{ "data": [ { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A\u00a0midfielder is an association football position. Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team's defenders and forwards. Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role, breaking up attacks; and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders.Others blur the boundaries, being more mobile and efficient in passing: they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders, play-makers, box-to-box, or holding midfielders. The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team's formation; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield.", "qas": [ { "id": "40936", "question": "what is a midfielder football ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 16, "text": "an association football position" } ] }, { "id": "40937", "question": "where are midfielders generally positioned ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "the field between their team's defenders and forwards" } ] }, { "id": "40938", "question": "what is the term for the boundaries of the midfielders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "defensive midfielders" } ] }, { "id": "40939", "question": "what are some mobile and efficient in passing attacks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 372, "text": "deep-lying midfielders, play-makers, box-to-box, or holding midfielders" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team's attacks, while others may be tasked with creating goals, or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence. Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match.", "qas": [ { "id": "40940", "question": "what do most managers assign ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team's attacks" } ] }, { "id": "40941", "question": "what do most managers have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "equal responsibilities between attack and defence" } ] }, { "id": "40942", "question": "what are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "Midfielders" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Central or centre midfielders are players whose role is divided roughly equally between attack and defence. These players will try to pass the ball to the team's attacking midfielders and forwards and may also help their team's attacks by making runs into the opposition's penalty area and attempting shots on goal themselves.", "qas": [ { "id": "40943", "question": "what is divided roughly equally between attack and defence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Central or centre midfielders" } ] }, { "id": "40944", "question": "what are central or centre midfielders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "players whose role is divided roughly equally between attack and defence" } ] }, { "id": "40945", "question": "what do these players try to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "pass the ball to the team's attacking midfielders and forwards" } ] }, { "id": "40946", "question": "what happens to the ball to the team 's attacks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "making runs into the opposition's penalty area and attempting shots on goal themselves" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When the opposing team has the ball, a central midfielder may drop back to protect the goal or move forward and press the opposition ball-carrier to recover the ball. A centre midfielder defending their goal will move in front of their centre-backs in order to block long shots by the opposition and possibly track opposition midfielders making runs towards the goal.", "qas": [ { "id": "40947", "question": "what happens to the opposing team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "a central midfielder may drop back to protect the goal or move forward and press the opposition ball-carrier to recover the ball" } ] }, { "id": "40948", "question": "what is the goal of the opposing team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "A centre midfielder defending their goal will move in front of their centre-backs in order to block long shots by the opposition and possibly track opposition midfielders making runs towards the goal" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 4\u20133\u20133 and 4\u20135\u20131 formations each use three central midfielders. The 4\u22124\u22122 formation may use two central midfielders, and in the 4\u20132\u20133\u20131 formation one of the two deeper midfielders may be a central midfielder.", "qas": [ { "id": "40949", "question": "what is the use of the use of three central midfielders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "4\u20133\u20133 and 4\u20135\u20131 formations" } ] }, { "id": "40950", "question": "how many central midfielders does the 4 formations use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "three central midfielders" } ] }, { "id": "40951", "question": "the 4 \u2212 4 formation may use what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "two central midfielders" } ] }, { "id": "40952", "question": "what is the formation of the two deeper midfielders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "4\u20132\u20133\u20131" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The term box-to-box midfielder refers to central midfielders who have good abilities and are skilled at both defending and attacking. These players can therefore track back to their own box to make tackles and block shots and also run to the opponents' box to try to score. A good box-to-box midfielder needs good passing, vision, control, stamina, tackling and marking in defence, and shooting and dribbling in attack.", "qas": [ { "id": "40953", "question": "what does the term box-to-box refer to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "central midfielders who have good abilities" } ] }, { "id": "40954", "question": "what is the purpose of the players ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "track back to their own box to make tackles and block shots and also run to the opponents' box to try to score" } ] }, { "id": "40955", "question": "what are some of the good passing passing in attack ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "vision, control, stamina, tackling and marking in defence, and shooting and dribbling in attack" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Left and right midfielders have a role balanced between attack and defence, similar to that of central midfielders, but they are positioned closer to the touchlines of the pitch. They may be asked to cross the ball into the opponents' penalty area to make scoring chances for their teammates, and when defending they may put pressure on opponents who are trying to cross.", "qas": [ { "id": "40956", "question": "what have left and right midfielders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "a role balanced between attack and defence" } ] }, { "id": "40957", "question": "what do right midfielders have a role balanced between ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "central midfielders" } ] }, { "id": "40958", "question": "what happens to attack and defence between attack and defence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "they are positioned closer to the touchlines of the pitch" } ] }, { "id": "40959", "question": "what can the ball be asked to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "cross the ball into the opponents' penalty area to make scoring chances for their teammates" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Common modern formations that include left and right midfielders are the 4\u22124\u22122, the 4\u22124\u22121\u22121, the 4-2-3-1 and the 4\u22125\u22121 formations. Jonathan Wilson describes the development of 4\u22124\u22122 formation: \"\u2026the winger became a wide midfielder, a shuttler, somebody who might be expected to cross a ball but was also meant to put in a defensive shift.\" A notable example of a right midfielder is David Beckham.", "qas": [ { "id": "40960", "question": "what is the 4 \u2212 4 \u2212 4 formations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "4-2-3-1 and the 4\u22125\u22121 formations" } ] }, { "id": "40961", "question": "who describes the development of 4 \u2212 4 formation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "Jonathan Wilson" } ] }, { "id": "40962", "question": "what did jonathan wilson call the development of 4 formation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "4\u22124\u22122 formation" } ] }, { "id": "40963", "question": "who is a notable example of a right midfielder ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 383, "text": "David Beckham" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Defensive midfielders are midfield players who focus on protecting their team's goal. These players may defend a zone in front of their team's defence, or man mark specific opposition attackers. Defensive midfielders may also move to the full-back or centre-back positions if those players move forward to join in an attack.\nSergio Busquets described his attitude: \"The coach knows that I am an obedient player who likes to help out and if I have to run to the wing to cover someone's position, great.\" A good defensive midfielder needs good passing, marking, tackling, interceptions and great stamina and strength (for their tackling).", "qas": [ { "id": "40964", "question": "what are defensive midfielders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "midfield players who focus on protecting their team's goal" } ] }, { "id": "40965", "question": "what does these players defend ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "a zone in front of their team's defence, or man mark specific opposition attackers" } ] }, { "id": "40966", "question": "what do defensive midfielders move to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "full-back or centre-back positions if those players move forward to join in an attack" } ] }, { "id": "40967", "question": "who described his attitude : the coach knows to cover someone 's position ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 325, "text": "Sergio Busquets" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A holding or deep-lying midfielder stays close to their team's defence, while other midfielders may move forward to attack. A player in this role will try to protect their goal by disrupting the opponents' attacking moves and stopping long shots on the goal.", "qas": [ { "id": "40968", "question": "what may move forward to attack ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "A holding or deep-lying midfielder stays close to their team's defence" } ] }, { "id": "40969", "question": "how can a player protect their goal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "disrupting the opponents' attacking moves and stopping long shots on the goal" } ] } ] }, { "context": "This position may be seen in the 4\u20132\u20133\u20131 and 4\u20134\u20132 diamond formations.", "qas": [ { "id": "40970", "question": "what are the position of the position that may be seen ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "4\u20132\u20133\u20131 and 4\u20134\u20132 diamond formations" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A deep-lying playmaker is a holding midfielder who specializes in ball skills such as passing, rather than defensive skills like tackling. When this player has the ball, they may attempt longer or more complex passes than other holding players. They may try to set the tempo of their team's play, retain possession, or build plays through short exchanges, or they may try to pass the ball long to a centre forward or winger, or even pass short to a teammate in the hole, the area between the opponents' defenders and midfielders. In Italy, the deep-lying playmaker is known as a \"regista\", whereas in Brazil, it is known as a \"meia-armador\"", "qas": [ { "id": "40971", "question": "what is the deep-lying playmaker called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 580, "text": "regista" } ] }, { "id": "40972", "question": "what is the `` regista '' called in brazil ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 627, "text": "meia-armador\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Writer Jonathan Wilson described Xabi Alonso's role: \"although capable of making tackles, [he] focused on keeping the ball moving, occasionally raking long passes out to the flanks to change the angle of attack.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "40973", "question": "who described alonso 's role ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 7, "text": "Jonathan Wilson" } ] }, { "id": "40974", "question": "whose role did jonathan wilson write ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "Xabi Alonso" } ] }, { "id": "40975", "question": "what did alonso wilson 's role on the angle of attack ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "keeping the ball moving" } ] } ] }, { "context": "An attacking midfielder is a midfield player who is positioned in an advanced midfield position, usually between central midfield and the team's forwards, and who has a primarily offensive role.
Some attacking midfielders are called \"trequartistas\" or \"fantasisti\" (, i.e. a creative playmaker between the forwards and the midfield), known for their deft touch, vision, ability to shoot from range, and passing prowess.
However, not all attacking midfielders are trequartistas \u2013 some attacking midfielders are very vertical and are essentially auxiliary attackers who serve to link-up play, hold up the ball, or provide the final pass, i.e. secondary striker.", "qas": [ { "id": "40976", "question": "what are the advanced midfield player ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "central midfield and the team's forwards" } ] }, { "id": "40977", "question": "what are some attacking midfielders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 237, "text": "\"trequartistas\" or \"fantasisti\"" } ] }, { "id": "40978", "question": "what are all attacking midfielders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 471, "text": "trequartistas" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to positioning along the field, attacking midfield may be divided into \"left, right\" and \"central attacking midfield\" roles. A central attacking midfielder may be referred to as a \"playmaker\", or \"number ten\" (due to the association of the number 10 shirt with this position). A good attacking midfielder needs good passing abilities, vision, the ability to make long shots, and solid dribbling skills.", "qas": [ { "id": "40979", "question": "what are attacking midfield ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "\"left, right\" and \"central attacking midfield\" roles" } ] }, { "id": "40980", "question": "what is a central attacking midfielder ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "a \"playmaker\", or \"number ten" } ] }, { "id": "40981", "question": "what does a good attacking midfielder do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 353, "text": "the ability to make long shots, and solid dribbling skills" } ] } ] }, { "context": "These players typically serve as the offensive pivot of the team, and are sometimes said to be \"playing in the hole,\" although this term can also be used as deep-lying forward. The attacking midfielder is an important position that requires the player to possess superior technical abilities in terms of passing and dribbling, as well as, perhaps more importantly, the ability to read the opposing defence in order to deliver defence-splitting passes to the striker.", "qas": [ { "id": "40982", "question": "what do these players serve as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "the offensive pivot of the team" } ] }, { "id": "40983", "question": "what are the players sometimes said to be ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "\"playing in the hole" } ] }, { "id": "40984", "question": "what is the term used to describe the term `` playing in the hole '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "deep-lying forward" } ] }, { "id": "40985", "question": "what is the attacking midfielder ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "requires the player to possess superior technical abilities" } ] }, { "id": "40986", "question": "what does the attacking defence do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 365, "text": "the ability to read the opposing defence in order to deliver defence-splitting passes to the striker" } ] } ] }, { "context": "This specialist midfielder's main role is to create good shooting and goal-scoring opportunities using superior vision, control, and technical skill, by making crosses, through balls, and headed knockdowns to teammates. They may try to set up shooting opportunities for themselves by dribbling or performing a give-and-go with a teammate. Attacking midfielders may also make runs into the opponents' penalty area in order to shoot from another teammate's pass.", "qas": [ { "id": "40987", "question": "what is using superior vision , control , and technical skill ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "create good shooting and goal-scoring opportunities" } ] }, { "id": "40988", "question": "what are the main role of shooting opportunities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "superior vision, control, and technical skill" } ] }, { "id": "40989", "question": "what can try to set up shooting opportunities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 284, "text": "dribbling or performing a give-and-go with a teammate" } ] }, { "id": "40990", "question": "what is the opponents of attacking midfielders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "penalty area in order to shoot from another teammate's pass" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Where a creative attacking midfielder, i.e. a advanced playmaker, is regularly utilized, he is commonly the team's star player, and often wears the number 10 shirt. As such, a team is often constructed so as to allow their attacking midfielder to roam free and create as the situation demands. One such popular formation is the 4\u20134\u20132 \"diamond\" (or 4\u20131\u20132\u20131\u20132), in which defined attacking and defensive midfielders replace the more traditional pair of central midfielders. Known as the \"\"fantasista\"\" or \"\"trequartista\"\" in Italy, in Brazil, the offensive playmaker is known as the \"\"meia atacante\",\" whereas in Argentina and Uruguay, it is known as the \"\"enganche\".\"", "qas": [ { "id": "40991", "question": "what is the number of star in the star player ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "10 shirt" } ] }, { "id": "40992", "question": "what is the popular formation of popular formation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "4\u20134\u20132 \"diamond\"" } ] }, { "id": "40993", "question": "what is the offensive called in argentina ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 654, "text": "enganche" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The false-attacking midfielder description has been used in Italian football to describe a player who is seemingly playing as an attacking midfielder in a 4\u20133\u20131\u20132 formation, but who eventually drops deeper into midfield, drawing opposing players out of position and creating space to be exploited by team-mates making attacking runs; the false-attacking midfielder will eventually sit in a central midfield role and function as a deep-lying playmaker. The false-attacking midfielder is therefore usually a creative, hard-working, tactically intelligent and technically gifted player, with good vision, movement, positioning, ball control, long passing ability, and an ability to interpret the game, who must also be capable of aiding his team defensively and striking from distance.", "qas": [ { "id": "40994", "question": "when is a player seemingly used in italian football ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "4\u20133\u20131\u20132 formation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The \"false 10\" or \"central winger\" is a new type of midfielder recently introduced to football, which differs from the false-attacking midfielder. Much like the \"false 9,\" his specificity lies in the fact that, unlike a traditional playmaker who stays behind the striker in the centre of the pitch, his goal is to drift wide when in possession of the ball to help both the wingers and fullbacks to overload the flanks. This means two problems for the opposite midfield: either they let him drift wide, and his presence with both the winger and the fullback makes it three-on-two out wide; or they follow him, but leave space in the centre of the pitch for wingers or onrushing midfielders to take. False 10s are usually traditional wingers who are told to play in the centre of the pitch, and their natural way of playing makes them drift wide. This role is specifically meant to respond to the fact that more and more midfielders are fielded in the centre of the pitch.", "qas": [ { "id": "40995", "question": "what is a new type of midfielder recently introduced to football ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 5, "text": "false 10\" or \"central winger\"" } ] }, { "id": "40996", "question": "where does the `` false '' come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "the false-attacking midfielder" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In\u00a0modern football, the terms winger or wide player refer to a non-defender who plays on the left or right sides of the pitch. These terms can apply to left or right midfielders, left or right attacking midfielders, or left or right forwards. Left or right-sided defenders such as wing-backs or full-backs are generally not called wingers.", "qas": [ { "id": "40997", "question": "what is the terms of the modern football player ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "the terms winger or wide player refer to a non-defender who plays on the left or right sides of the pitch" } ] }, { "id": "40998", "question": "what can the terms of midfielders do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "left or right midfielders, left or right attacking midfielders, or left or right forwards" } ] }, { "id": "40999", "question": "what are generally not called wingers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "wing-backs or full-backs" } ] }, { "id": "41000", "question": "what is the term used to describe the defenders defenders called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 331, "text": "wingers" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 2\u22123\u22125 formation popular in the late 19th century wingers remained mostly near the touchlines of the pitch, and were expected to cross the ball for the team's inside and centre forwards. Traditionally, wingers were purely attacking players and were not expected to track back and defend. This began to change in the 1960s. In the 1966 World Cup, England manager Alf Ramsey did not select wingers from the quarter-final onwards. This team was known as the \"Wingless Wonders\" and led to the modern 4\u20134\u20132 formation.", "qas": [ { "id": "41001", "question": "what is the popular formation of the pitch ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 7, "text": "2\u22123\u22125" } ] }, { "id": "41002", "question": "who was england 's manager in the 1966 world cup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 368, "text": "Alf Ramsey" } ] }, { "id": "41003", "question": "what was the name of the team that was known as the modern 4 team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 462, "text": "Wingless Wonders" } ] } ] }, { "context": "This has led to most modern wide players having a more demanding role in the sense that they are expected to provide defensive cover for their full-backs and track back to repossess the ball, as well as provide skillful crosses for centre forwards and strikers. Some forwards are able to operate as wingers behind a lone striker. In a three-man midfield, specialist wingers are sometimes deployed down the flanks alongside the central midfielder or playmaker.", "qas": [ { "id": "41004", "question": "what do most modern players expected to provide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "provide defensive cover for their full-backs and track back to repossess the ball" } ] }, { "id": "41005", "question": "what are some forwards able to operate as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 299, "text": "wingers behind a lone striker" } ] }, { "id": "41006", "question": "where are specialist wingers sometimes deployed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 397, "text": "down the flanks alongside the central midfielder or playmaker" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Even more demanding is the role of wing-back, where the wide player is expected to provide both defence and attack. As the role of winger can be classed as a forward or a midfielder, so this role blurs the divide between defender and midfielder.\nA winger is an attacking midfielder who is stationed in a wide position near the touchlines. Wingers such as Stanley Matthews or Jimmy Johnstone used to be classified as forwards in traditional W-shaped formations, and were formally known as \"Outside Right\" or \"Outside Left,\" but as tactics evolved through the last 40 years, wingers have dropped to deeper field positions and are now usually classified as part of the midfield, usually in 4\u20134\u20132 or 4\u20135\u20131 formations (but while the team is on the attack, they tend to resemble 4\u20132\u20134 and 4\u20133\u20133 formations respectively).", "qas": [ { "id": "41007", "question": "what can the role of winger be classed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "a forward or a midfielder" } ] }, { "id": "41008", "question": "what is the range of the team that have been classified as part of the attack ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 687, "text": "4\u20134\u20132 or 4\u20135\u20131 formations" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The prototypical winger is fast, tricky and enjoys 'hugging' the touchline, that is, running downfield close to the touchline and delivering crosses. However, players with different attributes can thrive on the wing as well. Some wingers prefer to cut \"infield\" (as opposed to staying wide) and pose a threat as playmakers by playing diagonal passes to forwards or taking a shot at goal. Even players who are not considered quick, have been successfully fielded as wingers at club and international level for their ability to create play from the flank. Occasionally wingers are given a free role to roam across the front line and are relieved of defensive responsibilities.", "qas": [ { "id": "41009", "question": "what are the prototypical winger ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "fast, tricky and enjoys 'hugging' the touchline" } ] }, { "id": "41010", "question": "what is the fast , hugging and the touchline ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "running downfield close to the touchline and delivering crosses" } ] }, { "id": "41011", "question": "what did some diagonal passes pose ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 326, "text": "playing diagonal passes to forwards or taking a shot at goal" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Traditionally, right-footed players are played on the right wing and left-footed players on the left as a matter of familiarity and comfort. However, in the modern game, coaches usually demand wingers to be able to play on both flanks and to switch sides during play regularly as a quick change of tactics. For instance, a right-footed winger who plays on the left flank (or vice versa; with a player playing on the \"opposite\" side from his or her strong foot often being referred to as an inverted winger) is more comfortable cutting inside, which suits the styles of playmaker forwards who can cause a threat both by shooting from distance, dribbling towards goal, or sliding through-ball passes to other forwards. Another advantage is that the winger can cut inside, towards the weaker foot of the full-back. Clubs such as Real Madrid often choose to play their wingers on the \"wrong\" flank for this reason; former Real Madrid coach Jos\u00e9 Mourinho often played \u00c1ngel Di Mar\u00eda on the right and Cristiano Ronaldo on the left. Former Bayern Munich manager Jupp Heynckes often played the left-footed Arjen Robben on the right and the right-footed Franck Rib\u00e9ry on the left. One of the foremost practitioners of playing from either flank was German winger J\u00fcrgen Grabowski, whose flexibility helped Germany to third place in the 1970 World Cup, and the world title in 1974.", "qas": [ { "id": "41012", "question": "who did the coach of real madrid play ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 963, "text": "\u00c1ngel Di Mar\u00eda" } ] }, { "id": "41013", "question": "who was the former bayern munich manager ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1055, "text": "Jupp Heynckes" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although wingers are a familiar part of football, the use of wingers is by no means universal. There are many successful football teams who operate without wingers. A famous example is Milan, who typically play in a narrow midfield diamond formation or in a Christmas tree formation (4\u20133\u20132\u20131), relying on full-backs to provide the necessary width down the wings.\n", "qas": [ { "id": "41014", "question": "what is universal 's use of universal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "wingers" } ] }, { "id": "41015", "question": "what is the use of the use of wingers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "no means universal" } ] }, { "id": "41016", "question": "what do many football teams operate without ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "wingers" } ] }, { "id": "41017", "question": "what is a famous example of a narrow tree formation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Milan" } ] }, { "id": "41018", "question": "what is the span of a christmas tree formation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 284, "text": "4\u20133\u20132\u20131" } ] } ] } ], "title": "Midfielder" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format used to present documents in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, graphics, and other information needed to display it. ", "qas": [ { "id": "41019", "question": "what format is used to present documents in a manner independent of application ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Portable Document Format" } ] } ] }, { "context": "PDF was developed in the early 1990s as a way to share computer documents, including text formatting and inline images. It was among a number of competing formats such as DjVu, Envoy, Common Ground Digital Paper, Farallon Replica and even Adobe's own PostScript format. In those early years before the rise of the World Wide Web and HTML documents, PDF was popular mainly in desktop publishing workflows.\nAdobe Systems made the PDF specification available free of charge in 1993. PDF was a proprietary format controlled by Adobe, until it was officially released as an open standard on July 1, 2008, and published by the International Organization for Standardization as ISO 32000-1:2008, at which time control of the specification passed to an ISO Committee of volunteer industry experts. In 2008, Adobe published a Public Patent License to ISO 32000-1 granting royalty-free rights for all patents owned by Adobe that are necessary to make, use, sell, and distribute PDF compliant implementations.", "qas": [] }, { "context": "However, there are still some proprietary technologies defined only by Adobe, such as Adobe XML Forms Architecture (XFA) and JavaScript extension for Acrobat, which are referenced by ISO 32000-1 as normative and indispensable for the application of the ISO 32000-1 specification. These proprietary technologies are not standardized and their specification is published only on Adobe\u2019s website. Many of them are also not supported by popular third-party implementations of PDF. So when organizations publish PDFs which use these proprietary technologies, they present accessibility issues for some users.", "qas": [ { "id": "41020", "question": "what are some proprietary technologies defined by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "Adobe" } ] }, { "id": "41021", "question": "what are some proprietary technologies defined by adobe and indispensable ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "Adobe XML Forms Architecture (XFA) and JavaScript extension" } ] }, { "id": "41022", "question": "what is the extension of adobe xml ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "Acrobat" } ] }, { "id": "41023", "question": "who referenced adobe xml ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "ISO 32000-1" } ] }, { "id": "41024", "question": "where is these proprietary technologies published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 377, "text": "Adobe\u2019s website" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2014, ISO TC 171 voted to deprecate XFA for ISO 32000-2 (\"Next-generation PDF\").", "qas": [ { "id": "41025", "question": "what was the name of iso tc ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "ISO 32000-2" } ] } ] }, { "context": "PostScript is a page description language run in an interpreter to generate an image, a process requiring many resources. It can handle not just graphics, but standard features of programming languages such as codice_1 and codice_2 commands. PDF is largely based on PostScript but simplified to remove flow control features like these, while graphics commands such as codice_3 remain.", "qas": [ { "id": "41026", "question": "what is a page description of an language to generate an image , a process requiring many resources ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "PostScript" } ] }, { "id": "41027", "question": "what are some examples of programming languages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "codice_1 and codice_2 commands" } ] }, { "id": "41028", "question": "what is graphics largely based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "PostScript" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Often, the PostScript-like PDF code is generated from a source PostScript file. The graphics commands that are output by the PostScript code are collected and tokenized. Any files, graphics, or fonts to which the document refers also are collected. Then, everything is compressed to a single file. Therefore, the entire PostScript world (fonts, layout, measurements) remains intact.", "qas": [ { "id": "41029", "question": "what is generated from a source postscript file ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "PostScript-like PDF code" } ] }, { "id": "41030", "question": "what is the code code generated from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "PostScript file" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As a document format, PDF has several advantages over PostScript:", "qas": [ { "id": "41031", "question": "what is the document that has several advantages of a document ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "PostScript" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A PDF file is basically a 7-bit ASCII file, except for certain elements that may have binary content.\nA PDF file starts with a header containing the magic number and the version of the format such as codice_4. The format is a subset of a COS (\"Carousel\" Object Structure) format. A COS tree file consists primarily of \"objects\", of which there are eight types:\nFurthermore, there may be comments, introduced with the percent sign (codice_9). Comments may contain 8-bit characters.", "qas": [ { "id": "41032", "question": "what is a pdf file ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "7-bit ASCII file" } ] }, { "id": "41033", "question": "what is the version of a header file ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "codice_4" } ] }, { "id": "41034", "question": "what does a cos tree consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "objects" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Objects may be either \"direct\" (embedded in another object) or \"indirect\". Indirect objects are numbered with an \"object number\" and a \"generation number\" and defined between the codice_10 and codice_11 keywords. An index table, also called the cross-reference table and marked with the codice_12 keyword, follows the main body and gives the byte offset of each indirect object from the start of the file. This design allows for efficient random access to the objects in the file, and also allows for small changes to be made without rewriting the entire file (\"incremental update\"). Beginning with PDF version 1.5, indirect objects may also be located in special streams known as \"object streams\". This technique reduces the size of files that have large numbers of small indirect objects and is especially useful for \"Tagged PDF\".", "qas": [ { "id": "41035", "question": "what is another term for `` indirect '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "direct" } ] }, { "id": "41036", "question": "what are the `` generation number '' defined between ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "codice_10 and codice_11 keywords" } ] }, { "id": "41037", "question": "what is the special streams known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 682, "text": "object streams" } ] } ] }, { "context": "At the end of a PDF file is a trailer introduced with the codice_13 keyword. It contains", "qas": [ { "id": "41038", "question": "what is the name of the file introduced by the file file ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "codice_13 keyword" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nThere are two layouts to the PDF files: non-linear (not \"optimized\") and linear (\"optimized\"). Non-linear PDF files consume less disk space than their linear counterparts, though they are slower to access because portions of the data required to assemble pages of the document are scattered throughout the PDF file. Linear PDF files (also called \"optimized\" or \"web optimized\" PDF files) are constructed in a manner that enables them to be read in a Web browser plugin without waiting for the entire file to download, since they are written to disk in a linear (as in page order) fashion. PDF files may be optimized using Adobe Acrobat software or QPDF.", "qas": [ { "id": "41039", "question": "what are the two layouts to the files ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "non-linear (not \"optimized\") and linear" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The basic design of how graphics are represented in PDF is very similar to that of PostScript, except for the use of transparency, which was added in PDF 1.4.", "qas": [ { "id": "41040", "question": "what is the basic design of how graphics are represented in the basic design ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "PostScript" } ] }, { "id": "41041", "question": "where is transparency added ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "PDF 1.4" } ] } ] }, { "context": "PDF graphics use a device-independent Cartesian coordinate system to describe the surface of a page. A PDF page description can use a matrix to scale, rotate, or skew graphical elements. A key concept in PDF is that of the \"graphics state\", which is a collection of graphical parameters that may be changed, saved, and restored by a \"page description\". PDF has (as of version 1.6) 24 graphics state properties, of which some of the most important are:", "qas": [ { "id": "41042", "question": "what can a pdf page description use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "a matrix to scale, rotate, or skew graphical elements" } ] }, { "id": "41043", "question": "what is a collection of graphical parameters ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "graphics state" } ] }, { "id": "41044", "question": "what is the version of graphics state properties ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 376, "text": "1.6) 24" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As in PostScript, vector graphics in PDF are constructed with \"paths\". Paths are usually composed of lines and cubic B\u00e9zier curves, but can also be constructed from the outlines of text. Unlike PostScript, PDF does not allow a single path to mix text outlines with lines and curves. Paths can be stroked, filled, or used for clipping. Strokes and fills can use any color set in the graphics state, including \"patterns\".", "qas": [ { "id": "41045", "question": "what is the vector graphics constructed with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "paths" } ] }, { "id": "41046", "question": "what are paths paths usually composed of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "lines and cubic B\u00e9zier curves" } ] } ] }, { "context": "PDF supports several types of patterns. The simplest is the \"tiling pattern\" in which a piece of artwork is specified to be drawn repeatedly. This may be a \"colored tiling pattern\", with the colors specified in the pattern object, or an \"uncolored tiling pattern\", which defers color specification to the time the pattern is drawn. Beginning with PDF 1.3 there is also a \"shading pattern\", which draws continuously varying colors. There are seven types of shading pattern of which the simplest are the \"axial shade\" (Type 2) and \"radial shade\" (Type 3). ", "qas": [ { "id": "41047", "question": "what is the simplest pattern of artwork ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "tiling pattern" } ] }, { "id": "41048", "question": "what is the pattern specified by the colors of the pattern ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "colored tiling pattern" } ] }, { "id": "41049", "question": "what is the name of the colors that the colors specified in the pattern object ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "uncolored tiling pattern" } ] }, { "id": "41050", "question": "what type of pattern draws continuously varying colors ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 372, "text": "shading pattern" } ] }, { "id": "41051", "question": "what are the seven types of shading ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 503, "text": "axial shade" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Raster images in PDF (called \"Image XObjects\") are represented by dictionaries with an associated stream. The dictionary describes properties of the image, and the stream contains the image data. (Less commonly, a raster image may be embedded directly in a page description as an \"inline image\".) Images are typically \"filtered\" for compression purposes. Image filters supported in PDF include the general purpose filters", "qas": [ { "id": "41052", "question": "what is another name for dictionaries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "Image XObjects" } ] }, { "id": "41053", "question": "what are the image of `` image xobjects '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "dictionaries with an associated stream" } ] }, { "id": "41054", "question": "what is a page description of a page image ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "inline image" } ] }, { "id": "41055", "question": "what are images typically typically referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "filtered" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Normally all image content in a PDF is embedded in the file. But PDF allows image data to be stored in external files by the use of \"external streams\" or \"Alternate Images\". Standardized subsets of PDF, including PDF/A and PDF/X, prohibit these features.", "qas": [ { "id": "41056", "question": "what are the use of image data to be stored in external files ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "external streams\" or \"Alternate Images" } ] }, { "id": "41057", "question": "what subsets features prohibit these features ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "PDF/A and PDF/X" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Text in PDF is represented by \"text elements\" in page content streams. A text element specifies that \"characters\" should be drawn at certain positions. The characters are specified using the \"encoding\" of a selected \"font resource\".", "qas": [ { "id": "41058", "question": "what is text represented by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "text elements\" in page content streams" } ] }, { "id": "41059", "question": "what is a text ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "\"characters\" should be drawn at certain positions" } ] }, { "id": "41060", "question": "what are the characters specified using ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "the \"encoding\" of a selected \"font resource" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A font object in PDF is a description of a digital typeface. It may either describe the characteristics of a typeface, or it may include an embedded \"font file\". The latter case is called an \"embedded font\" while the former is called an \"unembedded font\". The font files that may be embedded are based on widely used standard digital font formats: Type 1 (and its compressed variant CFF), TrueType, and (beginning with PDF 1.6) OpenType. Additionally PDF supports the Type 3 variant in which the components of the font are described by PDF graphic operators. ", "qas": [ { "id": "41061", "question": "where is a font object located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "PDF" } ] }, { "id": "41062", "question": "what is the latter case called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "embedded font" } ] }, { "id": "41063", "question": "what is the former case of the font called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "unembedded font" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Fourteen typefaces, known as the \"standard 14 fonts\", have a special significance in PDF documents:\nThese fonts are sometimes called the \"base fourteen fonts\". These fonts, or suitable substitute fonts with the same metrics, should be available in most PDF readers. However, since Adobe Acrobat version 6, most of these fonts are not \"guaranteed\" to be available in the reader, and may only display correctly if the system has them installed. Fonts may be substituted if they are not embedded in a PDF.", "qas": [ { "id": "41064", "question": "what is another name for the `` base fourteen fonts '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "standard 14 fonts\"" } ] }, { "id": "41065", "question": "what are the fonts sometimes called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "base fourteen fonts" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Within text strings, characters are shown using \"character codes\" (integers) that map to glyphs in the current font using an \"encoding\". There are a number of predefined encodings, including \"WinAnsi\", \"MacRoman\", and a large number of encodings for East Asian languages, and a font can have its own built-in encoding. (Although the WinAnsi and MacRoman encodings are derived from the historical properties of the Windows and Macintosh operating systems, fonts using these encodings work equally well on any platform.) PDF can specify a predefined encoding to use, the font's built-in encoding or provide a lookup table of differences to a predefined or built-in encoding (not recommended with TrueType fonts). The encoding mechanisms in PDF were designed for Type 1 fonts, and the rules for applying them to TrueType fonts are complex.", "qas": [ { "id": "41066", "question": "what are characters shown to glyphs in the current font ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "character codes" } ] }, { "id": "41067", "question": "what is the term for `` character codes '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "encoding" } ] }, { "id": "41068", "question": "what is another term for a number of encodings ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "MacRoman" } ] }, { "id": "41069", "question": "what were the encoding mechanisms designed for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 760, "text": "Type 1 fonts" } ] } ] }, { "context": "For large fonts or fonts with non-standard glyphs, the special encodings \"Identity-H\" (for horizontal writing) and \"Identity-V\" (for vertical) are used. With such fonts it is necessary to provide a \"ToUnicode\" table if semantic information about the characters is to be preserved.", "qas": [ { "id": "41070", "question": "what is an example of horizontal writing for non-standard glyphs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "the special encodings \"Identity-H" } ] }, { "id": "41071", "question": "what is another term for vertical encodings ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Identity-V" } ] }, { "id": "41072", "question": "what is the table that fonts it is necessary to provide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "ToUnicode" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The original imaging model of PDF was, like PostScript's, \"opaque\": each object drawn on the page completely replaced anything previously marked in the same location. In PDF 1.4 the imaging model was extended to allow transparency. When transparency is used, new objects interact with previously marked objects to produce blending effects. The addition of transparency to PDF was done by means of new extensions that were designed to be ignored in products written to the PDF 1.3 and earlier specifications. As a result, files that use a small amount of transparency might view acceptably in older viewers, but files making extensive use of transparency could be viewed incorrectly in an older viewer without warning.", "qas": [ { "id": "41073", "question": "where was the imaging model extended ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "PDF 1.4" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The transparency extensions are based on the key concepts of \"transparency groups\", \"blending modes\", \"shape\", and \"alpha\". The model is closely aligned with the features of Adobe Illustrator version 9. The blend modes were based on those used by Adobe Photoshop at the time. When the PDF 1.4 specification was published, the formulas for calculating blend modes were kept secret by Adobe. They have since been published.", "qas": [ { "id": "41074", "question": "what are the transparency extensions based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "transparency groups" } ] }, { "id": "41075", "question": "what is another term for the transparency extensions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "alpha" } ] }, { "id": "41076", "question": "what version of the model is closely aligned ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "Adobe Illustrator" } ] }, { "id": "41077", "question": "who were the blend of the blend modes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "Adobe Photoshop" } ] }, { "id": "41078", "question": "who were the formulas of the formulas of calculating blend modes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 383, "text": "Adobe" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The concept of a transparency group in PDF specification is independent of existing notions of \"group\" or \"layer\" in applications such as Adobe Illustrator. Those groupings reflect logical relationships among objects that are meaningful when editing those objects,\nbut they are not part of the imaging model.", "qas": [ { "id": "41079", "question": "what is the concept of a transparency group ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "\"group\" or \"layer\"" } ] }, { "id": "41080", "question": "what is the concept of a transparency group ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "Adobe Illustrator" } ] } ] }, { "context": "PDF files may contain interactive elements such as annotations, form fields, video and Flash animation.", "qas": [ { "id": "41081", "question": "what are interactive elements ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "annotations, form fields, video and Flash animation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Rich Media PDF is a term that is used to describe interactive content that can be embedded or linked to inside of a PDF. This content must be produced using the Flash file format. When Adobe bought Macromedia, the jewel of the company was Flash, and the Flash player was embedded inside Adobe Acrobat and Adobe Reader, removing the need for third-party plug-ins such as Flash, QuickTime, or Windows Media. Unfortunately, this caused a rift with Apple as QuickTime video was prohibited from PDF. Rich Media expert Robert Connolly believes this event triggered the war between Apple and Adobe over the Flash iPhone/iPad dispute. Rich Media PDF will not operate in Apple's iOS devices such as the iPad, and interactivity is limited.", "qas": [ { "id": "41082", "question": "what is a term that is used to describe interactive content that can be embedded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Rich Media PDF" } ] }, { "id": "41083", "question": "what is the name of the content that must be used to be produced by the content ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Flash file format" } ] }, { "id": "41084", "question": "what was the name of adobe bought ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "Macromedia" } ] }, { "id": "41085", "question": "what were the flash player embedded inside ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "Adobe Acrobat and Adobe Reader" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Interactive Forms is a mechanism to add forms to the PDF file format.", "qas": [ { "id": "41086", "question": "what is a mechanism to add forms to the pdf file format ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Interactive Forms" } ] }, { "id": "41087", "question": "interactive forms is a mechanism to add forms to what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "the PDF file format" } ] } ] }, { "context": "PDF currently supports two different methods for integrating data and PDF forms. Both formats today coexist in PDF specification:", "qas": [ { "id": "41088", "question": "what do two different methods supports ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "integrating data and PDF forms" } ] } ] }, { "context": "AcroForms were introduced in the PDF 1.2 format. AcroForms permit using objects (\"e.g.\" text boxes, Radio buttons, \"etc.\") and some code (\"e.g.\" JavaScript).", "qas": [ { "id": "41089", "question": "where were the acroforms introduced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "PDF 1.2 format" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Alongside the standard PDF action types, interactive forms (AcroForms) support submitting, resetting, and importing data. The \"submit\" action transmits the names and values of selected interactive form fields to a specified uniform resource locator (URL). Interactive form field names and values may be submitted in any of the following formats, (depending on the settings of the action\u2019s ExportFormat, SubmitPDF, and XFDF flags):", "qas": [ { "id": "41090", "question": "what are the standard forms of the standard action ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "interactive forms (AcroForms) support submitting, resetting, and importing data" } ] }, { "id": "41091", "question": "what are some of the values of the interactive form ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 389, "text": "ExportFormat, SubmitPDF, and XFDF flags" } ] } ] }, { "context": "AcroForms can keep form field values in external stand-alone files containing key:value pairs. The external files may use Forms Data Format (FDF) and XML Forms Data Format (XFDF) files. The usage rights (UR) signatures define rights for import form data files in FDF, XFDF and text (CSV/TSV) formats, and export form data files in FDF and XFDF formats.", "qas": [ { "id": "41092", "question": "what is external stand-alone files ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "value pairs" } ] }, { "id": "41093", "question": "what can the external files use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Forms Data Format (FDF) and XML Forms Data Format" } ] }, { "id": "41094", "question": "where do the usage rights define rights for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "FDF, XFDF and text" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Forms Data Format (FDF) is based on PDF, it uses the same syntax and has essentially the same file structure, but is much simpler than PDF, since the body of an FDF document consists of only one required object. Forms Data Format is defined in the PDF specification (since PDF 1.2). The Forms Data Format can be used when submitting form data to a server, receiving the response, and incorporating into the interactive form. It can also be used to export form data to stand-alone files that can be imported back into the corresponding PDF interactive form. Beginning in PDF 1.3, FDF can be used to define a container for annotations that are separate from the PDF document they apply to. FDF typically encapsulates information such as X.509 certificates, requests for certificates, directory settings, timestamp server settings, and embedded PDF files for network transmission. The FDF uses the MIME content type application/vnd.fdf, filename extension .fdf and on Mac OS it uses file type 'FDF'. Support for importing and exporting FDF stand-alone files is not widely implemented in free or freeware PDF software. For example, there is no import/export support in Evince, Okular, Poppler, KPDF or Sumatra PDF, however, Evince, Okular and Poppler support filling in of PDF Acroforms and saving filled data inside the PDF file. Import support for stand-alone FDF files is implemented in Adobe Reader; export and import support (including saving of FDF data in PDF) is for example implemented in Foxit Reader and PDF-XChange Viewer Free; saving of FDF data in a PDF file is also supported in pdftk.", "qas": [ { "id": "41095", "question": "what is the data format based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "PDF" } ] }, { "id": "41096", "question": "where is data format defined ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "PDF specification" } ] } ] }, { "context": "XFDF can be used the same way as FDF; e.g., form data is submitted to a server, modifications are made, then sent back and the new form data is imported in an interactive form. It can also be used to export form data to stand-alone files that can be imported back into the corresponding PDF interactive form. A support for importing and exporting XFDF stand-alone files is not widely implemented in free or freeware PDF software. Import of XFDF is implemented in Adobe Reader 5 and later versions; import and export is implemented in PDF-XChange Viewer Free; embedding of XFDF data in PDF form is implemented in pdftk (pdf toolkit).", "qas": [ { "id": "41097", "question": "what can be used to be used in an interactive form ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "FDF" } ] }, { "id": "41098", "question": "what is the import import for export and export ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 534, "text": "PDF-XChange Viewer Free" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the PDF 1.5 format, Adobe Systems introduced a new, proprietary format for forms, namely Adobe XML Forms Architecture (XFA) forms. The XFA 2.02 is referenced in the PDF 1.5 specification (and also in later versions) but is described separately in \"Adobe XML Forms Architecture (XFA) Specification\", which has several versions. XFA specification is not included in ISO 32000-1 PDF 1.7 and is only referenced as an external proprietary specification created by Adobe. XFA was not standardized as an ISO standard. In 2011 the ISO Committee (TC 171/SC 2/WG 8) urged Adobe Systems to submit the XFA Specification for standardization.", "qas": [ { "id": "41099", "question": "what is the name of the proprietary format for adobe systems ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "Adobe XML Forms Architecture" } ] }, { "id": "41100", "question": "what is the specification referenced in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "PDF 1.5 specification" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Adobe XFA Forms are not compatible with AcroForms. Adobe Reader contains \"disabled features\" for use of XFA Forms, that activate only when opening a PDF document that was created using enabling technology available only from Adobe. The XFA Forms are not compatible with Adobe Reader prior to version 6.", "qas": [ { "id": "41101", "question": "what is not compatible with acroforms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Adobe XFA Forms" } ] }, { "id": "41102", "question": "adobe xfa forms are not compatible with what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "AcroForms" } ] }, { "id": "41103", "question": "what type of forms does adobe reader use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "XFA Forms" } ] } ] }, { "context": "XFA forms can be created and used as PDF files or as XDP (XML Data Package) files. The format of an XFA resource in PDF is described by the XML Data Package Specification. The XDP may be a standalone document or it may in turn be carried inside a PDF document. XDP provides a mechanism for packaging form components within a surrounding XML container. An XDP can also package a PDF file, along with XML form and template data. PDF may contain XFA (in XDP format), but also XFA may contain PDF. When the XFA (XML Forms Architecture) grammars used for an XFA form are moved from one application to another, they must be packaged as an XML Data Package.", "qas": [ { "id": "41104", "question": "what can be used to be used to be used by xml ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "PDF files" } ] }, { "id": "41105", "question": "what is the name of the format that the format is described by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "XML Data Package Specification" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When the PDF and XFA are combined, the result is a form in which each page of the XFA form overlays a PDF background. This architecture is\nsometimes referred to as XFAF (XFA Foreground). The alternative is to express all of the form, including boilerplate, directly in XFA (without using PDF, or only using \"Shell PDF\" which is a container for XFA with minimal skeleton of PDF markup, or using a pre-rendered depiction of a static XFA form as PDF pages). It is sometimes called \"full\" XFA.", "qas": [ { "id": "41106", "question": "what is the architecture sometimes referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "XFAF" } ] }, { "id": "41107", "question": "what is the alternative name for the alternative is known as the alternative ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 479, "text": "full\" XFA" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Starting with PDF 1.5, the text contents of variable text form fields, as well as markup annotations may include formatting information (style information). These rich text strings are XML documents that conform to the rich text conventions specified for the XML Forms Architecture specification 2.02, which is itself a subset of the XHTML 1.0 specification, augmented with a restricted set of CSS2 style attributes.\nIn PDF 1.6, PDF supports the rich text elements and attributes specified in the XML Forms Architecture (XFA) Specification, 2.2.\nIn PDF 1.7, PDF supports the rich text elements and attributes specified in the XML Forms Architecture (XFA) Specification, 2.4.", "qas": [ { "id": "41108", "question": "what is the text of variable text ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "PDF 1.5" } ] }, { "id": "41109", "question": "what is a subset of the rich text conventions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "2.02" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most PDF processors do not handle XFA content. When generating a shell PDF it is recommended to include in the PDF markup a simple one-page PDF image displaying a warning message (e.g. \"To view the full contents of this document, you need a later version of the PDF viewer.