of the press and freedom of assembly" } ] }, { "id": "39594", "question": "how many migrant workers can not make complaints ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "200,000" } ] }, { "id": "39595", "question": "what can happen to 200,000 migrant workers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "not make complaints against their employers since they face deportation if dismissed from their jobs" } ] }, { "id": "39596", "question": "what does a 2008 law do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "racial discrimination does not cover mainlanders, immigrants or migrant workers" } ] }, { "id": "39597", "question": "what have police been accused of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 339, "text": "heavy-handed tactics toward protesters in public rallies" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong has a higher age-of-consent and harsher punishments for illegal homosexual acts.", "qas": [ { "id": "39598", "question": "what does hong kong have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 16, "text": "higher age-of-consent and harsher punishments for illegal homosexual acts" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Internet censorship in Hong Kong operates under different principles and regulations from those of mainland China. In November 2015, the newly established Innovation and Technology Bureau pushed for the legislation of the Copyright (Amendment) Bill 2014, more popularly known as the \"Internet Article 23\", which would severely limit the legality of derivative works and other activities previously permitted on the Internet. Supporters of the bill point to the fact that Hong Kong is lagging behind in the protection of intellectual property rights, but detractors state that creative work on the Internet should be exempt from legislation, and the ordinance would severely violate human rights.", "qas": [ { "id": "39599", "question": "what were the names of the newly established amendment of copyright 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "Innovation and Technology Bureau" } ] }, { "id": "39600", "question": "what was the name of the amendment that the internet article was pushed for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "Bill 2014" } ] }, { "id": "39601", "question": "what was the name of the amendment that would severely limit in the internet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 284, "text": "Internet Article 23" } ] }, { "id": "39602", "question": "hong kong is lagging behind the protection of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 520, "text": "intellectual property rights" } ] }, { "id": "39603", "question": "what did the supporters of hong kong do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 645, "text": "the ordinance would severely violate human rights" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong comprises three geographical regions, which coincided with its historical expansion by the British colonial government: Hong Kong Island, Kowloon (1860) and the New Territories and Outlying Islands (1898). The first established settlement was City of Victoria on Hong Kong Island. Its area coincided with modern-day Central and Western District (#15 in map).", "qas": [ { "id": "39604", "question": "how many geographical regions does hong kong have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "39605", "question": "what are the names of the british colonial government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "Hong Kong Island, Kowloon (1860) and the New Territories and Outlying Islands" } ] }, { "id": "39606", "question": "when was the new territories and outlying islands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "1898" } ] }, { "id": "39607", "question": "what was the first established settlement in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "City of Victoria" } ] }, { "id": "39608", "question": "where was victoria 's first established settlement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "Hong Kong Island" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since the abolition of decentralised Urban and District Councils in 1999, Hong Kong is now a unitary territory subdivided into 18 districts. Each district is represented by a district council, who advises the government on various local agendas such as public facilities, community programmes, cultural activities and environmental policies. There are a total of 541 district council seats, 412 of which are directly elected and another 27 are ex-officio chairmen of rural committees (families of landowners in the New Territories before 1898); the remaining seats are appointed by the Chief Executive. The Home Affairs Department communicates government policies and plans to the public through the district offices.", "qas": [ { "id": "39609", "question": "in what year was hong kong now a unitary territory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "1999" } ] }, { "id": "39610", "question": "how many districts does hong kong have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "18 districts" } ] }, { "id": "39611", "question": "how many district seats are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 363, "text": "541" } ] }, { "id": "39612", "question": "how many seats are there in the new territories ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 391, "text": "412" } ] }, { "id": "39613", "question": "who appointed the remaining seats of landowners ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 586, "text": "Chief Executive" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since July 1997, the responsibility of maintaining the military forces in Hong Kong has been delegated to China's PLA Hong Kong Garrison under the Liberation Army. The garrison, consisting of units from ground, naval and air forces, reports its command to the Central Military Commission.", "qas": [ { "id": "39614", "question": "when was the responsibility of the military forces in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 6, "text": "July 1997" } ] }, { "id": "39615", "question": "what was the responsibility of the responsibility of the military forces in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "China's PLA Hong Kong Garrison" } ] }, { "id": "39616", "question": "where did the responsibility of the pla kong garrison take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "the Liberation Army" } ] }, { "id": "39617", "question": "what forces were the garrison in the military ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "naval and air forces" } ] }, { "id": "39618", "question": "to whom did the garrison of the military garrison its command ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "Central Military Commission" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Basic Law of Hong Kong protects all civilians and civil affairs against any interference by the garrison. All military personnel, while stationed in Hong Kong, must remain within barrack grounds. When such personnel leave their barracks, they are subject to Hong Kong laws. Local police, who are civil servants, is responsible for maintaining public order; under exceptional circumstances, however, the police force may ask China for assistance from the garrison in disaster relief.", "qas": [ { "id": "39619", "question": "what protects all civilians and civil affairs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Basic Law of Hong Kong" } ] }, { "id": "39620", "question": "what does the basic law of hong kong provide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "all civilians and civil affairs against any interference by the garrison" } ] }, { "id": "39621", "question": "where did all military personnel come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "Hong Kong" } ] }, { "id": "39622", "question": "what laws are personnel subject to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "Hong Kong laws" } ] }, { "id": "39623", "question": "what type of servants are local police ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 300, "text": "civil servants" } ] }, { "id": "39624", "question": "what is local police responsible for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 335, "text": "maintaining public order" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In January 2015, the People's Liberation Army sponsored the establishment of Hong Kong Army Cadets Association for children over 6 years old. The inauguration ceremony was held at a garrison's naval base in Hong Kong; only pro-Beijing press received invitation to this event.", "qas": [ { "id": "39625", "question": "when did the people 's liberation army cadets ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "January 2015" } ] }, { "id": "39626", "question": "who sponsored the establishment of hong kong army ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "People's Liberation Army" } ] }, { "id": "39627", "question": "what was the name of the army that the people 's liberation army sponsored ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Hong Kong Army Cadets Association" } ] }, { "id": "39628", "question": "how long did the people 's liberation army cadets ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "6 years old" } ] }, { "id": "39629", "question": "where was the inauguration ceremony held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "Hong Kong" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong is located on China's south coast, east of Macau on the opposite side of the Pearl River Delta. It is surrounded by the South China Sea on the east, south, and west, and borders the Guangdong city of Shenzhen to the north over the Sham Chun River. The territory's area consists of Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula, the New Territories, and over 200 offshore islands, of which the largest is Lantau Island. Of the total area, is land and is water. Hong Kong claims territorial waters to a distance of . Its land area makes Hong Kong the 167th largest inhabited territory in the world. Less than 25% of Hong Kong's land area is built-up, while the majority is grassland, woodland, shrubland, and agricultural land.", "qas": [ { "id": "39630", "question": "where is hong kong located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "China's south coast" } ] }, { "id": "39631", "question": "where is macau located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "Pearl River Delta" } ] }, { "id": "39632", "question": "what sea borders hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "South China Sea" } ] }, { "id": "39633", "question": "what river is located in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "Sham Chun River" } ] }, { "id": "39634", "question": "what is the largest island in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 357, "text": "over 200 offshore islands" } ] }, { "id": "39635", "question": "what is the largest island in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 408, "text": "Lantau Island" } ] }, { "id": "39636", "question": "what percentage of hong kong 's land is built-up ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 611, "text": "25%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As much of Hong Kong's terrain is hilly to mountainous with steep slopes, less than 25% of the territory's landmass is developed, and about 40% of the remaining land area is reserved as country parks and nature reserves. Low altitude vegetation in Hong Kong is dominated by secondary rainforests, as the primary forest was mostly cleared during the Second World War, and higher altitudes are dominated by grasslands. Most of the territory's urban development exists on Kowloon peninsula, along the northern edge of Hong Kong Island, and in scattered settlements throughout the New Territories. The highest elevation in the territory is at Tai Mo Shan, above sea level. Hong Kong's long and irregular coast provides it with many bays, rivers and beaches. On 18 September 2011, UNESCO listed the Hong Kong National Geopark as part of its Global Geoparks Network. Hong Kong Geopark is made up of eight Geo-Areas distributed across the Sai Kung Volcanic Rock Region and Northeast New Territories Sedimentary Rock Region.", "qas": [ { "id": "39637", "question": "what percentage of the territory is developed in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "25%" } ] }, { "id": "39638", "question": "what percentage of land area is reserved as country parks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "40%" } ] }, { "id": "39639", "question": "what is the primary forest in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "secondary rainforests" } ] }, { "id": "39640", "question": "where are higher altitudes vegetation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 405, "text": "grasslands" } ] }, { "id": "39641", "question": "where is most of the territory 's urban development located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 469, "text": "Kowloon peninsula" } ] }, { "id": "39642", "question": "where is the highest elevation in the territory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 639, "text": "Tai Mo Shan" } ] }, { "id": "39643", "question": "what was the name of the national kong national network ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 794, "text": "Hong Kong National Geopark" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Despite Hong Kong's reputation of being intensely urbanised, the territory has tried to promote a green environment, and recent growing public concern has prompted the severe restriction of further land reclamation from Victoria Harbour. Awareness of the environment is growing as Hong Kong suffers from increasing pollution compounded by its geography and tall buildings. Approximately 80% of the city's smog originates from other parts of the Pearl River Delta.", "qas": [ { "id": "39644", "question": "what is the name of the severe restriction of the territory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "Victoria Harbour" } ] }, { "id": "39645", "question": "what percentage of the city 's smog originates from other parts of the pearl river ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 387, "text": "80%" } ] }, { "id": "39646", "question": "where does the city 's smog come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 445, "text": "Pearl River Delta" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Though it is situated just south of the Tropic of Cancer, Hong Kong has a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen \"Cwa\"). Summer is hot and humid with occasional showers and thunderstorms, and warm air coming from the southwest. Typhoons most often occur in summer. They sometimes result in flooding or landslides. Winters are mild and usually start sunny, becoming cloudier towards February; the occasional cold front brings strong, cooling winds from the north. The most temperate seasons are spring, which can be changeable, and autumn, which is generally sunny and dry. Snowfall is extremely rare, and usually occurs in areas of high elevation. Hong Kong averages 1,948 hours of sunshine per year, while the highest and lowest ever recorded temperatures at the Hong Kong Observatory are on 8 August 2015 and on 18 January 1893, respectively. The highest and lowest ever recorded temperatures across all of Hong Kong, on the other hand, are at Happy Valley on 8 August 2015 and at Tai Mo Shan on 24 January 2016, respectively. With data beginning in 1998, the highest and lowest temperatures ever recorded at the Hong Kong International Airport are on 9 August 2015 and on 24 January 2016, respectively.", "qas": [ { "id": "39647", "question": "what is the south of hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Tropic of Cancer" } ] }, { "id": "39648", "question": "when was the hong kong international airport recorded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1149, "text": "9 August 2015" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As one of the world's leading international financial centres, Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade. From the second half of the 19th century and continuing into the first half of the 20th century, Hong Kong operated as a key command centre for the allocation of Asian capital in its broadest form. Hong Kong stature as an International Financial centre (IFC), gradually developed from the 1950s to become a key component of the island's economy. It is an important centre for international finance and trade, with one of the greatest concentrations of corporate headquarters in the Asia-Pacific region. The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the seventh largest in the world and has a market capitalisation of US$2.3 trillion as of December 2009. In that year, Hong Kong raised 22 percent of worldwide initial public offering (IPO) capital, making it the largest centre of IPOs in the world and the easiest place to raise capital.", "qas": [ { "id": "39649", "question": "what does hong kong consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "low taxation and free trade" } ] }, { "id": "39650", "question": "what was the name of hong kong 's economy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 380, "text": "International Financial centre" } ] }, { "id": "39651", "question": "what is the market capitalisation of the hong kong stock ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 761, "text": "US$2.3 trillion" } ] }, { "id": "39652", "question": "what percentage of worldwide did hong kong receive ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 829, "text": "22 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The currency, Hong Kong dollar, is the eighth most traded currency in the world , it has been pegged to the US dollar since 1983. Hong Kong was once described by Milton Friedman as the world's greatest experiment in laissez-faire capitalism, but has since instituted a regime of regulations including a minimum wage. It maintains a highly developed capitalist economy, ranked the freest in the world by the Index of Economic Freedom every year since 1995. It is known as one of the Four Asian Tigers for its high growth rates and rapid development from the 1960s to the 1990s. Between 1961 and 1997 Hong Kong's gross domestic product grew 180 times while per-capita GDP increased 87 times over. In 2008, the territory was named as a Nylonkong global metropolis and financial centre.", "qas": [ { "id": "39653", "question": "what is the eighth most traded currency in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "Hong Kong dollar" } ] }, { "id": "39654", "question": "when was hong kong dollar pegged ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "1983" } ] }, { "id": "39655", "question": "who described hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Milton Friedman" } ] }, { "id": "39656", "question": "how many times did hong kong 's gross domestic product between 1961 and 1997 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 639, "text": "180 times" } ] }, { "id": "39657", "question": "how much did hong kong 's gdp increase in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 680, "text": "87 times over" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong is the world's eleventh largest trading entity, with the total value of imports and exports exceeding its gross domestic product. It is the world's largest re-export centre. Much of Hong Kong's exports consist of re-exports, which are products made outside of the territory, especially in mainland China, and distributed via Hong Kong. Its physical location has allowed the city to establish a transportation and logistics infrastructure that includes the world's second busiest container port and the world's busiest airport for international cargo. Even before the transfer of sovereignty, Hong Kong had established extensive trade and investment ties with the mainland, which now enable it to serve as a point of entry for investment flowing into the mainland. At the end of 2007, there were 3.46\u00a0million people employed full-time, with the unemployment rate averaging 4.1% for the fourth straight year of decline. Hong Kong's economy is dominated by the service sector, which accounts for over 90% of its GDP, while industry constitutes 9%. Inflation was at 2.5% in 2007. Hong Kong's largest export markets are mainland China, the United States, and Japan.", "qas": [ { "id": "39658", "question": "what was the unemployment rate in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 882, "text": "4.1%" } ] }, { "id": "39659", "question": "what percentage of hong kong 's gdp is hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1008, "text": "90%" } ] }, { "id": "39660", "question": "what is the industry of hong kong 's economy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1051, "text": "9%" } ] }, { "id": "39661", "question": "what was inflation at 2007 in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1072, "text": "2.5%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The territory has little arable land and few natural resources, so it imports most of its food and raw materials. Imports account for more than 90% of Hong Kong's food supply, including nearly all of the meat and rice available there. Agricultural activity\u2014relatively unimportant to Hong Kong's economy and contributing just 0.1% of its GDP\u2014primarily consists of growing premium food and flower varieties.", "qas": [ { "id": "39662", "question": "what percentage of hong kong 's food supply is imports ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "90%" } ] }, { "id": "39663", "question": "what percentage of the gdp of hong kong is unimportant by hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 325, "text": "0.1%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2014, Hong Kong was the eleventh most popular destination for international tourists among countries and territories worldwide, with a total of 27.8 million visitors contributing a total of US$38,376 million in international tourism receipts. Hong Kong is also the most popular city for tourists, nearly two times of its nearest competitor Macau.", "qas": [ { "id": "39664", "question": "in what year was hong kong the eleventh ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2014" } ] }, { "id": "39665", "question": "what was the eleventh most popular destination in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Hong Kong" } ] }, { "id": "39666", "question": "how many visitors contributing to hong kong in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "27.8 million" } ] }, { "id": "39667", "question": "how much did hong kong pay in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "US$38,376 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Hong Kong Government has traditionally played a mostly passive role in the economy, with little by way of industrial policy and almost no import or export controls. Market forces and the private sector were allowed to determine practical development. Under the official policy of \"positive non-interventionism\", Hong Kong is often cited as an example of laissez-faire capitalism. Following the Second World War, Hong Kong industrialised rapidly as a manufacturing centre driven by exports, and then underwent a rapid transition to a service-based economy in the 1980s. Since then, it has grown to become a leading centre for management, financial, IT, business consultation and professional services.", "qas": [ { "id": "39668", "question": "which government has played a mostly passive role in the economy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Hong Kong Government" } ] }, { "id": "39669", "question": "what does the hong kong government focus in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "industrial policy and almost no import or export controls" } ] }, { "id": "39670", "question": "what is hong kong often cited as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 358, "text": "laissez-faire capitalism" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong financial centre matured in the 1990s, but was greatly affected by the Asian financial crisis in 1998, and again in 2003 by the SARS outbreak. A revival of external and domestic demand has led to a strong recovery, as cost decreases strengthened the competitiveness of Hong Kong exports and a long deflationary period ended. Government intervention, initiated by the later colonial governments and continued since 1997, has steadily increased, with the introduction of export credit guarantees, a compulsory pension scheme, a minimum wage, anti-discrimination laws, and a state mortgage backer.", "qas": [ { "id": "39671", "question": "when was hong kong financial centre matured ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "1990s" } ] }, { "id": "39672", "question": "in what year was hong kong affected by the asian financial crisis ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "1998" } ] }, { "id": "39673", "question": "in what year did the asian financial crisis end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "2003" } ] }, { "id": "39674", "question": "what was the name of the financial event that affected hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "SARS outbreak" } ] }, { "id": "39675", "question": "in what year did the government begin to increased the government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 424, "text": "1997" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong's transportation network is highly developed. Over 90% of daily travels (11\u00a0million) are on public transport, the highest such percentage in the world. Payment can be made using the Octopus card, a stored value system introduced by the MTR (Mass Transit Railway), which is widely accepted on railways, buses and ferries, and accepted like cash at other outlets.", "qas": [ { "id": "39676", "question": "what percentage of daily travels are on public transport ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "90%" } ] }, { "id": "39677", "question": "how many daily travels are on public transport ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "11\u00a0million" } ] }, { "id": "39678", "question": "what is the octopus card ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "Mass Transit Railway" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The city's main railway company (KCRC) was merged with MTR in 2007, creating a comprehensive rail network for the whole territory (also called MTR). The MTR rapid transit system has 152 stations which serve 3.4 million people a day. Hong Kong Tramways, which has served the territory since 1904, covers the northern parts of Hong Kong Island.", "qas": [ { "id": "39679", "question": "what was the name of the main railway company in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "MTR" } ] }, { "id": "39680", "question": "when was the main railway company merged ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "2007" } ] }, { "id": "39681", "question": "how many stations does the rapid transit system have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "152" } ] }, { "id": "39682", "question": "how many people does the rapid transit system have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "3.4 million" } ] }, { "id": "39683", "question": "what is the name of the territory that served in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "Hong Kong Tramways" } ] }, { "id": "39684", "question": "in what year did hong kong begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "1904" } ] }, { "id": "39685", "question": "hong kong is located in what island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 325, "text": "Hong Kong Island" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong's bus service is franchised and run by private operators. Five privately owned companies provide franchised bus service across the territory, together operating more than 700 routes . The largest are Kowloon Motor Bus, providing 402 routes in Kowloon and New Territories, and Citybus, operating 154 routes on Hong Kong Island; both run cross-harbour services. Double-decker buses were introduced to Hong Kong in 1949, and are now almost exclusively used; single-decker buses remain in use for routes with lower demand or roads with lower load capacity. Public light buses serve most parts of Hong Kong, particularly areas where standard bus lines cannot reach or do not reach as frequently, quickly, or directly.", "qas": [ { "id": "39686", "question": "how many routes do five privately owned companies have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "700" } ] }, { "id": "39687", "question": "what are the largest motor bus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "Kowloon Motor Bus" } ] }, { "id": "39688", "question": "what type of routes are used in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "402" } ] }, { "id": "39689", "question": "how many routes does hong kong have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": "154" } ] }, { "id": "39690", "question": "in what year were buses introduced to hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 422, "text": "1949" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Star Ferry service, founded in 1888, operates two lines across Victoria Harbour and provides scenic views of Hong Kong's skyline for its 53,000 daily passengers. It acquired iconic status following its use as a setting on \"The World of Suzie Wong\". Travel writer Ryan Levitt considered the main Tsim Sha Tsui to Central route one of the most picturesque in the world. Other ferry services are provided by operators serving outlying islands, new towns, Macau, and cities in mainland China. Hong Kong is famous for its junks traversing the harbour, and small kai-to ferries that serve remote coastal settlements. The Port of Hong Kong is a busy deepwater port, specialising in container shipping.", "qas": [ { "id": "39691", "question": "when was the star ferry service founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "1888" } ] }, { "id": "39692", "question": "where is the star ferry service founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Victoria Harbour" } ] }, { "id": "39693", "question": "what type of passengers does the star ferry service have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "53,000" } ] }, { "id": "39694", "question": "what was the setting of the star ferry status ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "The World of Suzie Wong" } ] }, { "id": "39695", "question": "who is the main travel to central route ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "Ryan Levitt" } ] }, { "id": "39696", "question": "what is travel to central route one of the most picturesque in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 299, "text": "Tsim Sha Tsui" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong Island's steep, hilly terrain was initially served by sedan chairs. The Peak Tram, the first public transport system in Hong Kong, has provided vertical rail transport between Central and Victoria Peak since 1888. In Central and Western district, there is an extensive system of escalators and moving pavements, including the longest outdoor covered escalator system in the world, the Mid-Levels escalator.", "qas": [ { "id": "39697", "question": "who served the hong kong island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "sedan chairs" } ] }, { "id": "39698", "question": "what is the first public transport system in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "Peak Tram" } ] }, { "id": "39699", "question": "when was the first public transport system in hong kong provided ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "1888" } ] }, { "id": "39700", "question": "what is the longest outdoor system in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 395, "text": "Mid-Levels escalator" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong International Airport is a leading air passenger gateway and logistics hub in Asia and one of the world's busiest airports in terms of international passenger and cargo movement, serving more than 47\u00a0million passengers and handling 3.74\u00a0million tonnes (4.12\u00a0million tons) of cargo in 2007. It replaced the overcrowded Kai Tak Airport in Kowloon in 1998, and has been rated as the world's best airport in a number of surveys. Over 85 airlines operate at the two-terminal airport and it is the primary hub of Cathay Pacific, Dragonair, Air Hong Kong, Hong Kong Airlines, and Hong Kong Express.", "qas": [ { "id": "39701", "question": "what airport was replaced by hong kong international airport ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "Kai Tak Airport" } ] }, { "id": "39702", "question": "where was hong kong international airport located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 347, "text": "Kowloon" } ] }, { "id": "39703", "question": "in what year was hong kong international airport replaced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 358, "text": "1998" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Providing an adequate water supply for Hong Kong has always been difficult because the region has few natural lakes and rivers, inadequate groundwater sources (inaccessible in most cases due to the hard granite bedrock found in most areas in the territory), a high population density, and extreme seasonable variations in rainfall. Thus about 70 percent of water demand is met by importing water from the Dongjiang River in neighbouring Guangdong province. In addition, freshwater demand is curtailed by the use of seawater for toilet flushing, using a separate distribution system.", "qas": [ { "id": "39704", "question": "what is inaccessible in most cases ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "inadequate groundwater sources" } ] }, { "id": "39705", "question": "what percentage of water demand is met by importing water ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 343, "text": "70 percent" } ] }, { "id": "39706", "question": "where is water demand met in neighbouring guangdong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 405, "text": "Dongjiang River" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The territory's population in mid-2015 is 7.30 million, with an average annual growth rate of 0.8% over the previous 5 years. The current population of Hong Kong comprises 91% ethnic Chinese. A major part of Hong Kong's Cantonese-speaking majority originated from the neighbouring Guangdong province, from where many fled during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Chinese Civil War, and the communist rule in China.", "qas": [ { "id": "39707", "question": "what is the population of mid-2015 in mid-2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "7.30 million" } ] }, { "id": "39708", "question": "what is the average annual growth rate in mid-2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "0.8%" } ] }, { "id": "39709", "question": "what percentage of hong kong is hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "91%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Residents of the Mainland do not automatically receive the Right of Abode, and many may not enter the territory freely. Like other non-natives, they may apply for the Right of Abode after seven years of continuous residency. Some of the rights may also be acquired by marriage (e.g., the right to work), but these do not include the right to vote or stand for office. However, the influx of immigrants from mainland China, approximating 45,000 per year, is a significant contributor to its population growth \u2013 a daily quota of 150 Mainland Chinese with family ties in Hong Kong are granted a \"one way permit\". Life expectancy in Hong Kong is 81.2 years for males and 86.9 years for females , making it the highest life expectancy in the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "39710", "question": "what does the mainland apply to apply to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "Right of Abode" } ] }, { "id": "39711", "question": "how long is the influx of immigrants from mainland china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 437, "text": "45,000 per year" } ] }, { "id": "39712", "question": "how many chinese ties are there in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 527, "text": "150" } ] }, { "id": "39713", "question": "what is the influx of immigrants in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 592, "text": "\"one way permit" } ] }, { "id": "39714", "question": "what is the life expectancy in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 642, "text": "81.2 years" } ] } ] }, { "context": "About 91% of the people of Hong Kong are of Chinese descent, the majority of whom are Taishanese, Chiu Chow, other Cantonese people, and Hakka. Hong Kong's Han majority originate mainly from the Guangzhou and Taishan regions in Guangdong province. The remaining 6.9% of the population is composed of non-ethnic Chinese. There is a South Asian population of Indians and Pakistanis; some Vietnamese refugees have become permanent residents of Hong Kong. There are also Britons, Americans, Canadians, Japanese, and Koreans working in the city's commercial and financial sector. In 2011, 133,377 foreign domestic helpers from Indonesia and 132,935 from the Philippines were working in Hong Kong.", "qas": [ { "id": "39715", "question": "what percentage of the people of hong kong are of hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 6, "text": "91%" } ] }, { "id": "39716", "question": "where did hong kong 's han majority originate from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "Guangzhou and Taishan" } ] }, { "id": "39717", "question": "what percentage of the population is composed of chinese chinese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "6.9%" } ] }, { "id": "39718", "question": "how many foreign domestic helpers were working in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 584, "text": "133,377" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong's \"de facto\" official language is Cantonese, a variety of Chinese originating from Guangdong province to the north of Hong Kong. English is also an official language, and according to a 1996 by-census is spoken by 3.1 percent of the population as an everyday language and by 34.9 percent of the population as a second language. Signs displaying both Chinese and English are common throughout the territory. Since the 1997 Handover, an increase in immigrants from mainland China and greater interaction with the mainland's economy have brought an increasing number of Mandarin speakers to Hong Kong.", "qas": [ { "id": "39719", "question": "what is hong kong 's official name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Cantonese" } ] }, { "id": "39720", "question": "where is hong kong located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "Guangdong province to the north of Hong Kong" } ] }, { "id": "39721", "question": "what percentage of the population is spoken in 1996 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "3.1 percent" } ] }, { "id": "39722", "question": "what percentage of the population is a second language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "34.9" } ] }, { "id": "39723", "question": "what was the name of the increase in immigrants from mainland china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 432, "text": "Handover" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong is a multi-faith society. A majority of residents of Hong Kong have no religious affiliation, professing a form of agnosticism or atheism. According to the United States Department of State 43 percent of the population practises some form of religion. Some figures put it higher, according to a Gallup poll, 64% of Hong Kong residents do not believe in any religion.", "qas": [ { "id": "39724", "question": "what percentage of hong kong residents do not believe in any religion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 318, "text": "64%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong enjoys a high degree of religious freedom, guaranteed by the Basic Law. Hong Kong's main religions are Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism; a local religious scholar in contact with major denominations estimates there are approximately 1.5 million Buddhists and Taoists. A Christian community of around 833,000 forms about 11.7% of the total population; Protestants outnumber Roman Catholics by a ratio of 4:3, and smaller Christian communities also exist, including the Latter-day Saints and Jehovah's Witnesses. The Anglican and Roman Catholic churches each freely appoint their own bishops, unlike in mainland China. There are also Sikh, Muslim, Jewish, Hindu and Bah\u00e1'\u00ed communities. The practice of Falun Gong is tolerated.", "qas": [ { "id": "39725", "question": "what law guaranteed hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "Basic Law" } ] }, { "id": "39726", "question": "what are hong kong 's main religions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism" } ] }, { "id": "39727", "question": "how many buddhists are in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "1.5 million" } ] }, { "id": "39728", "question": "what percentage of the total population is christian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 331, "text": "11.7%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Statistically Hong Kong's income gap is the largest in Asia Pacific. According to a report by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme in 2008, Hong Kong's Gini coefficient, at 0.53, was the highest in Asia and \"relatively high by international standards\". However, the government has stressed that income disparity does not equate to worsening of the poverty situation, and that the Gini coefficient is not strictly comparable between regions. The government has named economic restructuring, changes in household sizes, and the increase of high-income jobs as factors that have skewed the Gini coefficient.", "qas": [ { "id": "39729", "question": "where is hong kong 's income ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "Asia Pacific" } ] }, { "id": "39730", "question": "who was the report in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "United Nations Human Settlements Programme" } ] }, { "id": "39731", "question": "when was the united nations human settlements programme programme passed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "2008" } ] }, { "id": "39732", "question": "what was the name of the united nations human settlements programme ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "Hong Kong's Gini coefficient" } ] }, { "id": "39733", "question": "where was hong kong 's highest coefficient ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "0.53" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong's education system used to roughly follow the system in England, although international systems exist. The government maintains a policy of \"mother tongue instruction\" () in which the medium of instruction is Cantonese, with written Chinese and English, while some of the schools are using English as the teaching language. In secondary schools, 'biliterate and trilingual' proficiency is emphasised, and Mandarin-language education has been increasing. The Programme for International Student Assessment ranked Hong Kong's education system as the second best in the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "39734", "question": "what is the name of the policy that the government is cantonese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "mother tongue instruction" } ] }, { "id": "39735", "question": "what is the medium of `` mother tongue '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "Cantonese" } ] }, { "id": "39736", "question": "what are the written language in the government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 243, "text": "Chinese and English" } ] }, { "id": "39737", "question": "what is the teaching language of the government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 300, "text": "English" } ] }, { "id": "39738", "question": "what ranked hong kong 's education system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 482, "text": "International Student Assessment" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong's public schools are operated by the Education Bureau. The system features a non-compulsory three-year kindergarten, followed by a compulsory six-year primary education, a compulsory three-year junior secondary education, a non-compulsory two-year senior secondary education leading to the Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examinations and a two-year matriculation course leading to the Hong Kong Advanced Level Examinations. The New Senior Secondary academic structure and curriculum was implemented in September 2009, which provides for all students to receive three years of compulsory junior and three years of compulsory senior secondary education. Under the new curriculum, there is only one public examination, namely the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education.", "qas": [ { "id": "39739", "question": "who operated hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "Education Bureau" } ] }, { "id": "39740", "question": "what does the system features ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "a non-compulsory three-year kindergarten" } ] }, { "id": "39741", "question": "what is a primary education in the hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "a compulsory three-year junior secondary education" } ] }, { "id": "39742", "question": "what is the name of the secondary education in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 300, "text": "Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examinations" } ] }, { "id": "39743", "question": "what is the name of the level of the hong kong certificate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 399, "text": "Hong Kong Advanced Level Examinations" } ] }, { "id": "39744", "question": "when was the new senior secondary academic structure implemented ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 516, "text": "September 2009" } ] }, { "id": "39745", "question": "what is the name of the new kong curriculum ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 741, "text": "Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most comprehensive schools in Hong Kong fall under three categories: the rarer public schools; the more common subsidised schools, including government aids-and-grant schools; and private schools, often run by Christian organisations and having admissions based on academic merit rather than on financial resources. Outside this system are the schools under the Direct Subsidy Scheme and private international schools.", "qas": [ { "id": "39746", "question": "how many categories are in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "39747", "question": "what is the more common subsidised schools in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "government aids-and-grant schools" } ] }, { "id": "39748", "question": "what are the schools of the schools under ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 362, "text": "Direct Subsidy Scheme and private international schools" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are eight public and one private universities in Hong Kong, the oldest being the University of Hong Kong (HKU), established in 1910\u20131912. The Chinese University of Hong Kong was founded in 1963 to fulfill the need for a university with a medium of instruction of Chinese. Competition among students to receive an offer for an undergraduate programme is fierce as the annual number of intakes is limited, especially when some disciplines are offered by select tertiary institutions, like medicine which is provided by merely two medical schools in the territory, the Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine at the University of Hong Kong and the Faculty of Medicine of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. In addition to the public post-secondary institutions there are also a number of private higher institutions which offer higher diplomas and associate degree courses for those who fail to enter a college for a degree study so as to boost their qualification of education, some of whom can have a second chance of getting into a university if they have a good performance in these sub-degree courses.", "qas": [ { "id": "39749", "question": "how many public universities are in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "eight" } ] }, { "id": "39750", "question": "what is the oldest university in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "University of Hong Kong" } ] }, { "id": "39751", "question": "when was hong kong established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "1910\u20131912" } ] }, { "id": "39752", "question": "when was the chinese university of hong kong founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "1963" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are 13 private hospitals and more than 40 public hospitals in Hong Kong. There is little interaction between public and private healthcare. The hospitals offer a wide range of healthcare services, and some of the territory's private hospitals are considered to be world class. According to UN estimates, Hong Kong has one of the longest life expectancies of any country or territory in the world. , Hong Kong women are the longest living demographic group in the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "39753", "question": "how many private hospitals are there in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "13" } ] }, { "id": "39754", "question": "how many public hospitals are there in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "40" } ] }, { "id": "39755", "question": "there is little interaction between what interaction ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "public and private healthcare" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are two medical schools in the territory, one based at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and the other at the University of Hong Kong. Both have links with public sector hospitals. With respect to postgraduate education, traditionally many doctors in Hong Kong have looked overseas for further training, and many took British Royal College exams such as the MRCP(UK) and the MRCS(UK). However, Hong Kong has been developing its own postgraduate medical institutions, in particular the Hong Kong Academy of Medicine, and this is gradually taking over the responsibility for all postgraduate medical training in the territory.", "qas": [ { "id": "39756", "question": "where are the medical schools located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Chinese University of Hong Kong" } ] }, { "id": "39757", "question": "where is hong kong located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "University of Hong Kong" } ] }, { "id": "39758", "question": "what do both hospitals have links with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "public sector hospitals" } ] }, { "id": "39759", "question": "what was the name of the british royal college ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 326, "text": "British Royal College exams" } ] }, { "id": "39760", "question": "what are the names of the british royal college exams ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 362, "text": "the MRCP(UK) and the MRCS(UK)" } ] }, { "id": "39761", "question": "what is the name of the academy of hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 493, "text": "Hong Kong Academy of Medicine" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since 2011, there have been growing concerns that mothers-to-be from mainland China, in a bid to obtain the right of abode in Hong Kong and the benefits that come with it, have saturated the neonatal wards of the city's hospitals both public and private. This has led to protest from local pregnant women for the government to remedy the issue, as they have found difficulty in securing a bed space for giving birth and routine check-ups. Other concerns in the decade of 2001\u20132010 relate to the workload medical staff experience; and medical errors and mishaps, which are frequently highlighted in local news.", "qas": [ { "id": "39762", "question": "what is the name of the concerns that there has been growing concerns in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "mothers-to-be from mainland China" } ] }, { "id": "39763", "question": "what did pregnant women protest to protest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 284, "text": "local pregnant women for the government to remedy the issue" } ] }, { "id": "39764", "question": "when was the medical staff experience ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 471, "text": "2001\u20132010" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong is frequently described as a place where \"East meets West\", reflecting the culture's mix of the territory's Chinese roots with influences from its time as a British colony. Concepts like \"feng shui\" are taken very seriously, with expensive construction projects often hiring expert consultants, and are often believed to make or break a business. Other objects like Ba gua mirrors are still regularly used to deflect evil spirits, and buildings often lack any floor number that has a 4 in it, due to its similarity to the word for \"die\" in Cantonese. The fusion of east and west also characterises Hong Kong's cuisine, where dim sum, hot pot, and fast food restaurants coexist with haute cuisine.", "qas": [ { "id": "39765", "question": "what is hong kong 's nickname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "East meets West\"" } ] }, { "id": "39766", "question": "what concepts are taken very seriously seriously ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "feng shui\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong is a recognised global centre of trade and calls itself an \"entertainment hub\". Its martial arts film genre gained a high level of popularity in the late 1960s and 1970s. Several Hollywood performers, notable actors and martial artists have originated from Hong Kong cinema, notably Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan, Chow Yun-fat, Michelle Yeoh, Maggie Cheung and Jet Li. A number of Hong Kong film-makers have achieved widespread fame in Hollywood, such as John Woo, Wong Kar-wai, and Stephen Chow. Homegrown films such as \"Chungking Express\", \"Infernal Affairs\", \"Shaolin Soccer\", \"Rumble in the Bronx\", \"In the Mood for Love\" and \"Echoes of the Rainbow\" have gained international recognition. Hong Kong is the centre for Cantopop music, which draws its influence from other forms of Chinese music and Western genres, and has a multinational fanbase.", "qas": [ { "id": "39767", "question": "what is hong kong 's nickname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "entertainment hub" } ] }, { "id": "39768", "question": "what type of music is hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 724, "text": "Cantopop music" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Hong Kong government supports cultural institutions such as the Hong Kong Heritage Museum, the Hong Kong Museum of Art, the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, and the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra. The government's Leisure and Cultural Services Department subsidises and sponsors international performers brought to Hong Kong. Many international cultural activities are organised by the government, consulates, and privately.", "qas": [ { "id": "39769", "question": "what is the name of the orchestra in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra" } ] }, { "id": "39770", "question": "what two groups were brought to hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "Leisure and Cultural Services Department" } ] }, { "id": "39771", "question": "where was the international performers brought to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 327, "text": "Hong Kong" } ] }, { "id": "39772", "question": "who organised many international activities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 394, "text": "the government, consulates, and privately" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong has two licensed terrestrial broadcasters \u2013 ATV and TVB. There are three local and a number of foreign suppliers of cable and satellite services. The production of Hong Kong's soap dramas, comedy series, and variety shows reach audiences throughout the Chinese-speaking world. Magazine and newspaper publishers in Hong Kong distribute and print in both Chinese and English, with a focus on sensationalism and celebrity gossip. The media in Hong Kong is relatively free from official interference compared to Mainland China, although the \"Far Eastern Economic Review\" points to signs of self-censorship by media whose owners have close ties to or business interests in the People's Republic of China and states that even Western media outlets are not immune to growing Chinese economic power.", "qas": [ { "id": "39773", "question": "what are the two licensed terrestrial broadcasters ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "ATV and TVB" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong offers wide recreational and competitive sport opportunities despite its limited land area. It sends delegates to international competitions such as the Olympic Games and Asian Games, and played host to the equestrian events during the 2008 Summer Olympics. There are major multipurpose venues like Hong Kong Coliseum and MacPherson Stadium. Hong Kong's steep terrain and extensive trail network with expansive views attracts hikers, and its rugged coastline provides many beaches for swimming.", "qas": [ { "id": "39774", "question": "what are the names of the delegates to international competitions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "the Olympic Games and Asian Games" } ] }, { "id": "39775", "question": "when did hong kong begin host to the equestrian events ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "2008 Summer Olympics" } ] }, { "id": "39776", "question": "what are two major multipurpose venues ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "Hong Kong Coliseum and MacPherson Stadium" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sports in Hong Kong are a significant part of its culture. Due mainly to British influence going as far back as the late 19th century, Hong Kong had an earlier introduction to Western athletics compared to other Asia regions. Football, cricket, basketball, swimming, badminton, table tennis, cycling and running have the most participants and spectators. In 2009, Hong Kong successfully organised the V East Asian Games. Other major international sporting events including the Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Olympics, Hong Kong Sevens, Hong Kong Marathon, AFC Asian Cup, EAFF East Asian Cup, Hong Kong Tennis Classic, Premier League Asia Trophy, and Lunar New Year Cup are also held in the territory. , there were 32 Hong Kong athletes from seven sports ranking in world's Top 20, 29 athletes in six sports in Asia top 10 ranking. Moreover, Hong Kong athletes with disabilities are equally impressive in their performance , having won four world championships and two Asian Championships.", "qas": [ { "id": "39777", "question": "what games did hong kong receive in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 401, "text": "V East Asian Games" } ] }, { "id": "39778", "question": "how many hong kong athletes were from seven sports ranking ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 713, "text": "32" } ] }, { "id": "39779", "question": "how many sports ranking does hong kong have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 740, "text": "seven" } ] }, { "id": "39780", "question": "how many athletes are in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 780, "text": "29" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to Emporis, there are 1,223 skyscrapers in Hong Kong, which puts the city at the top of world rankings.