\", etc.). PDF processors that can render XFA content should either not display the supplied warning page image or replace it quickly with the dynamic form content. Examples of PDF software with some support of XFA rendering include Adobe Reader for Windows, Linux, Mac OS X (but not Adobe Reader Mobile for Android or iOS) or Nuance PDF Reader.", "qas": [ { "id": "41110", "question": "what is the name of the mac os x ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 599, "text": "Nuance PDF Reader" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2014, ISO TC 171 voted to deprecate XFA for ISO 32000-2 (\"Next-generation PDF\").", "qas": [ { "id": "41111", "question": "what was the name of iso tc ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "ISO 32000-2" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A \"tagged\" PDF (ISO 32000-1:2008 14.8) includes document structure and semantics information to enable reliable text extraction and accessibility. Technically speaking, tagged PDF is a stylized use of the format that builds on the logical structure framework introduced in PDF 1.3. Tagged PDF defines a set of standard structure types and attributes that allow page content (text, graphics, and images) to be extracted and reused for other purposes.", "qas": [ { "id": "41112", "question": "what is a tagged '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 16, "text": "ISO 32000-1:2008 14.8" } ] }, { "id": "41113", "question": "what is the name of the tagged use that builds on the logical structure ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "PDF" } ] }, { "id": "41114", "question": "where is the logical structure framework introduced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "PDF 1.3" } ] }, { "id": "41115", "question": "who defines a set of standard structure types ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "Tagged PDF" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Tagged PDF is not required in situations where a PDF file is intended only for print. Since the feature is optional, and since the rules for Tagged PDF as specified in ISO 32000-1 are relatively vague, support for tagged PDF amongst consuming devices, including assistive technology (AT), is uneven.", "qas": [ { "id": "41116", "question": "who is not required in situations where a file is intended only for print ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Tagged PDF" } ] }, { "id": "41117", "question": "what is the rules of optional , since the feature of the rules ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "Tagged PDF" } ] } ] }, { "context": "An AIIM project to develop an ISO-standardized subset of PDF specifically targeted at accessibility began in 2004, eventually becoming PDF/UA.", "qas": [ { "id": "41118", "question": "when did accessibility began ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "2004" } ] }, { "id": "41119", "question": "what was the name of the project that targeted accessibility began ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "PDF/UA" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The standard security provided by Acrobat PDF consists of two different methods and two different passwords, \"user password\", which encrypts the file and prevents opening, and \"owner password\", which specifies operations that should be restricted even when the document is decrypted, which can include: printing, copying text and graphics out of the document, modifying the document, or adding or modifying text notes and AcroForm fields. The user password (controls opening) encrypts the file and requires password cracking to defeat, with difficulty depending on password strength and encryption method \u2013 it is potentially very secure (assuming good password and encryption method without known attacks). The owner password (controls operations) does not encrypt the file, and instead relies on client software to respect these restrictions, and is not secure. An \"owner password\" can be removed by many commonly available \"PDF cracking\" software, including some free online services. Thus, the use restrictions that a document author places on a PDF document are not secure, and cannot be assured once the file is distributed; this warning is displayed when applying such restrictions using Adobe Acrobat software to create or edit PDF files.", "qas": [ { "id": "41120", "question": "who provided the standard security security ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "Acrobat PDF" } ] }, { "id": "41121", "question": "what is the name of the owner that specifies operations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "owner password" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Even without removing the password, most freeware or open source PDF readers ignore the permission \"protections\" and allow the user to print or make copy of excerpts of the text as if the document were not limited by password protection.", "qas": [ { "id": "41122", "question": "what is a password 's password ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "most freeware or open source PDF readers ignore the permission \"protections\"" } ] }, { "id": "41123", "question": "what were excerpts not limited by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "password protection" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are a number of commercial solutions including Adobe LiveCycle Rights Management and Locklizard PDF DRM that are more robust means of information rights management. Not only can they restrict document access but they also reliably enforce permissions in ways that the standard security handler does not.", "qas": [ { "id": "41124", "question": "what are more robust means of information rights management ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "Adobe LiveCycle Rights Management and Locklizard PDF DRM" } ] }, { "id": "41125", "question": "what are drm ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "information rights management" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Beginning with PDF 1.5, Usage rights (UR) signatures are used to enable additional interactive features that are not available by default in a particular PDF viewer application. The signature is used to validate that the permissions have been granted by a bona fide granting authority. For example, it can be used to allow a user:", "qas": [ { "id": "41126", "question": "what is the usage of ur rights signatures ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 15, "text": "PDF 1.5" } ] }, { "id": "41127", "question": "how are signatures not available ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "default in a particular PDF viewer application" } ] }, { "id": "41128", "question": "what is the signature used for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "a bona fide granting authority" } ] } ] }, { "context": "For example, Adobe Systems grants permissions to enable additional features in Adobe Reader, using public-key cryptography. Adobe Reader verifies that the signature uses a certificate from an Adobe-authorized certificate authority. The PDF 1.5 specification declares that other PDF viewer applications are free to use this same mechanism for their own purposes.", "qas": [ { "id": "41129", "question": "adobe systems grants additional features in what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "Adobe Reader" } ] }, { "id": "41130", "question": "what is the name of the adobe reader that adobe systems grants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "public-key cryptography" } ] }, { "id": "41131", "question": "what does adobe reader believe the signature uses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "Adobe-authorized certificate authority" } ] } ] }, { "context": "PDF files can have document-level and page-level file attachments, which the reader can access and open or save to their local filesystem. PDF attachments can be added to existing PDF files for example using pdftk. Adobe Reader provides support for attachments, and poppler-based readers like Evince or Okular also have some support for document-level attachments.", "qas": [ { "id": "41132", "question": "what is the term used to describe attachments ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "pdftk" } ] }, { "id": "41133", "question": "what are two examples of adobe reader ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 293, "text": "Evince or Okular" } ] } ] }, { "context": "PDF files can contain two types of metadata. The first is the Document Information Dictionary, a set of key/value fields such as author, title, subject, creation and update dates. This is stored in the optional Info trailer of the file. A small set of fields is defined, and can be extended with additional text values if required.", "qas": [ { "id": "41134", "question": "what is the name of the first document that dates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "Document Information Dictionary" } ] }, { "id": "41135", "question": "what are the fields of the first document dictionary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "author, title, subject, creation and update dates" } ] }, { "id": "41136", "question": "what is optional stored in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "Info trailer of the file" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In PDF 1.4, support was added for Metadata Streams, using the Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP) to add XML standards-based extensible metadata as used in other file formats. This allows metadata to be attached to any stream in the document, such as information about embedded illustrations, as well as the whole document (attaching to the document catalog), using an extensible schema.", "qas": [ { "id": "41137", "question": "what was added to metadata streams , using metadata streams ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "PDF 1.4" } ] }, { "id": "41138", "question": "what was added to support metadata ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "Metadata Streams" } ] }, { "id": "41139", "question": "what does metadata streams mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "Extensible Metadata Platform" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Anyone may create applications that can read and write PDF files without having to pay royalties to Adobe Systems; Adobe holds patents to PDF, but licenses them for royalty-free use in developing software complying with its PDF specification.", "qas": [ { "id": "41140", "question": "what do anyone that can read and write royalties pay ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "Adobe Systems" } ] }, { "id": "41141", "question": "adobe holds patents to do what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "PDF" } ] } ] }, { "context": "PDF files can be created specifically to be accessible for disabled people. PDF file formats in use can include tags (XML), text equivalents, captions, audio descriptions, etc. Tagged PDF is required in the PDF/A-1a specification. Some software can automatically produce tagged PDFs, but this feature is not always enabled by default. Leading screen readers, including JAWS, Window-Eyes, Hal, and Kurzweil 1000 and 3000 can read tagged PDFs aloud, as can later versions of the Acrobat and Acrobat Reader programs. Moreover, tagged PDFs can be re-flowed and magnified for readers with visual impairments. Problems remain with adding tags to older PDFs and those that are generated from scanned documents. In these cases, accessibility tags and re-flowing are unavailable, and must be created either manually or with OCR techniques. These processes are inaccessible to some disabled people.", "qas": [ { "id": "41142", "question": "where is tagged required ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "PDF/A-1a specification" } ] } ] }, { "context": "One of the significant challenges with PDF accessibility is that PDF documents have three distinct views, which, depending on the document's creation, can be inconsistent with each other. The three views are (i) the physical view, (ii) the tags view, and (iii) the content view. The physical view is displayed and printed (what most people consider a PDF document). The tags view is what screen readers and other assistive technologies use to deliver a high-quality navigation and reading experience to users with disabilities. The content view is based on the physical order of objects within the PDF's content stream and may be displayed by software that does not fully support the tags view, such as the Reflow feature in Adobe's Reader.", "qas": [ { "id": "41143", "question": "what is one of the significant challenges of the significant challenges ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "PDF documents have three distinct views" } ] }, { "id": "41144", "question": "what is the name of the software that does not support the tags ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 725, "text": "Adobe's Reader" } ] } ] }, { "context": "PDF/UA, the International Standard for accessible PDF based on ISO 32000-1 was published as ISO 14289-1 in 2012, and establishes normative language for accessible PDF technology.", "qas": [ { "id": "41145", "question": "what was the international standard for accessible pdf based on in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "ISO 14289-1" } ] } ] }, { "context": "PDF attachments carrying viruses were first discovered in 2001. The virus, named \"OUTLOOK.PDFWorm\" or \"Peachy\", uses Microsoft Outlook to send itself as an attachment to an Adobe PDF file. It was activated with Adobe Acrobat, but not with Acrobat Reader.", "qas": [ { "id": "41146", "question": "when were attachments carrying viruses first discovered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "2001" } ] }, { "id": "41147", "question": "what are the virus called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "\"OUTLOOK.PDFWorm\" or \"Peachy\"" } ] }, { "id": "41148", "question": "what file does the virus use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "Adobe PDF file" } ] }, { "id": "41149", "question": "who was microsoft activated with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "Adobe Acrobat" } ] }, { "id": "41150", "question": "what was the adobe acrobat not with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "Acrobat Reader" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From time to time, new vulnerabilities are discovered in various versions of Adobe Reader, prompting the company to issue security fixes. Other PDF readers are also susceptible. One aggravating factor is that a PDF reader can be configured to start automatically if a web page has an embedded PDF file, providing a vector for attack. If a malicious web page contains an infected PDF file that takes advantage of a vulnerability in the PDF reader, the system may be compromised even if the browser is secure. Some of these vulnerabilities are a result of the PDF standard allowing PDF documents to be scripted with JavaScript. Disabling JavaScript execution in the PDF reader can help mitigate such future exploits, although it does not protect against exploits in other parts of the PDF viewing software. Security experts say that JavaScript is not essential for a PDF reader, and that the security benefit that comes from disabling JavaScript outweighs any compatibility issues caused. One way of avoiding PDF file exploits is to have a local or web service convert files to another format before viewing.", "qas": [ { "id": "41151", "question": "what versions of reader are new vulnerabilities discovered in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Adobe Reader" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On March 30, 2010 security researcher Didier Stevens reported an Adobe Reader and Foxit Reader exploit that runs a malicious executable if the user allows it to launch when asked.", "qas": [ { "id": "41152", "question": "who reported an adobe reader ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "Didier Stevens" } ] }, { "id": "41153", "question": "what was the name of the security researcher that runs a malicious executable ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Adobe Reader and Foxit Reader" } ] } ] }, { "context": "PDFs may be encrypted so that a password is needed to view or edit the contents. The PDF Reference defines both 40-bit and 128-bit encryption, both making use of a complex system of RC4 and MD5. The PDF Reference also defines ways that third parties can define their own encryption systems for PDF.", "qas": [ { "id": "41154", "question": "what is a password needed to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "view or edit the contents" } ] }, { "id": "41155", "question": "what are the reference of a complex system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "40-bit and 128-bit encryption" } ] }, { "id": "41156", "question": "what are the complex system of a complex system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "RC4 and MD5" } ] } ] }, { "context": "PDF files may also contain embedded DRM restrictions that provide further controls that limit copying, editing or printing. The restrictions on copying, editing, or printing depend on the reader software to obey them, so the security they provide is limited.", "qas": [ { "id": "41157", "question": "what do drm restrictions that provide drm ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "limit copying, editing or printing" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The PDF Reference has technical details for an end-user overview. Like HTML files, PDF files may submit information to a web server. This could be used to track the IP address of the client PC, a process known as phoning home. After update 7.0.5 to Acrobat Reader, the user is notified \"...\u00a0via a dialogue box that the author of the file is auditing usage of the file, and be offered the option of continuing.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "41158", "question": "what is the client pc process called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "phoning home" } ] }, { "id": "41159", "question": "what is the user notified of the user notified of the file ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "Acrobat Reader" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Through its LiveCycle Policy Server product, Adobe provides a method to set security policies on specific documents. This can include requiring a user to authenticate and limiting the period during which a document can be accessed or amount of time a document can be opened while offline. Once a PDF document is tied to a policy server and a specific policy, that policy can be changed or revoked by the owner. This controls documents that are otherwise \"in the wild.\" Each document open and close event can also be tracked by the policy server. Policy servers can be set up privately or Adobe offers a public service through Adobe Online Services. As with other forms of DRM, adherence to these policies and restrictions may or may not be enforced by the reader software being used.", "qas": [ { "id": "41160", "question": "what type of services can be used in adobe policy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 626, "text": "Adobe Online Services" } ] } ] }, { "context": "PDF documents can contain display settings, including the page display layout and zoom level. Adobe Reader uses these settings to override the user's default settings when opening the document. The free Adobe Reader cannot remove these settings.", "qas": [ { "id": "41161", "question": "what did adobe reader do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "override the user's default settings" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A PDF file is often a combination of vector graphics, text, and bitmap graphics. The basic types of content in a PDF are:", "qas": [ { "id": "41162", "question": "what is a pdf file ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "vector graphics, text, and bitmap graphics" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In later PDF revisions, a PDF document can also support links (inside document or web page), forms, JavaScript (initially available as plugin for Acrobat 3.0), or any other types of embedded contents that can be handled using plug-ins.", "qas": [ { "id": "41163", "question": "what is available to support links links ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "JavaScript" } ] }, { "id": "41164", "question": "what is the document used for a document that can be used to support links ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "Acrobat 3.0" } ] } ] }, { "context": "PDF 1.6 supports interactive 3D documents embedded in the PDF - 3D drawings can be embedded using U3D or PRC and various other data formats.", "qas": [ { "id": "41165", "question": "what supports interactive 3d documents ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "PDF 1.6" } ] }, { "id": "41166", "question": "what can be used to be embedded in the 3d drawings documents ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "U3D or PRC" } ] } ] }, { "context": "PDF viewers are generally provided free of charge, and many versions are available from a variety of sources.", "qas": [ { "id": "41167", "question": "what are viewers generally provided from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "free of charge" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are many software options for creating PDFs, including the PDF printing capabilities built into Mac OS X and most Linux distributions, LibreOffice, Microsoft Office 2007 (if updated to SP2) and later, WordPerfect 9, Scribus, numerous PDF print drivers for Microsoft Windows, the pdfTeX typesetting system, the DocBook PDF tools, applications developed around Ghostscript and Adobe Acrobat itself as well as Adobe InDesign, Adobe FrameMaker, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop. Google's online office suite Google Docs also allows for uploading and saving to PDF.", "qas": [ { "id": "41168", "question": "what applications were developed in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 365, "text": "Ghostscript and Adobe Acrobat" } ] }, { "id": "41169", "question": "what is the name of the google office suite ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 512, "text": "Google Docs" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Raster image processors (RIPs) are used to convert PDF files into a raster format suitable for imaging onto paper and other media in printers, digital production presses and prepress in a process known as rasterisation. RIPs capable of processing PDF directly include the Adobe PDF Print Engine from Adobe Systems and Jaws and the Harlequin RIP from Global Graphics.", "qas": [ { "id": "41170", "question": "what is the process called that is used for imaging ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "rasterisation" } ] }, { "id": "41171", "question": "what type of engine is used in adobe systems ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "Adobe PDF Print Engine" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There is specialized software for editing PDF files, though the choices are much more limited and often more expensive than creating and editing standard editable document formats. Version 0.46 and later of Inkscape allows PDF editing through an intermediate translation step involving Poppler.", "qas": [ { "id": "41172", "question": "what is the name of the version of the version of version of version of version step ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "Version 0.46" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serif PagePlus can open, edit and save existing PDF documents, as well as publishing of documents created in the package.", "qas": [ { "id": "41173", "question": "what can open in the package of documents ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Serif PagePlus" } ] }, { "id": "41174", "question": "what can serif pageplus open ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "edit and save existing PDF documents" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Enfocus PitStop Pro, a plugin for Acrobat, allows manual and automatic editing of PDF files, while the free Enfocus Browser makes it possible to edit the low-level structure of a PDF.", "qas": [ { "id": "41175", "question": "what is the name of the browser that allows manual and automatic editing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Enfocus PitStop Pro" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Dochub, is a free online PDF editing tool that can be used without purchasing anything.", "qas": [ { "id": "41176", "question": "what is the name of the tool that can be used without purchasing anything ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Dochub" } ] }, { "id": "41177", "question": "what can be used to be used to be used without a free online tool ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "without purchasing anything" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Adobe Acrobat is one example of proprietary software that allows the user to annotate, highlight, and add notes to already created PDF files. One UNIX application available as free software (under the GNU General Public License) is PDFedit. Another GPL-licensed application native to the unix environment is Xournal. Xournal allows for annotating in different fonts and colours, as well as a rule for quickly underlining and highlighting lines of text or paragraphs. Xournal also has a shape recognition tool for squares, rectangles and circles. In Xournal annotations may be moved, copied and pasted. The freeware Foxit Reader, available for Microsoft Windows, OS X and Linux, allows annotating documents. Tracker Software's PDF-XChange Viewer allows annotations and markups without restrictions in its freeware alternative. Apple's Mac OS X's integrated PDF viewer, Preview, does also enable annotations as does the freeware Skim, with the latter supporting interaction with LaTeX, SyncTeX, and PDFSync and integration with BibDesk reference management software. Freeware Qiqqa can create an annotation report that summarizes all the annotations and notes one has made across their library of PDFs.", "qas": [ { "id": "41178", "question": "who is one of the example of proprietary software ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Adobe Acrobat" } ] }, { "id": "41179", "question": "what do adobe software add notes to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "PDF files" } ] }, { "id": "41180", "question": "what is the application of unix application ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "free software" } ] }, { "id": "41181", "question": "what is the name of the free software application ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "GNU General Public License" } ] }, { "id": "41182", "question": "what is free software application ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "PDFedit" } ] }, { "id": "41183", "question": "what is the application of the unix environment ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "Xournal" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are also web annotation systems that support annotation in pdf and other documents formats, e.g., A.nnotate, crocodoc, WebNotes.", "qas": [] }, { "context": "In cases where PDFs are expected to have all of the functionality of paper documents, ink annotation is required. Some programs that accept ink input from the mouse may not be responsive enough for handwriting input on a tablet. Existing solutions on the PC include PDF Annotator and Qiqqa.", "qas": [ { "id": "41184", "question": "what are the pc solutions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "PDF Annotator and Qiqqa" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1993 the Jaws raster image processor from Global Graphics became the first shipping prepress RIP that interpreted PDF natively without conversion to another format. The company released an upgrade to their Harlequin RIP with the same capability in 1997.", "qas": [ { "id": "41185", "question": "when was the jaws raster image ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1993" } ] }, { "id": "41186", "question": "what was the name of the first shipping prepress rip ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "Global Graphics" } ] }, { "id": "41187", "question": "what did the company build an upgrade to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "Harlequin RIP" } ] }, { "id": "41188", "question": "in what year was the upgrade released ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "1997" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Agfa-Gevaert introduced and shipped Apogee, the first prepress workflow system based on PDF, in 1997.", "qas": [ { "id": "41189", "question": "what was the name of the first prepress system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "Apogee" } ] }, { "id": "41190", "question": "what was the first prepress system based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "PDF" } ] }, { "id": "41191", "question": "in what year was shipped apogee apogee ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "1997" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many commercial offset printers have accepted the submission of press-ready PDF files as a print source, specifically the PDF/X-1a subset and variations of the same. The submission of press-ready PDF files are a replacement for the problematic need for receiving collected native working files.", "qas": [ { "id": "41192", "question": "what is a print source of printers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "PDF/X-1a subset and variations of the same" } ] }, { "id": "41193", "question": "what is the submission of the submission ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "receiving collected native working files" } ] } ] }, { "context": "PDF was selected as the \"native\" metafile format for Mac OS X, replacing the PICT format of the earlier classic Mac OS. The imaging model of the Quartz graphics layer is based on the model common to Display PostScript and PDF, leading to the nickname \"Display PDF\". The Preview application can display PDF files, as can version 2.0 and later of the Safari web browser. System-level support for PDF allows Mac OS X applications to create PDF documents automatically, provided they support the OS-standard printing architecture. The files are then exported in PDF 1.3 format according to the file header. When taking a screenshot under Mac OS X versions 10.0 through 10.3, the image was also captured as a PDF; later versions save screen captures as a PNG file, though this behaviour can be set back to PDF if desired.", "qas": [ { "id": "41194", "question": "what was the name of the mac os x replacing the mac os x ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "Mac OS" } ] }, { "id": "41195", "question": "what is the imaging model of the quartz graphics layer based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "Display PostScript and PDF" } ] }, { "id": "41196", "question": "what is the nickname for the imaging model ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "Display PDF\"" } ] }, { "id": "41197", "question": "what type of format is the files exported in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 558, "text": "PDF 1.3" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2006 PDF was widely accepted as the standard print job format at the Open Source Development Labs Printing Summit. It is supported as a print job format by the Common Unix Printing System and desktop application projects such as GNOME, KDE, Firefox, Thunderbird, LibreOffice and OpenOffice have switched to emit print jobs in PDF.", "qas": [ { "id": "41198", "question": "where was the standard print job format accepted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "Open Source Development Labs Printing Summit" } ] }, { "id": "41199", "question": "what is the name of the system that supported the desktop application ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "Common Unix Printing System" } ] }, { "id": "41200", "question": "what are some examples of desktop application ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "GNOME, KDE, Firefox, Thunderbird, LibreOffice and OpenOffice" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some desktop printers also support direct PDF printing, which can interpret PDF data without external help. Currently, all PDF capable printers also support PostScript, but most PostScript printers do not support direct PDF printing.", "qas": [ { "id": "41201", "question": "what type of printing printing can interpret data without external help ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "PDF printing" } ] }, { "id": "41202", "question": "what do all printers also support ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "PostScript" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Free Software Foundation once considered one of their high priority projects to be \"developing a free, high-quality and fully functional set of libraries and programs that implement the PDF file format and associated technologies to the ISO 32000 standard.\" In 2011, however, the GNU PDF project was removed from the list of \"high priority projects\" due to the maturation of the Poppler library, which has enjoyed wider use in applications such as Evince with the GNOME desktop environment. Poppler is based on Xpdf code base. There are also commercial development libraries available as listed in List of PDF software.", "qas": [ { "id": "41203", "question": "who considered one of the free priority projects ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Free Software Foundation" } ] }, { "id": "41204", "question": "what is the free software foundation associated with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "ISO 32000 standard" } ] }, { "id": "41205", "question": "what was the gnu pdf project removed from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 330, "text": "high priority projects" } ] }, { "id": "41206", "question": "what is poppler based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 515, "text": "Xpdf code base" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Apache PDFBox project of the Apache Software Foundation is an open source Java library for working with PDF documents. PDFBox is licensed under the Apache License.", "qas": [ { "id": "41207", "question": "what is the name of the project of the apache software foundation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Apache PDFBox" } ] }, { "id": "41208", "question": "what is the name of the java library ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "Apache Software Foundation" } ] }, { "id": "41209", "question": "the apache software foundation is an open source of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "PDF documents" } ] }, { "id": "41210", "question": "what is the license licensed under ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "Apache License" } ] } ] } ], "title": "Portable Document Format" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages.", "qas": [ { "id": "41211", "question": "when did the middle ages end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "the 5th to the 15th century" } ] }, { "id": "41212", "question": "the fall of what empire merged into the renaissance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "Western Roman Empire" } ] }, { "id": "41213", "question": "when did the western roman empire end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery" } ] }, { "id": "41214", "question": "when is the medieval period ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 414, "text": "the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Population decline, counterurbanisation, invasion, and movement of peoples, which had begun in Late Antiquity, continued in the Early Middle Ages. The large-scale movements of the Migration Period, including various Germanic peoples, formed new kingdoms in what remained of the Western Roman Empire. In the seventh century, North Africa and the Middle East\u2014once part of the Byzantine Empire\u2014came under the rule of the Umayyad Caliphate, an Islamic empire, after conquest by Muhammad's successors. Although there were substantial changes in society and political structures, the break with classical antiquity was not complete. The still-sizeable Byzantine Empire survived in the east and remained a major power. The empire's law code, the \"Corpus Juris Civilis\" or \"Code of Justinian\", was rediscovered in Northern Italy in 1070 and became widely admired later in the Middle Ages. In the West, most kingdoms incorporated the few extant Roman institutions. Monasteries were founded as campaigns to Christianise pagan Europe continued. The Franks, under the Carolingian dynasty, briefly established the Carolingian Empire during the later 8th and early 9th century. It covered much of Western Europe but later succumbed to the pressures of internal civil wars combined with external invasions\u2014Vikings from the north, Hungarians from the east, and Saracens from the south.", "qas": [ { "id": "41215", "question": "when did peoples of peoples of peoples of peoples of peoples of peoples begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "Early Middle Ages" } ] }, { "id": "41216", "question": "what was the name of the germanic peoples that formed new kingdoms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "Western Roman Empire" } ] }, { "id": "41217", "question": "where did the byzantine empire come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "North Africa and the Middle East" } ] }, { "id": "41218", "question": "what was the rule of the byzantine empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 418, "text": "Umayyad Caliphate" } ] }, { "id": "41219", "question": "when was the `` corpus juris civilis '' rediscovered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 824, "text": "1070" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the High Middle Ages, which began after 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and the Medieval Warm Period climate change allowed crop yields to increase. Manorialism, the organisation of peasants into villages that owed rent and labour services to the nobles, and feudalism, the political structure whereby knights and lower-status nobles owed military service to their overlords in return for the right to rent from lands and manors, were two of the ways society was organised in the High Middle Ages. The Crusades, first preached in 1095, were military attempts by Western European Christians to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslims. Kings became the heads of centralised nation states, reducing crime and violence but making the ideal of a unified Christendom more distant. Intellectual life was marked by scholasticism, a philosophy that emphasised joining faith to reason, and by the founding of universities. The theology of Thomas Aquinas, the paintings of Giotto, the poetry of Dante and Chaucer, the travels of Marco Polo, and the Gothic architecture of cathedrals such as Chartres are among the outstanding achievements toward the end of this period and into the Late Middle Ages.", "qas": [ { "id": "41220", "question": "in what year did the high middle ages begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "1000" } ] }, { "id": "41221", "question": "what were the population of europe in the high middle ages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "technological and agricultural innovations" } ] }, { "id": "41222", "question": "when did the organisation of peasants into villages begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 576, "text": "High Middle Ages" } ] }, { "id": "41223", "question": "when was the crusades ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 626, "text": "1095" } ] }, { "id": "41224", "question": "who marked intellectual life ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 908, "text": "scholasticism" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Late Middle Ages was marked by difficulties and calamities including famine, plague, and war, which significantly diminished the population of Europe; between 1347 and 1350, the Black Death killed about a third of Europeans. Controversy, heresy, and the Western Schism within the Catholic Church paralleled the interstate conflict, civil strife, and peasant revolts that occurred in the kingdoms. Cultural and technological developments transformed European society, concluding the Late Middle Ages and beginning the early modern period.", "qas": [ { "id": "41225", "question": "the late middle ages was marked by what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "famine, plague, and war" } ] }, { "id": "41226", "question": "when did the black death end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "1347 and 1350" } ] }, { "id": "41227", "question": "when did the early modern period take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 486, "text": "Late Middle Ages" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Middle Ages is one of the three major periods in the most enduring scheme for analysing European history: classical civilisation, or Antiquity; the Middle Ages; and the Modern Period.", "qas": [ { "id": "41228", "question": "what is the name of the european history in the middle ages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "classical civilisation" } ] }, { "id": "41229", "question": "what is the period of the middle ages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "the Modern Period" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Medieval writers divided history into periods such as the \"Six Ages\" or the \"Four Empires\", and considered their time to be the last before the end of the world. When referring to their own times, they spoke of them as being \"modern\". In the 1330s, the humanist and poet Petrarch referred to pre-Christian times as \"antiqua\" (or \"ancient\") and to the Christian period as \"nova\" (or \"new\"). Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodisation in his \"History of the Florentine People\" (1442). Bruni and later historians argued that Italy had recovered since Petrarch's time, and therefore added a third period to Petrarch's two. The \"Middle Ages\" first appears in Latin in 1469 as \"media tempestas\" or \"middle season\". In early usage, there were many variants, including \"medium aevum\", or \"middle age\", first recorded in 1604, and \"media saecula\", or \"middle ages\", first recorded in 1625. The alternative term \"medieval\" (or occasionally \"mediaeval\" or \"medi\u00e6val\") derives from \"medium aevum\". Tripartite periodisation became standard after the German 17th-century historian Christoph Cellarius divided history into three periods: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern.", "qas": [ { "id": "41230", "question": "what were the periods of medieval writers divided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Six Ages\" or the \"Four Empires" } ] }, { "id": "41231", "question": "what is another term for humanist ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 316, "text": "antiqua" } ] }, { "id": "41232", "question": "who was the first historian to use tripartite periodisation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 390, "text": "Leonardo Bruni" } ] }, { "id": "41233", "question": "what was the name of bruni 's first historian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 469, "text": "History of the Florentine People" } ] }, { "id": "41234", "question": "in what year was the `` middle ages '' appears in latin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 691, "text": "1469" } ] }, { "id": "41235", "question": "who divided history into three periods ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1095, "text": "Christoph Cellarius" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The most commonly given starting point for the Middle Ages is 476, first used by Bruni. For Europe as a whole, 1500 is often considered to be the end of the Middle Ages, but there is no universally agreed upon end date. Depending on the context, events such as Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the Americas in 1492, the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453, or the Protestant Reformation in 1517 are sometimes used. English historians often use the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 to mark the end of the period. For Spain, dates commonly used are the death of King Ferdinand II in 1516, the death of Queen Isabella I of Castile in 1504, or the conquest of Granada in 1492. Historians from Romance-speaking countries tend to divide the Middle Ages into two parts: an earlier \"High\" and later \"Low\" period. English-speaking historians, following their German counterparts, generally subdivide the Middle Ages into three intervals: \"Early\", \"High\", and \"Late\". In the 19th century, the entire Middle Ages were often referred to as the \"Dark Ages\", but with the adoption of these subdivisions, use of this term was restricted to the Early Middle Ages, at least among historians.", "qas": [ { "id": "41236", "question": "what is the most commonly given point for the middle ages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "476" } ] }, { "id": "41237", "question": "who first used the most given point for the middle ages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "Bruni" } ] }, { "id": "41238", "question": "how many is often considered to be the end of the middle ages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "1500" } ] }, { "id": "41239", "question": "when did christopher columbus die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 316, "text": "1492" } ] }, { "id": "41240", "question": "in what year was the conquest of constantinople ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 369, "text": "1453" } ] }, { "id": "41241", "question": "when was king ferdinand ii used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 599, "text": "1516" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent during the second century AD; the following two centuries witnessed the slow decline of Roman control over its outlying territories. Economic issues, including inflation, and external pressure on the frontiers combined to create the Crisis of the Third Century, with emperors coming to the throne only to be rapidly replaced by new usurpers. Military expenses increased steadily during the third century, mainly in response to the war with the Sasanian Empire, which revived in the middle of the third century. The army doubled in size, and cavalry and smaller units replaced the Roman legion as the main tactical unit. The need for revenue led to increased taxes and a decline in numbers of the curial, or landowning, class, and decreasing numbers of them willing to shoulder the burdens of holding office in their native towns. More bureaucrats were needed in the central administration to deal with the needs of the army, which led to complaints from civilians that there were more tax-collectors in the empire than tax-payers.", "qas": [ { "id": "41242", "question": "when did the roman empire lose its greatest territorial extent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "second century AD" } ] }, { "id": "41243", "question": "what empire revived the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 501, "text": "Sasanian Empire" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Emperor Diocletian (r. 284\u2013305) split the empire into separately administered eastern and western halves in 286; the empire was not considered divided by its inhabitants or rulers, as legal and administrative promulgations in one division were considered valid in the other. In 330, after a period of civil war, Constantine the Great (r. 306\u2013337) refounded the city of Byzantium as the newly renamed eastern capital, Constantinople. Diocletian's reforms strengthened the governmental bureaucracy, reformed taxation, and strengthened the army, which bought the empire time but did not resolve the problems it was facing: excessive taxation, a declining birthrate, and pressures on its frontiers, among others. Civil war between rival emperors became common in the middle of the 4th century, diverting soldiers from the empire's frontier forces and allowing invaders to encroach. For much of the 4th century, Roman society stabilised in a new form that differed from the earlier classical period, with a widening gulf between the rich and poor, and a decline in the vitality of the smaller towns. Another change was the Christianisation, or conversion of the empire to Christianity, a gradual process that lasted from the 2nd to the 5th centuries.", "qas": [ { "id": "41244", "question": "when did diocletian die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "284\u2013305" } ] }, { "id": "41245", "question": "in what year was the empire split ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "286" } ] }, { "id": "41246", "question": "in what month and year was the civil war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "330" } ] }, { "id": "41247", "question": "who refounded the city of byzantium ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 316, "text": "Constantine the Great" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 376, the Goths, fleeing from the Huns, received permission from Emperor Valens (r. 364\u2013378) to settle in the Roman province of Thracia in the Balkans. The settlement did not go smoothly, and when Roman officials mishandled the situation, the Goths began to raid and plunder. Valens, attempting to put down the disorder, was killed fighting the Goths at the Battle of Adrianople on 9 August 378. As well as the threat from such tribal confederacies from the north, internal divisions within the empire, especially within the Christian Church, caused problems. In 400, the Visigoths invaded the Western Roman Empire and, although briefly forced back from Italy, in 410 sacked the city of Rome. In 406 the Alans, Vandals, and Suevi crossed into Gaul; over the next three years they spread across Gaul and in 409 crossed the Pyrenees Mountains into modern-day Spain. The Migration Period began, when various peoples, initially largely Germanic peoples, moved across Europe. The Franks, Alemanni, and the Burgundians all ended up in northern Gaul while the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes settled in Britain, and the Vandals went on to cross the strait of Gibraltar after which they conquered the province of Africa. In the 430s the Huns began invading the empire; their king Attila (r. 434\u2013453) led invasions into the Balkans in 442 and 447, Gaul in 451, and Italy in 452. The Hunnic threat remained until Attila's death in 453, when the Hunnic confederation he led fell apart. These invasions by the tribes completely changed the political and demographic nature of what had been the Western Roman Empire.", "qas": [ { "id": "41248", "question": "in what year did the goths settle in the roman province ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "376" } ] }, { "id": "41249", "question": "who received permission to settle in the roman province ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Emperor Valens" } ] }, { "id": "41250", "question": "when was the battle of adrianople ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 384, "text": "9 August 378" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By the end of the 5th century the western section of the empire was divided into smaller political units, ruled by the tribes that had invaded in the early part of the century. The deposition of the last emperor of the west, Romulus Augustulus, in 476 has traditionally marked the end of the Western Roman Empire. By 493 the Italian peninsula was conquered by the Ostrogoths. The Eastern Roman Empire, often referred to as the Byzantine Empire after the fall of its western counterpart, had little ability to assert control over the lost western territories. The Byzantine emperors maintained a claim over the territory, but while none of the new kings in the west dared to elevate himself to the position of emperor of the west, Byzantine control of most of the Western Empire could not be sustained; the reconquest of the Mediterranean periphery and the Italian Peninsula (Gothic War) in the reign of Justinian (r. 527\u2013565) was the sole, and temporary, exception.", "qas": [ { "id": "41251", "question": "who was the deposition of the last emperor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "Romulus Augustulus" } ] }, { "id": "41252", "question": "where was romulus located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "476" } ] }, { "id": "41253", "question": "the deposition of romulus has traditionally marked the end of what empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "Western Roman Empire" } ] }, { "id": "41254", "question": "what year was the italian peninsula ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 317, "text": "493" } ] }, { "id": "41255", "question": "who conquered the italian peninsula ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 360, "text": "the Ostrogoths" } ] }, { "id": "41256", "question": "what was the eastern roman empire often referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 427, "text": "Byzantine Empire" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The political structure of Western Europe changed with the end of the united Roman Empire. Although the movements of peoples during this period are usually described as \"invasions\", they were not just military expeditions but migrations of entire peoples into the empire. Such movements were aided by the refusal of the western Roman elites to support the army or pay the taxes that would have allowed the military to suppress the migration. The emperors of the 5th century were often controlled by military strongmen such as Stilicho (d. 408), Aetius (d. 454), Aspar (d. 471), Ricimer (d. 472), or Gundobad (d. 516), who were partly or fully of non-Roman background. When the line of western emperors ceased, many of the kings who replaced them were from the same background. Intermarriage between the new kings and the Roman elites was common. This led to a fusion of Roman culture with the customs of the invading tribes, including the popular assemblies that allowed free male tribal members more say in political matters than was common in the Roman state. Material artefacts left by the Romans and the invaders are often similar, and tribal items were often modelled on Roman objects. Much of the scholarly and written culture of the new kingdoms was also based on Roman intellectual traditions. An important difference was the gradual loss of tax revenue by the new polities. Many of the new political entities no longer supported their armies through taxes, instead relying on granting them land or rents. This meant there was less need for large tax revenues and so the taxation systems decayed. Warfare was common between and within the kingdoms. Slavery declined as the supply weakened, and society became more rural.", "qas": [ { "id": "41257", "question": "what are the movements of peoples during the period called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "invasions" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Between the 5th and 8th centuries, new peoples and individuals filled the political void left by Roman centralised government. The Ostrogoths, a Gothic tribe, settled in Roman Italy in the late fifth century under Theoderic the Great (d. 526) and set up a kingdom marked by its co-operation between the Italians and the Ostrogoths, at least until the last years of Theodoric's reign. The Burgundians settled in Gaul, and after an earlier realm was destroyed by the Huns in 436 formed a new kingdom in the 440s. Between today's Geneva and Lyon, it grew to become the realm of Burgundy in the late 5th and early 6th centuries. Elsewhere in Gaul, the Franks and Celtic Britons set up small polities. Francia was centred in northern Gaul, and the first king of whom much is known is Childeric I (d. 481). His grave was discovered in 1653 and is remarkable for its grave goods, which included weapons and a large quantity of gold.", "qas": [ { "id": "41258", "question": "who settled the ostrogoths ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "Theoderic the Great" } ] }, { "id": "41259", "question": "where was the huns destroyed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 473, "text": "436" } ] }, { "id": "41260", "question": "what was the name of the first king of the first king ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 779, "text": "Childeric I" } ] }, { "id": "41261", "question": "when was grave discovered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 829, "text": "1653" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Under Childeric's son Clovis I (r. 509\u2013511), the founder of the Merovingian dynasty, the Frankish kingdom expanded and converted to Christianity. The Britons, related to the natives of Britannia \u2014 modern-day Great Britain \u2014 settled in what is now Brittany. Other monarchies were established by the Visigothic Kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, the Suebi in northwestern Iberia, and the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa. In the sixth century, the Lombards settled in Northern Italy, replacing the Ostrogothic kingdom with a grouping of duchies that occasionally selected a king to rule over them all. By the late sixth century, this arrangement had been replaced by a permanent monarchy, the Kingdom of the Lombards.", "qas": [ { "id": "41262", "question": "who was the son of the merovingian dynasty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "Clovis I" } ] }, { "id": "41263", "question": "when did clovis i die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "509\u2013511" } ] }, { "id": "41264", "question": "where did the britons come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Britannia" } ] }, { "id": "41265", "question": "what was the name of the britons that settled in what is now ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "Brittany" } ] }, { "id": "41266", "question": "who established the iberian peninsula ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "Visigothic Kingdom" } ] }, { "id": "41267", "question": "where did the lombards settled in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 463, "text": "Northern Italy" } ] }, { "id": "41268", "question": "what was the name of the permanent monarchy in the late century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 684, "text": "the Kingdom of the Lombards" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The invasions brought new ethnic groups to Europe, although some regions received a larger influx of new peoples than others. In Gaul for instance, the invaders settled much more extensively in the north-east than in the south-west. Slavs settled in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. The settlement of peoples was accompanied by changes in languages. The Latin of the Western Roman Empire was gradually replaced by languages based on, but distinct from, Latin, collectively known as Romance languages. These changes from Latin to the new languages took many centuries. Greek remained the language of the Byzantine Empire, but the migrations of the Slavs added Slavic languages to Eastern Europe.", "qas": [ { "id": "41269", "question": "where did slavs settle ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula" } ] }, { "id": "41270", "question": "what was the latin of the western roman empire replaced by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 502, "text": "Romance languages" } ] }, { "id": "41271", "question": "greek remained the language of what empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 619, "text": "the Byzantine Empire" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As Western Europe witnessed the formation of new kingdoms, the Eastern Roman Empire remained intact and experienced an economic revival that lasted into the early 7th century. There were fewer invasions of the eastern section of the empire; most occurred in the Balkans. Peace with the Sasanian Empire, the traditional enemy of Rome, lasted throughout most of the 5th century. The Eastern Empire was marked by closer relations between the political state and Christian Church, with doctrinal matters assuming an importance in eastern politics that they did not have in Western Europe. Legal developments included the codification of Roman law; the first effort\u2014the \"Codex Theodosianus\"\u2014was completed in 438. Under Emperor Justinian (r. 527\u2013565), another compilation took place\u2014the \"Corpus Juris Civilis\". Justinian also oversaw the construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople and the reconquest of North Africa from the Vandals and Italy from the Ostrogoths, under Belisarius (d. 565). The conquest of Italy was not complete, as a deadly outbreak of plague in 542 led to the rest of Justinian's reign concentrating on defensive measures rather than further conquests. At the emperor's death, the Byzantines had control of most of Italy, North Africa, and a small foothold in southern Spain. Justinian's reconquests have been criticised by historians for overextending his realm and setting the stage for the early Muslim conquests, but many of the difficulties faced by Justinian's successors were due not just to over-taxation to pay for his wars but to the essentially civilian nature of the empire, which made raising troops difficult.", "qas": [ { "id": "41272", "question": "what was the name of the empire that remained intact in the 7th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "Eastern Roman Empire" } ] }, { "id": "41273", "question": "when was the `` codex theodosianus '' completed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 703, "text": "438" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the Eastern Empire the slow infiltration of the Balkans by the Slavs added a further difficulty for Justinian's successors. It began gradually, but by the late 540s Slavic tribes were in Thrace and Illyrium, and had defeated an imperial army near Adrianople in 551. In the 560s the Avars began to expand from their base on the north bank of the Danube; by the end of the 6th century they were the dominant power in Central Europe and routinely able to force the eastern emperors to pay tribute. They remained a strong power until 796. An additional problem to face the empire came as a result of the involvement of Emperor Maurice (r. 582\u2013602) in Persian politics when he intervened in a succession dispute. This led to a period of peace, but when Maurice was overthrown, the Persians invaded and during the reign of Emperor Heraclius (r. 610\u2013641) controlled large chunks of the empire, including Egypt, Syria, and Anatolia until Heraclius' successful counterattack. In 628 the empire secured a peace treaty and recovered all of its lost territories.", "qas": [ { "id": "41274", "question": "where were the late slavic tribes in adrianople ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "Thrace and Illyrium" } ] }, { "id": "41275", "question": "when did an imperial army defeated an imperial army ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "551" } ] }, { "id": "41276", "question": "when did the avars become a strong power ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 533, "text": "796" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Western Europe, some of the older Roman elite families died out while others became more involved with Church than secular affairs. Values attached to Latin scholarship and education mostly disappeared, and while literacy remained important, it became a practical skill rather than a sign of elite status. In the 4th century, Jerome (d. 420) dreamed that God rebuked him for spending more time reading Cicero than the Bible. By the 6th century, Gregory of Tours (d. 594) had a similar dream, but instead of being chastised for reading Cicero, he was chastised for learning shorthand. By the late 6th century, the principal means of religious instruction in the Church had become music and art rather than the book. Most intellectual efforts went towards imitating classical scholarship, but some original works were created, along with now-lost oral compositions. The writings of Sidonius Apollinaris (d. 489), Cassiodorus (d. c. 585), and Boethius (d. c. 525) were typical of the age.", "qas": [ { "id": "41277", "question": "who dreamed that god rebuked him for spending more time ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 329, "text": "Jerome" } ] }, { "id": "41278", "question": "when did jerome die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 340, "text": "420" } ] }, { "id": "41279", "question": "in what year did gregory of tours die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 469, "text": "594" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Changes also took place among laymen, as aristocratic culture focused on great feasts held in halls rather than on literary pursuits. Clothing for the elites was richly embellished with jewels and gold. Lords and kings supported entourages of fighters who formed the backbone of the military forces. Family ties within the elites were important, as were the virtues of loyalty, courage, and honour. These ties led to the prevalence of the feud in aristocratic society, examples of which included those related by Gregory of Tours that took place in Merovingian Gaul. Most feuds seem to have ended quickly with the payment of some sort of compensation. Women took part in aristocratic society mainly in their roles as wives and mothers of men, with the role of mother of a ruler being especially prominent in Merovingian Gaul. In Anglo-Saxon society the lack of many child rulers meant a lesser role for women as queen mothers, but this was compensated for by the increased role played by abbesses of monasteries. Only in Italy does it appear that women were always considered under the protection and control of a male relative.", "qas": [ { "id": "41280", "question": "what two clothing was richly embellished with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "jewels and gold" } ] }, { "id": "41281", "question": "where did gregory of tours take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 549, "text": "Merovingian Gaul" } ] }, { "id": "41282", "question": "where was the mother of a ruler especially prominent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 808, "text": "Merovingian Gaul" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Peasant society is much less documented than the nobility. Most of the surviving information available to historians comes from archaeology; few detailed written records documenting peasant life remain from before the 9th century. Most the descriptions of the lower classes come from either law codes or writers from the upper classes. Landholding patterns in the West were not uniform; some areas had greatly fragmented landholding patterns, but in other areas large contiguous blocks of land were the norm. These differences allowed for a wide variety of peasant societies, some dominated by aristocratic landholders and others having a great deal of autonomy. Land settlement also varied greatly. Some peasants lived in large settlements that numbered as many as 700 inhabitants. Others lived in small groups of a few families and still others lived on isolated farms spread over the countryside. There were also areas where the pattern was a mix of two or more of those systems. Unlike in the late Roman period, there was no sharp break between the legal status of the free peasant and the aristocrat, and it was possible for a free peasant's family to rise into the aristocracy over several generations through military service to a powerful lord.", "qas": [ { "id": "41283", "question": "when did written records of peasant life begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "9th century" } ] }, { "id": "41284", "question": "how many inhabitants were in large settlements ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 766, "text": "700" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Roman city life and culture changed greatly in the early Middle Ages. Although Italian cities remained inhabited, they contracted significantly in size. Rome, for instance, shrank from a population of hundreds of thousands to around 30,000 by the end of the 6th century. Roman temples were converted into Christian churches and city walls remained in use. In Northern Europe, cities also shrank, while civic monuments and other public buildings were raided for building materials. The establishment of new kingdoms often meant some growth for the towns chosen as capitals. Although there had been Jewish communities in many Roman cities, the Jews suffered periods of persecution after the conversion of the empire to Christianity. Officially they were tolerated, if subject to conversion efforts, and at times were even encouraged to settle in new areas.", "qas": [ { "id": "41285", "question": "how many population did rome have in the end of the 6th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "30,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Iran were in flux during the late sixth and early seventh centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it. Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially among residents of the Arabian Peninsula. All these strands came together with the emergence of Islam in Arabia during the lifetime of Muhammad (d. 632). After his death, Islamic forces conquered much of the Eastern Empire and Persia, starting with Syria in 634\u2013635 and reaching Egypt in 640\u2013641, Persia between 637 and 642, North Africa in the later seventh century, and the Iberian Peninsula in 711. By 714, Islamic forces controlled much of the peninsula in a region they called Al-Andalus.", "qas": [ { "id": "41286", "question": "when did muhammad die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 469, "text": "632" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-eighth century. The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Tours in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks, but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate and its replacement by the Abbasid Caliphate. The Abbasids moved their capital to Baghdad and were more concerned with the Middle East than Europe, losing control of sections of the Muslim lands. Umayyad descendants took over the Iberian Peninsula, the Aghlabids controlled North Africa, and the Tulunids became rulers of Egypt. By the middle of the 8th century, new trading patterns were emerging in the Mediterranean; trade between the Franks and the Arabs replaced the old Roman economy. Franks traded timber, furs, swords and slaves in return for silks and other fabrics, spices, and precious metals from the Arabs.", "qas": [ { "id": "41287", "question": "in what year did the battle of tours take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "732" } ] }, { "id": "41288", "question": "who led the reconquest of southern france ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "the Franks" } ] }, { "id": "41289", "question": "what was the name of the caliphate that led to the battle of tours ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 268, "text": "Umayyad Caliphate" } ] }, { "id": "41290", "question": "who replacement the umayyad caliphate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 313, "text": "Abbasid Caliphate" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The migrations and invasions of the 4th and 5th centuries disrupted trade networks around the Mediterranean. African goods stopped being imported into Europe, first disappearing from the interior and by the 7th century found only in a few cities such as Rome or Naples. By the end of the 7th century, under the impact of the Muslim conquests, African products were no longer found in Western Europe. The replacement of goods from long-range trade with local products was a trend throughout the old Roman lands that happened in the Early Middle Ages. This was especially marked in the lands that did not lie on the Mediterranean, such as northern Gaul or Britain. Non-local goods appearing in the archaeological record are usually luxury goods. In the northern parts of Europe, not only were the trade networks local, but the goods carried were simple, with little pottery or other complex products. Around the Mediterranean, pottery remained prevalent and appears to have been traded over medium-range networks, not just produced locally.", "qas": [ { "id": "41291", "question": "when did the migrations and invasions of the mediterranean begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "4th and 5th centuries" } ] }, { "id": "41292", "question": "in what century did african goods begin only imported into europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "7th century" } ] }, { "id": "41293", "question": "what were some of the cities that african goods stopped into europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "Rome or Naples" } ] }, { "id": "41294", "question": "which two countries were not marked on the mediterranean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 637, "text": "northern Gaul or Britain" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The various Germanic states in the west all had coinages that imitated existing Roman and Byzantine forms. Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century, when it was replaced by silver coins. The basic Frankish silver coin was the denarius or denier, while the Anglo-Saxon version was called a penny. From these areas, the denier or penny spread throughout Europe during the centuries from 700 to 1000. Copper or bronze coins were not struck, nor were gold except in Southern Europe. No silver coins denominated in multiple units were minted.", "qas": [ { "id": "41295", "question": "what were the germanic states in the west ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "Roman and Byzantine forms" } ] }, { "id": "41296", "question": "when did gold coins become minted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "the 7th century" } ] }, { "id": "41297", "question": "what replaced gold until the 7th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "silver coins" } ] }, { "id": "41298", "question": "what was the anglo-saxon version called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "penny" } ] }, { "id": "41299", "question": "when did the denier begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 405, "text": "700 to 1000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Christianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and Western Europe before the Arab conquests, but the conquest of North Africa sundered maritime connections between those areas. Increasingly the Byzantine Church differed in language, practices, and liturgy from the western Church. The eastern church used Greek instead of the western Latin. Theological and political differences emerged, and by the early and middle 8th century issues such as iconoclasm, clerical marriage, and state control of the church had widened to the extent that the cultural and religious differences were greater than the similarities. The formal break came in 1054, when the papacy and the patriarchy of Constantinople clashed over papal supremacy and excommunicated each other, which led to the division of Christianity into two churches\u2014the western branch became the Roman Catholic Church and the eastern branch the Orthodox Church.", "qas": [ { "id": "41300", "question": "christianity was a major unifying factor between which two countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "Eastern and Western Europe" } ] }, { "id": "41301", "question": "when did the formal break came from the division of christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 647, "text": "1054" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Empire survived the movements and invasions in the west mostly intact, but the papacy was little regarded, and few of the western bishops looked to the bishop of Rome for religious or political leadership. Many of the popes prior to 750 were more concerned with Byzantine affairs and eastern theological controversies. The register, or archived copies of the letters, of Pope Gregory the Great (pope 590\u2013604) survived, and of those more than 850 letters, the vast majority were concerned with affairs in Italy or Constantinople. The only part of Western Europe where the papacy had influence was Britain, where Gregory had sent the Gregorian mission in 597 to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. Irish missionaries were most active in Western Europe between the 5th and the 7th centuries, going first to England and Scotland and then on to the continent. Under such monks as Columba (d. 597) and Columbanus (d. 615), they founded monasteries, taught in Latin and Greek, and authored secular and religious works.", "qas": [ { "id": "41302", "question": "what was the popes of the popes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "750" } ] }, { "id": "41303", "question": "who survived the register of the pope ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 413, "text": "Pope Gregory the Great" } ] }, { "id": "41304", "question": "when did gregory the great reign ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 442, "text": "590\u2013604" } ] }, { "id": "41305", "question": "how many letters were concerned with affairs in italy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 484, "text": "850" } ] }, { "id": "41306", "question": "when did gregory sent the gregorian mission ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 695, "text": "597" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism in the West. The shape of European monasticism was determined by traditions and ideas that originated with the Desert Fathers of Egypt and Syria. Most European monasteries were of the type that focuses on community experience of the spiritual life, called cenobitism, which was pioneered by Pachomius (d. 348) in the 4th century. Monastic ideals spread from Egypt to Western Europe in the 5th and 6th centuries through hagiographical literature such as the \"Life of Anthony\". Benedict of Nursia (d. 547) wrote the Benedictine Rule for Western monasticism during the 6th century, detailing the administrative and spiritual responsibilities of a community of monks led by an abbot. Monks and monasteries had a deep effect on the religious and political life of the Early Middle Ages, in various cases acting as land trusts for powerful families, centres of propaganda and royal support in newly conquered regions, and bases for missions and proselytisation. They were the main and sometimes only outposts of education and literacy in a region. Many of the surviving manuscripts of the Latin classics were copied in monasteries in the Early Middle Ages. Monks were also the authors of new works, including history, theology, and other subjects, written by authors such as Bede (d. 735), a native of northern England who wrote in the late 7th and early 8th centuries.", "qas": [ { "id": "41307", "question": "what was the name of the traditions that originated in egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "Desert Fathers of Egypt and Syria" } ] }, { "id": "41308", "question": "what was the name of the european monasteries pioneered by most european monasteries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "cenobitism" } ] }, { "id": "41309", "question": "who pioneered cenobitism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 347, "text": "Pachomius" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries, all of them ruled by the Merovingian dynasty, who were descended from Clovis. The 7th century was a tumultuous period of wars between Austrasia and Neustria. Such warfare was exploited by Pippin (d. 640), the Mayor of the Palace for Austrasia who became the power behind the Austrasian throne. Later members of his family inherited the office, acting as advisers and regents. One of his descendants, Charles Martel (d. 741), won the Battle of Poitiers in 732, halting the advance of Muslim armies across the Pyrenees. Great Britain was divided into small states dominated by the kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, and East Anglia, which were descended from the Anglo-Saxon invaders. Smaller kingdoms in present-day Wales and Scotland were still under the control of the native Britons and Picts. Ireland was divided into even smaller political units, usually known as tribal kingdoms, under the control of kings. There were perhaps as many as 150 local kings in Ireland, of varying importance.", "qas": [ { "id": "41310", "question": "what were the names of the frankish kingdom in northern gaul ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy" } ] }, { "id": "41311", "question": "who were the merovingian dynasty descended from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "Clovis" } ] }, { "id": "41312", "question": "the 7th century was a tumultuous period of which two countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "Austrasia and Neustria" } ] }, { "id": "41313", "question": "who exploited the warfare for austrasia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 321, "text": "Pippin" } ] }, { "id": "41314", "question": "who won the battle of poitiers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 533, "text": "Charles Martel" } ] }, { "id": "41315", "question": "when was the battle of poitiers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 588, "text": "732" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Carolingian dynasty, as the successors to Charles Martel are known, officially took control of the kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria in a coup of 753 led by (r. 752\u2013768). A contemporary chronicle claims that Pippin sought, and gained, authority for this coup from Pope (pope 752\u2013757). Pippin's takeover was reinforced with propaganda that portrayed the Merovingians as inept or cruel rulers, exalted the accomplishments of Charles Martel, and circulated stories of the family's great piety. At the time of his death in 768, Pippin left his kingdom in the hands of his two sons, Charles (r. 768\u2013814) and Carloman (r. 768\u2013771). When Carloman died of natural causes, Charles blocked the succession of Carloman's young son and installed himself as the king of the united Austrasia and Neustria. Charles, more often known as Charles the Great or Charlemagne, embarked upon a programme of systematic expansion in 774 that unified a large portion of Europe, eventually controlling modern-day France, northern Italy, and Saxony. In the wars that lasted beyond 800, he rewarded allies with war booty and command over parcels of land. In 774, Charlemagne conquered the Lombards, which freed the papacy from the fear of Lombard conquest and marked the beginnings of the Papal States.", "qas": [ { "id": "41316", "question": "what was the name of the successors that took control of the kingdoms of austrasia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Charles Martel" } ] }, { "id": "41317", "question": "where did the carolingian dynasty take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "Austrasia and Neustria" } ] }, { "id": "41318", "question": "in what year did neustria become a coup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "753" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor on Christmas Day 800 is regarded as a turning point in medieval history, marking a return of the Western Roman Empire, since the new emperor ruled over much of the area previously controlled by the western emperors. It also marks a change in Charlemagne's relationship with the Byzantine Empire, as the assumption of the imperial title by the Carolingians asserted their equivalence to the Byzantine state. There were several differences between the newly established Carolingian Empire and both the older Western Roman Empire and the concurrent Byzantine Empire. The Frankish lands were rural in character, with only a few small cities. Most of the people were peasants settled on small farms. Little trade existed and much of that was with the British Isles and Scandinavia, in contrast to the older Roman Empire with its trading networks centred on the Mediterranean. The empire was administered by an itinerant court that travelled with the emperor, as well as approximately 300 imperial officials called counts, who administered the counties the empire had been divided into. Clergy and local bishops served as officials, as well as the imperial officials called \"missi dominici\", who served as roving inspectors and troubleshooters.", "qas": [ { "id": "41319", "question": "what was the coronation of charlemagne ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Christmas Day 800" } ] }, { "id": "41320", "question": "what was the return of the coronation of charlemagne ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "Western Roman Empire" } ] }, { "id": "41321", "question": "charlemagne 's relationship with the imperial title marks a change in which empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 315, "text": "the Byzantine Empire" } ] }, { "id": "41322", "question": "how many imperial officials were called counts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1020, "text": "300" } ] }, { "id": "41323", "question": "what were the imperial officials called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1210, "text": "missi dominici" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Charlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the \"Carolingian Renaissance\". Literacy increased, as did development in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgical and scriptural studies. The English monk Alcuin (d. 804) was invited to Aachen and brought the education available in the monasteries of Northumbria. Charlemagne's chancery\u2014or writing office\u2014made use of a new script today known as Carolingian minuscule, allowing a common writing style that advanced communication across much of Europe. Charlemagne sponsored changes in church liturgy, imposing the Roman form of church service on his domains, as well as the Gregorian chant in liturgical music for the churches. An important activity for scholars during this period was the copying, correcting, and dissemination of basic works on religious and secular topics, with the aim of encouraging learning. New works on religious topics and schoolbooks were also produced. Grammarians of the period modified the Latin language, changing it from the Classical Latin of the Roman Empire into a more flexible form to fit the needs of the church and government. By the reign of Charlemagne, the language had so diverged from the classical that it was later called Medieval Latin.", "qas": [ { "id": "41324", "question": "what was charlemagne 's court referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "Carolingian Renaissance" } ] }, { "id": "41325", "question": "who was invited to aachen and brought the education of northumbria ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "Alcuin" } ] }, { "id": "41326", "question": "when was alcuin born ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 283, "text": "804" } ] }, { "id": "41327", "question": "what was charlemagne 's language called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1284, "text": "Medieval Latin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Charlemagne planned to continue the Frankish tradition of dividing his kingdom between all his heirs, but was unable to do so as only one son, Louis the Pious (r. 814\u2013840), was still alive by 813. Just before Charlemagne died in 814, he crowned Louis as his successor. Louis's reign of 26 years was marked by numerous divisions of the empire among his sons and, after 829, civil wars between various alliances of father and sons over the control of various parts of the empire. Eventually, Louis recognised his eldest son (d. 855) as emperor and gave him Italy. Louis divided the rest of the empire between Lothair and Charles the Bald (d. 877), his youngest son. Lothair took East Francia, comprising both banks of the Rhine and eastwards, leaving Charles West Francia with the empire to the west of the Rhineland and the Alps. Louis the German (d. 876), the middle child, who had been rebellious to the last, was allowed to keep Bavaria under the suzerainty of his elder brother. The division was disputed. of Aquitaine (d. after 864), the emperor's grandson, rebelled in a contest for Aquitaine, while Louis the German tried to annex all of East Francia. Louis the Pious died in 840, with the empire still in chaos.", "qas": [ { "id": "41328", "question": "who was still alive by charlemagne ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "Louis the Pious" } ] }, { "id": "41329", "question": "what year was louis the pious ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "813" } ] }, { "id": "41330", "question": "when did charlemagne die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "814" } ] }, { "id": "41331", "question": "when did louis the pious die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1182, "text": "840" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A three-year civil war followed his death. By the Treaty of Verdun (843), a kingdom between the Rhine and Rhone rivers was created for Lothair to go with his lands in Italy, and his imperial title was recognised. Louis the German was in control of Bavaria and the eastern lands in modern-day Germany. Charles the Bald received the western Frankish lands, comprising most of modern-day France. Charlemagne's grandsons and great-grandsons divided their kingdoms between their descendants, eventually causing all internal cohesion to be lost. In 987 the Carolingian dynasty was replaced in the western lands, with the crowning of Hugh Capet (r. 987\u2013996) as king. In the eastern lands the dynasty had died out earlier, in 911, with the death of Louis the Child, and the selection of the unrelated Conrad I (r. 911\u2013918) as king.", "qas": [ { "id": "41332", "question": "what was the treaty of verdun ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "843" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The breakup of the Carolingian Empire was accompanied by invasions, migrations, and raids by external foes. The Atlantic and northern shores were harassed by the Vikings, who also raided the British Isles and settled there as well as in Iceland. In 911, the Viking chieftain Rollo (d. c. 931) received permission from the Frankish King Charles the Simple (r. 898\u2013922) to settle in what became Normandy. The eastern parts of the Frankish kingdoms, especially Germany and Italy, were under continual Magyar assault until the invader's defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955. The breakup of the Abbasid dynasty meant that the Islamic world fragmented into smaller political states, some of which began expanding into Italy and Sicily, as well as over the Pyrenees into the southern parts of the Frankish kingdoms.", "qas": [ { "id": "41333", "question": "what was the name of the carolingian empire accompanied by the carolingian empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "external foes" } ] }, { "id": "41334", "question": "what were the atlantic and northern shores harassed by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "the Vikings" } ] }, { "id": "41335", "question": "who was the viking chieftain in 911 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "Rollo" } ] }, { "id": "41336", "question": "who was the viking chieftain of the viking chieftain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "Frankish King Charles the Simple" } ] }, { "id": "41337", "question": "when was the battle of lechfeld ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 569, "text": "955" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Efforts by local kings to fight the invaders led to the formation of new political entities. In Anglo-Saxon England, King Alfred the Great (r. 871\u2013899) came to an agreement with the Viking invaders in the late 9th century, resulting in Danish settlements in Northumbria, Mercia, and parts of East Anglia. By the middle of the 10th century, Alfred's successors had conquered Northumbria, and restored English control over most of the southern part of Great Britain. In northern Britain, Kenneth MacAlpin (d. c. 860) united the Picts and the Scots into the Kingdom of Alba. In the early 10th century, the Ottonian dynasty had established itself in Germany, and was engaged in driving back the Magyars. Its efforts culminated in the coronation in 962 of (r. 936\u2013973) as Holy Roman Emperor. In 972, he secured recognition of his title by the Byzantine Empire, which he sealed with the marriage of his son Otto II (r. 967\u2013983) to Theophanu (d. 991), daughter of an earlier Byzantine Emperor Romanos II (r. 959\u2013963). By the late 10th century Italy had been drawn into the Ottonian sphere after a period of instability; Otto III (r. 996\u20131002) spent much of his later reign in the kingdom. The western Frankish kingdom was more fragmented, and although kings remained nominally in charge, much of the political power devolved to the local lords.", "qas": [ { "id": "41338", "question": "who came to an agreement with the viking invaders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "King Alfred the Great" } ] }, { "id": "41339", "question": "who was the kingdom of northern britain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 486, "text": "Kenneth MacAlpin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Missionary efforts to Scandinavia during the 9th and 10th centuries helped strengthen the growth of kingdoms such as Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, which gained power and territory. Some kings converted to Christianity, although not all by 1000. Scandinavians also expanded and colonised throughout Europe. Besides the settlements in Ireland, England, and Normandy, further settlement took place in what became Russia and in Iceland. Swedish traders and raiders ranged down the rivers of the Russian steppe, and even attempted to seize Constantinople in 860 and 907. Christian Spain, initially driven into a small section of the peninsula in the north, expanded slowly south during the 9th and 10th centuries, establishing the kingdoms of Asturias and Le\u00f3n.", "qas": [ { "id": "41340", "question": "when did missionary efforts take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "9th and 10th centuries" } ] }, { "id": "41341", "question": "what three countries were gained power in the 9th and 10th centuries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "Sweden, Denmark, and Norway" } ] }, { "id": "41342", "question": "what year did some kings converted to christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "1000" } ] }, { "id": "41343", "question": "in what years did swedish traders seize constantinople ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 552, "text": "860 and 907" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Eastern Europe, Byzantium revived its fortunes under Emperor Basil I (r. 867\u2013886) and his successors Leo VI (r. 886\u2013912) and Constantine VII (r. 913\u2013959), members of the Macedonian dynasty. Commerce revived and the emperors oversaw the extension of a uniform administration to all the provinces. The military was reorganised, which allowed the emperors John I (r. 969\u2013976) and Basil II (r. 976\u20131025) to expand the frontiers of the empire on all fronts. The imperial court was the centre of a revival of classical learning, a process known as the Macedonian Renaissance. Writers such as John Geometres (fl. early 10th century) composed new hymns, poems, and other works. Missionary efforts by both eastern and western clergy resulted in the conversion of the Moravians, Bulgars, Bohemians, Poles, Magyars, and Slavic inhabitants of the Kievan Rus'. These conversions contributed to the founding of political states in the lands of those peoples\u2014the states of Moravia, Bulgaria, Bohemia, Poland, Hungary, and the Kievan Rus'. Bulgaria, which was founded around 680, at its height reached from Budapest to the Black Sea and from the Dnieper River in modern Ukraine to the Adriatic Sea. By 1018, the last Bulgarian nobles had surrendered to the Byzantine Empire.", "qas": [ { "id": "41344", "question": "what was the process of classical learning known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 549, "text": "Macedonian Renaissance" } ] }, { "id": "41345", "question": "when was bulgaria founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1062, "text": "680" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture. One feature of the basilica is the use of a transept, or the \"arms\" of a cross-shaped building that are perpendicular to the long nave. Other new features of religious architecture include the crossing tower and a monumental entrance to the church, usually at the west end of the building.", "qas": [ { "id": "41346", "question": "when were many smaller stone buildings built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "6th and 7th centuries" } ] }, { "id": "41347", "question": "what empire revived the basilica of architecture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "Carolingian Empire" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Carolingian art was produced for a small group of figures around the court, and the monasteries and churches they supported. It was dominated by efforts to regain the dignity and classicism of imperial Roman and Byzantine art, but was also influenced by the Insular art of the British Isles. Insular art integrated the energy of Irish Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Germanic styles of ornament with Mediterranean forms such as the book, and established many characteristics of art for the rest of the medieval period. Surviving religious works from the Early Middle Ages are mostly illuminated manuscripts and carved ivories, originally made for metalwork that has since been melted down. Objects in precious metals were the most prestigious form of art, but almost all are lost except for a few crosses such as the Cross of Lothair, several reliquaries, and finds such as the Anglo-Saxon burial at Sutton Hoo and the hoards of Gourdon from Merovingian France, Guarrazar from Visigothic Spain and Nagyszentmikl\u00f3s near Byzantine territory. There are survivals from the large brooches in fibula or penannular form that were a key piece of personal adornment for elites, including the Irish Tara Brooch. Highly decorated books were mostly Gospel Books and these have survived in larger numbers, including the Insular Book of Kells, the Book of Lindisfarne, and the imperial Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram, which is one of the few to retain its \"treasure binding\" of gold encrusted with jewels. Charlemagne's court seems to have been responsible for the acceptance of figurative monumental sculpture in Christian art, and by the end of the period near life-sized figures such as the Gero Cross were common in important churches.", "qas": [ { "id": "41348", "question": "what influenced the carolingian art of imperial ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "Insular art of the British Isles" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the later Roman Empire, the principal military developments were attempts to create an effective cavalry force as well as the continued development of highly specialised types of troops. The creation of heavily armoured cataphract-type soldiers as cavalry was an important feature of the 5th-century Roman military. The various invading tribes had differing emphasis on types of soldiers\u2014ranging from the primarily infantry Anglo-Saxon invaders of Britain to the Vandals and Visigoths, who had a high proportion of cavalry in their armies. During the early invasion period, the stirrup had not been introduced into warfare, which limited the usefulness of cavalry as shock troops because it was not possible to put the full force of the horse and rider behind blows struck by the rider. The greatest change in military affairs during the invasion period was the adoption of the Hunnic composite bow in place of the earlier, and weaker, Scythian composite bow. Another development was the increasing use of longswords and the progressive replacement of scale armour by mail armour and lamellar armour.", "qas": [ { "id": "41349", "question": "what was the greatest change in military composite bow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 885, "text": "Hunnic composite bow" } ] }, { "id": "41350", "question": "what was the name of the composite bow bow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 943, "text": "Scythian composite bow" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The importance of infantry and light cavalry began to decline during the early Carolingian period, with a growing dominance of elite heavy cavalry. The use of militia-type levies of the free population declined over the Carolingian period. Although much of the Carolingian armies were mounted, a large proportion during the early period appear to have been mounted infantry, rather than true cavalry. One exception was Anglo-Saxon England, where the armies were still composed of regional levies, known as the \"fyrd\", which were led by the local elites. In military technology, one of the main changes was the return of the crossbow, which had been known in Roman times and reappeared as a military weapon during the last part of the Early Middle Ages. Another change was the introduction of the stirrup, which increased the effectiveness of cavalry as shock troops. A technological advance that had implications beyond the military was the horseshoe, which allowed horses to be used in rocky terrain.", "qas": [ { "id": "41351", "question": "what was the name of the armies that the armies were composed of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 419, "text": "Anglo-Saxon England" } ] }, { "id": "41352", "question": "what was the name of the regional levies known as regional levies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 511, "text": "fyrd" } ] }, { "id": "41353", "question": "what was the name of the change that increased the effectiveness of cavalry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 796, "text": "stirrup" } ] }, { "id": "41354", "question": "what was a technological advance that allowed horses to be used in rocky terrain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 941, "text": "horseshoe" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The High Middle Ages was a period of tremendous expansion of population. The estimated population of Europe grew from 35 to 80 million between 1000 and 1347, although the exact causes remain unclear: improved agricultural techniques, the decline of slaveholding, a more clement climate and the lack of invasion have all been suggested. As much as 90 per cent of the European population remained rural peasants. Many were no longer settled in isolated farms but had gathered into small communities, usually known as manors or villages. These peasants were often subject to noble overlords and owed them rents and other services, in a system known as manorialism. There remained a few free peasants throughout this period and beyond, with more of them in the regions of Southern Europe than in the north. The practice of assarting, or bringing new lands into production by offering incentives to the peasants who settled them, also contributed to the expansion of population.", "qas": [ { "id": "41355", "question": "when did the estimated population of europe come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "35 to 80 million between 1000 and 1347" } ] }, { "id": "41356", "question": "what percentage of the european population remained rural ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 347, "text": "90 per cent" } ] }, { "id": "41357", "question": "what were the small communities known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 515, "text": "manors or villages" } ] }, { "id": "41358", "question": "what was the name of the system that was subject to noble overlords ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 649, "text": "manorialism" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other sections of society included the nobility, clergy, and townsmen. Nobles, both the titled nobility and simple knights, exploited the manors and the peasants, although they did not own lands outright but were granted rights to the income from a manor or other lands by an overlord through the system of feudalism. During the 11th and 12th centuries, these lands, or fiefs, came to be considered hereditary, and in most areas they were no longer divisible between all the heirs as had been the case in the early medieval period. Instead, most fiefs and lands went to the eldest son. The dominance of the nobility was built upon its control of the land, its military service as heavy cavalry, control of castles, and various immunities from taxes or other impositions. Castles, initially in wood but later in stone, began to be constructed in the 9th and 10th centuries in response to the disorder of the time, and provided protection from invaders as well as allowing lords defence from rivals. Control of castles allowed the nobles to defy kings or other overlords. Nobles were stratified; kings and the highest-ranking nobility controlled large numbers of commoners and large tracts of land, as well as other nobles. Beneath them, lesser nobles had authority over smaller areas of land and fewer people. Knights were the lowest level of nobility; they controlled but did not own land, and had to serve other nobles.", "qas": [ { "id": "41359", "question": "when did castles begin to be constructed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 849, "text": "9th and 10th centuries" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The clergy was divided into two types: the secular clergy, who lived out in the world, and the regular clergy, who lived under a religious rule and were usually monks. Throughout the period monks remained a very small proportion of the population, usually less than one per cent. Most of the regular clergy were drawn from the nobility, the same social class that served as the recruiting ground for the upper levels of the secular clergy. The local parish priests were often drawn from the peasant class. Townsmen were in a somewhat unusual position, as they did not fit into the traditional three-fold division of society into nobles, clergy, and peasants. During the 12th and 13th centuries, the ranks of the townsmen expanded greatly as existing towns grew and new population centres were founded. But throughout the Middle Ages the population of the towns probably never exceeded 10 per cent of the total population.", "qas": [ { "id": "41360", "question": "what percentage of the total population of the towns are throughout the middle ages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 885, "text": "10 per cent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Jews also spread across Europe during the period. Communities were established in Germany and England in the 11th and 12th centuries, but Spanish Jews, long settled in Spain under the Muslims, came under Christian rule and increasing pressure to convert to Christianity. Most Jews were confined to the cities, as they were not allowed to own land or be peasants. Besides the Jews, there were other non-Christians on the edges of Europe\u2014pagan Slavs in Eastern Europe and Muslims in Southern Europe.", "qas": [ { "id": "41361", "question": "where were communities established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "Germany and England" } ] }, { "id": "41362", "question": "when were spanish jews established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "11th and 12th centuries" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Women in the Middle Ages were officially required to be subordinate to some male, whether their father, husband, or other kinsman. Widows, who were often allowed much control over their own lives, were still restricted legally. Women's work generally consisted of household or other domestically inclined tasks. Peasant women were usually responsible for taking care of the household, child-care, as well as gardening and animal husbandry near the house. They could supplement the household income by spinning or brewing at home. At harvest-time, they were also expected to help with field-work. Townswomen, like peasant women, were responsible for the household, and could also engage in trade. What trades were open to women varied by country and period. Noblewomen were responsible for running a household, and could occasionally be expected to handle estates in the absence of male relatives, but they were usually restricted from participation in military or government affairs. The only role open to women in the Church was that of nuns, as they were unable to become priests.", "qas": [ { "id": "41363", "question": "who were often restricted legally control over their own lives ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "Widows" } ] }, { "id": "41364", "question": "what are women 's work generally consisted of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "household or other domestically inclined tasks" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In central and northern Italy and in Flanders, the rise of towns that were to a degree self-governing stimulated economic growth and created an environment for new types of trade associations. Commercial cities on the shores of the Baltic entered into agreements known as the Hanseatic League, and the Italian Maritime republics such as Venice, Genoa, and Pisa expanded their trade throughout the Mediterranean. Great trading fairs were established and flourished in northern France during the period, allowing Italian and German merchants to trade with each other as well as local merchants. In the late 13th century new land and sea routes to the Far East were pioneered, famously described in \"The Travels of Marco Polo\" written by one of the traders, Marco Polo (d. 1324). Besides new trading opportunities, agricultural and technological improvements enabled an increase in crop yields, which in turn allowed the trade networks to expand. Rising trade brought new methods of dealing with money, and gold coinage was again minted in Europe, first in Italy and later in France and other countries. New forms of commercial contracts emerged, allowing risk to be shared among merchants. Accounting methods improved, partly through the use of double-entry bookkeeping; letters of credit also appeared, allowing easy transmission of money.", "qas": [ { "id": "41365", "question": "what was the name of the agreements that the baltic entered into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 276, "text": "Hanseatic League" } ] }, { "id": "41366", "question": "which three italian maritime republics were the italian maritime republics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 337, "text": "Venice, Genoa, and Pisa" } ] }, { "id": "41367", "question": "what was marco polo 's nickname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 697, "text": "The Travels of Marco Polo" } ] }, { "id": "41368", "question": "who wrote the travels of marco polo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 755, "text": "Marco Polo" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The High Middle Ages was the formative period in the history of the modern Western state. Kings in France, England, and Spain consolidated their power, and set up lasting governing institutions. New kingdoms such as Hungary and Poland, after their conversion to Christianity, became Central European powers. The Magyars settled Hungary around 900 under King \u00c1rp\u00e1d (d. c. 907) after a series of invasions in the 9th century. The papacy, long attached to an ideology of independence from secular kings, first asserted its claim to temporal authority over the entire Christian world; the Papal Monarchy reached its apogee in the early 13th century under the pontificate of (pope 1198\u20131216). Northern Crusades and the advance of Christian kingdoms and military orders into previously pagan regions in the Baltic and Finnic north-east brought the forced assimilation of numerous native peoples into European culture.", "qas": [ { "id": "41369", "question": "what was the formative period in the history of the modern western state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "High Middle Ages" } ] }, { "id": "41370", "question": "which countries consolidated their power ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "France, England, and Spain" } ] }, { "id": "41371", "question": "which countries became central european powers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "Hungary and Poland" } ] }, { "id": "41372", "question": "when did the magyars invade hungary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 343, "text": "900" } ] }, { "id": "41373", "question": "who settled hungary during the 9th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 353, "text": "King \u00c1rp\u00e1d" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the early High Middle Ages, Germany was ruled by the Ottonian dynasty, which struggled to control the powerful dukes ruling over territorial duchies tracing back to the Migration period. In 1024, they were replaced by the Salian dynasty, who famously clashed with the papacy under Emperor (r. 1084\u20131105) over church appointments as part of the Investiture Controversy. His successors continued to struggle against the papacy as well as the German nobility. A period of instability followed the death of Emperor (r. 1111\u201325), who died without heirs, until Barbarossa (r. 1155\u201390) took the imperial throne. Although he ruled effectively, the basic problems remained, and his successors continued to struggle into the 13th century. Barbarossa's grandson Frederick II (r. 1220\u20131250), who was also heir to the throne of Sicily through his mother, clashed repeatedly with the papacy. His court was famous for its scholars and he was often accused of heresy. He and his successors faced many difficulties, including the invasion of the Mongols into Europe in the mid-13th century. Mongols first shattered the Kievan Rus' principalities and then invaded Eastern Europe in 1241, 1259, and 1287.", "qas": [ { "id": "41374", "question": "what dynasty ruled germany during the high middle ages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "Ottonian dynasty" } ] }, { "id": "41375", "question": "in what year was the investiture controversy replaced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "1024" } ] }, { "id": "41376", "question": "who replaced the investiture controversy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "Salian dynasty" } ] }, { "id": "41377", "question": "who was heir to the throne ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 758, "text": "Frederick II" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Under the Capetian dynasty the French monarchy slowly began to expand its authority over the nobility, growing out of the \u00cele-de-France to exert control over more of the country in the 11th and 12th centuries. They faced a powerful rival in the Dukes of Normandy, who in 1066 under William the Conqueror (duke 1035\u20131087), conquered England (r. 1066\u201387) and created a cross-channel empire that lasted, in various forms, throughout the rest of the Middle Ages. Normans also settled in Sicily and southern Italy, when Robert Guiscard (d. 1085) landed there in 1059 and established a duchy that later became the Kingdom of Sicily. Under the Angevin dynasty of (r. 1154\u201389) and his son Richard I (r. 1189\u201399), the kings of England ruled over England and large areas of France, brought to the family by Henry II's marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine (d. 1204), heiress to much of southern France. Richard's younger brother John (r. 1199\u20131216) lost Normandy and the rest of the northern French possessions in 1204 to the French King Philip II Augustus (r. 1180\u20131223). This led to dissension among the English nobility, while John's financial exactions to pay for his unsuccessful attempts to regain Normandy led in 1215 to \"Magna Carta\", a charter that confirmed the rights and privileges of free men in England. Under (r. 1216\u201372), John's son, further concessions were made to the nobility, and royal power was diminished. The French monarchy continued to make gains against the nobility during the late 12th and 13th centuries, bringing more territories within the kingdom under the king's personal rule and centralising the royal administration. Under Louis IX (r. 1226\u201370), royal prestige rose to new heights as Louis served as a mediator for most of Europe.", "qas": [ { "id": "41378", "question": "when was the dukes of normandy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "1066" } ] }, { "id": "41379", "question": "who conquered england in 1066 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "William the Conqueror" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Iberia, the Christian states, which had been confined to the north-western part of the peninsula, began to push back against the Islamic states in the south, a period known as the \"Reconquista\". By about 1150, the Christian north had coalesced into the five major kingdoms of Le\u00f3n, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal. Southern Iberia remained under control of Islamic states, initially under the Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba, which broke up in 1031 into a shifting number of petty states known as \"taifas\", who fought with the Christians until the Almohad Caliphate re-established centralised rule over Southern Iberia in the 1170s. Christian forces advanced again in the early 13th century, culminating in the capture of Seville in 1248.", "qas": [ { "id": "41380", "question": "what was the name of the christian states that began to push back against the islamic states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "Reconquista" } ] }, { "id": "41381", "question": "in what year did the christian north north carolina end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "1150" } ] }, { "id": "41382", "question": "which three major major kingdoms were the christian north north of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 279, "text": "Le\u00f3n, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal" } ] }, { "id": "41383", "question": "what was the name of the caliphate that fought in 1031 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 403, "text": "Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba" } ] }, { "id": "41384", "question": "in what year did the caliphate of c\u00f3rdoba begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 443, "text": "1031" } ] }, { "id": "41385", "question": "what was the name of the petty number of petty states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 497, "text": "taifas" } ] }, { "id": "41386", "question": "in what year did the capture of seville die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 732, "text": "1248" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks took over much of the Middle East, occupying Persia during the 1040s, Armenia in the 1060s, and Jerusalem in 1070. In 1071, the Turkish army defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert and captured the Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV (r. 1068\u201371). The Turks were then free to invade Asia Minor, which dealt a dangerous blow to the Byzantine Empire by seizing a large part of its population and its economic heartland. Although the Byzantines regrouped and recovered somewhat, they never fully regained Asia Minor and were often on the defensive. The Turks also had difficulties, losing control of Jerusalem to the Fatimids of Egypt and suffering from a series of internal civil wars. The Byzantines also faced a revived Bulgaria, which in the late 12th and 13th centuries spread throughout the Balkans.", "qas": [ { "id": "41387", "question": "in what year did the seljuk turks take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "1070" } ] }, { "id": "41388", "question": "who was captured by the battle of manzikert ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "Romanus IV" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088\u201399) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081\u20131118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban promised indulgence to anyone who took part. Tens of thousands of people from all levels of society mobilised across Europe and captured Jerusalem in 1099. One feature of the crusades was the pogroms against local Jews that often took place as the crusaders left their countries for the East. These were especially brutal during the First Crusade, when the Jewish communities in Cologne, Mainz, and Worms were destroyed, and other communities in cities between the rivers Seine and Rhine suffered destruction. Another outgrowth of the crusades was the foundation of a new type of monastic order, the military orders of the Templars and Hospitallers, which fused monastic life with military service.", "qas": [ { "id": "41389", "question": "who proclaimed the first crusade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "Pope Urban II" } ] }, { "id": "41390", "question": "what was the name of the pope urban ii ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "1088\u201399" } ] }, { "id": "41391", "question": "when was the first crusade proclaimed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "1095" } ] }, { "id": "41392", "question": "what was the name of the byzantine emperor that the first crusade was ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "Alexios I Komnenos" } ] }, { "id": "41393", "question": "when did jerusalem invade jerusalem ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 450, "text": "1099" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The crusaders consolidated their conquests into crusader states. During the 12th and 13th centuries, there were a series of conflicts between those states and the surrounding Islamic states. Appeals from those states to the papacy led to further crusades, such as the Third Crusade, called to try to regain Jerusalem, which had been captured by Saladin (d. 1193) in 1187. In 1203, the Fourth Crusade was diverted from the Holy Land to Constantinople, and captured the city in 1204, setting up a Latin Empire of Constantinople and greatly weakening the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines recaptured the city in 1261, but never regained their former strength. By 1291 all the crusader states had been captured or forced from the mainland, although a titular Kingdom of Jerusalem survived on the island of Cyprus for several years afterwards.", "qas": [ { "id": "41394", "question": "who captured jerusalem ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 345, "text": "Saladin" } ] }, { "id": "41395", "question": "in what year did saladin die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 357, "text": "1193" } ] }, { "id": "41396", "question": "in what year was saladin captured ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 366, "text": "1187" } ] }, { "id": "41397", "question": "when did the fourth crusade take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 476, "text": "1204" } ] }, { "id": "41398", "question": "when did the byzantines capture the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 608, "text": "1261" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Popes called for crusades to take place elsewhere besides the Holy Land: in Spain, southern France, and along the Baltic. The Spanish crusades became fused with the \"Reconquista\" of Spain from the Muslims. Although the Templars and Hospitallers took part in the Spanish crusades, similar Spanish military religious orders were founded, most of which had become part of the two main orders of Calatrava and Santiago by the beginning of the 12th century. Northern Europe also remained outside Christian influence until the 11th century or later, and became a crusading venue as part of the Northern Crusades of the 12th to 14th centuries. These crusades also spawned a military order, the Order of the Sword Brothers. Another order, the Teutonic Knights, although originally founded in the crusader states, focused much of its activity in the Baltic after 1225, and in 1309 moved its headquarters to Marienburg in Prussia.", "qas": [ { "id": "41399", "question": "what did the spanish become fused with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "Reconquista" } ] }, { "id": "41400", "question": "what was the name of the military order that ended the crusades ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 687, "text": "Order of the Sword Brothers" } ] }, { "id": "41401", "question": "in what year did the teutonic knights begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 854, "text": "1225" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the 11th century, developments in philosophy and theology led to increased intellectual activity. There was debate between the realists and the nominalists over the concept of \"universals\". Philosophical discourse was stimulated by the rediscovery of Aristotle and his emphasis on empiricism and rationalism. Scholars such as Peter Abelard (d. 1142) and Peter Lombard (d. 1164) introduced Aristotelian logic into theology. In the late 11th and early 12th centuries cathedral schools spread throughout Western Europe, signalling the shift of learning from monasteries to cathedrals and towns. Cathedral schools were in turn replaced by the universities established in major European cities. Philosophy and theology fused in scholasticism, an attempt by 12th- and 13th-century scholars to reconcile authoritative texts, most notably Aristotle and the Bible. This movement tried to employ a systemic approach to truth and reason and culminated in the thought of Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274), who wrote the \"Summa Theologica\", or \"Summary of Theology\".", "qas": [ { "id": "41402", "question": "what was the nominalists called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "universals" } ] }, { "id": "41403", "question": "when did peter lombard die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 351, "text": "1142" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chivalry and the ethos of courtly love developed in royal and noble courts. This culture was expressed in the vernacular languages rather than Latin, and comprised poems, stories, legends, and popular songs spread by troubadours, or wandering minstrels. Often the stories were written down in the \"chansons de geste\", or \"songs of great deeds\", such as \"The Song of Roland\" or \"The Song of Hildebrand\". Secular and religious histories were also produced. Geoffrey of Monmouth (d. c. 1155) composed his \"Historia Regum Britanniae\", a collection of stories and legends about Arthur. Other works were more clearly history, such as Otto von Freising's (d. 1158) \"Gesta Friderici Imperatoris\" detailing the deeds of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, or William of Malmesbury's (d. c. 1143) \"Gesta Regum\" on the kings of England.", "qas": [ { "id": "41404", "question": "where were the stories of roland written ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "chansons de geste" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Legal studies advanced during the 12th century. Both secular law and canon law, or ecclesiastical law, were studied in the High Middle Ages. Secular law, or Roman law, was advanced greatly by the discovery of the \"Corpus Juris Civilis\" in the 11th century, and by 1100 Roman law was being taught at Bologna. This led to the recording and standardisation of legal codes throughout Western Europe. Canon law was also studied, and around 1140 a monk named Gratian (fl. 12th century), a teacher at Bologna, wrote what became the standard text of canon law\u2014the \"Decretum\".", "qas": [ { "id": "41405", "question": "what type of law were studied in the high middle ages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "ecclesiastical law" } ] }, { "id": "41406", "question": "when were secular law and canon law studied ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "High Middle Ages" } ] }, { "id": "41407", "question": "what was the name of the discovery that was advanced by secular law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "Corpus Juris Civilis" } ] }, { "id": "41408", "question": "in what year was roman law taught at bologna civilis ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "1100" } ] }, { "id": "41409", "question": "where was roman law being taught ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 299, "text": "Bologna" } ] }, { "id": "41410", "question": "what was canon law called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 453, "text": "Gratian" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Among the results of the Greek and Islamic influence on this period in European history was the replacement of Roman numerals with the decimal positional number system and the invention of algebra, which allowed more advanced mathematics. Astronomy advanced following the translation of Ptolemy's \"Almagest\" from Greek into Latin in the late 12th century. Medicine was also studied, especially in southern Italy, where Islamic medicine influenced the school at Salerno.", "qas": [ { "id": "41411", "question": "what was ptolemy 's nickname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "Almagest" } ] }, { "id": "41412", "question": "when did almagest become almagest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 342, "text": "12th century" } ] }, { "id": "41413", "question": "where was islamic medicine studied ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 397, "text": "southern Italy" } ] }, { "id": "41414", "question": "where was islamic medicine influenced by islamic medicine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 461, "text": "Salerno" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 12th and 13th centuries, Europe produced economic growth and innovations in methods of production. Major technological advances included the invention of the windmill, the first mechanical clocks, the manufacture of distilled spirits, and the use of the astrolabe. Concave spectacles were invented around 1286 by an unknown Italian artisan, probably working in or near Pisa.", "qas": [ { "id": "41415", "question": "during what time period did europe use economic growth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 7, "text": "12th and 13th centuries" } ] }, { "id": "41416", "question": "where were concave spectacles invented ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "1286" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The development of a three-field rotation system for planting crops increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two-field system to two-thirds under the new system, with a consequent increase in production. The development of the heavy plough allowed heavier soils to be farmed more efficiently, aided by the spread of the horse collar, which led to the use of draught horses in place of oxen. Horses are faster than oxen and require less pasture, factors that aided the implementation of the three-field system.", "qas": [ { "id": "41417", "question": "what aided the use of draught horses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 334, "text": "the spread of the horse collar" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The construction of cathedrals and castles advanced building technology, leading to the development of large stone buildings. Ancillary structures included new town halls, houses, bridges, and tithe barns. Shipbuilding improved with the use of the rib and plank method rather than the old Roman system of mortise and tenon. Other improvements to ships included the use of lateen sails and the stern-post rudder, both of which increased the speed at which ships could be sailed.", "qas": [ { "id": "41418", "question": "what are some of the new town halls ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "houses, bridges, and tithe barns" } ] }, { "id": "41419", "question": "what method did the shipbuilding shipbuilding use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "the rib and plank method" } ] }, { "id": "41420", "question": "what old roman system did the old roman system use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": "mortise and tenon" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In military affairs, the use of infantry with specialised roles increased. Along with the still-dominant heavy cavalry, armies often included mounted and infantry crossbowmen, as well as sappers and engineers. Crossbows, which had been known in Late Antiquity, increased in use partly because of the increase in siege warfare in the 10th and 11th centuries. The increasing use of crossbows during the 12th and 13th centuries led to the use of closed-face helmets, heavy body armour, as well as horse armour. Gunpowder was known in Europe by the mid-13th century with a recorded use in European warfare by the English against the Scots in 1304, although it was merely used as an explosive and not as a weapon. Cannon were being used for sieges in the 1320s, and hand-held guns were in use by the 1360s.", "qas": [ { "id": "41421", "question": "what were the names of the two armies that were included in infantry armies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "sappers and engineers" } ] }, { "id": "41422", "question": "what was the name of the late antiquity in antiquity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "Crossbows" } ] }, { "id": "41423", "question": "when was crossbows known as crossbows ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "Late Antiquity" } ] }, { "id": "41424", "question": "when did crossbows begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 333, "text": "10th and 11th centuries" } ] }, { "id": "41425", "question": "in what year was gunpowder known as gunpowder ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 638, "text": "1304" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 10th century the establishment of churches and monasteries led to the development of stone architecture that elaborated vernacular Roman forms, from which the term \"Romanesque\" is derived. Where available, Roman brick and stone buildings were recycled for their materials. From the tentative beginnings known as the First Romanesque, the style flourished and spread across Europe in a remarkably homogeneous form. Just before 1000 there was a great wave of building stone churches all over Europe. Romanesque buildings have massive stone walls, openings topped by semi-circular arches, small windows, and, particularly in France, arched stone vaults. The large portal with coloured sculpture in high relief became a central feature of fa\u00e7ades, especially in France, and the capitals of columns were often carved with narrative scenes of imaginative monsters and animals. According to art historian C. R. Dodwell, \"virtually all the churches in the West were decorated with wall-paintings\", of which few survive. Simultaneous with the development in church architecture, the distinctive European form of the castle was developed, and became crucial to politics and warfare.", "qas": [ { "id": "41426", "question": "what is the term for stone architecture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "Romanesque" } ] }, { "id": "41427", "question": "what was the tentative beginnings known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "First Romanesque" } ] }, { "id": "41428", "question": "who was the art historian in the west ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 905, "text": "C. R. Dodwell" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Romanesque art, especially metalwork, was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art, in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun (d. 1205) become apparent, and an almost classical style is seen in works such as a font at Li\u00e8ge, contrasting with the writhing animals of the exactly contemporary Gloucester Candlestick. Large illuminated bibles and psalters were the typical forms of luxury manuscripts, and wall-painting flourished in churches, often following a scheme with a \"Last Judgement\" on the west wall, a Christ in Majesty at the east end, and narrative biblical scenes down the nave, or in the best surviving example, at Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe, on the barrel-vaulted roof.", "qas": [ { "id": "41429", "question": "what type of art was at its most sophisticated in mosan art ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "metalwork" } ] }, { "id": "41430", "question": "what type of art was romanesque art at ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "Mosan art" } ] }, { "id": "41431", "question": "who was distinct in mosan art ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Nicholas of Verdun" } ] }, { "id": "41432", "question": "when did nicholas of verdun die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "1205" } ] }, { "id": "41433", "question": "what was the name of the style of animals in mosan art ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 317, "text": "Gloucester Candlestick" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From the early 12th century, French builders developed the Gothic style, marked by the use of rib vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows. It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals, and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe. Classic examples of Gothic architecture include Chartres Cathedral and Reims Cathedral in France as well as Salisbury Cathedral in England. Stained glass became a crucial element in the design of churches, which continued to use extensive wall-paintings, now almost all lost.", "qas": [ { "id": "41434", "question": "what are the names of the gothic architecture in france ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 332, "text": "Chartres Cathedral and Reims Cathedral" } ] }, { "id": "41435", "question": "what is the name of the cathedral in england ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 392, "text": "Salisbury Cathedral in England" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During this period the practice of manuscript illumination gradually passed from monasteries to lay workshops, so that according to Janetta Benton \"by 1300 most monks bought their books in shops\", and the book of hours developed as a form of devotional book for lay-people. Metalwork continued to be the most prestigious form of art, with Limoges enamel a popular and relatively affordable option for objects such as reliquaries and crosses. In Italy the innovations of Cimabue and Duccio, followed by the Trecento master Giotto (d. 1337), greatly increased the sophistication and status of panel painting and fresco. Increasing prosperity during the 12th century resulted in greater production of secular art; many carved ivory objects such as gaming-pieces, combs, and small religious figures have survived.", "qas": [ { "id": "41436", "question": "who was the book that bought monasteries in shops ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "Janetta Benton" } ] }, { "id": "41437", "question": "what year did most of the monks bought their books ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "1300" } ] }, { "id": "41438", "question": "who was the trecento master in italy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 522, "text": "Giotto" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Monastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century, as elites began to worry that monks were not adhering to the rules binding them to a strictly religious life. Cluny Abbey, founded in the M\u00e2con region of France in 909, was established as part of the Cluniac Reforms, a larger movement of monastic reform in response to this fear. Cluny quickly established a reputation for austerity and rigour. It sought to maintain a high quality of spiritual life by placing itself under the protection of the papacy and by electing its own abbot without interference from laymen, thus maintaining economic and political independence from local lords.", "qas": [ { "id": "41439", "question": "what abbey was founded in the m\u00e2con region of france ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "Cluny Abbey" } ] }, { "id": "41440", "question": "when was cluny abbey founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "M\u00e2con" } ] }, { "id": "41441", "question": "when was cluny abbey founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "909" } ] }, { "id": "41442", "question": "what was cluny abbey established as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "Cluniac Reforms" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049\u20131054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073\u201385) and Emperor Henry IV, who initially clashed over episcopal appointments, a dispute that turned into a battle over the ideas of investiture, clerical marriage, and simony. The emperor saw the protection of the Church as one of his responsibilities as well as wanting to preserve the right to appoint his own choices as bishops within his lands, but the papacy insisted on the Church's independence from secular lords. These issues remained unresolved after the compromise of 1122 known as the Concordat of Worms. The dispute represents a significant stage in the creation of a papal monarchy separate from and equal to lay authorities. It also had the permanent consequence of empowering German princes at the expense of the German emperors.", "qas": [ { "id": "41443", "question": "who was the papacy of the papacy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "Pope Leo IX" } ] }, { "id": "41444", "question": "when did pope leo ix die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "1049\u20131054" } ] }, { "id": "41445", "question": "what was the name of the clerical independence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "Investiture Controversy" } ] }, { "id": "41446", "question": "what was the span of the pope gregory vii ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "1073\u201385" } ] }, { "id": "41447", "question": "who was the leader of gregory vii ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 320, "text": "Emperor Henry IV" } ] }, { "id": "41448", "question": "when did the concordat of worms begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 