\nIt has more buildings taller than than any other city.\nThe high density and tall skyline of Hong Kong's urban area is due to a lack of available sprawl space, with the average distance from the harbour front to the steep hills of Hong Kong Island at , much of it reclaimed land. This lack of space causes demand for dense, high-rise offices and housing. Thirty-six of the world's 100 tallest residential buildings are in Hong Kong. More people in Hong Kong live or work above the 14th floor than anywhere else on Earth, making it the world's most vertical city.", "qas": [ { "id": "39781", "question": "how many skyscrapers are in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "1,223" } ] }, { "id": "39782", "question": "how many of the world 's 100 tallest buildings are in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 468, "text": "Thirty-six" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As a result of the lack of space and demand for construction, few older buildings remain, and the city is becoming a centre for modern architecture. The International Commerce Centre (ICC), at high, is the tallest building in Hong Kong and the third tallest in the world, by height to roof measurement. The tallest building prior to the ICC is Two International Finance Centre, at high. Other recognisable skyline features include the HSBC Headquarters Building, the triangular-topped Central Plaza with its pyramid-shaped spire, The Center with its night-time multi-coloured neon light show; A Symphony of Lights and I. M. Pei's Bank of China Tower with its sharp, angular fa\u00e7ade. According to the Emporis website, the city skyline has the biggest visual impact of all world cities. Also, Hong Kong's skyline is often regarded to be the best in the world, with the surrounding mountains and Victoria Harbour complementing the skyscrapers. Most of the oldest remaining historic structures, including the Tsim Sha Tsui Clock Tower, the Central Police Station, and the remains of Kowloon Walled City were constructed during the 19th and early 20th centuries.", "qas": [ { "id": "39783", "question": "what is the tallest building in the icc ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 344, "text": "Two International Finance Centre" } ] }, { "id": "39784", "question": "what is the name of the building that has a symphony of lights ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 435, "text": "HSBC Headquarters Building" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are many development plans in place, including the construction of new government buildings, waterfront redevelopment in Central, and a series of projects in West Kowloon. More high-rise development is set to take place on the other side of Victoria Harbour in Kowloon, as the 1998 closure of the nearby Kai Tak Airport lifted strict height restrictions. The Urban Renewal Authority is highly active in demolishing older areas, including the razing and redevelopment of Kwun Tong town centre, an approach which has been criticised for its impact on the cultural identity of the city and on lower-income residents.", "qas": [ { "id": "39785", "question": "where is the series of projects located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "West Kowloon" } ] }, { "id": "39786", "question": "more high-rise development is set to take place on the other side of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "Victoria Harbour" } ] }, { "id": "39787", "question": "in what year was victoria 's airport set to take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "Kowloon" } ] }, { "id": "39788", "question": "what airport lifted strict height restrictions in 1998 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 310, "text": "Kai Tak Airport" } ] }, { "id": "39789", "question": "what is highly active in demolishing older areas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 365, "text": "Urban Renewal Authority" } ] }, { "id": "39790", "question": "what is the name of the approach that has been criticised for its impact on the cultural identity of the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 476, "text": "Kwun Tong town centre" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Hong Kong" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Guardian is a British national daily newspaper, known until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers \"The Observer\" and \"The Guardian Weekly\", \"The Guardian\" is part of the Guardian Media Group, owned by The Scott Trust Limited. The Trust was created in 1936 \"to secure the financial and editorial independence of \"The Guardian\" in perpetuity and to safeguard the journalistic freedom and liberal values of \"The Guardian\" free from commercial or political interference.\" The Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for \"The Guardian\". Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders.", "qas": [ { "id": "39791", "question": "when was the guardian guardian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "1959" } ] }, { "id": "39792", "question": "what is the name of the british national daily newspaper ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "Manchester Guardian" } ] }, { "id": "39793", "question": "who owned the guardian media ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "The Scott Trust Limited" } ] }, { "id": "39794", "question": "when was the trust created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 279, "text": "1936" } ] }, { "id": "39795", "question": "when did the scott trust become a limited company ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 540, "text": "2008" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"The Guardian\" is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. The newspaper has a UK online edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US. As of August 2013, \"The Guardian\"s print edition had an average daily circulation of roughly 189,000 copies, behind \"The Daily Telegraph\" and \"The Times\", and ahead of \"The Independent\". The newspaper's online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world as of October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. In the UK, its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million readers.", "qas": [ { "id": "39796", "question": "who edited the guardian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "Katharine Viner" } ] }, { "id": "39797", "question": "who succeeded the guardian guardian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Alan Rusbridger" } ] }, { "id": "39798", "question": "which two international websites have a uk online ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Guardian Australia and Guardian US" } ] }, { "id": "39799", "question": "how many readers were there in october 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 489, "text": "42.6 million" } ] }, { "id": "39800", "question": "how many readers are there in the uk ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 574, "text": "9 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered teenager Milly Dowler's phone. The investigation led to the closure of one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, the \"News of the World\". The newspaper also released news of the secret collection of Verizon telephone records held by Barack Obama's administration in June 2013, and subsequently revealed the existence of the PRISM surveillance program after it was leaked to the paper by NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden. In 2016 it led the investigation into the Panama papers exposing the British Prime Ministers off shore bank accounts.", "qas": [ { "id": "39801", "question": "what teenager did the 2011 news international phone scandal murdered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "Milly Dowler's phone" } ] }, { "id": "39802", "question": "what was the name of the highest circulation newspapers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "News of the World" } ] }, { "id": "39803", "question": "when was the newspaper released ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 392, "text": "June 2013" } ] }, { "id": "39804", "question": "who was the nsa whistleblower program ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 531, "text": "Edward Snowden" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"The Guardian\" was also named Newspaper of the Year in the 2014 British Press Awards for reporting on government surveillance. ", "qas": [ { "id": "39805", "question": "in what awards was the guardian '' named ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "2014 British Press Awards" } ] }, { "id": "39806", "question": "what was the newspaper of the british press ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "government surveillance" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of \"The Grauniad\", given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors.", "qas": [ { "id": "39807", "question": "what is the nickname for the paper ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "The Grauniad\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"The Manchester Guardian\" was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle, a group of non-conformist businessmen. They launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical \"Manchester Observer\", the paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. Taylor had been hostile to the radical reformers, writing: \"They have appealed not to the reason but the passions and the suffering of their abused and credulous fellow-countrymen, from whose ill-requited industry they extort for themselves the means of a plentiful and comfortable existence. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they live better than those that do\". When the government closed down the \"Manchester Observer\", the mill-owners' champions had the upper hand.", "qas": [ { "id": "39808", "question": "what was founded in 1821 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1, "text": "The Manchester Guardian" } ] }, { "id": "39809", "question": "when was the manchester guardian founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "1821" } ] }, { "id": "39810", "question": "what was john edward taylor 's job title ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "cotton merchant" } ] }, { "id": "39811", "question": "who founded the manchester guardian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "John Edward Taylor" } ] }, { "id": "39812", "question": "what did the manchester guardian backing the manchester guardian '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "Little Circle" } ] }, { "id": "39813", "question": "what was the name of the massacre of the manchester observer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 315, "text": "Peterloo Massacre protesters" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, and all of the Little Circle wrote articles for the new paper.", "qas": [ { "id": "39814", "question": "who joined taylor during the establishment of the paper ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "Jeremiah Garnett" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would \"zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty\u00a0... warmly advocate the cause of Reform\u00a0... endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and\u00a0... support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, all serviceable measures\". In 1825 the paper merged with the \"British Volunteer\" and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828.", "qas": [ { "id": "39815", "question": "in what year did the manchester guardian begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 360, "text": "1825" } ] }, { "id": "39816", "question": "what was the name of the paper the paper merged with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 392, "text": "British Volunteer" } ] }, { "id": "39817", "question": "what was the name of the paper the paper merged with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 428, "text": "The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer" } ] }, { "id": "39818", "question": "when did the manchester guardian end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 480, "text": "1828" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The working-class \"Manchester and Salford Advertiser\" called the \"Manchester Guardian\" \"the foul prostitute and dirty parasite of the worst portion of the mill-owners\". The \"Manchester Guardian\" was generally hostile to labour's claims. Of the 1832 Ten Hours Bill, the paper doubted whether in view of the foreign competition \"the passing of a law positively enacting a gradual destruction of the cotton manufacture in this kingdom would be a much less rational procedure.\" The \"Manchester Guardian\" dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators\u00a0\u2013 \"...\u00a0if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. They live on strife\u00a0...\"", "qas": [ { "id": "39819", "question": "what was the `` manchester guardian '' called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 19, "text": "Manchester and Salford Advertiser" } ] }, { "id": "39820", "question": "what was the name of the manchester working-class ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "Manchester Guardian\" \"the foul prostitute and dirty parasite" } ] }, { "id": "39821", "question": "when was the paper doubted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "1832 Ten Hours Bill" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"The Manchester Guardian\" was highly critical of Abraham Lincoln's conduct during the American Civil War, writing on the news that Abraham Lincoln had been assassinated: \"Of his rule, we can never speak except as a series of acts abhorrent to every true notion of constitutional right and human liberty\u00a0...\"", "qas": [ { "id": "39822", "question": "what was the name of lincoln 's rule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1, "text": "The Manchester Guardian" } ] }, { "id": "39823", "question": "when was the manchester guardian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "American Civil War" } ] }, { "id": "39824", "question": "who was assassinated on the manchester guardian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "Abraham Lincoln" } ] } ] }, { "context": "C. P. Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised. He was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylor's son in 1907. Under Scott, the paper's moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886, and opposing the Second Boer War against popular opinion. Scott supported the movement for women's suffrage, but was critical of any tactics by the Suffragettes that involved direct action: \"The really ludicrous position is that Mr Lloyd George is fighting to enfranchise seven million women and the militants are smashing unoffending people's windows and breaking up benevolent societies' meetings in a desperate effort to prevent him\". Scott thought the Suffragettes' \"courage and devotion\" was \"worthy of a better cause and saner leadership\". It has been argued that Scott's criticism reflected a widespread disdain, at the time, for those women who \"transgressed the gender expectations of Edwardian society\".", "qas": [ { "id": "39825", "question": "how long was scott editor in 1872 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "57 years" } ] }, { "id": "39826", "question": "in what year was scott editor editor for 57 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "1872" } ] }, { "id": "39827", "question": "when was the paper of taylor 's son passed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "1907" } ] }, { "id": "39828", "question": "when did the liberals split ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "1886" } ] }, { "id": "39829", "question": "who was fighting to enfranchise seven million women and militants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 532, "text": "Mr Lloyd George" } ] }, { "id": "39830", "question": "how many women did mr lloyd have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 575, "text": "seven million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Scott commissioned J.M. Synge and his friend Jack Yeats to produce articles and drawings documenting the social conditions of the west of Ireland (pre-First World War), and these pieces were published in 1911 in the collection \"Travels in Wicklow, West Kerry and Connemara\".", "qas": [ { "id": "39831", "question": "who was commissioned by scott commissioned in 1911 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 19, "text": "J.M. Synge" } ] }, { "id": "39832", "question": "who was the scott friend of the scott conditions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "Jack Yeats" } ] }, { "id": "39833", "question": "in what year was these pieces published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "1911" } ] }, { "id": "39834", "question": "where was the collection of travels in 1911 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "Wicklow, West Kerry and Connemara" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Scott's friendship with Chaim Weizmann played a role in the Balfour Declaration of 1917, and in 1948 \"The Manchester Guardian\" was a supporter of the new State of Israel.", "qas": [ { "id": "39835", "question": "who played a role in the balfour declaration of 1917 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "Chaim Weizmann" } ] }, { "id": "39836", "question": "what was the name of the declaration of israel ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "Balfour Declaration of 1917" } ] }, { "id": "39837", "question": "when was the manchester guardian was a supporter ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "1948" } ] }, { "id": "39838", "question": "what was the name of the new state of israel ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "The Manchester Guardian" } ] }, { "id": "39839", "question": "what was `` the manchester guardian '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "a supporter of the new State of Israel" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In June 1936 ownership of the paper passed to the Scott Trust (named after the last owner, John Russell Scott, who was the first chairman of the Trust). This move ensured the paper's independence.", "qas": [ { "id": "39840", "question": "when was ownership of the paper passed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "June 1936" } ] }, { "id": "39841", "question": "what was the first chairman of the paper ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Scott Trust" } ] }, { "id": "39842", "question": "who was the first chairman of the trust ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "John Russell Scott" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Traditionally affiliated with the centrist to centre-left Liberal Party, and with a northern, non-conformist circulation base, the paper earned a national reputation and the respect of the left during the Spanish Civil War. With the pro-Liberal \"News Chronicle\", the Labour-supporting \"Daily Herald\", the Communist Party's \"Daily Worker\" and several Sunday and weekly papers, it supported the Republican government against General Francisco Franco's insurgent nationalists.", "qas": [ { "id": "39843", "question": "what was the party traditionally affiliated with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "centre-left Liberal Party" } ] }, { "id": "39844", "question": "the paper earned a national reputation and what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "Spanish Civil War" } ] }, { "id": "39845", "question": "who did the communist party support ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 423, "text": "General Francisco Franco's insurgent nationalists" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The paper so loathed Labour's left-wing champion Aneurin Bevan \"and the hate-gospellers of his entourage\" that it called for Attlee's post-war Labour government to be voted out of office. The newspaper opposed the creation of the National Health Service as it feared the state provision of healthcare would \"eliminate selective elimination\" and lead to an increase of congenitally deformed and feckless people.", "qas": [ { "id": "39846", "question": "who was the left-wing champion of the paper ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "Aneurin Bevan" } ] }, { "id": "39847", "question": "what service did the newspaper support ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "National Health Service" } ] }, { "id": "39848", "question": "what did the newspaper say healthcare would be ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "eliminate selective elimination" } ] }, { "id": "39849", "question": "what were the increase of the national health service ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 368, "text": "congenitally deformed and feckless people" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"The Manchester Guardian\" strongly opposed military intervention during the 1956 Suez Crisis: \"The Anglo-French ultimatum to Egypt is an act of folly, without justification in any terms but brief expediency. It pours petrol on a growing fire. There is no knowing what kind of explosion will follow.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "39850", "question": "what was the name of the military that opposed military intervention to egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1, "text": "The Manchester Guardian" } ] }, { "id": "39851", "question": "when did the manchester guardian begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "1956 Suez Crisis" } ] }, { "id": "39852", "question": "what was the name of the act of folly ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "The Anglo-French ultimatum to Egypt" } ] }, { "id": "39853", "question": "what was the anglo-french ultimatum to egypt called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "folly" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When 13 civil rights demonstrators in Northern Ireland were killed by British soldiers on 30 January 1972 (known as Bloody Sunday), \"The Guardian\" said that \"Neither side can escape condemnation.\" Of the protesters, they wrote, \"The organizers of the demonstration, Miss Bernadette Devlin among them, deliberately challenged the ban on marches. They knew that stone throwing and sniping could not be prevented, and that the IRA might use the crowd as a shield.\" Of the army, they wrote, \"there seems little doubt that random shots were fired into the crowd, that aim was taken at individuals who were neither bombers nor weapons carriers and that excessive force was used.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "39854", "question": "how many civil rights demonstrators were killed in northern ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 5, "text": "13" } ] }, { "id": "39855", "question": "when were the civil rights demonstrators killed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "30 January 1972" } ] }, { "id": "39856", "question": "what was the name of the british soldiers that killed british soldiers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Bloody Sunday" } ] }, { "id": "39857", "question": "what did the guardian '' say about `` the guardian '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "Neither side can escape condemnation" } ] }, { "id": "39858", "question": "who was the organizers of the demonstration ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "Miss Bernadette Devlin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many Irish people believed that the Widgery Tribunal's ruling on the killings was a whitewash, a view that was later supported with the publication of the Saville inquiry in 2010, but in 1972 \"The Guardian\" declared that \"Widgery's report is not one-sided\" (20 April 1972). The paper at the time also supported internment without trial in Northern Ireland: \"Internment without trial is hateful, repressive and undemocratic. In the existing Irish situation, most regrettably, it is also inevitable... .To remove the ringleaders, in the hope that the atmosphere might calm down, is a step to which there is no obvious alternative.\" And before then, \"The Guardian\" had called for British troops to be sent to the region: British soldiers could \"present a more disinterested face of law and order,\" but only on condition that \"Britain takes charge.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "39859", "question": "when did the guardian '' say `` the guardian '' was not one-sided ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "1972" } ] }, { "id": "39860", "question": "when did the guardian '' say `` the guardian '' report ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "20 April 1972" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1983 the paper was at the centre of a controversy surrounding documents regarding the stationing of cruise missiles in Britain that were leaked to \"The Guardian\" by civil servant Sarah Tisdall. The paper eventually complied with a court order to hand over the documents to the authorities, which resulted in a six-month prison sentence for Tisdall, though she served only four. \"I still blame myself,\" said Peter Preston, who was the editor of \"The Guardian\" at the time, but he went on to argue that the paper had no choice because it \"believed in the rule of law.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "39861", "question": "in what year was the paper at the centre of a controversy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1983" } ] }, { "id": "39862", "question": "who leaked the guardian paper ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "Sarah Tisdall" } ] }, { "id": "39863", "question": "what did the paper eventually complied with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "a court order to hand over the documents to the authorities" } ] }, { "id": "39864", "question": "what was the sentence of the paper that the paper resulted in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 313, "text": "six-month prison sentence for Tisdall" } ] }, { "id": "39865", "question": "who was the editor of `` the guardian '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 410, "text": "Peter Preston" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the lead-up to the first Gulf War, between 1990 and 1991, \"The Guardian\" expressed doubts about military action against Iraq: \"Frustration in the Gulf leads temptingly to the invocation of task forces and tactical bombing, but the military option is no option at all. The emergence yesterday of a potential hostage problem of vast dimensions only emphasised that this is far too complex a crisis for gunboat diplomacy. Loose talk of 'carpet bombing' Baghdad should be put back in the bottle of theoretical but unacceptable scenarios.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "39866", "question": "when did the guardian war end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "between 1990 and 1991" } ] } ] }, { "context": "But on the eve of the war, the paper rallied to the war cause: \"The simple cause, at the end, is just. An evil regime in Iraq instituted an evil and brutal invasion. Our soldiers and airmen are there, at UN behest, to set that evil to rights. Their duties are clear.\u00a0... Let the momentum, and the resolution, be swift.\" After the event, journalist Maggie O'Kane conceded that she and her colleagues had been a mouthpiece for war propaganda: \"...\u00a0we, the media, were harnessed like 2,000 beach donkeys and led through the sand to see what the British and US military wanted us to see in this nice clean war.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "39867", "question": "who did an evil regime provide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "an evil and brutal invasion" } ] }, { "id": "39868", "question": "who was the author of journalist maggie ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 348, "text": "Maggie O'Kane" } ] }, { "id": "39869", "question": "how many beach did maggie have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 481, "text": "2,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1994, KGB defector Oleg Gordievsky identified \"Guardian\" literary editor Richard Gott as \"an agent of influence\". While Gott denied that he received cash, he admitted he had lunch at the Soviet Embassy and taken benefits from the KGB on overseas visits. Gott resigned from his post.", "qas": [ { "id": "39870", "question": "in what year was guardian '' released ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1994" } ] }, { "id": "39871", "question": "who identified `` guardian '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "Oleg Gordievsky" } ] }, { "id": "39872", "question": "who was the editor of guardian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "Richard Gott" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Gordievsky commented on the newspaper: \"The KGB loved \"The Guardian\". It was deemed highly susceptible to penetration.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "39873", "question": "what was the newspaper called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "The KGB loved \"The Guardian" } ] }, { "id": "39874", "question": "what was it called when it was deemed highly susceptible to it ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "penetration" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1995, both the Granada Television programme \"World In Action\" and \"The Guardian\" were sued for libel by the then cabinet minister Jonathan Aitken, for their allegation that the Harrods owner Mohamed Al Fayed had paid for Aitken and his wife to stay at the H\u00f4tel Ritz in Paris, which would have amounted to accepting a bribe on Aitken's part. Aitken publicly stated that he would fight with \"the simple sword of truth and the trusty shield of British fair play.\" The court case proceeded, and in 1997 \"The Guardian\" produced evidence that Aitken's claim of his wife paying for the hotel stay was untrue. In 1999, Aitken was jailed for perjury and perverting the course of justice.", "qas": [ { "id": "39875", "question": "when did the granada television programme `` world in action '' take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1995" } ] }, { "id": "39876", "question": "who was the minister of the guardian programme ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Jonathan Aitken" } ] }, { "id": "39877", "question": "who was the owner of the harrods ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "Mohamed Al Fayed" } ] }, { "id": "39878", "question": "what did the guardian al fayed stay at ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "H\u00f4tel Ritz" } ] }, { "id": "39879", "question": "in what year was aitken jailed for perjury ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 609, "text": "1999" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The paper supported NATO's military intervention in the Kosovo War in 1999. Though the United Nations Security Council did not support the action, \"The Guardian\" stated that \"the only honourable course for Europe and America is to use military force.\" Mary Kaldor's piece was headlined \"Bombs away! But to save civilians, we must get in some soldiers too.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "39880", "question": "when did the kosovo war occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "1999" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the early 2000s, \"The Guardian\" challenged the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Treason Felony Act 1848. In October 2004, \"The Guardian\" published a humorous column by Charlie Brooker in its entertainment guide, which appeared to call for the assassination of George W. Bush. This caused some controversy and the paper was forced to issue an apology and remove the article from its website. Following the 7 July 2005 London bombings, \"The Guardian\" published an article on its comment pages by Dilpazier Aslam, a 27-year-old British Muslim and journalism trainee from Yorkshire. Aslam was a member of Hizb ut-Tahrir, an Islamist group, and had published a number of articles on their website. According to the paper, it did not know that Aslam was a member of Hizb ut-Tahrir when he applied to become a trainee, though several staff members were informed of this once he started at the paper. The Home Office has claimed the group's \"ultimate aim is the establishment of an Islamic state (Caliphate), according to Hizb ut-Tahrir via non-violent means.\" \"The Guardian\" asked Aslam to resign his membership of the group and, when he did not do so, terminated his employment. In early 2009, the paper started a tax investigation into a number of major UK companies, including publishing a database of the tax paid by the FTSE 100 companies. Internal documents relating to Barclays Bank's tax avoidance were removed from \"The Guardian\" website after Barclays obtained a gagging order. The paper played a pivotal role in exposing the depth of the News of the World phone hacking affair. \"The Economist\" \"Intelligent Life\" magazine opined that, As Watergate is to the \"Washington Post\", and thalidomide to the \"Sunday Times\", so phone-hacking will surely be to the \"Guardian\": a defining moment in its history. ", "qas": [ { "id": "39881", "question": "what was the name of the act that the guardian challenged ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "Treason Felony Act 1848" } ] }, { "id": "39882", "question": "who published the guardian '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "Charlie Brooker" } ] }, { "id": "39883", "question": "who was the guardian entertainment guide to call ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "George W. Bush" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In recent decades \"The Guardian\" has been accused of biased criticism of Israeli government policy. In December 2003, columnist Julie Burchill cited \"striking bias against the state of Israel\" as one of the reasons she left the paper for \"The Times\". A leaked report from the European Monitoring Centre on Racism cited \"The Economist\" claim that for \"many British Jews,\" the British media's reporting on Israel \"is spiced with a tone of animosity, 'as to smell of anti-Semitism'\u00a0... This is above all the case with the \"Guardian\" and \"The Independent\".\" The EU said the report, dated February 2003 was not published because it was insubstantial in its current state and lacking sufficient evidence.", "qas": [ { "id": "39884", "question": "who cited `` the times of israel '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "Julie Burchill" } ] }, { "id": "39885", "question": "when was the report dated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 584, "text": "February 2003" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Responding to these accusations, a \"Guardian\" editorial in 2002 condemned anti-Semitism and defended the paper's right to criticise the policies and actions of the Israeli government, arguing that those who view such criticism as inherently anti-Jewish are mistaken. Harriet Sherwood, then \"The Guardian's\" foreign editor, later its Jerusalem correspondent, has also denied that \"The Guardian\" has an anti-Israel bias, saying that the paper aims to cover all viewpoints in the Israeli\u2013Palestinian conflict.", "qas": [ { "id": "39886", "question": "in what year did a `` guardian '' take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "2002" } ] }, { "id": "39887", "question": "who has denied the guardian 's editor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "Harriet Sherwood" } ] }, { "id": "39888", "question": "what was the name of the correspondent that has denied the guardian '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 291, "text": "The Guardian's\" foreign editor" } ] }, { "id": "39889", "question": "what was the name of the bias that the guardian 's foreign editor was denied ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 380, "text": "The Guardian" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 6 November 2011, Chris Elliott, the \"Guardian\"s readers' editor, wrote that \"Guardian reporters, writers and editors must be more vigilant about the language they use when writing about Jews or Israel,\" citing recent cases where \"The Guardian\" received complaints regarding language chosen to describe Jews or Israel. Elliott noted that, over nine months, he upheld complaints regarding language in certain articles that were seen as anti-Semitic, revising the language and footnoting this change.", "qas": [ { "id": "39890", "question": "when did chris elliott write that `` guardian reporters , writers and editors and israel '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "6 November 2011" } ] }, { "id": "39891", "question": "who wrote ` guardian reporters ' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "Chris Elliott" } ] }, { "id": "39892", "question": "what did the `` guardian '' do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "The Guardian\" received complaints regarding language chosen to describe Jews or Israel" } ] }, { "id": "39893", "question": "how long did elliott elliott rule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 341, "text": "over nine months" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"The Guardian\"s style guide section referred to Tel Aviv as the capital of Israel in 2012, but this claim was later retracted by \"The Guardian\", saying: \"We accept that it is wrong to state that Tel Aviv\u00a0\u2013 the country's financial and diplomatic centre\u00a0\u2013 is the capital.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "39894", "question": "what was the capital of israel in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Tel Aviv" } ] }, { "id": "39895", "question": "when was the guardian `` s style guide section guide section referred ? ''", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "2012" } ] }, { "id": "39896", "question": "who retracted the guardian `` s style guide '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "The Guardian" } ] }, { "id": "39897", "question": "what is the name of the state 's financial and diplomatic centre ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "Tel Aviv\u00a0" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 11 August 2014 the print edition of \"The Guardian\" published an advocacy advert during the 2014 Israel\u2013Gaza conflict featuring Elie Wiesel, headed by the words \"Jews rejected child sacrifice 3,500 years ago. Now it's Hamas' turn.\" \"The Times\" had decided against running the ad, although it had already appeared in major American newspapers. One week later, Chris Elliott expressed the opinion that the newspaper should have rejected the language used in the advert and should have negotiated with the advertiser on this matter.", "qas": [ { "id": "39898", "question": "when did the print edition of `` the guardian '' begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "11 August 2014" } ] }, { "id": "39899", "question": "what was the name of the advocacy that the guardian conflict published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "Elie Wiesel" } ] }, { "id": "39900", "question": "how did the guardian conflict end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "Jews rejected child sacrifice 3,500 years ago" } ] }, { "id": "39901", "question": "who expressed the opinion of the newspaper ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 361, "text": "Chris Elliott" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In August 2004, for the US presidential election, the daily \"G2\" supplement launched an experimental letter-writing campaign in Clark County, Ohio, an average-sized county in a swing state. The editor of the \"G2\" supplement Ian Katz bought a voter list from the county for $25 and asked readers to write to people listed as undecided in the election, giving them an impression of the international view and the importance of voting against President George W. Bush. The paper scrapped \"Operation Clark County\" on 21 October 2004 after first publishing a column of responses\u2014nearly all of them outraged\u2014to the campaign under the headline \"Dear Limey assholes.\" The public's dislike of the campaign likely contributed to Bush's victory in Clark County.", "qas": [ { "id": "39902", "question": "what was the name of the editor of the `` g2 '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "Ian Katz" } ] }, { "id": "39903", "question": "how much did the editor of the `` g2 '' supplement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "$25" } ] }, { "id": "39904", "question": "who was the president of the voting supplement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 440, "text": "President George W. Bush" } ] }, { "id": "39905", "question": "what was the name of the paper scrapped ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 486, "text": "Operation Clark County" } ] }, { "id": "39906", "question": "when did the operation clark county '' begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 513, "text": "21 October 2004" } ] }, { "id": "39907", "question": "what was the name of the headline that outraged operation clark county ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 638, "text": "Dear Limey assholes" } ] }, { "id": "39908", "question": "where did the public 's dislike come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 737, "text": "Clark County" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2007, the paper launched \"Guardian America\", an attempt to capitalise on its large online readership in the United States, which at the time stood at more than 5.9 million. The company hired former \"American Prospect\" editor, \"New York\" magazine columnist and \"New York Review of Books\" writer Michael Tomasky to head the project and hire a staff of American reporters and web editors. The site featured news from \"The Guardian\" that was relevant to an American audience: coverage of US news and the Middle East, for example.", "qas": [ { "id": "39909", "question": "when did the paper launched `` guardian america '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2007" } ] }, { "id": "39910", "question": "what was the name of the paper launched by the paper in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "Guardian America" } ] }, { "id": "39911", "question": "what was the paper launched in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "5.9 million" } ] }, { "id": "39912", "question": "what was the name of the writer that michael tomasky hire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "New York Review of Books" } ] }, { "id": "39913", "question": "who was the editor of new york review ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "Michael Tomasky" } ] }, { "id": "39914", "question": "what was the name of the news audience of the site ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 418, "text": "The Guardian" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Tomasky stepped down from his position as editor of \"Guardian America\" in February 2009, ceding editing and planning duties to other US and London staff. He retained his position as a columnist and blogger, taking the title editor-at-large.", "qas": [ { "id": "39915", "question": "what was the name of the editor that stepped down ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "Guardian America" } ] }, { "id": "39916", "question": "when did guardian america die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "February 2009" } ] }, { "id": "39917", "question": "what did the editor of `` guardian america ''", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "ceding editing and planning duties to other US and London staff" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In October 2009, the company abandoned the \"Guardian America\" homepage, instead directing users to a US news index page on the main Guardian website. The following month, the company laid off six American employees, including a reporter, a multimedia producer and four web editors. The move came as Guardian News and Media opted to reconsider its US strategy amid a huge effort to cut costs across the company. In subsequent years, however, \"The Guardian\" has hired various commentators on US affairs including Ana Marie Cox, Michael Wolff, Naomi Wolf, Glenn Greenwald and former George W. Bush's speechwriter Josh Trevi\u00f1o. Trevi\u00f1o's first blog post was an apology for a controversial tweet posted in June 2011 over the second Gaza flotilla, the controversy which had been revived by the appointment.", "qas": [ { "id": "39918", "question": "what was the name of the company abandoned by the company ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Guardian America\" homepage" } ] }, { "id": "39919", "question": "how many american employees did the company have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "six" } ] }, { "id": "39920", "question": "what was the name of the former guardian w. bush ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 610, "text": "Josh Trevi\u00f1o" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"Guardian US\" launched in September 2011, led by editor-in-chief Janine Gibson, which replaced the previous \"Guardian America\" service. After a period during which Katharine Viner served as the US editor-in-chief before taking charge of Guardian News and Media as a whole, Viner's former deputy, Lee Glendinning, was appointed to succeed her as head of the American operation at the beginning of June 2015.", "qas": [ { "id": "39921", "question": "when did guardian us die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "September 2011" } ] }, { "id": "39922", "question": "who led the `` guardian america '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Janine Gibson" } ] }, { "id": "39923", "question": "what was the name of the service that replaced guardian us ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Guardian America\" service" } ] }, { "id": "39924", "question": "who served as the us editor-in-chief before a period ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "Katharine Viner" } ] }, { "id": "39925", "question": "who was appointed to succeed the american operation at the beginning of 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "Lee Glendinning" } ] }, { "id": "39926", "question": "when was the operation of the american operation appointed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 396, "text": "June 2015" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In October 2009, \"The Guardian\" reported that it was forbidden to report on a parliamentary matter - a question recorded in a Commons order paper, to be answered by a minister later that week. The paper noted that it was being \"forbidden from telling its readers why the paper is prevented\u2014for the first time in memory\u2014from reporting parliament. Legal obstacles, which cannot be identified, involve proceedings, which cannot be mentioned, on behalf of a client who must remain secret. The only fact the \"Guardian\" can report is that the case involves the London solicitors Carter-Ruck.\" The paper further claimed that this case appears \"to call into question privileges guaranteeing free speech established under the 1688 Bill of Rights.\" The only parliamentary question mentioning Carter-Ruck in the relevant period was by Paul Farrelly MP, in reference to legal action by Barclays and Trafigura. The part of the question referencing Carter-Ruck relates to the latter company's September 2009 gagging order on the publication of a 2006 internal report into the 2006 C\u00f4te d'Ivoire toxic waste dump scandal, which involved a class action case that the company only settled in September 2009 after \"The Guardian\" published some of the commodity trader's internal emails. The reporting injunction was lifted the next day, as Carter-Ruck withdrew it before \"The Guardian\" could challenge it in the High Court. Alan Rusbridger credited the rapid back-down of Carter-Ruck to Twitter, as did a BBC article.", "qas": [ { "id": "39927", "question": "who was the only parliamentary question mentioning carter-ruck ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 824, "text": "Paul Farrelly MP" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In June 2013 the newspaper broke news of the secret collection of Verizon telephone records held by Barack Obama's administration in June 2013, and subsequently revealed the existence of the PRISM surveillance program after it was leaked to the paper by former NSA contractor Edward Snowden. The newspaper was subsequently contacted by the British government's Cabinet Secretary, Sir Jeremy Heywood, under instruction from the Prime Minister David Cameron and Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, who ordered that the hard drives containing the information be destroyed. \"The Guardian\" offices were then visited in July by agents from the UK's GCHQ, who supervised the destruction of the hard drives containing information acquired from Snowden. In June 2014 \"The Register\" reported that the information the government sought to suppress by destroying the hard drives, related to the location of a \"beyond top secret\" internet monitoring base in Seeb, Oman and the close involvement of BT and Cable & Wireless in intercepting internet communications.", "qas": [ { "id": "39928", "question": "when was the newspaper held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "June 2013" } ] }, { "id": "39929", "question": "who was the former nsa contractor program ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 276, "text": "Edward Snowden" } ] }, { "id": "39930", "question": "who was the cabinet secretary of cabinet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 380, "text": "Sir Jeremy Heywood" } ] }, { "id": "39931", "question": "who ordered that the hard drives containing the information be destroyed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 427, "text": "Prime Minister David Cameron and Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A 2015 study alleged that \"The Guardian\" was just as biased as Iranian media (\"Tehran Times\" and Fars News Agency) in their coverage of events related to the Iranian nuclear \"crisis\" in 2012. \"The Guardian\" featured more physical actions from Iranian-based actors and verbal actions from US and European government officials, and naturalized the sanctions against Iran by removing the agency of the US and its allies.", "qas": [ { "id": "39932", "question": "what was the name of the 2015 study alleged iranian media ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "The Guardian" } ] }, { "id": "39933", "question": "what were the names of the iranian media that the guardian was just as biased as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "Tehran Times\" and Fars News Agency" } ] }, { "id": "39934", "question": "where did the guardian '' come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 288, "text": "US and European government officials" } ] }, { "id": "39935", "question": "how did the guardian view sanctions against iran ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 372, "text": "removing the agency of the US and its allies" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"The Guardian\" is part of the Guardian Media Group (GMG) of newspapers, radio stations and print media including; \"The Observer\" Sunday newspaper, \"The Guardian Weekly\" international newspaper, and new media\u2014\"Guardian Abroad\" website, and \"guardian.co.uk\". All the aforementioned were owned by The Scott Trust, a charitable foundation existing between 1936 and 2008, which aimed to ensure the paper's editorial independence in perpetuity, maintaining its financial health to ensure it did not become vulnerable to take overs by for-profit media groups. At the beginning of October 2008, the Scott Trust's assets were transferred to a new limited company, The Scott Trust Limited, with the intention being that the original trust would be wound up. Dame Liz Forgan, chair of the Scott Trust, reassured staff that the purposes of the new company remained the same as under the previous arrangements.", "qas": [ { "id": "39936", "question": "`` the guardian '' is part of what group ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "Guardian Media Group" } ] }, { "id": "39937", "question": "what is the name of the observer newspaper ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "The Guardian Weekly\" international newspaper" } ] }, { "id": "39938", "question": "what is another name for the guardian media ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 240, "text": "guardian.co.uk" } ] }, { "id": "39939", "question": "who owned the paper between 1936 and 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 294, "text": "The Scott Trust" } ] }, { "id": "39940", "question": "when was the scott trust owned ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 352, "text": "1936 and 2008" } ] }, { "id": "39941", "question": "what was the name of the scott trust 's assets ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 655, "text": "The Scott Trust Limited" } ] }, { "id": "39942", "question": "who was the chair of the scott trust ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 748, "text": "Dame Liz Forgan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"The Guardian\" has been consistently loss-making. The National Newspaper division of GMG, which also includes \"The Observer\", reported operating losses of \u00a349.9m in 2006, up from \u00a318.6m in 2005. The paper is therefore heavily dependent on cross-subsidisation from profitable companies within the group.