790, "text": "1122" } ] }, { "id": "41449", "question": "what was the name of the 1122 known as 1122 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 808, "text": "Concordat of Worms" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The High Middle Ages was a period of great religious movements. Besides the Crusades and monastic reforms, people sought to participate in new forms of religious life. New monastic orders were founded, including the Carthusians and the Cistercians. The latter especially expanded rapidly in their early years under the guidance of Bernard of Clairvaux (d. 1153). These new orders were formed in response to the feeling of the laity that Benedictine monasticism no longer met the needs of the laymen, who along with those wishing to enter the religious life wanted a return to the simpler hermetical monasticism of early Christianity, or to live an Apostolic life. Religious pilgrimages were also encouraged. Old pilgrimage sites such as Rome, Jerusalem, and Compostela received increasing numbers of visitors, and new sites such as Monte Gargano and Bari rose to prominence.", "qas": [ { "id": "41450", "question": "what were the names of the new monastic orders that were founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "the Carthusians and the Cistercians" } ] }, { "id": "41451", "question": "who was the guidance of the guidance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 331, "text": "Bernard of Clairvaux" } ] }, { "id": "41452", "question": "when was bernard of clairvaux born ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 356, "text": "1153" } ] }, { "id": "41453", "question": "which old pilgrimage sites received increasing numbers of visitors ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 737, "text": "Rome, Jerusalem, and Compostela" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 13th century mendicant orders\u2014the Franciscans and the Dominicans\u2014who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging, were approved by the papacy. Religious groups such as the Waldensians and the Humiliati also attempted to return to the life of early Christianity in the middle 12th and early 13th centuries, but they were condemned as heretical by the papacy. Others joined the Cathars, another heretical movement condemned by the papacy. In 1209, a crusade was preached against the Cathars, the Albigensian Crusade, which in combination with the medieval Inquisition, eliminated them.", "qas": [ { "id": "41454", "question": "who was the mendicant orders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "the Franciscans and the Dominicans" } ] }, { "id": "41455", "question": "when was the crusade preached ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 460, "text": "1209" } ] }, { "id": "41456", "question": "what was the crusade called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 514, "text": "Albigensian Crusade" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The first years of the 14th century were marked by famines, culminating in the Great Famine of 1315\u201317. The causes of the Great Famine included the slow transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age, which left the population vulnerable when bad weather caused crop failures. The years 1313\u201314 and 1317\u201321 were excessively rainy throughout Europe, resulting in widespread crop failures. The climate change\u2014which resulted in a declining average annual temperature for Europe during the 14th century\u2014was accompanied by an economic downturn.", "qas": [ { "id": "41457", "question": "when did the first years of the 14th century occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "Great Famine of 1315\u201317" } ] }, { "id": "41458", "question": "when did the great famine occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "Medieval Warm Period" } ] }, { "id": "41459", "question": "what was the medieval warm period ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "Little Ice Age" } ] } ] }, { "context": "These troubles were followed in 1347 by the Black Death, a pandemic that spread throughout Europe during the following three years. The death toll was probably about 35 million people in Europe, about one-third of the population. Towns were especially hard-hit because of their crowded conditions. Large areas of land were left sparsely inhabited, and in some places fields were left unworked. Wages rose as landlords sought to entice the reduced number of available workers to their fields. Further problems were lower rents and lower demand for food, both of which cut into agricultural income. Urban workers also felt that they had a right to greater earnings, and popular uprisings broke out across Europe. Among the uprisings were the \"jacquerie\" in France, the Peasants' Revolt in England, and revolts in the cities of Florence in Italy and Ghent and Bruges in Flanders. The trauma of the plague led to an increased piety throughout Europe, manifested by the foundation of new charities, the self-mortification of the flagellants, and the scapegoating of Jews. Conditions were further unsettled by the return of the plague throughout the rest of the 14th century; it continued to strike Europe periodically during the rest of the Middle Ages.", "qas": [ { "id": "41460", "question": "when did the black death occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "1347" } ] }, { "id": "41461", "question": "what was the name of the pandemic that spread the troubles ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Black Death" } ] }, { "id": "41462", "question": "how many people lived in the death toll ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "35 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Society throughout Europe was disturbed by the dislocations caused by the Black Death. Lands that had been marginally productive were abandoned, as the survivors were able to acquire more fertile areas. Although serfdom declined in Western Europe it became more common in Eastern Europe, as landlords imposed it on those of their tenants who had previously been free. Most peasants in Western Europe managed to change the work they had previously owed to their landlords into cash rents. The percentage of serfs amongst the peasantry declined from a high of 90 to closer to 50 per cent by the end of the period. Landlords also became more conscious of common interests with other landholders, and they joined together to extort privileges from their governments. Partly at the urging of landlords, governments attempted to legislate a return to the economic conditions that existed before the Black Death. Non-clergy became increasingly literate, and urban populations began to imitate the nobility's interest in chivalry.", "qas": [ { "id": "41463", "question": "what caused society throughout europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "Black Death" } ] }, { "id": "41464", "question": "what was the percentage of serfs amongst the peasantry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 558, "text": "90 to closer to 50 per cent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Jewish communities were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306. Although some were allowed back into France, most were not, and many Jews emigrated eastwards, and Hungary. The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, and dispersed to Turkey, France, Italy, and Holland. The rise of banking in Italy during the 13th century continued throughout the 14th century, fuelled partly by the increasing warfare of the period and the needs of the papacy to move money between kingdoms. Many banking firms loaned money to royalty, at great risk, as some were bankrupted when kings defaulted on their loans.", "qas": [ { "id": "41465", "question": "when were jewish communities expelled ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "1290" } ] }, { "id": "41466", "question": "when were jewish communities expelled from france ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "1306" } ] }, { "id": "41467", "question": "when were the jews expelled from spain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "1492" } ] }, { "id": "41468", "question": "where were the jews expelled to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "Turkey, France, Italy, and Holland" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Strong, royalty-based nation states rose throughout Europe in the Late Middle Ages, particularly in England, France, and the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula: Aragon, Castile, and Portugal. The long conflicts of the period strengthened royal control over their kingdoms and were extremely hard on the peasantry. Kings profited from warfare that extended royal legislation and increased the lands they directly controlled. Paying for the wars required that methods of taxation become more effective and efficient, and the rate of taxation often increased. The requirement to obtain the consent of taxpayers allowed representative bodies such as the English Parliament and the French Estates General to gain power and authority.", "qas": [ { "id": "41469", "question": "where did the iberian peninsula occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "England, France, and the Christian kingdoms" } ] }, { "id": "41470", "question": "what three christian kingdoms were of the iberian peninsula ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "Aragon, Castile, and Portugal" } ] }, { "id": "41471", "question": "what did kings do to the warfare ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 356, "text": "extended royal legislation and increased the lands they directly controlled" } ] }, { "id": "41472", "question": "what were the representative of taxpayers allowed to gain the consent of taxpayers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 655, "text": "the English Parliament and the French Estates General to gain power and authority" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Throughout the 14th century, French kings sought to expand their influence at the expense of the territorial holdings of the nobility. They ran into difficulties when attempting to confiscate the holdings of the English kings in southern France, leading to the Hundred Years' War, waged from 1337 to 1453. Early in the war the English under Edward III (r. 1327\u201377) and his son Edward, the Black Prince (d. 1376), won the battles of Cr\u00e9cy and Poitiers, captured the city of Calais, and won control of much of France. The resulting stresses almost caused the disintegration of the French kingdom during the early years of the war. In the early 15th century, France again came close to dissolving, but in the late 1420s the military successes of Joan of Arc (d. 1431) led to the victory of the French and the capture of the last English possessions in southern France in 1453. The price was high, as the population of France at the end of the Wars was likely half what it had been at the start of the conflict. Conversely, the Wars had a positive effect on English national identity, doing much to fuse the various local identities into a national English ideal. The conflict with France also helped create a national culture in England separate from French culture, which had previously been the dominant influence. The dominance of the English longbow began during early stages of the Hundred Years' War, and cannon appeared on the battlefield at Cr\u00e9cy in 1346.", "qas": [ { "id": "41473", "question": "when did the hundred years ' war end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "1337 to 1453" } ] }, { "id": "41474", "question": "who won the english in the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 341, "text": "Edward III" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In modern-day Germany, the Holy Roman Empire continued to rule, but the elective nature of the imperial crown meant there was no enduring dynasty around which a strong state could form. Further east, the kingdoms of Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia grew powerful. In Iberia, the Christian kingdoms continued to gain land from the Muslim kingdoms of the peninsula; Portugal concentrated on expanding overseas during the 15th century, while the other kingdoms were riven by difficulties over royal succession and other concerns. After losing the Hundred Years' War, England went on to suffer a long civil war known as the Wars of the Roses, which lasted into the 1490s and only ended when Henry Tudor (r. 1485\u20131509 as Henry VII) became king and consolidated power with his victory over Richard III (r. 1483\u201385) at Bosworth in 1485. In Scandinavia, Margaret I of Denmark (r. in Denmark 1387\u20131412) consolidated Norway, Denmark, and Sweden in the Union of Kalmar, which continued until 1523. The major power around the Baltic Sea was the Hanseatic League, a commercial confederation of city states that traded from Western Europe to Russia. Scotland emerged from English domination under Robert the Bruce (r. 1306\u201329), who secured papal recognition of his kingship in 1328.", "qas": [ { "id": "41475", "question": "which countries grew in the kingdoms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia" } ] }, { "id": "41476", "question": "what was the name of england 's civil war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 616, "text": "Wars of the Roses" } ] }, { "id": "41477", "question": "who secured scotland in scotland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1179, "text": "Robert the Bruce" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although the Palaeologi emperors recaptured Constantinople from the Western Europeans in 1261, they were never able to regain control of much of the former imperial lands. They usually controlled only a small section of the Balkan Peninsula near Constantinople, the city itself, and some coastal lands on the Black Sea and around the Aegean Sea. The former Byzantine lands in the Balkans were divided between the new Kingdom of Serbia, the Second Bulgarian Empire and the city-state of Venice. The power of the Byzantine emperors was threatened by a new Turkish tribe, the Ottomans, who established themselves in Anatolia in the 13th century and steadily expanded throughout the 14th century. The Ottomans expanded into Europe, reducing Bulgaria to a vassal state by 1366 and taking over Serbia after its defeat at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389. Western Europeans rallied to the plight of the Christians in the Balkans and declared a new crusade in 1396; a great army was sent to the Balkans, where it was defeated at the Battle of Nicopolis. Constantinople was finally captured by the Ottomans in 1453.", "qas": [ { "id": "41478", "question": "when did the western europeans capture constantinople ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "1261" } ] }, { "id": "41479", "question": "who established the power of the byzantine emperors ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 569, "text": "the Ottomans" } ] }, { "id": "41480", "question": "in what year did the ottomans invade europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 767, "text": "1366" } ] }, { "id": "41481", "question": "in what year was constantinople captured ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1097, "text": "1453" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the tumultuous 14th century, disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1305\u201378, also called the \"Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy\" (a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews), and then to the Great Schism, lasting from 1378 to 1418, when there were two and later three rival popes, each supported by several states. Ecclesiastical officials convened at the Council of Constance in 1414, and in the following year the council deposed one of the rival popes, leaving only two claimants. Further depositions followed, and in November 1417 the council elected Martin V (pope 1417\u201331) as pope.", "qas": [ { "id": "41482", "question": "when was the avignon papacy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "1305\u201378" } ] }, { "id": "41483", "question": "what was the reference to the avignon papacy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy" } ] }, { "id": "41484", "question": "when was the great schism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "1378 to 1418" } ] }, { "id": "41485", "question": "in what year was the council of constance convened ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 432, "text": "1414" } ] }, { "id": "41486", "question": "when did the council elected martin v ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 573, "text": "November 1417" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Besides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wycliffe (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as for holding views on the Eucharist that were contrary to church doctrine. Wycliffe's teachings influenced two of the major heretical movements of the later Middle Ages: Lollardy in England and Hussitism in Bohemia. The Bohemian movement initiated with the teaching of Jan Hus, who was burned at the stake in 1415 after being condemned as a heretic by the Council of Constance. The Hussite church, although the target of a crusade, survived beyond the Middle Ages. Other heresies were manufactured, such as the accusations against the Knights Templar that resulted in their suppression in 1312 and the division of their great wealth between the French King Philip IV (r. 1285\u20131314) and the Hospitallers.", "qas": [ { "id": "41487", "question": "what was the western church riven by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "theological controversies" } ] }, { "id": "41488", "question": "who was condemned as a heretic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "John Wycliffe" } ] }, { "id": "41489", "question": "when was wycliffe born ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "1384" } ] }, { "id": "41490", "question": "in what year was wycliffe condemned ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "1415" } ] }, { "id": "41491", "question": "who was the bohemian movement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 549, "text": "Jan Hus" } ] }, { "id": "41492", "question": "when was jan hus burned ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 589, "text": "1415" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the Later Middle Ages, theologians such as John Duns Scotus (d. 1308) and William of Ockham (d. c. 1348), led a reaction against scholasticism, objecting to the application of reason to faith. Their efforts undermined the prevailing Platonic idea of \"universals\". Ockham's insistence that reason operates independently of faith allowed science to be separated from theology and philosophy. Legal studies were marked by the steady advance of Roman law into areas of jurisprudence previously governed by customary law. The lone exception to this trend was in England, where the common law remained pre-eminent. Other countries codified their laws; legal codes were promulgated in Castile, Poland, and Lithuania.", "qas": [ { "id": "41493", "question": "who led the reaction to scholasticism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "John Duns Scotus" } ] }, { "id": "41494", "question": "in what year did duns scotus die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "1308" } ] }, { "id": "41495", "question": "who was john duns scotus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "William of Ockham" } ] }, { "id": "41496", "question": "what was the name of the platonic idea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "universals" } ] }, { "id": "41497", "question": "what were legal studies marked by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 509, "text": "customary law" } ] }, { "id": "41498", "question": "where were legal codes promulgated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 685, "text": "Castile, Poland, and Lithuania" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Education remained mostly focused on the training of future clergy. The basic learning of the letters and numbers remained the province of the family or a village priest, but the secondary subjects of the trivium\u2014grammar, rhetoric, logic\u2014were studied in cathedral schools or in schools provided by cities. Commercial secondary schools spread, and some Italian towns had more than one such enterprise. Universities also spread throughout Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries. Lay literacy rates rose, but were still low; one estimate gave a literacy rate of ten per cent of males and one per cent of females in 1500.", "qas": [ { "id": "41499", "question": "when did universities begin throughout europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 451, "text": "14th and 15th centuries" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The publication of vernacular literature increased, with Dante (d. 1321), Petrarch (d. 1374) and Giovanni Boccaccio (d. 1375) in 14th-century Italy, Geoffrey Chaucer (d. 1400) and William Langland (d. c. 1386) in England, and Fran\u00e7ois Villon (d. 1464) and Christine de Pizan (d. c. 1430) in France. Much literature remained religious in character, and although a great deal of it continued to be written in Latin, a new demand developed for saints' lives and other devotional tracts in the vernacular languages. This was fed by the growth of the \"Devotio Moderna\" movement, most prominently in the formation of the Brethren of the Common Life, but also in the works of German mystics such as Meister Eckhart and Johannes Tauler (d. 1361). Theatre also developed in the guise of miracle plays put on by the Church. At the end of the period, the development of the printing press in about 1450 led to the establishment of publishing houses throughout Europe by 1500.", "qas": [ { "id": "41500", "question": "in what year did dante die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "1321" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, exploration continued; Bartolomeu Dias (d. 1500) went around the Cape of Good Hope in 1486 and Vasco da Gama (d. 1524) sailed around Africa to India in 1498. The combined Spanish monarchies of Castile and Aragon sponsored the voyage of exploration by Christopher Columbus (d. 1506) in 1492 that discovered the Americas. The English crown under Henry VII sponsored the voyage of John Cabot (d. 1498) in 1497, which landed on Cape Breton Island.", "qas": [ { "id": "41501", "question": "who sent the azores ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal" } ] }, { "id": "41502", "question": "when did prince henry die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "1460" } ] }, { "id": "41503", "question": "who was the leader of africa in 1498 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 318, "text": "Bartolomeu Dias" } ] }, { "id": "41504", "question": "who sponsored the voyage of exploration ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 546, "text": "Christopher Columbus" } ] } ] }, { "context": "One of the major developments in the military sphere during the Late Middle Ages was the increased use of infantry and light cavalry. The English also employed longbowmen, but other countries were unable to create similar forces with the same success. Armour continued to advance, spurred by the increasing power of crossbows, and plate armour was developed to protect soldiers from crossbows as well as the hand-held guns that were developed. Pole arms reached new prominence with the development of the Flemish and Swiss infantry armed with pikes and other long spears.", "qas": [ { "id": "41505", "question": "when was the increased use of infantry and light cavalry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "Late Middle Ages" } ] }, { "id": "41506", "question": "what were the major developments in the late middle ages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "infantry and light cavalry" } ] }, { "id": "41507", "question": "what was the name of the english also employed by the english ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "longbowmen" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In agriculture, the increased usage of sheep with long-fibred wool allowed a stronger thread to be spun. In addition, the spinning wheel replaced the traditional distaff for spinning wool, tripling production. A less technological refinement that still greatly affected daily life was the use of buttons as closures for garments, which allowed for better fitting without having to lace clothing on the wearer. Windmills were refined with the creation of the tower mill, allowing the upper part of the windmill to be spun around to face the direction from which the wind was blowing. The blast furnace appeared around 1350 in Sweden, increasing the quantity of iron produced and improving its quality. The first patent law in 1447 in Venice protected the rights of inventors to their inventions.", "qas": [ { "id": "41508", "question": "when did the blast furnace begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 617, "text": "1350" } ] }, { "id": "41509", "question": "where was the first patent law located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 725, "text": "1447" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Late Middle Ages in Europe as a whole correspond to the Trecento and Early Renaissance cultural periods in Italy. Northern Europe and Spain continued to use Gothic styles, which became increasingly elaborate in the 15th century, until almost the end of the period. International Gothic was a courtly style that reached much of Europe in the decades around 1400, producing masterpieces such as the Tr\u00e8s Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. All over Europe secular art continued to increase in quantity and quality, and in the 15th century the mercantile classes of Italy and Flanders became important patrons, commissioning small portraits of themselves in oils as well as a growing range of luxury items such as jewellery, ivory caskets, cassone chests, and maiolica pottery. These objects also included the Hispano-Moresque ware produced by mostly Mud\u00e9jar potters in Spain. Although royalty owned huge collections of plate, little survives except for the Royal Gold Cup. Italian silk manufacture developed, so that western churches and elites no longer needed to rely on imports from Byzantium or the Islamic world. In France and Flanders tapestry weaving of sets like \"The Lady and the Unicorn\" became a major luxury industry.", "qas": [ { "id": "41510", "question": "when did northern europe and spain become elaborate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "15th century" } ] }, { "id": "41511", "question": "in what year was international gothic gothic style reached ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 360, "text": "1400" } ] }, { "id": "41512", "question": "what was the name of the masterpieces in international gothic style ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 401, "text": "Tr\u00e8s Riches Heures du Duc de Berry" } ] }, { "id": "41513", "question": "what was the name of france 's weaving industry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1169, "text": "The Lady and the Unicorn" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea. Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common, especially as churches created many side-chapels. Early Netherlandish painting by artists such as Jan van Eyck (d. 1441) and Rogier van der Weyden (d. 1464) rivalled that of Italy, as did northern illuminated manuscripts, which in the 15th century began to be collected on a large scale by secular elites, who also commissioned secular books, especially histories. From about 1450 printed books rapidly became popular, though still expensive. There were around 30,000 different editions of incunabula, or works printed before 1500, by which time illuminated manuscripts were commissioned only by royalty and a few others. Very small woodcuts, nearly all religious, were affordable even by peasants in parts of Northern Europe from the middle of the 15th century. More expensive engravings supplied a wealthier market with a variety of images.", "qas": [ { "id": "41514", "question": "who carved tombs in sant ` andrea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "Giovanni Pisano" } ] }, { "id": "41515", "question": "how many different editions of incunabula were there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 781, "text": "30,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The medieval period is frequently caricatured as a \"time of ignorance and superstition\" that placed \"the word of religious authorities over personal experience and rational activity.\" This is a legacy from both the Renaissance and Enlightenment, when scholars favourably contrasted their intellectual cultures with those of the medieval period. Renaissance scholars saw the Middle Ages as a period of decline from the high culture and civilisation of the Classical world; Enlightenment scholars saw reason as superior to faith, and thus viewed the Middle Ages as a time of ignorance and superstition.", "qas": [ { "id": "41516", "question": "what is the medieval period frequently caricatured as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "time of ignorance and superstition" } ] }, { "id": "41517", "question": "when did scholars favourably their intellectual cultures ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "Renaissance and Enlightenment" } ] }, { "id": "41518", "question": "enlightenment scholars viewed the middle ages as what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 573, "text": "ignorance and superstition" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Others argue that reason was generally held in high regard during the Middle Ages. Science historian Edward Grant writes, \"If revolutionary rational thoughts were expressed [in the 18th century], they were only made possible because of the long medieval tradition that established the use of reason as one of the most important of human activities\". Also, contrary to common belief, David Lindberg writes, \"the late medieval scholar rarely experienced the coercive power of the church and would have regarded himself as free (particularly in the natural sciences) to follow reason and observation wherever they led\".", "qas": [ { "id": "41519", "question": "when were reason that reason was generally held in high regard ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "Middle Ages" } ] }, { "id": "41520", "question": "who wrote `` if revolutionary rational thoughts were expressed -lsb- in the 18th century '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "Edward Grant" } ] }, { "id": "41521", "question": "who said that the late medieval scholar was contrary to the natural sciences ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 383, "text": "David Lindberg" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The caricature of the period is also reflected in some more specific notions. One misconception, first propagated in the 19th century and still very common, is that all people in the Middle Ages believed that the Earth was flat. This is untrue, as lecturers in the medieval universities commonly argued that evidence showed the Earth was a sphere. Lindberg and Ronald Numbers, another scholar of the period, state that there \"was scarcely a Christian scholar of the Middle Ages who did not acknowledge [Earth's] sphericity and even know its approximate circumference\". Other misconceptions such as \"the Church prohibited autopsies and dissections during the Middle Ages\", \"the rise of Christianity killed off ancient science\", or \"the medieval Christian church suppressed the growth of natural philosophy\", are all cited by Numbers as examples of widely popular myths that still pass as historical truth, although they are not supported by current historical research.\n", "qas": [ { "id": "41522", "question": "when was one misconception first propagated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "19th century" } ] } ] } ], "title": "Middle Ages" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Thailand ( or ; , , ), officially the Kingdom of Thailand (, ), formerly known as Siam (, ), is a country at the centre of the Indochinese peninsula in Southeast Asia. With a total area of approximately , Thailand is the world's 51st-largest country. It is the 20th-most-populous country in the world, with around 66 million people. The capital and largest city is Bangkok.", "qas": [ { "id": "41523", "question": "what was the name of the kingdom of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "the Kingdom of Thailand" } ] }, { "id": "41524", "question": "what was the kingdom of thailand called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "Siam" } ] }, { "id": "41525", "question": "where is the kingdom of thailand located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "Southeast Asia" } ] }, { "id": "41526", "question": "what country is the world 's 51st-largest country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "Thailand" } ] }, { "id": "41527", "question": "what is thailand 's total area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "51st-largest country" } ] }, { "id": "41528", "question": "how many people live in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 314, "text": "66 million" } ] }, { "id": "41529", "question": "what is the largest city in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 365, "text": "Bangkok" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thailand is a constitutional monarchy and has switched between parliamentary democracy and military junta for decades, the latest coup being in May 2014 by the National Council for Peace and Order. Its capital and most populous city is Bangkok. It is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest.", "qas": [ { "id": "41530", "question": "when was the latest coup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "May 2014" } ] }, { "id": "41531", "question": "who switched the latest coup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "National Council for Peace and Order" } ] }, { "id": "41532", "question": "what is thailand 's capital ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "Bangkok" } ] }, { "id": "41533", "question": "what countries borders thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 276, "text": "Myanmar and Laos" } ] }, { "id": "41534", "question": "what two sea sea borders thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 402, "text": "Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Thai economy is the world's 20th largest by nominal GDP and the 27th largest by GDP at PPP. It became a newly industrialised country and a major exporter in the 1990s. Manufacturing, agriculture, and tourism are leading sectors of the economy. It is considered a middle power in the region and around the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "41535", "question": "what is the thai economy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "nominal GDP and the 27th largest" } ] }, { "id": "41536", "question": "when did the thai economy become a major exporter ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "1990s" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The country has always been called \"Mueang Thai\" by its citizens. By outsiders prior to 1949, it was usually known by the exonym \"Siam\" ( , , also spelled \"Siem\", \"Sy\u00e2m\", or \"Sy\u00e2ma\"). The word \"Siam\" has been identified with the Sanskrit \"\u015ay\u0101ma\" (\u0936\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e, meaning \"dark\" or \"brown\"). The names \"Shan\" and \"A-hom\" seem to be variants of the same word. The word \"\u015ay\u00e2ma\" is possibly not its origin, but a learned and artificial distortion.\nThe signature of King Mongkut (r. 1851 \u2013 1868) reads \"SPPM\" (Somdet Phra Poramenthra Maha) \"Mongkut King of the Siamese\", giving the name \"Siam\" official status until 24 June 1939 when it was changed to Thailand. Thailand was renamed Siam from 1945 to 11 May 1949, after which it again reverted to Thailand.", "qas": [ { "id": "41537", "question": "what is the country always called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "Mueang Thai" } ] }, { "id": "41538", "question": "what was the name of the country that the country was known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "Siam" } ] }, { "id": "41539", "question": "what does the word `` siam '' mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "\u015ay\u0101ma" } ] }, { "id": "41540", "question": "when was thailand renamed to thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 687, "text": "11 May 1949" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to George C\u0153d\u00e8s, the word \"Thai\" (\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22) means \"free man\" in the Thai language, \"differentiating the Thai from the natives encompassed in Thai society as serfs.\" A famous Thai scholar argued that Thai () simply means \"people\" or \"human being\", since his investigation shows that in some rural areas the word \"Thai\" was used instead of the usual Thai word \"khon\" (\u0e04\u0e19) for people.", "qas": [ { "id": "41541", "question": "what word means `` free man '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Thai" } ] }, { "id": "41542", "question": "what does the word thai mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "free man" } ] }, { "id": "41543", "question": "what did the word `` thai '' mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "serfs" } ] }, { "id": "41544", "question": "what is the term for `` people '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "Thai" } ] }, { "id": "41545", "question": "what does thai mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "\"people\" or \"human being\"" } ] }, { "id": "41546", "question": "what was the thai word for the word thai ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 364, "text": "khon" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While Thai people will often refer to their country using the polite form \"prathet Thai\" (), they most commonly use the more colloquial term \"mueang Thai\" () or simply \"Thai\", the word \"mueang\", archaically a city-state, commonly used to refer to a city or town as the centre of a region. \"Ratcha Anachak Thai\" () means \"kingdom of Thailand\" or \"kingdom of Thai\". Etymologically, its components are: \"ratcha\" (Sanskrit \"raja\" \"king, royal, realm\") ; \"-ana-\" (Pali \"\u0101\u1e47\u0101\" \"authority, command, power\", itself from an Old Indo-Aryan form \"\u0101j\u00f1\u0101\" of the same meaning) \"-chak\" (from Sanskrit \"cakra-\" \"wheel\", a symbol of power and rule). The Thai National Anthem (), written by Luang Saranupraphan during the extremely patriotic 1930s, refers to the Thai nation as: \"prathet Thai\" (Thai: \u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22). The first line of the national anthem is: \"prathet thai ruam lueat nuea chat chuea thai\" (), \"Thailand is the unity of Thai flesh and blood.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "41547", "question": "what will thai people refer to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "prathet Thai" } ] }, { "id": "41548", "question": "what is the more colloquial term for thai people ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "mueang Thai" } ] }, { "id": "41549", "question": "what is another term for `` thai '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "mueang" } ] }, { "id": "41550", "question": "what means `` kingdom of thai '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "Ratcha Anachak Thai" } ] }, { "id": "41551", "question": "what is another name for sanskrit ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 401, "text": "ratcha" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There is evidence of human habitation in Thailand that has been dated at 40,000 years before the present, with stone artifacts dated to this period at Tham Lod Rockshelter in Mae Hong Son. Similar to other regions in Southeast Asia, Thailand was heavily influenced by the culture and religions of India, starting with the Kingdom of Funan around the 1st century CE to the Khmer Empire. Thailand in its earliest days was under the rule of the Khmer Empire, which had strong Hindu roots, and the influence among Thais remains even today.\nIndian influence on Thai culture was partly the result of direct contact with Indian settlers, but mainly it was brought about indirectly via the Indianized kingdoms of Dvaravati, Srivijaya, and Cambodia. E.A. Voretzsch believes that Buddhism must have been flowing into Siam from India in the time of the Indian Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Empire and far on into the first millennium after Christ. Later Thailand was influenced by the south Indian Pallava dynasty and north Indian Gupta Empire.", "qas": [ { "id": "41552", "question": "how many years has human habitation been dated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "40,000" } ] }, { "id": "41553", "question": "where is stone artifacts located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "Tham Lod Rockshelter" } ] }, { "id": "41554", "question": "where is stone artifacts located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "Mae Hong Son" } ] }, { "id": "41555", "question": "what kingdom was influenced by the khmer empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "Kingdom of Funan" } ] }, { "id": "41556", "question": "thailand was under the rule of what empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 442, "text": "Khmer Empire" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to George C\u0153d\u00e8s, \"The Thai first enter history of Farther India in the eleventh century with the mention of \"Syam\" slaves or prisoners of war in\" Champa epigraphy, and \"in the twelfth century, the bas-reliefs of Angkor Wat\" where \"a group of warriors\" are described as \"Syam\". Additionally, \"the Mongols, after the seizure of Ta-li on January 7, 1253 and the pacification of Yunnan in 1257, did not look with disfavor on the creation of a series of Thai principalities at the expense of the old Indianized kingdoms.\" The Menam Basin was originally populated by the Mons, and the location of Dvaravati in the 7th century, followed by the Khmer Empire in the 11th. The \"History of the Yuan\" mentions an embassy from the kingdom of Sukhothai in 1282. In 1287, three Thai chiefs, Mangrai, Ngam Muang, and Ram Khamhaeng formed a \"strong pact of friendship\".", "qas": [ { "id": "41557", "question": "what was the group of warriors called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "Syam" } ] }, { "id": "41558", "question": "in what year did the pacification occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 395, "text": "1257" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After the fall of the Khmer Empire in the 13th century, various states thrived there, established by the various Tai peoples, Mons, Khmers, Chams and Ethnic Malays, as seen through the numerous archaeological sites and artefacts that are scattered throughout the Siamese landscape. Prior to the 12th century however, the first Thai or Siamese state is traditionally considered to be the Buddhist Sukhothai Kingdom, which was founded in 1238.", "qas": [ { "id": "41559", "question": "what were the various tai peoples ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "Mons, Khmers, Chams and Ethnic Malays" } ] }, { "id": "41560", "question": "what is traditionally considered to be the buddhist sukhothai kingdom ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 327, "text": "Thai or Siamese state" } ] }, { "id": "41561", "question": "what is the first thai or siamese state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 387, "text": "Buddhist Sukhothai Kingdom" } ] }, { "id": "41562", "question": "when was the buddhist sukhothai kingdom founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 436, "text": "1238" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Following the decline and fall of the Khmer empire in the 13th\u201315th century, the Buddhist Tai kingdoms of Sukhothai, Lanna, and Lan Xang (now Laos) were on the rise. However, a century later, the power of Sukhothai was overshadowed by the new Kingdom of Ayutthaya, established in the mid-14th-century in the lower Chao Phraya River or Menam area.\nAyutthaya's expansion centred along the Menam while in the northern valleys the Lanna Kingdom and other small Tai city-states ruled the area. In 1431, the Khmer abandoned Angkor after Ayutthaya forces invaded the city. Thailand retained a tradition of trade with its neighbouring states, from China to India, Persia, and Arab lands. Ayutthaya became one of the most vibrant trading centres in Asia. European traders arrived in the early 16th century, beginning with the envoy of Portuguese duke Afonso de Albuquerque in 1511, followed by the French, Dutch, and English. The Burmese\u2013Siamese War (1765\u20131767) left Ayutthaya burned and sacked by King Hsinbyushin Konbaung.", "qas": [ { "id": "41563", "question": "what were the buddhist tai kingdoms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Sukhothai, Lanna, and Lan Xang" } ] }, { "id": "41564", "question": "where was the new kingdom of ayutthaya located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 314, "text": "Chao Phraya River or Menam area" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After the fall of Ayutthaya in 1767 to the Burmese, Taksin moved the capital to Thonburi for approximately 15 years. The current Rattanakosin era of Thai history began in 1782 following the establishment of Bangkok as capital of the Chakri dynasty under King Rama I the Great. According to the Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica, \"A quarter to a third of the population of some areas of Thailand and Burma were slaves in the 17th through the 19th centuries.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "41565", "question": "in what year did the fall of ayutthaya occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "1767" } ] }, { "id": "41566", "question": "who moved the capital of ayutthaya ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "Taksin" } ] }, { "id": "41567", "question": "what was the capital of ayutthaya in 1767 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "Thonburi" } ] }, { "id": "41568", "question": "how long did the capital of ayutthaya last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "15 years" } ] }, { "id": "41569", "question": "when did the current rattanakosin era begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "1782" } ] }, { "id": "41570", "question": "who was the capital of thai history ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "King Rama I the Great" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Despite European pressure, Thailand is the only Southeast Asian nation to never have been colonised. This has been ascribed to the long succession of able rulers in the past four centuries who exploited the rivalry and tension between French Indochina and the British Empire. As a result, the country remained a buffer state between parts of Southeast Asia that were colonised by the two colonial powers, Great Britain and France. Western influence nevertheless led to many reforms in the 19th century and major concessions, most notably the loss of a large territory on the east side of the Mekong to the French and the step-by-step absorption by Britain of the Shan and Karen people areas and Malay Peninsula.", "qas": [ { "id": "41571", "question": "who did the succession of able to the rivalry with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 235, "text": "French Indochina and the British Empire" } ] }, { "id": "41572", "question": "which two countries were colonised by the two colonial powers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 405, "text": "Great Britain and France" } ] }, { "id": "41573", "question": "who absorption the loss of a large territory in the 19th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 648, "text": "Britain of the Shan and Karen people areas and Malay Peninsula" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As part of the concessions which the Chakri dynasty offered to the British Empire in return for their support, Siam ceded four predominantly ethnic-Malay southern provinces to the British Empire in the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909. These four provinces (Kelantan,Tringganu, Kedah, Perlis) would later became Malaysia's four northern states.", "qas": [ { "id": "41574", "question": "what offered the british empire in return to the british empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Chakri dynasty" } ] }, { "id": "41575", "question": "how many southern provinces did the british lose to the british empire in 1909 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "41576", "question": "in what treaty did the british lose the british empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1917, Siam joined the Allies of World War I and is counted as one of the victors of World War I.", "qas": [ { "id": "41577", "question": "when did the victors of world war i take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1917" } ] }, { "id": "41578", "question": "who did the victors conquer in 1917 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "Allies of World War I" } ] }, { "id": "41579", "question": "what was the victors of world war i counted as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "World War I." } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1932, a bloodless revolution carried out by the Khana Ratsadon group of military and civilian officials resulted in a transition of power, when King Prajadhipok was forced to grant the people of Siam their first constitution, thereby ending centuries of absolute monarchy.", "qas": [ { "id": "41580", "question": "in what year was the revolution carried out ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1932" } ] }, { "id": "41581", "question": "who carried out a transition of power in 1932 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "Khana Ratsadon" } ] }, { "id": "41582", "question": "who was forced to grant the people of siam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "King Prajadhipok" } ] }, { "id": "41583", "question": "what did king prajadhipok grant to grant the people of power ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "Siam their first constitution" } ] }, { "id": "41584", "question": "how long did the first constitution take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 237, "text": "ending centuries of absolute monarchy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1939, the name of the kingdom, \"Siam\", was changed to \"Thailand\".", "qas": [ { "id": "41585", "question": "in what year was the name of the kingdom of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1939" } ] }, { "id": "41586", "question": "what was the name of the kingdom of the kingdom ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "Siam" } ] }, { "id": "41587", "question": "what was the name of the kingdom of the kingdom ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "Thailand" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During World War II, the Empire of Japan demanded the right to move troops across Thailand to the Malayan frontier. The Japanese invasion of Thailand on 8 December 1941 occurred in co-ordination with attacks throughout Asia and engaged the Royal Thai Army for six to eight hours before Plaek Phibunsongkhram ordered an armistice. Shortly thereafter, Japan was granted free passage, and on 21 December 1941, Thailand and Japan signed a military alliance with a secret protocol, wherein Tokyo agreed to help Thailand regain territories lost to the British and French.", "qas": [ { "id": "41588", "question": "who demanded the right to move troops across thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "the Empire of Japan" } ] }, { "id": "41589", "question": "when was the japanese invasion of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "8 December 1941" } ] }, { "id": "41590", "question": "how long did the royal thai army last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "six to eight hours" } ] }, { "id": "41591", "question": "who ordered the armistice army ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "Plaek Phibunsongkhram" } ] }, { "id": "41592", "question": "on what date did thailand begin to help thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 389, "text": "21 December 1941" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Subsequently, Thailand declared war on the United States and the United Kingdom on 25 January 1942, and undertook to \"assist\" Japan in its war against the Allies, while at the same time maintaining an active anti-Japanese Free Thai Movement. Approximately 200,000 Asian labourers (mainly romusha) and 60,000 Allied prisoners of war (POWs) worked on the Burma Railway, which is commonly known as the \"Death Railway\".", "qas": [ { "id": "41593", "question": "when did thailand declare war on the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "25 January 1942" } ] }, { "id": "41594", "question": "how many asian labourers were worked on the burma railway ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "200,000" } ] }, { "id": "41595", "question": "how many allied prisoners of war were there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 301, "text": "60,000" } ] }, { "id": "41596", "question": "where did the pows of war come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 353, "text": "Burma Railway" } ] }, { "id": "41597", "question": "what is the name of the burma railway railway ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "Death Railway" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After the war, Thailand emerged as an ally of the United States. As with many of the developing nations during the Cold War, Thailand then went through decades of political instability characterised by a number of coups d'\u00e9tat, as one military regime replaced another, but eventually progressed towards a stable, prosperous democracy in the 1980s.", "qas": [ { "id": "41598", "question": "what was the number of political instability in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "coups d'\u00e9tat" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The politics of Thailand is currently conducted within the framework of a constitutional monarchy, whereby the Prime Minister is the head of government and a hereditary monarch is head of state. The judiciary is supposed to be independent of the executive and the legislative branches, although judicial rulings are suspected of being based on political considerations rather than on existing law.", "qas": [ { "id": "41599", "question": "where is the politics of thailand located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "the framework of a constitutional monarchy" } ] }, { "id": "41600", "question": "who is the head of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "the Prime Minister" } ] }, { "id": "41601", "question": "who is the prime minister of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "the head of government and a hereditary monarch" } ] }, { "id": "41602", "question": "the judiciary is supposed to be independent of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "the executive and the legislative branches" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since the political reform of the absolute monarchy in 1932, Thailand has had 19 constitutions and charters. Throughout this time, the form of government has ranged from military dictatorship to electoral democracy, but all governments have acknowledged a hereditary monarch as the head of state.", "qas": [ { "id": "41603", "question": "in what year did the political reform occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "1932" } ] }, { "id": "41604", "question": "how many constitutions did thailand have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "19" } ] }, { "id": "41605", "question": "what does the form of government form ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "military dictatorship to electoral democracy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Prior to 1932, the Kingdom of Siam did not possess a legislature, as all legislative powers were vested in the person of the monarch. This had been the case since the foundation of the Sukhothai Kingdom in the 12th century as the king was seen as a \"Dharmaraja\" or \"king who rules in accordance with Dharma\", (the Buddhist law of righteousness). However, on 24 June 1932 a group of civilians and military officers, calling themselves the Khana Ratsadon (or People's Party) carried out a bloodless revolution in which the 150 years of absolute rule of the Chakri Dynasty ended. In its stead the group advocated a constitutional form of monarchy with an elected legislature.", "qas": [ { "id": "41606", "question": "when did the kingdom of siam take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "1932" } ] }, { "id": "41607", "question": "what was the name of the king who rules the king who was seen as a king ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "Dharmaraja" } ] }, { "id": "41608", "question": "when was a group of civilians and military officers calling ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 358, "text": "24 June 1932" } ] }, { "id": "41609", "question": "what was the name of the party that carried out a bloodless revolution in which the 150 years of absolute rule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 438, "text": "Khana Ratsadon" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The \"Draft Constitution\" of 1932 signed by King Prajadhipok created Thailand's first legislature, a People's Assembly with 70 appointed members. The assembly met for the first time on 28 June 1932, in the Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall. The Khana Ratsadon decided that the people were not yet ready for an elected assembly. They later changed their minds. By the time the \"permanent\" constitution came into force in December of that year, elections were scheduled for 15 November 1933. The new constitution changed the composition of the assembly to 78 directly elected and 78 appointed (by the Khana Ratsadon), together totalling 156 members.", "qas": [ { "id": "41610", "question": "who signed the `` draft constitution '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "King Prajadhipok" } ] }, { "id": "41611", "question": "how many members did thailand have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "70" } ] }, { "id": "41612", "question": "when did the assembly met for the first time ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "28 June 1932" } ] }, { "id": "41613", "question": "where did the assembly of the assembly take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall" } ] }, { "id": "41614", "question": "when did the permanent constitution begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 465, "text": "15 November 1933" } ] }, { "id": "41615", "question": "how many members did the new constitution have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 628, "text": "156" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The history of Thailand from 1932 to 1973 was dominated by military dictatorships which were in power for much of the period. The main personalities of the period were the dictator Luang Phibunsongkhram (better known as Phibun), who allied the country with Japan during the Second World War, and the civilian politician Pridi Phanomyong, who founded Thammasat University and was briefly the prime minister after the war.", "qas": [ { "id": "41616", "question": "when did the history of thailand end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "1932 to 1973" } ] }, { "id": "41617", "question": "what dominated the history of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "military dictatorships" } ] }, { "id": "41618", "question": "who was the main personalities of the period ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "Luang Phibunsongkhram" } ] }, { "id": "41619", "question": "what was the name of the dictator better known for japan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "Phibun" } ] }, { "id": "41620", "question": "who was the civilian politician after the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 320, "text": "Pridi Phanomyong" } ] }, { "id": "41621", "question": "what was the name of the university that was founded in the second world war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 350, "text": "Thammasat University" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Japan invaded Thailand on 8 December 1941. For events subsequent to the abdication of the king, including the name change of 1939, up to the coup d'\u00e9tat of 1957, see Plaek Pibulsonggram.", "qas": [ { "id": "41622", "question": "when did japan invade thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "8 December 1941" } ] }, { "id": "41623", "question": "what year was the name of the name change ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "1939" } ] }, { "id": "41624", "question": "when did the coup end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "1957" } ] }, { "id": "41625", "question": "what was the name of the name of the coup that the coup d'\u00e9tat ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "Plaek Pibulsonggram" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A succession of military dictators followed Pridi's ousting \u2014 Phibun again, Sarit Dhanarajata and Thanom Kittikachorn \u2014 under whom traditional, authoritarian rule was combined with increasing modernisation and westernisation under the influence of the US. The end of the period was marked by Thanom's resignation, following a massacre of pro-democracy protesters led by Thammasat students. Thanom misread the situation as a coup d'\u00e9tat, and fled, leaving the country leaderless. HM appointed Thammasat University chancellor Sanya Dharmasakti PM by royal command.", "qas": [ { "id": "41626", "question": "who was the succession of military dictators ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "Sarit Dhanarajata and Thanom Kittikachorn" } ] }, { "id": "41627", "question": "what marked the end of the period of the period ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "Thanom's resignation" } ] }, { "id": "41628", "question": "what was the name of the chancellor chancellor chancellor chancellor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 524, "text": "Sanya Dharmasakti PM" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thailand helped the USA and South Vietnam in the Vietnam War between 1965\u20131971. The USAF based F-4 Phantom fighters at Udon and Ubon Air Base, and stationed B-52s at U-Tapao. Thai forces also saw heavy action in the covert war in Laos that occurred from 1964 to 1972.", "qas": [ { "id": "41629", "question": "what two countries did thailand fight in the vietnam war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "USA and South Vietnam" } ] }, { "id": "41630", "question": "when did thailand invade the vietnam war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "1965\u20131971" } ] }, { "id": "41631", "question": "what did the usaf call the usaf ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "F-4 Phantom fighters" } ] }, { "id": "41632", "question": "where did the usaf based f-4 phantom fighters ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "Udon and Ubon Air Base" } ] }, { "id": "41633", "question": "where was the usaf stationed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "U-Tapao" } ] }, { "id": "41634", "question": "when did the war in laos end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "1964 to 1972" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1973, there was a popular uprising which resulted in the end of the ruling military dictatorship of anti-communist Thanom Kittikachorn and altered the Thai political system. Notably, it highlighted the growing influence of Thai university students in politics.", "qas": [ { "id": "41635", "question": "when was the thai political system popular ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1973" } ] }, { "id": "41636", "question": "who was the anti-communist military dictatorship in 1973 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "Thanom Kittikachorn" } ] }, { "id": "41637", "question": "what was the name of the system that was altered in 1973 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "the Thai political system" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The National Student Center of Thailand (NSCT) led by Thirayuth Boonmee had begun a campaign to boycott Japanese goods in 1972. When this succeeded, the NSCT organised an all-night sit-in at Thammasat University and a march from there to Chulalongkorn University, in December 1972, to protest against the government's National Executive Council Decree No. 299. A protest rally was also held at Chiang Mai University. Finally, in June 1973, several university students from Ramkhamhaeng University were expelled for publishing a satire on the ruling government. The NSCT reacted by organising rallies to call for the reinstatement of the students. Subsequently, the government decided to close the universities which caused the rallies to grow in size, reaching 50,000. Eventually, the government relented and reinstated the students, and the rector of the university was forced to resign.", "qas": [ { "id": "41638", "question": "who led the national student center of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "Thirayuth Boonmee" } ] }, { "id": "41639", "question": "when did the national student center of thailand begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "1972" } ] }, { "id": "41640", "question": "what was the name of the university of university in 1972 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "Chulalongkorn University" } ] }, { "id": "41641", "question": "what was no. 299 299 .", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 318, "text": "National Executive Council Decree No" } ] }, { "id": "41642", "question": "what did the national executive council decree no. 299 council decree ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 356, "text": "299" } ] }, { "id": "41643", "question": "where was a protest rally held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 394, "text": "Chiang Mai University" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Then, in October 1973, Thirayuth Boonmee and ten other political activists were arrested for distributing leaflets in crowded places in Bangkok and one other person accused of being a member of a group advocating early promulgation of the permanent constitution was arrested. More than 2,000 students from Thammasat University demonstrated at an anti-government rally. Violence broke out and continued on 15 October around the police headquarters, with students demanding that Thanom be removed as head of the armed forces. Only when it was announced that Thanom, Praphas, and Thanom's son, Colonel Narong Kittikachorn, who was married to Praphas' daughter, had fled the country did calm return to Bangkok. The end had come as quickly and unexpectedly as the violence had begun.", "qas": [ { "id": "41644", "question": "when was the permanent constitution arrested ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "October 1973" } ] }, { "id": "41645", "question": "who was arrested in october 1973 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "Thirayuth Boonmee" } ] }, { "id": "41646", "question": "how many students demonstrated in an anti-government rally ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "2,000" } ] }, { "id": "41647", "question": "on what date did violence begin to police ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 405, "text": "15 October" } ] }, { "id": "41648", "question": "who was married to praphas the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 591, "text": "Colonel Narong Kittikachorn" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The leaders of the junta were forced to step down; they took refuge in the United States or Taiwan. However, the January 1975 elections failed to produce a stable party majority, and fresh elections in April 1976 produced the same result.", "qas": [ { "id": "41649", "question": "when did fresh elections begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "April 1976" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By late 1976 moderate middle class opinion had turned away from the activism of the students, who had moved increasingly to the left. The army and the right-wing parties began a propaganda war against student liberalism by accusing student activists of being 'communists' and through formal paramilitary organizations such the Village Scouts and the Red Gaurs many of those students were killed. Matters came to a head in October when Thanom returned to Thailand to enter a royal monastery, Wat Bovorn.", "qas": [ { "id": "41650", "question": "in what year was the moderate middle class opinion turned away ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 8, "text": "1976" } ] }, { "id": "41651", "question": "who were the formal paramilitary organizations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 327, "text": "Village Scouts and the Red Gaurs" } ] }, { "id": "41652", "question": "what was the name of thailand 's monastery ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 491, "text": "Wat Bovorn" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1976, students protesters occupied the Thammasat University campus and held protests over the violent deaths of the workers and staged a mock hanging of the victims, one of whom allegedly bore a resemblance to the Crown Prince. Some newspapers the following day, including the Bangkok Post, published an altered version of a photo of the event, which suggested the protestors had committed lese majeste. Rightist and ultra-conservative icons such as Samak Sundaravej blasted the protestors, instigating violent means to suppress them, culminating in the 6 October 1976 Massacre. The army unleashed the paramilitaries and mob violence followed, in which many were killed.", "qas": [ { "id": "41653", "question": "in what year did students occupied the university campus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1976" } ] }, { "id": "41654", "question": "who did students protesters bore a resemblance to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "Crown Prince" } ] }, { "id": "41655", "question": "what post published an altered version of a photo of the event ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "Bangkok Post" } ] }, { "id": "41656", "question": "who blasted the protestors in 1976 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 453, "text": "Samak Sundaravej" } ] }, { "id": "41657", "question": "when did the protestors icons occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 557, "text": "6 October 1976 Massacre" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 1997 Constitution was the first constitution to be drafted by popularly elected Constitutional Drafting Assembly, and was popularly called the \"people's constitution\". The 1997 Constitution created a bicameral legislature consisting of a 500-seat House of Representatives (\u0e2a\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e41\u0e17\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e23, \"sapha phu thaen ratsadon\") and a 200-seat Senate (\u0e27\u0e38\u0e12\u0e34\u0e2a\u0e20\u0e32, \"wutthisapha\"). For the first time in Thai history, both houses were directly elected.", "qas": [ { "id": "41658", "question": "what was the first constitution to be drafted by the 1997 constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "Constitutional Drafting Assembly" } ] }, { "id": "41659", "question": "what was the 1997 constitution called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "people's constitution\"" } ] }, { "id": "41660", "question": "what was the name of the bicameral legislature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "500-seat House of Representatives" } ] }, { "id": "41661", "question": "what was the name of the senate 's senate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 327, "text": "200-seat Senate" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many human rights were explicitly acknowledged, and measures were established to increase the stability of elected governments. The House was elected by the first past the post system, where only one candidate with a simple majority could be elected in one constituency. The Senate was elected based on the provincial system, where one province could return more than one senator depending on its population size.", "qas": [ { "id": "41662", "question": "why were measures established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "increase the stability of elected governments" } ] }, { "id": "41663", "question": "who elected the house house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "the first past the post system" } ] }, { "id": "41664", "question": "where was the senate elected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 303, "text": "the provincial system" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The two houses of the National Assembly have two different terms. In accordance with the constitution the Senate is elected to a six-year term, while the House is elected to a four-year term. Overall the term of the National Assembly is based on that of the House. The National Assembly each year will sit in two sessions: an \"ordinary session\" and a \"legislative session\". The first session of the National Assembly must take place within thirty days after the general election of the House of Representatives. The first session must be opened by the king in person by reading a Speech from the Throne; this ceremony is held in the Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall. He may also appoint the crown prince or a representative to carry out this duty. It is also the duty of the king to prorogue sessions through a royal decree when the House term expires. The king also has the prerogative to call extraordinary sessions and prolong sessions upon advice of the House of Representatives.", "qas": [ { "id": "41665", "question": "the term of the national assembly is based on what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "the House" } ] }, { "id": "41666", "question": "where is the first session held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 633, "text": "Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The National Assembly may host a \"joint-sitting\" of both Houses under several circumstances. These include: The appointment of a regent, any alteration to the 1924 Palace Law of Succession, the opening of the first session, the announcement of policies by the Cabinet of Thailand, the approval of the declaration of war, the hearing of explanations and approval of a treaty and the amendment of the Constitution.", "qas": [ { "id": "41667", "question": "what does the national assembly host ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "joint-sitting\" of both Houses under several circumstances" } ] }, { "id": "41668", "question": "when was the palace law of succession passed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "1924" } ] }, { "id": "41669", "question": "what was the first session of the declaration of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "Palace Law of Succession" } ] }, { "id": "41670", "question": "who policies the announcement of the declaration of war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "the Cabinet of Thailand" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Members of the House of Representatives served four-year terms, while senators served six-year terms. The 1997 People's Constitution also promoted human rights more than any other constitution. The court system (\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25, san) included a constitutional court with jurisdiction over the constitutionality of parliamentary acts, royal decrees, and political matters.", "qas": [ { "id": "41671", "question": "how many terms did members of the house of representatives have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "four-year terms" } ] }, { "id": "41672", "question": "how many terms did senators of the house of representatives have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "six-year terms" } ] }, { "id": "41673", "question": "what document promoted human rights more than any other constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "The 1997 People's Constitution" } ] }, { "id": "41674", "question": "what were the parliamentary acts of parliamentary acts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "royal decrees, and political matters" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The January 2001 general election, the first election under the 1997 Constitution, was called the most open, corruption-free election in Thai history.