\n\"The Guardian\" ownership by the Scott Trust is probably a factor in its being the only British national daily to conduct (since 2003) an annual social, ethical and environmental audit in which it examines, under the scrutiny of an independent external auditor, its own behaviour as a company. It is also the only British national daily newspaper to employ an internal ombudsman (called the \"readers' editor\") to handle complaints and corrections.", "qas": [ { "id": "39943", "question": "what is the name of the national newspaper ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "GMG" } ] }, { "id": "39944", "question": "what was the operating losses in 2006 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "\u00a349.9m" } ] }, { "id": "39945", "question": "what was the national newspaper in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "\u00a318.6m" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"The Guardian\" and its parent groups participate in Project Syndicate, established by George Soros, and intervened in 1995 to save the \"Mail & Guardian\" in South Africa. However, Guardian Media Group sold the majority of its shares of the \"Mail & Guardian\" in 2002.", "qas": [ { "id": "39946", "question": "who established `` the guardian & guardian '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "George Soros" } ] }, { "id": "39947", "question": "when did the guardian & guardian end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "1995" } ] }, { "id": "39948", "question": "what did the guardian and its parent groups save ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "Mail & Guardian" } ] }, { "id": "39949", "question": "what was the name of the majority of guardian media group ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 240, "text": "Mail & Guardian" } ] }, { "id": "39950", "question": "in what year was the `` mail & guardian '' sold ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "2002" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The continual losses made by the National Newspaper division of the Guardian Media Group caused the group to dispose of its Regional Media division by selling titles to competitor Trinity Mirror in March 2010. This included the flagship \"Manchester Evening News\", and severed the historic link between that paper and \"The Guardian\". The sale was in order to safeguard the future of \"The Guardian\" newspaper as is the intended purpose of the Scott Trust.", "qas": [ { "id": "39951", "question": "who caused trinity mirror to competitor trinity mirror ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "National Newspaper division of the Guardian Media Group" } ] }, { "id": "39952", "question": "what did the guardian media group competitor the regional media division by in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "Trinity Mirror" } ] }, { "id": "39953", "question": "when was trinity mirror competitor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "March 2010" } ] }, { "id": "39954", "question": "what was the name of the flagship link to the guardian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "Manchester Evening News" } ] }, { "id": "39955", "question": "what was the intended purpose of the scott trust ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 383, "text": "The Guardian\" newspaper" } ] }, { "id": "39956", "question": "the guardian '' is the intended purpose of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 441, "text": "Scott Trust" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In June 2011 Guardian News and Media revealed increased annual losses of \u00a333m and announced that it was looking to focus on its online edition for news coverage, leaving the print edition to contain more comments and features. It was also speculated that \"The Guardian\" might become the first British national daily paper to be fully online.", "qas": [ { "id": "39957", "question": "in what month and year did the guardian news and media revealed that guardian news was looking ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "June 2011" } ] }, { "id": "39958", "question": "how much did guardian news and media features in june 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "\u00a333m" } ] }, { "id": "39959", "question": "what was the name of the first british national daily paper ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "The Guardian" } ] } ] }, { "context": "For the three years up to June 2012, the paper lost \u00a3100,000 a day, which prompted \"Intelligent Life\" to question whether \"The Guardian\" could survive.", "qas": [ { "id": "39960", "question": "how much did the paper sell for the three years up to june 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "\u00a3100,000 a day" } ] }, { "id": "39961", "question": "what did the paper question in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "Intelligent Life\" to question whether \"The Guardian\" could survive" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Between 2007 and 2014 The Guardian Media Group sold all their side businesses, of regional papers and online portals for classifieds and consolidated, into the Guardian as sole product. The sales let them acquire a capital stock of \u00a3838.3m as of July 2014, supposed to guarantee the independence of the Guardian in perpetuity. In the first year, the paper made more losses than predicted, and in January 2016 the publishers announced, that the Guardian will cut 20% of staff and costs within the next three years.", "qas": [ { "id": "39962", "question": "who sold all businesses between 2007 and 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "The Guardian Media Group" } ] }, { "id": "39963", "question": "what was the capital of the guardian in july 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "\u00a3838.3m" } ] }, { "id": "39964", "question": "when did the publishers announce that the guardian will cut 20 % of staff ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 396, "text": "January 2016" } ] }, { "id": "39965", "question": "what percentage of staff did the guardian cut ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 462, "text": "20%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2014, \"The Guardian\" launched a membership scheme. The scheme aims to reduce the financial losses incurred by \"The Guardian\" without introducing a paywall, thus maintaining open access to the website. Website readers can pay a monthly subscription, with three tiers available.", "qas": [ { "id": "39966", "question": "when did the guardian '' begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2014" } ] }, { "id": "39967", "question": "what did the guardian '' do in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "The Guardian\" launched a membership scheme" } ] }, { "id": "39968", "question": "what does the scheme reduce the financial losses incurred by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "The Guardian\" without introducing a paywall" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Founded by textile traders and merchants, \"The Guardian\" had a reputation as \"an organ of the middle class\", or in the words of C. P. Scott's son Ted, \"a paper that will remain bourgeois to the last\". \"I write for the \"Guardian\",\" said Sir Max Hastings in 2005, \"because it is read by the new establishment,\" reflecting the paper's then-growing influence.", "qas": [ { "id": "39969", "question": "what did the guardian traders describe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "\"an organ of the middle class" } ] }, { "id": "39970", "question": "who founded the guardian traders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "C. P. Scott's son Ted" } ] }, { "id": "39971", "question": "who was the `` i write for the `` guardian '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "Sir Max Hastings" } ] }, { "id": "39972", "question": "when did sir max hastings describe the `` guardian '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "2005" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Scott Trust describes one of its \"core purposes\" to be \"to secure the financial and editorial independence of the Guardian in perpetuity: as a quality national newspaper without party affiliation; remaining faithful to its liberal tradition\". The paper's readership is generally on the mainstream left of British political opinion: a MORI poll taken between April and June 2000 showed that 80% of \"Guardian\" readers were Labour Party voters; according to another MORI poll taken in 2005, 48% of \"Guardian\" readers were Labour voters and 34% Liberal Democrat voters. The newspaper's reputation as a platform for liberal and left-wing opinions has led to the use of the epithets \"\"Guardian\" reader\" and \"Guardianista\" for people holding such views, or as a negative stereotype of such people as middle class, earnest and politically correct.", "qas": [ { "id": "39973", "question": "what is the scott trust ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "quality national newspaper without party affiliation" } ] }, { "id": "39974", "question": "what percentage of guardian readers were labour party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 394, "text": "80%" } ] }, { "id": "39975", "question": "what percentage of guardian readers were labour ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 492, "text": "48%" } ] }, { "id": "39976", "question": "how many liberal voters were there in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 541, "text": "34%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although the paper is often considered to be \"linked inextricably\" to the Labour Party, three of \"The Guardian\" four leader writers joined the more centrist Social Democratic Party on its foundation in 1981. The paper was enthusiastic in its support for Tony Blair in his successful bid to lead the Labour Party, and to be elected Prime Minister.", "qas": [ { "id": "39977", "question": "what is the paper often known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "linked inextricably\" to the Labour Party, three of \"The Guardian\" four leader writers joined the more centrist Social Democratic Party" } ] }, { "id": "39978", "question": "in what year did the guardian '' take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "1981" } ] }, { "id": "39979", "question": "who was the paper enthusiastic in his support for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "Tony Blair" } ] }, { "id": "39980", "question": "what was the name of the paper that the paper was elected to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 331, "text": "Prime Minister" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Then \"Guardian\" features editor Ian Katz, asserted in 2004 that \"it is no secret we are a centre-left newspaper\". In 2008, \"Guardian\" columnist Jackie Ashley said that editorial contributors were a mix of \"right-of-centre libertarians, greens, Blairites, Brownites, Labourite but less enthusiastic Brownites, etc,\" and that the newspaper was \"clearly left of centre and vaguely progressive\". She also said that \"you can be absolutely certain that come the next general election, \"The Guardian\" stance will not be dictated by the editor, still less any foreign proprietor (it helps that there isn't one) but will be the result of vigorous debate within the paper.\" The paper's comment and opinion pages, though often written by centre-left contributors such as Polly Toynbee, have allowed some space for right-of-centre voices such as Max Hastings and Michael Gove. Since an editorial in 2000, \"The Guardian\" has favoured abolition of the British monarchy.", "qas": [ { "id": "39981", "question": "who is the editor of guardian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "Ian Katz" } ] }, { "id": "39982", "question": "who was the guardian columnist ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "Jackie Ashley" } ] }, { "id": "39983", "question": "what is the name of the contributors that allowed some space for the paper ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 760, "text": "Polly Toynbee" } ] }, { "id": "39984", "question": "who are some of the voices that allowed some space for the paper ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 834, "text": "Max Hastings and Michael Gove" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the run-up to the 2010 general election, following a meeting of the editorial staff, the paper declared its support for the Liberal Democrats, due in particular, to the party's stance on electoral reform. The paper suggested tactical voting to prevent a Conservative victory, given Britain's first-past-the-post electoral system. At the 2015 election, the paper switched its support to the Labour Party. The paper argued that Britain needed a new direction and Labour \"speaks with more urgency than its rivals on social justice, standing up to predatory capitalism, on investment for growth, on reforming and strengthening the public realm, Britain's place in Europe and international development.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "39985", "question": "what did the editorial staff do in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "the paper declared its support for the Liberal Democrats" } ] }, { "id": "39986", "question": "why did the paper give its support for the liberal democrats ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "the party's stance on electoral reform" } ] }, { "id": "39987", "question": "what was the name of the system that the paper suggested tactical voting to prevent a conservative victory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "Britain's first-past-the-post electoral system" } ] }, { "id": "39988", "question": "what happened to the paper at the 2015 election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 355, "text": "the paper switched its support to the Labour Party" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Assistant Editor Michael White, in discussing media self-censorship in March 2011, says: \"I have always sensed liberal, middle class ill-ease in going after stories about immigration, legal or otherwise, about welfare fraud or the less attractive tribal habits of the working class, which is more easily ignored altogether. Toffs, including royal ones, Christians, especially popes, governments of Israel, and US Republicans are more straightforward targets.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "39989", "question": "who says `` i have always sensed liberal , legal or otherwise about altogether ? ''", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "Editor Michael White" } ] }, { "id": "39990", "question": "when did michael white white die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "March 2011" } ] }, { "id": "39991", "question": "what is more easily ignored altogether ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "about welfare fraud or the less attractive tribal habits of the working class" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In a 2013 interview for NPR, the Guardian's Latin America correspondent Rory Carroll stated that many editors at \"The Guardian\" believed and continue to believe that they should support Hugo Ch\u00e1vez \"because he was a standard-bearer for the left.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "39992", "question": "who was the guardian 's latin america correspondent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "Rory Carroll" } ] }, { "id": "39993", "question": "what did the guardian 's latin america say many editors should do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "The Guardian\" believed and continue to believe that they should support Hugo Ch\u00e1vez" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 2015 Labour Party leadership election, \"The Guardian\" supported Yvette Cooper and was critical of left-winger Jeremy Corbyn, the successful candidate. Although the majority of political columnists in \"The Guardian\" were against Corbyn winning, Owen Jones, Seumas Milne and George Monbiot wrote supportive articles about him.", "qas": [ { "id": "39994", "question": "who was the guardian party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "Yvette Cooper" } ] }, { "id": "39995", "question": "what was the name of the successful candidate in the guardian party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "Jeremy Corbyn" } ] }, { "id": "39996", "question": "who wrote supportive articles about him ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "Owen Jones, Seumas Milne and George Monbiot" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"The Guardian\" had a certified average daily circulation of 204,222 copies in December 2012\u00a0\u2014 a drop of 11.25% on January 2012\u00a0\u2014 as compared to sales of 547,465 for \"The Daily Telegraph\", 396,041 for \"The Times\", and 78,082 for \"The Independent\". In March 2013, its average daily circulation had fallen to 193,586, according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations.", "qas": [ { "id": "39997", "question": "what was the average daily circulation of the guardian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "204,222" } ] }, { "id": "39998", "question": "what was the drop of the guardian telegraph ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "11.25%" } ] }, { "id": "39999", "question": "what was the average daily circulation in march 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "193,586" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The first edition was published on 5 May 1821, at which time \"The Guardian\" was a weekly, published on Saturdays and costing 7d.; the stamp duty on newspapers (4d. per sheet) forced the price up so high that it was uneconomic to publish more frequently. When the stamp duty was cut in 1836, \"The Guardian\" added a Wednesday edition and with the abolition of the tax in 1855 it became a daily paper costing 2d.", "qas": [ { "id": "40000", "question": "when was the first edition published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "5 May 1821" } ] }, { "id": "40001", "question": "what was the name of the stamp duty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "4d" } ] }, { "id": "40002", "question": "when was the guardian '' cut ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "1836" } ] }, { "id": "40003", "question": "what was the name of the daily paper that the guardian added ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 406, "text": "2d" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1952, the paper took the step of printing news on the front page, replacing the adverts that had hitherto filled that space. Then-editor A. P. Wadsworth wrote: \"It is not a thing I like myself, but it seems to be accepted by all the newspaper pundits that it is preferable to be in fashion.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "40004", "question": "in what year did the paper become the step of printing news on the front of the front ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1952" } ] }, { "id": "40005", "question": "who said that it was not a thing that it is not a thing that it is not a thing that it is not a thing that it is not a thing that it is not a thing that it is not a thing that it is not a thing that it is not a thing that it is not a thing that it is not a thing that it is not a thing that it is not a thing that it is not a thing that it is not a thing that it is not a thing to be", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "A. P. Wadsworth" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1959, the paper dropped \"Manchester\" from its title, becoming simply \"The Guardian\", and in 1964 it moved to London, losing some of its regional agenda but continuing to be heavily subsidised by sales of the more downmarket but more profitable \"Manchester Evening News\". The financial position remained extremely poor into the 1970s; at one time it was in merger talks with \"The Times\". The paper consolidated its centre-left stance during the 1970s and 1980s but was both shocked and revitalised by the launch of \"The Independent\" in 1986 which competed for a similar readership and provoked the entire broadsheet industry into a fight for circulation.", "qas": [ { "id": "40006", "question": "in what year did the paper dropped `` manchester '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1959" } ] }, { "id": "40007", "question": "what was the name of the paper that the paper dropped ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "The Guardian" } ] }, { "id": "40008", "question": "in what year did manchester moved to london ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "1964" } ] }, { "id": "40009", "question": "what was the name of the sales of the manchester paper ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "Manchester Evening News" } ] }, { "id": "40010", "question": "what was the name of the merger talks in merger ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 378, "text": "The Times" } ] }, { "id": "40011", "question": "in what year did the independent paper take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 538, "text": "1986" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 12 February 1988, \"The Guardian\" had a significant redesign; as well as improving the quality of its printers' ink, it also changed its masthead to a juxtaposition of an italic Garamond \"\"The\"\", with a bold Helvetica \"Guardian\", that remained in use until the 2005 redesign.", "qas": [ { "id": "40012", "question": "when did the guardian begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "12 February 1988" } ] }, { "id": "40013", "question": "in what year did the guardian begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "2005" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1992, \"The Guardian\" relaunched its features section as \"G2\", a tabloid-format supplement. This innovation was widely copied by the other \"quality\" broadsheets and ultimately led to the rise of \"compact\" papers and \"The Guardian\" move to the Berliner format. In 1993 the paper declined to participate in the broadsheet price war started by Rupert Murdoch's \"The Times\". In June 1993, \"The Guardian\" bought \"The Observer\" from Lonrho, thus gaining a serious Sunday sister newspaper with similar political views.", "qas": [ { "id": "40014", "question": "in what year did the guardian '' take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1992" } ] }, { "id": "40015", "question": "what was the name of the guardian supplement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "G2" } ] }, { "id": "40016", "question": "in what year did rupert murdoch begin to participate in the broadsheet price war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 265, "text": "1993" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Its international weekly edition is now titled \"The Guardian Weekly\", though it retained the title \"Manchester Guardian Weekly\" for some years after the home edition had moved to London. It includes sections from a number of other internationally significant newspapers of a somewhat left-of-centre inclination, including \"Le Monde\" and \"The Washington Post\". \"The Guardian Weekly\" was also linked to a website for expatriates, \"Guardian Abroad\", which was launched in 2007 but had been taken offline by 2012.", "qas": [ { "id": "40017", "question": "what is the international weekly edition of the guardian guardian weekly ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "The Guardian Weekly" } ] }, { "id": "40018", "question": "what was the name of the title of the guardian weekly ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "Manchester Guardian Weekly" } ] }, { "id": "40019", "question": "when was guardian abroad launched ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 469, "text": "2007" } ] }, { "id": "40020", "question": "when was guardian abroad launched ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 504, "text": "2012" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"The Guardian\" is printed in full colour, and was the first newspaper in the UK to use the Berliner format for its main section, while producing sections and supplements in a range of page sizes including tabloid, approximately A4, and pocket-size (approximately A5).", "qas": [ { "id": "40021", "question": "what are the tabloid format in the uk ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "A4, and pocket-size" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2004, \"The Guardian\" announced plans to change to a \"Berliner\" or \"midi\" format, similar to that used by \"Die Tageszeitung\" in Germany, \"Le Monde\" in France and many other European papers. At 470\u00d7315\u00a0mm, this is slightly larger than a traditional tabloid. Planned for the autumn of 2005, this change followed moves by \"The Independent\" and \"The Times\" to start publishing in tabloid (or compact) format. On Thursday, 1 September 2005, \"The Guardian\" announced that it would launch the new format on Monday 12 September 2005. Sister Sunday newspaper \"The Observer\" also changed to this new format on 8 January 2006.", "qas": [ { "id": "40022", "question": "when did the guardian '' announce that the guardian would launch ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 420, "text": "1 September 2005" } ] }, { "id": "40023", "question": "when did the guardian '' announce the guardian format ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 502, "text": "Monday 12 September 2005" } ] }, { "id": "40024", "question": "when did the observer newspaper begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 602, "text": "8 January 2006" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The advantage that \"The Guardian\" saw in the Berliner format was that, though it is only a little wider than a tabloid, and is equally easy to read on public transport, its greater height gives more flexibility in page design. The new presses mean that printing can go across the strip down the middle of the centre page, known as the \"gutter\", allowing the paper to print striking double-page pictures. The new presses also made it the first UK national paper to print in full colour on every page.", "qas": [ { "id": "40025", "question": "what is another name for the new presses of the centre page ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 336, "text": "gutter" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The format switch was accompanied by a comprehensive redesign of the paper's look. On Friday, 9 September 2005, the newspaper unveiled its newly designed front page, which d\u00e9buted on Monday, 12 September 2005. Designed by Mark Porter, the new look includes a new masthead for the newspaper, its first since 1988. A typeface family designed by Paul Barnes and Christian Schwartz, was created for the new design. With just over 200 fonts, it is \"one of the most ambitious custom type programs ever commissioned by a newspaper.\" Especially notable is Guardian Egyptian, a highly legible slab serif that is used in various weights for both text and headlines and is central to the redesign.", "qas": [ { "id": "40026", "question": "when was the newspaper unveiled ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "9 September 2005" } ] }, { "id": "40027", "question": "when was the front of the newspaper designed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "12 September 2005" } ] }, { "id": "40028", "question": "who designed the new look of the newspaper ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "Mark Porter" } ] }, { "id": "40029", "question": "in what year was the new look of the newspaper designed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "1988" } ] }, { "id": "40030", "question": "who designed the typeface family ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 343, "text": "Paul Barnes and Christian Schwartz" } ] }, { "id": "40031", "question": "what is the name of the serif serif that is used in various weights ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 548, "text": "Guardian Egyptian" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The switch cost Guardian Newspapers \u00a380\u00a0million and involved setting up new printing presses in east London and Manchester. This was because, before \"The Guardian\" move, no printing presses in Britain could produce newspapers in the Berliner format. There were additional complications, as one of the paper's presses was part-owned by \"Telegraph Newspapers\" and \"Express Newspapers\", contracted to use the plant until 2009. Another press was shared with the Guardian Media Group's north-western tabloid local papers, which did not wish to switch to the Berliner format.", "qas": [ { "id": "40032", "question": "how much did the switch cost guardian newspapers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "\u00a380\u00a0million" } ] }, { "id": "40033", "question": "where did the switch cost guardian newspapers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "east London and Manchester" } ] }, { "id": "40034", "question": "what was the name of the paper that there was one of the paper 's presses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 336, "text": "Telegraph Newspapers" } ] }, { "id": "40035", "question": "until what year did telegraph use the plant newspapers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 418, "text": "2009" } ] }, { "id": "40036", "question": "what was the name of the papers that did not wish to switch to the berliner format ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 458, "text": "Guardian Media Group's north-western tabloid local papers" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The new format was generally well received by \"Guardian\" readers, who were encouraged to provide feedback on the changes. The only controversy was over the dropping of the \"Doonesbury\" cartoon strip. The paper reported thousands of calls and emails complaining about its loss; within 24 hours the decision was reversed and the strip was reinstated the following week. \"G2\" supplement editor Ian Katz, who was responsible for dropping it, apologised in the editors' blog saying, \"I'm sorry, once again, that I made you\u2014and the hundreds of fellow fans who have called our helpline or mailed our comments' address\u2014so cross.\" Some readers were, however, dissatisfied as the earlier deadline needed for the all-colour sports section meant that coverage of late-finishing evening football matches became less satisfactory in the editions supplied to some parts of the country.", "qas": [ { "id": "40037", "question": "what was the name of the new format that were encouraged to provide feedback ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "\"Guardian\" readers" } ] }, { "id": "40038", "question": "what was the name of the only controversy over the only controversy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "\"Doonesbury\" cartoon strip" } ] }, { "id": "40039", "question": "who was the editor of editor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 391, "text": "Ian Katz" } ] }, { "id": "40040", "question": "what did the editor of the editors call the cross ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 566, "text": "our helpline or mailed our comments' address" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The investment was rewarded with a circulation rise. In December 2005, the average daily sale stood at 380,693, nearly 6% higher than the figure for December 2004. (However, as of December 2012, circulation has since dropped to 204,222.) In 2006, the US-based Society for News Design chose \"The Guardian\" and Polish daily \"Rzeczpospolita\" as the world's best-designed newspapers\u2014from among 389 entries from 44 countries.", "qas": [ { "id": "40041", "question": "what was the average daily sale in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "380,693" } ] }, { "id": "40042", "question": "what percentage of the average daily sale was higher in december 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "6%" } ] }, { "id": "40043", "question": "what was the circulation of circulation in december 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "204,222" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On each weekday \"The Guardian\" comes with the \"G2\" supplement containing feature articles, columns, television and radio listings, and the quick crossword. Since the change to the Berliner format, there is a separate daily Sport section. Other regular supplements during the week are shown below.", "qas": [ { "id": "40044", "question": "what are the articles of the guardian supplement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "columns, television and radio listings" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Before the redesign in 2005, the main news section was in the large broadsheet format, but the supplements were all in the half-sized tabloid format, with the exception of the glossy \"Weekend\" section, which was a 290\u00d7245\u00a0mm magazine, and \"The Guide\", which was in a small 225\u00d7145\u00a0mm format.", "qas": [ { "id": "40045", "question": "in what year was the main news section in the large broadsheet format ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "2005" } ] }, { "id": "40046", "question": "what was the `` weekend '' section of `` weekend '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "290\u00d7245\u00a0mm magazine" } ] }, { "id": "40047", "question": "what was the guide for `` the guide '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "225\u00d7145\u00a0mm format" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With the change of the main section to the Berliner format, the specialist sections are now printed as Berliner, as is a now-daily Sports section, but \"G2\" has moved to a \"magazine-sized\" demi-Berliner format. A Thursday Technology section and daily science coverage in the news section replaced Life and Online. \"Weekend\" and \"The Guide\" are still in the same small formats as before the change.", "qas": [ { "id": "40048", "question": "what are specialist sections now printed as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "Berliner" } ] }, { "id": "40049", "question": "what does the specialist sections of the main section to the berliner format moved to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "magazine-sized\" demi-Berliner format" } ] }, { "id": "40050", "question": "what did the news section and daily science coverage in the news section of the news section and daily science coverage do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "Life and Online" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On Monday to Thursday prior to the recession, the supplements carried substantial quantities of recruitment advertising as well as editorial on their specialised topics. However, this has diminished since the onset of recession, to the point that the supplements have been seriously contracted or no longer appear as independent sections. The formerly sixty-page-thick \"Society\" supplement (Wednesday) is now no more and has been absorbed into the main part of the paper.", "qas": [ { "id": "40051", "question": "what is the wednesday ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 352, "text": "sixty-page-thick \"Society\" supplement" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The following sections are in \"G2\" every day from Monday to Friday: Arts, TV and Radio, Puzzles.", "qas": [ { "id": "40052", "question": "what are some of the arts that the sections of the sections of the sections of the sections of the brain are in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "Arts, TV and Radio, Puzzles" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In \"G2\":", "qas": [ { "id": "40053", "question": "what is the name of the `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` ``", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "G2" } ] } ] }, { "context": "EducationGuardian", "qas": [] }, { "context": "In \"G2\":", "qas": [ { "id": "40054", "question": "what is the name of the `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` ``", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "G2" } ] } ] }, { "context": "SocietyGuardian (covers the British public sector and related issues)", "qas": [ { "id": "40055", "question": "what covers the british public sector ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "SocietyGuardian" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In \"G2\":", "qas": [ { "id": "40056", "question": "what is the name of the `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` ``", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "G2" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Formerly TechnologyGuardian (print version ceased to appear from 17 December 2009)", "qas": [ { "id": "40057", "question": "what was the name of the print version ceased to appear from 17 december 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Formerly TechnologyGuardian" } ] }, { "id": "40058", "question": "when did formerly version of print version ceased to appear ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "17 December 2009" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In \"G2\":", "qas": [ { "id": "40059", "question": "what is the name of the `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` `` ``", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "G2" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"The Guide\" (a weekly listings magazine)", "qas": [ { "id": "40060", "question": "what is another name for the listings magazine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1, "text": "The Guide" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Cook", "qas": [] }, { "context": "\"Travel\"", "qas": [] }, { "context": "\"Sport\"", "qas": [] }, { "context": "\nEditorial cartoonists Martin Rowson and Steve Bell have received hate mail for their treatment of topics that some deem controversial.", "qas": [ { "id": "40061", "question": "which editorial cartoonists have received hate mail ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "Martin Rowson and Steve Bell" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"The Guardian\" and its Sunday sibling \"The Observer\" publish all their news online, with free access both to current news and an archive of three million stories. A third of the site's hits are for items over a month old. As of May 2013, it was the most popular UK newspaper website with 8.2m unique visitors per month, just ahead of \"Mail Online\" with 7.6m unique monthly visitors. In April 2011, MediaWeek reported that \"The Guardian\" was the fifth most popular newspaper site in the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "40062", "question": "what was the name of the `` observer '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1, "text": "The Guardian\" and its Sunday sibling" } ] }, { "id": "40063", "question": "how many stories did the observer have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "three million" } ] }, { "id": "40064", "question": "how many unique visitors lived in may 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 288, "text": "8.2m" } ] }, { "id": "40065", "question": "how many unique monthly visitors were there in may 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 353, "text": "7.6m" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Comment is Free section features columns by the paper's journalists and regular commentators, as well as articles from guest writers, including readers' comments and responses below. The section includes all the opinion pieces published in the paper itself, as well as many others that only appear online. Censorship is exercised by Moderators who can ban posts\u00a0\u2013 with no right of appeal\u00a0\u2013 by those who they feel have overstepped the mark. \"The Guardian\" has taken what they call a very \"open\" stance in delivering news, and have launched an open platform for their content. This allows external developers to easily use \"Guardian\" content in external applications, and even to feed third-party content back into the \"Guardian\" network. \"The Guardian\" also had a number of talkboards that were noted for their mix of political discussion and whimsy, until they were closed on Friday, 25 February 2011. They were spoofed in \"The Guardian's\" own regular humorous \"Chatroom\" column in \"G2\". The spoof column purported to be excerpts from a chatroom on permachat.co.uk, a real URL that pointed to \"The Guardian's\" talkboards.", "qas": [ { "id": "40066", "question": "when was the guardian '' closed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 888, "text": "25 February 2011" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In August 2013, a webshow titled \"Thinkfluencer\" was launched by Guardian Multimedia in association with Arte.", "qas": [ { "id": "40067", "question": "when was guardian multimedia launched ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "August 2013" } ] }, { "id": "40068", "question": "what was the name of guardian multimedia in august 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "Thinkfluencer" } ] }, { "id": "40069", "question": "who launched the `` thinkfluencer '' in august 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Guardian Multimedia" } ] }, { "id": "40070", "question": "what was the name of the guardian multimedia in august 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "Arte" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The paper has also launched a dating website, \"Soulmates\", and is experimenting with new media, having previously offered a free twelve part weekly podcast series by Ricky Gervais. In January 2006, Gervais' show topped the iTunes podcast chart having been downloaded by two million listeners worldwide, and was scheduled to be listed in the 2007 \"Guinness Book of Records\" as the most downloaded podcast.", "qas": [ { "id": "40071", "question": "what is the name of the website that the paper has launched ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "Soulmates" } ] }, { "id": "40072", "question": "who was the first part of the paper ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "Ricky Gervais" } ] }, { "id": "40073", "question": "how many listeners worldwide was the guinness book of records downloaded in 2006 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "two million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2003, \"The Guardian\" started the film production company GuardianFilms, headed by journalist Maggie O'Kane. Much of the company's output is documentary made for television\u2013 and it has included Salam Pax's \"Baghdad Blogger\" for BBC Two's daily flagship \"Newsnight\", some of which have been shown in compilations by \"CNN International\", \"Sex On The Streets\" and \"Spiked\", both made for the UK's Channel 4 television.", "qas": [ { "id": "40074", "question": "when did the guardian '' begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2003" } ] }, { "id": "40075", "question": "what was the name of the film production company in 2003 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "GuardianFilms" } ] }, { "id": "40076", "question": "who headed the guardian '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "Maggie O'Kane" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"GuardianFilms was born in a sleeping bag in the Burmese rainforest,\" wrote O'Kane in 2003. \"I was a foreign correspondent for the paper, and it had taken me weeks of negotiations, dealing with shady contacts and a lot of walking to reach the cigar-smoking Karen twins\u2013 the boy soldiers who were leading attacks against the country's ruling junta. After I had reached them and written a cover story for the newspaper's \"G2\" section, I got a call from the BBC's documentary department, which was researching a film on child soldiers. Could I give them all my contacts?", "qas": [ { "id": "40077", "question": "in what year was the burmese rainforest born ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "2003" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"The plight of the Karen people, who were forced into slave labour in the rainforest to build pipelines for oil companies (some of them British), was a tale of human suffering that needed to be told by any branch of the media that was interested. I handed over all the names and numbers I had, as well as details of the secret route through Thailand to get into Burma. Good girl. Afterwards\u2013 and not for the first time\u2013 it seemed to me that we at \"The Guardian\" should be using our resources ourselves. Instead of providing contact numbers for any independent TV company prepared to get on the phone to a journalist, we should make our own films.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "40078", "question": "what was forced into slave labour ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1, "text": "The plight of the Karen people" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to GuardianFilms's own webpage, its international work has focused on training talented local journalists based on the premise that \"the era of a traditional London or Washington based foreign correspondent or fireman is coming to an end and the world urgently needs a more searching, challenging journalism brought to us by people who speak the language and can secure access far beyond the \"Green Zone Journalist\" limits of the traditional correspondent.\" It says it is especially focused on reporting the Muslim world in a more challenging manner, and has trained a number of journalists in Iraq, Afghanistan and Zimbabwe.", "qas": [ { "id": "40079", "question": "what is the name of the premise of london 's work ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "the era of a traditional London or Washington based foreign correspondent or fireman" } ] }, { "id": "40080", "question": "what is the name of the journalist that speak access to the language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 403, "text": "Green Zone Journalist\" limits of the traditional correspondent" } ] }, { "id": "40081", "question": "where has the number of journalists trained a number of journalists ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 604, "text": "Iraq, Afghanistan and Zimbabwe" } ] } ] }, { "context": "GuardianFilms has received several broadcasting awards. In addition to two Amnesty International Media Awards in 2004 and 2005, \"The Baghdad Blogger: Salam Pax\" won a Royal Television Society Award in 2005. \"Baghdad: A Doctor's Story\" won an Emmy Award for Best International Current Affairs film in 2007. In 2008, photojournalist Sean Smith's \"Inside the Surge\" won the Royal Television Society award for best international news film\u00a0\u2013 the first time a newspaper has won such an award. The same year, \"The Guardian\" Katine website was awarded for its outstanding new media output at the One World Media awards. Again in 2008, GuardianFilms' undercover video report revealing vote rigging by Robert Mugabe's Zanu PF party during the 2007 Zimbabwe election won best news programme of the year at the Broadcast Awards.", "qas": [ { "id": "40082", "question": "what did the baghdad pax '' win ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "Royal Television Society Award" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The paper's nickname The Grauniad (sometimes abbreviated as \"Graun\") originated with the satirical magazine \"Private Eye\". This anagram played on \"The Guardian's\" early reputation for frequent typographical errors, including misspelling its own name as \"The \".", "qas": [ { "id": "40083", "question": "what is the name of the nickname `` private eye '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "The Grauniad" } ] }, { "id": "40084", "question": "what is the nickname given to the satirical magazine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Graun" } ] }, { "id": "40085", "question": "what was the satirical magazine called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Private Eye" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The very first issue of the newspaper contained a number of errors, perhaps the most notable being a notification that there would soon be some goods sold at \"\" instead of \"auction\". Fewer typographical errors are seen in the paper since the end of hot-metal typesetting. One Guardian writer, Keith Devlin, suggested that the high number of observed misprints was due more to the quality of the readership than the misprints' greater frequency. The fact that the newspaper was printed in Manchester till 1961 and the early, more error-prone, prints were sent to London by train may have contributed as well to this image. When John Cole was appointed news editor by Alastair Hetherington in 1963, he sharpened the paper's comparatively \"amateurish\" setup.", "qas": [ { "id": "40086", "question": "what did the first issue of the newspaper do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "auction" } ] }, { "id": "40087", "question": "fewer typographical errors are seen in what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "hot-metal typesetting" } ] }, { "id": "40088", "question": "who was the guardian writer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 293, "text": "Keith Devlin" } ] }, { "id": "40089", "question": "what year was the newspaper printed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 504, "text": "1961" } ] }, { "id": "40090", "question": "who appointed john cole ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 666, "text": "Alastair Hetherington" } ] }, { "id": "40091", "question": "when was john cole appointed news ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 691, "text": "1963" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"The Guardian\" has been awarded the \"National Newspaper of the Year\" in 1999, 2005, 2010 and 2013 by the British Press Awards, and \"Front Page of the Year\" in 2002 (\"A declaration of war\", 12 September 2001). It was also co-winner of the \"World's Best-designed Newspaper\" as awarded by the Society for News Design (2006).", "qas": [ { "id": "40092", "question": "in what year was the front of war '' awarded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "2002" } ] }, { "id": "40093", "question": "when was the declaration of war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "12 September 2001" } ] }, { "id": "40094", "question": "what was the guardian newspaper called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "World's Best-designed Newspaper" } ] }, { "id": "40095", "question": "who awarded the guardian newspaper ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "Society for News Design" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"Guardian\" journalists have won a range of British Press Awards, including:", "qas": [ { "id": "40096", "question": "`` guardian '' journalists have won what range ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "British Press Awards" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The \"guardian.co.uk\" website won the Best Newspaper category three years running in 2005, 2006 and 2007 Webby Awards, beating (in 2005) \"The New York Times\", \"The Washington Post\", \"The Wall Street Journal\" and \"Variety\". It has been the winner for six years in a row of the British Press Awards for Best Electronic Daily Newspaper. The site won an \"Eppy\" award from the US-based magazine \"Editor & Publisher\" in 2000 for the best-designed newspaper online service. The website is known for its commentary on sporting events, particularly its over-by-over cricket commentary.", "qas": [ { "id": "40097", "question": "what website won the best newspaper category ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 5, "text": "guardian.co.uk" } ] }, { "id": "40098", "question": "what awards did the new york times win ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "Webby Awards" } ] }, { "id": "40099", "question": "what is the winner of the british press awards ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 300, "text": "Best Electronic Daily Newspaper" } ] }, { "id": "40100", "question": "what was the name of the award `` editor & publisher '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 350, "text": "Eppy" } ] }, { "id": "40101", "question": "when was editor & publisher won ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 413, "text": "2000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2007 the newspaper was ranked first in a study on transparency that analysed 25 mainstream English-language media vehicles, which was conducted by the \"International Center for Media and the Public Agenda\" of the University of Maryland. It scored 3.8 out of a possible 4.0.", "qas": [ { "id": "40102", "question": "when was the newspaper ranked first in a study ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2007" } ] }, { "id": "40103", "question": "how many media vehicles did the newspaper have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "25" } ] }, { "id": "40104", "question": "what was the name of the vehicles that conducted the media vehicles in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "International Center for Media and the Public Agenda\" of the University of Maryland" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Guardian and \"The Washington Post\" shared the 2014 Pulitzer Prize for public service reporting for their coverage of the NSA's and GCHQ's worldwide electronic surveillance program and the document leaks by whistleblower Edward Snowden.", "qas": [ { "id": "40105", "question": "what was the name of the 2014 pulitzer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "The Washington Post" } ] }, { "id": "40106", "question": "who did the guardian and `` the washington post '' document leaks by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "Edward Snowden" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"The Guardian\" is the sponsor of two major literary awards: The Guardian First Book Award, established in 1999 as a successor to the Guardian Fiction Award, which had run since 1965, and the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize, founded in 1967. In recent years the newspaper has also sponsored the Hay Festival in Hay-on-Wye.", "qas": [ { "id": "40107", "question": "what is the name of the two major literary awards ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "The Guardian First Book Award" } ] }, { "id": "40108", "question": "when was the guardian first book award ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "1999" } ] }, { "id": "40109", "question": "what award was the guardian first book established to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Guardian Fiction Award" } ] }, { "id": "40110", "question": "when was the guardian first book award ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "1965" } ] }, { "id": "40111", "question": "what was the name of the guardian first book award ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "Guardian Children's Fiction Prize" } ] }, { "id": "40112", "question": "when was the guardian children 's fiction prize founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 237, "text": "1967" } ] }, { "id": "40113", "question": "in what year was the hay festival sponsored ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "Hay-on-Wye" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The annual Guardian Student Media Awards, founded in 1999, recognise excellence in journalism and design of British university and college student newspapers, magazines and websites.", "qas": [ { "id": "40114", "question": "what is the name of the awards that founded excellence in 1999 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "Guardian Student Media Awards" } ] }, { "id": "40115", "question": "when was the guardian student media awards founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "1999" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In memory of Paul Foot, who died in 2004, \"The Guardian\" and \"Private Eye\" jointly set up the \"Paul Foot Award\", with an annual \u00a310,000 prize fund, for investigative or campaigning journalism.", "qas": [ { "id": "40116", "question": "when did paul foot die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "2004" } ] }, { "id": "40117", "question": "what award did the guardian and `` private eye '' begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "Paul Foot Award" } ] }, { "id": "40118", "question": "how many prize fund did the paul foot award ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "\u00a310,000" } ] }, { "id": "40119", "question": "what were the annual 10,000 prize fund ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "investigative or campaigning journalism" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\n\"The Guardian\" and its sister newspaper \"The Observer\" opened \"The Newsroom\", an archive and visitor centre in London, in 2002. The centre preserved and promoted the histories and values of the newspapers through its archive, educational programmes and exhibitions. The Newsroom's activities all transferred to Kings Place in 2008. Now known as the Guardian News & Media Archive, the archive preserves and promotes the histories and values of \"The Guardian\" and \"The Observer\" newspapers by collecting and making accessible material that provides an accurate and comprehensive history of the papers. The archive holds official records of \"The Guardian\" and \"The Observer\" and also seeks to acquire material from individuals who have been associated with the papers. As well as corporate records, the archive holds correspondence, diaries, notebooks, original cartoons and photographs belonging to staff of the papers. This material may be consulted by members of the public by prior appointment. There is also an extensive \"Manchester Guardian\" archive at the University of Manchester's John Rylands University Library and there is a collaboration programme between the two archives. The British Library also has a large archive of \"The Manchester Guardian\", available in online, hard copy, microform, and CD-ROM in their\nBritish Library Newspapers collection.", "qas": [ { "id": "40120", "question": "in what year was the guardian '' opened ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "2002" } ] }, { "id": "40121", "question": "what is the name of the library of manchester 's archive ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1088, "text": "John Rylands University Library" } ] }, { "id": "40122", "question": "what is the archive of the british library ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1234, "text": "The Manchester Guardian" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In November 2007 \"The Guardian\" and \"The Observer\" made their archives available over the internet via DigitalArchive. The current extent of the archives available are 1821 to 2000 for \"The Guardian\" and 1791 to 2000 for \"The Observer\": these archives will eventually run up to 2003.", "qas": [ { "id": "40123", "question": "what did the observer call their archives ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "DigitalArchive" } ] }, { "id": "40124", "question": "what are the current extent of the archives ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "1821 to 2000 for \"The Guardian\" and 1791 to 2000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Newsroom's other components were also transferred to Kings Place in 2008. \"The Guardian\" Education Centre provides a range of educational programmes for students and adults. \"The Guardian\" exhibition space was also moved to Kings Place, and has a rolling programme of exhibitions that investigate and reflect upon aspects of news and newspapers and the role of journalism. This programme often draws on the archive collections held in the GNM Archive.", "qas": [ { "id": "40125", "question": "where were the components transferred to in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Kings Place" } ] }, { "id": "40126", "question": "in what year were the kings components transferred to kings ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "2008" } ] }, { "id": "40127", "question": "what provides a range of educational programmes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "The Guardian\" Education Centre" } ] }, { "id": "40128", "question": "where was the guardian '' space space also moved to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "Kings Place" } ] }, { "id": "40129", "question": "where is the archive collections located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 443, "text": "GNM Archive" } ] } ] } ], "title": "The Guardian" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Quebec (pronounced or ; ) is the second-most populous province of Canada and the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population, with French as the sole provincial official language.", "qas": [ { "id": "40130", "question": "what is the second-most populous province ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Quebec" } ] }, { "id": "40131", "question": "what is the french language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "the sole provincial official language" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Quebec is Canada's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division; only the territory of Nunavut is larger. It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario, James Bay, and Hudson Bay; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador; it is bordered on the south by the province of New Brunswick and the US states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia.", "qas": [ { "id": "40132", "question": "what province is quebec to the west ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "Ontario, James Bay, and Hudson Bay" } ] }, { "id": "40133", "question": "what bay is located in north carolina ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay" } ] }, { "id": "40134", "question": "what province is located in the east ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador" } ] }, { "id": "40135", "question": "which three us states are in new brunswick ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 432, "text": "Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York" } ] }, { "id": "40136", "question": "which maritime borders shares maritime borders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 514, "text": "Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Quebec is Canada's second-most populous province, after Ontario. Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area, including the Island of Montreal. English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais, Eastern Townships, and Gasp\u00e9 regions. The Nord-du-Qu\u00e9bec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples. The climate around the major cities is four-season continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers, but further north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions. Even in central Quebec at comparatively southerly latitudes winters are severe in inland areas.", "qas": [ { "id": "40137", "question": "where do most inhabitants live in urban areas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "Saint Lawrence River" } ] }, { "id": "40138", "question": "where do most inhabitants live in urban areas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "Montreal and Quebec City" } ] }, { "id": "40139", "question": "where do half of quebec residents live ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "Greater Montreal Area" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Quebec independence debates have played a large role in the politics of the province. Parti Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois governments held referendums on sovereignty in 1980 and 1995; both were voted down by voters, the latter defeated by a very narrow margin. In 2006, the House of Commons of Canada passed a symbolic motion recognizing the \"Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois as a nation within a united Canada.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "40140", "question": "in what years were the governments held on sovereignty of sovereignty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "1980 and 1995" } ] }, { "id": "40141", "question": "in what year did the house of commons create a symbolic motion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "2006" } ] }, { "id": "40142", "question": "what was the name of the motion of canada 's symbolic motion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "\"Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois as a nation within a united Canada" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While the province's substantial natural resources have long been the mainstay of its economy, sectors of the knowledge economy such as aerospace, information and communication technologies, biotechnology, and the pharmaceutical industry also play leading roles. These many industries have all contributed to helping Quebec become a very economically influential province within Canada, second only to Ontario in economic output.", "qas": [ { "id": "40143", "question": "what are some of the economy economy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "aerospace, information and communication technologies, biotechnology, and the pharmaceutical industry" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The name \"Qu\u00e9bec\", which comes from the Algonquin word \"k\u00e9bec\" meaning \"where the river narrows\", originally referred to the area around Quebec City where the Saint Lawrence River narrows to a cliff-lined gap. Early variations in the spelling of the name included \"Qu\u00e9becq\" (Levasseur, 1601) and \"K\u00e9bec\" (Lescarbot, 1609). French explorer Samuel de Champlain chose the name \"Qu\u00e9bec\" in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the administrative seat for the French colony of New France. The province is sometimes referred to as \"La belle province\" (\"The beautiful province\").", "qas": [ { "id": "40144", "question": "what is the name of the name `` where the river narrows '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "Qu\u00e9bec" } ] }, { "id": "40145", "question": "what is the name of the river where the river narrows ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "Saint Lawrence River" } ] }, { "id": "40146", "question": "what was the name of the early variations in the spelling of the name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 265, "text": "Qu\u00e9becq" } ] }, { "id": "40147", "question": "who chose to use the name `` qu\u00e9bec '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 339, "text": "Samuel de Champlain" } ] }, { "id": "40148", "question": "what year did samuel de champlain use the name `` qu\u00e9bec '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 386, "text": "1608" } ] }, { "id": "40149", "question": "what is the name of the province ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 535, "text": "La belle province" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Province of Quebec was founded in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred the French colony of Canada to Britain after the Seven Years' War. The proclamation restricted the province to an area along the banks of the Saint Lawrence River. The Quebec Act of 1774 expanded the territory of the province to include the Great Lakes and the Ohio River Valley and south of Rupert's Land, more or less restoring the borders previously existing under French rule before the Conquest. The Treaty of Versailles ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. After the Constitutional Act of 1791, the territory was divided between Lower Canada (present day Quebec) and Upper Canada (present day Ontario), with each being granted an elected legislative assembly. In 1840, these become Canada East and Canada West after the British Parliament unified Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada. This territory was redivided into the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario at Confederation in 1867. Each became one of the first four provinces.", "qas": [ { "id": "40150", "question": "when was the province of quebec founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "Royal Proclamation of 1763" } ] }, { "id": "40151", "question": "how long did the treaty of paris take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "Seven Years' War" } ] }, { "id": "40152", "question": "what river did the proclamation of the proclamation of the proclamation take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "Saint Lawrence River" } ] }, { "id": "40153", "question": "what act expanded the territory of the province ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "The Quebec Act of 1774" } ] }, { "id": "40154", "question": "when was the provinces of quebec and ontario at confederation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1039, "text": "1867" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1870, Canada purchased Rupert's Land from the Hudson's Bay Company and over the next few decades the Parliament of Canada transferred to Quebec portions of this territory that would more than triple the size of the province. In 1898, the Canadian Parliament passed the first Quebec Boundary Extension Act that expanded the provincial boundaries northward to include the lands of the local aboriginal peoples. This was followed by the addition of the District of Ungava through the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act of 1912 that added the northernmost lands of the Inuit to create the modern Province of Quebec. In 1927, the border between Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador was established by the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Quebec officially disputes this boundary.", "qas": [ { "id": "40155", "question": "in what year did canada adopt rupert 's land ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1870" } ] }, { "id": "40156", "question": "what company did canada acquire in 1870 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "Hudson's Bay Company" } ] }, { "id": "40157", "question": "when was the first quebec boundary act passed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "1898" } ] }, { "id": "40158", "question": "what was the name of the act passed by canadian parliament ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "Quebec Boundary Extension Act" } ] }, { "id": "40159", "question": "what was the name of the act that added the northernmost lands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 484, "text": "Quebec Boundaries Extension Act of 1912" } ] }, { "id": "40160", "question": "when was the border between quebec and newfoundland and labrador established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 615, "text": "1927" } ] }, { "id": "40161", "question": "who established the border between quebec and newfoundland and labrador ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 700, "text": "British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Located in the eastern part of Canada, and (from a historical and political perspective) part of Central Canada, Quebec occupies a territory nearly three times the size of France or Texas, most of which is very sparsely populated. Its topography is very different from one region to another due to the varying composition of the ground, the climate (latitude and altitude), and the proximity to water. The Saint Lawrence Lowland (south) and the Canadian Shield (north) are the two main topographic regions, and are radically different.", "qas": [ { "id": "40162", "question": "what is the size of quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "France or Texas" } ] }, { "id": "40163", "question": "what are the two main topographic regions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 402, "text": "The Saint Lawrence Lowland (south) and the Canadian Shield" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Quebec has one of the world's largest reserves of fresh water, occupying 12% of its surface. It has 3% of the world's renewable fresh water, whereas it has only 0.1% of its population. More than half a million lakes, including 30 with an area greater than , and 4,500 rivers pour their torrents into the Atlantic Ocean, through the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the Arctic Ocean, by James, Hudson, and Ungava bays. The largest inland body of water is the Caniapiscau Reservoir, created in the realization of the James Bay Project to produce hydroelectric power. Lake Mistassini is the largest natural lake in Quebec.\nThe Saint Lawrence River has some of the world's largest sustaining inland Atlantic ports at Montreal (the province's largest city), Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, and Quebec City (the capital). Its access to the Atlantic Ocean and the interior of North America made it the base of early French exploration and settlement in the 17th and 18th centuries. Since 1959, the Saint Lawrence Seaway has provided a navigable link between the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes. Northeast of Quebec City, the river broadens into the world's largest estuary, the feeding site of numerous species of whales, fish, and sea birds. The river empties into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. This marine environment sustains fisheries and smaller ports in the Lower Saint Lawrence (\"Bas-Saint-Laurent\"), Lower North Shore (\"C\u00f4te-Nord\"), and Gasp\u00e9 (\"Gasp\u00e9sie\") regions of the province. The Saint Lawrence River with its estuary forms the basis of Quebec's development through the centuries. At the same time, many affluent rivers testify to the exploration of land, among them Ashuapmushuan, Chaudi\u00e8re, Gatineau, Manicouagan, Ottawa, Richelieu, Rupert, Saguenay, Saint-Fran\u00e7ois, and Saint-Maurice.", "qas": [ { "id": "40164", "question": "what percentage of quebec water is quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "12%" } ] }, { "id": "40165", "question": "what percentage of the world 's renewable fresh water is quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "3%" } ] }, { "id": "40166", "question": "what percentage of the world 's population is quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "0.1%" } ] }, { "id": "40167", "question": "what is the largest inland body of water ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 452, "text": "Caniapiscau Reservoir" } ] }, { "id": "40168", "question": "what is the largest natural lake in quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 559, "text": "Lake Mistassini" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Quebec's highest point at metres is Mont d'Iberville, known in English as Mount Caubvick, located on the border with Newfoundland and Labrador in the northeastern part of the province, in the Torngat Mountains. The most populous physiographic region is the Saint Lawrence Lowland. It extends northeastward from the southwestern portion of the province along the shores of the Saint Lawrence River to the Quebec City region, limited to the North by the Laurentian Mountains and to the South by the Appalachians. It mainly covers the areas of the Centre-du-Qu\u00e9bec, Laval, Mont\u00e9r\u00e9gie and Montreal, the southern regions of the Capitale-Nationale, Lanaudi\u00e8re, Laurentides, Mauricie and includes Anticosti Island, the Mingan Archipelago, and other small islands of the Gulf of St. Lawrence lowland forests ecoregion. Its landscape is low-lying and flat, except for isolated igneous outcrops near Montreal called the Monteregian Hills, formerly covered by the waters of Lake Champlain. The Oka hills also rise from the plain. Geologically, the lowlands formed as a rift valley about 100 million years ago and are prone to infrequent but significant earthquakes. The most recent layers of sedimentary rock were formed as the seabed of the ancient Champlain Sea at the end of the last ice age about 14,000 years ago. The combination of rich and easily arable soils and Quebec's relatively warm climate makes this valley the most prolific agricultural area of Quebec province. Mixed forests provide most of Canada's springtime maple syrup crop. The rural part of the landscape is divided into narrow rectangular tracts of land that extend from the river and date back to settlement patterns in 17th century New France.\nMore than 95% of Quebec's territory lies within the Canadian Shield. It is generally a quite flat and exposed mountainous terrain interspersed with higher points such as the Laurentian Mountains in southern Quebec, the Otish Mountains in central Quebec and the Torngat Mountains near Ungava Bay. The topography of the Shield has been shaped by glaciers from the successive ice ages, which explains the glacial deposits of boulders, gravel and sand, and by sea water and post-glacial lakes that left behind thick deposits of clay in parts of the Shield. The Canadian Shield also has a complex hydrological network of perhaps a million lakes, bogs, streams and rivers. It is rich in the forestry, mineral and hydro-electric resources that are a mainstay of the Quebec economy. Primary industries sustain small cities in regions of Abitibi-T\u00e9miscamingue, Saguenay\u2013Lac-Saint-Jean, and C\u00f4te-Nord.\nThe Labrador Peninsula is covered by the Laurentian Plateau (or Canadian Shield), dotted with mountains such as Otish Mountains. The Ungava Peninsula is notably composed of D'Youville mountains, Puvirnituq mountains and Pingualuit crater. While low and medium altitude peak from western Quebec to the far north, high altitudes mountains emerge in the Capitale-Nationale region to the extreme east, along its longitude. In the Labrador Peninsula portion of the Shield, the far northern region of Nunavik includes the Ungava Peninsula and consists of flat Arctic tundra inhabited mostly by the Inuit. Further south lie the subarctic taiga of the Eastern Canadian Shield taiga ecoregion and the boreal forest of the Central Canadian Shield forests, where spruce, fir, and poplar trees provide raw materials for Quebec's pulp and paper and lumber industries. Although the area is inhabited principally by the Cree, Naskapi, and Innu First Nations, thousands of temporary workers reside at Radisson to service the massive James Bay Hydroelectric Project on the La Grande and Eastmain rivers. The southern portion of the shield extends to the Laurentians, a mountain range just north of the Saint Lawrence Lowland, that attracts local and international tourists to ski hills and lakeside resorts.", "qas": [ { "id": "40169", "question": "what is quebec 's highest point at the border with newfoundland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "Mont d'Iberville" } ] }, { "id": "40170", "question": "what is mont d'iberville known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "Mount Caubvick" } ] }, { "id": "40171", "question": "where is mont d'iberville located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "Newfoundland and Labrador" } ] }, { "id": "40172", "question": "where is mont d'iberville located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "Torngat Mountains" } ] }, { "id": "40173", "question": "what is the most populous physiographic region ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "Saint Lawrence Lowland" } ] }, { "id": "40174", "question": "what percentage of quebec 's territory is within the canadian shield ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1719, "text": "95%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Appalachian region of Quebec has a narrow strip of ancient mountains along the southeastern border of Quebec. The Appalachians are actually a huge chain that extends from Alabama to Newfoundland. In between, it covers in Quebec near , from the Mont\u00e9r\u00e9gie hills to the Gasp\u00e9 Peninsula. In western Quebec, the average altitude is about 500 metres, while in the Gasp\u00e9 Peninsula, the Appalachian peaks (especially the Chic-Choc) are among the highest in Quebec, exceeding 1000 metres.", "qas": [ { "id": "40175", "question": "where does the appalachians originate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "Alabama to Newfoundland" } ] }, { "id": "40176", "question": "where is the appalachian region located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "Mont\u00e9r\u00e9gie hills to the Gasp\u00e9 Peninsula" } ] }, { "id": "40177", "question": "what is the average altitude in western quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 338, "text": "500 metres" } ] }, { "id": "40178", "question": "what is the average altitude in the appalachian peaks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 472, "text": "1000 metres" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Quebec has three main climate regions. Southern and western Quebec, including most of the major population centres, have a humid continental climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification \"Dfb\") with four distinct seasons having warm to occasionally hot and humid summers and often very cold and snowy winters. The main climatic influences are from western and northern Canada and move eastward, and from the southern and central United States that move northward. Because of the influence of both storm systems from the core of North America and the Atlantic Ocean, precipitation is abundant throughout the year, with most areas receiving more than of precipitation, including over of snow in many areas. During the summer, severe weather patterns (such as tornadoes and severe thunderstorms) occur occasionally. Most of central Quebec has a subarctic climate (K\u00f6ppen \"Dfc\"). Winters are long, very cold, and snowy, and among the coldest in eastern Canada, while summers are warm but very short due to the higher latitude and the greater influence of Arctic air masses. Precipitation is also somewhat less than farther south, except at some of the higher elevations. The northern regions of Quebec have an arctic climate (K\u00f6ppen \"ET\"), with very cold winters and short, much cooler summers. The primary influences in this region are the Arctic Ocean currents (such as the Labrador Current) and continental air masses from the High Arctic.", "qas": [ { "id": "40179", "question": "how many main climate regions does quebec have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "40180", "question": "what two cities have a humid continental climate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "Southern and western Quebec" } ] }, { "id": "40181", "question": "where are the main climatic influences ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 341, "text": "western and northern Canada" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The four seasons in Quebec are spring, summer, autumn and winter, with conditions differing by region. They are then differentiated according to the insolation, temperature and precipitation of snow and rain.", "qas": [ { "id": "40182", "question": "when are the four seasons in quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "summer, autumn and winter" } ] }, { "id": "40183", "question": "what are the four seasons in quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "insolation, temperature and precipitation of snow and rain" } ] } ] }, { "context": "At Quebec City, the length of the daily sunshine varies from 8:37 hrs in December to 15:50 hrs in June; the annual variation is much greater (from 4:54 to 19:29 hrs) at the northern tip of the province. From temperate zones to the northern territories of the Far North, the brightness varies with latitude, as well as the Northern Lights and midnight sun.\nQuebec is divided into four climatic zones: arctic, subarctic, humid continental and East maritime. From south to north, average temperatures range in summer between and, in winter, between . In periods of intense heat and cold, temperatures can reach in the summer and during the Quebec winter, They may vary depending on the Humidex or Wind chill.", "qas": [ { "id": "40184", "question": "what is the length of the daily sunshine sunshine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "8:37 hrs" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The all-time record of the greatest precipitation in winter was established in winter 2007\u20132008, with more than five metres of snow in the area of Quebec City, while the average amount received per winter is around three metres. March 1971, however, saw the \"Century's Snowstorm\" with more than in Montreal to in Mont Apica of snow within 24 hours in many regions of southern Quebec. Also, the winter of 2010 was the warmest and driest recorded in more than 60 years.", "qas": [ { "id": "40185", "question": "when was the all-time record of the greatest precipitation in winter ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "2007\u20132008" } ] }, { "id": "40186", "question": "how many snow in quebec was the all-time record of the greatest precipitation in quebec city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "five metres" } ] }, { "id": "40187", "question": "how much is the average amount of snow in winter ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "three metres" } ] }, { "id": "40188", "question": "how long was the warmest and driest recorded in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 458, "text": "60 years" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The large land wildlife is mainly composed of the white-tailed deer, the moose, the muskox, the Caribou, the American black bear and the polar bear. The average land wildlife includes the cougar, the coyote, the Eastern wolf, the bobcat (wild cat), the Arctic fox, the Fox, etc. The small animals seen most commonly include the Eastern grey squirrel, the snowshoe hare, the Groundhog, the Skunk, the raccoon, the chipmunk and the Canadian beaver.", "qas": [ { "id": "40189", "question": "what is the name of the large land wildlife wildlife ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "white-tailed deer" } ] }, { "id": "40190", "question": "what are some of the large land wildlife wildlife ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "the Caribou, the American black bear and the polar bear" } ] }, { "id": "40191", "question": "what is the name of the squirrel that the small animals seen most of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "Eastern grey squirrel" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Biodiversity of the estuary and gulf of Saint Lawrence River consists of an aquatic mammal wildlife, of which most goes upriver through the estuary and the Saguenay\u2013St. Lawrence Marine Park until the \"\u00cele d'Orl\u00e9ans\" (French for Orleans Island), such as the blue whale, the beluga, the Minke whale and the Harp seal (Earless seal). Among the Nordic marine animals, there are two particularly important to cite: the walrus and the narwhal.", "qas": [ { "id": "40192", "question": "what is the name of the river that is located in the french of saint lawrence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Saint Lawrence River" } ] }, { "id": "40193", "question": "what type of wildlife does the gulf of saint lawrence consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "aquatic mammal wildlife" } ] }, { "id": "40194", "question": "what is the name of the park that is located in st. lawrence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "Lawrence Marine Park" } ] }, { "id": "40195", "question": "what is the name of the french for orleans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "\u00cele d'Orl\u00e9ans" } ] }, { "id": "40196", "question": "what are the names of the nordic marine animals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 410, "text": "the walrus and the narwhal" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Inland waters are populated by small to large fresh water fish, such as the Largemouth bass, the American pickerel, the Walleye, the Acipenser oxyrinchus, the Muskellunge, the Atlantic cod, the Arctic char, the Brook trout, the Microgadus tomcod (tomcod), the Atlantic salmon, the rainbow trout etc.", "qas": [ { "id": "40197", "question": "what is the name of the atlantic salmon salmon ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "Microgadus tomcod" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some livestock have the title of \"Qu\u00e9bec heritage breed\", namely the Canadian horse, the Chantecler chicken and the Canadian cow. Moreover, in addition to food certified as \"organic\", Charlevoix lamb is the first local Quebec product whose geographical indication is protected. Livestock production also includes the pig breeds Landrace, Duroc and Yorkshire and many breeds of sheep and cattle.", "qas": [ { "id": "40198", "question": "what have some livestock have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "Qu\u00e9bec heritage breed" } ] }, { "id": "40199", "question": "what are two livestock horse ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "the Chantecler chicken and the Canadian cow" } ] }, { "id": "40200", "question": "what is the first quebec product of food ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "organic" } ] }, { "id": "40201", "question": "what is the name of the first local quebec product ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "Charlevoix lamb" } ] }, { "id": "40202", "question": "what are the pig breeds ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "Landrace, Duroc and Yorkshire" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Wildlife Foundation of Quebec and the Data Centre on Natural Heritage of Quebec (CDPNQ)(French acronym) are the main agencies working with officers for wildlife conservation in Quebec.", "qas": [ { "id": "40203", "question": "what is the french acronym for the data centre ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Natural Heritage of Quebec" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Given the geology of the province and its different climates, there is an established number of large areas of vegetation in Quebec. These areas, listed in order from the northernmost to the southernmost are: the tundra, the taiga, the Canadian boreal forest (coniferous), mixed forest and deciduous forest.", "qas": [ { "id": "40204", "question": "what is the name of the canadian boreal forest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "the tundra, the taiga" } ] }, { "id": "40205", "question": "what are the names of the tundra that listed in order to the northernmost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "Canadian boreal forest (coniferous), mixed forest and deciduous forest" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On the edge of the Ungava Bay and Hudson Strait is the tundra, whose flora is limited to a low vegetation of lichen with only less than 50 growing days a year. The tundra vegetation survives an average annual temperature of . The tundra covers more than 24% of the area of Quebec. Further south, the climate is conducive to the growth of the Canadian boreal forest, bounded on the north by the taiga.", "qas": [ { "id": "40206", "question": "what is the tundra , whose flora is limited to a low vegetation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 19, "text": "Ungava Bay and Hudson Strait" } ] }, { "id": "40207", "question": "what is flora strait ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "tundra" } ] }, { "id": "40208", "question": "how many growing days is flora limited to lichen ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "50" } ] }, { "id": "40209", "question": "how much of the area of quebec is tundra ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "24%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Not as arid as the tundra, the taiga is associated with the sub-Arctic regions of the Canadian Shield and is characterized by a greater number of both plant (600) and animal (206) species, many of which live there all year. The taiga covers about 20% of the total area of Quebec. The Canadian boreal forest is the northernmost and most abundant of the three forest areas in Quebec that straddle the Canadian Shield and the upper lowlands of the province. Given a warmer climate, the diversity of organisms is also higher, since there are about 850 plant species and 280 vertebrates species. The Canadian boreal forest covers 27% of the area of Quebec. The mixed forest is a transition zone between the Canadian boreal forest and deciduous forest. By virtue of its transient nature, this area contains a diversity of habitats resulting in large numbers of plant (1000) and vertebrates (350) species, despite relatively cool temperatures. The ecozone mixed forest covers 11.5% of the area of Quebec and is characteristic of the Laurentians, the Appalachians and the eastern lowlands forests. The third most northern forest area is characterized by deciduous forests. Because of its climate (average annual temperature of ), it is in this area that one finds the greatest diversity of species, including more than 1600 vascular plants and 440 vertebrates. Its relatively long growing season lasts almost 200 days and its fertile soils make it the centre of agricultural activity and therefore of urbanization of Quebec. Most of Quebec's population lives in this area of vegetation, almost entirely along the banks of the St. Lawrence. Deciduous forests cover approximately 6.6% of the area of Quebec.", "qas": [ { "id": "40210", "question": "what percentage of the total area of quebec area is quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "20%" } ] }, { "id": "40211", "question": "what percentage of the area of quebec forest is forest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 625, "text": "27%" } ] }, { "id": "40212", "question": "what percentage of the area of quebec is mixed in quebec and eastern lowlands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 969, "text": "11.5%" } ] }, { "id": "40213", "question": "what percentage of quebec forests is deciduous ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1670, "text": "6.6%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The total forest area of Quebec is estimated at . From the Abitibi-T\u00e9miscamingue to the North Shore, the forest is composed primarily of conifers such as the \"Abies balsamea\", the jack pine, the white spruce, the black spruce and the tamarack. Some species of deciduous trees such as the yellow birch appear when the river is approached in the south. The deciduous forest of the Saint Lawrence Lowlands is mostly composed of deciduous species such as the sugar maple, the red maple, the white ash, the American beech, the butternut (white walnut), the American elm, the basswood, the bitternut hickory and the northern red oak as well as some conifers such as the eastern white pine and the northern whitecedar. The distribution areas of the paper birch, the trembling aspen and the mountain ash cover more than half of Quebec territory.", "qas": [ { "id": "40214", "question": "what is another name for jack pine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "Abies balsamea" } ] }, { "id": "40215", "question": "what is the name of the forest that is composed of sugar ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 379, "text": "Saint Lawrence Lowlands" } ] } ] }, { "context": "At the time of first European contact and later colonization, Algonquian, Iroquois and Inuit nations controlled what is now Quebec. Their lifestyles and cultures reflected the land on which they lived. Algonquians organized into seven political entities lived nomadic lives based on hunting, gathering, and fishing in the rugged terrain of the Canadian Shield: (James Bay Cree, Innu, Algonquins) and Appalachian Mountains (Mi'kmaq, Abenaki). St. Lawrence Iroquoians, a branch of the Iroquois, lived more settled lives, growing corn, beans and squash in the fertile soils of the St. Lawrence Valley. They appear to have been later supplanted by the Mohawk nation. The Inuit continue to fish and hunt whale and seal in the harsh Arctic climate along the coasts of Hudson and Ungava Bay. These people traded fur and food and sometimes warred with each other.", "qas": [ { "id": "40216", "question": "which nations controlled what is quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "Algonquian, Iroquois and Inuit nations" } ] }, { "id": "40217", "question": "the inuit continue to hunt in the harsh arctic climate along with what two bay ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 762, "text": "Hudson and Ungava Bay" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Around 1522\u20131523, the Italian navigator Giovanni da Verrazzano persuaded King Francis I of France to commission an expedition to find a western route to Cathay (China). In 1534, Jacques Cartier planted a cross in the Gasp\u00e9 Peninsula and claimed the land in the name of King Francis I. It was the first province of New France. However, initial French attempts at settling the region met with failure. French fishing fleets, however, continued to sail to the Atlantic coast and into the St. Lawrence River, making alliances with First Nations that would become important once France began to occupy the land.", "qas": [ { "id": "40218", "question": "when did the italian navigator commission a western route ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 7, "text": "1522\u20131523" } ] }, { "id": "40219", "question": "who was the italian navigator in 1523 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Giovanni da Verrazzano" } ] }, { "id": "40220", "question": "who was the king who persuaded a expedition to find a western route to china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "King Francis I of France" } ] }, { "id": "40221", "question": "when did jacques cartier planted a cross ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "1534" } ] }, { "id": "40222", "question": "who planted a cross in 1534 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "Jacques Cartier" } ] }, { "id": "40223", "question": "where did jacques cartier planted a cross ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "Gasp\u00e9 Peninsula" } ] }, { "id": "40224", "question": "who did jacques jacques planted in 1534 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "King Francis I." } ] } ] }, { "context": "Samuel de Champlain was part of a 1603 expedition from France that travelled into the St. Lawrence River. In 1608, he returned as head of an exploration party and founded Quebec City with the intention of making the area part of the French colonial empire. Champlain's \"Habitation de Qu\u00e9bec\", built as a permanent fur trading outpost, was where he would forge a trading, and ultimately a military alliance, with the Algonquin and Huron nations. First Nations traded their furs for many French goods such as metal objects, guns, alcohol, and clothing.", "qas": [ { "id": "40225", "question": "who was part of the 1603 expedition from france ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Samuel de Champlain" } ] }, { "id": "40226", "question": "what year was samuel de champlain part ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "1603" } ] }, { "id": "40227", "question": "where did samuel de champlain come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "St. Lawrence River" } ] }, { "id": "40228", "question": "in what year did samuel de champlain die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "1608" } ] }, { "id": "40229", "question": "where was the exploration party founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "Quebec City" } ] }, { "id": "40230", "question": "what was the name of the permanent fur trading outpost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "Habitation de Qu\u00e9bec" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Coureurs des bois, voyageurs and Catholic missionaries used river canoes to explore the interior of the North American continent. They establishing fur trading forts on the Great Lakes (\u00c9tienne Br\u00fbl\u00e9 1615), Hudson Bay (Radisson and Groseilliers 1659\u201360), Ohio River and Mississippi River (La Salle 1682), as well as the Saskatchewan River and Missouri River (de la Verendrye 1734\u20131738).", "qas": [ { "id": "40231", "question": "what was the name of the great lakes on the great lakes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "\u00c9tienne Br\u00fbl\u00e9 1615" } ] }, { "id": "40232", "question": "what two river river did hudson bay belong to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 320, "text": "Saskatchewan River and Missouri River" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After 1627, King Louis XIII of France allowed the Company of New France to introduced the seigneurial system and forbade settlement in New France by anyone other than Roman Catholics.", "qas": [ { "id": "40233", "question": "what was the name of the company that allowed the company of new france ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 6, "text": "1627" } ] }, { "id": "40234", "question": "who allowed the company to introduced the company of new france ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 12, "text": "King Louis XIII of France" } ] }, { "id": "40235", "question": "who did france introduced in new france ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "Roman Catholics" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1629 there was the surrender of Quebec, without battle, to English privateers led by David Kirke during the Thirty Years' War. However, Samuel de Champlain argued that the English seizing of the lands was illegal as the war had already ended; he worked to have the lands returned to France. As part of the ongoing negotiations of their exit from the Anglo-French War, in 1632 the English king Charles agreed to return the lands in exchange for Louis XIII paying his wife's dowry. These terms were signed into law with the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The lands in Quebec and Acadia were returned to the French Company of One Hundred Associates.", "qas": [ { "id": "40236", "question": "when was the surrender of quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1629" } ] }, { "id": "40237", "question": "who led the english privateers in 1629 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "David Kirke" } ] }, { "id": "40238", "question": "who argued that the english seizing the lands was illegal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Samuel de Champlain" } ] }, { "id": "40239", "question": "in what year did the english king charles agreed to return the lands in exchange ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 374, "text": "1632" } ] }, { "id": "40240", "question": "what was the name of the treaty that signed law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 525, "text": "Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye" } ] }, { "id": "40241", "question": "who were the lands in quebec and acadia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 610, "text": "French Company of One Hundred Associates" } ] } ] }, { "context": "New France became a Royal Province in 1663 under King Louis XIV of France with a Sovereign Council that included intendant Jean Talon. The population grew slowly under French rule, thus remained relatively low as growth was largely achieved through natural births, rather than by immigration. To encourage population growth and to redress the severe imbalance between single men and women, King Louis XIV sponsored the passage of approximately 800 young French women (known as \"les filles du roi\") to the colony. Most of the French were farmers (\"Canadiens\" or \"Habitants\"), and the rate of population growth among the settlers themselves was very high.", "qas": [ { "id": "40242", "question": "when did new france become a royal province ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "1663" } ] }, { "id": "40243", "question": "who became a royal province in 1663 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "King Louis XIV of France" } ] }, { "id": "40244", "question": "who was the sovereign council ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "Jean Talon" } ] }, { "id": "40245", "question": "who was the king of french women ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 390, "text": "King Louis XIV" } ] }, { "id": "40246", "question": "how many women did king louis xiv publish ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 430, "text": "approximately 800 young French women" } ] }, { "id": "40247", "question": "what were most of the french farmers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 546, "text": "\"Canadiens\" or \"Habitants\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Authorities in New France became more aggressive in their efforts to expel British traders and colonists from the Ohio Valley. They began construction of a series of fortifications to protect the area. In 1754, George Washington launched a surprise attack on a group of Canadien soldiers sleeping in the early morning hours. It came at a time when no declaration of war had been issued by either country. This frontier aggression known as the Jumonville affair set the stage for the French and Indian War (a US designation; in Canada it is usually referred to as the Seven Years' War, although French Canadians often call it \"La guerre de la Conqu\u00eate\" [\"The War of Conquest\"]) in North America. By 1756, France and Britain were battling the Seven Years' War worldwide. In 1758, the British mounted an attack on New France by sea and took the French fort at Louisbourg.", "qas": [ { "id": "40248", "question": "where did authorities in new france come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Ohio Valley" } ] }, { "id": "40249", "question": "when did george washington launch a surprise attack on a group ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "1754" } ] }, { "id": "40250", "question": "when did the british mounted an attack on new france ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 772, "text": "1758" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On September 13, 1759, the British forces of General James Wolfe defeated those of French General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham outside Quebec City. With the exception of the small islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, located off the coast of Newfoundland, France ceded its North American possessions to Great Britain through the Treaty of Paris (1763) in favour of gaining the island of Guadeloupe for its then-lucrative sugar cane industry. The British Royal Proclamation of 1763 renamed Canada (part of New France) as the Province of Quebec.", "qas": [ { "id": "40251", "question": "when did the british forces of general james wolfe rule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "September 13, 1759" } ] }, { "id": "40252", "question": "who defeated the british forces in 1759 13 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "General James Wolfe" } ] }, { "id": "40253", "question": "who did the british forces of general james wolfe rule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "French General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm" } ] }, { "id": "40254", "question": "where was the french general wolfe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "Plains of Abraham outside Quebec City" } ] }, { "id": "40255", "question": "what two small islands were located in newfoundland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "Saint Pierre and Miquelon" } ] }, { "id": "40256", "question": "what was the name of the treaty that france ceded to great britain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 351, "text": "Treaty of Paris" } ] }, { "id": "40257", "question": "when did the treaty of paris occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 368, "text": "1763" } ] }, { "id": "40258", "question": "when was the british royal proclamation renamed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 498, "text": "1763" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With unrest growing in the colonies to the south, which would one day grow into the American Revolution, the British were worried that the French-speaking Canadians might also support the growing rebellion. At that time, French-speaking Canadians formed the vast majority of the population of the province of Quebec (more than 99%) and British immigration was not going well. To secure the allegiance of the approximately 90,000 French-speaking Canadians to the British crown, first Governor James Murray and later Governor Guy Carleton promoted the need for change. There was also a need to compromise between the conflicting demands of the French-speaking Canadian subjects and those of newly arrived British subjects. These efforts by the colonial governors eventually resulted in enactment of the Quebec Act of 1774.", "qas": [ { "id": "40259", "question": "what might support the growing rebellion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "the French-speaking Canadians" } ] }, { "id": "40260", "question": "what percentage of the province of quebec was formed in quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 327, "text": "99%" } ] }, { "id": "40261", "question": "how many french-speaking canadians were promoted to the british crown ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 422, "text": "90,000" } ] }, { "id": "40262", "question": "who was the first governor of the british crown ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 483, "text": "Governor James Murray" } ] }, { "id": "40263", "question": "who promoted the need to secure the allegiance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 515, "text": "Governor Guy Carleton" } ] }, { "id": "40264", "question": "what was the name of the act that ended the colonial governors ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 801, "text": "Quebec Act of 1774" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Quebec Act provided the people of Quebec their first Charter of Rights and paved the way to later official recognition of the French language and French culture. The act also allowed \"Canadiens\" to maintain French civil law and sanctioned freedom of religion, allowing the Roman Catholic Church to remain, one of the first cases in history of state-sanctioned freedom of religious practice.", "qas": [ { "id": "40265", "question": "what provided the people of quebec their first charter ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Quebec Act" } ] }, { "id": "40266", "question": "what did the quebec act of the quebec act show ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "Quebec their first Charter of Rights and paved the way to later official recognition of the French language and French culture" } ] }, { "id": "40267", "question": "what did the act of the roman catholic church do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "\"Canadiens\" to maintain French civil law and sanctioned freedom of religion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although the Quebec Act was unrelated to the events in Boston of 1773, and was not regarded as one of the Coercive Acts, the timing of its passage led British colonists to the south to believe that it was part of the program to punish them. The Quebec Act offended a variety of interest groups in the British colonies. Land speculators and settlers objected to the transfer of western lands previously claimed by the colonies to a non-representative government. Many feared the establishment of Catholicism in Quebec, and that the French Canadians were being courted to help oppress British Americans.", "qas": [ { "id": "40268", "question": "when was the quebec act unrelated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "Boston of 1773" } ] }, { "id": "40269", "question": "what was the quebec act of the quebec act called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Coercive Acts" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On June 27, 1775, General George Washington decided to attempt an invasion of Canada by the American Continental Army to wrest Quebec and the St. Lawrence River from the British. the invasion failed when British reinforcements came down the St. Lawrence in May 1776 and the Battle of Trois-Rivi\u00e8res turned into a disaster for the Americans. The army withdrew to Ticonderoga. Although some help was given to the Americans by the locals, Governor Carleton punished American sympathizers and public support of the American cause came to an end. In 1778, Frederick Haldimand took over for Guy Carleton as governor of Quebec.", "qas": [ { "id": "40270", "question": "on what date did general george washington decided to attempt to attempt to attempt to wrest quebec and quebec and the st. lawrence river ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "June 27, 1775" } ] }, { "id": "40271", "question": "who decided to wrest quebec and the st. lawrence river ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "General George Washington" } ] }, { "id": "40272", "question": "who decided the invasion of canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "American Continental Army" } ] }, { "id": "40273", "question": "what was the name of the river that george washington decided to wrest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "St. Lawrence River" } ] }, { "id": "40274", "question": "when did the invasion of the st. lawrence begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "May 1776" } ] }, { "id": "40275", "question": "what was the name of the battle of the st. lawrence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 284, "text": "Trois-Rivi\u00e8res" } ] }, { "id": "40276", "question": "who was the locals of the american cause of the american cause ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 436, "text": "Governor Carleton" } ] }, { "id": "40277", "question": "when was the governor of quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 545, "text": "1778" } ] }, { "id": "40278", "question": "who took over for guy carleton ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 551, "text": "Frederick Haldimand" } ] }, { "id": "40279", "question": "who was the governor of quebec in 1778 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 585, "text": "Guy Carleton" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The arrival of 10,000 Loyalists at Quebec in 1784 destroyed the political balance that Haldimand (and Carleton before him) had worked so hard to achieve. The swelling numbers of English encouraged them to make greater demands for recognition with the colonial government. To restore