\nThai Rak Thai Party, led by Thaksin Shinawatra won the election. The Thaksin government was the first in Thai history to complete a four-year term. The 2005 election had the highest voter turnout in Thai history, and Thai Rak Thai Party won an absolute majority. However, despite efforts to clean up the system, vote buying and electoral violence remained electoral problems in 2005.", "qas": [ { "id": "41675", "question": "what was the name of the party that won the election of the election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "Thai Rak Thai Party" } ] }, { "id": "41676", "question": "who led the thai party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "Thaksin Shinawatra" } ] }, { "id": "41677", "question": "what was the name of the party won by the 2005 election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 368, "text": "Thai Rak Thai Party" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The PollWatch Foundation, Thailand's most prominent election watchdog, declared that vote buying in this election, specifically in the north and the northeast, was more serious than in the 2001 election. The organisation also accused the government of violating the election law by abusing state power in presenting new projects in a bid to seek votes.", "qas": [ { "id": "41678", "question": "what was thailand 's most prominent election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "PollWatch Foundation" } ] }, { "id": "41679", "question": "where was thailand 's most serious election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "the north and the northeast" } ] }, { "id": "41680", "question": "what was the organisation of the election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "violating the election law by abusing state power in presenting new projects in a bid to seek votes" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Without meeting much resistance, a military junta overthrew the interim government of Thaksin Shinawatra on 19 September 2006. The junta abrogated the constitution, dissolved Parliament and the Constitutional Court, detained and later removed several members of the government, declared martial law, and appointed one of the king's Privy Counselors, General Surayud Chulanont, as the Prime Minister. The junta later wrote a highly abbreviated interim constitution and appointed a panel to draft a new permanent constitution. The junta also appointed a 250-member legislature, called by some critics a \"chamber of generals\" while others claimed that it lacks representatives from the poor majority.", "qas": [ { "id": "41681", "question": "what was the name of the interim government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "Thaksin Shinawatra" } ] }, { "id": "41682", "question": "when was the interim government overthrew ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "19 September 2006" } ] }, { "id": "41683", "question": "who did the junta support ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "Parliament and the Constitutional Court" } ] }, { "id": "41684", "question": "who was the prime minister ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 350, "text": "General Surayud Chulanont" } ] }, { "id": "41685", "question": "what was the name of the legislature that was appointed by some critics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 552, "text": "250-member" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In this interim constitution draft, the head of the junta was allowed to remove the prime minister at any time. The legislature was not allowed to hold a vote of confidence against the cabinet and the public was not allowed to file comments on bills. This interim constitution was later surpassed by the permanent constitution on 24 August 2007. Martial law was partially revoked in January 2007. The ban on political activities was lifted in July 2007, following the 30 May dissolution of the Thai Rak Thai party. The new constitution was approved by referendum on 19 August, which led to a return to a democratic general election on 23 December 2007.", "qas": [ { "id": "41686", "question": "when was the permanent constitution surpassed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 330, "text": "24 August 2007" } ] }, { "id": "41687", "question": "when was martial law partially revoked ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 383, "text": "January 2007" } ] }, { "id": "41688", "question": "when was the ban on political activities lifted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 443, "text": "July 2007" } ] }, { "id": "41689", "question": "how did the ban on political activities end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 468, "text": "30 May dissolution of the Thai Rak Thai party" } ] }, { "id": "41690", "question": "when was the new constitution approved ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 566, "text": "19 August" } ] }, { "id": "41691", "question": "on what date did the referendum begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 635, "text": "23 December 2007" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The People's Power Party (Thailand), led by Samak Sundaravej, formed a government with five smaller parties. Following several court rulings against him in a variety of scandals, and surviving a vote of no confidence, and protesters blockading government buildings and airports, in September 2008, Sundaravej was found guilty of conflict of interest by the Constitutional Court of Thailand (due to being a host in a TV cooking program), and thus, ended his term in office.", "qas": [ { "id": "41692", "question": "who led the people 's power party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Samak Sundaravej" } ] }, { "id": "41693", "question": "how many smaller parties were formed in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "five" } ] }, { "id": "41694", "question": "in what month and year did the constitutional court of thailand begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "September 2008" } ] }, { "id": "41695", "question": "who found interest in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 357, "text": "Constitutional Court of Thailand" } ] } ] }, { "context": "He was replaced by PPP member Somchai Wongsawat. As of October 2008, Wongsawat was unable to gain access to his offices, which were occupied by protesters from the People's Alliance for Democracy. On 2 December 2008, Thailand's Constitutional Court in a highly controversial ruling found the Peoples Power Party guilty of electoral fraud, which led to the dissolution of the party according to the law. It was later alleged in media reports that at least one member of the judiciary had a telephone conversation with officials working for the Office of the Privy Council and one other. The phone call was taped and has since circulated on the Internet. In it, the callers discuss finding a way to ensure the ruling PPP party would be disbanded. Accusations of judicial interference were levelled in the media but the recorded call was dismissed as a hoax. However, in June 2010, supporters of the eventually disbanded PPP were charged with tapping a judge's phone.", "qas": [ { "id": "41696", "question": "who replaced he ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "Somchai Wongsawat" } ] }, { "id": "41697", "question": "on what date was the peoples power guilty of electoral fraud ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "2 December 2008" } ] }, { "id": "41698", "question": "what was the name of thailand 's constitutional court ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "Peoples Power Party guilty of electoral fraud" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Immediately following what many media described as a \"judicial coup\", a senior member of the Armed Forces met with factions of the governing coalition to get their members to join the opposition and the Democrat Party was able to form a government, a first for the party since 2001. The leader of the Democrat party, and former leader of the opposition, Abhisit Vejjajiva, was appointed and sworn in as the 27th Prime Minister, together with the new cabinet on 17 December 2008.", "qas": [ { "id": "41699", "question": "what was the name of the senior member of the armed forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "judicial coup" } ] }, { "id": "41700", "question": "who was the former leader of the opposition party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 354, "text": "Abhisit Vejjajiva" } ] }, { "id": "41701", "question": "what was the name of the former minister of the democrat ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 407, "text": "27th Prime Minister" } ] }, { "id": "41702", "question": "when was the 27th prime minister ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 461, "text": "17 December 2008" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In April 2009, protests by the National United Front of Democracy Against Dictatorship (UDD, or \"Red Shirts\") forced the cancellation of the Fourth East Asia Summit after protesters stormed the Royal Cliff hotel venue in Pattaya, smashing the glass doors of the venue to gain entry, and a blockade prevented the Chinese premier at the time, Wen Jiabao, from attending. The summit was eventually held in Thailand in October 2009.", "qas": [ { "id": "41703", "question": "what forced the cancellation of the fourth east asia summit ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "National United Front of Democracy Against Dictatorship" } ] }, { "id": "41704", "question": "what summit did the national united front of democracy against ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "Fourth East Asia Summit" } ] }, { "id": "41705", "question": "in what year was the royal cliff hotel venue passed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 221, "text": "Pattaya" } ] }, { "id": "41706", "question": "what was the name of the blockade prevented the chinese premier at the time ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 341, "text": "Wen Jiabao" } ] }, { "id": "41707", "question": "where was the summit of the summit held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 403, "text": "Thailand" } ] }, { "id": "41708", "question": "when was the summit held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 415, "text": "October 2009" } ] } ] }, { "context": "About a year later, a set of new \"Red Shirts\" protests resulted in 87 deaths (mostly civilian and some military) and 1,378 injured. When the army tried to disperse the protesters on 10 April 2010, it was met with automatic gunfire, grenades, and fire bombs from the opposition faction in the army, known as the \"watermelon\". This resulted in the army returning fire with rubber bullets and some live ammunition. During the time of the \"red shirt\" protests against the government, there have been numerous grenade and bomb attacks against government offices and the homes of government officials. Gas grenades were fired at \"yellow-shirt\" protesters, who were protesting against the \"red shirts\" and in favor of the government, by unknown gunmen killing one pro-government protester; the government stated that the Red Shirts were firing the weapons at civilians. Red shirts continued to hold a position in the business district of Bangkok and it was shut down for several weeks.", "qas": [ { "id": "41709", "question": "how many deaths did red shirts have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "87" } ] }, { "id": "41710", "question": "what was the name of the `` red shirts '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "1,378" } ] }, { "id": "41711", "question": "when did the army disperse the protesters ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "10 April 2010" } ] }, { "id": "41712", "question": "what was the name of the opposition faction in the army ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "watermelon" } ] }, { "id": "41713", "question": "where were gas grenades fired ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 624, "text": "yellow-shirt\" protesters" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 3 July 2011, the oppositional Pheu Thai Party, led by Yingluck Shinawatra (the youngest sister of Thaksin Shinawatra), won the general election by a landslide (265 seats in the House of Representatives, out of 500). She had never previously been involved in politics, Pheu Thai campaigning for her with the slogan 'Thaksin thinks, Pheu Thai acts'. Yingluck is the nation's first female prime minister and her role was officially endorsed in a ceremony presided over by King Bhumibol Adulyadej. The Pheu Thai Party is a continuation of Thaksin's Thai Rak Thai party.", "qas": [ { "id": "41714", "question": "what party won the general election in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "Pheu Thai Party" } ] }, { "id": "41715", "question": "who was the youngest sister of the thai party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Yingluck Shinawatra" } ] }, { "id": "41716", "question": "what was the youngest sister of the thai party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "Thaksin Shinawatra" } ] }, { "id": "41717", "question": "how many seats were in the landslide election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "265" } ] }, { "id": "41718", "question": "who is the first female prime minister ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 351, "text": "Yingluck" } ] }, { "id": "41719", "question": "who endorsed the first prime minister ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 472, "text": "King Bhumibol Adulyadej" } ] }, { "id": "41720", "question": "what party is a continuation of thai party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 501, "text": "Pheu Thai Party" } ] }, { "id": "41721", "question": "what is the thai party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 538, "text": "Thaksin's Thai Rak Thai party" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Protests recommenced in late 2013, as a broad alliance of protestors, led by former opposition deputy leader Suthep Thaugsuban, demanded an end to the so-called Thaksin regime. A blanket amnesty for people involved in the 2010 protests, altered at the last minute to include all political crimes \u2013 including all convictions against Thaksin \u2013 triggered a mass show of discontent, with numbers variously estimated between 98,500 (the police) and 400,000 (an aerial photo survey done by the Bangkok Post), taking to the streets. The Senate was urged to reject the bill to quell the reaction, but the measure failed. A newly named group, the People's Democratic Reform Committee (PDRC) along with allied groups, escalated the pressure, with the opposition Democrat party resigning en masse to create a parliamentary vacuum. Protesters demands variously evolved as the movement's numbers grew, extending a number of deadlines and demands that became increasingly unreasonable or unrealistic, yet attracting a groundswell of support. They called for the establishment of an indirectly elected \u201cpeople\u2019s council\u201d\u2014in place of Yingluck's government\u2014that will cleanse Thai politics and eradicate the Thaksin regime.", "qas": [ { "id": "41722", "question": "who was the former opposition deputy leader ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Suthep Thaugsuban" } ] }, { "id": "41723", "question": "what was the name of the regime that led the end of protests ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Thaksin regime" } ] }, { "id": "41724", "question": "what was the name of the police police ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 420, "text": "98,500" } ] }, { "id": "41725", "question": "what is the name of the newly known group to create a parliamentary vacuum ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 638, "text": "People's Democratic Reform Committee" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In response to the intensive protests, Yingluck dissolved parliament on 9 December 2013 and proposed a new election for 2 February 2014, a date that was later approved by the election commission. The PDRC insisted that the prime minister stand down within 24 hours, regardless of her actions, with 160,000 protesters in attendance at Government House on 9 December. Yingluck insisted that she would continue her duties until the scheduled election in February 2014, urging the protesters to accept her proposal: \"Now that the government has dissolved parliament, I ask that you stop protesting and that all sides work towards elections. I have backed down to the point where I don't know how to back down any further.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "41726", "question": "when did the election of the election take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "9 December 2013" } ] }, { "id": "41727", "question": "when was the new election proposed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "2 February 2014" } ] }, { "id": "41728", "question": "how long did the prime minister stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "24 hours" } ] }, { "id": "41729", "question": "how many protesters did the prime minister have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "160,000" } ] }, { "id": "41730", "question": "on what date did the prime minister stand for attendance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 354, "text": "9 December" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In response to the Electoral Commission (EC)'s registration process for party-list candidates\u2014for the scheduled election in February 2014\u2014anti-government protesters marched to the Thai-Japanese sports stadium, the venue of the registration process, on 22 December 2013. Suthep and the PDRC led the protest, of which security forces claimed that approximately 270,000 protesters joined. Yingluck and the Pheu Thai Party reiterated their election plan and anticipate presenting a list of 125 party-list candidates to the EC.", "qas": [ { "id": "41731", "question": "when did the registration process begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "22 December 2013" } ] }, { "id": "41732", "question": "how many protesters were joined by security forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 359, "text": "270,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 7 May 2014, the Constitutional Court ruled that Yingluck would have to step down as the Prime Minister as she was deemed to have abused her power in transferring a high-level government official. On 21 August 2014 she was replaced by army chief General Prayut Chan-o-cha.", "qas": [ { "id": "41733", "question": "when did the constitutional court rule that the constitutional court was deemed to step down as the prime minister ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "7 May 2014" } ] }, { "id": "41734", "question": "when was she replaced by army chief general ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "21 August 2014" } ] }, { "id": "41735", "question": "who replaced the army in august 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "General Prayut Chan-o-cha" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 20 May 2014 the Thai army declared martial law and began to deploy troops in the capital, denying that it was a coup attempt. On 22 May, the army admitted that it was a coup and that it was taking control of the country and suspending the country's constitution. On the same day, the military imposed a curfew between the hours of 22:00\u201305:00, ordering citizens and visitors to remain indoors during this period. On 21 August 2014 the National Assembly of Thailand elected the army chief, General Prayut Chan-o-cha, as prime minister. Martial law was declared formally ended on 1 April 2015. \"Uniformed or ex-military men have led Thailand for 55 of the 83 years since absolute monarchy was overthrown in 1932...\" observed one journalist in 2015.", "qas": [ { "id": "41736", "question": "when did the thai army declare martial law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "20 May 2014" } ] }, { "id": "41737", "question": "what was the hours of the curfew ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 334, "text": "22:00\u201305:00" } ] }, { "id": "41738", "question": "who was the army of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 492, "text": "General Prayut Chan-o-cha" } ] }, { "id": "41739", "question": "when was martial law declared formally ended ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 581, "text": "1 April 2015" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The ruling junta led by Prayuth Chan-o-cha promised to hold new elections, but wants to enact a new constitution before the elections are held. An initial draft constitution was rejected by government officials in 2015. A national referendum, the first since the 2014 coup, on a newly drafted constitution is scheduled for early August 2016. The new draft constitution would grant the constitutional court final authority in times of crisis, a power previously held by the King. The draft would also allow a person other than a member of parliament to be the prime minister, which would open the prime minister post to a military official. However, there remain deep disagreements regarding how much power should rest with the democratically elected government. There are indications that public debate in the run up to the referendum will be severely curtailed by the military government. The head of the Thai army, Gen. Theerachai Nakvanich, has announced the setting up of re-education camps for critics of the regime, \"aimed at people who are still unable to understand the workings of the government and the National Council for Peace and Order\".", "qas": [ { "id": "41740", "question": "who led the ruling junta ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "Prayuth Chan-o-cha" } ] }, { "id": "41741", "question": "when was an initial draft constitution rejected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "2015" } ] }, { "id": "41742", "question": "when was the first drafted constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "early August 2016" } ] }, { "id": "41743", "question": "who was the head of the thai army ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 917, "text": "Gen. Theerachai Nakvanich" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thailand is divided into 76 provinces (\u0e08\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e27\u0e31\u0e14, changwat), which are gathered into five groups of provinces by location. There are also two specially-governed districts: the capital Bangkok (Krung Thep Maha Nakhon) and Pattaya. Bangkok is at provincial level and thus often counted as a province.", "qas": [ { "id": "41744", "question": "how many provinces does thailand have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "76 provinces" } ] }, { "id": "41745", "question": "how many groups are in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "five" } ] }, { "id": "41746", "question": "what are the capital bangkok bangkok ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "Krung Thep Maha Nakhon) and Pattaya" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Each province is divided into districts and the districts are further divided into sub-districts (tambons). there were 877 districts (\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e40\u0e20\u0e2d, amphoe) and the 50 districts of Bangkok (\u0e40\u0e02\u0e15, khet). Some parts of the provinces bordering Bangkok are also referred to as Greater Bangkok (\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e34\u0e21\u0e13\u0e11\u0e25, pari monthon). These provinces include Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Samut Prakan, Nakhon Pathom and Samut Sakhon. The name of each province's capital city (\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e07, mueang) is the same as that of the province. For example, the capital of Chiang Mai Province (\"Changwat Chiang Mai\") is \"Mueang Chiang Mai\" or \"Chiang Mai\".", "qas": [ { "id": "41747", "question": "how many districts were there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "877" } ] }, { "id": "41748", "question": "what are some parts of the provinces bordering bangkok called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "Greater Bangkok" } ] }, { "id": "41749", "question": "what is the name of the capital of chiang example ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 523, "text": "Chiang Mai Province" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thailand controlled the Malay Peninsula as far south as Malacca in the 15th century and held much of the peninsula, including Temasek (Singapore), some of the Andaman Islands, and a colony on Java, but eventually contracted when the British used force to guarantee their suzerainty over the sultanate.", "qas": [ { "id": "41750", "question": "what peninsula did thailand join ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "Malay Peninsula" } ] }, { "id": "41751", "question": "what was the malay peninsula in the 15th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Malacca" } ] }, { "id": "41752", "question": "when did thailand join the malay peninsula ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "15th century" } ] }, { "id": "41753", "question": "what was the name of the peninsula in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "Temasek" } ] }, { "id": "41754", "question": "what was the colony on thailand called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "Java" } ] }, { "id": "41755", "question": "what did thailand do to thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 255, "text": "guarantee their suzerainty over the sultanate" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Mostly the northern states of the Malay Sultanate presented annual gifts to the Thai king in the form of a golden flower\u2014a gesture of tribute and an acknowledgement of vassalage. The British intervened in the Malay State and with the Anglo-Siamese Treaty tried to build a railway from the south to Bangkok. Thailand relinquished sovereignty over what are now the northern Malay provinces of Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, and Terengganu to the British. Satun and Pattani Provinces were given to Thailand.", "qas": [ { "id": "41756", "question": "the malay sultanate presented annual gifts to what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "a golden flower" } ] }, { "id": "41757", "question": "what treaty tried to build a railway from the south to bangkok ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "Anglo-Siamese Treaty" } ] }, { "id": "41758", "question": "what are the northern malay provinces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 391, "text": "Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, and Terengganu" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Malay peninsular provinces were occupied by the Japanese during World War II, and infiltrated by the Malayan Communist Party (CPM) from 1942 to 2008, when they sued for peace with the Malaysian and Thai governments after the CPM lost its support from Vietnam and China subsequent to the Cultural Revolution. Recent insurgent uprisings may be a continuation of separatist fighting which started after World War II with Sukarno's support for the PULO. Most victims since the uprisings have been Buddhist and Muslim bystanders.", "qas": [ { "id": "41759", "question": "during what war were the malay peninsular provinces occupied ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "World War II" } ] }, { "id": "41760", "question": "who sued the malay peninsular provinces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "Malayan Communist Party" } ] }, { "id": "41761", "question": "when did the malayan communist provinces end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "1942 to 2008" } ] }, { "id": "41762", "question": "what event caused the end of separatist fighting ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 404, "text": "World War II" } ] }, { "id": "41763", "question": "what are the two victims of the uprisings ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 497, "text": "Buddhist and Muslim bystanders" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The foreign relations of Thailand are handled by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.", "qas": [ { "id": "41764", "question": "who handled the foreign relations of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "the Minister of Foreign Affairs" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thailand participates fully in international and regional organisations. It is a major non-NATO ally and Priority Watch List Special 301 Report of the United States. The country remains an active member of ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Thailand has developed increasingly close ties with other ASEAN members: Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Brunei, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Vietnam, whose foreign and economic ministers hold annual meetings. Regional co-operation is progressing in economic, trade, banking, political, and cultural matters. In 2003, Thailand served as APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation) host. Dr. Supachai Panitchpakdi, the former Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand, currently serves as Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). In 2005 Thailand attended the inaugural East Asia Summit.", "qas": [ { "id": "41765", "question": "what is thailand 's ally ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "Priority Watch List Special 301 Report of the United States" } ] }, { "id": "41766", "question": "what is the country 's active member ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In recent years, Thailand has taken an increasingly active role on the international stage. When East Timor gained independence from Indonesia, Thailand, for the first time in its history, contributed troops to the international peacekeeping effort. Its troops remain there today as part of a UN peacekeeping force. As part of its effort to increase international ties, Thailand has reached out to such regional organisations as the Organization of American States (OAS) and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Thailand has contributed troops to reconstruction efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq.", "qas": [ { "id": "41767", "question": "what was the part of thailand 's troops ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 291, "text": "a UN peacekeeping force" } ] }, { "id": "41768", "question": "what does osce stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 429, "text": "the Organization of American States (OAS) and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe" } ] }, { "id": "41769", "question": "where did thailand have troops to reconstruction ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 600, "text": "Afghanistan and Iraq" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thaksin initiated negotiations for several free trade agreements with China, Australia, Bahrain, India, and the US. The latter especially was criticised, with claims that uncompetitive Thai industries could be wiped out.", "qas": [ { "id": "41770", "question": "which countries did the free trade agreements have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "China, Australia, Bahrain, India, and the US" } ] }, { "id": "41771", "question": "what did the thai industries do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "uncompetitive Thai industries could be wiped out" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thaksin also announced that Thailand would forsake foreign aid, and work with donor countries to assist in the development of neighbours in the Greater Mekong Sub-region. Thaksin sought to position Thailand as a regional leader, initiating various development projects in poorer neighbouring countries like Laos. More controversially, he established close, friendly ties with the Burmese dictatorship.", "qas": [ { "id": "41772", "question": "what did thailand do to thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "forsake foreign aid" } ] }, { "id": "41773", "question": "what was the name of thailand 's work ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "Greater Mekong Sub-region" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thailand joined the US-led invasion of Iraq, sending a 423-strong humanitarian contingent. It withdrew its troops on 10 September 2004. Two Thai soldiers died in Iraq in an insurgent attack.", "qas": [ { "id": "41774", "question": "what did thailand have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "423-strong humanitarian contingent" } ] }, { "id": "41775", "question": "when did thailand leave its troops ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "10 September 2004" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Abhisit appointed Peoples Alliance for Democracy leader Kasit Piromya as foreign minister. In April 2009, fighting broke out between Thai and Cambodian troops on territory immediately adjacent to the 900-year-old ruins of Cambodia's Preah Vihear Hindu temple near the border. The Cambodian government claimed its army had killed at least four Thais and captured 10 more, although the Thai government denied that any Thai soldiers were killed or injured. Two Cambodian and three Thai soldiers were killed. Both armies blamed the other for firing first and denied entering the other's territory.", "qas": [ { "id": "41776", "question": "who was the democracy leader for democracy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Kasit Piromya" } ] }, { "id": "41777", "question": "what was the name of the hindu temple in cambodia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "Preah Vihear Hindu" } ] }, { "id": "41778", "question": "how many thai soldiers were killed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 454, "text": "Two Cambodian and three Thai soldiers" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Royal Thai Armed Forces ( constitute the military of the Kingdom of Thailand. It consists of the Royal Thai Army (\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22), the Royal Thai Navy (\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e40\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22), and the Royal Thai Air Force (\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e01\u0e32\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22). It also incorporates various paramilitary forces.", "qas": [ { "id": "41779", "question": "what is the military of the kingdom of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Royal Thai Armed Forces" } ] }, { "id": "41780", "question": "what was the royal thai navy consists of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "Royal Thai Army" } ] }, { "id": "41781", "question": "what was the name of the royal thai army ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "Royal Thai Navy" } ] }, { "id": "41782", "question": "what was the name of the royal thai army ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "Royal Thai Air Force" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Thai Armed Forces have a combined manpower of 306,000 active duty personnel and another 245,000 active reserve personnel. The head of the Thai Armed Forces (\u0e08\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e17\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22, \"Chom Thap Thai\") is the king, although this position is only nominal. The armed forces are managed by the Ministry of Defence of Thailand, which is headed by the Minister of Defence (a member of the cabinet of Thailand) and commanded by the Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters, which in turn is headed by the Chief of Defence Forces of Thailand. In 2011, Thailand's known military expenditure totalled approximately US$5.1 billion.", "qas": [ { "id": "41783", "question": "what is the combined manpower of the thai armed forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "306,000" } ] }, { "id": "41784", "question": "how many active reserve personnel are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "245,000" } ] }, { "id": "41785", "question": "who managed the armed forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 279, "text": "Ministry of Defence of Thailand" } ] }, { "id": "41786", "question": "who headed the ministry of defence of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 331, "text": "the Minister of Defence" } ] }, { "id": "41787", "question": "what commanded the chief of defence forces of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 414, "text": "Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters" } ] }, { "id": "41788", "question": "who headed the royal thai armed forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 483, "text": "Chief of Defence Forces of Thailand" } ] }, { "id": "41789", "question": "how much did thailand pay in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 590, "text": "US$5.1 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the constitution, serving in the armed forces is a duty of all Thai citizens. However, only males over the age of 21, who have not gone through reserve training of the Army Reserve Force Students, are given the option of volunteering for the armed forces, or participating in the random draft. The candidates are subjected to varying lengths of training, from six months to two years of full-time service, depending on their education, whether they have partially completed the reserve training course, and whether they volunteered prior to the draft date (usually 1 April every year).", "qas": [ { "id": "41790", "question": "what is the armed forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "a duty of all Thai citizens" } ] }, { "id": "41791", "question": "in what century did the only males over the armed forces come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "21" } ] }, { "id": "41792", "question": "who have not gone through the random draft ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "Army Reserve Force Students" } ] }, { "id": "41793", "question": "what is the reserve training of the army ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "the option of volunteering for the armed forces, or participating in the random draft" } ] }, { "id": "41794", "question": "how long are the candidates of training candidates subjected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 373, "text": "six months to two years of full-time service" } ] }, { "id": "41795", "question": "what do the candidates of the candidates of the candidates have to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 449, "text": "whether they have partially completed the reserve training course" } ] }, { "id": "41796", "question": "how long do the draft last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 578, "text": "1 April every year" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Candidates with a recognised bachelor's degree serve one year of full-time service if they are conscripted, or six months if they volunteer at their district office (\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e35, \"satsadi\"). Likewise, the training length is also reduced for those who have partially completed the three-year reserve training course (\u0e23.\u0e14., \"ro do\"). A person who completed one year out of three will only have to serve full-time for one year. Those who completed two years of reserve training will only have to do six months of full-time training, while those who complete three years or more of reserve training will be exempted entirely.", "qas": [ { "id": "41797", "question": "what is the name of the bachelor 's degree office ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "satsadi" } ] }, { "id": "41798", "question": "what is the training length of the training length ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "three-year reserve training course" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Royal Thai Armed Forces Day is celebrated on 18 January, commemorating the victory of Naresuan of the Ayutthaya Kingdom in battle against the crown prince of the Taungoo Dynasty in 1593.", "qas": [ { "id": "41799", "question": "what is celebrated on 18 january 18 , 1593 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Royal Thai Armed Forces Day" } ] }, { "id": "41800", "question": "when was royal thai armed forces celebrated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "18 January" } ] }, { "id": "41801", "question": "what victory did the crown prince of the taungoo dynasty lead to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "Naresuan of the Ayutthaya Kingdom" } ] }, { "id": "41802", "question": "what dynasty was the crown prince of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Taungoo Dynasty" } ] }, { "id": "41803", "question": "when was the battle against the crown prince of the taungoo dynasty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "1593" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Totalling , Thailand is the world's 51st-largest country by total area. It is slightly smaller than Yemen and slightly larger than Spain.\nThailand comprises several distinct geographic regions, partly corresponding to the provincial groups. The north of the country is the mountainous area of the Thai highlands, with the highest point being Doi Inthanon in the Thanon Thong Chai Range at above sea level. The northeast, Isan, consists of the Khorat Plateau, bordered to the east by the Mekong River. The centre of the country is dominated by the predominantly flat Chao Phraya river valley, which runs into the Gulf of Thailand.", "qas": [ { "id": "41804", "question": "what is the highest point of the thai highlands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 342, "text": "Doi Inthanon" } ] }, { "id": "41805", "question": "where is the highest point of the thai highlands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 362, "text": "Thanon Thong Chai Range" } ] }, { "id": "41806", "question": "what is the name of the northeast plateau ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 421, "text": "Isan" } ] }, { "id": "41807", "question": "what is the name of the plateau located in the northeast century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 443, "text": "Khorat Plateau" } ] }, { "id": "41808", "question": "what is the name of the river that runs the gulf of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 566, "text": "Chao Phraya river valley" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Southern Thailand consists of the narrow Kra Isthmus that widens into the Malay Peninsula. Politically, there are six geographical regions which differ from the others in population, basic resources, natural features, and level of social and economic development. The diversity of the regions is the most pronounced attribute of Thailand's physical setting.", "qas": [ { "id": "41809", "question": "what does southern thailand consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Kra Isthmus" } ] }, { "id": "41810", "question": "what peninsula does southern thailand have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "Malay Peninsula" } ] }, { "id": "41811", "question": "how many geographical regions are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "six" } ] }, { "id": "41812", "question": "what are the level of the geographical geographical regions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "social and economic development" } ] }, { "id": "41813", "question": "what is the most pronounced attribute of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 329, "text": "Thailand's physical setting" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Chao Phraya and the Mekong River are the indispensable water courses of rural Thailand. Industrial scale production of crops use both rivers and their tributaries. The Gulf of Thailand covers and is fed by the Chao Phraya, Mae Klong, Bang Pakong, and Tapi Rivers. It contributes to the tourism sector owing to its clear shallow waters along the coasts in the southern region and the Kra Isthmus. The eastern shore of the Gulf of Thailand is an industrial centre of Thailand with the kingdom's premier deepwater port in Sattahip and its busiest commercial port, Laem Chabang.", "qas": [ { "id": "41814", "question": "which river are the indispensable water courses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Chao Phraya and the Mekong River" } ] }, { "id": "41815", "question": "who fed the gulf of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "Chao Phraya, Mae Klong, Bang Pakong, and Tapi Rivers" } ] }, { "id": "41816", "question": "what is the busiest commercial port in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 565, "text": "Laem Chabang" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Andaman Sea is a precious natural resource as it hosts the most popular and luxurious resorts in Asia. Phuket, Krabi, Ranong, Phang Nga and Trang, and their islands, all lay along the coasts of the Andaman Sea and, despite the 2004 tsunami, they are a tourist magnet for visitors from around the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "41817", "question": "what is the most popular natural resource in asia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Andaman Sea" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Plans have resurfaced for a canal which would connect the Andaman Sea to the Gulf of Thailand, analogous to the Suez and the Panama Canals. The idea has been greeted positively by Thai politicians as it would cut fees charged by the Ports of Singapore, improve ties with China and India, lower shipping times, and eliminate pirate attacks in the Strait of Malacca, and support the Thai government's policy of being the logistical hub for Southeast Asia. The canal, it is claimed, would improve economic conditions in the south of Thailand, which relies heavily on tourism income, and it would also change the structure of the Thai economy by making it an Asia logistical hub. The canal would be a major engineering project and has an expected cost of US$20\u201330 billion.", "qas": [ { "id": "41818", "question": "what would a canal connect to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "Andaman Sea to the Gulf of Thailand" } ] }, { "id": "41819", "question": "what two plans were used to connect the gulf of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "the Suez and the Panama Canals" } ] }, { "id": "41820", "question": "what was the cost of the canal canal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 751, "text": "US$20\u201330 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thailand's climate is influenced by monsoon winds that have a seasonal character (the southwest and northeast monsoon). The southwest monsoon, which starts from May until October is characterized by movement of warm, moist air from the Indian Ocean to Thailand, causing abundant rain over most of the country. The northeast monsoon, starting from October until February brings cold and dry air from China over most of Thailand. In southern Thailand, the northeast monsoon brings mild weather and abundant rainfall on the eastern coast of that region. Most of Thailand has a \"tropical wet and dry or savanna climate\" type (K\u00f6ppen's Tropical savanna climate). The south and the eastern tip of the east have a tropical monsoon climate.", "qas": [ { "id": "41821", "question": "what is thailand influenced by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "monsoon winds" } ] }, { "id": "41822", "question": "what are a seasonal character ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "the southwest and northeast monsoon" } ] }, { "id": "41823", "question": "what type of climate does most of thailand have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 575, "text": "tropical wet and dry or savanna climate" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thailand is divided into three seasons. The first is the rainy or southwest monsoon season (mid\u2013May to mid\u2013October) which prevails over most of the country. This season is characterized by abundant rain with August and September being the wettest period of the year. This can occasionally lead to floods. In addition to rainfall caused by the southwest monsoon, the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and tropical cyclones also contribute to producing heavy rainfall during the rainy season. Nonetheless, dry spells commonly occur for 1 to 2 weeks from June to early July. This is due to the northward movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone to southern China. Winter or the northeast monsoon starts from mid\u2013October until mid\u2013February. Most of Thailand experiences dry weather during this season with mild temperatures. The exception is the southern parts of Thailand where it receives abundant rainfall, particularly during October to November. Summer or the pre\u2013monsoon season runs from mid\u2013February until mid\u2013May and is characterized by warmer weather.", "qas": [ { "id": "41824", "question": "how many seasons does thailand have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "41825", "question": "on what date is the wettest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "August and September" } ] }, { "id": "41826", "question": "what is the southwest name for the southwest monsoon ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 366, "text": "Intertropical Convergence Zone" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Due to its inland nature and latitude, the north, northeast, central and eastern parts of Thailand experience a long period of warm weather. During the hottest time of the year (March to May), temperatures usually reach up to or more with the exception of coastal areas where sea breezes moderate afternoon temperatures. In contrast, outbreaks of cold air from China can bring colder temperatures; in some cases (particularly the north and northeast) close to or below . Southern Thailand is characterized by mild weather year-round with less diurnal and seasonal variations in temperatures due to maritime influences.", "qas": [ { "id": "41827", "question": "what is the main cause of coastal areas of coastal areas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 276, "text": "sea breezes moderate afternoon temperatures" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most of the country receives a mean annual rainfall of . However, certain areas on the windward sides of mountains such as Ranong province in the west coast of southern Thailand and eastern parts of Trat Province receive more than of rainfall per year. The driest areas are on the leeward side in the central valleys and northernmost portion of south Thailand where mean annual rainfall is less than . Most of Thailand (north, northeast, central and east) is characterized by dry weather during the northeast monsoon and abundant rainfall during the southwest monsoon. In the southern parts of Thailand, abundant rainfall occurs in both the northeast and southwest monsoon seasons with a peak in September for the western coast and a peak in November\u2013January on the eastern coast.", "qas": [ { "id": "41828", "question": "what is most of the weather of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 476, "text": "dry weather" } ] }, { "id": "41829", "question": "on what day is the peak of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 742, "text": "November\u2013January" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thailand has a mediocre but improving performance in the global Environmental Performance Index (EPI) with an overall ranking of 91 out of 180 countries in 2016. This is also a mediocre rank in the Asia Pacific region specifically, but ahead of countries like Indonesia and China. The EPI was established in 2001 by the World Economic Forum as a global gauge to measure how well individual countries perform in implementing the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. The environmental areas where Thailand performs worst (ie. highest ranking) are air quality (167), environmental effects of the agricultural industry (106) and the climate and energy sector (93), the later mainly because of a high CO2 emission per KWh produced. Thailand performs best (ie. lowest ranking) in water resource management (66), with some major improvements expected for the future too, and sanitation (68).", "qas": [ { "id": "41830", "question": "what is the overall ranking of thailand in 2016 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "91" } ] }, { "id": "41831", "question": "how many countries does thailand have in 2016 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "180" } ] }, { "id": "41832", "question": "which countries are in the asia pacific region ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "Indonesia and China" } ] }, { "id": "41833", "question": "when was the world economic forum established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "2001" } ] }, { "id": "41834", "question": "what forum established the sustainable development goals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 320, "text": "World Economic Forum" } ] }, { "id": "41835", "question": "what goals did the world economic forum measure ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 428, "text": "United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The elephant is Thailand's national symbol. Although there were 100,000 domesticated elephants in Thailand in 1850, the population of elephants has dropped to an estimated 2,000. Poachers have long hunted elephants for ivory, meat, and hides. Young elephants are often captured for use in tourist attractions or as work animals, although their use has declined since the government banned logging in 1989. There are now more elephants in captivity than in the wild, and environmental activists claim that elephants in captivity are often mistreated.", "qas": [ { "id": "41836", "question": "how many elephants were domesticated in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "100,000" } ] }, { "id": "41837", "question": "in what year did the population of elephants take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "1850" } ] }, { "id": "41838", "question": "what was the estimated population of elephants in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "2,000" } ] }, { "id": "41839", "question": "in what year did the government banned logging logging ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "1989" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Poaching of protected species remains a major problem. Hunters have decimated the populations of tigers, leopards, and other large cats for their valuable pelts. Many animals (including tigers, bears, crocodiles, and king cobras) are farmed or hunted for their meat, which is considered a delicacy, and for their supposed medicinal properties. Although such trade is illegal, the famous Bangkok market Chatuchak is still known for the sale of endangered species.", "qas": [ { "id": "41840", "question": "what is another term for tigers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "leopards" } ] }, { "id": "41841", "question": "which animals are hunted for their meat ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "tigers, bears, crocodiles, and king cobras" } ] }, { "id": "41842", "question": "what is still known as the sale of endangered species ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 402, "text": "Chatuchak" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The practice of keeping wild animals as pets threatens several species. Baby animals are typically captured and sold, which often requires killing the mother. Once in captivity and out of their natural habitat, many pets die or fail to reproduce. Affected populations include the Asiatic black bear, Malayan sun bear, white-handed lar, pileated gibbon and binturong.", "qas": [ { "id": "41843", "question": "what is the practice of keeping wild animals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "pets threatens several species" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2014 the literacy rate was 93.5%. Education is provided by a well-organized school system of kindergartens, primary, lower secondary and upper secondary schools, numerous vocational colleges, and universities. The private sector of education is well developed and significantly contributes to the overall provision of education which the government would not be able to meet with public establishments. Education is compulsory up to and including age 14, with the government providing free education through to age 17.\nTeaching relies heavily on rote learning rather than on student-centred methodology. The establishment of reliable and coherent curricula for its primary and secondary schools is subject to such rapid changes that schools and their teachers are not always sure what they are supposed to be teaching, and authors and publishers of textbooks are unable to write and print new editions quickly enough to keep up with the volatility. Issues concerning university entrance has been in constant upheaval for a number of years. Nevertheless, Thai education has seen its greatest progress in the years since 2001. Most of the present generation of students are computer literate. Thailand was ranked 54th out of 56 countries globally for English proficiency, the second-lowest in Asia.", "qas": [ { "id": "41844", "question": "what was the literacy rate in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "93.5%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Students in ethnic minority areas score consistently lower in standardised national and international tests.\nThis is likely due to unequal allocation of educational resources, weak teacher training, poverty, and low Thai language skill, the language of the tests.", "qas": [ { "id": "41845", "question": "where do students in ethnic minority areas score ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "standardised national and international tests" } ] }, { "id": "41846", "question": "what are the language of the tests of the tests ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "unequal allocation of educational resources, weak teacher training, poverty, and low Thai language skill" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Extensive nationwide IQ tests were administered to 72,780 Thai students from December 2010 to January 2011. The average IQ was found to be 98.59, which is higher than previous studies have found. IQ levels were found to be inconsistent throughout the country, with the lowest average of 88.07 found in the southern region of Narathiwat Province and the highest average of 108.91 reported in Nonthaburi Province. The Ministry of Public Health blames the discrepancies on iodine deficiency and steps are being taken to require that iodine be added to table salt, a practice common in many Western countries.", "qas": [ { "id": "41847", "question": "how many thai students were administered by thai students ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "72,780" } ] }, { "id": "41848", "question": "when were thai students administered by thai students ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "December 2010 to January 2011" } ] }, { "id": "41849", "question": "what was the average iq iq found to be found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "98.59" } ] }, { "id": "41850", "question": "what was the lowest average of iq levels of iq levels ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "88.07" } ] }, { "id": "41851", "question": "what was the highest average of the iq province ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 372, "text": "108.91" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2013, the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology announced that 27,231 schools would receive classroom-level access to high-speed internet.", "qas": [ { "id": "41852", "question": "in what year did the ministry of information and communication technology receive access to high-speed internet technology ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2013" } ] }, { "id": "41853", "question": "who announced that 27,231 schools would receive access to high-speed internet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology" } ] }, { "id": "41854", "question": "what type of schools were announced in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "27,231" } ] }, { "id": "41855", "question": "what did the ministry of information and communication receive in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "high-speed internet" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The National Science and Technology Development Agency is an agency of the government of Thailand which supports research in science and technology and its application in the Thai economy.", "qas": [ { "id": "41856", "question": "what is the agency of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "National Science and Technology Development Agency" } ] }, { "id": "41857", "question": "what are the research of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "science and technology and its application in the Thai economy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Synchrotron Light Research Institute (SLRI) is a Thai synchrotron light source for physics, chemistry, material science, and life sciences. It is at the Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), in Nakhon Ratchasima, about northeast of Bangkok. The institute, financed by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), houses the only large scale synchrotron in Southeast Asia. It was originally built as the SORTEC synchrotron in Japan and later moved to Thailand and modified for 1.2 GeV operation. It provides users with regularly scheduled light.", "qas": [ { "id": "41858", "question": "what is a thai synchrotron light source ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Synchrotron Light Research Institute" } ] }, { "id": "41859", "question": "where is the light research institute located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "Suranaree University of Technology" } ] }, { "id": "41860", "question": "where is the university of technology located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "Nakhon Ratchasima" } ] }, { "id": "41861", "question": "who financed the institute ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "Ministry of Science and Technology" } ] }, { "id": "41862", "question": "what was the university of technology originally built as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 413, "text": "SORTEC synchrotron" } ] }, { "id": "41863", "question": "what was the operation of technology modified for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 486, "text": "1.2 GeV operation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Bangkok, there are 23,000 free public Wi-Fi Internet hotspots. The Internet in Thailand includes 10Gbit/s high speed fibre-optic lines that can be leased and ISPs such as KIRZ that provide residential Internet services.", "qas": [ { "id": "41864", "question": "how many free public wi-fi are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "23,000" } ] }, { "id": "41865", "question": "what is the free public internet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Wi-Fi Internet hotspots" } ] }, { "id": "41866", "question": "what is the internet in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "10Gbit/s high speed fibre-optic lines" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Internet is censored by the Thai government, making some sites unreachable. The organisations responsible are the Royal Thai Police, the Communications Authority of Thailand, and the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (MICT).", "qas": [ { "id": "41867", "question": "who censored the internet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "the Thai government" } ] }, { "id": "41868", "question": "what is the name of the royal thai police ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "the Communications Authority of Thailand" } ] }, { "id": "41869", "question": "what are the names of the royal thai police ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "Ministry of Information and Communication Technology" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thailand is an emerging economy and is considered a newly industrialised country. Thailand had a 2013 GDP of US$673 billion (on a purchasing power parity [PPP] basis). Thailand is the 2nd largest economy in Southeast Asia after Indonesia. Thailand ranks midway in the wealth spread in Southeast Asia as it is the 4th richest nation according to GDP per capita, after Singapore, Brunei, and Malaysia.", "qas": [ { "id": "41870", "question": "what was the gdp of thailand in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "US$673 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thailand functions as an anchor economy for the neighbouring developing economies of Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia. In the third quarter of 2014, the unemployment rate in Thailand stood at 0.84% according to Thailand's National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB).", "qas": [ { "id": "41871", "question": "what economies did thailand have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia" } ] }, { "id": "41872", "question": "what was the unemployment rate in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "0.84%" } ] }, { "id": "41873", "question": "what was the name of the unemployment rate in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Thailand's National Economic and Social Development Board" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thailand experienced the world's highest economic growth rate from 1985 to 1996 \u2013 averaging 12.4% annually. In 1997 increased pressure on the baht, a year in which the economy contracted by 1.9%, led to a crisis that uncovered financial sector weaknesses and forced the Chavalit Yongchaiyudh administration to float the currency. Prime Minister Chavalit Yongchaiyudh was forced to resign after his cabinet came under fire for its slow response to the economic crisis. The baht was pegged at 25 to the US dollar from 1978 to 1997. The baht reached its lowest point of 56 to the US dollar in January 1998 and the economy contracted by 10.8% that year, triggering the Asian financial crisis.", "qas": [ { "id": "41874", "question": "what was the highest economic growth rate in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "12.4%" } ] }, { "id": "41875", "question": "what was the percentage of economy in 1997 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "1.9%" } ] }, { "id": "41876", "question": "what percentage of the economy was the economy of the us ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 633, "text": "10.8%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thailand's economy started to recover in 1999, expanding 4.2\u20134.4% in 2000, thanks largely to strong exports. Growth (2.2%) was dampened by the softening of the global economy in 2001, but picked up in the subsequent years owing to strong growth in Asia, a relatively weak baht encouraging exports, and increased domestic spending as a result of several mega projects and incentives of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra, known as Thaksinomics. Growth in 2002, 2003, and 2004 was 5\u20137% annually.", "qas": [ { "id": "41877", "question": "in what year did thailand begin to recover in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "1999" } ] }, { "id": "41878", "question": "how much did thailand pay in 2000 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "4.2\u20134.4%" } ] }, { "id": "41879", "question": "what percentage of growth was growth in 2001 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "2.2%" } ] }, { "id": "41880", "question": "what was the growth rate in 2004 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 478, "text": "5\u20137% annually" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Growth in 2005, 2006, and 2007 hovered around 4\u20135%. Due both to the weakening of the US dollar and an increasingly strong Thai currency, by March 2008 the dollar was hovering around the 33 baht mark. While Thaksinomics has received criticism, official economic data reveals that between 2001 and 2011, Isan's GDP per capita more than doubled to US$1,475, while, over the same period, GDP in the Bangkok area increased from US$7,900 to nearly US$13,000.", "qas": [ { "id": "41881", "question": "what was the growth rate in 2007 in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "4\u20135%" } ] }, { "id": "41882", "question": "what was the dollar hovering hovering around ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "33 baht mark" } ] }, { "id": "41883", "question": "how much did the gdp of the bangkok area cost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 442, "text": "US$13,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With the instability surrounding major 2010 protests, the GDP growth of Thailand settled at around 4\u20135%, from highs of 5\u20137% under the previous civilian administration. Political uncertainty was identified as the primary cause of a decline in investor and consumer confidence. The IMF predicted that the Thai economy would rebound strongly from the low 0.1% GDP growth in 2011, to 5.5% in 2012 and then 7.5% in 2013, due to the monetary policy of the Bank of Thailand, as well as a package of fiscal stimulus measures introduced by the former Yingluck Shinawatra government.", "qas": [ { "id": "41884", "question": "what was the gdp of thailand in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "4\u20135%" } ] }, { "id": "41885", "question": "what was the gdp of thailand in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "5\u20137%" } ] }, { "id": "41886", "question": "what was the thai economy in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 380, "text": "5.5%" } ] }, { "id": "41887", "question": "what was the gdp of thailand in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 402, "text": "7.5%" } ] }, { "id": "41888", "question": "who introduced the stimulus measures ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 542, "text": "Yingluck Shinawatra government" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Following the Thai military coup of 22 May 2014, the AFP global news agency published an article that claimed that the nation was on the verge of recession. The article focused on the departure of nearly 180,000 Cambodians from Thailand due to fears of an immigration clampdown, but concluded with information on the Thai economy's contraction of 2.1% quarter-on-quarter, from January to the end of March 2014.", "qas": [ { "id": "41889", "question": "when was the thai military coup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "22 May 2014" } ] }, { "id": "41890", "question": "how many cambodians were there in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "180,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The economy of Thailand is heavily export-dependent, with exports accounting for more than two-thirds of gross domestic product (GDP). Thailand exports over US$105 billion worth of goods and services annually. Major exports include rice, textiles and footwear, fishery products, rubber, jewellery, cars, computers, and electrical appliances.", "qas": [ { "id": "41891", "question": "how much did thailand pay over goods annually ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "US$105 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Substantial industries include electric appliances, components, computer components, and vehicles. Thailand's recovery from the 1997\u20131998 Asian financial crisis depended mainly on exports, among various other factors. , the Thai automotive industry was the largest in Southeast Asia and the 9th largest in the world. The Thailand industry has an annual output of near 1.5 million vehicles, mostly commercial vehicles.", "qas": [ { "id": "41892", "question": "when did thailand become recovery of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "1997\u20131998" } ] }, { "id": "41893", "question": "where was the thai automotive industry located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 268, "text": "Southeast Asia and the 9th largest" } ] }, { "id": "41894", "question": "how many vehicles does thailand have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 368, "text": "1.5 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most of the vehicles built in Thailand are developed and licensed by foreign producers, mainly Japanese and South Korean. The Thai car industry takes advantage of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) to find a market for many of its products. Eight manufacturers, five Japanese, two US, and Tata of India, produce pick-up trucks in Thailand. Thailand is the second largest consumer of pick-up trucks in the world, after the US. In 2014, pick-ups accounted for 42% of all new vehicle sales in Thailand.", "qas": [ { "id": "41895", "question": "how are most of the vehicles built in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "foreign producers" } ] }, { "id": "41896", "question": "what two foreign producers were built in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "Japanese and South Korean" } ] }, { "id": "41897", "question": "what does the thai car industry provide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "ASEAN Free Trade Area" } ] }, { "id": "41898", "question": "how many japanese manufacturers produce trucks in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "five Japanese, two US, and Tata of India" } ] }, { "id": "41899", "question": "what percentage of all new vehicle sales were in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 456, "text": "42%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Tourism makes up about 6% of the economy. Thailand was the most visited country in Southeast Asia in 2013, according to the World Tourism Organisation. \nEstimates of tourism receipts directly contributing to the Thai GDP of 12 trillion baht range from 9 percent (1 trillion baht) (2013) to 16 percent. When including the indirect effects of tourism, it is said to account for 20.2 percent (2.4 trillion baht) of Thailand's GDP.", "qas": [ { "id": "41900", "question": "what percentage of the economy is tourism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "6%" } ] }, { "id": "41901", "question": "in what year was thailand the most visited country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "2013" } ] }, { "id": "41902", "question": "what was the most visited country in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "World Tourism Organisation" } ] }, { "id": "41903", "question": "what is the gdp of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 376, "text": "20.2 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) uses the slogan \"Amazing Thailand\" to promote Thailand internationally. In 2015, this was supplemented by a \"Discover Thainess\" campaign.", "qas": [ { "id": "41904", "question": "what uses the slogan `` amazing thailand '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Tourism Authority of Thailand" } ] }, { "id": "41905", "question": "what was the name of the campaign in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "Discover Thainess\" campaign" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Asian tourists primarily visit Thailand for Bangkok and the historical, natural, and cultural sights in its vicinity. Western tourists not only visit Bangkok and surroundings, but in addition many travel to the southern beaches and islands. The north is the chief destination for trekking and adventure travel with its diverse ethnic minority groups and forested mountains. The region hosting the fewest tourists is Isan in the northeast. To accommodate foreign visitors, the Thai government established a separate tourism police with offices in the major tourist areas and its own central emergency telephone number.\nThailand's attractions include diving sites, sandy beaches, hundreds of tropical islands, nightlife, archaeological sites, museums, hill tribes, flora and bird life, palaces, Buddhist temples and several World Heritage sites. Many tourists follow courses during their stay in Thailand. Popular are classes in Thai cooking, Buddhism and traditional Thai massage. Thai national festivals range from Thai New Year Songkran to Loy Krathong. Many localities in Thailand also have their own festivals. Among the best-known are the \"Elephant Round-up\" in Surin, the \"Rocket Festival\" in Yasothon and the \"Phi Ta Khon\" festival in Dan Sai. Thai cuisine has become famous worldwide with its enthusiastic use of fresh herbs and spices.", "qas": [ { "id": "41906", "question": "what is the tourists in the northeast century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 416, "text": "Isan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bangkok shopping malls offer a variety of international and local brands. Towards the north of the city, and easily reached by skytrain or underground, is the \"Chatuchak Weekend Market\". It is possibly the largest market in the world, selling everything from household items to live, and sometimes endangered, animals. The \"Pratunam Market\" specialises in fabrics and clothing. The night markets in the Silom area and on Khaosan Road are mainly tourist-oriented, selling items such as T-shirts, handicrafts, counterfeit watches and sunglasses. In the vicinity of Bangkok one can find several floating markets such as the one in Damnoen Saduak. The \"Sunday Evening Walking Street Market\", held on Rachadamnoen Road inside the old city, is a shopping highlight of a visit to Chiang Mai up in northern Thailand. It attracts many locals as well as foreigners. The \"Night Bazaar\" is Chiang Mai's more tourist-oriented market, sprawling over several city blocks just east of the old city walls towards the river.", "qas": [ { "id": "41907", "question": "what is the name of the market in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "Chatuchak Weekend Market" } ] }, { "id": "41908", "question": "what is the name of the floating markets that can be found in the vicinity of bangkok ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 628, "text": "Damnoen Saduak" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Prostitution in Thailand and sex tourism also form a \"de facto\" part of the economy. Cultural milieu combined with poverty and the lure of money have caused prostitution and sex tourism in particular to flourish in Thailand. One estimate published in 2003 placed the trade at US$4.3 billion per year or about 3% of the Thai economy. According to research by Chulalongkorn University on the Thai illegal economy, prostitution in Thailand in the period between 1993 and 1995, made up around 2.7% of the GDP. It is believed that at least 10% of tourist dollars are spent on the sex trade.", "qas": [ { "id": "41909", "question": "what is the name of the prostitution part of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "de facto\" part of the economy" } ] }, { "id": "41910", "question": "when was the trade at us$ 4.3 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "2003" } ] }, { "id": "41911", "question": "how much was the trade at 2003 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 276, "text": "US$4.3 billion" } ] }, { "id": "41912", "question": "what percentage of the thai economy was published in 2003 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "3%" } ] }, { "id": "41913", "question": "what percentage of the gdp was made in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 489, "text": "2.7%" } ] }, { "id": "41914", "question": "what percentage of tourist dollars are spent on the sex trade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 535, "text": "10%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Forty-nine per cent of Thailand's labour force is employed in agriculture. This is down from 70% in 1980. Rice is the most important crop in the country and Thailand had long been the world's leading exporter of rice, until recently falling behind both India and Vietnam. Thailand has the highest percentage of arable land, 27.25%, of any nation in the Greater Mekong Subregion. About 55% of the arable land area is used for rice production.", "qas": [ { "id": "41915", "question": "what percentage of thailand 's labour force is employed in agriculture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Forty-nine per cent" } ] }, { "id": "41916", "question": "where is thailand employed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "agriculture" } ] }, { "id": "41917", "question": "what is the 1980 down in 1980 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "70%" } ] }, { "id": "41918", "question": "what percentage of land is thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "27.25%" } ] }, { "id": "41919", "question": "what percentage of land area is used for rice ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 385, "text": "55%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Agriculture has been experiencing a transition from labour-intensive and transitional methods to a more industrialised and competitive sector. Between 1962 and 1983, the agricultural sector grew by 4.1% per year on average and continued to grow at 2.2% between 1983 and 2007. The relative contribution of agriculture to GDP has declined while exports of goods and services have increased.", "qas": [ { "id": "41920", "question": "what percentage of the agricultural sector was the agricultural sector ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "4.1%" } ] }, { "id": "41921", "question": "what was the agricultural sector in 1983 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "2.2%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "75% of Thailand's electrical generation is powered by natural gas in 2014. Coal-fired power plants produce an additional 20% of electricity, with the remainder coming from biomass, hydro, and biogas.", "qas": [ { "id": "41922", "question": "what percentage of thailand 's electrical generation is powered by natural gas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "75%" } ] }, { "id": "41923", "question": "what is the 75 % of thailand powered by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "natural gas" } ] }, { "id": "41924", "question": "when was natural gas powered by natural gas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "2014" } ] }, { "id": "41925", "question": "what percentage of electricity do coal-fired power plants produce ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "20%" } ] }, { "id": "41926", "question": "what are some electricity plants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "biomass, hydro, and biogas" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thailand produces roughly one-third of the oil it consumes. It is the second largest importer of oil in SE Asia. Thailand is a large producer of natural gas, with reserves of at least 10 trillion cubic feet. After Indonesia, it is the largest coal producer in SE Asia, but must import additional coal to meet domestic demand.", "qas": [ { "id": "41927", "question": "how many oil oil it does thailand have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "one-third" } ] }, { "id": "41928", "question": "what is the reserves of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "10 trillion cubic feet" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thailand had a population of 66,720,153 . Thailand's population is largely rural, concentrated in the rice-growing areas of the central, northeastern, and northern regions. Thailand had an urban population of 45.7% , concentrated mostly in and around the Bangkok Metropolitan Area.", "qas": [ { "id": "41929", "question": "what was thailand 's population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "66,720,153" } ] }, { "id": "41930", "question": "what was thailand 's urban population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "45.7%" } ] }, { "id": "41931", "question": "what area did thailand belong to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 255, "text": "Bangkok Metropolitan Area" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thailand's government-sponsored family planning program resulted in a dramatic decline in population growth from 3.1% in 1960 to around 0.4% today. In 1970, an average of 5.7 people lived in a Thai household. At the time of the 2010 census, the average Thai household size was 3.2 people.", "qas": [ { "id": "41932", "question": "what was the population of thailand in 1960 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "3.1%" } ] }, { "id": "41933", "question": "what was the population of thailand in 1960 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "0.4%" } ] }, { "id": "41934", "question": "what type of people lived in a thai household in 1970 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "5.7" } ] }, { "id": "41935", "question": "what was the average thai household size in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "3.2 people" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thai nationals make up the majority of Thailand's population, 95.9% in 2010. The remaining 4.1% of the population are Burmese (2.0%), others 1.3%, and unspecified 0.9%.", "qas": [ { "id": "41936", "question": "what percentage of thailand 's population is thai ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "95.9%" } ] }, { "id": "41937", "question": "what percentage of the population is burmese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "4.1%" } ] }, { "id": "41938", "question": "what percentage of the population is unspecified ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "0.9%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the Royal Thai Government's 2011 Country Report to the UN Committee responsible for the International Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, available from the Department of Rights and Liberties Promotion of the Thai Ministry of Justice, 62 ethnic communities are officially recognised in Thailand. Twenty million Central Thai (together with approximately 650,000 Khorat Thai) make up approximately 20,650,000 million (34.1 percent) of the nation's population of 60,544,937 at the time of completion of the Mahidol University \"Ethnolinguistic Maps of Thailand\" data (1997).", "qas": [ { "id": "41939", "question": "what was the international convention for the international convention for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination" } ] }, { "id": "41940", "question": "what was the international convention for the international convention ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "Department of Rights and Liberties Promotion of the Thai Ministry of Justice" } ] }, { "id": "41941", "question": "how many ethnic communities are there in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "62" } ] }, { "id": "41942", "question": "how many central thai thai is central ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 343, "text": "Twenty million" } ] }, { "id": "41943", "question": "how many central thai thai make up thai ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "650,000" } ] }, { "id": "41944", "question": "what is the population of the nation of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 443, "text": "20,650,000 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 2011 Thailand Country Report provides population numbers for mountain peoples ('hill tribes') and ethnic communities in the Northeast and is explicit about its main reliance on the Mahidol University Ethnolinguistic Maps of Thailand data. Thus, though over 3.288 million people in the Northeast alone could not be categorised, the population and percentages of other ethnic communities circa 1997 are known for all of Thailand and constitute minimum populations. In descending order, the largest (equal to or greater than 400,000) are a) 15,080,000 Lao (24.9 percent) consisting of the Thai Lao (14 million) and other smaller Lao groups, namely the Thai Loei (400-500,000), Lao Lom (350,000), Lao Wiang/Klang (200,000), Lao Khrang (90,000), Lao Ngaew (30,000), and Lao Ti (10,000; b) six million Khon Muang (9.9 percent, also called Northern Thais); c) 4.5 million Pak Tai (7.5 percent, also called Southern Thais); d) 1.4 million Khmer Leu (2.3 percent, also called Northern Khmer); e) 900,000 Malay (1.5%); f) 500,000 Ngaw (0.8 percent); g) 470,000 Phu Thai (0.8 percent); h) 400,000 Kuy/Kuay (also known as Suay) (0.7 percent), and i) 350,000 Karen (0.6 percent). Thai Chinese, those of significant Chinese heritage, are 14% of the population, while Thais with partial Chinese ancestry comprise up to 40% of the population. Thai Malays represent 3% of the population, with the remainder consisting of Mons, Khmers and various \"hill tribes\". The country's official language is Thai and the primary religion is Theravada Buddhism, which is practised by around 95% of the population.", "qas": [ { "id": "41945", "question": "what is the name of the university of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Mahidol University Ethnolinguistic Maps of Thailand data" } ] }, { "id": "41946", "question": "how many people were in the northeast alone of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "3.288 million" } ] }, { "id": "41947", "question": "what percentage of the population is thai ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1228, "text": "14%" } ] }, { "id": "41948", "question": "what percentage of the population of the population is thai malays ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1353, "text": "3%" } ] }, { "id": "41949", "question": "what percentage of the population is theravada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1565, "text": "95%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Increasing numbers of migrants from neighbouring Myanmar, Laos, and Cambodia, as well as from Nepal and India, have pushed the total number of non-national residents to around 3.5 million , up from an estimated 2 million in 2008, and about 1.3 million in the year 2000. Some 41,000 Britons live in Thailand.", "qas": [ { "id": "41950", "question": "where are increasing numbers of migrants from nepal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "Myanmar, Laos, and Cambodia" } ] }, { "id": "41951", "question": "what countries have pushed the total number of migrants to around myanmar ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "Nepal and India" } ] }, { "id": "41952", "question": "what was the total number of residents of residents in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "3.5 million" } ] }, { "id": "41953", "question": "what was the estimated amount of residents in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "2 million" } ] }, { "id": "41954", "question": "how much did the year 2000 cost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 240, "text": "1.3 million" } ] }, { "id": "41955", "question": "how many britons live in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "41,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The official language of Thailand is Thai, a Tai\u2013Kadai language closely related to Lao, Shan in Myanmar, and numerous smaller languages spoken in an arc from Hainan and Yunnan south to the Chinese border. It is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout the country. The standard is based on the dialect of the central Thai people, and it is written in the Thai alphabet, an abugida script that evolved from the Khmer alphabet. Sixty-two languages were recognised by the Royal Thai Government in the 2011 Country Report to the UN Committee responsible for the \"International Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination\", which employed an ethnolinguistic approach and is available from the Department of Rights and Liberties Promotion of the Thai Ministry of Justice. Southern Thai is spoken in the southern provinces, and Northern Thai is spoken in the provinces that were formerly part of the independent kingdom of Lan Na. For the purposes of the national census, which does not recognise all 62 languages recognised by the Royal Thai Government in the 2011 Country Report, four dialects of Thai exist; these partly coincide with regional designations.", "qas": [ { "id": "41956", "question": "what is the standard based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "the dialect of the central Thai people" } ] }, { "id": "41957", "question": "who recognised the `` international convention for the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 501, "text": "Royal Thai Government" } ] }, { "id": "41958", "question": "what is the independent kingdom of northern thai ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 973, "text": "Lan Na" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The largest of Thailand's minority languages is the Lao dialect of Isan spoken in the northeastern provinces. Although sometimes considered a Thai dialect, it is a Lao dialect, and the region in where it is traditionally spoken was historically part of the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang. In the far south, Kelantan-Pattani Malay is the primary language of Malay Muslims. Varieties of Chinese are also spoken by the large Thai Chinese population, with the Teochew dialect best-represented.", "qas": [ { "id": "41959", "question": "what is the name of the kingdom that is traditionally spoken in the region ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "Lan Xang" } ] }, { "id": "41960", "question": "what is the primary language of malay ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 300, "text": "Kelantan-Pattani Malay" } ] }, { "id": "41961", "question": "what is the primary language of malay ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 350, "text": "Malay Muslims" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Numerous tribal languages are also spoken, including many Austroasiatic languages such as Mon, Khmer, Viet, Mlabri and Orang Asli; Austronesian languages such as Cham and Moken; Sino-Tibetan languages like Lawa, Akha, and Karen; and other Tai languages such as Tai Yo, Phu Thai, and Saek. Hmong is a member of the Hmong\u2013Mien languages, which is now regarded as a language family of its own.", "qas": [ { "id": "41962", "question": "what are some examples of tribal languages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "Mon, Khmer, Viet, Mlabri and Orang Asli" } ] }, { "id": "41963", "question": "what are some sino-tibetan languages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Lawa, Akha, and Karen" } ] }, { "id": "41964", "question": "what are some tai languages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "Tai Yo, Phu Thai, and Saek" } ] }, { "id": "41965", "question": "what is now regarded as a language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 314, "text": "Hmong\u2013Mien languages" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thailand's prevalent religion is Theravada Buddhism, which is an integral part of Thai identity and culture. Active participation in Buddhism is among the highest in the world. According to the 2000 census, 94.6% of the country's population self-identified as Buddhists of the Theravada tradition. Muslims constitute the second largest religious group in Thailand, comprising 4.6% of the population.", "qas": [ { "id": "41966", "question": "what is thailand 's prevalent religion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "Theravada Buddhism" } ] }, { "id": "41967", "question": "what percentage of the population self-identified as buddhists ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "94.6%" } ] }, { "id": "41968", "question": "what is the population of the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "Buddhists of the Theravada tradition" } ] }, { "id": "41969", "question": "what percentage of the population of thailand is the second largest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 376, "text": "4.6%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Islam is concentrated mostly in the country's southernmost provinces: Pattani, Yala, Satun, Narathiwat, and part of Songkhla Chumphon, which are predominantly Malay, most of whom are Sunni Muslims. Christians represent 0.9% of the population, with the remaining population consisting of Sikhs and Hindus, who live mostly in the country's cities. There is also a small but historically significant Jewish community in Thailand dating back to the 17th century.", "qas": [ { "id": "41970", "question": "what is the name of the provinces that are predominantly malay ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Songkhla Chumphon" } ] }, { "id": "41971", "question": "what type of provinces are sunni muslims ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "Malay" } ] }, { "id": "41972", "question": "what type of muslims are most malay ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "Sunni Muslims" } ] }, { "id": "41973", "question": "what percentage of the population is christians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "0.9%" } ] }, { "id": "41974", "question": "what are the remaining population of the population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "Sikhs and Hindus" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thai culture has been shaped by many influences, including Indian, Lao, Burmese, Cambodian, and Chinese.", "qas": [ { "id": "41975", "question": "what are some influences thai culture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Indian, Lao, Burmese, Cambodian, and Chinese" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Its traditions incorporate a great deal of influence from India, China, Cambodia, and the rest of Southeast Asia. Thailand's national religion, Theravada Buddhism, is central to modern Thai identity. Thai Buddhism has evolved over time to include many regional beliefs originating from Hinduism, animism, as well as ancestor worship. The official calendar in Thailand is based on the Eastern version of the Buddhist Era (BE), which is 543 years ahead of the Gregorian (Western) calendar. Thus the year 2015 is 2558 BE in Thailand.", "qas": [ { "id": "41976", "question": "from which countries did its great deal occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "India, China, Cambodia, and the rest of Southeast Asia" } ] }, { "id": "41977", "question": "what is thailand 's national religion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "Theravada Buddhism" } ] }, { "id": "41978", "question": "what is thai buddhism 's regional beliefs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "animism" } ] }, { "id": "41979", "question": "what era is the official calendar in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 407, "text": "Buddhist Era" } ] }, { "id": "41980", "question": "how many years is the official calendar in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 435, "text": "543" } ] }, { "id": "41981", "question": "what is thailand 's year 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 510, "text": "2558" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Several different ethnic groups, many of which are marginalised, populate Thailand. Some of these groups spill over into Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia and Malaysia and have mediated change between their traditional local culture, national Thai, and global cultural influences. Overseas Chinese also form a significant part of Thai society, particularly in and around Bangkok. Their successful integration into Thai society has allowed for this group to hold positions of economic and political power. Thai Chinese businesses prosper as part of the larger bamboo network, a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties.\nThe traditional Thai greeting, the \"wai\", is generally offered first by the younger of the two people meeting, with their hands pressed together, fingertips pointing upwards as the head is bowed to touch face to fingertips, usually coinciding with the spoken words \"sawatdi khrap\" for male speakers, and \"sawatdi kha\" for females. The elder may then respond in the same way. Social status and position, such as in government, will also have an influence on who performs the \"wai\" first. For example, although one may be considerably older than a provincial governor, when meeting it is usually the visitor who pays respect first. When children leave to go to school, they are taught to \"wai\" their parents to indicate their respect. The wai is a sign of respect and reverence for another, similar to the namaste greeting of India and Nepal.", "qas": [ { "id": "41982", "question": "where do some of the groups spill ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia and Malaysia" } ] }, { "id": "41983", "question": "what are some of the groups that have mediated change in myanmar ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "national Thai, and global cultural influences" } ] }, { "id": "41984", "question": "what is the name of the traditional thai greeting ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 729, "text": "wai" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As with other Asian cultures, respect towards ancestors is an essential part of Thai spiritual practice. Thais have a strong sense of hospitality and generosity, but also a strong sense of social hierarchy. Seniority is paramount in Thai culture. Elders have by tradition ruled in family decisions or ceremonies. Older siblings have duties to younger ones.", "qas": [ { "id": "41985", "question": "what is respect to ancestors of ancestors ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "Thai spiritual practice" } ] }, { "id": "41986", "question": "what are the strong sense of social hierarchy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "hospitality and generosity" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Taboos in Thailand include touching someone's head or pointing with the feet, as the head is considered the most sacred and the foot the lowest part of the body.", "qas": [ { "id": "41987", "question": "what is the head of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "touching someone's head or pointing with the feet" } ] }, { "id": "41988", "question": "what is the head of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "the most sacred and the foot the lowest part of the body" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thai cuisine blends five fundamental tastes: sweet, spicy, sour, bitter, and salty. Common ingredients used in Thai cuisine include garlic, chillies, lime juice, lemon grass, coriander, galangal, palm sugar, and fish sauce (\"nam pla\"). The staple food in Thailand is rice, particularly jasmine variety rice (also known as \"hom Mali\" rice) which forms a part of almost every meal. Thailand was long the world's largest exporter of rice, and Thais domestically consume over 100 of milled rice per person per year. Over 5,000 varieties of rice from Thailand are preserved in the rice gene bank of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), based in the Philippines. The king of Thailand is the official patron of IRRI.", "qas": [ { "id": "41989", "question": "what is the staple food in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "rice" } ] }, { "id": "41990", "question": "what is another name for the staple food in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "hom Mali\" rice" } ] }, { "id": "41991", "question": "how many rice did thailand get per year ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 467, "text": "over 100" } ] }, { "id": "41992", "question": "what is the name of the research gene bank of the philippines ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 598, "text": "International Rice Research Institute" } ] }, { "id": "41993", "question": "what is the king of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 717, "text": "IRRI" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thai society has been influenced in recent years by its widely available multi-language press and media. There are some English and numerous Thai and Chinese newspapers in circulation. Most Thai popular magazines use English headlines as a chic glamour factor. Many large businesses in Bangkok operate in English as well as other languages.", "qas": [ { "id": "41994", "question": "what do most thai magazines use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 240, "text": "chic glamour factor" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thailand is the largest newspaper market in Southeast Asia with an estimated circulation of over 13 million copies daily in 2003. Even upcountry, out of Bangkok, the media flourish. For example, according to Thailand's Public Relations Department Media Directory 2003\u20132004, the nineteen provinces of Isan, Thailand's northeastern region, hosted 116 newspapers along with radio, TV, and cable. Since then, another province, Bueng Kan, was incorporated, totalling twenty provinces. In addition, a military coup on 22 May 2014 led to severe state restrictions on all media and forms of expression.", "qas": [ { "id": "41995", "question": "how many copies does thailand have in 2003 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "13 million" } ] }, { "id": "41996", "question": "when did thailand host 116 newspapers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "2003\u20132004" } ] }, { "id": "41997", "question": "how many newspapers did thailand win ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 345, "text": "116" } ] }, { "id": "41998", "question": "what province was incorporated since the province ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 423, "text": "Bueng Kan" } ] }, { "id": "41999", "question": "when did a military coup begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 512, "text": "22 May 2014" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thailand generally uses the metric system, but traditional units of measurement for land area are used, and imperial units of measurement are occasionally used for building materials, such as wood and plumbing fixtures. Years are numbered as B.E. (Buddhist Era) in educational settings, the civil service, government, and on contracts and newspaper datelines. In banking, and increasingly in industry and commerce, standard Western year (Christian or Common Era) counting is the standard practice.", "qas": [ { "id": "42000", "question": "what system does thailand use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "metric system" } ] }, { "id": "42001", "question": "what are some imperial units of measurement of measurement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "wood and plumbing fixtures" } ] }, { "id": "42002", "question": "what is the name of the civil service in educational settings ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "B.E." } ] }, { "id": "42003", "question": "what is the standard practice of standard western year ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 438, "text": "Christian or Common Era" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Muay Thai (, RTGS: Muai Thai, , lit. \"Thai boxing\") is a native form of kickboxing and Thailand's signature sport. It incorporates kicks, punches, knees and elbow strikes in a ring with gloves similar to those used in Western boxing and this has led to Thailand gaining medals at the Olympic Games in boxing.", "qas": [ { "id": "42004", "question": "what is `` thai boxing '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "kickboxing and Thailand's signature sport" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Association football has overtaken muay Thai as the most widely followed sport in contemporary Thai society. Thailand national football team has played the AFC Asian Cup six times and reached the semifinals in 1972. The country has hosted the Asian Cup twice, in 1972 and in 2007. The 2007 edition was co-hosted together with Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam. It is not uncommon to see Thais cheering their favourite English Premier League teams on television and walking around in replica kit. Another widely enjoyed pastime, and once a competitive sport, is kite flying.", "qas": [ { "id": "42005", "question": "what did thailand win in 1972 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "AFC Asian Cup six times" } ] }, { "id": "42006", "question": "in what year did thailand win the asian cup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "1972" } ] }, { "id": "42007", "question": "in what year was the asian cup hosted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "1972" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Volleyball is rapidly growing as one of the most popular sport. The Women team has often participated World Championship, World Cup, and World Grand Prix Asian Championship. They also won Asian Championship twice and Asian Cup once. By the success of the women team, the men team has been growing as well.\nTakraw (Thai: \u0e15\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d) is a sport native to Thailand, in which the players hit a rattan ball and are only allowed to use their feet, knees, chest, and head to touch the ball. Sepak takraw is a form of this sport which is similar to volleyball. The players must volley a ball over a net and force it to hit the ground on the opponent's side. It is also a popular sport in other countries in Southeast Asia. A rather similar game but played only with the feet is Buka ball.", "qas": [ { "id": "42008", "question": "what are the names of the women team that has often participated in the women ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "World Championship, World Cup, and World Grand Prix Asian Championship" } ] }, { "id": "42009", "question": "what is a similar game but played only with the feet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 766, "text": "Buka ball" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Snooker has enjoyed increasing popularity in Thailand in recent years, with interest in the game being stimulated by the success of Thai snooker player James Wattana in the 1990s. Other notable players produced by the country include Ratchayothin Yotharuck, Noppon Saengkham and Dechawat Poomjaeng.", "qas": [ { "id": "42010", "question": "who was the thai snooker player ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "James Wattana" } ] }, { "id": "42011", "question": "what are some of the players produced by the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "Ratchayothin Yotharuck, Noppon Saengkham and Dechawat Poomjaeng" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Rugby is also a growing sport in Thailand with the Thailand national rugby union team rising to be ranked 61st in the world. Thailand became the first country in the world to host an international 80 welterweight rugby tournament in 2005. The national domestic Thailand Rugby Union (TRU) competition includes several universities and services teams such as Chulalongkorn University, Mahasarakham University, Kasetsart University, Prince of Songkla University, Thammasat University, Rangsit University, the Thai Police, the Thai Army, the Thai Navy and the Royal Thai Air Force. Local sports clubs which also compete in the TRU include the British Club of Bangkok, the Southerners Sports Club (Bangkok) and the Royal Bangkok Sports Club.", "qas": [ { "id": "42012", "question": "what is the growing sport in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "Thailand national rugby union team rising to be ranked 61st in the world" } ] }, { "id": "42013", "question": "how many rugby tournament did thailand have in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "80" } ] }, { "id": "42014", "question": "when did thailand become the first country in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "2005" } ] }, { "id": "42015", "question": "what is the name of the national domestic rugby union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "Thailand Rugby Union" } ] }, { "id": "42016", "question": "what two universities are located in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 534, "text": "the Thai Navy and the Royal Thai Air Force" } ] }, { "id": "42017", "question": "what are the british club of bangkok ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 668, "text": "Southerners Sports Club (Bangkok) and the Royal Bangkok Sports Club" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thailand has been called the golf capital of Asia as it is a popular destination for golf. The country attracts a large number of golfers from Japan, Korea, Singapore, South Africa, and Western countries who come to play golf in Thailand every year. The growing popularity of golf, especially among the middle classes and immigrants, is evident as there are more than 200 world-class golf courses nationwide, and some of them are chosen to host PGA and LPGA tournaments, such as Amata Spring Country Club, Alpine Golf and Sports Club, Thai Country Club, and Black Mountain Golf Club.", "qas": [ { "id": "42018", "question": "where does the country have a large number of golfers from thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "Japan, Korea, Singapore, South Africa" } ] }, { "id": "42019", "question": "how many world-class golf courses are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 368, "text": "200" } ] }, { "id": "42020", "question": "what are some of the pga tournaments ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 479, "text": "Amata Spring Country Club, Alpine Golf and Sports Club, Thai Country Club, and Black Mountain Golf Club" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Basketball is a growing sport in Thailand, especially on the professional sports club level. The Chang Thailand Slammers won the 2011 ASEAN Basketball League Championship. The Thailand national basketball team had its most successful year at the 1966 Asian Games where it won the silver medal.", "qas": [ { "id": "42021", "question": "what won the 2011 asean basketball league championship ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "Chang Thailand Slammers" } ] }, { "id": "42022", "question": "where did the chang thailand win ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "2011 ASEAN Basketball League Championship" } ] }, { "id": "42023", "question": "when did the thailand national basketball team win the silver medal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "1966" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other sports in Thailand are slowly growing as the country develops its sporting infrastructure. The success in sports like weightlifting and taekwondo at the last two summer Olympic Games has demonstrated that boxing is no longer the only medal option for Thailand.", "qas": [ { "id": "42024", "question": "what is thailand 's infrastructure ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "the country develops its sporting infrastructure" } ] }, { "id": "42025", "question": "what is the success of the success in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 221, "text": "no longer the only medal option for Thailand" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thammasat Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Bangkok. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 25,000. It is on Thammasat University's Rangsit campus. It was built for the 1998 Asian Games by construction firm Christiani and Nielsen, the same company that constructed the Democracy Monument in Bangkok.", "qas": [ { "id": "42026", "question": "what is a multi-purpose stadium in bangkok ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Thammasat Stadium" } ] }, { "id": "42027", "question": "what is the stadium used for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "football matches" } ] }, { "id": "42028", "question": "how many stadium does the stadium have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "25,000" } ] }, { "id": "42029", "question": "what was the name of the firm that constructed the democracy monument ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 240, "text": "Christiani and Nielsen" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Rajamangala National Stadium is the biggest sporting arena in Thailand. It currently has a capacity of 65,000. It is in Bang Kapi, Bangkok. The stadium was built in 1998 for the 1998 Asian Games and is the home stadium of the Thailand national football team.", "qas": [ { "id": "42030", "question": "what is the biggest sporting arena in thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Rajamangala National Stadium" } ] }, { "id": "42031", "question": "what is the capacity of national stadium ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "65,000" } ] }, { "id": "42032", "question": "where is national stadium located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "Bang Kapi, Bangkok" } ] }, { "id": "42033", "question": "when was the stadium built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "1998" } ] }, { "id": "42034", "question": "for what games was the stadium built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "the 1998 Asian Games" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The well-known Lumpini Boxing Stadium will host its final Muay Thai boxing matches on 7 February 2014 after the venue first opened in December 1956. Managed by the Royal Thai Army, the stadium was officially selected for the purpose of muay Thai bouts following a competition that was staged on 15 March 1956. From 11 February 2014, the stadium will relocate to Ram Intra Road, due to the new venue's capacity to accommodate audiences of up to 3,500. Foreigners typically pay between 1,000\u20132,000 baht to view a match, with prices depending on the location of the seating.", "qas": [ { "id": "42035", "question": "what will host its final thai boxing matches ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 15, "text": "Lumpini Boxing Stadium" } ] }, { "id": "42036", "question": "when was the final thai boxing stadium opened ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "7 February 2014" } ] }, { "id": "42037", "question": "when was the venue first opened ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "December 1956" } ] }, { "id": "42038", "question": "who managed the stadium ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "Royal Thai Army" } ] }, { "id": "42039", "question": "when was the stadium staged ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 295, "text": "15 March 1956" } ] }, { "id": "42040", "question": "what is the name of the road that the stadium will relocate to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 362, "text": "Ram Intra Road" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\n", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Thailand" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Serbia (, , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (), is a sovereign state situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans. Relative to its small territory, it is a diverse country distinguished by a \"transitional\" character, situated along cultural, geographic, climatic and other boundaries. Serbia is landlocked and borders Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; Macedonia to the south; and Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the southwest; it also claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo. Serbia numbers around 7 million residents, and its capital, Belgrade, ranks among the largest cities in Southeast Europe.", "qas": [ { "id": "42041", "question": "what is the sovereign state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "the Republic of Serbia" } ] }, { "id": "42042", "question": "where is the sovereign state situated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "Central and Southeast Europe" } ] }, { "id": "42043", "question": "what two areas does serbia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans" } ] }, { "id": "42044", "question": "which countries are serbia and borders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 412, "text": "Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east" } ] }, { "id": "42045", "question": "how many residents are in belgrade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 659, "text": "7 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Following the Slavic migrations to the Balkans from the 6th century onwards, Serbs established several states in the early Middle Ages. The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by Rome and the Byzantine Empire in 1217; it reached its peak in 1346 as a relatively short-lived Serbian Empire. By the mid-16th century, the entire modern-day Serbia was annexed by the Ottomans, at times interrupted by the Habsburg Empire, which started expanding towards Central Serbia since the end of the 17th century, while maintaining foothold in modern-day Vojvodina. In the early 19th century, the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the region's first constitutional monarchy, which subsequently expanded its territory. Following disastrous casualties in World War I, and the subsequent unification of the Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina with Serbia, the country co-founded Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples, which would exist in various political formations until the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s. As a result, Serbia formed a union with Montenegro in 1992, which broke apart in 2006, when Serbia again became an independent country. In 2008 the parliament of Kosovo, Serbia's southern province with an Albanian ethnic majority, declared independence, with mixed responses from the international community.", "qas": [ { "id": "42046", "question": "who obtained the serbian kingdom ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "Rome and the Byzantine Empire" } ] }, { "id": "42047", "question": "where was the byzantine empire located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "1217" } ] }, { "id": "42048", "question": "in what year did the serbian kingdom peak ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "1346" } ] }, { "id": "42049", "question": "who annexed the serbia century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 360, "text": "the Ottomans" } ] }, { "id": "42050", "question": "who started the times at times ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 402, "text": "Habsburg Empire" } ] }, { "id": "42051", "question": "when did serbia formed a union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1062, "text": "1992" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbia is a member of the UN, CoE, OSCE, PfP, BSEC, and CEFTA. An EU membership candidate since 2012, Serbia has been negotiating its EU accession since January 2014, following the European Council and Commission endorsements in 2013. The country is acceding to the WTO and is a militarily neutral state. Serbia is an upper-middle income economy with dominant service sector, followed by the industrial sector and agriculture. The country ranks high in Social Progress Index (45th) as well as Global Peace Index (46th), relatively high in Human Development Index (66th), and is an economically moderately free country (77th).", "qas": [ { "id": "42052", "question": "which un un is serbia a member of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "CoE, OSCE, PfP, BSEC, and CEFTA" } ] }, { "id": "42053", "question": "in what year did an eu membership become negotiating ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "2012" } ] }, { "id": "42054", "question": "when was serbia negotiating ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "January 2014" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Located at the crossroads between Central and Southern Europe, Serbia is found in the Balkan peninsula and the Pannonian Plain. Serbia lies between latitudes 41\u00b0 and 47\u00b0 N, and longitudes 18\u00b0 and 23\u00b0 E. The country covers a total of 88,361\u00a0km (including Kosovo), which places it at 113th place in the world; with Kosovo excluded, the total area is 77,474\u00a0km, which would make it 117th. Its total border length amounts to 2,027\u00a0km (Albania 115\u00a0km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 302\u00a0km, Bulgaria 318\u00a0km, Croatia 241\u00a0km, Hungary 151\u00a0km, Macedonia 221\u00a0km, Montenegro 203\u00a0km and Romania 476\u00a0km). All of Kosovo's border with Albania (115\u00a0km), Macedonia (159\u00a0km) and Montenegro (79\u00a0km) are under control of the Kosovo border police. Serbia treats the 352\u00a0km long border between Kosovo and rest of Serbia as an \"administrative line\"; it is under shared control of Kosovo border police and Serbian police forces, and there are 11 crossing points.", "qas": [ { "id": "42055", "question": "where is serbia found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "the Balkan peninsula and the Pannonian Plain" } ] }, { "id": "42056", "question": "serbia lies between what latitudes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "41\u00b0 and 47\u00b0 N" } ] }, { "id": "42057", "question": "what is the name of the place in the kosovo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "113th" } ] }, { "id": "42058", "question": "what is kosovo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 348, "text": "77,474\u00a0km" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Pannonian Plain covers the northern third of the country (Vojvodina and Ma\u010dva) while the easternmost tip of Serbia extends into the Wallachian Plain. The terrain of central part of the country, with the region of \u0160umadija at its heart, consists chiefly of hills traversed by the rivers. Mountains dominate the southern third of Serbia. Dinaric Alps stretch in the west and the southwest following the flow of the rivers Drina and Ibar. Carpathian Mountains and Balkan Mountains stretch in north\u2013south direction in the eastern Serbia.", "qas": [ { "id": "42059", "question": "what covers the northern third of the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Pannonian Plain" } ] }, { "id": "42060", "question": "where does the easternmost tip of serbia extends ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "Wallachian Plain" } ] }, { "id": "42061", "question": "what is the region of hills in its heart ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "\u0160umadija" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ancient mountains in the southeast corner of the country belong to Rilo-Rhodope Mountain system. Elevation ranges from the Mid\u017eor peak of the Balkan Mountains at (highest peak in Serbia, excluding Kosovo) to the lowest point of just near the Danube river at Prahovo. The largest lake is the \u0110erdap Lake () and the longest river passing through Serbia the Danube ().", "qas": [ { "id": "42062", "question": "ancient mountains in the southeast corner of the country belong to what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Rilo-Rhodope Mountain system" } ] }, { "id": "42063", "question": "where is elevation located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "Mid\u017eor peak of the Balkan Mountains" } ] }, { "id": "42064", "question": "where is the lowest point of the danube river ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "Prahovo" } ] }, { "id": "42065", "question": "what is the largest lake ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 291, "text": "\u0110erdap Lake" } ] }, { "id": "42066", "question": "what is the longest river passing through the largest lake ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 344, "text": "Serbia the Danube" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The climate of Serbia is under the influences of the landmass of Eurasia and Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. With mean January temperatures around , and mean July temperatures of , it can be classified into warm-humid continental or humid subtropical climate. In the north, the climate is more continental, with cold winters, and hot, humid summers along with well distributed rainfall patterns. In the south, summers and autumns are drier, and winters are relatively cold, with heavy inland snowfall in the mountains.", "qas": [ { "id": "42067", "question": "the climate of serbia is under the influences of what two countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Eurasia and Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea" } ] }, { "id": "42068", "question": "what can the climate of serbia be classified into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "warm-humid continental or humid subtropical climate" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Differences in elevation, proximity to the Adriatic Sea and large river basins, as well as exposure to the winds account for climate variations. Southern Serbia is subject to Mediterranean influences. However, the Dinaric Alps and other mountain ranges contribute to the cooling of most of the warm air masses. Winters are quite harsh in the Pe\u0161ter plateau, because of the mountains which encircle it. One of the climatic features of Serbia is Ko\u0161ava, a cold and very squally southeastern wind which starts in the Carpathian Mountains and follows the Danube northwest through the Iron Gate where it gains a jet effect and continues to Belgrade and can spread as far south as Ni\u0161.", "qas": [ { "id": "42069", "question": "along with large river and large river , what is the other sea that is used in elevation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Adriatic Sea" } ] }, { "id": "42070", "question": "where are winters located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 342, "text": "Pe\u0161ter plateau" } ] }, { "id": "42071", "question": "what is one of the climatic features ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 444, "text": "Ko\u0161ava" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The average annual air temperature for the period 1961\u20131990 for the area with an altitude of up to is . The areas with an altitude of have an average annual temperature of around , and over of altitude around . The lowest recorded temperature in Serbia was on 13 January 1985, Karajuki\u0107a Bunari in Pe\u0161ter, and the highest was , on 24 July 2007, recorded in Smederevska Palanka.", "qas": [ { "id": "42072", "question": "when was the average annual air temperature for the area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "1961\u20131990" } ] }, { "id": "42073", "question": "when was the lowest recorded temperature in serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "13 January 1985" } ] }, { "id": "42074", "question": "when was the highest recorded temperature in serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 331, "text": "24 July 2007" } ] }, { "id": "42075", "question": "where was the highest recorded temperature in serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 357, "text": "Smederevska Palanka" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbia is one of few European countries with \"very high risk\" exposure to the natural hazards (earthquakes, storms, floods, droughts). It is estimated that potential floods, particularly in areas of Central Serbia, threaten over 500 larger settlements and an area of 16,000 square kilometers. The most disastrous were the floods in May 2014, when 57 people died and a damage of over a 1.5 billion euro was incited.", "qas": [ { "id": "42076", "question": "how many larger settlements does serbia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "500" } ] }, { "id": "42077", "question": "how many square kilometers does serbia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "16,000 square kilometers" } ] }, { "id": "42078", "question": "how many people died in may 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 347, "text": "57" } ] }, { "id": "42079", "question": "how many euro was incited ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 385, "text": "1.5 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Almost all of Serbia's rivers drain to the Black Sea, by way of the Danube river. The Danube, the second largest European river, passes through Serbia with 588 kilometers (21% of its overall length) and represents the largest source of fresh water. It is joined by its biggest tributaries, the Great Morava (longest river entirely in Serbia with 493\u00a0km of length), Sava and Tisza rivers. One notable exception is the P\u010dinja which flows into the Aegean.", "qas": [ { "id": "42080", "question": "where do all of serbia 's rivers drain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Black Sea" } ] }, { "id": "42081", "question": "what is the name of the river that serbia 's rivers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "the Danube river" } ] }, { "id": "42082", "question": "what is the second largest european river ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "The Danube" } ] }, { "id": "42083", "question": "what is the largest source of the danube river ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "588 kilometers" } ] }, { "id": "42084", "question": "what percentage of its length is the danube , the danube , passes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "21%" } ] }, { "id": "42085", "question": "what is the name of the longest river entirely ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 294, "text": "Great Morava" } ] }, { "id": "42086", "question": "how many length of length does the great rivers have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 346, "text": "493" } ] }, { "id": "42087", "question": "what is the name of the notable exception to the aegean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 417, "text": "P\u010dinja" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Due to configuration of the terrain, natural lakes are sparse and small; most of them are located in the lowlands of Vojvodina, like the aeolian lake Pali\u0107 or numerous oxbow lakes along river flows (like Zasavica and Carska Bara). However, there are numerous artificial lakes, mostly due to hydroelectric dams, the biggest being \u0110erdap (Iron Gates) on the Danube with 163\u00a0km on the Serbian side (a total area of 253\u00a0km is shared with Romania) as well as the deepest (with maximum depth of 92 m); Peru\u0107ac on the Drina, and Vlasina. The largest waterfall, Jelovarnik, located in Kopaonik, is 71 m high. Abundance of relatively unpolluted surface waters and numerous underground natural and mineral water sources of high water quality presents a chance for export and economy improvement; however, more extensive exploitation and production of bottled water began only recently.", "qas": [ { "id": "42088", "question": "what are the river flows along with river flows ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "Zasavica and Carska Bara" } ] }, { "id": "42089", "question": "what is the main cause of artificial lakes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 291, "text": "hydroelectric dams" } ] }, { "id": "42090", "question": "what is the name of the biggest area in iron ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 329, "text": "\u0110erdap" } ] }, { "id": "42091", "question": "where is the largest waterfall ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 577, "text": "Kopaonik" } ] }, { "id": "42092", "question": "what is the largest waterfall temperature in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 590, "text": "71 m high" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With 29.1% of its territory covered by forest, Serbia is considered to be a middle-forested country, compared on a global scale to world forest coverage at 30%, and European average of 35%. The total forest area in Serbia is 2,252,000 h\u0430 (1,194,000 h\u0430 or 53% are state-owned, and 1,058,387 h\u0430 or 47% are privately owned) or 0.3 ha per inhabitant. The most common trees are oak, beech, pines and firs.