stability to his largest remaining North American colony, King George III sent Carleton back to Quebec to remedy the situation.", "qas": [ { "id": "40280", "question": "how many loyalists worked in quebec in 1784 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 15, "text": "10,000" } ] }, { "id": "40281", "question": "when was the arrival of 10,000 loyalists destroyed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "1784" } ] }, { "id": "40282", "question": "what was the name of the political balance of the political balance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "Haldimand" } ] }, { "id": "40283", "question": "who sent stability to quebec to quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 341, "text": "King George III" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In ten years, Quebec had undergone a dramatic change. What worked for Carleton in 1774 was not likely to succeed in 1784. Specifically, there was no possibility of restoring the previous political balance \u2013 there were simply too many English people unwilling to reach a compromise with the 145,000 Canadiens or their colonial governor. The situation called for a more creative approach to problem solving.", "qas": [ { "id": "40284", "question": "in what year did not succeed in 1784 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "1774" } ] }, { "id": "40285", "question": "in what year did worked to succeed in 1774 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "1784" } ] }, { "id": "40286", "question": "what were english people unwilling to reach ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "145,000 Canadiens or their colonial governor" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Loyalists soon petitioned the government to be allowed to use the British legal system they were\nused to in the American colonies. The creation of Upper and Lower Canada in 1791 allowed most Loyalists to live under British laws and institutions, while the French-speaking population of Lower Canada could maintain their familiar French civil law and the Catholic religion. Therefore, Governor Haldimand (at the suggestion of Carleton) drew Loyalists away from Quebec City and Montreal by offering free land on the northern shore of Lake Ontario to anyone willing to swear allegiance to George III. The Loyalists were thus given land grants of per person. Basically, this approach was designed with the intent of keeping French and English as far apart as possible. Therefore, after the separation of the Province of Quebec, Lower Canada and Upper Canada were formed, each with its own government.", "qas": [ { "id": "40287", "question": "what allowed most loyalists to live under british laws ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Upper and Lower Canada" } ] }, { "id": "40288", "question": "in what year was the creation of upper and lower canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "1791" } ] }, { "id": "40289", "question": "who drew loyalists away from quebec city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 384, "text": "Governor Haldimand" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1837, residents of Lower Canada \u2013 led by Louis-Joseph Papineau and Robert Nelson \u2013 formed an armed resistance group to seek an end to the unilateral control of the British governors. They made a Declaration of Rights with equality for all citizens without discrimination and a Declaration of Independence of Lower-Canada in 1838. Their actions resulted in rebellions in both Lower and Upper Canada. An unprepared British Army had to raise militia force; the rebel forces scored a victory in Saint-Denis but were soon defeated.", "qas": [ { "id": "40290", "question": "in what year was the armed resistance group formed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1837" } ] }, { "id": "40291", "question": "who led the residents of lower canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Louis-Joseph Papineau and Robert Nelson" } ] }, { "id": "40292", "question": "in what year did a declaration of independence occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 327, "text": "1838" } ] }, { "id": "40293", "question": "where did their rebellions occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 378, "text": "Lower and Upper Canada" } ] }, { "id": "40294", "question": "what did the rebel forces scored ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 494, "text": "Saint-Denis" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After the rebellions, Lord Durham was asked to undertake a study and prepare a report on the matter and to offer a solution for the British Parliament to assess. Following Durham's report, the British government merged the two colonial provinces into one Province of Canada in 1840 with the Act of Union. The two colonies remained distinct in administration, election, and law.", "qas": [ { "id": "40295", "question": "who was asked to undertake a report on the matter and to offer a solution for the british parliament ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "Lord Durham" } ] }, { "id": "40296", "question": "in what year did the british government invade canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "1840" } ] }, { "id": "40297", "question": "what was the name of the british government merged with in 1840 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "the Act of Union" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1848, Baldwin and LaFontaine, allies and leaders of the Reformist party, were asked by Lord Elgin to form an administration together under the new policy of responsible government. The French language subsequently regained legal status in the Legislature.", "qas": [ { "id": "40298", "question": "in what year did baldwin and lafontaine form an administration ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1848" } ] }, { "id": "40299", "question": "who were asked to form an administration in 1848 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Baldwin and LaFontaine, allies and leaders of the Reformist party" } ] }, { "id": "40300", "question": "who asked the reformist to form an administration ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "Lord Elgin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 1860s, the delegates from the colonies of British North America (Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland) met in a series of conferences to discuss self-governing status for a new confederation. The first Charlottetown Conference took place in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, followed by the Quebec Conference in Quebec City which led to a delegation going to London, Britain, to put forth a proposal for a national union.", "qas": [ { "id": "40301", "question": "when was the delegates from the colonies of british north america ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 7, "text": "1860s" } ] }, { "id": "40302", "question": "what was the name of the delegates in canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "British North America" } ] }, { "id": "40303", "question": "where did the first charlottetown conference take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "Charlottetown" } ] }, { "id": "40304", "question": "what was the name of the first charlottetown conference ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 301, "text": "Prince Edward Island" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As a result of those deliberations, in 1867 the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the British North America Acts, providing for the Confederation of most of these provinces. The former Province of Canada was divided into its two previous parts as the provinces of Ontario (Upper Canada) and Quebec (Lower Canada). New Brunswick and Nova Scotia joined Ontario and Quebec in the new Dominion of Canada. The other provinces then joined the Confederation, one after the other: Manitoba and the Northwest Territories in 1870, British Columbia in 1871, Prince Edward Island in 1873, Yukon in 1898, Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905, Newfoundland in 1949 and finally Nunavut in 1999.", "qas": [ { "id": "40305", "question": "in what year did the parliament of the united kingdom acts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "1867" } ] }, { "id": "40306", "question": "what was passed in 1867 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "British North America Acts" } ] }, { "id": "40307", "question": "what was the name of the former province of canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "Ontario (Upper Canada) and Quebec" } ] }, { "id": "40308", "question": "what two countries did new brunswick and nova scotia fight in canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 357, "text": "Ontario and Quebec" } ] }, { "id": "40309", "question": "in what year did prince edward island take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 521, "text": "1870" } ] }, { "id": "40310", "question": "in what year did prince edward island take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 547, "text": "1871" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When Great Britain declared war on August 4, 1914, Canada was automatically involved as a dominion. About 6,000 volunteers from Quebec participated on the European front. Although reaction to conscription was favourable in English Canada the idea was deeply unpopular in Quebec. The Conscription Crisis of 1917 did much to highlight the divisions between French and English-speaking Canadians in Canada.", "qas": [ { "id": "40311", "question": "when did great britain declare war on canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "August 4, 1914" } ] }, { "id": "40312", "question": "how many volunteers were from the european front ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "6,000" } ] }, { "id": "40313", "question": "what caused the divisions of divisions between french and english-speaking canadians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 279, "text": "The Conscription Crisis of 1917" } ] }, { "id": "40314", "question": "what were the divisions of the conscription in 1917 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 355, "text": "French and English-speaking Canadians in Canada" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During World War II, the participation of Quebec was more important but led to the Conscription Crisis of 1944 and opposition. Many Quebecers fought against the axis power between 1939 to 1945 with the involvement of many francophone regiments such as Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal, le R\u00e9giment de la Chaudi\u00e8re and many more.", "qas": [ { "id": "40315", "question": "what did the participation of quebec was led to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "Conscription Crisis of 1944 and opposition" } ] }, { "id": "40316", "question": "between what years did the axis power fought ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "1939 to 1945" } ] }, { "id": "40317", "question": "what were some of the francophone regiments in 1939 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal, le R\u00e9giment de la Chaudi\u00e8re" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The conservative government of Maurice Duplessis and his Union Nationale dominated Quebec politics from 1944 to 1959 with the support of the Catholic Church. Pierre Trudeau and other liberals formed an intellectual opposition to Duplessis's regime, setting the groundwork for the Quiet Revolution under Jean Lesage's Liberals. The Quiet Revolution was a period of dramatic social and political change that saw the decline of Anglo supremacy in the Quebec economy, the decline of the Roman Catholic Church's influence, the formation of hydroelectric companies under Hydro-Qu\u00e9bec and the emergence of a pro-sovereignty movement under former Liberal minister Ren\u00e9 L\u00e9vesque.", "qas": [ { "id": "40318", "question": "who was the conservative government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Maurice Duplessis" } ] }, { "id": "40319", "question": "when did the union nationale quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "1944 to 1959" } ] }, { "id": "40320", "question": "who was the leader of the quiet revolution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "Pierre Trudeau" } ] }, { "id": "40321", "question": "who formed the quiet revolution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 303, "text": "Jean Lesage's Liberals" } ] }, { "id": "40322", "question": "who was the former minister of the quiet revolution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 656, "text": "Ren\u00e9 L\u00e9vesque" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Beginning in 1963, a paramilitary group that became known as the Front de lib\u00e9ration du Qu\u00e9bec (FLQ) launched a decade-long series of propaganda and terrorism that included bombings, robberies and attacks directed primarily at English institutions, resulting in at least five deaths. In 1970, their activities culminated in events referred to as the October Crisis when James Cross, the British trade commissioner to Canada, was kidnapped along with Pierre Laporte, a provincial minister and Vice-Premier. Laporte was strangled with his own rosary beads a few days later. In their published Manifesto, the militants stated: \"In the coming year Bourassa will have to face reality; 100,000 revolutionary workers, armed and organized.\" At the request of Premier Robert Bourassa, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act.", "qas": [ { "id": "40323", "question": "in what year was the front of propaganda and terrorism launched ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "1963" } ] }, { "id": "40324", "question": "what was the name of the paramilitary group that launched propaganda and terrorism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Front de lib\u00e9ration du Qu\u00e9bec" } ] }, { "id": "40325", "question": "how many deaths did the paramilitary group have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "five" } ] }, { "id": "40326", "question": "when was the october crisis ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "1970" } ] }, { "id": "40327", "question": "who was the british trade commissioner to canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 370, "text": "James Cross" } ] }, { "id": "40328", "question": "who was the provincial minister of canada in 1970 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 450, "text": "Pierre Laporte" } ] }, { "id": "40329", "question": "how many revolutionary workers did the militants have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 680, "text": "100,000" } ] }, { "id": "40330", "question": "who invoked the war measures ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 776, "text": "Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1977, the newly elected Parti Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois government of Ren\u00e9 L\u00e9vesque introduced the Charter of the French Language. Often known as Bill 101, it defined French as the only official language of Quebec in areas of provincial jurisdiction.", "qas": [ { "id": "40331", "question": "when was the charter of the french language introduced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1977" } ] }, { "id": "40332", "question": "what was the name of the government of ren\u00e9 l\u00e9vesque ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "Parti Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois" } ] }, { "id": "40333", "question": "who introduced the charter of the french language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Ren\u00e9 L\u00e9vesque" } ] }, { "id": "40334", "question": "what was introduced in 1977 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "the Charter of the French Language" } ] }, { "id": "40335", "question": "what is the name of the french language of provincial jurisdiction ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Bill 101" } ] } ] }, { "context": "L\u00e9vesque and his party had run in the 1970 and 1973 Quebec elections under a platform of separating Quebec from the rest of Canada. The party failed to win control of Quebec's National Assembly both times \u2013 though its share of the vote increased from 23 percent to 30 percent \u2013 and L\u00e9vesque was defeated both times in the riding he contested. In the 1976 election, he softened his message by promising a referendum (plebiscite) on sovereignty-association rather than outright separation, by which Quebec would have independence in most government functions but share some other ones, such as a common currency, with Canada. On November 15, 1976, L\u00e9vesque and the Parti Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois won control of the provincial government for the first time. The question of sovereignty-association was placed before the voters in the 1980 Quebec referendum. During the campaign, Pierre Trudeau promised that a vote for the \"no\" side was a vote for reforming Canada. Trudeau advocated the patriation of Canada's Constitution from the United Kingdom. The existing constitutional document, the British North America Act, could only be amended by the United Kingdom Parliament upon a request by the Canadian parliament.\nSixty percent of the Quebec electorate voted against the proposition for sovereignty-association. Polls showed that the overwhelming majority of English and immigrant Quebecers voted against, and that French Quebecers were almost equally divided, with older voters less in favour and younger voters more in favour. After his loss in the referendum, L\u00e9vesque went back to Ottawa to start negotiating a new constitution with Trudeau, his minister of Justice Jean Chr\u00e9tien and the nine other provincial premiers. L\u00e9vesque insisted Quebec be able to veto any future constitutional amendments. The negotiations quickly reached a stand-still. Quebec is the only province not to have assented to the patriation of the Canadian constitution in 1982.", "qas": [ { "id": "40336", "question": "what was the share of the party 's share of the national assembly ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "23 percent to 30 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In subsequent years, two attempts were made to gain Quebec's approval of the constitution. The first was the Meech Lake Accord of 1987, which was finally abandoned in 1990 when the province of Manitoba did not pass it within the established deadline. (Newfoundland premier Clyde Wells had expressed his opposition to the accord, but, with the failure in Manitoba, the vote for or against Meech never took place in his province.) This led to the formation of the sovereigntist Bloc Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois party in Ottawa under the leadership of Lucien Bouchard, who had resigned from the federal cabinet. The second attempt, the Charlottetown Accord of 1992, also failed to gain traction. This result caused a split in the Quebec Liberal Party that led to the formation of the new Action d\u00e9mocratique (Democratic Action) party led by Mario Dumont and Jean Allaire.", "qas": [ { "id": "40337", "question": "what was the first lake in 1990 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Meech Lake Accord of 1987" } ] }, { "id": "40338", "question": "when was the lake accord abandoned ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "1990" } ] }, { "id": "40339", "question": "who was the newfoundland premier league who expressed his opposition to the accord ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "Clyde Wells" } ] }, { "id": "40340", "question": "who resigned from the federal cabinet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 531, "text": "Lucien Bouchard" } ] }, { "id": "40341", "question": "what was the name of the second attempt to gain traction ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 615, "text": "Charlottetown Accord of 1992" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On October 30, 1995, with the Parti Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois back in power since 1994, a second referendum on sovereignty took place. This time, it was rejected by a slim majority (50.6 percent NO to 49.4 percent YES).", "qas": [ { "id": "40342", "question": "on what date did a second referendum occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "October 30, 1995" } ] }, { "id": "40343", "question": "when was a second referendum on sovereignty took place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "1994" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Given the province's heritage and the preponderance of French (unique among the Canadian provinces), there has been debate in Canada regarding the unique status (\"statut particulier\") of Quebec and its people, wholly or partially. Prior attempts to amend the Canadian constitution to acknowledge Quebec as a \"distinct society\" \u2013 referring to the province's uniqueness within Canada regarding law, language, and culture \u2013 have been unsuccessful; however, the federal government under Prime Minister Jean Chr\u00e9tien would later endorse recognition of Quebec as a distinct society.", "qas": [ { "id": "40344", "question": "what are the unique status of canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "statut particulier\") of Quebec and its people, wholly or partially" } ] }, { "id": "40345", "question": "who was the federal government under the federal government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 483, "text": "Prime Minister Jean Chr\u00e9tien" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On October 30, 2003, the National Assembly of Quebec voted unanimously to affirm \"that the people of Qu\u00e9bec form a nation.\" On November 27, 2006, the House of Commons passed a symbolic motion moved by Prime Minister Stephen Harper declaring \"that this House recognize that the Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois form a nation within a united Canada.\" However, there is considerable debate and uncertainty over what this means.", "qas": [ { "id": "40346", "question": "when did the national assembly of quebec form ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "October 30, 2003" } ] }, { "id": "40347", "question": "which assembly voted to affirm `` that the people of qu\u00e9bec form a nation '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "National Assembly of Quebec" } ] }, { "id": "40348", "question": "what did the national assembly of quebec , the national assembly of quebec , 2003 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "Qu\u00e9bec form a nation" } ] }, { "id": "40349", "question": "when did the house of commons announce a symbolic motion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "November 27, 2006" } ] }, { "id": "40350", "question": "who declaring the house of commons ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "Prime Minister Stephen Harper" } ] }, { "id": "40351", "question": "what did stephen harper say about the house of commons ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "the Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois form a nation within a united Canada" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Lieutenant Governor represents the Queen of Canada and acts as the province's head of state. The head of government is the premier (called \"premier ministre\" in French) who leads the largest party in the unicameral National Assembly, or \"Assembl\u00e9e Nationale\", from which the Executive Council of Quebec is appointed.", "qas": [ { "id": "40352", "question": "what is the name of the lieutenant governor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "the Queen of Canada" } ] }, { "id": "40353", "question": "what is the head of government called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "premier ministre\" in French)" } ] }, { "id": "40354", "question": "what is the name of the executive council of quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "Assembl\u00e9e Nationale" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Until 1968, the Quebec legislature was bicameral, consisting of the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly. In that year, the Legislative Council was abolished and the Legislative Assembly was renamed the National Assembly. Quebec was the last province to abolish its legislative council.", "qas": [ { "id": "40355", "question": "when was the quebec legislature bicameral ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 6, "text": "1968" } ] }, { "id": "40356", "question": "what was the quebec name of the quebec legislature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "bicameral" } ] }, { "id": "40357", "question": "what were the quebec legislature of the quebec legislature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly" } ] }, { "id": "40358", "question": "what was renamed the national assembly of the legislative council ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "the Legislative Assembly" } ] }, { "id": "40359", "question": "what was the legislative assembly renamed to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "the National Assembly" } ] }, { "id": "40360", "question": "what was the last province of quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "abolish its legislative council" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The government of Quebec awards an order of merit called the National Order of Quebec. It is inspired in part by the French Legion of Honour. It is conferred upon men and women born or living in Quebec (but non-Quebecers can be inducted as well) for outstanding achievements.", "qas": [ { "id": "40361", "question": "what was the order of merit called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "the National Order of Quebec" } ] }, { "id": "40362", "question": "who inspired the government of quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "the French Legion of Honour" } ] }, { "id": "40363", "question": "what is the government of quebec conferred upon ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "men and women born or living in Quebec" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The government of Quebec takes the majority of its revenue through a progressive income tax, a 9.975% sales tax and various other taxes (such as carbon, corporate and capital gains taxes), equalization payments from the federal government, transfer payments from other provinces and direct payments. By some measures Quebec is the highest taxed province; a 2012 study indicated that \"Quebec companies pay 26 per cent more in taxes than the Canadian average\". A 2014 report by the Fraser Institute indicated that \"Relative to its size, Quebec is the most indebted province in Canada by a wide margin\".", "qas": [ { "id": "40364", "question": "what percentage of sales tax and various taxes are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "9.975%" } ] }, { "id": "40365", "question": "what are some of the other taxes in quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "carbon, corporate and capital gains taxes" } ] }, { "id": "40366", "question": "what was the highest taxed province in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 384, "text": "Quebec companies pay 26 per cent more in taxes than the Canadian average" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Quebec has subdivisions at the regional, supralocal and local levels. Excluding administrative units reserved for Aboriginal lands, the primary types of subdivision are:", "qas": [ { "id": "40367", "question": "where is quebec subdivisions located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "regional, supralocal and local levels" } ] }, { "id": "40368", "question": "what are the primary types of subdivision ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Aboriginal lands" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 2011 census, Quebec had a population of 7,903,001 living in 3,395,343 of its 3,685,926 total dwellings, a 4.7% change from its 2006 population of 7,546,131. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2011. In 2013, Statistics Canada estimated the province's population to be 8,155,334.", "qas": [ { "id": "40369", "question": "what was the population of quebec in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "7,903,001" } ] }, { "id": "40370", "question": "what was the population of quebec in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "3,395,343" } ] }, { "id": "40371", "question": "what was the total dwellings of quebec dwellings ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "4.7%" } ] }, { "id": "40372", "question": "what was the population of quebec in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "7,546,131" } ] }, { "id": "40373", "question": "what was canada 's population in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 295, "text": "8,155,334" } ] } ] }, { "context": "At 1.69 children per woman, Quebec's 2011 fertility rate is above the Canada-wide rate of 1.61, and is higher than it was at the turn of the 21st century. However, it is still below the replacement fertility rate of 2.1. This contrasts with its fertility rates before 1960, which were among the highest of any industrialized society. Although Quebec is home to only 24% of the population of Canada, the number of international adoptions in Quebec is the highest of all provinces of Canada. In 2001, 42% of international adoptions in Canada were carried out in Quebec. By 2012, the population of Quebec reached 8 million, and it is projected to reach 9.2 million in 2056. Life expectancy in Quebec reached a new high in 2011, with an expectancy of 78.6 years for men and 83.2 years for women; this ranked as the third-longest life expectancy among Canadian provinces, behind those of British Columbia and Ontario.", "qas": [ { "id": "40374", "question": "how many children per woman are per woman ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1.69" } ] }, { "id": "40375", "question": "what is the fertility rate of 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "1.61" } ] }, { "id": "40376", "question": "what percentage of canada 's population is quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 366, "text": "24%" } ] }, { "id": "40377", "question": "what percentage of international adoptions were carried out in canada in 2001 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 499, "text": "42%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Origins in this table are self-reported and respondents were allowed to give more than one answer.", "qas": [ { "id": "40378", "question": "what were the origins of the table ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "self-reported and respondents" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 2006 census counted a total aboriginal population of 108,425 (1.5 percent) including 65,085 North American Indians (0.9 percent), 27,985 M\u00e9tis (0.4 percent), and 10,950 Inuit (0.15 percent). It should be noted however, that there is a significant undercount, as many of the biggest Indian bands regularly refuse to participate in Canadian censuses for political reasons regarding the question of aboriginal sovereignty. In particular, the largest Mohawk Iroquois reserves (Kahnawake, Akwesasne and Kanesatake) were not counted.", "qas": [ { "id": "40379", "question": "what was the aboriginal population in 2006 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "108,425" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Nearly 9% of the population of Quebec belongs to a visible minority group. This is a lower percentage than that of British Columbia, Ontario, Alberta, and Manitoba but higher than that of the other five provinces. Most visible minorities in Quebec live in or near Montreal.", "qas": [ { "id": "40380", "question": "what percentage of the population of quebec belongs to a visible minority group ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 7, "text": "9%" } ] }, { "id": "40381", "question": "what are some of the lower percentage of the other provinces of the other provinces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "British Columbia, Ontario, Alberta, and Manitoba" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Quebec is unique among the provinces in its overwhelmingly Roman Catholic population. This is a legacy of colonial times when only Roman Catholics were permitted to settle in New France. The 2001 census showed the population to be 90.3 percent Christian (in contrast to 77 percent for the whole country) with 83.4 percent Catholic Christian (including 83.2 percent Roman Catholic); 4.7 percent Protestant Christian (including 1.2 percent Anglican, 0.7 percent United Church; and 0.5 percent Baptist); 1.4 percent Orthodox Christian (including 0.7 percent Greek Orthodox); and 0.8 percent other Christian; as well as 1.5 percent Muslim; 1.3 percent Jewish; 0.6 percent Buddhist; 0.3 percent Hindu; and 0.1 percent Sikh. An additional 5.8 percent of the population said they had no religious affiliation (including 5.6 percent who stated that they had no religion at all).", "qas": [ { "id": "40382", "question": "where were roman catholics permitted to settle ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "New France" } ] }, { "id": "40383", "question": "what was the population of the 2001 census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "90.3 percent Christian" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The official language of Quebec is French. Quebec is the only Canadian province whose population is mainly francophone; 6,102,210 people (78.1 percent of the population) recorded it as their sole native language in the 2011 Census, and 6,249,085 (80.0%) recorded that they spoke it most often at home. Knowledge of French is widespread even among those who do not speak it natively; in 2011, about 94.4 percent of the total population reported being able to speak French, alone or in combination with other languages, while 47.3% reported being able to speak English.", "qas": [ { "id": "40384", "question": "what is the official language of quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "French" } ] }, { "id": "40385", "question": "what is the population of quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "francophone" } ] }, { "id": "40386", "question": "how many people live in the 2011 census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "6,102,210" } ] }, { "id": "40387", "question": "what percentage of the population reported being able to speak english ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 524, "text": "47.3%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2011, 599,230 people (7.7 percent of the population) people in Quebec declared English to be their mother tongue, and 767,415 (9.8 percent) used it most often as their home language The English-speaking community or Anglophones are entitled to services in English in the areas of justice, health, and education; services in English are offered in municipalities in which more than half the residents have English as their mother tongue. Allophones, people whose mother tongue is neither French nor English, made up 12.3 percent (961,700) of the population, according to the 2011 census, though a smaller figure - 554,400 (7.1 percent) - actually used these languages most often in the home.", "qas": [ { "id": "40388", "question": "how many people in quebec declared english to be their mother ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "599,230" } ] }, { "id": "40389", "question": "what percentage of the population in quebec declared english to be their mother ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "7.7" } ] }, { "id": "40390", "question": "what is the mother of the english-speaking community ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "767,415" } ] }, { "id": "40391", "question": "what percentage of the population is used in quebec in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "9.8 percent" } ] }, { "id": "40392", "question": "what percentage of the population is neither french nor english ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 518, "text": "12.3 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A considerable number of Quebec residents consider themselves to be bilingual in French and English. In Quebec, about 42.6 percent of the population (3,328,725 people) report knowing both languages; this is the highest proportion of bilinguals of any Canadian province. One specific area in the Bilingual Belt called the West Island of Montreal, represented by the federal electoral district of Lac-Saint-Louis, is the most bilingual area in the province: 72.8% of its residents claim to know English and French according to the most recent census. In contrast, in the rest of Canada, in 2006 only about 10.2 percent (2,430,990) of the population had a knowledge of both of the country's official languages. Altogether, 17.5% of Canadians are bilingual in French and English.", "qas": [ { "id": "40393", "question": "what percentage of the population report knowing both languages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "42.6 percent" } ] }, { "id": "40394", "question": "what is the name of the bilingual belt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 321, "text": "West Island of Montreal" } ] }, { "id": "40395", "question": "what percentage of the bilingual island is the most bilingual area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 456, "text": "72.8%" } ] }, { "id": "40396", "question": "what percentage of the population had a knowledge of the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 604, "text": "10.2 percent" } ] }, { "id": "40397", "question": "what percentage of canadians are bilingual in french ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 720, "text": "17.5%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2011, the most common mother tongue languages in the province were as follows:", "qas": [ { "id": "40398", "question": "in what year was the most common mother tongue languages in the province ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2011" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Following were Creoles (0.8%), Chinese (0.6%), Greek (0.5%), Portuguese (0.5%), Romanian (0.4%), Vietnamese (0.3%), and Russian (0.3%). In addition, 152,820 (2.0%) reported having more than one native language.", "qas": [ { "id": "40399", "question": "what percentage of creoles were creoles ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "0.8%" } ] }, { "id": "40400", "question": "what percentage of the population is chinese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "0.6%" } ] }, { "id": "40401", "question": "what is the name of the 2.0 language that reported more than one native language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "152,820" } ] } ] }, { "context": "English is not designated an official language by Quebec law. However, both English and French are required by the \"Constitution Act, 1867\" for the enactment of laws and regulations and any person may use English or French in the National Assembly and the courts of Quebec. The books and records of the National Assembly must also be kept in both languages. Until 1969, Quebec was the only officially bilingual province in Canada and most public institutions functioned in both languages. English was also used in the legislature, government commissions and courts.", "qas": [ { "id": "40402", "question": "what is english not designated by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Quebec law" } ] }, { "id": "40403", "question": "what are the english and french and french required to use for the enactment of laws and regulations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Constitution Act, 1867" } ] }, { "id": "40404", "question": "what are the `` constitution act , 1867 '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "English or French in the National Assembly and the courts of Quebec" } ] }, { "id": "40405", "question": "until what year was quebec was the only bilingual province ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 364, "text": "1969" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since the 1970s, languages other than French on commercial signs have been permitted only if French is given marked prominence. This law has been the subject of periodic controversy since its inception. The written forms of French place-names in Canada retain their diacritics such as accent marks over vowels in English text. Legitimate exceptions are Montreal and Quebec. However, the accented forms are increasingly evident in some publications. The \"Canadian Style\" states that Montr\u00e9al and Qu\u00e9bec (the city) must retain their accents in English federal documents.", "qas": [ { "id": "40406", "question": "what is the written forms of french place-names in canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "accent marks over vowels in English text" } ] }, { "id": "40407", "question": "what are legitimate exceptions of legitimate exceptions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 353, "text": "Montreal and Quebec" } ] }, { "id": "40408", "question": "what is the name of the city that must retain their accents in english federal documents ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 482, "text": "Montr\u00e9al and Qu\u00e9bec" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Quebec has an advanced, market-based, and open economy. In 2009, its gross domestic product (GDP) of US$32,408 per capita at purchasing power parity puts the province at par with Japan, Italy and Spain, but remains lower than the Canadian average of US$37,830 per capita. The economy of Quebec is ranked the 37th largest economy in the world just behind Greece and 28th for the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. The economy of Quebec represents 20.36% of the total GDP of Canada. Like most industrialized countries, the economy of Quebec is based mainly on the services sector. Quebec's economy has traditionally been fuelled by abundant natural resources, a well-developed infrastructure, and average productivity. The provincial GDP in 2010 was C$319,348 billion, which makes Quebec the second largest economy in Canada.", "qas": [ { "id": "40409", "question": "what is the canadian average of the canadian average of the gdp ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "US$37,830 per capita" } ] }, { "id": "40410", "question": "what percentage of canada 's gdp is quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 452, "text": "20.36%" } ] }, { "id": "40411", "question": "what was the provincial gdp in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 754, "text": "C$319,348 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The credit rating of Quebec is currently rated Aa2 according to Moody's rating agency and A+ by S&P. The Quebec economy has changed dramatically in recent years. Between 1995 and 2001, the credit rating of Quebec was rated A2 by Moody's, considered the worst rating in Quebec's history. The provincial debt has reached 47% of GDP in 2011 which represent approximately C$129 billion or C$16 642 per inhabitant. The government of Quebec has announced it will reduce the provincial debt by 25% by 2025.\nQuebec's economy has undergone tremendous changes over the last decade. Firmly grounded in the knowledge economy, Quebec has one of the highest growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP) in Canada. The knowledge sector represents about 30.9% of Quebec's GDP. Quebec is experiencing faster growth of its R&D spending than other Canadian provinces. Quebec's spending in R&D in 2011 was equal to 2.63% of GDP, above the European Union average of 1.84% and will have to reaches the target of devoting 3% of GDP to research and development activities in 2013 according to the Lisbon Strategy. The percentage spent on research and technology (R&D) is the highest in Canada and higher than the averages for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the G7 countries. Approximately 1.1 million Quebecers work in the field of science and technology.", "qas": [ { "id": "40412", "question": "what percentage of gdp is the provincial debt in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "47%" } ] }, { "id": "40413", "question": "what percentage of quebec will the government of quebec will reduce ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 487, "text": "25%" } ] }, { "id": "40414", "question": "what percentage of quebec 's gdp is the knowledge sector ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 737, "text": "30.9%" } ] }, { "id": "40415", "question": "how many work in the field of science is science and technology ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1296, "text": "1.1 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Quebec is also a major player in several leading-edge industries including aerospace, information technologies and software and multimedia. Approximately 60% of the production of the Canadian aerospace industry are from Quebec, where sales totalled C$12.4 billion in 2009. Quebec is one of North America's leading high-tech player. This vast sector encompassing approximately 7,300 businesses and employ more than 145,000 people. Pauline Marois has recently unveiled a two billion dollar budget for the period between 2013 to 2017 to create about 115,000 new jobs in knowledge and innovation sectors. The government promises to provide about 3% of Quebec's GDP in research and development (R&D).", "qas": [ { "id": "40416", "question": "what percentage of the canadian aerospace industry are from quebec , quebec , quebec , and quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "60%" } ] }, { "id": "40417", "question": "what is the sales of sales in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "C$12.4 billion" } ] }, { "id": "40418", "question": "how many businesses are in the sector ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 376, "text": "7,300" } ] }, { "id": "40419", "question": "what percentage of quebec 's gdp is r&d ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 642, "text": "3%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Approximately 180 000 Quebeckers are currently working in different field of information technology. Approximately 52% of Canadian companies in these sectors are based in Quebec, mainly in Montreal and Quebec City. There are currently approximately 115 telecommunications companies established in the province, such as Motorola and Ericsson . About 60 000 people currently working in computer software development. Approximately 12 900 people working in over 110 companies such as IBM, CMC, and Matrox. The multimedia sector is also dominated by the province of Quebec. Several companies, such as Ubisoft settled in Quebec since the late 1990s.", "qas": [ { "id": "40420", "question": "how many quebeckers are working in different field technology ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "180 000" } ] }, { "id": "40421", "question": "what percentage of canadian companies are based in quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "52%" } ] }, { "id": "40422", "question": "where are canadian companies located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "Montreal and Quebec City" } ] }, { "id": "40423", "question": "how many telecommunications companies are there in the province ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "115" } ] }, { "id": "40424", "question": "how many people currently working in computer software development ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 349, "text": "60 000" } ] }, { "id": "40425", "question": "how many people were working in over 110 companies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 429, "text": "12 900" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The mining industry accounted for approximately 6.3% of Quebec's GDP. It employs approximately 50,000 people in 158 different companies.", "qas": [ { "id": "40426", "question": "what percentage of quebec 's gdp was the mining industry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "6.3%" } ] }, { "id": "40427", "question": "how many people are in the mining industry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "50,000" } ] }, { "id": "40428", "question": "how many people are in the mining industry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "158" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The pulp and paper industries generate annual shipments valued at more than $14 billion. The forest products industry ranks second in exports, with shipments valued at almost $11 billion. It is also the main, and in some circumstances only, source of manufacturing activity in more than 250 municipalities in the province. The forest industry has slowed in recent years because of the softwood lumber dispute. This industry employs 68,000 people in several regions of Quebec. This industry accounted for 3.1% of Quebec's GDP.", "qas": [ { "id": "40429", "question": "how much did the pulp and paper industries generate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "$14 billion" } ] }, { "id": "40430", "question": "how much did the forest products industry cost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "$11 billion" } ] }, { "id": "40431", "question": "how many municipalities are there in the province ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "250" } ] }, { "id": "40432", "question": "why is the forest industry slowed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 385, "text": "softwood lumber dispute" } ] }, { "id": "40433", "question": "how many people are in quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 432, "text": "68,000" } ] }, { "id": "40434", "question": "what was the gdp of quebec 's gdp ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 504, "text": "3.1%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Agri-food industry plays an important role in the economy of Quebec. It accounts for 8% of the Quebec's GDP and generate $19.2 billion. This industry generated 487,000 jobs in agriculture, fisheries, manufacturing of food, beverages and tobacco and food distribution.", "qas": [ { "id": "40435", "question": "what percentage of the quebec gdp of the quebec 's gdp is quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "8%" } ] }, { "id": "40436", "question": "what is the gdp of the quebec 's gdp ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "$19.2 billion" } ] }, { "id": "40437", "question": "how many jobs are in the industry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "487,000" } ] }, { "id": "40438", "question": "what types of jobs are found in agriculture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "food, beverages and tobacco and food distribution" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The abundance of natural resources gives Quebec an advantageous position on the world market. Quebec stands out particularly in the mining sector, ranking among the top ten areas to do business in mining. It also stands for the exploitation of its forest resources.", "qas": [ { "id": "40439", "question": "what does quebec stands of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "top ten areas to do business in mining" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Quebec is remarkable for the natural resources of its vast territory. It has about 30 mines, 158 exploration companies and fifteen primary processing industries. Many metallic minerals are exploited, the principals are gold, iron, copper and zinc. Many other substances are extracted including titanium, asbestos, silver, magnesium, nickel and many other metals and industrial minerals. However, only 40% of the mineral potential of Quebec is currently known. In 2003, the value of mineral exploitation reached Quebec 3.7 billion Canadian dollars. Moreover, as a major centre of exploration for diamonds, Quebec has seen, since 2002, an increase in its mineral explorations, particularly in the Northwest as well as in the Otish Mountains and the Torngat Mountains.", "qas": [ { "id": "40440", "question": "how many exploration companies are in quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "158" } ] }, { "id": "40441", "question": "what are some metallic minerals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "gold, iron, copper and zinc" } ] }, { "id": "40442", "question": "what percentage of the mineral potential of quebec is currently known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 401, "text": "40%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The vast majority (90.5%) of Quebec's forests are publicly owned. Forests cover more than half of Quebec's territory, for a total area of nearly . The Quebec forest area covers seven degrees of latitude.", "qas": [ { "id": "40443", "question": "what percentage of quebec 's forests are publicly owned ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 19, "text": "90.5%" } ] }, { "id": "40444", "question": "how many degrees does the quebec forest area cover ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "seven" } ] } ] }, { "context": "More than a million lakes and rivers cover Quebec, occupying 21% of the total area of its territory. The aquatic environment is composed of 12.1% of fresh water and 9.2% of saltwater (percentage of total QC area).", "qas": [ { "id": "40445", "question": "what percentage of its territory is quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "21%" } ] }, { "id": "40446", "question": "what is the aquatic environment composed of the aquatic environment ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "12.1%" } ] }, { "id": "40447", "question": "what percentage of the aquatic environment is the aquatic environment ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "9.2%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The government of Quebec has launched the Strat\u00e9gie qu\u00e9b\u00e9coise de la recherche et de l\u2019innovation (SQRI) in 2007 which aims to promote development through research, science and technology. The government hopes to create a strong culture of innovation in Quebec for the next decades and to create a sustainable economy. The spending on research and development reached some 7.824 billion dollars in 2007, roughly the equivalent of 2.63% of Quebec's GDP. Quebec is ranked, as of March 2011, 13th in the world in terms of investment in research and development. The research and development expenditures will be more than 3% of the province's GDP in 2013. The R&D expenditure in Quebec is higher than the average G7 and OECD countries. Science and technology are key factors in the economic position of Quebec. More than one million people in Quebec are employed in the science and technology sector.", "qas": [ { "id": "40448", "question": "what was the spending on research and development in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 373, "text": "7.824 billion dollars" } ] }, { "id": "40449", "question": "what was the equivalent of quebec 's gdp in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 430, "text": "2.63%" } ] }, { "id": "40450", "question": "what percentage of the province 's gdp is the research and development expenditures ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 619, "text": "3%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Quebec is considered as one of world leaders in fundamental scientific research, having produced ten Nobel laureates in either physics, chemistry, or medicine. It is also considered as one of the world leaders in sectors such as aerospace, information technology, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, and therefore plays a significant role in the world's scientific and technological communities. Quebec is also active in the development of its energy industries, including renewable energy such as hydropower and wind power. Quebec has had over 9,469 scientific publications in the sector of medicine, biomedical research and engineering since the year 2000. Overall, the province of Quebec count about 125 scientific publications per 100,000 inhabitants in 2009. The contribution of Quebec in science and technology represent approximately 1% of the researches worldwide since the 1980s to 2009. Between 1991 to 2000, Quebec produced more scientific papers per 100,000 inhabitants than the United States and Germany.", "qas": [ { "id": "40451", "question": "how many scientific publications are in the sector of medicine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 544, "text": "9,469" } ] }, { "id": "40452", "question": "how many scientific publications were in quebec count in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 702, "text": "125" } ] }, { "id": "40453", "question": "what percentage of the researches worldwide since the 1980s is the contribution to quebec in science ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 840, "text": "1%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Canadian Space Agency was established in Quebec due to its major role in this research field. A total of three Quebecers have been in space since the creation of the CSA: Marc Garneau, Julie Payette and Guy Lalibert\u00e9. Quebec has also contributed to the creation of some Canadian artificial satellites including SCISAT-1, ISIS, Radarsat-1 and Radarsat-2.", "qas": [ { "id": "40454", "question": "who are the csa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "Marc Garneau, Julie Payette and Guy Lalibert\u00e9" } ] }, { "id": "40455", "question": "what are some canadian artificial satellites ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 315, "text": "SCISAT-1, ISIS, Radarsat-1 and Radarsat-2" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The province is one of the world leaders in the field of space science and contributed to important discoveries in this field. One of the most recent is the discovery of the complex extrasolar planets system HR 8799. HR 8799 is the first direct observation of an exoplanet in history. Olivier Daigle and Claude Carignan, astrophysicists from Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al have invented an astronomical camera approximately 500 times more powerful than those currently on the market. It is therefore considered as the most sensitive camera in the world. The Mont M\u00e9gantic Observatory was recently equipped with this camera.", "qas": [ { "id": "40456", "question": "what is the planets system called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "HR 8799" } ] }, { "id": "40457", "question": "what is the first direct observation of an exoplanet in history ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "HR 8799" } ] }, { "id": "40458", "question": "how many times has an astronomical camera invented ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 416, "text": "500 times" } ] }, { "id": "40459", "question": "what was recently equipped with the camera ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 550, "text": "Mont M\u00e9gantic Observatory" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Quebec ranks among the world leaders in the field of life science. William Osler, Wilder Penfield, Donald Hebb, Brenda Milner, and others made significant discoveries in medicine, neuroscience and psychology while working at McGill University in Montreal. Quebec has more than 450 biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies which together employ more than 25,000 people and 10,000 highly qualified researchers. Montreal is ranked 4th in North America for the number of jobs in the pharmaceutical sector.", "qas": [ { "id": "40460", "question": "how many biotechnology companies does quebec have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "450" } ] }, { "id": "40461", "question": "where is montreal ranked in north america ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 430, "text": "4th" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Development and security of land transportation in Canada are provided by the minist\u00e8re des Transports du Qu\u00e9bec. Other organizations, such as the Canadian Coast Guard and Nav Canada, provide the same service for the sea and air transportation. The \"Commission des transports du Qu\u00e9bec\" works with the freight carriers and the public transport.", "qas": [ { "id": "40462", "question": "who provided the security of land transportation in canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "minist\u00e8re des Transports du Qu\u00e9bec" } ] }, { "id": "40463", "question": "what are some of the organizations that provide the same service for the sea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Canadian Coast Guard and Nav Canada" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The \"r\u00e9seau routier qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois\" (Quebec road network) is managed by the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de l'assurance automobile du Qu\u00e9bec (SAAQ) (Quebec Automobile Insurance Corporation) and consists of about of highways and national, regional, local, collector and forest roads. In addition, Quebec has almost 12,000 bridges, tunnels, retaining walls, culverts and other structures such as the Quebec Bridge, the Laviolette Bridge and the Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine Bridge-Tunnel.", "qas": [ { "id": "40464", "question": "who managed the quebec automobile insurance corporation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de l'assurance automobile du Qu\u00e9bec" } ] }, { "id": "40465", "question": "what is the name of the corporation managed by the quebec road network ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "Quebec Automobile Insurance Corporation" } ] }, { "id": "40466", "question": "how many bridges does quebec bridge have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 288, "text": "12,000" } ] }, { "id": "40467", "question": "what is the name of the quebec bridge of quebec bridge ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 417, "text": "Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine Bridge-Tunnel" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the waters of the St. Lawrence there are eight deep-water ports for the transhipment of goods. In 2003, 3886 cargo and 9.7 million tonnes of goods transited the Quebec portion of the St. Lawrence Seaway.", "qas": [ { "id": "40468", "question": "how many deep-water ports are there in st. lawrence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "eight" } ] }, { "id": "40469", "question": "how many tonnes of goods transited the quebec portion of the st. lawrence seaway ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "9.7 million" } ] }, { "id": "40470", "question": "in what seaway was the quebec portion of the quebec area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "St. Lawrence Seaway" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Concerning rail transport, Quebec has of railways integrated in the large North American network. Although primarily intended for the transport of goods through companies such as the Canadian National (CN) and the Canadian Pacific (CP), the Quebec railway network is also used by inter-city passengers via Via Rail Canada and Amtrak. In April 2012, plans were unveiled for the construction of an railway running north from Sept-\u00celes, to support mining and other resource extraction in the Labrador Trough.", "qas": [ { "id": "40471", "question": "what are the names of the quebec railway network ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "the Canadian National (CN) and the Canadian Pacific" } ] }, { "id": "40472", "question": "how is the quebec railway network used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "Via Rail Canada and Amtrak" } ] }, { "id": "40473", "question": "what was the construction of the railway running north from 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 423, "text": "Sept-\u00celes" } ] }, { "id": "40474", "question": "where was the construction of an railway running north ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 489, "text": "Labrador Trough" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The upper air network includes 43 airports that offer scheduled services on a daily basis. In addition, the Government of Quebec owns airports and heliports to increase the accessibility of local services to communities in the Basse-C\u00f4te-Nord and northern regions.", "qas": [ { "id": "40475", "question": "how many airports are in the upper air network ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "43" } ] }, { "id": "40476", "question": "where do the government of quebec owns ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "Basse-C\u00f4te-Nord and northern regions" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Various other transport networks crisscross the province of Quebec, including hiking trails, snowmobile trails and bike paths; the Green Road being the largest with nearly in length.", "qas": [ { "id": "40477", "question": "what are some of the province of quebec networks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "hiking trails, snowmobile trails and bike paths" } ] }, { "id": "40478", "question": "what is the largest with nearly in length ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "Green Road" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Quebec has been described as a potential clean energy superpower. The energy balance of Quebec has undergone a large shift over the past 30 years. In 2008, electricity ranked as the main form of energy used in Quebec (41.6%), followed by oil (38.2%) and natural gas (10.7%).", "qas": [ { "id": "40479", "question": "how long has the energy balance of quebec balance of quebec a large shift ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "30 years" } ] }, { "id": "40480", "question": "what percentage of energy ranked in quebec in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "41.6%" } ] }, { "id": "40481", "question": "what percentage of energy ranked electricity in quebec -lrb- 2008 -rrb- ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 243, "text": "38.2%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Quebec is the fourth largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world after China, Brazil and the United States and relies almost exclusively (96% in 2008) on this source of renewable energy for its electricity needs.", "qas": [ { "id": "40482", "question": "what is the fourth largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Quebec" } ] }, { "id": "40483", "question": "quebec is the fourth largest producer of hydroelectricity in what two countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "China, Brazil and the United States" } ] }, { "id": "40484", "question": "what percentage of hydroelectricity in 2008 is quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "96%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Quebec is at the centre of French-speaking culture in North America. Its culture is a symbol of a distinct perspective. Quebec nationalism has been one expression of this perspective. Quebec's culture blends its historic roots with its aboriginal heritage and the contributions of recent immigrants, as well as receiving a strong influence from English-speaking North America.", "qas": [ { "id": "40485", "question": "where is quebec quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "French-speaking culture in North America" } ] }, { "id": "40486", "question": "where did quebec 's culture come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 345, "text": "English-speaking North America" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Montreal's cabarets rose to the forefront of the city's cultural life during the Prohibition era of Canada and the United States in the 1920s. The cabarets radically transformed the artistic scene, greatly influencing the live entertainment industry of Quebec. The Quartier Latin (English: Latin Quarter) of Montreal, and Vieux-Qu\u00e9bec (English: Old Quebec) in Quebec City, are two hubs of activity for today's artists. Life in the caf\u00e9s and \"terrasses\" (outdoor restaurant terraces) reveals a Latin influence in Quebec's culture, with the th\u00e9\u00e2tre Saint-Denis in Montr\u00e9al and the Capitole de Qu\u00e9bec theatre in Quebec City being among the principal attractions.", "qas": [ { "id": "40487", "question": "what is another name for outdoor restaurant ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 442, "text": "terrasses" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A number of governmental and non-government organizations support cultural activity in Quebec. The Conseil des arts et des lettres du Qu\u00e9bec (CALQ) is an initiative of the Ministry of Culture and Communications (Quebec). It supports creation, innovation, production, and international exhibits for all cultural fields of Quebec. The Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de d\u00e9veloppement des entreprises culturelles (SODEC) works to promote and fund individuals working in the cultural industry. The Prix du Qu\u00e9bec is an award given by the government to confer the highest distinction and honour to individuals demonstrating exceptional achievement in their respective cultural field.", "qas": [ { "id": "40488", "question": "what is the name of the conseil des arts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "Ministry of Culture and Communications" } ] }, { "id": "40489", "question": "what is an award given to the government to confer the highest distinction ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 466, "text": "The Prix du Qu\u00e9bec" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On February 8, 2007, Quebec Premier Jean Charest announced the setting up of a \"Commission tasked with consulting Quebec Society on the matter of arrangements regarding cultural diversity\". The Premier's press release reasserted the three fundamental values of Quebec society:\nFurthermore, Quebec is a free and democratic society that abides by the rule of law. Quebec society bases its cohesion and specificity on a set of statements, a few notable examples of which include:", "qas": [ { "id": "40490", "question": "in what year was the setting of commission tasked with consulting quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 15, "text": "2007" } ] }, { "id": "40491", "question": "who announced the setting up of a `` commission tasked with cultural diversity '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "Quebec Premier Jean Charest" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nTraditional music is imbued with many dances, such as the jig, the quadrille, the reel and line dancing, which developed in the festivities since the early days of colonization. Various instruments are more popular in Quebec's culture: harmonica (music-of-mouth or lip-destruction), fiddle, spoons, jaw harp and accordion. The \"podorythmie\" is a characteristic of traditional Quebec music and means giving the rhythm with the feet. Quebec traditional music is currently provided by various contemporary groups seen mostly during Christmas and New Year's Eve celebrations, Quebec National Holiday and many local festivals.", "qas": [ { "id": "40492", "question": "what are some dances ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "the jig, the quadrille, the reel and line dancing" } ] }, { "id": "40493", "question": "various instruments are more popular in what culture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 237, "text": "harmonica" } ] }, { "id": "40494", "question": "what are some of the instruments that are more popular in quebec 's culture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "music-of-mouth or lip-destruction" } ] }, { "id": "40495", "question": "what is a characteristic of traditional quebec music ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 329, "text": "podorythmie" } ] }, { "id": "40496", "question": "along with local festivals , what was quebec in quebec and eve ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 573, "text": "Quebec National Holiday" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Being a modern cosmopolitan society, today, all types of music can be found in Quebec. From folk music to hip-hop, music has always played an important role in Quebercers culture. From La Bolduc in the 1920s\u20131930s to the contemporary artists, the music in Quebec has announced multiple songwriters and performers, pop singers and crooners, music groups and many more. Quebec's most popular artists of the last century include the singers F\u00e9lix Leclerc (1950s), Gilles Vigneault (1960s\u2013present), Kate and Anna McGarrigle (1970s\u2013present) and C\u00e9line Dion (1980s\u2013present). The First Nations and the Inuit of Quebec also have their own traditional music.", "qas": [ { "id": "40497", "question": "when was the music in quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "1920s\u20131930s" } ] }, { "id": "40498", "question": "who was the singers of the last century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 438, "text": "F\u00e9lix Leclerc" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From Quebec's musical repertoire, the song \"A La Claire Fontaine\" was the anthem of the New France, Patriots and French Canadian, then replaced by \"O Canada\". Currently, the song \"Gens du pays\" is by far preferred by many Quebecers to be the national anthem of Quebec. The Association qu\u00e9b\u00e9coise de l'industrie du disque, du spectacle et de la vid\u00e9o (ADISQ) was created in 1978 to promote the music industry in Quebec. The Orchestre symphonique de Qu\u00e9bec and the Orchestre symphonique de Montr\u00e9al are respectively associated with the Op\u00e9ra de Qu\u00e9bec and the Op\u00e9ra de Montreal whose performances are presented at the Grand Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de Qu\u00e9bec and at Place des Arts. The \"Ballets Jazz de Montreal\", the \"Grands Ballets\" and La La La Human Steps are three important professional troupes of contemporary dance.", "qas": [ { "id": "40499", "question": "what was the name of the song that replaced canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "A La Claire Fontaine" } ] }, { "id": "40500", "question": "what were the song `` a la claire '' the anthem of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "New France, Patriots and French Canadian" } ] }, { "id": "40501", "question": "what was the name of the song that replaced the new france , patriots ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "O Canada" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Cin\u00e9math\u00e8que qu\u00e9b\u00e9coise has a mandate to promote the film and television heritage of Quebec. Similarly, the National Film Board of Canada (NFB), a federal Crown corporation, provides for the same mission in Canada.\nIn a similar way, the Association of Film and Television in Quebec (APFTQ) promotes independent production in film and television. While the Association of producers and directors of Quebec (APDQ) represents the business of filmmaking and television, the Association of Community Radio Broadcasters of Quebec (ARCQ)(French acronym) represents the independent radio stations. Several movie theatres across Quebec ensure the dissemination of Quebec cinema. With its cinematic installations, such as the \"Cit\u00e9 du cin\u00e9ma\" and \"Mel's\" studios, the city of Montreal is home to the filming of various productions. The State corporation T\u00e9l\u00e9-Qu\u00e9bec, the federal Crown corporation CBC, general and specialized private channels, networks, independent and community radio stations broadcast the various Quebec t\u00e9l\u00e9romans, the national and regional news, interactive and spoken programmations, etc.\nLes Rendez-vous du cin\u00e9ma qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois is a festival surrounding the ceremony of the Jutra Awards Night that rewards work and personalities of Quebec cinema. The Artis and the Gemini Awards gala recognize the personalities of television and radio industry in Quebec and French Canada. The \"Film Festival of the 3 Americas\", Quebec City, the \"Festival of International Short Film\", Saguenay, the World Film Festival and the Festival of New Cinema, Montreal, are other annual events surrounding the film industry in Quebec.", "qas": [ { "id": "40502", "question": "who has a mandate to promote the film and television heritage ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Cin\u00e9math\u00e8que qu\u00e9b\u00e9coise" } ] }, { "id": "40503", "question": "what is the name of the federal crown corporation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "National Film Board of Canada" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From New France, Quebec literature was first developed in the travel accounts of explorers such as Jacques Cartier, Jean de Br\u00e9beuf, the Baron de La Hontan and Nicolas Perrot, describing their relations with indigenous peoples. The \"Moulin \u00e0 paroles\" traces the great texts that have shaped the history of Quebec since its foundation in 1534 until the era of modernity. The first to write the history of Quebec, since its discovery, was the historian Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier Garneau. This author will be part of the current of patriotic literature (also known as the \"poets of the country\" and literary identity) that will arise after the Patriots Rebellion of 1837\u20131838.", "qas": [ { "id": "40504", "question": "who was the quebec literature of quebec literature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "Baron de La Hontan and Nicolas Perrot" } ] }, { "id": "40505", "question": "when did the moulin \u00e0 paroles shaped the history of quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 337, "text": "1534" } ] }, { "id": "40506", "question": "who was the first to write the history of quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 451, "text": "Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier Garneau" } ] }, { "id": "40507", "question": "what is the name of the rebellion that will arise in the patriots ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 631, "text": "Patriots Rebellion of 1837\u20131838" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Various tales and stories are told through oral tradition, such as, among many more, the legends of the \"Bogeyman\", the \"Chasse-galerie\", the \"Black Horse of Trois-Pistoles\", the \"Complainte de Cadieux\", the \"Corriveau\", the \"dancing devil of Saint-Ambroise\", the \"Giant Beaupr\u00e9\", the \"monsters of the lakes Poh\u00e9n\u00e9gamook\" and \"Memphremagog\", of \"Quebec Bridge\" (called the Devil's Bridge), the \"Rocher Perc\u00e9\" and of \"Rose Latulipe\", for example.", "qas": [ { "id": "40508", "question": "what are the legends of the `` black horse of trois-pistoles '' called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "Bogeyman" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many Quebec poets and prominent authors marked their era and today remain anchored in the collective imagination, like, among others, Philippe Aubert de Gasp\u00e9, Octave Cr\u00e9mazie, Honor\u00e9 Beaugrand, \u00c9mile Nelligan, Lionel Groulx, Gabrielle Roy, Hubert Aquin, Michel Tremblay, Marie Laberge, Fred Pellerin and Gaston Miron. The regional novel from Quebec is called \"Terroir\" novel and is a literary tradition specific to the province. It includes such works as \"The Old Canadians\", \"Maria Chapdelaine\", \"\", \"Le Survenant\", etc. There are also many successful plays from this literary category, such as \"Les Belles-s\u0153urs\" and \"Broue (Brew)\".", "qas": [ { "id": "40509", "question": "what is the regional novel from quebec is called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 361, "text": "Terroir" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Among the theatre troupes are the Compagnie Jean-Duceppe, the \"Th\u00e9\u00e2tre La Rubrique\" at the Pierrette-Gaudreault venue of the Institut of arts in Saguenay, the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Le Grenier, etc. In addition to the network of cultural centres in Quebec, the venues include the Monument-National and the \"Rideau Vert\" (green curtain) Theatre in Montreal, the \"Trident\" Theatre in Quebec City, etc. The National Theatre School of Canada and the Conservatoire de musique et d'art dramatique du Qu\u00e9bec form the future players.", "qas": [ { "id": "40510", "question": "what is the name of the theatre in the theatre ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "Compagnie Jean-Duceppe" } ] }, { "id": "40511", "question": "what is the name of the compagnie of the theatre ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "Th\u00e9\u00e2tre La Rubrique" } ] }, { "id": "40512", "question": "who is the arts in the theatre ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Le Grenier" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Popular French-language contemporary writers include Louis Caron, Suzanne Jacob, Yves Beauchemin, and Gilles Archambault. Mavis Gallant, born in Quebec, lived in Paris from the 1950s onward. Well-known English-language writers from Quebec include Leonard Cohen, Mordecai Richler, and Neil Bissoondath.", "qas": [ { "id": "40513", "question": "who lived in paris from the 1950s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Mavis Gallant" } ] } ] }, { "context": "First influenced since the days of New France by Catholicism, with works from \"Fr\u00e8re Luc\" (Brother Luke) and more recently from Ozias Leduc and Guido Nincheri, art of Quebec has developed around the specific characteristics of its landscapes and cultural, historical, social and political representations.", "qas": [ { "id": "40514", "question": "who influenced new france ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "Catholicism" } ] }, { "id": "40515", "question": "what was the name of the brother that influenced new france ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "Fr\u00e8re Luc" } ] }, { "id": "40516", "question": "what were the more recently influenced art of quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "Ozias Leduc and Guido Nincheri" } ] }, { "id": "40517", "question": "along with cultural , cultural , cultural , cultural , cultural , cultural , cultural , cultural , cultural , cultural , cultural , cultural , cultural , cultural , cultural , and cultural representations , what other characteristics have been developed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "historical, social and political representations" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Fine arts of Quebec are displayed at the Quebec National Museum of Fine Arts, the Montreal Museum of Contemporary Art, the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, the Quebec \"Salon des m\u00e9tiers d'art\" and in many art galleries. While many works decorate the public areas of Quebec, others are displayed in foreign countries such as the sculpture \"Emb\u00e2cle\" (Jam) by Charles Daudelin on \"Qu\u00e9bec Place\" in Paris and the statue \"Qu\u00e9bec Libre!\" (free Quebec!) by Armand Vaillancourt in San Francisco.\nThe Montreal School of Fine Arts forms the painters, printmakers and sculptors of Quebec.", "qas": [ { "id": "40518", "question": "where is the fine arts of quebec displayed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "Quebec National Museum of Fine Arts" } ] }, { "id": "40519", "question": "what is the name of the sculpture displayed in paris ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 340, "text": "Emb\u00e2cle" } ] }, { "id": "40520", "question": "who wrote the sculpture `` emb\u00e2cle place '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 358, "text": "Charles Daudelin" } ] }, { "id": "40521", "question": "who wrote the san francisco in san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 451, "text": "Armand Vaillancourt" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Several circus troupes were created in recent decades, the most important being without any doubt the Cirque du Soleil. Among these troops are contemporary, travelling and on-horseback circuses, such as Les 7 Doigts de la Main, Cirque \u00c9loize, Cavalia, \"Kosmogonia\", \"Saka\" and Cirque \"Akya\". Presented outdoors under a tent or in venues similar to the Montreal Casino, the circuses attract large crowds both in Quebec and abroad. In the manner of touring companies of the Renaissance, the clowns, street performers, minstrels, or troubadours travel from city to city to play their comedies. Although they may appear randomly from time to time during the year, they are always visible in the cultural events such as the Winterlude in Gatineau, the Quebec Winter Carnival, the Gatineau Hot Air Balloon Festival, the Quebec City Summer Festival, the Just for Laughs Festival in Montreal and the Festival of New France in Quebec.", "qas": [ { "id": "40522", "question": "what was the name of the most important cirque ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "Cirque du Soleil" } ] }, { "id": "40523", "question": "what is the casino similar to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 352, "text": "Montreal Casino" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The National Circus School and the \"\u00c9cole de cirque de Qu\u00e9bec\" were created to train future Contemporary circus artists. For its part, \"Tohu, la Cit\u00e9 des Arts du Cirque\" was founded in 2004 to disseminate the circus arts.", "qas": [ { "id": "40524", "question": "what is the name of the school that were created to train contemporary circus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "National Circus School" } ] }, { "id": "40525", "question": "what was the name of the national circus school ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "\u00c9cole de cirque de Qu\u00e9bec" } ] }, { "id": "40526", "question": "what was founded in 2004 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "Tohu, la Cit\u00e9 des Arts du Cirque" } ] }, { "id": "40527", "question": "when was the la cit\u00e9 des arts founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "2004" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Cultural Heritage Fund is a program of the Quebec government for the conservation and development of Quebec's heritage, together with various laws. Several organizations ensure that same mission, both in the social and cultural traditions in the countryside and heritage buildings, including the \"Commission des biens culturels du Qu\u00e9bec\", the \"Quebec Heritage Fondation\", the \"Conservation Centre of Quebec\", the \"Centre for development of living heritage\", the \"Quebec Council of living heri tage\", the \"Quebec Association of heritage interpretation\", etc.", "qas": [ { "id": "40528", "question": "what is a program of the quebec government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Cultural Heritage Fund" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Several sites, houses and historical works reflect the cultural heritage of Quebec, such as the Village Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois d'Antan, the historical village of Val-Jalbert, the Fort Chambly, the national home of the Patriots, the Chicoutimi pulp mill (Pulperie de Chicoutimi), the Lachine Canal and the Victoria Bridge. Strongly influenced by the presence of the Catholic Church, the development of the religious history of Quebec is provided by organizations like the Council of the religious heritage of Quebec. Since 2007, the government promotes, with the various players in the field, the conclusion of agreements on the use of property belonging to episcopal factories and corporations to establish \"\"partnerships in financing the restoration and renovation of religious buildings\"\".", "qas": [ { "id": "40529", "question": "what is the name of the historical village of the patriots ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "Village Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois d'Antan" } ] }, { "id": "40530", "question": "what is the name of the patriots that reflect the cultural heritage ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "Chicoutimi pulp mill" } ] }, { "id": "40531", "question": "the development of the religious history of quebec is influenced by what church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 348, "text": "the Catholic Church" } ] }, { "id": "40532", "question": "in what year did the government promotes the government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 509, "text": "2007" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As of December 2011, there are 190 National Historic Sites of Canada in Quebec. These sites were designated as being of national historic significance.", "qas": [ { "id": "40533", "question": "how many national historic sites are in canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "190" } ] }, { "id": "40534", "question": "what were these sites designated as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "national historic significance" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Various museums tell the cultural history of Quebec, like the Museum of Civilization, the Museum of French America, the McCord Museum or the Montreal Museum of Archaeology and History in Pointe-\u00e0-Calli\u00e8re, displaying artifacts, paintings and other remains from the past of Quebec. Many literary works reproduce the daily lives of the past, following the social and cultural traditions of Quebec television series reproducing the old days such as the trilogy of Pierre Gauvreau (\"Le Temps d'une paix\", \"Cormoran\" and \"Le Volcan tranquille\"), \"La Famille Plouffe\", \"Les Belles Histoires des Pays-d'en-Haut\", \"La Petite Patrie\", \"Entre chien et loup\", \" Les Filles de Caleb\", \"Blanche\", \"Au nom du p\u00e8re et du fils\", \"Marguerite Volant\", \"Nos \u00c9t\u00e9s\" or \"Mus\u00e9e \u00c9den\", among others.", "qas": [ { "id": "40535", "question": "where is the montreal museum located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "Pointe-\u00e0-Calli\u00e8re" } ] }, { "id": "40536", "question": "who is the trilogy of the past ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 461, "text": "Pierre Gauvreau" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The historical context of 'traditional' Quebec cuisine is from the fur trade period and many dishes have a high fat or lard content. From the early 17th century, French settlers populating North America were interested in a new cuisine to confront the climate and the needs arising from the work of colonization. Mindful of the same nutritional needs as settlers from Acadia, it has many similarities with Acadian cuisine. Quebec's cuisine has a strong French and Irish influence, although many aspects of Canadian aboriginal cuisine have also had a significant impact on Quebec cuisine. Quebec is most famous for its Tourti\u00e8re, P\u00e2t\u00e9 Chinois and Poutine. The temps des sucres (sugar season) is one of the oldest of Quebec culinary traditions. During springtime, many Quebecers go to the cabane \u00e0 sucre (sugar house) for a traditional meal. The Jewish community of Montreal has contributed Montreal-style bagels and smoked meat which is similar to pastrami.", "qas": [ { "id": "40537", "question": "what is the historical context of ` traditional ' quebec cuisine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "high fat or lard content" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Quebec has produced beer since the beginning of colonization especially with the emergence of spruce beer. In 1668, Jean Talon founded a brewery in Quebec City, but it closed a decade later. Although many people tried to produce a beer between the 17th and 18th centuries, it is only since the 1980s that the industries had produced on a larger scale. Today there are nearly a hundred breweries and companies, including Unibroue, Molson Coors, Labatt and many others. Quebec also produces wine, ice wine and ice cider.", "qas": [ { "id": "40538", "question": "what type of beer has produced beer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "spruce beer" } ] }, { "id": "40539", "question": "in what year was the brewery in quebec city founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "1668" } ] }, { "id": "40540", "question": "who founded a brewery in 1668 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Jean Talon" } ] }, { "id": "40541", "question": "where was the brewery founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "Quebec City" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Quebec has produced cheese for centuries. The first cheese-making school in North America was established in Saint-Denis-de-Kamouraska in 1893. It was at this moment that the monks of La Trappe of Oka began to produce the famous Oka cheese. Today there are over 300 different cheeses in Quebec.", "qas": [ { "id": "40542", "question": "where was the first cheese-making school in north america established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Saint-Denis-de-Kamouraska" } ] }, { "id": "40543", "question": "when was the first cheese-making school in north america established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "1893" } ] }, { "id": "40544", "question": "who began to produce the famous cheese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "La Trappe of Oka" } ] }, { "id": "40545", "question": "what was the name of the famous cheese of la america ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "Oka cheese" } ] }, { "id": "40546", "question": "how many different cheeses are in quebec ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "over 300" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sports in Quebec constitutes an essential dimension of Quebec culture. The practice of sports and outdoor activities in Quebec was influenced largely by its geography and climate. Ice hockey remains the national sport. This sport, which was played for the first time on March 3, 1875, at the Victoria Skating Rink in Montreal and promoted over the years by numerous achievements of the centenary of the Montreal Canadiens, still raises passions. Other major sports include Canadian Football with the Montreal Alouettes, soccer with the Montreal Impact, the Grand Prix du Canada Formula 1 racing with drivers such as Gilles Villeneuve and Jacques Villeneuve, and professional baseball with the former Montreal Expos. During its history, Quebec has hosted several major sporting events; including the 1976 Summer Olympics, the Fencing World Championships in 1967, track cycling in 1974, and the Transat Qu\u00e9bec-Saint-Malo race created for the first time in 1984.", "qas": [ { "id": "40547", "question": "what influenced the practice of sports ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "geography and climate" } ] }, { "id": "40548", "question": "on what date was victoria 's sport played ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "March 3, 1875" } ] }, { "id": "40549", "question": "where was the first time on march 3 , 1875 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "Victoria Skating Rink" } ] }, { "id": "40550", "question": "when was the fencing world championships hosted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 856, "text": "1967" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1939, the government of Quebec unilaterally ratified its coat of arms to reflect Quebec's political history: French rule (gold lily on blue background), British rule (lion on red background) and Canadian rule (maple leaves) and with Quebec's motto below \"Je me souviens\". Je me souviens (\"I remember\") was first carved under the coat of arms of Quebec's Parliament Building fa\u00e7ade in 1883. It is an official part of the coat of arms and has been the official licence plate motto since 1978, replacing \"\"La belle province\"\" (the beautiful province). The expression \"La belle province\" is still used mostly in tourism as a nickname for the province.", "qas": [ { "id": "40551", "question": "in what year was the coat of arms to reflect quebec 's political history ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1939" } ] }, { "id": "40552", "question": "what was the name of french rule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "gold lily on blue background" } ] }, { "id": "40553", "question": "when was the coat of arms of quebec 's parliament carved ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 387, "text": "1883" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The fleur-de-lis, the ancient symbol of the French monarchy, first arrived on the shores of the Gasp\u00e9sie in 1534 with Jacques Cartier on his first voyage. When Samuel de Champlain founded Qu\u00e9bec City in 1608, his ship hoisted the merchant flag of a white cross on a blue background. By 1758 at the Battle of Carillon, the Flag of Carillon would become the basis of Quebec's desire to have its own flag. By 1903, the parent of today's flag had taken shape, known as the \"\"Fleurdelis\u00e9\"\". The flag in its present form with its 4 white \"fleur-de-lis\" lilies on a blue background with a white cross replaced the Union Jack on Quebec's Parliament Building on January 21, 1948.", "qas": [ { "id": "40554", "question": "in what year did the ancient symbol of the french monarchy end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "1534" } ] }, { "id": "40555", "question": "who was the leader of the french monarchy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "Jacques Cartier" } ] }, { "id": "40556", "question": "who founded the city in 1608 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "Samuel de Champlain" } ] }, { "id": "40557", "question": "what was samuel de champlain founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "Qu\u00e9bec City" } ] }, { "id": "40558", "question": "in what year was samuel de champlain founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "1608" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nIn 1998 the Montreal Insectarium sponsored a poll to choose an official insect. The white admiral butterfly (\"Limenitis arthemis\") won with 32% of the 230\u00a0660 votes against the spotted lady beetle (\"Coleomegilla maculata lengi\"), the ebony jewelwing damselfly (\"Calopteryx maculata\"), a species of bumble bee (\"Bombus impatiens\") and the six-spotted tiger beetle (\"Cicindela sexguttata sexguttata\").", "qas": [ { "id": "40559", "question": "what was the name of the insect 's official insect ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "1998" } ] }, { "id": "40560", "question": "what was the name of the montreal poll that sponsored a official insect ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "Montreal Insectarium" } ] }, { "id": "40561", "question": "what percentage of votes did the white admiral butterfly beetle get ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "32%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1977, the Quebec Parliament declared June 24 to be Quebec's National Holiday. Historically June 24 was a holiday honouring French Canada's patron saint, St. John the Baptist, which is why it is commonly known as \"La Saint-Jean-Baptiste\" (often shortened to \"La St-Jean\"). On this day, the song \"Gens du pays\" by Gilles Vigneault is often heard and commonly regarded as Quebec's unofficial anthem. The festivities occur on June 23 and 24 and are celebrated all over Quebec. In cities like Qu\u00e9bec and Montr\u00e9al, great shows are organized in the main public places (such as the Abraham plains, Qu\u00e9bec, or Maisonneuve Park, Montr\u00e9al) where several of the most popular Quebec artists relay each others until late at night.", "qas": [ { "id": "40562", "question": "in what year did the quebec parliament take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1977" } ] }, { "id": "40563", "question": "what was the date of the quebec parliament ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "June 24" } ] }, { "id": "40564", "question": "what was the quebec parliament of the quebec parliament ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "Quebec's National Holiday" } ] }, { "id": "40565", "question": "when was the patron saint , st. john the baptist , st. john the baptist , st. john the baptist , st. john the baptist , st. john the baptist , st. john the baptist , st. john the baptist , st. john the baptist , st. john the baptist , st. john the baptist , st. john the baptist , st. john the baptist , st. john the baptist , st. john the baptist , which is why ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "June 24" } ] }, { "id": "40566", "question": "what is the patron saint , saint saint-jean-baptiste ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "St. John the Baptist" } ] }, { "id": "40567", "question": "what is the patron saint , st. john the baptist , st. john the baptist , st. john the baptist , st. john the baptist , st. john the baptist , which is commonly known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "La Saint-Jean-Baptiste" } ] }, { "id": "40568", "question": "what is another name for la saint-jean-baptiste ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "La St-Jean" } ] }, { "id": "40569", "question": "who is responsible for the song `` gens du pays '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 315, "text": "Gilles Vigneault" } ] }, { "id": "40570", "question": "when does the festivities begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 425, "text": "June 23 and 24" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Quebec" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice, usually in a rink, in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent's net to score points. Ice hockey teams usually consist of six players each: one goaltender, and five players who skate up and down the ice trying to take the puck and score a goal against the opposing team.", "qas": [ { "id": "40571", "question": "on what language is ice hockey sport ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "ice" } ] }, { "id": "40572", "question": "what is the purpose of ice hockey to ice ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent's net to score points" } ] }, { "id": "40573", "question": "how many players are in the ice hockey teams ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "six" } ] }, { "id": "40574", "question": "what do ice hockey teams consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "one goaltender, and five players who skate up and down the ice trying to take the puck and score a goal against the opposing team" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A fast-paced, physical sport, ice hockey is most popular in areas of North America (particularly Canada and the northern United States) and northern and eastern Europe. Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada, where the game enjoys immense popularity. In North America, the National Hockey League (NHL) is the highest level for men's hockey and the most popular. The Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe. The International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) is the formal governing body for international ice hockey. The IIHF manages international tournaments and maintains the IIHF World Ranking. Worldwide, there are ice hockey federations in 74 countries.", "qas": [ { "id": "40575", "question": "what countries are most popular in north america ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "Canada and the northern United States) and northern and eastern Europe" } ] }, { "id": "40576", "question": "what is ice hockey ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "the official national winter sport of Canada" } ] }, { "id": "40577", "question": "what is the highest level of men in north america ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 293, "text": "National Hockey League" } ] }, { "id": "40578", "question": "what is the highest league in russia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 386, "text": "Kontinental Hockey League" } ] }, { "id": "40579", "question": "what does iihf stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 482, "text": "International Ice Hockey Federation" } ] }, { "id": "40580", "question": "how many countries are in there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 712, "text": "74" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th century United Kingdom and elsewhere. These games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed, such as \"shinny\" and \"ice polo\". The contemporary sport of ice hockey was developed in Canada, most notably in Montreal, where the first indoor hockey game was played on March 3, 1875. Some characteristics of that game, such as the length of the ice rink and the use of a puck, have been retained to this day. Amateur ice hockey leagues began in the 1880s, and professional ice hockey originated around 1900. The Stanley Cup, emblematic of ice hockey club supremacy, was first awarded in 1893 to recognize the Canadian amateur champion and later became the championship trophy of the NHL. In the early 1900s, the Canadian rules were adopted by the Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace, the precursor of the IIHF and the sport was played for the first time in the Olympics in the Olympic Games of 1920.", "qas": [ { "id": "40581", "question": "when did ice hockey and ball games begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "18th and 19th century" } ] }, { "id": "40582", "question": "what were the names of the games that were brought to north america ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "\"shinny\" and \"ice polo" } ] }, { "id": "40583", "question": "when was the first indoor hockey game played ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 420, "text": "March 3, 1875" } ] }, { "id": "40584", "question": "when was the stanley cup first awarded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 738, "text": "1893" } ] }, { "id": "40585", "question": "who adopted the canadian rules in the early 1900s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 898, "text": "Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In international competitions, the national teams of six countries (The \"Big Six\") predominate: Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Sweden and the United States. Of the 69 medals awarded all-time in men's competition at the Olympics, only six medals were not awarded to one of those countries. In the annual Ice Hockey World Championships, 177 of 201 medals have been awarded to the six nations. Teams outside the \"Big Six\" have won only five medals in either competition since 1953: All 12 Women's Olympic and 36 IIHF World Women's Championships medals have been awarded to one of these six countries, and every gold medal in both competitions has been won by either the Canadian national team or the United States national team.", "qas": [ { "id": "40586", "question": "how many countries are in the national teams ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "six" } ] }, { "id": "40587", "question": "what is the name of the national teams of six countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "The \"Big Six" } ] }, { "id": "40588", "question": "what are the national teams of six countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Sweden and the United States" } ] }, { "id": "40589", "question": "how many medals did the 69 medals have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "six medals were not awarded to one of those countries" } ] }, { "id": "40590", "question": "what is the annual ice hockey world championships ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 345, "text": "177 of 201 medals have been awarded to the six nations" } ] }, { "id": "40591", "question": "how many medals have been won ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 420, "text": "Big Six\" have won only five medals in either competition since 1953" } ] }, { "id": "40592", "question": "how many women have won only five medals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 489, "text": "All 12 Women's Olympic and 36 IIHF World Women's Championships medals have been awarded to one of these six countries" } ] }, { "id": "40593", "question": "who has won every gold medal in both competitions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 677, "text": "Canadian national team or the United States national team" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Canada, the United States, and some European countries it is known simply as \"hockey\"; the name \"ice hockey\" is used in places where \"hockey\" more often refers to field hockey, such as South America, Asia, Africa, Australasia, and some European countries. In Russia and the Ukraine, where \"hockey\" can also refer to bandy, ice hockey is often called \"hockey with puck\".", "qas": [ { "id": "40594", "question": "what is another term for the name `` ice '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "hockey" } ] }, { "id": "40595", "question": "what are some of the field hockey hockey '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "South America, Asia, Africa, Australasia, and some European countries" } ] }, { "id": "40596", "question": "what is the ice hockey often called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 353, "text": "\"hockey with puck\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The name \"hockey\" has no clear origin. Its first known mention is from the 1773 book \"Juvenile Sports and Pastimes, to Which Are Prefixed, Memoirs of the Author: Including a New Mode of Infant Education\", by Richard Johnson (Pseud. Master Michel Angelo), whose chapter XI was titled \"New Improvements on the Game of Hockey\". The belief that hockey was mentioned in a 1363 proclamation by King Edward III of England is based on modern translations of the proclamation, which was originally in Latin and explicitly forbade the games \"Pilam Manualem, Pedivam, & Bacularem: & ad Canibucam & Gallorum Pugnam\". The English historian and biographer John Strype did not use the word \"hockey\" when he translated the proclamation in 1720.", "qas": [ { "id": "40597", "question": "in what year was the hockey first known mention ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "1773" } ] }, { "id": "40598", "question": "who wrote the new mode of infant education ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "Richard Johnson" } ] }, { "id": "40599", "question": "what type of proclamation did king edward iii use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 367, "text": "1363" } ] }, { "id": "40600", "question": "who mentioned the belief that hockey was mentioned in latin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 388, "text": "King Edward III of England" } ] }, { "id": "40601", "question": "who did not use the word `` hockey '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 642, "text": "John Strype" } ] }, { "id": "40602", "question": "when was the word hockey translated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 723, "text": "1720" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 1573 Statute of Galway banned a sport called \"'hokie'\u2014the hurling of a little ball with sticks or staves\". A form of this word was thus being used in the 16th century, though much removed from its current usage.", "qas": [ { "id": "40603", "question": "when did the statute of galway banned a sport ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "1573" } ] }, { "id": "40604", "question": "what was the name of the statute that banned a sport called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Statute of Galway" } ] }, { "id": "40605", "question": "what was the name of the sport banned by the 1573 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "'hokie'\u2014the hurling of a little ball with sticks or staves" } ] }, { "id": "40606", "question": "when was a form of this word used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "the 16th century" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the Austin Hockey Association, the word \"puck\" derives from the Scots Gaelic \"puc\" or the Irish \"poc\" (to poke, punch or deliver a blow). \"...The blow given by a hurler to the ball with his caman or hurley is always called a puck.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "40607", "question": "according to the word `` `` puck '' , what was the name of the hockey association ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "Austin Hockey Association" } ] }, { "id": "40608", "question": "where does the word `` puck '' come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "the Scots Gaelic \"puc\" or the Irish \"poc\"" } ] }, { "id": "40609", "question": "what are the irish association ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "to poke, punch or deliver a blow" } ] }, { "id": "40610", "question": "what is the blow to the ball called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "puck" } ] } ] }, { "context": "I must now describe to you the game of Hockey; we have each a stick turning up at the end. We get a bung. There are two sides one of them knocks one way and the other side the other way. If any one of the sides makes the bung reach that end of the churchyard it is victorious.", "qas": [] }, { "context": "A 1797 engraving unearthed by Swedish sport historians Carl Gid\u00e9n and Patrick Houda shows a person on skates with a stick and bung on the River Thames, probably in December 1796.", "qas": [ { "id": "40611", "question": "in what year was the engraving of a stick and bung on the river ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2, "text": "1797" } ] }, { "id": "40612", "question": "who was the swedish sport in december 1796 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "Carl Gid\u00e9n and Patrick Houda" } ] }, { "id": "40613", "question": "on what river was the person bung on the person ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "River Thames" } ] }, { "id": "40614", "question": "in what month and year did the river of the river begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "December 1796" } ] } ] }, { "context": "British soldiers and immigrants to Canada and the United States brought their stick-and-ball games with them and played them on the ice and snow of winter. In 1825, John Franklin wrote \"The game of hockey played on the ice was the morning sport\" on Great Bear Lake during one of his Arctic expeditions. A mid-1830s watercolour portrays New Brunswick lieutenant governor Archibald Campbell and his family with British soldiers on skates playing a stick-on-ice sport. Captain R.G.A. Levinge, a British Army officer in New Brunswick during Campbell's time, wrote about \"hockey on ice\" on Chippewa Creek (a tributary of the Niagara River) in 1839. In 1843 another British Army officer in Kingston, Ontario wrote, \"Began to skate this year, improved quickly and had great fun at hockey on the ice.