\nSerbia is a country of rich ecosystem and species diversity \u2013 covering only 1.9% of the whole European territory Serbia is home to 39% of European vascular flora, 51% of European fish fauna, 40% of European reptile and amphibian fauna, 74% of European bird fauna, 67% European mammal fauna. Its abundance of mountains and rivers make it an ideal environment for a variety of animals, many of which are protected including wolves, lynx, bears, foxes and stags.", "qas": [ { "id": "42093", "question": "what percentage of its territory covered by forest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 5, "text": "29.1%" } ] }, { "id": "42094", "question": "how much of the world 's world forest is world forest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "30%" } ] }, { "id": "42095", "question": "what percentage of its european population is serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "35%" } ] }, { "id": "42096", "question": "what is the total forest area in serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "2,252,000 h\u0430" } ] }, { "id": "42097", "question": "what percentage of the european territory is home to serbia % of the whole european territory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 477, "text": "1.9%" } ] }, { "id": "42098", "question": "what percentage of flora flora is home to serbia % of the whole european territory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 532, "text": "39%" } ] }, { "id": "42099", "question": "what percentage of european fish fauna fauna ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 564, "text": "51%" } ] }, { "id": "42100", "question": "what percentage of european bird fauna are fauna ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 637, "text": "74%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Mountain of Tara in western Serbia is one of the last regions in Europe where bears can still live in absolute freedom. Serbia is also home to about 380 species of bird. In Carska Bara, there are over 300 bird species on just a few square kilometers. Uvac Gorge is considered one of the last habitats of the griffon vulture in Europe.", "qas": [ { "id": "42101", "question": "what is one of the last regions in europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Mountain of Tara" } ] }, { "id": "42102", "question": "how many species of bird is serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "380" } ] }, { "id": "42103", "question": "where is there over 300 bird species ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "Carska Bara" } ] }, { "id": "42104", "question": "how many bird species are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "over 300 bird" } ] }, { "id": "42105", "question": "what is the last habitats of the griffon vulture in europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "Uvac Gorge" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are 377 protected areas of Serbia, encompassing 4,947 square kilometers or 6.4% of the country. The \"Spatial plan of the Republic of Serbia\" states that the total protected area should be increased to 12% by 2021. Those protected areas include 5 national parks (\u0110erdap, Tara, Kopaonik, Fru\u0161ka Gora and \u0160ar Mountain), 15 nature parks, 15 \"landscapes of outstanding features\", 61 nature reserves, and 281 natural monuments.", "qas": [ { "id": "42106", "question": "how many areas of serbia are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "377" } ] }, { "id": "42107", "question": "how many square kilometers is serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "4,947" } ] }, { "id": "42108", "question": "what percentage of the country is 377 areas of serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "6.4%" } ] }, { "id": "42109", "question": "what was the `` spatial plan of the republic of serbia '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "12%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Air pollution is a significant problem in Bor area, due to work of large copper mining and smelting complex, and Pan\u010devo where oil and petrochemical industry is based. Some cities suffer from water supply problems, due to mismanagement and low investments in the past, as well as water pollution (like the pollution of the Ibar River from the Trep\u010da zinc-lead combinate, affecting the city of Kraljevo, or the presence of natural arsenic in underground waters in Zrenjanin).", "qas": [ { "id": "42110", "question": "where is air pollution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "Bor area" } ] }, { "id": "42111", "question": "what is the name of the pollution that is located in water pollution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 343, "text": "Trep\u010da zinc-lead combinate" } ] }, { "id": "42112", "question": "what is the name of the city that has a water pollution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 393, "text": "Kraljevo" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Poor waste management has been identified as one of the most important environmental problems in Serbia and the recycling is a fledgling activity, with only 15% of its waste being turned back for reuse. The 1999 NATO bombing caused serious damage to the environment, with several thousand tons of toxic chemicals stored in targeted factories and refineries released into the soil and water basins.", "qas": [ { "id": "42113", "question": "what percentage of poor waste management is turned back for reuse waste ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "15%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Archeological evidence of Paleolithic settlements on the territory of present-day Serbia are scarce. A fragment of a human jaw, was found in Si\u0107evo (Mala Balanica) and believed to be up to 525,000\u2014397,000 years old.", "qas": [ { "id": "42114", "question": "where was a fragment of a human jaw found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "Si\u0107evo" } ] }, { "id": "42115", "question": "what was the fragment of the human jaw ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "525,000\u2014397,000 years old" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Approximately around 6,500 years BC, during the Neolithic, the Star\u010devo, and Vin\u010da cultures existed in or near modern-day Belgrade and dominated much of the Southeastern Europe, (as well as parts of Central Europe and Asia Minor). Two important local archeological sites from this era, Lepenski Vir and Vin\u010da-Belo Brdo, still exist near the banks of the Danube.", "qas": [ { "id": "42116", "question": "when did the neolithic , vin\u010da cultures begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "6,500 years BC" } ] }, { "id": "42117", "question": "which local archeological sites exist near the banks of the danube ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "Lepenski Vir and Vin\u010da-Belo Brdo" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the Iron Age, Thracians, Dacians, and Illyrians were encountered by the Ancient Greeks during their expansion into the south of modern Serbia in the 4th century BC; the northwesternmost point of Alexander the Great's empire being the town of Kale-Kr\u0161evica. The Greek influx was followed shortly after by the Celtic tribe of Scordisci, who settled throughout the area in the 3rd century BC. The Scordisci formed their own tribal state in this area, and built several fortifications, including their state capital at Singidunum (present-day Belgrade) and Naissos (present-day Ni\u0161).", "qas": [ { "id": "42118", "question": "who encountered thracians , dacians , and illyrians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "Ancient Greeks" } ] }, { "id": "42119", "question": "when did thracians , dacians , and illyrians become encountered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "4th century BC" } ] }, { "id": "42120", "question": "what was the town of alexander the great 's empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "Kale-Kr\u0161evica" } ] }, { "id": "42121", "question": "who settled throughout the 3rd century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 311, "text": "the Celtic tribe of Scordisci" } ] }, { "id": "42122", "question": "in what century did the celtic tribe arrive ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 381, "text": "3rd century BC" } ] }, { "id": "42123", "question": "where was the capital of belgrade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 522, "text": "Singidunum" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Romans conquered much of the territory in the 2nd century BC. In 167 BC the Roman province of Illyricum was established; the remainder was conquered around 75 BC, forming the Roman province of Moesia Superior; the modern-day Srem region was conquered in 9 BC; and Ba\u010dka and Banat in 106 AD after the Dacian wars. As a result of this, contemporary Serbia extends fully or partially over several former Roman provinces, including Moesia, Pannonia, Praevalitana, Dalmatia, Dacia and Macedonia.", "qas": [ { "id": "42124", "question": "when did the romans invade much of the territory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "2nd century BC" } ] }, { "id": "42125", "question": "when was the roman province established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "167 BC" } ] }, { "id": "42126", "question": "what roman province was established in 167 bc ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "Illyricum" } ] }, { "id": "42127", "question": "when was the roman province conquered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "75 BC" } ] }, { "id": "42128", "question": "what was the name of the roman province ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "Moesia Superior" } ] }, { "id": "42129", "question": "when was the modern-day srem region conquered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "9 BC" } ] }, { "id": "42130", "question": "when did ba\u010dka and banat die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "106 AD" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The chief towns of Upper Moesia (and wider) were: Singidunum (Belgrade), Viminacium (now Old Kostolac), Remesiana (now Bela Palanka), Naissos (Ni\u0161), and Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica), the latter of which served as a Roman capital during the Tetrarchy. Seventeen Roman Emperors were born in the area of modern-day Serbia, second only to contemporary Italy. The most famous of these was Constantine the Great, the first Christian Emperor, who issued an edict ordering religious tolerance throughout the Empire.", "qas": [ { "id": "42131", "question": "what is belgrade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Singidunum" } ] }, { "id": "42132", "question": "who was the first christian emperor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 387, "text": "Constantine the Great" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When the Roman Empire was divided in 395, most of Serbia remained under the Eastern Roman Empire, while its western parts were included in the Western Roman Empire. By the early 6th century, Southern Slavs were present throughout the Byzantine Empire in large numbers.", "qas": [ { "id": "42133", "question": "when was the roman empire divided ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "395" } ] }, { "id": "42134", "question": "most of serbia remained under the roman empire under which empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "Eastern Roman Empire" } ] }, { "id": "42135", "question": "where were the western parts of the roman empire located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "Western Roman Empire" } ] }, { "id": "42136", "question": "what was present throughout the byzantine empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "Southern Slavs" } ] }, { "id": "42137", "question": "where were southern slavs present ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "Byzantine Empire" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Serbs in the Byzantine world lived in the so-called \"Slav lands\", lands initially out of Byzantine control and independent. The Vlastimirovi\u0107 dynasty established the Serbian Principality in the 8th century. In 822, the Serbs \"inhabited the greater part of Dalmatia\", and Christianity was adopted as the state religion in 870. In the mid-10th century the state had emerged into a tribal confederation that stretched to the shores of the Adriatic Sea by the Neretva, the Sava, the Morava, and Skadar.", "qas": [ { "id": "42138", "question": "what was the name of the byzantine world lived in the byzantine world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Slav lands" } ] }, { "id": "42139", "question": "what did the dynasty establish in the 8th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "Serbian Principality" } ] }, { "id": "42140", "question": "in what year did the serbs `` inhabited the greater part of dalmatia '' take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "822" } ] }, { "id": "42141", "question": "in what year was christianity adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 325, "text": "870" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The state disintegrated after the death of the last known Vlastimirid ruler; the Byzantines annexed the region and held it for a century, until 1040 when the Serbs under the leadership of what would become the Vojislavljevi\u0107 dynasty revolted in Duklja, a maritime region. In 1091, the Vukanovi\u0107 dynasty established the Serbian Grand Principality, based in Ra\u0161ka (\"Rascia\"). The two-halves were reunited in 1142.", "qas": [ { "id": "42142", "question": "what was the death of the state disintegrated after ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "Vlastimirid ruler" } ] }, { "id": "42143", "question": "in what year did the byzantines attack the region ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "1040" } ] }, { "id": "42144", "question": "what was the name of the maritime region that serbs annexed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "Duklja" } ] }, { "id": "42145", "question": "when was the serbian grand principality established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "1091" } ] }, { "id": "42146", "question": "what was the name of the serbian grand dynasty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "Serbian Grand Principality" } ] }, { "id": "42147", "question": "where was the serbian grand principality based ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 356, "text": "Ra\u0161ka" } ] }, { "id": "42148", "question": "where were the two-halves reunited in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 406, "text": "1142" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1166, Stefan Nemanja assumed the throne, marking the beginning of a prospering Serbia, henceforth under the rule of the Nemanji\u0107 dynasty. Nemanja's son Rastko ( \"Saint Sava\"), gained autocephaly for the Serbian Church in 1217 and authored the oldest known constitution, and at the same time Stefan the First-Crowned established the Serbian Kingdom. Medieval Serbia reached its peak during the reign of Stefan Du\u0161an, who took advantage of the Byzantine civil war and doubled the size of the state by conquering territories to the south and east at the expense of Byzantium, reaching as far as the Peloponnese, also being crowned Emperor of Serbs and Greeks along the way.", "qas": [ { "id": "42149", "question": "when did the throne begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1166" } ] }, { "id": "42150", "question": "who assumed the throne in 1166 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Stefan Nemanja" } ] }, { "id": "42151", "question": "who was the son of the serbian kingdom ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "Rastko" } ] }, { "id": "42152", "question": "where was the serbian church gained for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "1217" } ] }, { "id": "42153", "question": "who was the reign of medieval serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 405, "text": "Stefan Du\u0161an" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Battle of Kosovo against the rising Ottoman Empire in 1389 marks a turning point and is considered as a beginning of the fall of the medieval Serbian state. The magnate families Lazarevi\u0107 and Brankovi\u0107 ruled the suzerain Serbian Despotate afterwards (in the 15th and 16th centuries). After the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453 and the Siege of Belgrade, the Serbian Despotate fell in 1459 following the siege of the provisional capital of Smederevo. By 1455, central Serbia was completely conquered by the Ottoman Empire. After repelling Ottoman attacks for over 70 years, Belgrade finally fell in 1521, opening the way for Ottoman expansion into Central Europe. Vojvodina, as a part of Habsburg Empire, resisted Ottoman rule until well into the 16th century.", "qas": [ { "id": "42154", "question": "when was the battle of kosovo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "1389" } ] }, { "id": "42155", "question": "who ruled the serbian despotate afterwards ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "Lazarevi\u0107 and Brankovi\u0107" } ] }, { "id": "42156", "question": "in what year did the ottomans invade constantinople ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 340, "text": "1453" } ] }, { "id": "42157", "question": "where did the serbian despotate end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 402, "text": "1459" } ] }, { "id": "42158", "question": "when did belgrade join belgrade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 616, "text": "1521" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After the loss of independence to the Kingdom of Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, Serbia briefly regained sovereignty under Jovan Nenad in the 16th century. Three Habsburg invasions and numerous rebellions constantly challenged Ottoman rule. One famous incident was the Banat Uprising in 1595, which was part of the Long War between the Ottomans and the Habsburgs. The area of modern Vojvodina endured a century-long Ottoman occupation before being ceded to the Habsburg Empire at the end of the 17th century under the Treaty of Karlowitz.\nIn all Serb lands south of the rivers Danube and Sava, the nobility was eliminated and the peasantry was enserfed to Ottoman masters, while much of the clergy fled or were confined to the isolated monasteries. Under the Ottoman system, Serbs, as Christians, were considered an inferior class of people and subjected to heavy taxes, and a small portion of the Serbian populace experienced Islamisation. The Ottomans abolished the Serbian Patriarchate (1463), but reestablished it in 1557, providing for limited continuation of Serbian cultural traditions within the empire.", "qas": [ { "id": "42159", "question": "who did serbia briefly regained sovereignty under ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "Jovan Nenad" } ] }, { "id": "42160", "question": "what was one of the famous incident in 1595 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "Banat Uprising" } ] }, { "id": "42161", "question": "where was the banat uprising ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "1595" } ] }, { "id": "42162", "question": "what was the name of the serbian patriarchate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 990, "text": "1463" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As the Great Serb Migrations depopulated most of southern Serbia, the Serbs sought refuge across the Danube River in Vojvodina to the north and the Military Frontier in the west, where they were granted rights by the Austrian crown under measures such as the \"Statuta Wallachorum\" of 1630. The ecclesiastical center of the Serbs also moved northwards, to the Metropolitanate of Sremski Karlovci, as the Serbian Patriarchate was once-again abolished by the Ottomans in 1766. Following several petitions, the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I formally granted Serbs who wished to leave the right to their autonomous crownland.", "qas": [ { "id": "42163", "question": "where did the serbs sought refuge ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "Danube River" } ] }, { "id": "42164", "question": "what was the name of the austrian crown under the austrian crown ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "Statuta Wallachorum\" of 1630" } ] }, { "id": "42165", "question": "what was the name of the ecclesiastical center of serbs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 359, "text": "Metropolitanate of Sremski Karlovci" } ] }, { "id": "42166", "question": "when was the serbian patriarchate abolished ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 468, "text": "1766" } ] }, { "id": "42167", "question": "who granted serbs who wished to leave the right to leave the right to their autonomous crownland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 507, "text": "Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1718\u201339, the Habsburg Monarchy occupied Central Serbia and established the \"Kingdom of Serbia\". Apart from Vojvodina and Northern Belgrade which were absorbed into the Habsburg Empire, Central Serbia was occupied by the Habsburgs again in in 1686\u201391 and in 1788\u201392.", "qas": [ { "id": "42168", "question": "when was the `` kingdom of serbia '' established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1718\u201339" } ] }, { "id": "42169", "question": "who occupied the kingdom of serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 12, "text": "the Habsburg Monarchy" } ] }, { "id": "42170", "question": "what did the habsburg monarchy establish ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "Kingdom of Serbia" } ] }, { "id": "42171", "question": "where were absorbed into the habsburg empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Vojvodina and Northern Belgrade" } ] }, { "id": "42172", "question": "where were vojvodina and northern belgrade absorbed into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "Habsburg Empire" } ] }, { "id": "42173", "question": "where was central serbia occupied by the habsburgs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "1686\u201391" } ] }, { "id": "42174", "question": "when was the habsburgs occupied ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "1788\u201392" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Serbian Revolution for independence from the Ottoman Empire lasted eleven years, from 1804 until 1815. The revolution comprised two separate uprisings which gained autonomy from the Ottoman Empire that eventually evolved towards full independence (1835\u20131867). During the First Serbian Uprising, led by Duke Kara\u0111or\u0111e Petrovi\u0107, Serbia was independent for almost a decade before the Ottoman army was able to reoccupy the country. Shortly after this, the Second Serbian Uprising began. Led by Milo\u0161 Obrenovi\u0107, it ended in 1815 with a compromise between Serbian revolutionaries and Ottoman authorities. Likewise, Serbia was one of the first nations in the Balkans to abolish feudalism. The Convention of Ackerman in 1826, the Treaty of Adrianople in 1829 and finally, the Hatt-i Sharif, recognized the suzerainty of Serbia. The first Serbian Constitution was adopted on 15 February 1835.", "qas": [ { "id": "42175", "question": "when did the serbian revolution end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "1815" } ] }, { "id": "42176", "question": "when did the ottoman empire begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "1835\u20131867" } ] }, { "id": "42177", "question": "who led the first serbian uprising ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "Duke Kara\u0111or\u0111e Petrovi\u0107" } ] }, { "id": "42178", "question": "who led the second serbian uprising ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 494, "text": "Milo\u0161 Obrenovi\u0107" } ] }, { "id": "42179", "question": "when did the second serbian uprising end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 523, "text": "1815" } ] }, { "id": "42180", "question": "when was the treaty of adrianople ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 716, "text": "1826" } ] }, { "id": "42181", "question": "when was the first serbian constitution adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 870, "text": "15 February 1835" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Following the clashes between the Ottoman army and Serbs in Belgrade in 1862, and under pressure from the Great Powers, by 1867 the last Turkish soldiers left the Principality, making the country \"de facto\" independent. By enacting a new constitution without consulting the Porte, Serbian diplomats confirmed the \"de facto\" independence of the country. In 1876, Serbia declared war on the Ottoman Empire, proclaiming its unification with Bosnia.", "qas": [ { "id": "42182", "question": "in what year did the clashes between the ottoman army and serbs take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "1862" } ] }, { "id": "42183", "question": "when did the last turkish soldiers arrive ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "1867" } ] }, { "id": "42184", "question": "what was the name of the country that the turkish soldiers left the principality of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "\"de facto\" independent" } ] }, { "id": "42185", "question": "what did serbian diplomats introduce ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 314, "text": "de facto\" independence of the country" } ] }, { "id": "42186", "question": "when did serbia declared war on the ottoman empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 356, "text": "1876" } ] }, { "id": "42187", "question": "who was serbia declared war on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 385, "text": "the Ottoman Empire" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The formal independence of the country was internationally recognized at the Congress of Berlin in 1878, which formally ended the Russo-Turkish War; this treaty, however, prohibited Serbia from uniting with Bosnia by placing the latter under Austro-Hungarian occupation, alongside the occupation of Sanjak of Novi Pazar. From 1815 to 1903, the Principality of Serbia was ruled by the House of Obrenovi\u0107, save for the rule of Prince Aleksandar Kara\u0111or\u0111evi\u0107 between 1842 and 1858. In 1882, Serbia became a Kingdom, ruled by King Milan I. The House of Kara\u0111or\u0111evi\u0107, descendants of the revolutionary leader Kara\u0111or\u0111e Petrovi\u0107, assumed power in 1903 following the May Overthrow. In the north, the 1848 revolution in Austria led to the establishment of the autonomous territory of Serbian Vojvodina; by 1849, the region was transformed into the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar.", "qas": [ { "id": "42188", "question": "where was the russo-turkish war located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Congress of Berlin" } ] }, { "id": "42189", "question": "when was the russo-turkish war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "1878" } ] }, { "id": "42190", "question": "what was the name of the war that ended the congress of berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "Russo-Turkish War" } ] }, { "id": "42191", "question": "who assumed power in 1903 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 603, "text": "Kara\u0111or\u0111e Petrovi\u0107" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the course of the First Balkan War in 1912, the Balkan League defeated the Ottoman Empire and captured its European territories, which enabled territorial expansion into Ra\u0161ka and Kosovo. The Second Balkan War soon ensued when Bulgaria turned on its former allies, but was defeated, resulting in the Treaty of Bucharest. In two years, Serbia enlarged its territory by 80% and its population by 50%; it also suffered high casualties on the eve of World War I, with around 20,000 dead. Austria-Hungary became wary of the rising regional power on its borders and its potential to become an anchor for unification of all South Slavs, and the relationship between the two countries became tense.", "qas": [ { "id": "42192", "question": "when was the first balkan war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "1912" } ] }, { "id": "42193", "question": "where did the ottoman empire lose expansion into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "Ra\u0161ka and Kosovo" } ] }, { "id": "42194", "question": "where was the second balkan war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 303, "text": "Treaty of Bucharest" } ] }, { "id": "42195", "question": "what percentage of serbia enlarged its territory in two years ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 371, "text": "80%" } ] }, { "id": "42196", "question": "what was the population of serbia in two years ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 397, "text": "50%" } ] }, { "id": "42197", "question": "how many dead dead dead did serbia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 474, "text": "20,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Young Bosnia organization, led to Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia. In defense of its ally Serbia, Russia mobilized its troops, which resulted in Austria-Hungary's ally Germany declaring war on Russia. The retaliation by Austria-Hungary against Serbia activated a series of military alliances that set off a chain reaction of war declarations across the continent, leading to the outbreak of World War I within a month. Serbia won the first major battles of World War I, including the Battle of Cer and Battle of Kolubara \u2013 marking the first Allied victories against the Central Powers in World War I.", "qas": [ { "id": "42198", "question": "who was the leader of the austria-hungary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria" } ] }, { "id": "42199", "question": "when did ferdinand franz die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "28 June 1914" } ] }, { "id": "42200", "question": "who led the austria-hungary organization ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "Gavrilo Princip" } ] }, { "id": "42201", "question": "what battle did serbia won ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 613, "text": "Battle of Cer and Battle of Kolubara" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Despite initial success, it was eventually overpowered by the Central Powers in 1915. Most of its army and some people retreated into exile to Greece and Corfu, where they recovered, regrouped and returned to the Macedonian front to lead a final breakthrough through enemy lines on 15 September 1918, liberating Serbia and defeating the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Bulgaria. Serbia, with its campaign, was a major Balkan Entente Power which contributed significantly to the Allied victory in the Balkans in November 1918, especially by helping France force Bulgaria's capitulation. Serbia was classified as a \"minor Entente power\".", "qas": [ { "id": "42202", "question": "who overpowered the success in 1915 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "Central Powers" } ] }, { "id": "42203", "question": "in what year was the central powers overpowered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "1915" } ] }, { "id": "42204", "question": "when did the macedonian front lead to the macedonian front ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "15 September 1918" } ] }, { "id": "42205", "question": "which empire did the macedonian front lead to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 337, "text": "Austro-Hungarian Empire and Bulgaria" } ] }, { "id": "42206", "question": "what was the name of the power power in the balkans in 1918 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 414, "text": "Balkan Entente Power" } ] }, { "id": "42207", "question": "when was the balkan entente power ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 507, "text": "November 1918" } ] }, { "id": "42208", "question": "what was serbia classified as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 610, "text": "minor Entente power" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbia's casualties accounted for 8% of the total Entente military deaths; 58% (243,600) soldiers of the Serbian army perished in the war. The total number of casualties is placed around 700,000, more than 16% of Serbia's prewar size, and a majority (57%) of its overall male population. As the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed, the territory of Syrmia united with Serbia on 24 November 1918, followed by Banat, Ba\u010dka and Baranja a day later, thereby bringing the entire Vojvodina into the Serb Kingdom. On 26 November 1918, the Podgorica Assembly deposed the House of Petrovi\u0107-Njego\u0161 and united Montenegro with Serbia. On 1 December 1918, Serbian Prince Regent Alexander of Serbia proclaimed the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes under King Peter I of Serbia.\nKing Peter was succeeded by his son, Alexander, in August 1921. Serb centralists and Croat autonomists clashed in the parliament, and most governments were fragile and short-lived. Nikola Pa\u0161i\u0107, a conservative prime minister, headed or dominated most governments until his death. King Alexander changed the name of the country to Yugoslavia and changed the internal divisions from the 33 oblasts to nine new banovinas. The effect of Alexander's dictatorship was to further alienate the non-Serbs from the idea of unity.", "qas": [ { "id": "42209", "question": "how much of the total entente military deaths did serbia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "8%" } ] }, { "id": "42210", "question": "what percentage of the serbian army perished in the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "58%" } ] }, { "id": "42211", "question": "what percentage of serbia 's prewar size is placed in serbia 's prewar size ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "16%" } ] }, { "id": "42212", "question": "what percentage of its overall male population is placed in serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "57%" } ] }, { "id": "42213", "question": "who was a conservative prime minister ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 952, "text": "Nikola Pa\u0161i\u0107" } ] }, { "id": "42214", "question": "who changed the name of the country to yugoslavia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1051, "text": "King Alexander" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Alexander was assassinated in Marseille, during an official visit in 1934 by Vlado Chernozemski, member of the IMRO. Alexander was succeeded by his eleven-year-old son Peter II and a regency council was headed by his cousin, Prince Paul. In August 1939 the Cvetkovi\u0107\u2013Ma\u010dek Agreement established an autonomous Banate of Croatia as a solution to Croatian concerns.", "qas": [ { "id": "42215", "question": "where was alexander assassinated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "Marseille" } ] }, { "id": "42216", "question": "when was alexander assassinated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "1934" } ] }, { "id": "42217", "question": "who assassinated alexander during 1934 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Vlado Chernozemski" } ] }, { "id": "42218", "question": "who succeeded alexander ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "Peter II" } ] }, { "id": "42219", "question": "who was alexander 's cousin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "Prince Paul" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1941, in spite of Yugoslav attempts to remain neutral in the war, the Axis powers invaded Yugoslavia. The territory of modern Serbia was divided between Hungary, Bulgaria, Independent State of Croatia and Italy (greater Albania and Montenegro), while the remaining part of Serbia was placed under German Military administration, with Serbian puppet governments led by Milan A\u0107imovi\u0107 and Milan Nedi\u0107. The occupied territory was the scene of a civil war between royalist Chetniks commanded by Dra\u017ea Mihailovi\u0107 and communist partisans commanded by Josip Broz Tito. Against these forces were arrayed Axis auxiliary units of the Serbian Volunteer Corps and the Serbian State Guard. Draginac and Loznica massacre of 2,950 villagers in Western Serbia in 1941 was the first large execution of civilians in occupied Serbia by Germans, with Kragujevac massacre and Novi Sad Raid of Jews and Serbs by Hungarian fascists being the most notorious, with over 3,000 victims in each case. After one year of occupation, around 16,000 Serbian Jews were murdered in the area, or around 90% of its pre-war Jewish population. Many concentration camps were established across the area. Banjica concentration camp was the largest concentration camp, with primary victims being Serbian Jews, Roma, and Serb political prisoners.\nThe Axis puppet state of the Independent State of Croatia committed large-scale persecution and genocide of Serbs, Jews, and Roma. The estimate of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum indicates that between 320,000 and 340,000 ethnic Serb residents of Croatia, Bosnia and northern Serbia were murdered during the Usta\u0161e genocide campaign; the same figures are supported by the Jewish Virtual Library. Official Yugoslav sources used to estimate more than victims, mostly Serbs. The Jasenovac memorial so far lists 82,085 names killed at the this concentration camp alone, out of around 100,000 estimated victims (75% of whom were of Serbian origin). Out of roughly 1 million casualties in all of Yugoslavia up until 1944, around 250,000 were citizens of Serbia of different ethnicities.", "qas": [ { "id": "42220", "question": "in what year was the axis powers invaded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1941" } ] }, { "id": "42221", "question": "where was the territory of modern serbia divided ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "Hungary, Bulgaria, Independent State of Croatia and Italy" } ] }, { "id": "42222", "question": "who led the serbian puppet governments ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 371, "text": "Milan A\u0107imovi\u0107 and Milan Nedi\u0107" } ] }, { "id": "42223", "question": "who commanded the communist partisans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 548, "text": "Josip Broz Tito" } ] }, { "id": "42224", "question": "what percentage of serbian jews were murdered in the area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1070, "text": "90%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Republic of U\u017eice was a short-lived liberated territory established by the Partisans and the first liberated territory in World War II Europe, organized as a military mini-state that existed in the autumn of 1941 in the west of occupied Serbia. By late 1944, the Belgrade Offensive swung in favour of the partisans in the civil war; the partisans subsequently gained control of Yugoslavia. Following the Belgrade Offensive, the Syrmian Front was the last major military action of World War II in Serbia.", "qas": [ { "id": "42225", "question": "who established the republic of u\u017eice ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "the Partisans" } ] }, { "id": "42226", "question": "the partisans was the first liberated territory in which war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "World War II Europe" } ] }, { "id": "42227", "question": "in what year did the republic of u\u017eice take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "1941" } ] }, { "id": "42228", "question": "when did the belgrade offensive the partisans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "1944" } ] }, { "id": "42229", "question": "what was the last major military action of world war ii ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 432, "text": "Syrmian Front" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The victory of the Communist Partisans resulted in the abolition of the monarchy and a subsequent constitutional referendum. A one-party state was soon established in Yugoslavia by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, between 60,000 and 70,000 people were killed in Serbia during the communist takeover. All opposition was suppressed and people deemed to be promoting opposition to socialism or promoting separatism were imprisoned or executed for sedition. Serbia became a constituent republic within the SFRY known as the Socialist Republic of Serbia, and had a republic-branch of the federal communist party, the League of Communists of Serbia.\nSerbia's most powerful and influential politician in Tito-era Yugoslavia was Aleksandar Rankovi\u0107, one of the \"big four\" Yugoslav leaders, alongside Tito, Edvard Kardelj, and Milovan \u0110ilas. Rankovi\u0107 was later removed from the office because of the disagreements regarding Kosovo's nomenklatura and the unity of Serbia. Rankovi\u0107's dismissal was highly unpopular amongst Serbs. Pro-decentralization reformers in Yugoslavia succeeded in the late 1960s in attaining substantial decentralization of powers, creating substantial autonomy in Kosovo and Vojvodina, and recognizing a Yugoslav Muslim nationality. As a result of these reforms, there was a massive overhaul of Kosovo's nomenklatura and police, that shifted from being Serb-dominated to ethnic Albanian-dominated through firing Serbs on a large scale. Further concessions were made to the ethnic Albanians of Kosovo in response to unrest, including the creation of the University of Pristina as an Albanian language institution. These changes created widespread fear amongst Serbs of being treated as second-class citizens.", "qas": [ { "id": "42230", "question": "how many people were killed in yugoslavia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "60,000 and 70,000" } ] }, { "id": "42231", "question": "who was serbia 's most powerful politician ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 728, "text": "Aleksandar Rankovi\u0107" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1989, Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107 rose to power in Serbia. Milo\u0161evi\u0107 promised a reduction of powers for the autonomous provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina, where his allies subsequently took over power, during the Anti-bureaucratic revolution. This ignited tensions with the communist leadership of the other republics, and awoke nationalism across the country that eventually resulted in the Breakup of Yugoslavia, with Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Kosovo declaring independence. Serbia and Montenegro remained together as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY).", "qas": [ { "id": "42232", "question": "in what year did power in serbia take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1989" } ] }, { "id": "42233", "question": "who rose to power in 1989 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107" } ] }, { "id": "42234", "question": "during what revolution did the allies take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Anti-bureaucratic revolution" } ] }, { "id": "42235", "question": "where did the breakup of yugoslavia take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 413, "text": "Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Kosovo declaring independence" } ] }, { "id": "42236", "question": "serbia and montenegro remained together as what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 548, "text": "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Fueled by ethnic tensions, the Yugoslav Wars erupted, with the most severe conflicts taking place in Croatia and Bosnia, where ethnic Serb populations opposed independence from Yugoslavia. The FRY remained outside the conflicts, but provided logistic, military and financial support to Serb forces in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. In response, the UN imposed sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in May 1992, which led to political isolation and the collapse of the economy.", "qas": [ { "id": "42237", "question": "where did the most severe conflicts taking place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "Croatia and Bosnia" } ] }, { "id": "42238", "question": "when did the un imposed sanctions against the federal republic of yugoslavia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 421, "text": "May 1992" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Multiparty democracy was introduced in Serbia in 1990, officially dismantling the one-party system. Critics of Milo\u0161evi\u0107 claimed that the government continued to be authoritarian despite constitutional changes, as Milo\u0161evi\u0107 maintained strong political influence over the state media and security apparatus. When the ruling Socialist Party of Serbia refused to accept its defeat in municipal elections in 1996, Serbians engaged in large protests against the government.", "qas": [ { "id": "42239", "question": "when was democracy introduced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "1990" } ] }, { "id": "42240", "question": "when did the socialist party of serbia accept its defeat ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 404, "text": "1996" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Between 1998 and 1999, peace was broken again, when the situation in Kosovo worsened with continued clashes between Yugoslav security forces and the Albanian guerilla Kosovo Liberation Army. The confrontations led to the short Kosovo War, which ended in withdrawal of Serbian forces from Kosovo and the establishment of UN administration of the province.\nAfter presidential elections in September 2000, opposition parties accused Milo\u0161evi\u0107 of electoral fraud. A campaign of civil resistance followed, led by the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS), a broad coalition of anti-Milo\u0161evi\u0107 parties. This culminated on 5 October when half a million people from all over the country congregated in Belgrade, compelling Milo\u0161evi\u0107 to concede defeat. The fall of Milo\u0161evi\u0107 ended Yugoslavia's international isolation. Milo\u0161evi\u0107 was sent to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. The DOS announced that FR Yugoslavia would seek to join the European Union. In 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was renamed Serbia and Montenegro; the EU opened negotiations with the country for the Stabilization and Association Agreement. Serbia's political climate remained tense and in 2003, the prime minister Zoran \u0110in\u0111i\u0107 was assassinated as result of a plot originating from circles of organized crime and former security officials.", "qas": [ { "id": "42241", "question": "what was the name of the army that peace was broken again ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "the Albanian guerilla Kosovo Liberation Army" } ] }, { "id": "42242", "question": "what was the name of the dos dos a broad coalition ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 512, "text": "Democratic Opposition of Serbia" } ] }, { "id": "42243", "question": "who was assassinated in 2003 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1216, "text": "Zoran \u0110in\u0111i\u0107" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 21 May 2006, Montenegro held a referendum to determine whether to end its union with Serbia. The results showed 55.4% of voters in favor of independence, which was just above the 55% required by the referendum. On 5 June 2006, the National Assembly of Serbia declared Serbia to be the legal successor to the former state union. The province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008. Serbia immediately condemned the declaration and continues to deny any statehood to Kosovo. The declaration has sparked varied responses from the international community, some welcoming it, while others condemned the unilateral move. Status neutral talks between Serbia and Kosovo-Albanian authorities are held in Brussels, mediated by the EU.", "qas": [ { "id": "42244", "question": "when did montenegro determine a referendum ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "21 May 2006" } ] }, { "id": "42245", "question": "what percentage of voters were in favor of independence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "55.4%" } ] }, { "id": "42246", "question": "what percentage of voters required by the referendum ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "55%" } ] }, { "id": "42247", "question": "when did the national assembly of serbia declare serbia to be the legal successor to the former state union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "5 June 2006" } ] }, { "id": "42248", "question": "when did the province of kosovo take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 404, "text": "17 February 2008" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In April 2008 Serbia was invited to join the Intensified Dialogue programme with NATO despite the diplomatic rift with the alliance over Kosovo. Serbia officially applied for membership in the European Union on 22 December 2009, and received candidate status on 1 March 2012, following a delay in December 2011. Following a positive recommendation of the European Commission and European Council in June 2013, negotiations to join the EU commenced in January 2014.", "qas": [ { "id": "42249", "question": "what was serbia invited to join ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "Intensified Dialogue programme with NATO despite the diplomatic rift with the alliance over Kosovo" } ] }, { "id": "42250", "question": "when did serbia applied for membership in the european union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "22 December 2009" } ] }, { "id": "42251", "question": "when did serbia officially become candidate status ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "1 March 2012" } ] }, { "id": "42252", "question": "when was the delay on the european union delay ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "December 2011" } ] }, { "id": "42253", "question": "when did the european commission begin to join the eu ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 399, "text": "June 2013" } ] }, { "id": "42254", "question": "when was the eu commenced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 451, "text": "January 2014" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbia is a parliamentary republic, with the government divided into legislative, executive and judiciary branches.", "qas": [ { "id": "42255", "question": "what is serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 12, "text": "parliamentary republic" } ] }, { "id": "42256", "question": "what types of branches did serbia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "legislative, executive and judiciary branches" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbia had one of the first modern constitutions in Europe, the 1835 Constitution (known as \"Sretenje Constitution\"), which was at the time considered among the most progressive and liberal constitutions in the world. Since then it has adopted 10 different constitutions. The current constitution was adopted on 8 November 2006 in the aftermath of Montenegro independence referendum which by consequence renewed the independence of Serbia itself. The Constitutional Court rules on matters regarding the Constitution.\nThe President of the Republic (\"Predsednik Republike\") is the head of state, is elected by popular vote to a five-year term and is limited by the Constitution to a maximum of two terms. In addition to being the commander in chief of the armed forces, the president has the procedural duty of appointing the prime minister with the consent of the parliament, and has some influence on foreign policy. Tomislav Nikoli\u0107 is the current president following the 2012 presidential election. Seat of the presidency is Novi Dvor.", "qas": [ { "id": "42257", "question": "what was the 1835 constitution called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "Sretenje Constitution" } ] }, { "id": "42258", "question": "how many different constitutions has serbia adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "10" } ] }, { "id": "42259", "question": "when was the current constitution adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "8 November 2006" } ] }, { "id": "42260", "question": "who is the current president of the presidential election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 917, "text": "Tomislav Nikoli\u0107" } ] }, { "id": "42261", "question": "what is the seat of the presidency ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1027, "text": "Novi Dvor" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Government (\"Vlada\") is composed of the prime minister and cabinet ministers. The Government is responsible for proposing legislation and a budget, executing the laws, and guiding the foreign and internal policies. The current prime minister is Aleksandar Vu\u010di\u0107 of the Serbian Progressive Party.", "qas": [ { "id": "42262", "question": "what is another name for the prime minister ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "Vlada" } ] }, { "id": "42263", "question": "who is the government composed of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "the prime minister and cabinet ministers" } ] }, { "id": "42264", "question": "what is the government responsible for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "proposing legislation and a budget, executing the laws, and guiding the foreign and internal policies" } ] }, { "id": "42265", "question": "what is the current prime minister ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "Aleksandar Vu\u010di\u0107 of the Serbian Progressive Party" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The National Assembly (\"Narodna skup\u0161tina\") is a unicameral legislative body. The National Assembly has the power to enact laws, approve the budget, schedule presidential elections, select and dismiss the Prime Minister and other ministers, declare war, and ratify international treaties and agreements. It is composed of 250 proportionally elected members who serve four-year terms. The largest political parties in Serbia are the centre-right Serbian Progressive Party, leftist Socialist Party of Serbia and centre-left Democratic Party.", "qas": [ { "id": "42266", "question": "what is the national assembly of the national assembly ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "a unicameral legislative body" } ] }, { "id": "42267", "question": "what do the national assembly enact ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "approve the budget, schedule presidential elections, select and dismiss the Prime Minister and other ministers, declare war, and ratify international treaties and agreements" } ] }, { "id": "42268", "question": "what is the national assembly composed of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "250 proportionally elected members who serve four-year terms" } ] }, { "id": "42269", "question": "who is the largest political parties in serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 472, "text": "leftist Socialist Party of Serbia and centre-left Democratic Party" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbia has a three-tiered judicial system, made up of the Supreme Court of Cassation as the court of the last resort, Courts of Appeal as the appellate instance, and Basic and High courts as the general jurisdictions at first instance. The Supreme Court of Cassation, the highest court in the Republic of Serbia, began to operate on 1 January 2010 in accordance with the provisions of the new Law on Organization of Courts. With the amendments and supplements to the Law on Organization of Courts and the new Law on Seats and Territories of the Courts and Public Prosecutors Offices, a new network of courts was launched at the beginning of 2014.", "qas": [ { "id": "42270", "question": "what kind of system does serbia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "three-tiered judicial system" } ] }, { "id": "42271", "question": "what is the court of the last resort of the last resort ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "Supreme Court of Cassation" } ] }, { "id": "42272", "question": "what types of courts does serbia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "Basic and High courts" } ] }, { "id": "42273", "question": "what was the highest court in the republic of serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "The Supreme Court of Cassation" } ] }, { "id": "42274", "question": "when did the supreme court of cassation begin to operate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 333, "text": "1 January 2010" } ] }, { "id": "42275", "question": "what was the name of the offices that launched a new network of courts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 556, "text": "Public Prosecutors Offices" } ] }, { "id": "42276", "question": "when was a new network of courts launched ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 641, "text": "2014" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Courts of special jurisdictions are the Administrative Court, commercial courts (including the Commercial Court of Appeal at second instance) and misdemeanour courts (including High Misdemeanor Court at second instance). The judiciary is overseen by the Ministry of Justice. Serbia has a typical civil law legal system.", "qas": [ { "id": "42277", "question": "what are the courts of special jurisdictions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "the Administrative Court, commercial courts" } ] }, { "id": "42278", "question": "what is the name of the commercial court of the administrative court ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "Commercial Court of Appeal at second instance" } ] }, { "id": "42279", "question": "what is the name of the courts that are in the administrative court ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "High Misdemeanor Court at second instance" } ] }, { "id": "42280", "question": "who overseen the judiciary judiciary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "the Ministry of Justice" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Law enforcement is the responsibility of the Serbian Police, which is subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior. Serbian Police fields 26,527 uniformed officers. National security and counterintelligence are the responsibility of the Security Information Agency (BIA).", "qas": [ { "id": "42281", "question": "what is the responsibility of law enforcement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "the Serbian Police" } ] }, { "id": "42282", "question": "where is serbian police subordinate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Ministry of the Interior" } ] }, { "id": "42283", "question": "what is the name of the serbian police fields ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "26,527" } ] }, { "id": "42284", "question": "what is the responsibility of national security and counterintelligence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "Security Information Agency" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbia has established diplomatic relations with 188 UN member states, the Holy See, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, and the European Union. Foreign relations are conducted through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Serbia has a network of 65 embassies and 23 consulates internationally. There are 65 foreign embassies, 5 consulates and 4 liaison offices in Serbia.", "qas": [ { "id": "42285", "question": "how many un member states has serbia established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "188" } ] }, { "id": "42286", "question": "who are the holy see ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, and the European Union" } ] }, { "id": "42287", "question": "where are foreign relations conducted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "Ministry of Foreign Affairs" } ] }, { "id": "42288", "question": "how many embassies internationally does serbia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "65" } ] }, { "id": "42289", "question": "how many consulates internationally does serbia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "23" } ] }, { "id": "42290", "question": "how many foreign embassies offices are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 303, "text": "65" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbian foreign policy is focused on achieving the strategic goal of becoming a member state of the European Union (EU). Serbia started the process of joining the EU by signing of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement on 29 April 2008 and officially applied for membership in the European Union on 22 December 2009. It received a full candidate status on 1 March 2012 and started accession talks on 21 January 2014.", "qas": [ { "id": "42291", "question": "serbia started the process of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "Stabilisation and Association Agreement" } ] }, { "id": "42292", "question": "when did serbia started the eu ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "29 April 2008" } ] }, { "id": "42293", "question": "on what date did serbia started for membership in the european union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 304, "text": "22 December 2009" } ] }, { "id": "42294", "question": "when did serbia become a full candidate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 361, "text": "1 March 2012" } ] }, { "id": "42295", "question": "on what date did serbia talks begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 405, "text": "21 January 2014" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The province of Kosovo declared independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008, which sparked varied responses from the international community, some welcoming it, while others condemn the unilateral move. Serbia has, at first, recalled its ambassadors from states which have recognized Kosovo, in protest.", "qas": [ { "id": "42296", "question": "when did the province of kosovo take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "17 February 2008" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Serbian Armed Forces are subordinate to the Ministry of Defence, and are composed of the Army and the Air Force. Although a landlocked country, Serbia operates a River Flotilla which patrols on the Danube, Sava, and Tisza rivers. The Serbian Chief of the General Staff reports to the Defence Minister. The Chief of Staff is appointed by the President, who is the Commander-in-chief. , Serbia defence budget amounts to $612 million or an estimated 1.6% of the country's GDP.", "qas": [ { "id": "42297", "question": "where are the serbian armed forces subordinate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "the Ministry of Defence" } ] }, { "id": "42298", "question": "who are the serbian armed forces composed of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "the Army and the Air Force" } ] }, { "id": "42299", "question": "what does serbia stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "River Flotilla" } ] }, { "id": "42300", "question": "where does serbia flotilla come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "Danube, Sava, and Tisza rivers" } ] }, { "id": "42301", "question": "how much did serbia defence budget cost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 422, "text": "$612 million" } ] }, { "id": "42302", "question": "what percentage of the gdp is serbia defence budget ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 451, "text": "1.6%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Traditionally having relied on a large number of conscripts, Serbian Armed Forces went through a period of downsizing, restructuring and professionalisation. Conscription was abolished on 1 January 2011. Serbian Armed Forces have 28,000 active troops, supplemented by the \"active reserve\" which numbers 20,000 members and \"passive reserve\" with about 170,000.", "qas": [ { "id": "42303", "question": "what was the name of the large number of conscripts that went to a large number of conscripts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Serbian Armed Forces" } ] }, { "id": "42304", "question": "when was conscription abolished ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "1 January 2011" } ] }, { "id": "42305", "question": "how many active troops are there in serbian armed forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "28,000" } ] }, { "id": "42306", "question": "how many members does the active reserve have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 303, "text": "20,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbia participates in the NATO Individual Partnership Action Plan program, but has shown no intention of joining NATO in the near future, due to significant popular rejection, largely derived from the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999. It is an observer member of the Collective Securities Treaty Organization (CSTO) The country also signed the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe. The Serbian Armed Forces take part in several multinational peacekeeping missions, including deployments in Lebanon, Cyprus, Ivory Coast, and Liberia.", "qas": [ { "id": "42307", "question": "what was the name of the program that serbia participates in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "NATO Individual Partnership Action Plan program" } ] }, { "id": "42308", "question": "when was the nato bombing of yugoslavia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "1999" } ] }, { "id": "42309", "question": "what does csto stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "Collective Securities Treaty Organization" } ] }, { "id": "42310", "question": "what is the name of the csto ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 347, "text": "Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe" } ] }, { "id": "42311", "question": "where are the serbian armed forces located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 496, "text": "Lebanon, Cyprus, Ivory Coast, and Liberia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbia is a large producer and exporter of military equipment in the region. Defence exports totaled around $250 million in 2011. Serbia exports across the world, notably to the Middle East, Africa, Southeast Asia, and North America. The defence industry has seen significant growth over the years and it continues to grow on a yearly basis.", "qas": [ { "id": "42312", "question": "how much did defence exports totaled in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "$250 million" } ] }, { "id": "42313", "question": "where are serbia exports located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "Middle East, Africa, Southeast Asia, and North America" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbia is a unitary state composed of municipalities/cities, districts, and two autonomous provinces. In Serbia, excluding Kosovo, there are 138 municipalities (\"op\u0161tine\") and 23 cities (\"gradovi\"), which form the basic units of local self-government. Apart from municipalities, there are 24 districts (\"okruzi\"), with the City of Belgrade constituting an additional district. Except for Belgrade, which has an elected local government, districts are regional centers of state authority, but have no powers of their own; they present purely administrative divisions.", "qas": [ { "id": "42314", "question": "what are the unitary state composed of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "municipalities/cities, districts, and two autonomous provinces" } ] }, { "id": "42315", "question": "what are the municipalities of excluding kosovo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "138 municipalities (\"op\u0161tine\") and 23 cities" } ] }, { "id": "42316", "question": "what is another name for 138 municipalities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "gradovi" } ] }, { "id": "42317", "question": "how many districts are in belgrade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 289, "text": "24" } ] }, { "id": "42318", "question": "what is another name for 24 districts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 304, "text": "okruzi" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbia has two autonomous provinces, Vojvodina in the north, and Kosovo and Metohija in the south, while the remaining area, \"Central Serbia\", never had its own regional authority. Following the Kosovo War, UN peacekeepers entered Kosovo, as per UNSC Resolution 1244. In 2008, Kosovo declared independence. The government of Serbia did not recognize the declaration, considering it illegal and illegitimate.", "qas": [ { "id": "42319", "question": "what are the two autonomous provinces of serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Vojvodina in the north, and Kosovo and Metohija" } ] }, { "id": "42320", "question": "why did un peacekeepers entered kosovo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "per UNSC Resolution 1244" } ] }, { "id": "42321", "question": "in what year did kosovo declare independence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "2008" } ] } ] }, { "context": " census, Serbia (excluding Kosovo) has a total population of 7,186,862 and the overall population density is medium as it stands at 92.8 inhabitants per square kilometer. The census was not conducted in Kosovo which held its own census that numbered their total population at 1,739,825, excluding Serb-inhabited North Kosovo, as Serbs from that area (about 50,000) boycotted the census.