\" An 1859 \"Boston Evening Gazette\" article referred to an early game of hockey on ice in Halifax that year. An 1835 painting by John O'Toole depicts skaters with sticks and bung on a frozen stream in the American state of West Virginia.", "qas": [ { "id": "40615", "question": "when did john franklin announce `` the game of hockey played on the ice was the morning sport '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "1825" } ] }, { "id": "40616", "question": "who wrote `` the game of hockey played '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "John Franklin" } ] }, { "id": "40617", "question": "where did john franklin say the game of hockey played ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "Great Bear Lake" } ] }, { "id": "40618", "question": "who was the governor of brunswick ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 370, "text": "Archibald Campbell" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the same era, the Mi'kmaq, a First Nations people of Nova Scotia, also had a stick-and-ball game. Canadian oral histories describe a traditional stick-and-ball game played by the Mi'kmaq in eastern Canada, and Silas Tertius Rand (in his 1894 \"Legends of the Micmacs\") describes a Mi'kmaq ball game known as \"tooadijik\". Rand also describes a game played (probably after European contact) with hurleys, known as \"wolchamaadijik\". Sticks made by the Mi'kmaq were used by the British for their games.", "qas": [ { "id": "40619", "question": "the first nations of a first nations were people of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Nova Scotia" } ] }, { "id": "40620", "question": "what is the name of the game that describes a mi ` legends of the micmacs '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "Silas Tertius Rand" } ] }, { "id": "40621", "question": "what is the name of the silas game rand rand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "Legends of the Micmacs" } ] }, { "id": "40622", "question": "what is the name of the mi game known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 311, "text": "tooadijik" } ] }, { "id": "40623", "question": "what is another term for a game that is used in a game ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 415, "text": "wolchamaadijik" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Early 19th-century paintings depict shinney (or \"shinny\"), an early form of hockey with no standard rules which was played in Nova Scotia. Many of these early games absorbed the physical aggression of what the Mi'kmaq in Nova Scotia called \"dehuntshigwa'es\" (lacrosse). Shinney was played on the St. Lawrence River at Montreal and Quebec City, and in Kingston, Ontario and Ottawa, Ontario. The number of players was often large. To this day, shinney (derived from \"shinty\") is a popular Canadian term for an informal type of hockey, either ice or street hockey.", "qas": [ { "id": "40624", "question": "what is another name for early paintings ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "shinny" } ] }, { "id": "40625", "question": "where was hockey with no standard rules played ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "Nova Scotia" } ] }, { "id": "40626", "question": "what was the name of the physical aggression in nova scotia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "dehuntshigwa'es" } ] }, { "id": "40627", "question": "where was the montreal river played ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "St. Lawrence River" } ] }, { "id": "40628", "question": "what is the name of the canadian term for an informal canadian term ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 465, "text": "shinty" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thomas Chandler Haliburton, in \"The Attache: Second Series\" (published in 1844) imagined a dialogue, between two of the novel's characters, which mentions playing \"hurly on the long pond on the ice\". This has been interpreted by some historians from Windsor, Nova Scotia as reminiscence of the days when the author was a student at King's College School in that town in 1810 and earlier. Based on Haliburton's quote, claims were made that modern hockey was invented in Windsor, Nova Scotia, by King's College students and perhaps named after an individual (\"Colonel Hockey's game\"). Others claim that the origins of hockey come from games played in the area of Dartmouth and Halifax in Nova Scotia. However, several references have been found to hurling and shinty being played on the ice long before the earliest references from both Windsor and Dartmouth/Halifax, and the word \"hockey\" was used to designate a stick-and-ball game at least as far back as 1773, as it was mentioned in the book \"Juvenile Sports and Pastimes, to Which Are Prefixed, Memoirs of the Author: Including a New Mode of Infant Education\" by Richard Johnson (Pseud. Master Michel Angelo), whose chapter XI was titled \"New Improvements on the Game of Hockey\".", "qas": [ { "id": "40629", "question": "when was the second series of second series published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "1844" } ] }, { "id": "40630", "question": "where was the author the author of the author held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 332, "text": "King's College School" } ] }, { "id": "40631", "question": "in what year was the author of king 's college school school established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 370, "text": "1810" } ] }, { "id": "40632", "question": "where was modern hockey 's invented ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 469, "text": "Windsor, Nova Scotia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While the game's origins lie elsewhere, Montreal is at the centre of the development of the sport of contemporary ice hockey. On March 3, 1875, the first organized indoor game was played at Montreal's Victoria Skating Rink between two nine-player teams, including James Creighton and several McGill University students. Instead of a ball or bung, the game featured a \"flat circular piece of wood\" (to keep it in the rink and to protect spectators). The goal posts were apart (today's goals are six feet wide).", "qas": [ { "id": "40633", "question": "in what year was the first indoor game played ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "1875" } ] }, { "id": "40634", "question": "where was the first indoor game played ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "Montreal's Victoria Skating Rink" } ] }, { "id": "40635", "question": "what did the game featured ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 368, "text": "flat circular piece of wood" } ] }, { "id": "40636", "question": "what is the goals of the goal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 494, "text": "six feet wide" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1876, the first game played in Montreal was reportedly \"conducted under the 'Hockey Association' rules\"; the Hockey Association was England's field hockey organization. In 1877, \"The Gazette\" (Montreal) published a list of seven rules, six of which were largely based on six of the Hockey Association's twelve rules, with only minor differences (even the word \"ball\" was kept); the one added rule explained how disputes should be settled. The McGill University Hockey Club, the first ice hockey club, was founded in 1877 (followed by the Quebec Bulldogs named Quebec Hockey Club and organized in 1878 and the Montreal Victorias, organized in 1881). In 1880, the number of players per side was reduced from nine to seven.", "qas": [ { "id": "40637", "question": "when was the first game played in montreal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1876" } ] }, { "id": "40638", "question": "in what year was the list of seven rules of seven rules published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "1877" } ] }, { "id": "40639", "question": "what hockey club was founded in 1877 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 446, "text": "McGill University Hockey Club" } ] }, { "id": "40640", "question": "when was the first ice hockey club founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 519, "text": "1877" } ] }, { "id": "40641", "question": "what was the name of the first ice hockey club ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 563, "text": "Quebec Hockey Club" } ] }, { "id": "40642", "question": "when was the first ice hockey club organized ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 599, "text": "1878" } ] }, { "id": "40643", "question": "in what year was the number of players per side per side ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 655, "text": "1880" } ] }, { "id": "40644", "question": "what was the number of players per side in 1880 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 709, "text": "nine to seven" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The number of teams grew, enough to hold the first \"world championship\" of ice hockey at Montreal's annual Winter Carnival in 1883. The McGill team won the tournament and was awarded the \"Carnival Cup.\" The game was divided into thirty-minute halves. The positions were now named: left and right wing, centre, rover, point and cover-point, and goaltender. In 1886, the teams competing at the Winter Carnival organized the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada (AHAC), and played a season comprising \"challenges\" to the existing champion.\nIn Europe, it is believed that in 1885 the Oxford University Ice Hockey Club was formed to play the first Ice Hockey Varsity Match against traditional rival Cambridge in St. Moritz, Switzerland; however, this is undocumented. The match was won by the Oxford Dark Blues, 6\u20130; the first photographs and team lists date from 1895. This rivalry continues, claiming to be the oldest hockey rivalry in history; a similar claim is made about the rivalry between Queen's University and Royal Military College of Kingston, Ontario. Since 1986, considered the 100th anniversary of the rivalry, teams of the two colleges play for the Carr-Harris Cup.", "qas": [ { "id": "40645", "question": "in what year did the number of teams hold the first `` world championship '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "1883" } ] }, { "id": "40646", "question": "what was the name of the mcgill team won by the mcgill team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "Carnival Cup" } ] }, { "id": "40647", "question": "what was the game divided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "thirty-minute halves" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1888, the Governor General of Canada, Lord Stanley of Preston (whose sons and daughter were hockey enthusiasts), first attended the Montreal Winter Carnival tournament and was impressed with the game. In 1892, realizing that there was no recognition for the best team in Canada (although a number of leagues had championship trophies), he purchased a silver bowl for use as a trophy. The Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup (which later became known as the Stanley Cup) was first awarded in 1893 to the Montreal Hockey Club, champions of the AHAC; it continues to be awarded annually to the National Hockey League's championship team. Stanley's son Arthur helped organize the Ontario Hockey Association, and Stanley's daughter Isobel was one of the first women to play ice hockey.", "qas": [ { "id": "40648", "question": "in what year was the governor general of canada impressed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1888" } ] }, { "id": "40649", "question": "who was the governor of canada in 1888 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Lord Stanley of Preston" } ] }, { "id": "40650", "question": "what tournament was impressed by the governor general of canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "Montreal Winter Carnival tournament" } ] }, { "id": "40651", "question": "in what year did the silver bowl use a trophy for the best team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "1892" } ] }, { "id": "40652", "question": "what was first awarded as the stanley cup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 391, "text": "Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup" } ] }, { "id": "40653", "question": "what was the name of the hockey challenge cup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 454, "text": "Stanley Cup" } ] }, { "id": "40654", "question": "when was the hockey challenge cup first awarded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 488, "text": "1893" } ] }, { "id": "40655", "question": "what was the name of the hockey challenge cup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 500, "text": "Montreal Hockey Club" } ] }, { "id": "40656", "question": "what was the hockey challenge cup awarded to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 588, "text": "National Hockey League's championship team" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By 1893, there were almost a hundred teams in Montreal alone; in addition, there were leagues throughout Canada. Winnipeg hockey players used cricket pads to better protect the goaltender's legs; they also introduced the \"scoop\" shot, or what is now known as the wrist shot. William Fairbrother, from Ontario, Canada is credited with inventing the ice hockey net in the 1890s. Goal nets became a standard feature of the Canadian Amateur Hockey League (CAHL) in 1900. Left and right defence began to replace the point and cover-point positions in the OHA in 1906.", "qas": [ { "id": "40657", "question": "in what year were there almost a hundred teams in montreal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1893" } ] }, { "id": "40658", "question": "what is the name of the shot shot shot ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "wrist shot" } ] }, { "id": "40659", "question": "who is credited with inventing the ice hockey net ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "William Fairbrother" } ] }, { "id": "40660", "question": "what was the name of the standard feature of the goal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 420, "text": "Canadian Amateur Hockey League" } ] }, { "id": "40661", "question": "in what year did the canadian amateur hockey league begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 461, "text": "1900" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the United States, \"ice polo\", played with a ball rather than a puck, was popular during this period; however, by 1893 Yale University and Johns Hopkins University held their first ice hockey matches. American financier Malcolm Greene Chace is credited with being the father of hockey in the United States. In 1892, as an amateur tennis player, Chace visited Niagara Falls, New York for a tennis match, where he met some Canadian hockey players. Soon afterwards, Chace put together a team of men from Yale, Brown, and Harvard, and toured across Canada as captain of this team. The first collegiate hockey match in the United States was played between Yale University and Johns Hopkins in Baltimore. Yale, led by captain Chace, beat Hopkins 2\u20131. In 1896, the first ice hockey league in the U.S. was formed. The U.S. Amateur Hockey League was founded in New York City, shortly after the opening of the artificial-ice St. Nicholas Rink.\nLord Stanley's five sons were instrumental in bringing ice hockey to Europe, defeating a court team (which included the future Edward VII and George V) at Buckingham Palace in 1895. By 1903, a five-team league had been founded. The \"Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace\" was founded in 1908 to govern international competition, and the first European championship was won by Great Britain in 1910. The sport grew further in Europe in the 1920s, after ice hockey became an Olympic sport. Many bandy players switched to ice hockey so as to be able to compete in the Olympics. Bandy remained popular in the Soviet Union, which only started its ice hockey program in the 1950s. In the mid-20th century, the \"Ligue\" became the International Ice Hockey Federation.\nAs the popularity of ice hockey as a spectator sport grew, earlier rinks were replaced by larger rinks. Most of the early indoor ice rinks have been demolished; Montreal's Victoria Rink, built in 1862, was demolished in 1925. Many older rinks succumbed to fire, such as Denman Arena, Dey's Arena, Quebec Skating Rink and Montreal Arena, a hazard of the buildings' wood construction. The Stannus Street Rink in Windsor, Nova Scotia (built in 1897) may be the oldest still in existence; however, it is no longer used for ice hockey. The Aberdeen Pavilion (built in 1898) in Ottawa was used for ice hockey in 1904 and is the oldest existing facility that has hosted Stanley Cup games.", "qas": [ { "id": "40662", "question": "in what year did yale university and johns hopkins university open ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "1893" } ] }, { "id": "40663", "question": "who is the father of hockey in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "Malcolm Greene Chace" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The oldest indoor ice hockey arena still in use today for ice hockey is Boston's Matthews Arena, which was built in 1910. It has been modified extensively several times in its history and is used today by Northeastern University for ice hockey and other sports. It was the original home rink of the Boston Bruins professional team, itself the oldest United States-based team in the NHL, starting play in the league in today's Matthews Arena on December 1, 1924. Madison Square Garden in New York City, built in 1968, is the oldest continuously-operating arena in the NHL.", "qas": [ { "id": "40664", "question": "what is the name of the arena hockey arena hockey arena still built in 1910 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "Matthews Arena" } ] }, { "id": "40665", "question": "when was boston 's matthews arena built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "1910" } ] }, { "id": "40666", "question": "what was the name of the arena bruins professional team in today ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 426, "text": "Matthews Arena" } ] }, { "id": "40667", "question": "when was the boston bruins professional team play ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 444, "text": "December 1, 1924" } ] }, { "id": "40668", "question": "what is the name of the oldest arena garden in the nhl ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 462, "text": "Madison Square Garden" } ] }, { "id": "40669", "question": "when was madison square garden built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 511, "text": "1968" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Professional hockey has existed since the early 20th century. By 1902, the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League was the first to employ professionals. The league joined with teams in Michigan and Ontario to form the first fully professional league\u2014the International Professional Hockey League (IPHL)\u2014in 1904. The WPHL and IPHL hired players from Canada; in response, Canadian leagues began to pay players (who played with amateurs). The IPHL, cut off from its largest source of players, disbanded in 1907. By then, several professional hockey leagues were operating in Canada (with leagues in Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec).", "qas": [ { "id": "40670", "question": "what league was the first to employ professionals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "Western Pennsylvania Hockey League" } ] }, { "id": "40671", "question": "where did the first fully professional hockey league take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "Michigan and Ontario" } ] }, { "id": "40672", "question": "what was the name of the first professional league in 1904 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "International Professional Hockey League" } ] }, { "id": "40673", "question": "what was the name of the international professional hockey league ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "IPHL)\u2014in 1904" } ] }, { "id": "40674", "question": "when did the largest source of players cut ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 498, "text": "1907" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1910, the National Hockey Association (NHA) was formed in Montreal. The NHA would further refine the rules: dropping the rover position, dividing the game into three 20-minute periods and introducing minor and major penalties. After re-organizing as the National Hockey League (NHL) in 1917, the league expanded into the United States, starting with the Boston Bruins in 1924.", "qas": [ { "id": "40675", "question": "when was the national hockey association formed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1910" } ] }, { "id": "40676", "question": "what was formed in montreal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "National Hockey Association" } ] }, { "id": "40677", "question": "where was the national hockey association formed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Montreal" } ] }, { "id": "40678", "question": "what was the name of the nhl league in 1917 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "National Hockey League" } ] }, { "id": "40679", "question": "when did the national hockey league begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 289, "text": "1917" } ] }, { "id": "40680", "question": "when was the boston bruins bruins ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 374, "text": "1924" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Professional hockey leagues developed later in Europe, but amateur leagues leading to national championships were in place. One of the first was the Swiss National League A, founded in 1916. Today, professional leagues have been introduced in most countries of Europe. Top European leagues include the Kontinental Hockey League, the Czech Extraliga, the Finnish Liiga and the Swedish Hockey League.", "qas": [ { "id": "40681", "question": "what was the first swiss national league in 1916 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "Swiss National League A" } ] }, { "id": "40682", "question": "when was the swiss national league founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "1916" } ] }, { "id": "40683", "question": "what are the top european leagues ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 350, "text": "the Finnish Liiga and the Swedish Hockey League" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While the general characteristics of the game stay the same wherever it is played, the exact rules depend on the particular code of play being used. The two most important codes are those of the IIHF and the NHL. Both of the codes, and others, originated from Canadian rules of ice hockey of the early 20th Century.", "qas": [ { "id": "40684", "question": "who are the two most important codes of the nhl ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "the IIHF and the NHL" } ] }, { "id": "40685", "question": "where did the codes of the codes originate from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "Canadian rules of ice hockey of the early 20th Century" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ice hockey is played on a \"hockey rink\". During normal play, there are six players per side on the ice at any time, one of them being the goaltender, each of whom is on ice skates. The objective of the game is to score \"goals\" by shooting a hard vulcanized rubber disc, the \"puck\", into the opponent's goal net, which is placed at the opposite end of the rink. The players use their sticks to pass or shoot the puck.", "qas": [ { "id": "40686", "question": "what is ice hockey played on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "hockey rink\"" } ] }, { "id": "40687", "question": "how many players are in the ice at any time ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "six" } ] }, { "id": "40688", "question": "what is the six players per side on the ice ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "ice skates" } ] }, { "id": "40689", "question": "what is the objective of the game ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "shooting a hard vulcanized rubber disc" } ] }, { "id": "40690", "question": "what is the name of the goal that is placed at the opposite end of the game ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "puck" } ] }, { "id": "40691", "question": "what do the players do to the players ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 377, "text": "their sticks to pass or shoot the puck" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Within certain restrictions, players may redirect the puck with any part of their body. Players may not hold the puck in their hand and are prohibited from using their hands to pass the puck to their teammates, unless they are in the defensive zone. Players are also prohibited from kicking the puck into the opponent's goal, though intentional redirections off the skate are permitted. Players may not intentionally bat the puck into the net with their hands.", "qas": [ { "id": "40692", "question": "what happens to players in certain restrictions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "redirect the puck with any part of their body" } ] }, { "id": "40693", "question": "what are players prohibited from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "using their hands to pass the puck to their teammates" } ] }, { "id": "40694", "question": "where are players prohibited from using their hands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "defensive zone" } ] }, { "id": "40695", "question": "what are players prohibited from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 283, "text": "kicking the puck into the opponent's goal" } ] }, { "id": "40696", "question": "what is the goal of the opponent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 333, "text": "intentional redirections off the skate are permitted" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hockey is an \"off-side\" game, meaning that forward passes are allowed, unlike in rugby. Before the 1930s hockey was an on-side game, meaning that only backward passes were allowed. Those rules favoured individual stick-handling as a key means of driving the puck forward. With the arrival of offside rules, the forward pass transformed hockey into a truly team sport, where individual performance diminished in importance relative to team play, which could now be coordinated over the entire surface of the ice as opposed to merely rearward players.", "qas": [ { "id": "40697", "question": "what is hockey hockey ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "off-side\" game" } ] }, { "id": "40698", "question": "what is the key means of the rules of individual rules ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "driving the puck forward" } ] }, { "id": "40699", "question": "what is the name of the sport that individual performance diminished in importance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "the forward pass transformed hockey into a truly team sport" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Between the six players on the ice, they are typically divided into three forwards and two defencemen and a goaltender. The \"forward\" positions consist of a \"centre\" and two \"wingers\": a \"left wing\" and a \"right wing\". Forwards often play together as units or \"lines\", with the same three forwards always playing together. The \"defencemen\" usually stay together as a pair generally divided between left and right. Left and right side wingers or defencemen are generally positioned as such, based on the side on which they carry their stick. A substitution of an entire unit at once is called a \"line change\". Teams typically employ alternate sets of forward lines and defensive pairings when \"shorthanded\" or on a \"power play\". The goaltender stands in a, usually blue, semi-circle called the \"crease\" in the defensive zone keeping pucks from going in. Substitutions are permitted at any time during the game, although during a stoppage of play the home team is permitted the final change. When players are substituted during play, it is called changing \"on the fly\". A new NHL rule added in the 2005\u20132006 season prevents a team from changing their line after they \"ice\" the puck.", "qas": [ { "id": "40700", "question": "what are the six players on the ice typically divided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "three forwards and two defencemen and a goaltender" } ] }, { "id": "40701", "question": "what is a substitution called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 595, "text": "line change" } ] }, { "id": "40702", "question": "what is the term used to describe the defensive zone in the defensive zone ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 794, "text": "crease" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The boards surrounding the ice help keep the puck in play and they can also be used as tools to play the puck. Players are permitted to \"bodycheck\" opponents into the boards as a means of stopping progress. The referees, linesmen and the outsides of the goal are \"in play\" and do not cause a stoppage of the game when the puck or players are influenced (by either bouncing or colliding) into them. Play can be stopped if the goal is knocked out of position. Play often proceeds for minutes without interruption. When play is stopped, it is restarted with a \"faceoff\". Two players \"face\" each other and an official drops the puck to the ice, where the two players attempt to gain control of the puck. Markings on the ice indicate the locations for the faceoff and guide the positioning of players.", "qas": [ { "id": "40703", "question": "what is the name of the opponents that players are permitted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "bodycheck" } ] }, { "id": "40704", "question": "what is the goal of the goal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 558, "text": "faceoff" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The three major rules of play in ice hockey that limit the movement of the puck: \"offside\", \"icing\", and the puck going out of play. A player is \"offside\" if he enters his opponent's zone before the puck itself. Under many situations, a player may not \"ice the puck\", shoot the puck all the way across both the centre line and the opponent's goal line. The puck goes \"out of play\" whenever it goes past the perimeter of the ice rink (onto the player benches, over the \"glass,\" or onto the protective netting above the glass) and a stoppage of play is called by the officials using whistles. It also does not matter if the puck comes back onto the ice surface from those areas as the puck is considered dead once it leaves the perimeter of the rink.", "qas": [ { "id": "40705", "question": "what are the three major rules of play ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "\"offside\", \"icing\", and the puck going out of play" } ] }, { "id": "40706", "question": "what is a player ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "\"offside\" if he enters his opponent's zone before the puck itself" } ] }, { "id": "40707", "question": "what does a player not not not do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "ice the puck\"" } ] }, { "id": "40708", "question": "what is the stoppage of play called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 561, "text": "the officials using whistles" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Under IIHF rules, each team may carry a maximum of 20 players and two goaltenders on their roster. NHL rules restrict the total number of players per game to 18, plus two goaltenders. In the NHL, the players are usually divided into four lines of three forwards, and into three pairs of defenceman. On occasion, teams may elect to substitute an extra defenceman for a forward; this seventh defenceman might sometimes play on the fourth line as a forward.", "qas": [ { "id": "40709", "question": "how many players can each team carry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "20 players and two goaltenders on their roster" } ] }, { "id": "40710", "question": "what is the rules of nhl rules ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "NHL rules restrict the total number of players per game to 18, plus two goaltenders" } ] }, { "id": "40711", "question": "how many forwards are the players usually divided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "four lines of three forwards" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A professional game consists of three \"periods\" of twenty minutes, the clock running only when the puck is in play. The teams change ends after each period of play, including overtime. Recreational leagues and children's leagues often play shorter games, generally with three shorter periods of play.", "qas": [ { "id": "40712", "question": "what is the professional game of a professional game ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "three \"periods\" of twenty minutes" } ] }, { "id": "40713", "question": "what is the name of the period that the teams change ends ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "overtime" } ] }, { "id": "40714", "question": "how many shorter periods does recreational leagues have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "three shorter periods of play" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Various procedures are used if a game is tied. In tournament play, as well as in the NHL playoffs, North Americans favour \"sudden death overtime\", in which the teams continue to play twenty-minute periods until a goal is scored. Up until the 1999\u20132000 season regular season NHL games were settled with a single five-minute sudden death period with five players (plus a goalie) per side, with both teams awarded one point in the standings in the event of a tie. With a goal, the winning team would be awarded two points and the losing team none (just as if they had lost in regulation).", "qas": [ { "id": "40715", "question": "what did north americans consider to play twenty-minute periods ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "sudden death overtime\"" } ] }, { "id": "40716", "question": "how many players were in the death period ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 348, "text": "five" } ] }, { "id": "40717", "question": "what was the five players in the standings ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 362, "text": "plus a goalie) per side" } ] }, { "id": "40718", "question": "what was the goal of the winning team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 474, "text": "the winning team would be awarded two points and the losing team none" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From 1999\u20132000 until 2003\u201304, the National Hockey League decided ties by playing a single five-minute sudden death overtime period with each team having four players (plus a goalie) per side to \"open-up\" the game. In the event of a tie, each team would still receive one point in the standings but in the event of a victory the winning team would be awarded two points in the standings and the losing team one point. The idea was to discourage teams from playing for a tie, since previously some teams might have preferred a tie and 1 point to risking a loss and zero points. The only exception to this rule is if a team opts to pull their goalie in exchange for an extra skater during overtime and is subsequently scored upon (an \"empty net\" goal), in which case the losing team receives no points for the overtime loss. Starting in the 2015-16 season, the single five-minute sudden death overtime session will consist of three players plus a goalie.", "qas": [ { "id": "40719", "question": "when did the national hockey league begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "2003\u201304" } ] }, { "id": "40720", "question": "how many players did the national hockey league have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "40721", "question": "what was the four players in the national hockey league ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "plus a goalie) per side to \"open-up\" the game" } ] }, { "id": "40722", "question": "what was the event of the tie in the event of a tie ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 314, "text": "a victory the winning team would be awarded two points in the standings and the losing team one point" } ] }, { "id": "40723", "question": "what is the idea of the idea of a tie ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 491, "text": "some teams might have preferred a tie and 1 point to risking a loss and zero points" } ] } ] }, { "context": "International play and several North American professional leagues, including the NHL (in the regular season), now use an overtime period identical to that from 99\u201300 \u2013 03\u201304 followed by a penalty shootout. If the score remains tied after an extra overtime period, the subsequent shootout consists of three players from each team taking penalty shots. After these six total shots, the team with the most goals is awarded the victory. If the score is still tied, the shootout then proceeds to a \"sudden death\" format. Regardless of the number of goals scored during the shootout by either team, the final score recorded will award the winning team one more goal than the score at the end of regulation time. In the NHL if a game is decided in overtime or by a shootout the winning team is awarded two points in the standings and the losing team is awarded one point. Ties no longer occur in the NHL.", "qas": [ { "id": "40724", "question": "what is the period of the international play period ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "99\u201300 \u2013 03\u201304" } ] }, { "id": "40725", "question": "what does the subsequent shootout shootout consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 301, "text": "three players from each team taking penalty shots" } ] }, { "id": "40726", "question": "who is the team with the most goals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 364, "text": "six total shots" } ] }, { "id": "40727", "question": "what is still tied to the score ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 462, "text": "the shootout then proceeds to a \"sudden death\" format" } ] }, { "id": "40728", "question": "what was the final score of the number of goals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 594, "text": "the final score recorded will award the winning team one more goal than the score at the end of regulation time" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The overtime mode for the NHL playoffs differ from the regular season. In the playoffs there are no shootouts nor ties. If a game is tied after regulation an additional 20 minutes of 5 on 5 sudden death overtime will be added. In case of a tied game after the overtime, multiple 20-minute overtimes will be played until a team scores, which wins them the match.", "qas": [ { "id": "40729", "question": "what is a game tied to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "20 minutes of 5 on 5 sudden death overtime will be added" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In ice hockey, infractions of the rules lead to play stoppages whereby the play is restarted at a face off. Some infractions result in the imposition of a \"penalty\" to a player or team. In the simplest case, the offending player is sent to the \"penalty box\" and their team has to play with one fewer player on the ice for a designated amount of time. \"Minor\" penalties last for two minutes, \"major\" penalties last for five minutes, and a \"double minor\" penalty is two \"consecutive\" penalties of two minutes duration. A single minor penalty may be extended by a further two minutes for causing visible injury to the victimized player. This is usually when blood is drawn during high sticking. Players may be also assessed personal extended penalties or game expulsions for misconduct in addition to the penalty or penalties their team must serve. The team that has been given a penalty is said to be playing \"short-handed\" while the opposing team is on a \"power play.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "40730", "question": "what is the ice hockey , in ice ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 15, "text": "infractions of the rules lead to play stoppages whereby the play is restarted at a face off" } ] }, { "id": "40731", "question": "what do some infractions result in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "the imposition of a \"penalty\" to a player or team" } ] }, { "id": "40732", "question": "what is the simplest case of the penalty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "the offending player is sent to the \"penalty box\" and their team has to play with one fewer player on the ice for a designated amount of time" } ] }, { "id": "40733", "question": "what is the `` double minor '' for five minutes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 352, "text": "Minor\" penalties last for two minutes" } ] }, { "id": "40734", "question": "what is the `` minor '' penalty last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 391, "text": "\"major\" penalties last for five minutes, and a \"double minor\" penalty is two \"consecutive\" penalties of two minutes duration" } ] }, { "id": "40735", "question": "how can a single minor penalty be extended ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 559, "text": "a further two minutes for causing visible injury to the victimized player" } ] }, { "id": "40736", "question": "what may players be assessed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 721, "text": "personal extended penalties or game expulsions for misconduct in addition to the penalty or penalties their team must serve" } ] }, { "id": "40737", "question": "what is the team that has been given to the opposing team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 907, "text": "\"short-handed" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A two-minute minor penalty is often charged for lesser infractions such as \"tripping\", \"elbowing\", \"roughing\", \"high-sticking\", \"delay of the game\", \"too many players on the ice\", \"boarding\", illegal equipment, \"charging\" (leaping into an opponent or body-checking him after taking more than two strides), \"holding\", holding the stick (grabbing an opponent's stick), \"interference\", \"hooking\", \"slashing\", \"kneeing\", \"unsportsmanlike conduct\" (arguing a penalty call with referee, extremely vulgar or inappropriate verbal comments), \"butt-ending\" (striking an opponent with the knob of the stick\u2014a very rare penalty), \"spearing\", or \"cross-checking\". As of the 2005\u20132006 season, a minor penalty is also assessed for \"diving\", where a player embellishes or simulates an offence. More egregious fouls may be penalized by a four-minute double-minor penalty, particularly those that injure the victimized player. These penalties end either when the time runs out or when the other team scores during the power play. In the case of a goal scored during the first two minutes of a double-minor, the penalty clock is set down to two minutes upon a score, effectively expiring the first minor penalty. Five-minute major penalties are called for especially violent instances of most minor infractions that result in intentional injury to an opponent, or when a \"minor\" penalty results in visible injury (such as bleeding), as well as for fighting. Major penalties are always served in full; they do not terminate on a goal scored by the other team. Major penalties assessed for fighting are typically offsetting, meaning neither team is short-handed and the players exit the penalty box upon a stoppage of play following the expiration of their respective penalties. The foul of \"boarding\" (defined as \"check[ing] an opponent in such a manner that causes the opponent to be thrown violently in the boards\") is penalized either by a minor or major penalty at the discretion of the referee, based on the violent state of the hit. A minor or major penalty for boarding is often assessed when a player checks an opponent from behind and into the boards.", "qas": [ { "id": "40738", "question": "what is another term for minor penalty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "tripping" } ] }, { "id": "40739", "question": "what is the minor penalty also assessed for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 717, "text": "diving" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some varieties of penalties do not always require the offending team to play a man short. Concurrent five-minute major penalties in the NHL usually result from fighting. In the case of two players being assessed five-minute fighting majors, both the players serve five minutes without their team incurring a loss of player (both teams still have a full complement of players on the ice). This differs with two players from opposing sides getting minor penalties, at the same time or at any intersecting moment, resulting from more common infractions. In this case, both teams will have only four skating players (not counting the goaltender) until one or both penalties expire (if one penalty expires before the other, the opposing team gets a power play for the remainder of the time); this applies regardless of current pending penalties. However, in the NHL, a team always has at least three skaters on the ice. Thus, ten-minute \"misconduct\" penalties are served in full by the penalized player, but his team may immediately substitute another player on the ice \"unless\" a minor or major penalty is assessed in conjunction with the misconduct (a \"two-and-ten\" or \"five-and-ten\"). In this case, the team designates another player to serve the minor or major; both players go to the penalty box, but only the designee may not be replaced, and he is released upon the expiration of the two or five minutes, at which point the ten-minute misconduct begins. In addition, \"game misconducts\" are assessed for deliberate intent to inflict severe injury on an opponent (at the officials' discretion), or for a major penalty for a stick infraction or repeated major penalties. The offending player is ejected from the game and must immediately leave the playing surface (he does not sit in the penalty box); meanwhile, if an additional minor or major penalty is assessed, a designated player must serve out of that segment of the penalty in the box (similar to the above-mentioned \"two-and-ten\"). In some rare cases, a player may receive up to nineteen minutes in penalties for one string of plays. This could involve receiving a four-minute double minor penalty, getting in a fight with an opposing player who retaliates, and then receiving a game misconduct after the fight. In this case, the player is ejected and two teammates must serve the double-minor and major penalties.", "qas": [ { "id": "40740", "question": "what do some varieties of penalties do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "penalties do not always require the offending team to play a man short" } ] }, { "id": "40741", "question": "what is the case of two players in the case ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "five-minute fighting majors" } ] }, { "id": "40742", "question": "how many minutes does the players have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "the players serve five minutes without their team incurring a loss of player" } ] }, { "id": "40743", "question": "how many skating players will the opposing team have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 591, "text": "four skating players (not counting the goaltender) until one or both penalties expire" } ] }, { "id": "40744", "question": "what does the misconduct mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1149, "text": "\"two-and-ten\" or \"five-and-ten" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A \"penalty shot\" is awarded to a player when the illegal actions of another player stop a clear scoring opportunity, most commonly when the player is on a \"breakaway\". A penalty shot allows the obstructed player to pick up the puck on the centre red-line and attempt to score on the goalie with no other players on the ice, to compensate for the earlier missed scoring opportunity. A penalty shot is also awarded for a defender other than the goaltender covering the puck in the goal crease, a goaltender intentionally displacing his own goal posts during a breakaway to avoid a goal, a defender intentionally displacing his own goal posts when there is less than two minutes to play in regulation time or at any point during overtime, or a player or coach intentionally throwing a stick or other object at the puck or the puck carrier and the throwing action disrupts a shot or pass play.\nOfficials also stop play for puck movement violations, such as using one's hands to pass the puck in the offensive end, but no players are penalized for these offences. The sole exceptions are deliberately falling on or gathering the puck to the body, carrying the puck in the hand, and shooting the puck out of play in one's defensive zone (all penalized two minutes for delay of game).", "qas": [ { "id": "40745", "question": "when is a `` penalty shot '' awarded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "the illegal actions of another player stop a clear scoring opportunity" } ] }, { "id": "40746", "question": "what is the `` penalty shot '' awarded to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "breakaway" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the NHL, a unique penalty applies to the goalies. The goalies now are forbidden to play the puck in the \"corners\" of the rink near their own net. This will result in a two-minute penalty against the goalie's team. Only in the area in-front of the goal line and immediately behind the net (marked by two red lines on either side of the net) the goalie can play the puck.", "qas": [ { "id": "40747", "question": "what are the goalies now forbidden to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "play the puck in the \"corners\" of the rink near their own net" } ] }, { "id": "40748", "question": "what is the penalty result in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "two-minute penalty against the goalie's team" } ] } ] }, { "context": "An additional rule that has never been a penalty, but was an infraction in the NHL before recent rules changes, is the \"two-line offside pass.\" Prior to the 2005\u201306 NHL season, play was stopped when a pass from inside a team's defending zone crossed the centre line, with a face-off held in the defending zone of the offending team. Now, the centre line is no longer used in the NHL to determine a two-line pass infraction, a change that the IIHF had adopted in 1998. Players are now able to pass to teammates who are more than the blue and centre ice red line away.", "qas": [ { "id": "40749", "question": "what is the name of the additional rule that has never been a penalty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "two-line offside pass" } ] }, { "id": "40750", "question": "when was play stopped in the 2005 season ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "when a pass from inside a team's defending zone crossed the centre line" } ] }, { "id": "40751", "question": "what was the name of the pass in the defending zone ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "a face-off held in the defending zone of the offending team" } ] }, { "id": "40752", "question": "what is the centre line line no longer used in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 379, "text": "NHL to determine a two-line pass infraction" } ] }, { "id": "40753", "question": "when was the iihf adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 462, "text": "1998" } ] }, { "id": "40754", "question": "what are players now able to pass ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 532, "text": "blue and centre ice red line away" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The NHL has taken steps to speed up the game of hockey and create a game of finesse, by retreating from the past where illegal hits, fights, and \"clutching and grabbing\" among players were commonplace. Rules are now more strictly enforced, resulting in more penalties, which in turn provides more protection to the players and facilitates more goals being scored. The governing body for United States amateur hockey has implemented many new rules to reduce the number of stick-on-body occurrences, as well as other detrimental and illegal facets of the game (\"zero tolerance\").", "qas": [ { "id": "40755", "question": "what are some of the commonplace players that were commonplace ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "illegal hits, fights, and \"clutching and grabbing\"" } ] }, { "id": "40756", "question": "what happens when rules are more strictly enforced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "turn provides more protection to the players and facilitates more goals being scored" } ] }, { "id": "40757", "question": "what has the governing body for united states implemented ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 471, "text": "stick-on-body occurrences" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In men's hockey, but not in women's, a player may use his hip or shoulder to hit another player if the player has the puck or is the last to have touched it. This use of the hip and shoulder is called \"body checking.\" Not all physical contact is legal\u2014in particular, hits from behind, hits to the head and most types of forceful stick-on-body contact are illegal.", "qas": [ { "id": "40758", "question": "what is the use of the hip and shoulder and shoulder and shoulder called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "body checking" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A \"delayed penalty call\" occurs when a penalty offence is committed by the team that does not have possession of the puck. In this circumstance the team with possession of the puck is allowed to complete the play; that is, play continues until a goal is scored, a player on the opposing team gains control of the puck, or the team in possession commits an infraction or penalty of their own. Because the team on which the penalty was called cannot control the puck without stopping play, it is impossible for them to score a goal. In these cases the team in possession of the puck can pull the goalie for an extra attacker without fear of being scored on. However, it is possible for the controlling team to mishandle the puck into their own net. If a delayed penalty is signalled and the team in possession scores, the penalty is still assessed to the offending player, but not served. In 2012, this rule was changed by the NCAA for college level hockey in the United States. In college games, the penalty is still enforced even if the team in possession scores.", "qas": [ { "id": "40759", "question": "who committed a `` delayed penalty call '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "the team that does not have possession of the puck" } ] }, { "id": "40760", "question": "what is the goal of a goal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "a player on the opposing team gains control of the puck, or the team in possession commits an infraction or penalty of their own" } ] }, { "id": "40761", "question": "what was the team on the penalty called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 441, "text": "cannot control the puck without stopping play" } ] }, { "id": "40762", "question": "what is the team possible for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 684, "text": "the controlling team to mishandle the puck into their own net" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A typical game of hockey is governed by two to four \"officials\" on the ice, charged with enforcing the rules of the game. There are typically two \"linesmen\" who are mainly responsible for calling \"offside\" and \"icing\" violations, breaking up fights, and conducting faceoffs, and one or two \"referees\", who call goals and all other penalties. Linesmen can, however, report to the referee(s) that a penalty should be assessed against an offending player in some situations. The restrictions on this practice vary depending on the governing rules. On-ice officials are assisted by off-ice officials who act as goal judges, time keepers, and official scorers.", "qas": [ { "id": "40763", "question": "how many hockey is governed by a hockey game ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "two to four \"officials\"" } ] }, { "id": "40764", "question": "what is the term for calling `` offside '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "linesmen" } ] }, { "id": "40765", "question": "what are some of the `` `` linesmen '' responsible for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "\"offside\" and \"icing\" violations, breaking up fights, and conducting faceoffs, and one or two \"referees" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The most widespread system in use today is the \"three-man system,\" that uses one referee and two linesmen. Another less commonly used system is the two referee and one linesman system. This system is very close to the regular three-man system except for a few procedure changes. With the first being the National Hockey League, a number of leagues have started to implement the \"four-official system,\" where an additional referee is added to aid in the calling of penalties normally difficult to assess by one single referee. The system is now used in every NHL game, at IIHF World Championships, the Olympics and in many professional and high-level amateur leagues in North America and Europe.", "qas": [ { "id": "40766", "question": "what is the most widespread system in use today ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "three-man system" } ] }, { "id": "40767", "question": "what does the three-man system uses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "one referee and two linesmen" } ] }, { "id": "40768", "question": "what is the less commonly used system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "the two referee and one linesman system" } ] }, { "id": "40769", "question": "what is the system close to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "very close to the regular three-man system except for a few procedure changes" } ] }, { "id": "40770", "question": "what league has started to implement the `` four-official system '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 304, "text": "National Hockey League" } ] }, { "id": "40771", "question": "what is the first national hockey league ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "a number of leagues have started to implement the \"four-official system" } ] }, { "id": "40772", "question": "what is the `` four-official system '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 402, "text": "where an additional referee is added to aid in the calling of penalties normally difficult to assess by one single referee" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Officials are selected by the league they work for. Amateur hockey leagues use guidelines established by national organizing bodies as a basis for choosing their officiating staffs. In North America, the national organizing bodies Hockey Canada and USA Hockey approve officials according to their experience level as well as their ability to pass rules knowledge and skating ability tests. Hockey Canada has officiating levels I through VI. USA Hockey has officiating levels 1 through 4.", "qas": [ { "id": "40773", "question": "what are officials selected by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "the league they work for" } ] }, { "id": "40774", "question": "how do amateur hockey leagues use guidelines ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "national organizing bodies as a basis for choosing their officiating staffs" } ] }, { "id": "40775", "question": "why did the national organizing bodies of hockey canada and usa experience officials ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 325, "text": "their ability to pass rules knowledge and skating ability tests" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Goaltenders use different equipment. With hockey pucks approaching them at speeds of up to 100\u00a0mph (160\u00a0km/h) they must wear equipment with more protection. Goaltenders wear specialty goalie skates (these skates are built more for movement side to side rather than forwards and backwards), a jock or jill, large leg pads (there are size restrictions in certain leagues), blocking glove, catching glove, a chest protector, a goalie mask, and a large jersey. Goaltenders' equipment has continually become larger and larger, leading to fewer goals in each game and many official rule changes.", "qas": [ { "id": "40776", "question": "what is the speeds of hockey pucks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "100\u00a0mph" } ] }, { "id": "40777", "question": "what is the average temperature of hockey pucks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "160\u00a0km/h)" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ice hockey skates are optimized for physical acceleration, speed and maneuverability. This includes rapid starts, stops, turns, and changes in skating direction. In addition, they must be rigid and tough to protect the skater's feet from contact with other skaters, sticks, pucks, the boards, and the ice itself. Rigidity also improves the overall maneuverability of the skate. Blade length, thickness (width), and curvature (rocker/radius (front to back) and radius of hollow (across the blade width) are quite different from speed or figure skates. Hockey players usually adjust these parameters based on their skill level, position, and body type. Most skate's width are about an 1/8 of an inch (3\u00a0mm) thick.", "qas": [ { "id": "40778", "question": "what are ice hockey skates optimized for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "physical acceleration, speed and maneuverability" } ] }, { "id": "40779", "question": "what are rapid starts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "stops, turns, and changes in skating direction" } ] }, { "id": "40780", "question": "what are tough to protect the feet from contact with contact ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "sticks, pucks, the boards, and the ice itself" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ice hockey is a full contact sport and carries a high risk of injury. Players are moving at speeds around approximately and quite a bit of the game revolves around the physical contact between the players. Skate blades, hockey sticks, shoulders, hips, and hockey pucks all contribute. The types of injuries associated with hockey include: lacerations, concussions, contusions, ligament tears, broken bones, hyperextensions, and muscle strains. Women's ice hockey players can have contact but are not allowed to body check. ", "qas": [ { "id": "40781", "question": "what are some of the contribute of the contribute of a hockey bulb ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "hockey sticks, shoulders, hips, and hockey pucks all contribute" } ] }, { "id": "40782", "question": "what are some hockey injuries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 339, "text": "lacerations, concussions, contusions, ligament tears, broken bones, hyperextensions, and muscle strains" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the Hughston Health Alert, \"Lacerations to the head, scalp, and face are the most frequent types of injury [in hockey].\" Even a shallow cut to the head results in a loss of a large amount of blood. Not only are lacerations common, \"it is estimated that direct trauma accounts for 80% of all [hockey] injuries. Most of these injuries are caused by player contact, falls and contact with a puck, high stick and occasionally, a skate blade.\" One of the causes of head injury is checking from behind. Due to the danger of delivering a check from behind, many leagues, including the NHL have made this a major and game misconduct penalty (called \"boarding\"). Another type of check that accounts for many of the player-to-player contact concussions is a check to the head resulting in a misconduct penalty (called \"head contact\"). A check to the head can be defined as delivering a hit while the receiving player's head is down and their waist is bent and the aggressor is targeting the opponent player's head. The most dangerous result of a head injury in hockey can be classified as a concussion. Most concussions occur during player-to-player contact rather than when a player is checked into the boards. Checks to the head have accounted for nearly 50% of concussions that players in the National Hockey League have suffered. Concussions that players suffer may go unreported because there is no obvious physical signs if a player is not knocked unconscious. This can prove to be dangerous if a player decides to return to play without receiving proper medical attention. Studies show that, ice hockey causes 44.3% of all traumatic brain injuries among Canadian children. In severe cases, the traumatic brain injuries are capable of resulting in death. Occurrences of death from these injuries are rare, but occur all too much in a variety of sports.", "qas": [ { "id": "40783", "question": "what percentage of hockey injuries are direct trauma ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 293, "text": "80%" } ] }, { "id": "40784", "question": "what percentage of players in the national hockey league have players in the national hockey league ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1260, "text": "50%" } ] }, { "id": "40785", "question": "what percentage of all traumatic brain injuries among canadian children injuries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1620, "text": "44.3%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "An important defensive tactic is checking\u2014attempting to take the puck from an opponent or to remove the opponent from play. \"Stick checking\", \"sweep checking\", and \"poke checking\" are legal uses of the stick to obtain possession of the puck. The \"neutral zone trap\" is designed to isolate the puck carrier in the neutral zone preventing him from entering the offensive zone. \"Body checking\" is using one's shoulder or hip to strike an opponent who has the puck or who is the last to have touched it (the last person to have touched the puck is still legally \"in possession\" of it, although a penalty is generally called if he is checked more than two seconds after his last touch). Often the term checking is used to refer to body checking, with its true definition generally only propagated among fans of the game.", "qas": [ { "id": "40786", "question": "what is an important defensive tactic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "attempting to take the puck from an opponent or to remove the opponent from play" } ] }, { "id": "40787", "question": "what is designed to isolate the carrier in the neutral zone ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "neutral zone trap" } ] }, { "id": "40788", "question": "what is the `` neutral zone trap '' designed to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "isolate the puck carrier in the neutral zone preventing him from entering the offensive zone" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Offensive tactics include improving a team's position on the ice by advancing the puck out of one's zone towards the opponent's zone, progressively by gaining lines, first your own blue line, then the red line and finally the opponent's blue line. NHL rules instated for the 2006 season redefined the offside rule to make the two-line pass legal; a player may pass the puck from behind his own blue line, past both that blue line and the centre red line, to a player on the near side of the opponents' blue line. Offensive tactics are designed ultimately to score a goal by taking a shot. When a player purposely directs the puck towards the opponent's goal, he or she is said to \"shoot\" the puck.", "qas": [ { "id": "40789", "question": "what is the position of offensive tactics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "advancing the puck out of one's zone towards the opponent's zone" } ] }, { "id": "40790", "question": "what is the red line that the red line and the opponent 's blue line is ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "first your own blue line" } ] }, { "id": "40791", "question": "what is the name of the first blue line in the offensive ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "the red line and finally the opponent's blue line" } ] }, { "id": "40792", "question": "what is the nhl rules ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "the 2006 season redefined the offside rule to make the two-line pass legal" } ] }, { "id": "40793", "question": "what are offensive tactics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 558, "text": "score a goal by taking a shot" } ] }, { "id": "40794", "question": "what is the name of the player that a player purposely is said to be ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 680, "text": "\"shoot\" the puck" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A \"deflection\" is a shot that redirects a shot or a pass towards the goal from another player, by allowing the puck to strike the stick and carom towards the goal. A \"one-timer\" is a shot struck directly off a pass, without receiving the pass and shooting in two separate actions. \"Headmanning the puck\", also known as \"breaking out\", is the tactic of rapidly passing to the player farthest down the ice. \"Loafing\", also known as \"cherry-picking\", is when a player, usually a forward, skates behind an attacking team, instead of playing defence, in an attempt to create an easy scoring chance.", "qas": [ { "id": "40795", "question": "what is a shot or pass towards the goal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "deflection" } ] }, { "id": "40796", "question": "what is a deflection '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "redirects a shot or a pass towards the goal from another player" } ] }, { "id": "40797", "question": "why was a deflection pass towards the goal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "allowing the puck to strike the stick and carom towards the goal" } ] }, { "id": "40798", "question": "what is a `` one-timer '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "a shot struck directly off a pass" } ] }, { "id": "40799", "question": "what is the tactic of rapidly passing to the player called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 320, "text": "breaking out" } ] }, { "id": "40800", "question": "what is `` breaking out '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 352, "text": "rapidly passing to the player farthest down the ice" } ] }, { "id": "40801", "question": "what is another name for a player ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 431, "text": "cherry-picking" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A team that is losing by one or two goals in the last few minutes of play will often elect to \"pull the goalie\"; that is, remove the goaltender and replace him or her with an \"extra attacker\" on the ice in the hope of gaining enough advantage to score a goal. However, it is an act of desperation, as it sometimes leads to the opposing team extending their lead by scoring a goal in the empty net.", "qas": [ { "id": "40802", "question": "how many goals does a team have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "one or two goals in the last few minutes of play will often elect to \"pull the goalie\"" } ] }, { "id": "40803", "question": "what does a team do to score a goal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "remove the goaltender and replace him or her with an \"extra attacker" } ] }, { "id": "40804", "question": "what does a `` extra attacker '' do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "gaining enough advantage to score a goal" } ] }, { "id": "40805", "question": "what is the act of the opposing team called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "desperation" } ] }, { "id": "40806", "question": "what is the act of desperation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "the opposing team extending their lead by scoring a goal in the empty net" } ] } ] }, { "context": "One of the most important strategies for a team is their \"forecheck\". Forechecking is the act of attacking the opposition in their defensive zone. Forechecking is an important part of the \"dump and chase\" strategy (i.e. shooting the puck into the offensive zone and then chasing after it). Each team will use their own unique system but the main ones are: 2\u20131\u20132, 1\u20132\u20132, and 1\u20134. The 2\u20131\u20132 is the most basic forecheck system where two forwards will go in deep and pressure the opposition's defencemen, the third forward stays high and the two defencemen stay at the blueline. The 1\u20132\u20132 is a bit more conservative system where one forward pressures the puck carrier and the other two forwards cover the oppositions' wingers, with the two defencemen staying at the blueline. The 1\u20134 is the most defensive forecheck system, referred to as the neutral zone trap, where one forward will apply pressure to the puck carrier around the oppositions' blueline and the other 4 players stand basically in a line by their blueline in hopes the opposition will skate into one of them. Another strategy is the left wing lock, which has two forwards pressure the puck and the left wing and the two defencemen stay at the blueline.", "qas": [ { "id": "40807", "question": "what is the most important strategies for a team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "forecheck" } ] }, { "id": "40808", "question": "what is the important part of the offensive ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "dump and chase\" strategy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are many other little tactics used in the game of hockey. \"Cycling\" moves the puck along the boards in the offensive zone to create a scoring chance by making defenders tired or moving them out of position. \"Pinching\" is when a defenceman pressures the opposition's winger in the offensive zone when they are breaking out, attempting to stop their attack and keep the puck in the offensive zone. A \"saucer pass\" is a pass used when an opposition's stick or body is in the passing lane. It is the act of raising the puck over the obstruction and having it land on a teammate's stick.", "qas": [ { "id": "40809", "question": "what is the act of the obstruction ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 509, "text": "raising the puck over the obstruction and having it land on a teammate's stick" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A deke, short for \"decoy,\" is a feint with the body or stick to fool a defender or the goalie. Many modern players, such as Pavel Datsyuk, Sidney Crosby and Patrick Kane, have picked up the skill of \"dangling,\" which is fancier deking and requires more stick handling skills.", "qas": [ { "id": "40810", "question": "what is a feint with the body called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 19, "text": "decoy" } ] }, { "id": "40811", "question": "what is short for `` decoy '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "a feint with the body or stick to fool a defender or the goalie" } ] }, { "id": "40812", "question": "what are some examples of modern players ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "Pavel Datsyuk, Sidney Crosby and Patrick Kane" } ] }, { "id": "40813", "question": "what is the skill of patrick kane called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "dangling" } ] }, { "id": "40814", "question": "what is the skill of `` dangling , '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "fancier deking and requires more stick handling skills" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although fighting is officially prohibited in the rules, it is both a target of criticism and a considerable draw for the sport. At the professional level in North America fights are unofficially condoned. Enforcers and other players fight to demoralize the opposing players while exciting their own, as well as settling personal scores. A fight will also break out if one of the team's skilled players gets hit hard or someone gets hit by what the team perceives as a dirty hit. The amateur game penalizes fisticuffs more harshly, as a player who receives a fighting major is also assessed at least a 10-minute misconduct penalty (NCAA and some Junior leagues) or a game misconduct penalty and suspension (high school and younger, as well as some casual adult leagues). Crowds seem to like fighting in ice hockey and cheer when fighting erupts.", "qas": [ { "id": "40815", "question": "how can a fight break out ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 366, "text": "if one of the team's skilled players gets hit hard or someone gets hit by what the team perceives as a dirty hit" } ] }, { "id": "40816", "question": "what is ncaa and some junior leagues ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 602, "text": "10-minute misconduct penalty" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ice hockey is one of the fastest growing women's sports in the world, with the number of participants increasing by 400 percent in the 10 years through 2005. In 2011, Canada had 85,827 women players, United States had 65,609, Finland 4,760, Sweden 3,075 and Switzerland 1,172. While there are not as many organized leagues for women as there are for men, there exist leagues of all levels, including the Canadian Women's Hockey League, Western Women's Hockey League, National Women's Hockey League, Mid-Atlantic Women's Hockey League, and various European leagues; as well as university teams, national and Olympic teams, and recreational teams. The IIHF holds a IIHF World Women's Championship tournament annually except in Olympic years.\nThe chief difference between women's and men's hockey is that body checking is not allowed in women's hockey. After the 1990 Women's World Championship, body checking was eliminated in women's hockey. In current IIHF women's competition, body checking is either a minor or major penalty, decided at the referee's discretion. In addition, players in women's competition are required to wear protective full-face masks.", "qas": [ { "id": "40817", "question": "what percentage of participants increasing in the 10 years of 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "400 percent" } ] }, { "id": "40818", "question": "how many women lived in canada in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "85,827" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Canada, to some extent ringette serves as the female counterpart to ice hockey, in the sense that in many families, the boys play hockey while the girls play ringette.", "qas": [ { "id": "40819", "question": "what is the name of the hockey counterpart of canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "the female counterpart to ice hockey" } ] }, { "id": "40820", "question": "what is the female counterpart of ice ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "the boys play hockey while the girls play ringette" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Women are known to have played the game in the 19th century. Several games were recorded in the 1890s in Ottawa, Canada. The women of Lord Stanley's family were known to participate in the game of ice hockey on the outdoor ice rink at Rideau Hall, the residence of Canada's Governor-General.", "qas": [ { "id": "40821", "question": "in what century did women begin to have played the game ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "19th century" } ] }, { "id": "40822", "question": "when were several games recorded in canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "1890s" } ] }, { "id": "40823", "question": "where were several games in the 1890s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "Ottawa, Canada" } ] }, { "id": "40824", "question": "where was the women of lord stanley 's family known ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 235, "text": "Rideau Hall" } ] }, { "id": "40825", "question": "what was the residence of the women of lord stanley 's family ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 265, "text": "Canada's Governor-General" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The game developed at first without an organizing body. A tournament in 1902 between Montreal and Trois-Rivieres was billed as the first championship tournament. Several tournaments, such as at the Banff Winter Carnival, were held in the early 20th Century and numerous women's teams such as the Seattle Vamps and Vancouver Amazons existed. Organizations started to develop in the 1920s, such as the Ladies Ontario Hockey Association, and later, the Dominion Women's Amateur Hockey Association. Starting in the 1960s, the game spread to universities. Today, the game is played from youth through adult leagues, and in the universities of North America and internationally. There are two major women's hockey leagues, the National Women's Hockey League with teams in the Northeastern United States which is a professional league and the Canadian Women's Hockey League with teams in Canada and the United States, which is semi-professional and is developing toward becoming a fully professional league.", "qas": [ { "id": "40826", "question": "when was the first championship tournament ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "1902" } ] }, { "id": "40827", "question": "what was the first championship tournament ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "Montreal and Trois-Rivieres" } ] }, { "id": "40828", "question": "where was several tournaments located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "Banff Winter Carnival" } ] }, { "id": "40829", "question": "what was the name of the ontario hockey association ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "Ladies Ontario Hockey Association" } ] }, { "id": "40830", "question": "what was the name of the hockey association ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 450, "text": "Dominion Women's Amateur Hockey Association" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The first women's world championship tournament, albeit unofficial, was held in 1987 in Toronto, Canada. This was followed by the first IIHF World Championship in 1990 in Ottawa. Women's ice hockey was added as a medal sport at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan. The United States won the gold, Canada won the silver and Finland won the bronze medal.", "qas": [ { "id": "40831", "question": "when was the first women 's world championship tournament held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "1987" } ] }, { "id": "40832", "question": "where was the first women 's world championship tournament held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "Toronto, Canada" } ] }, { "id": "40833", "question": "in what year was the first iihf world championship established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "1990" } ] }, { "id": "40834", "question": "where was women 's ice hockey hockey added ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "Nagano, Japan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The United States Hockey League (USHL) welcomed the first female professional hockey player in 1969\u201370, when the Marquette Iron Rangers signed Karen Koch. One woman, Manon Rh\u00e9aume, has played in the NHL, as a goaltender for the Tampa Bay Lightning in pre-season games against the St. Louis Blues and the Boston Bruins. In 2003, Hayley Wickenheiser played with the Kirkkonummi Salamat in the Finnish men's Suomi-sarja league. Several women have competed in North American minor leagues, including Rh\u00e9aume, goaltenders Kelly Dyer and Erin Whitten and defenceman Angela Ruggiero.", "qas": [ { "id": "40835", "question": "who welcomed the first female professional hockey player in 1969 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The United States Hockey League" } ] }, { "id": "40836", "question": "when was the first female professional hockey player ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "1969\u201370" } ] }, { "id": "40837", "question": "who signed karen koch ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "Marquette Iron Rangers" } ] }, { "id": "40838", "question": "who was the first female professional hockey player in 1969 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "Karen Koch" } ] }, { "id": "40839", "question": "who has played in the nhl ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "Manon Rh\u00e9aume" } ] }, { "id": "40840", "question": "who played the 2003 league in 2003 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "Hayley Wickenheiser" } ] }, { "id": "40841", "question": "what was the name of the finnish men who played in 2003 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 364, "text": "Kirkkonummi Salamat" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The NHL is by far the best attended and most popular ice hockey league in the world. The league's history began after Canada's National Hockey Association decided to disband in 1917; the result was the creation of the National Hockey League. The league expanded to the United States beginning in 1924. In 1967, the NHL doubled in size to 12 teams, undertaking one of the greatest expansions in professional sports history. A few years later, in 1972, a new 12 team league, the World Hockey Association (WHA) was formed and due to its ensuing rivalry with the NHL, it caused an escalation in players salaries. As of 1979, the NHL had grown to 17 teams and merged with the WHA. This created a 21 team league. By 1999, the NHL had expanded to 30 teams, and after a realignment in 2013, these teams were divided into two conferences and four divisions.", "qas": [ { "id": "40842", "question": "what decided to disband in 1917 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "Canada's National Hockey Association" } ] }, { "id": "40843", "question": "when did canada 's national hockey association disband ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "1917" } ] }, { "id": "40844", "question": "what was the result of the result of the national hockey association ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "National Hockey League" } ] }, { "id": "40845", "question": "in what year did the united states start to the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "1924" } ] }, { "id": "40846", "question": "how many teams were there in 1967 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 338, "text": "12" } ] }, { "id": "40847", "question": "how many teams did the nhl lose in 1979 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 642, "text": "17" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The American Hockey League (AHL), sometimes referred to as \"The A,\" is the primary developmental professional league for players aspiring to enter the NHL. It comprises 30 teams from the United States and Canada. It is run as a \"farm league\" to the NHL, with the vast majority of AHL players under contract to an NHL team. The ECHL (called the East Coast Hockey League before the 2003\u201304 season) is a mid-level minor league in the United States with a few players under contract to NHL or AHL teams. The Southern Professional Hockey League (SPHL) is a developmental minor league in the United States with no NHL affiliations. Most undrafted players get their start in the ECHL or SPHL.", "qas": [ { "id": "40848", "question": "what does ahl stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The American Hockey League" } ] }, { "id": "40849", "question": "what is the primary developmental professional league ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "The A" } ] }, { "id": "40850", "question": "what is the ahl league ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "the primary developmental professional league for players aspiring to enter the NHL" } ] }, { "id": "40851", "question": "how many teams does the american hockey league contain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "30" } ] }, { "id": "40852", "question": "what is the echl league called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 344, "text": "East Coast Hockey League" } ] }, { "id": "40853", "question": "what is the echl league hockey league ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 399, "text": "a mid-level minor league in the United States with a few players under contract to NHL or AHL teams" } ] }, { "id": "40854", "question": "what is a developmental minor league in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 500, "text": "The Southern Professional Hockey League" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the United States especially, college hockey is popular and the best university teams compete in the annual NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship. The American Collegiate Hockey Association is composed of college teams at the club level.", "qas": [ { "id": "40855", "question": "what is college hockey championship ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "college hockey is popular and the best university teams compete in the annual NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship" } ] }, { "id": "40856", "question": "what is composed of college teams ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "American Collegiate Hockey Association" } ] }, { "id": "40857", "question": "what is the american collegiate hockey association composed of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "college teams at the club level" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Canada, the Canadian Hockey League is an umbrella organization comprising three major junior leagues: the Ontario Hockey League, the Western Hockey League, and the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. It attracts players from Canada, the United States and Europe. \nIn the United States, the United States Hockey League (USHL) is the highest junior league. Players in this league are strictly amateur, so that they may play college hockey if they wish.", "qas": [ { "id": "40858", "question": "what is the name of the organization in canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "the Canadian Hockey League" } ] }, { "id": "40859", "question": "how many major junior leagues are there in canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "40860", "question": "what are the three major junior leagues ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Ontario Hockey League, the Western Hockey League, and the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League" } ] }, { "id": "40861", "question": "where does the canadian hockey league migrate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "Canada, the United States and Europe" } ] }, { "id": "40862", "question": "what is the highest junior league ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 288, "text": "the United States Hockey League" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) is the largest and most popular ice hockey league in Eurasia. The league is the direct successor to the Russian Super League, which in turn was the successor to the Soviet League, the history of which dates back to the Soviet adoption of ice hockey in the 1940s. The KHL was launched in 2008 with clubs predominantly from Russia, but featuring teams from other post-Soviet states. The league expanded beyond the former Soviet countries beginning in the 2011\u201312 season, with clubs in Croatia and Slovakia. The number of teams has since increased to 28 from eight different countries.", "qas": [ { "id": "40863", "question": "what is the largest ice hockey league in eurasia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Kontinental Hockey League" } ] }, { "id": "40864", "question": "what league is the successor to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "Russian Super League" } ] }, { "id": "40865", "question": "what league is the russian super league successor to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "the Soviet League" } ] }, { "id": "40866", "question": "when was the khl launched ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "2008" } ] }, { "id": "40867", "question": "how many different countries are there in the number of teams ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 584, "text": "28" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The second division of hockey in Eurasia is the Supreme Hockey League (VHL). This league features 24 teams from Russia and 2 from Kazakhstan. This league is currently being converted to a farm league for the KHL, similarly to the AHL's function in relation to the NHL. The third division is the Russian Hockey League, which features only teams from Russia. The Asia League, an international ice hockey league featuring clubs from China, Japan, South Korea, and the Russian Far East, is the successor to the Japan Ice Hockey League.", "qas": [ { "id": "40868", "question": "what is the second division of hockey in eurasia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Supreme Hockey League" } ] }, { "id": "40869", "question": "how many teams does the league have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "24" } ] }, { "id": "40870", "question": "what is the league 's farm league ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "the AHL's function in relation to the NHL" } ] }, { "id": "40871", "question": "what is the name of the third hockey league in russian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 295, "text": "Russian Hockey League" } ] }, { "id": "40872", "question": "which countries are the successor to the asia league hockey league ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 430, "text": "China, Japan, South Korea, and the Russian Far East" } ] }, { "id": "40873", "question": "what is the name of the ice hockey league ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 507, "text": "Japan Ice Hockey League" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The highest junior league in Eurasia is the Junior Hockey League (MHL). It features 32 teams from post-Soviet states, predominantly Russia. The second tier to this league is the Junior Hockey League Championships (MHL-B).", "qas": [ { "id": "40874", "question": "what is the highest junior league in eurasia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Junior Hockey League" } ] }, { "id": "40875", "question": "how many teams does the highest junior league have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "32" } ] }, { "id": "40876", "question": "what is the second tier to the league ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "Junior Hockey League Championships (MHL-B)" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Several countries in Europe have their own top professional senior leagues. Many future KHL and NHL players start or end their professional careers in these leagues. The National League A in Switzerland, Swedish Hockey League in Sweden, Liiga in Finland, and Czech Extraliga in the Czech Republic are all very popular in their respective countries.", "qas": [ { "id": "40877", "question": "what are the future careers in europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "KHL and NHL players start or end their professional careers" } ] }, { "id": "40878", "question": "where are the national league in switzerland located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "Swedish Hockey League in Sweden, Liiga in Finland, and Czech Extraliga" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Beginning in the 2014\u201315 season, the Champions Hockey League was launched, a league consisting of first-tier teams from several European countries, running parallel to the teams' domestic leagues. The competition is meant to serve as a Europe-wide ice hockey club championship. The competition is a direct successor to the European Trophy and is related to the 2008\u201309 tournament of the same name.", "qas": [ { "id": "40879", "question": "when was the champions hockey league launched ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "2014\u201315" } ] }, { "id": "40880", "question": "what was launched in the 2014 season ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "the Champions Hockey League" } ] }, { "id": "40881", "question": "what did the champions hockey league launched ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "a league consisting of first-tier teams from several European countries, running parallel to the teams' domestic leagues" } ] }, { "id": "40882", "question": "what is the competition meant to serve as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "a Europe-wide ice hockey club championship" } ] }, { "id": "40883", "question": "what is the competition ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "a direct successor to the European Trophy" } ] }, { "id": "40884", "question": "what is the competition related to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 357, "text": "the 2008\u201309 tournament of the same name" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are also several annual tournaments for clubs, held outside of league play. Pre-season tournaments include the European Trophy, Tampere Cup and the Pajulahti Cup. One of the oldest international ice hockey competition for clubs is the Spengler Cup, held every year in Davos, Switzerland, between Christmas and New Year's Day. It was first awarded in 1923 to the Oxford University Ice Hockey Club. The Memorial Cup, a competition for junior-level (age 20 and under) clubs is held annually from a pool of junior championship teams in Canada and the United States.", "qas": [ { "id": "40885", "question": "what are the pre-season tournaments ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "the European Trophy, Tampere Cup and the Pajulahti Cup" } ] }, { "id": "40886", "question": "what is one of the oldest international ice hockey competition ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "Spengler Cup" } ] }, { "id": "40887", "question": "where is the oldest international ice hockey competition ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "Davos, Switzerland, between Christmas and New Year's Day" } ] }, { "id": "40888", "question": "when was the oxford university first awarded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 356, "text": "1923" } ] }, { "id": "40889", "question": "what was the name of the ice hockey club ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 368, "text": "Oxford University Ice Hockey Club" } ] } ] }, { "context": "International club competitions organized by the IIHF include the Continental Cup, the Victoria Cup and the European Women's Champions Cup. The World Junior Club Cup is an annual tournament of junior ice hockey clubs representing each of the top junior leagues.", "qas": [ { "id": "40890", "question": "what are the iihf competitions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "Continental Cup, the Victoria Cup and the European Women's Champions Cup" } ] }, { "id": "40891", "question": "what is the name of the junior ice hockey clubs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "The World Junior Club Cup" } ] }, { "id": "40892", "question": "what is the world junior club cup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "an annual tournament of junior ice hockey clubs representing each of the top junior leagues" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ice hockey has been played at the Winter Olympics since 1924 (and was played at the summer games in 1920). Canada won six of the first seven gold medals to 1952, the exception occurring in 1936 when Great Britain won. The USSR won all but two gold medals from 1956 to 1988 as well as a final time as the Unified Team at the 1992 Albertville Olympics. The United States won their first gold medal in 1960. On the way to winning the gold medal at the 1980 Lake Placid Olympics amateur US college players defeated the heavily favoured Soviet squad\u2014an event known as the \"Miracle on Ice\" in the United States. Restrictions on professional players were fully dropped at the 1998 games in Nagano. The Games saw the full participation of players from the NHL, which suspended operations during the Games and has done so in subsequent Games. The 2010 games in Vancouver were the first played in an NHL city since the inclusion of NHL players. The 2010 games were the first played on NHL-sized ice rinks, which are narrower than the IIHF standard.\nNational teams representing the member federations of the IIHF compete annually in the IIHF Ice Hockey World Championships. Teams are selected from the available players by the individual federations, without restriction on amateur or professional status. Since it is held in the spring, the tournament coincides with the annual NHL Stanley Cup playoffs and many of the top players are hence not available to participate in the tournament. Many of the NHL players who do play in the IIHF tournament come from teams eliminated before the playoffs or in the first round, and federations often hold open spots until the tournament to allow for players to join the tournament after their club team is eliminated. For many years, the tournament was an amateur-only tournament, but this restriction was removed, beginning in the 1970s. Players are not paid to play in the tournament, but insurance and expenses are covered from the tournament revenues.", "qas": [ { "id": "40893", "question": "in what year was ice hockey played at the winter olympics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "1924" } ] }, { "id": "40894", "question": "when was the summer games played ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "1920" } ] }, { "id": "40895", "question": "how many of the first gold medals did canada win ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "six" } ] }, { "id": "40896", "question": "in what year did great britain win six gold medals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "1936" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 1972 Summit Series and 1974 Summit Series, two series pitting the best Canadian and Soviet players without IIHF restrictions were major successes, and established a rivalry between Canada and the USSR. In the spirit of best-versus-best without restrictions on amateur or professional status, the series were followed by five Canada Cup tournaments, played in North America. Two NHL versus USSR series were also held: the 1979 Challenge Cup and Rendez-vous '87. The Canada Cup tournament later became the World Cup of Hockey, played in 1996 and 2004. The United States won in 1996 and Canada won in 2004.", "qas": [ { "id": "40897", "question": "what was the name of the series of the rivalry between canada and the ussr ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "1972 Summit Series and 1974 Summit Series" } ] }, { "id": "40898", "question": "what two countries were established in the 1972 summit ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Canada and the USSR" } ] }, { "id": "40899", "question": "how many canada cup tournaments were there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "five" } ] }, { "id": "40900", "question": "what were the names of the two nhl versus two nhl series ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 421, "text": "the 1979 Challenge Cup and Rendez-vous '87" } ] }, { "id": "40901", "question": "when did the world cup tournament begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 539, "text": "1996 and 2004" } ] }, { "id": "40902", "question": "in what year did canada win in 1996 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 602, "text": "2004" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since the initial women's world championships in 1990, there have been fifteen tournaments. Women's hockey has been played at the Olympics since 1998. The 2006 Winter Olympic final between Canada and Sweden marked the only time the women's world championship or Olympic final did not involve both Canada and the United States.", "qas": [ { "id": "40903", "question": "when was the initial women 's world championships been fifteen ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "1990" } ] }, { "id": "40904", "question": "how many tournaments did the initial women 's world championships have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "fifteen" } ] }, { "id": "40905", "question": "when was women 's hockey hockey hockey played ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "1998" } ] }, { "id": "40906", "question": "what did the olympic final final final between canada and sweden 's world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "The 2006 Winter Olympic final between Canada and Sweden marked the only time the women's world championship or Olympic final did not involve both Canada and the United States" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other ice hockey tournaments featuring national teams include the World U20 Championship, the World U18 Championships, the World U-17 Hockey Challenge, the World Junior A Challenge, the Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament, the World Women's U18 Championships and the 4 Nations Cup. The annual Euro Hockey Tour, an unofficial European championship between the national men's teams of the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia and Sweden have been played since 1996\u201397.", "qas": [ { "id": "40907", "question": "what is the name of the world junior tournaments ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament" } ] }, { "id": "40908", "question": "what are the names of the world junior tournament ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "the World Women's U18 Championships and the 4 Nations Cup" } ] }, { "id": "40909", "question": "when was the annual euro hockey tour played ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 449, "text": "1996\u201397" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Australian Ice Hockey League and New Zealand Ice Hockey League are represented by nine and five teams respectively. As of 2012, the two top teams of the previous season from each league compete in the Trans-Tasman Champions League.", "qas": [ { "id": "40910", "question": "what is the name of the hockey league league ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Australian Ice Hockey League and New Zealand Ice Hockey League" } ] }, { "id": "40911", "question": "how many teams are in the australian ice hockey league ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "nine and five teams respectively" } ] }, { "id": "40912", "question": "in what year was the two top teams of the previous season ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "2012" } ] }, { "id": "40913", "question": "where did the two top teams of the previous season take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "Trans-Tasman Champions League" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ice hockey in Africa is a small but growing sport so no African ice hockey playing nation has a domestic league.", "qas": [ { "id": "40914", "question": "what is the ice hockey playing in africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "no African ice hockey playing nation has a domestic league" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Pond hockey is a form of ice hockey played generally as pick-up hockey on lakes, ponds and artificial outdoor rinks during the winter. Pond hockey is commonly referred to in hockey circles as shinny. Its rules differ from traditional hockey because there is no hitting and very little shooting, placing a greater emphasis on skating, puckhandling and passing abilities. Since 2002, the World Pond Hockey Championship has been played on Roulston Lake in Plaster Rock, New Brunswick, Canada. Since 2006, the U.S. Pond Hockey Championships have been played in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and the Canadian National Pond Hockey Championships have been played in Huntsville, Ontario.", "qas": [ { "id": "40915", "question": "what are the hockey hockey played during the winter ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "ponds and artificial outdoor rinks" } ] }, { "id": "40916", "question": "what is pond hockey hockey commonly referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "shinny" } ] }, { "id": "40917", "question": "what lake has the world pond hockey championship been played on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 436, "text": "Roulston Lake" } ] }, { "id": "40918", "question": "where has the canadian national pond hockey championships been played ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 653, "text": "Huntsville, Ontario" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The record for a Stanley Cup playoff game is 28,183, set on April 23, 1996, at the Thunderdome during a Tampa Bay Lightning \u2013 Philadelphia Flyers game.", "qas": [ { "id": "40919", "question": "what is the record for a stanley cup playoff game ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "28,183" } ] }, { "id": "40920", "question": "when was the record for a stanley cup playoff game ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "April 23, 1996" } ] }, { "id": "40921", "question": "what is the name of the game that the record for a stanley cup playoff game ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "Tampa Bay Lightning \u2013 Philadelphia Flyers game" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A record was set on December 11, 2010, when the University of Michigan's men's ice hockey team faced cross-state rival Michigan State in an event billed as \"The Big Chill at the Big House.\" The game was played at Michigan's (American) football venue, Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor, with a capacity of 109,901 as of the 2010 football season. When UM stopped sales to the public on May 6, 2010, with plans to reserve remaining tickets for students, over 100,000 tickets had been sold for the event. Ultimately, a crowd announced by UM as 113,411, the largest in the stadium's history (including football), saw the homestanding Wolverines win 5\u20130. \"Guinness World Records\", using a count of ticketed fans who actually entered the stadium instead of UM's figure of tickets sold, announced a final figure of 104,173.", "qas": [ { "id": "40922", "question": "on what date was a record record set for the university of michigan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "December 11, 2010" } ] }, { "id": "40923", "question": "what was michigan 's ice hockey team called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "The Big Chill at the Big House" } ] }, { "id": "40924", "question": "what was the capacity of the michigan stadium ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 301, "text": "109,901" } ] }, { "id": "40925", "question": "on what date did the plans of tickets occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 380, "text": "May 6, 2010" } ] }, { "id": "40926", "question": "what was the name of the crowd that announced the stadium ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 536, "text": "113,411" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The record was approached but not broken at the 2014 NHL Winter Classic, which also held at Michigan Stadium, with the Detroit Red Wings as the home team and the Toronto Maple Leafs as the opposing team with an announced crowd of 105,491.", "qas": [ { "id": "40927", "question": "where was the record team not broken at michigan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "2014 NHL Winter Classic" } ] }, { "id": "40928", "question": "where was the 2014 nhl winter classic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "Michigan Stadium" } ] }, { "id": "40929", "question": "what was the name of the toronto maple leafs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "Detroit Red Wings" } ] }, { "id": "40930", "question": "what was the name of the opposing team with the opposing team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Toronto Maple Leafs" } ] }, { "id": "40931", "question": "what was the name of the toronto maple leafs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "105,491" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Number of registered hockey players, including male, female and junior, provided by the respective countries' federations. Note that this list only includes the 37 of 77 IIHF member countries with more than 1,000 registered players as of September 2016.", "qas": [ { "id": "40932", "question": "what are some of the registered hockey players ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "male, female and junior" } ] }, { "id": "40933", "question": "how many iihf member countries are there in september 2016 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "37 of 77" } ] }, { "id": "40934", "question": "how many registered players are there in september 2016 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "1,000" } ] }, { "id": "40935", "question": "in what month and year did the list of the list of the list of the list of the list of the list of the list of the list of the iihf member countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "September 2016" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Ice hockey" } ] }