\nSerbia has been enduring a demographic crisis since the beginning of the 1990s, with a death rate that has continuously exceeded its birth rate, and a total fertility rate of 1.44 children per mother, one of the lowest in the world. Serbia subsequently has one of the oldest populations in the world, with the average age of 42.2 years, and its population is shrinking at one of the fastest rates in the world. A fifth of all households consist of only one person, and just one-fourth of four and more persons. Average Life expectancy in Serbia at birth is 74.2 years.", "qas": [ { "id": "42322", "question": "what is the population of census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "7,186,862" } ] }, { "id": "42323", "question": "what is the population of the population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "92.8 inhabitants per square kilometer" } ] }, { "id": "42324", "question": "what was the population of kosovo in kosovo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 276, "text": "1,739,825" } ] }, { "id": "42325", "question": "what is the total fertility rate of serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 562, "text": "1.44 children per mother" } ] }, { "id": "42326", "question": "what is the average age in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 712, "text": "42.2 years" } ] }, { "id": "42327", "question": "what is the average life expectancy in serbia at birth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 944, "text": "74.2 years" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the 1990s, Serbia used to have the largest refugee population in Europe. Refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Serbia formed between 7% and 7.5% of its population \u2013 about half a million refugees sought refuge in the country following the series of Yugoslav wars, mainly from Croatia (and to a lesser extent from Bosnia and Herzegovina) and the IDPs from Kosovo. Meanwhile, it is estimated that 300,000 people left Serbia during the 1990s, 20% of which had a higher education.", "qas": [ { "id": "42328", "question": "what percentage of its population was displaced in serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "7% and 7.5%" } ] }, { "id": "42329", "question": "how many refugees sought refuge ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "half a million" } ] }, { "id": "42330", "question": "how many people left serbia during the 1990s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 415, "text": "300,000" } ] }, { "id": "42331", "question": "what percentage of people left serbia during the 1990s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 460, "text": "20%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbs with 5,988,150 are the largest ethnic group in Serbia, representing 83% of the total population (excluding Kosovo). With a population of 253,899, Hungarians are the largest ethnic minority in Serbia, concentrated predominately in northern Vojvodina and representing 3.5% of the country's population (13% in Vojvodina). Romani population stands at 147,604 according to the 2011 census but unofficial estimates place their actual number between 400,000 and 500,000. Bosniaks with 145,278 are concentrated in Ra\u0161ka (Sand\u017eak), in the southwest. Other minority groups include Croats, Slovaks, Albanians, Montenegrins, Vlachs, Romanians, Macedonians and Bulgarians. Chinese, estimated at about 15,000, are the only significant immigrant minority. Vojvodina has a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural identity; there are more than 26 ethnic groups in the province, which has six official languages.", "qas": [ { "id": "42332", "question": "what is the largest ethnic group in serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "5,988,150" } ] }, { "id": "42333", "question": "what percentage of the total population is excluding kosovo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "83%" } ] }, { "id": "42334", "question": "what is the population of hungarians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "253,899" } ] }, { "id": "42335", "question": "what percentage of the country 's population is hungarians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "3.5%" } ] }, { "id": "42336", "question": "what percentage of the country 's population is hungarians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "13%" } ] }, { "id": "42337", "question": "how many chinese minority are in the chinese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 694, "text": "15,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The majority of the population, or 59.4%, reside in urban areas and some 16.1% in Belgrade alone. Belgrade is the only city with more than a million inhabitants and there are four more with over 100,000 inhabitants.", "qas": [ { "id": "42338", "question": "what percentage of the population reside in urban areas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "59.4%" } ] }, { "id": "42339", "question": "what is the majority of the population in belgrade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "16.1%" } ] }, { "id": "42340", "question": "how many inhabitants are in belgrade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "over 100,000 inhabitants" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Constitution of Serbia defines it as a secular state with guaranteed religious freedom. Orthodox Christians with 6,079,396 comprise 84.5% of country's population. The Serbian Orthodox Church is the largest and traditional church of the country, adherents of which are overwhelmingly Serbs. Other Orthodox Christian communities in Serbia include Montenegrins, Romanians, Vlachs, Macedonians and Bulgarians.", "qas": [ { "id": "42341", "question": "what is the population of orthodox christians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "6,079,396" } ] }, { "id": "42342", "question": "what percentage of country is orthodox christians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "84.5%" } ] }, { "id": "42343", "question": "what is the largest and traditional church of the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "Serbian Orthodox Church" } ] }, { "id": "42344", "question": "what are some orthodox christian communities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 349, "text": "Montenegrins, Romanians, Vlachs, Macedonians and Bulgarians" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Roman Catholics number 356,957 in Serbia, or roughly 6% of the population, mostly in Vojvodina (especially its northern part) which is home to minority ethnic groups such as Hungarians, Croats, Bunjevci, as well as to some Slovaks and Czechs.", "qas": [ { "id": "42345", "question": "what is the name of the roman catholics in serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "356,957" } ] }, { "id": "42346", "question": "what percentage of the population is roman catholics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "6%" } ] }, { "id": "42347", "question": "where is minority ethnic groups located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "Vojvodina" } ] }, { "id": "42348", "question": "what are some minority ethnic groups ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "Hungarians, Croats, Bunjevci" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Protestantism accounts for about 1% of the country's population, chiefly among Slovaks in Vojvodina as well as among Reformed Hungarians. Greek Catholic Church is adhered by around 25,000 citizens (0.37% of the population), mostly Rusyns in Vojvodina.", "qas": [ { "id": "42349", "question": "what percentage of the country 's population is protestantism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "1%" } ] }, { "id": "42350", "question": "how many citizens are adhered to greek catholic church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "around 25,000 citizens" } ] }, { "id": "42351", "question": "what percentage of the population is greek catholic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "0.37%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Muslims, with 222,282 or 3% of the population, form the third largest religious group. Islam has a strong historic following in the southern regions of Serbia, primarily in southern Ra\u0161ka. Bosniaks are the largest Islamic community in Serbia; estimates are that some third of country's Roma people are Muslim.", "qas": [ { "id": "42352", "question": "what percentage of the population is the third largest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "222,282 or 3%" } ] }, { "id": "42353", "question": "where is islam located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "southern Ra\u0161ka" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are only 578 Jews by faith in Serbia. Atheists numbered 80,053 or 1.1% of population and additional 4,070 declared as agnostics.", "qas": [ { "id": "42354", "question": "how many jews are by faith in serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 15, "text": "578" } ] }, { "id": "42355", "question": "what percentage of population did atheists have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "80,053 or 1.1%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The official language is Serbian, a standardized form of Serbo-Croatian, native to 88% of the population. Serbian is the only European language with active digraphia, using both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. Serbian Cyrillic is designated in the Constitution as the \"official script\", compared to Latin's status of \"script in official use\". It was devised in 1814 by Serbian philologist Vuk Karad\u017ei\u0107, who created the alphabet on phonemic principles. A survey from 2014 showed that 47% of the Serbian population favour the Latin alphabet, 36% favour the Cyrillic one and 17% have no preference.", "qas": [ { "id": "42356", "question": "what percentage of the population is serbian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "88%" } ] }, { "id": "42357", "question": "when was serbian cyrillic devised ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 359, "text": "1814" } ] }, { "id": "42358", "question": "who created the alphabet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 387, "text": "Vuk Karad\u017ei\u0107" } ] }, { "id": "42359", "question": "what percentage of the serbian population favour the latin alphabet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 481, "text": "47%" } ] }, { "id": "42360", "question": "what percentage of the latin alphabet favour the cyrillic one ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 538, "text": "36%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Recognized minority languages are: Hungarian, Slovak, Albanian, Romanian, Bulgarian and Rusyn, as well as other standard forms of Serbo-Croatian: Bosnian and Croatian. All these languages are in official use in municipalities or cities where the ethnic minority exceeds 15% of the total population. In Vojvodina, the provincial administration uses, besides Serbian, five other languages (Hungarian, Slovak, Croatian, Romanian and Rusyn).", "qas": [ { "id": "42361", "question": "what are some standard minority languages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "Hungarian, Slovak, Albanian, Romanian, Bulgarian and Rusyn" } ] }, { "id": "42362", "question": "what are the standard forms of serbo-croatian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "Bosnian and Croatian" } ] }, { "id": "42363", "question": "what percentage of the total population are ethnic minority ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "15%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbia has an emerging market economy in upper-middle income range. According to the IMF, Serbian nominal GDP in 2015 is officially estimated at $36.56 billion or $5,102 per capita while purchasing power parity GDP was $97.27 \u00a0billion or $13,577 per capita. The economy is dominated by services which accounts for 60.3% of GDP, followed by industry with 31.8% of GDP, and agriculture at 7.9% of GDP. The official currency of Serbia is Serbian dinar (ISO code: RSD), and the central bank is National Bank of Serbia. The Belgrade Stock Exchange is the only stock exchange in the country, with market capitalization of $8.65 billion (as of August 2014) and BELEX15 as the main index representing the 15 most liquid stocks.", "qas": [ { "id": "42364", "question": "what was the imf gdp in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "$36.56 billion or $5,102" } ] }, { "id": "42365", "question": "what was the imf parity gdp in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "$97.27" } ] }, { "id": "42366", "question": "what was the imf parity gdp in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "$13,577 per capita" } ] }, { "id": "42367", "question": "what percentage of gdp is the economy dominated by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 314, "text": "60.3%" } ] }, { "id": "42368", "question": "what percentage of gdp is in the industry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 354, "text": "31.8%" } ] }, { "id": "42369", "question": "what is the market capitalization of the belgrade stock exchange ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 616, "text": "$8.65 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The economy has been affected by the global economic crisis. After eight years of strong economic growth (average of 4.45% per year), Serbia entered the recession in 2009 with negative growth of \u22123% and again in 2012 with \u22121.5%. As the government was fighting effects of crisis the public debt has doubled in 4 years: from pre-crisis level of 29.2% to 63.8% of GDP.\nActive labor force in 2014 stood at 1.703 million, of whom 59.6% are employed in services sector, 23.9% are employed in the agriculture and 16.5% are employed in industry. The average monthly net salary in June 2014 was 44,883 dinars (US$528,50). The unemployment remains an acute problem, with rate of 17.9% .", "qas": [ { "id": "42370", "question": "what was the average amount of economic economic growth in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "4.45% per year" } ] }, { "id": "42371", "question": "what was the negative growth rate in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "\u22121.5%" } ] }, { "id": "42372", "question": "what was the average monthly net salary in june 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 586, "text": "44,883 dinars" } ] }, { "id": "42373", "question": "what is the unemployment rate of unemployment ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 669, "text": "17.9%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since 2000, Serbia has attracted over $25 billion in foreign direct investment (FDI). Blue-chip corporations making investments in Serbia include: FIAT, Siemens, Bosch, Philip Morris, Michelin, Coca-Cola, Carlsberg and others. In the energy sector, Russian energy giants, Gazprom and Lukoil have made large investments.", "qas": [ { "id": "42374", "question": "how much did fdi spend in foreign direct investment ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "$25 billion" } ] }, { "id": "42375", "question": "what two investments have made large investments ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "Gazprom and Lukoil" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbia has an unfavorable trade balance: imports exceed exports by 28.9%. Serbia's exports, however, recorded a steady growth in last couple of years reaching $14.61 billion in 2013. The country has free trade agreements with the EFTA and CEFTA, a preferential trade regime with the European Union, a Generalized System of Preferences with the United States, and individual free trade agreements with Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Turkey.", "qas": [ { "id": "42376", "question": "what percentage of imports does imports exceed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "28.9%" } ] }, { "id": "42377", "question": "how much did serbia 's exports pay in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "$14.61 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbia has very favourable natural conditions (land and climate) for varied agricultural production. It has 5,056,000 ha of agricultural land (0.7 ha per capita), out of which 3,294,000 ha is arable land (0.45 ha per capita). In 2013, Serbia exported agricultural and food products worth $2.8 billion, and the export-import ratio was 180%. Agricultural exports constitute one-fifth of all Serbia's sales on the world market. Serbia is one of the largest provider of frozen fruit to the EU (largest to the French market, and 2nd largest to the German market). Agricultural production is most prominent in Vojvodina on the fertile Pannonian Plain. Other agricultural regions include Ma\u010dva, Pomoravlje, Tamnava, Rasina, and Jablanica.\nIn the structure of the agricultural production 70% is from the crop field production, and 30% is from the livestock production. Serbia is world's second largest producer of plums (582,485 tons; second to China), second largest of raspberries (89,602 tons, second to Poland), it is also significant producer of maize (6.48 million tons, ranked 32nd in the world) and wheat (2.07 million tons, ranked 35th in the world). Other important agricultural products are: sunflower, sugar beet, soybean, potato, apple, pork meat, beef, poultry and dairy.", "qas": [ { "id": "42378", "question": "how much did serbia exported in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 288, "text": "$2.8 billion" } ] }, { "id": "42379", "question": "what was the export-import ratio in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 334, "text": "180%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are 56,000 ha of vineyards in Serbia, producing about 230 million litres of wine annually. Most famous viticulture regions are located in Vojvodina and \u0160umadija.", "qas": [ { "id": "42380", "question": "how many vineyards are in serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "56,000 ha" } ] }, { "id": "42381", "question": "how many litres of wine are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "230 million" } ] }, { "id": "42382", "question": "where are most famous regions located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "Vojvodina and \u0160umadija" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The industry is the economy sector which was hardest hit by the UN sanctions and trade embargo and NATO bombing during the 1990s and transition to market economy during the 2000s. The industrial output saw dramatic downsizing: in 2013 it is expected to be only a half of that of 1989. Main industrial sectors include: automotive, mining, non-ferrous metals, food-processing, electronics, pharmaceuticals, clothes.", "qas": [ { "id": "42383", "question": "in what year was the industrial output expected to be a half of the industrial output ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 279, "text": "1989" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Automotive industry (with FIAT as a forebearer) is dominated by cluster located in Kragujevac and its vicinity, and contributes to export with about $2 billion. Serbia's mining industry is comparatively strong: Serbia is the 18th largest producer of coal (7th in the Europe) extracted from large deposits in Kolubara and Kostolac basins; it is also world's 23rd largest (3rd in Europe) producer of copper which is extracted by RTB Bor, a large domestic copper mining company; significant gold extraction is developed around Majdanpek. Serbia notably manufactures intel smartphones named Tesla smartphones.", "qas": [ { "id": "42384", "question": "where is cluster located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "Kragujevac" } ] }, { "id": "42385", "question": "how much does cluster located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "$2 billion" } ] }, { "id": "42386", "question": "where is coal extracted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "Kolubara and Kostolac basins" } ] }, { "id": "42387", "question": "who extracted copper ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 427, "text": "RTB Bor" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Food industry is well known both regionally and internationally and is one of the strong points of the economy. Some of the international brand-names established production in Serbia: PepsiCo and Nestl\u00e9 in food-processing sector; Coca-Cola (Belgrade), Heineken (Novi Sad) and Carlsberg (Ba\u010dka Palanka) in beverage industry; Nordzucker in sugar industry. Clothing and textile industry has seen a surge in recent years with significant greenfeild investments by foreign companies: Benneton in Ni\u0161, Geox in Vranje, Calzedonia in Sombor, Falke in Leskovac and others.Serbia's electronics industry had its peak in the 1980s and the industry today is only a third of what it was back then, but has witnessed a something of revival in last decade with investments of companies such as Siemens (wind turbines) in Subotica, Panasonic (lighting devices) in Svilajnac, and Gorenje (electrical home appliances) in Valjevo. The pharmaceutical industry in Serbia comprises 20 manufacturers of generic drugs, of which Hemofarm in Vr\u0161ac and Galenika in Belgrade, account for 80% of production volume. Domestic production meets over 60% of the local demand.", "qas": [ { "id": "42388", "question": "what percentage of production volume of production does the pharmaceutical industry have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1059, "text": "80%" } ] }, { "id": "42389", "question": "what percentage of the local demand is domestic production ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1116, "text": "60%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Energy sector is one of the largest and most important sectors to the country's economy. Serbia is net exporter of electricity and importer of key fuels (such as oil and gas).", "qas": [ { "id": "42390", "question": "serbia is net exporter of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "electricity and importer of key fuels" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbia has abundance of one natural fuel (coal) and relatively significant but not sufficient of the others (oil and gas). Serbia's proven reserves of 5.5 billion tons of coal lignite are 5th largest in the world (second in Europe, after Germany). Coal is found in two large deposits: Kolubara (4 billion tons of reserves) and Kostolac (1.5 billion tons). Despite being small on a world scale, Serbia's oil and gas resources (77.4 million tons of oil equivalent and 48.1 billion cubic meters, respectively) have a certain regional importance since they are largest in the region of former Yugoslavia as well as the Balkans (excluding Romania). Almost 90% of the discovered oil and gas are to be found in Banat and those oil and gas fields are by size among the largest in the Pannonian basin but the average on a European scale.\nThe production of electricity in 2012 in Serbia was 36.06 billion kilowatt-hours (KWh), while the final electricity consumption amounted to 35.5 billion kilowatt-hours (KWh). Most of the electricity produced comes from thermal-power plants (72.7% of all electricity) and to a lesser degree from hydroelectric-power plants (27.3%). There are 6 lignite-operated thermal-power plants with an installed power of 3,936 MW; largest of which are 1,502 MW-Nikola Tesla 1 and 1,160 MW-Nikola Tesla 2, both in Obrenovac. Total installed power of 9 hydroelectric-power plants is 2,831 MW, largest of which is \u0110erdap 1 with capacity of 1,026 MW. In addition to this, there are mazute and gas-operated thermal-power plants with an installed power of 353 MW. The entire production of electricity is concentrated in Elektroprivreda Srbije (EPS), public electric-utility power company.", "qas": [ { "id": "42391", "question": "how many tons of coal lignite are 5th ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "5.5 billion tons" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The current oil production in Serbia amounts to over 1.1 million tons of oil equivalent and satisfies some 43% of country's needs while the rest is imported. National petrol company, Naftna Industrija Srbije (NIS), was acquired in 2008 by Gazprom Neft. The company has completed $700 million modernisation of oil-refinery in Pan\u010devo (capacity of 4.8 million tons) and is currently in the midst of converting oil refinery in Novi Sad into lubricants-only refinery. It also operates network of 334 filling stations in Serbia (74% of domestic market) and additional 36 stations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 31 in Bulgaria, and 28 in Romania. There are 155 kilometers of crude oil pipelines connecting Pan\u010devo and Novi Sad refineries as a part of trans-national Adria oil pipeline.", "qas": [ { "id": "42392", "question": "how many tons of oil equivalent does the current oil production in serbia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "1.1 million tons" } ] }, { "id": "42393", "question": "what percentage of country 's needs to be imported by the rest of oil ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "43%" } ] }, { "id": "42394", "question": "who was acquired in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "Naftna Industrija Srbije" } ] }, { "id": "42395", "question": "who acquired national petrol in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "Gazprom Neft" } ] }, { "id": "42396", "question": "how much money does the company have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 279, "text": "$700 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbia is heavily dependent on foreign sources of natural gas, with only 17% coming from domestic production (totalling 491 million cubic meters in 2012) and the rest is imported, mainly from Russia (via gas pipelines that run through Ukraine and Hungary). Srbijagas, public gas company, operates the natural gas transportation system which comprise 3,177 kilometers of trunk and regional natural gas pipelines and a 450 million cubic meter underground gas storage facility at Banatski Dvor.", "qas": [ { "id": "42397", "question": "what percentage of natural gas is coming to domestic production in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "17%" } ] }, { "id": "42398", "question": "what is the average amount of natural gas in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "491 million cubic meters" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbia has a strategic transportation location since the country's backbone, Morava Valley, represents by far the easiest route of land travel from continental Europe to Asia Minor and the Near East.", "qas": [ { "id": "42399", "question": "what is the name of the country that represents the easiest route of land travel from continental europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Morava Valley" } ] }, { "id": "42400", "question": "where does the easiest route of land travel from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "Asia Minor and the Near East" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbian road network carries the bulk of traffic in the country. Total length of roads is 40,845\u00a0km, of which 1,372\u00a0km are \"class-1a state roads\" (i.e. major national roads, including some 675\u00a0km of motorways); 4,153\u00a0km are \"class-1b state roads\"; 11,540\u00a0km are \"class-2 state roads\" (regional roads) and 23,780\u00a0km are \"municipal roads\". The road network, except for the most of class-1a roads, are of comparatively lower quality to the Western European standards because of lack of financial resources for their maintenance in the last 20 years.", "qas": [ { "id": "42401", "question": "what is the total length of roads ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "40,845\u00a0km" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are 241 kilometers of motorways (\"autoputevi\") under construction, which are all due to be completed by 2017: two sections 40\u00a0km-long of the A1 motorway (from south of Leskovac to Bujanovac), 102\u00a0km-long segment of A2 (between Obrenovac and \u010ca\u010dak), and 70 kilometers on the A4 (east of Ni\u0161 to the Bulgarian border). Work on the construction of the remaining part of A2 (52\u00a0km-long sections Belgrade\u2013Obrenovac and \u010ca\u010dak\u2013Po\u017eega) is set to commence in 2016 and be completed by 2018 and 2019, respectively. Coach transport is very extensive: almost every place in the country is connected by bus, from largest cities to the villages; in addition there are international routes (mainly to countries of Western Europe with large Serb diaspora). Routes, both domestic and international, are served by more than 100 bus companies, biggest of which are Lasta and Ni\u0161-Ekspres. , there are 1,677,510 registered passenger cars or 1 passenger car per 4.3 inhabitants.", "qas": [ { "id": "42402", "question": "how many kilometers of motorways are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "241" } ] }, { "id": "42403", "question": "what is another name for motorways ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "autoputevi" } ] }, { "id": "42404", "question": "what year was the construction of motorways under construction under construction ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "2017" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbia has 3,819 kilometers of rail tracks, of which 1,279 are electrified and 283 kilometers are double-track railroad. The major rail hub is Belgrade (and to a lesser degree Ni\u0161), while the most important railroads include: Belgrade\u2013Bar (Montenegro), Belgrade\u2013\u0160id\u2013Zagreb (Croatia)/Belgrade\u2013Ni\u0161\u2013Sofia (Bulgaria) (part of Pan-European Corridor X), Belgrade\u2013Subotica\u2013Budapest (Hungary) and Ni\u0161\u2013Thessaloniki (Greece). Although still a major mode of freight transportation, railroads face increasing problems with the maintenance of the infrastructure and lowering speeds. All rail services are operated by public rail company, Serbian Railways.\nThere are only two international airports with regular passenger traffic: Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport served 4.77 million passengers in 2015, and is a hub of flagship carrier Air Serbia which carried some 2.55 million passengers in 2015. Ni\u0161 Constantine the Great Airport is mainly catering low-cost airlines.", "qas": [ { "id": "42405", "question": "how many kilometers of rail tracks does serbia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "3,819" } ] }, { "id": "42406", "question": "how many kilometers of rail tracks are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "283" } ] }, { "id": "42407", "question": "how many passengers are in belgrade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 754, "text": "4.77 million" } ] }, { "id": "42408", "question": "how many passengers are there in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 850, "text": "2.55 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbia has a developed inland water transport since there are 1,716 kilometers of navigable inland waterways (1,043\u00a0km of navigable rivers and 673\u00a0km of navigable canals), which are almost all located in northern third of the country. The most important inland waterway is the Danube (part of Pan-European Corridor VII). Other navigable rivers include Sava, Tisza, Begej and Timi\u015f River, all of which connect Serbia with Northern and Western Europe through the Rhine\u2013Main\u2013Danube Canal and North Sea route, to Eastern Europe via the Tisza, Begej and Danube Black Sea routes, and to Southern Europe via the Sava river. More than 2.1 million tons of cargo were transported on Serbian rivers and canals in 2011 while the largest river ports are: Belgrade, Novi Sad, Pan\u010devo, Smederevo, Prahovo and \u0160abac.", "qas": [ { "id": "42409", "question": "how many inland waterways are in serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "1,716" } ] }, { "id": "42410", "question": "what are some navigable rivers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 352, "text": "Sava, Tisza, Begej and Timi\u015f River" } ] }, { "id": "42411", "question": "how many tons of cargo were transported on serbian rivers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 627, "text": "2.1 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Fixed telephone lines connect 89% of households in Serbia, and with about 9.1 million users the number of cellphones surpasses the total population of Serbia by 29%. The largest mobile operator is Telekom Srbija with 4.2 million subscribers, followed by Telenor with 2.9 million users and Vip mobile with about 2 million. Some 64.7% of households have Internet connection, while practically the same percentage (64.2%) are provided with pay television services (i.e. 37% cable television, 16% IPTV, and 11% satellite). Digital television transition has been completed in 2015 with DVB-T2 standard for signal transmission.", "qas": [ { "id": "42412", "question": "what percentage of households are in serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "89%" } ] }, { "id": "42413", "question": "how many users are in serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "9.1 million" } ] }, { "id": "42414", "question": "what percentage of serbia users are the total population of serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "29%" } ] }, { "id": "42415", "question": "how many subscribers are in the largest mobile operator ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "4.2 million" } ] }, { "id": "42416", "question": "how many subscribers are in the largest mobile operator ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 311, "text": "2 million" } ] }, { "id": "42417", "question": "what percentage of households have internet connection ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 327, "text": "64.7%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbia is not a mass-tourism destination but nevertheless has a diverse range of touristic products. In 2015, total of over 2.4 million tourists were recorded in accommodations, of which some 1.1 million were foreign. Foreign exchange earnings from tourism were estimated at $1.14 billion.", "qas": [ { "id": "42418", "question": "how many tourists were recorded in accommodations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "2.4 million" } ] }, { "id": "42419", "question": "in what year were tourists recorded in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "accommodations" } ] }, { "id": "42420", "question": "how many tourists were recorded in accommodations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "1.1 million" } ] }, { "id": "42421", "question": "how much did foreign exchange earnings from tourism cost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "$1.14 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Tourism is mainly focused on the mountains and spas of the country, which are mostly visited by domestic tourists, as well as Belgrade which is preferred choice of foreign tourists. The most famous mountain resorts are Kopaonik, Stara Planina, and Zlatibor. There are also many spas in Serbia, the biggest of which is Vrnja\u010dka Banja, Soko Banja, and Banja Kovilja\u010da. City-break and conference tourism is developed in Belgrade (which was visited by 517,401 foreign tourists in 2013, more than a half of all international visits to the country) and to a lesser degree Novi Sad. Other touristic products that Serbia offer are natural wonders like \u0110avolja varo\u0161, Christian pilgrimage to the many Orthodox monasteries across the country and the river cruising along the Danube. There are several internationally popular music festivals held in Serbia, such as EXIT (with 25\u201330,000 foreign visitors coming from 60 different countries) and the Gu\u010da trumpet festival.", "qas": [ { "id": "42422", "question": "what type of tourists are visited by tourism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "domestic tourists" } ] }, { "id": "42423", "question": "what are the most famous mountain resorts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "Kopaonik, Stara Planina, and Zlatibor" } ] }, { "id": "42424", "question": "what are some of the biggest of the biggest of the biggest of serbia 's biggest of the biggest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 318, "text": "Vrnja\u010dka Banja, Soko Banja, and Banja Kovilja\u010da" } ] }, { "id": "42425", "question": "how many foreign tourists are in belgrade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 448, "text": "517,401" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to 2011 census, literacy in Serbia stands at 98% of population while computer literacy is at 49% (complete computer literacy is at 34.2%). Same census showed the following levels of education: 16.2% of inhabitants have higher education (10.6% have bachelors or master's degrees, 5.6% have an associate degree), 49% have a secondary education, 20.7% have an elementary education, and 13.7% have not completed elementary education.", "qas": [ { "id": "42426", "question": "what percentage of population is literacy in serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "98%" } ] }, { "id": "42427", "question": "what percentage of population is computer literacy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "49%" } ] }, { "id": "42428", "question": "what percentage of computer literacy is complete computer literacy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "34.2%" } ] }, { "id": "42429", "question": "what percentage of inhabitants have higher education ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "16.2%" } ] }, { "id": "42430", "question": "what percentage of inhabitants have a secondary education ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 321, "text": "49%" } ] }, { "id": "42431", "question": "what percentage of education have not completed elementary education ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 393, "text": "13.7%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Education in Serbia is regulated by the Ministry of Education and Science. Education starts in either preschools or elementary schools. Children enroll in elementary schools at the age of seven. Compulsory education consists of eight grades of elementary school. Students have the opportunity to attend gymnasiums and vocational schools for another four years, or to enroll in vocational training for 2 to 3 years. Following the completion of gymnasiums or vocational schools, students have the opportunity to attend university. Elementary and secondary education are also available in languages of recognised minorities in Serbia, where classes are held in Hungarian, Slovak, Albanian, Romanian, Rusyn, Bulgarian as well as Bosnian and Croatian languages.", "qas": [ { "id": "42432", "question": "who regulated education in serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "the Ministry of Education and Science" } ] }, { "id": "42433", "question": "at what age did children begin in elementary schools ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "seven" } ] }, { "id": "42434", "question": "how many grades does compulsory education have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "eight" } ] }, { "id": "42435", "question": "how long do students enroll in vocational training ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 401, "text": "2 to 3 years" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are 17 universities in Serbia (eight public universities with a total number of 85 faculties and nine private universities with 51 faculties). In 2010/2011 academic year, 181,362 students attended 17 universities (148,248 at public universities and some 33,114 at private universities) while 47,169 attended 81 \"higher schools\". Public universities in Serbia are: the University of Belgrade (oldest, founded in 1808, and largest university with 89,827 undergraduates and graduates), University of Novi Sad (founded in 1960 and with student body of 47,826), University of Ni\u0161 (founded in 1965; 27,000 students), University of Kragujevac (founded in 1976; 14,000 students), University of Pri\u0161tina \u2013 Kos. Mitrovica, Public University of Novi Pazar as well as two specialist universities \u2013 University of Arts and University of Defence. Largest private universities include John Naisbitt University and Singidunum University, both in Belgrade, and Educons University in Novi Sad. Public universities tend to be of a better quality and therefore more renowned than private ones. Th\u0435 University of Belgrade (placed in 301\u2013400 bracket on 2013 Shanghai Ranking of World Universities, being best-placed university in Southeast Europe after those in Athens and Thessaloniki) and University of Novi Sad are generally considered as the best institutions of higher learning in the country.", "qas": [ { "id": "42436", "question": "how many universities are in serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "17" } ] }, { "id": "42437", "question": "how many public universities are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "eight" } ] }, { "id": "42438", "question": "how many private universities are in serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "85" } ] }, { "id": "42439", "question": "how many students attended 17 universities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "181,362" } ] }, { "id": "42440", "question": "how many universities did the students lose in universities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "17" } ] }, { "id": "42441", "question": "when was the university of belgrade founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 417, "text": "1808" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbia spent 0.64% of GDP on scientific research in 2012, which is one of the lowest R&D budgets in Europe. Serbia has a long history of excellence in maths and computer sciences which has created a strong pool of engineering talent, although economic sanctions during the 1990s and chronic underinvestment in research forced many scientific professionals to leave the country. Nevertheless, there are several areas in which Serbia still excels such as growing information technology sector, which includes software development as well as outsourcing. It generated $200 million in exports in 2011, both from international investors and a significant number of dynamic homegrown enterprises. In 2005 the global technology giant, Microsoft, founded the Microsoft Development Center, only its fourth such centre in the world.\nAmong the scientific institutes operating in Serbia, the largest are the Mihajlo Pupin Institute and Vin\u010da Nuclear Institute, both in Belgrade. The Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts is a learned society promoting science and arts from its inception in 1841. With a strong science and technological ecosystem, Serbia has produced a number of renowned scientists that have greatly contributed to the field of science and technology.", "qas": [ { "id": "42442", "question": "what percentage of gdp did serbia spent in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "0.64%" } ] }, { "id": "42443", "question": "how much did serbia generated in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 565, "text": "$200 million" } ] }, { "id": "42444", "question": "what are the largest institutes of scientific institutes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 896, "text": "Mihajlo Pupin Institute and Vin\u010da Nuclear Institute" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nFor centuries straddling the boundaries between East and West, the territory of Serbia had been divided among the Eastern and Western halves of the Roman Empire; then between Byzantium and the Kingdom of Hungary; and in the Early modern period between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Empire. These overlapping influences have resulted in cultural varieties throughout Serbia; its north leans to the profile of Central Europe, while the south is characteristic of the wider Balkans and even the Mediterranean. The Byzantine influence on Serbia was profound, firstly through the introduction of Eastern Christianity (Orthodoxy) in the Early Middle Ages. The Serbian Orthodox Church has had an enduring status in Serbia, with the many Serbian monasteries constituting the most valuable cultural monuments left from Serbia in the Middle Ages.", "qas": [ { "id": "42445", "question": "what had the territory of serbia been divided among ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "Eastern and Western halves of the Roman Empire" } ] }, { "id": "42446", "question": "along with byzantium and the habsburg empire , what kingdom was the roman empire divided between ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "Byzantium and the Kingdom of Hungary" } ] }, { "id": "42447", "question": "what two countries were the early modern period of serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Empire" } ] }, { "id": "42448", "question": "what religion did the byzantine influence in the early middle ages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 598, "text": "Eastern Christianity" } ] }, { "id": "42449", "question": "which church has an enduring status in serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 661, "text": "Serbian Orthodox Church" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbia has five cultural monuments inscribed in the list of UNESCO World Heritage: the early medieval capital Stari Ras and the 13th-century monastery Sopo\u0107ani; the 12th-century Studenica monastery; the Roman complex of Gamzigrad\u2013Felix Romuliana; medieval tombstones Ste\u0107ci; and finally the endangered Medieval Monuments in Kosovo (the monasteries of Visoki De\u010dani, Our Lady of Ljevi\u0161, Gra\u010danica and Monastery of the Patriarchate of Pe\u0107).", "qas": [ { "id": "42450", "question": "how many cultural monuments does serbia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "five" } ] }, { "id": "42451", "question": "serbia has five cultural monuments inscribed in what list ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "UNESCO World Heritage" } ] }, { "id": "42452", "question": "what is the name of the capital of the medieval capital ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Stari Ras" } ] }, { "id": "42453", "question": "what is the 13th-century monastery ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "Sopo\u0107ani" } ] }, { "id": "42454", "question": "what is the name of the 12th-century that serbia has ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "Studenica monastery" } ] }, { "id": "42455", "question": "what is the roman complex of kosovo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "Gamzigrad\u2013Felix Romuliana" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are two literary monuments on UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme: the 12th-century \"Miroslav Gospel\", and scientist Nikola Tesla's valuable archive. The \"slava\" (patron saint veneration) is inscribed on UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists. The Ministry of Culture and Information is tasked with preserving the nation's cultural heritage and overseeing its development. Further activities supporting development of culture are undertaken at local government level.", "qas": [ { "id": "42456", "question": "what is another name for unesco 's memory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "Miroslav Gospel" } ] }, { "id": "42457", "question": "what is inscribed on unesco intangible cultural heritage ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "slava" } ] }, { "id": "42458", "question": "what does slava mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "patron saint veneration" } ] }, { "id": "42459", "question": "what is the `` slava '' inscribed on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Traces of Roman and early Byzantine Empire architectural heritage are found in many royal cities and palaces in Serbia, like Sirmium, Felix Romuliana and Justiniana Prima.", "qas": [ { "id": "42460", "question": "what are some royal cities in serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "Sirmium, Felix Romuliana and Justiniana Prima" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbian monasteries, with their fresco and icon paintings, are the pinnacle of Serbian medieval art. At the beginning, they were under the influence of Byzantine Art which was particularly felt after the fall of Constantinople in 1204, when many Byzantine artists fled to Serbia. The most noted of these monasteries is Studenica (built around 1190). It was a model for later monasteries, like the Mile\u0161eva, Sopo\u0107ani, \u017di\u010da, Gra\u010danica and Visoki De\u010dani. The most famous Serbian medieval fresco is the \"Mironosnice na Grobu\" (or the \"White Angel\") from the Mile\u0161eva monastery. In the end of 14th and the 15th centuries, autochotonous architectural style known as Morava style evolved in area around Morava Valley. A characteristic of this style was the wealthy decoration of the frontal church walls. Examples of this include Manasija, Ravanica and Kaleni\u0107 monasteries. Country is dotted with many well-preserved medieval fortifications and castles such as Smederevo Fortress (largest lowland fortress in Europe), Golubac, Magli\u010d, and Ram.\nDuring the time of Ottoman occupation, Serbian art was virtually non-existent, with the exception of several Serbian artists who lived in the lands ruled by the Habsburg Monarchy. Traditional Serbian art showed some Baroque influences at the end of the 18th century as shown in the works of Nikola Ne\u0161kovi\u0107, Teodor Kra\u010dun, Zaharije Orfelin and Jakov Orfelin.", "qas": [ { "id": "42461", "question": "what was particularly felt after the fall of constantinople ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "Byzantine Art" } ] }, { "id": "42462", "question": "when did the fall of constantinople occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "1204" } ] }, { "id": "42463", "question": "what is the most noted of monasteries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "Studenica" } ] }, { "id": "42464", "question": "when was the most noted monasteries built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 343, "text": "1190" } ] }, { "id": "42465", "question": "what is the most famous serbian medieval fresco ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 500, "text": "Mironosnice na Grobu" } ] }, { "id": "42466", "question": "where was the style of area evolved from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 696, "text": "Morava Valley" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbian painting showed the influence of Biedermeier, Neoclassicism and Romanticism during the 19th century. The most important Serbian painters of the first half of the 20th century were Paja Jovanovi\u0107 and Uro\u0161 Predi\u0107 of Realism, Cubist Sava \u0160umanovi\u0107, Milena Pavlovi\u0107-Barili and Nade\u017eda Petrovi\u0107 of Impressionism, Expressionist Milan Konjovi\u0107. Noted painters of the second half of 20th century include Marko \u010celebonovi\u0107, Petar Lubarda, Milo Milunovi\u0107, and Vladimir Veli\u010dkovi\u0107.", "qas": [ { "id": "42467", "question": "what were the influence of serbian painting ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Biedermeier, Neoclassicism and Romanticism" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Anastas Jovanovi\u0107 was one of the earliest photographes in the world, while Marina Abramovi\u0107 is one of the world leading performance artists. Pirot carpet is known as one of the most important traditional handicrafts in Serbia.", "qas": [ { "id": "42468", "question": "what was the earliest photographes in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Anastas Jovanovi\u0107" } ] }, { "id": "42469", "question": "who is one of the world leading performance artists ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "Marina Abramovi\u0107" } ] }, { "id": "42470", "question": "what is one of the most important traditional handicrafts in serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "Pirot carpet" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are around 100 art museums in Serbia, of which the most prominent is the National Museum of Serbia, founded in 1844; it houses one of the largest art collections in the Balkans with more than 400,000 exhibits, over 5,600 paintings and 8,400 drawings and prints, including many foreign masterpiece collections. Other art museums of note are Museum of Contemporary Art in Belgrade and Museum of Vojvodina in Novi Sad.", "qas": [ { "id": "42471", "question": "how many art museums are in serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "100" } ] }, { "id": "42472", "question": "what is the most prominent museum in serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "National Museum of Serbia" } ] }, { "id": "42473", "question": "when was the national museum of serbia founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "1844" } ] }, { "id": "42474", "question": "how many exhibits are in the national museum ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "400,000" } ] }, { "id": "42475", "question": "how many paintings are in the national museum ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 221, "text": "5,600" } ] }, { "id": "42476", "question": "where is museum of vojvodina located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 412, "text": "Novi Sad" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The beginning of Serbian literacy dates back to the activity of the brothers Cyril and Methodius in the Balkans. Monuments of Serbian literacy from the early 11th century can be found, written in Glagolitic. Starting in the 12th century, books were written in Cyrillic. From this epoch, the oldest Serbian Cyrillic book editorial are the Miroslav Gospels. The Miroslav Gospels are considered to be the oldest book of Serbian medieval history.", "qas": [ { "id": "42477", "question": "what did the serbian literacy dates back to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Cyril and Methodius" } ] }, { "id": "42478", "question": "where is the monuments of serbian literacy found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "Glagolitic" } ] }, { "id": "42479", "question": "where were books written in the 12th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "Cyrillic" } ] }, { "id": "42480", "question": "what are the oldest serbian cyrillic book ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 338, "text": "Miroslav Gospels" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Notable medieval authors include Saint Sava, Nun Jefimija, Stefan Lazarevi\u0107, Constantine of Kostenets and others. Baroque trends in Serbian literature emerged in the late 17th century. Notable Baroque-influenced authors were Gavril Stefanovi\u0107 Venclovi\u0107, Jovan Raji\u0107, Zaharije Orfelin, Andrija Zmajevi\u0107 and others. Dositej Obradovi\u0107 was the most prominent figure of the Age of Enlightenment, while the most notable Classicist writer was Jovan Sterija Popovi\u0107, although his works also contained elements of Romanticism. In the era of national revival, in the first half of the 19th century, Vuk Stefanovi\u0107 Karad\u017ei\u0107 collected Serbian folk literature, and reformed the Serbian language and spelling, paving the way for Serbian Romanticism. The first half of the 19th century was dominated by Romanticism, with Branko Radi\u010devi\u0107, \u0110ura Jak\u0161i\u0107, Jovan Jovanovi\u0107 Zmaj and Laza Kosti\u0107 being the most notable representatives, while the second half of the century was marked by Realist writers such as Milovan Gli\u0161i\u0107, Laza Lazarevi\u0107, Simo Matavulj, Stevan Sremac, Vojislav Ili\u0107, Branislav Nu\u0161i\u0107, Radoje Domanovi\u0107 and Borisav Stankovi\u0107.", "qas": [ { "id": "42481", "question": "who was the most prominent figure of the age of enlightenment ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 314, "text": "Dositej Obradovi\u0107" } ] }, { "id": "42482", "question": "who was the most notable writer of the age of enlightenment ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 436, "text": "Jovan Sterija Popovi\u0107" } ] }, { "id": "42483", "question": "who collected serbian folk literature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 589, "text": "Vuk Stefanovi\u0107 Karad\u017ei\u0107" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 20th century was dominated by the prose writers Milo\u0161 Crnjanski, Isidora Sekuli\u0107, Ivo Andri\u0107 (who was awarded Nobel Prize in Literature in 1961), Branko \u0106opi\u0107, Miodrag Bulatovi\u0107, Me\u0161a Selimovi\u0107, Borislav Peki\u0107, Danilo Ki\u0161, Dobrica \u0106osi\u0107, Aleksandar Ti\u0161ma, Dragoslav Mihailovi\u0107, Milorad Pavi\u0107 and ohers. There were also many valuable poetic achievements, as seen by the writings of Milan Raki\u0107, Jovan Du\u010di\u0107, Vladislav Petkovi\u0107 Dis, Rastko Petrovi\u0107, Stanislav Vinaver, Du\u0161an Mati\u0107, Desanka Maksimovi\u0107, Branko Miljkovi\u0107, Vasko Popa, Oskar Davi\u010do, Miodrag Pavlovi\u0107, Stevan Rai\u010dkovi\u0107, and others. Most notable contemporary authors include David Albahari, Svetislav Basara, Goran Petrovi\u0107, Vladimir Arsenijevi\u0107, Zoran \u017divkovi\u0107 and others.", "qas": [ { "id": "42484", "question": "when was the nobel prize in literature awarded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "1961" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are 551 public libraries in Serbia (excluding Kosovo), the biggest of which are two national libraries: National Library of Serbia in Belgrade with funds of about 5 million volumes, and Matica Srpska (oldest Serbian cultural institution, founded in 1826) in Novi Sad with nearly 3.5 million volumes. In 2010, there were 10,989 books and brochures published. The book publishing market is dominated by several major publishers such as Laguna and Vulkan (both of which operate their own bookstore chains) and the industry's centerpiece event, annual Belgrade Book Fair, is the most visited cultural event in Serbia with 158,128 visitors in 2013. The highlight of the literary scene is awarding of NIN Prize, given every January since 1954 for the best newly published novel in Serbian language (during times of Yugoslavia, in Serbo-Croatian language).", "qas": [ { "id": "42485", "question": "what type of public libraries are in serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "551" } ] }, { "id": "42486", "question": "how many volumes are in belgrade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "5 million" } ] }, { "id": "42487", "question": "what is the oldest serbian cultural institution in belgrade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "Matica Srpska" } ] }, { "id": "42488", "question": "when was the oldest serbian cultural institution founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 255, "text": "1826" } ] }, { "id": "42489", "question": "how many volumes are in novi sad sad ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "3.5 million" } ] }, { "id": "42490", "question": "how many books were published in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 326, "text": "10,989" } ] }, { "id": "42491", "question": "what is the name of the major publishers that operate their bookstore ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 440, "text": "Laguna and Vulkan" } ] }, { "id": "42492", "question": "how many visitors are in the belgrade book ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 624, "text": "158,128" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Composer and musicologist Stevan Stojanovi\u0107 Mokranjac is considered the founder of modern Serbian music. The Serbian composers of the first generation Petar Konjovi\u0107, Stevan Hristi\u0107, and Miloje Milojevi\u0107 maintained the national expression and modernized the romanticism into the direction of impressionism. Other famous classical Serbian composers include Isidor Baji\u0107, Stanislav Bini\u010dki and Josif Marinkovi\u0107. There are three opera houses in Serbia: Opera of the National Theatre and Madlenianum Opera, both in Belgrade, and Opera of the Serbian National Theatre in Novi Sad. Four symphonic orchestra operate in the country: Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra, Ni\u0161 Symphony Orchestra, Symphonic Orchestra of Radio Television of Serbia, and Novi Sad Philharmonic Orchestra. The Choir of Radio Television of Serbia is a leading vocal ensemble in the country. The BEMUS is one of the most prominent classical music festivals in the South East Europe.", "qas": [ { "id": "42493", "question": "who is the founder of modern serbian music ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "Stevan Stojanovi\u0107 Mokranjac" } ] }, { "id": "42494", "question": "who maintained the national expression and modernized the national expression ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "Petar Konjovi\u0107, Stevan Hristi\u0107, and Miloje Milojevi\u0107" } ] }, { "id": "42495", "question": "what are some famous classical serbian composers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 356, "text": "Isidor Baji\u0107, Stanislav Bini\u010dki and Josif Marinkovi\u0107" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Traditional Serbian music includes various kinds of bagpipes, flutes, horns, trumpets, lutes, psalteries, drums and cymbals. The \"kolo\" is the traditional collective folk dance, which has a number of varieties throughout the regions. The most popular are those from U\u017eice and Morava region. Sung epic poetry has been an integral part of Serbian and Balkan music for centuries. In the highlands of Serbia these long poems are typically accompanied on a one-string fiddle called the \"gusle\", and concern themselves with themes from history and mythology. There are records of \"gusle\" being played at the court of the 13th-century King Stefan Nemanji\u0107.", "qas": [ { "id": "42496", "question": "what is the traditional collective folk dance called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "kolo" } ] }, { "id": "42497", "question": "what is the `` kolo '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "traditional collective folk dance" } ] }, { "id": "42498", "question": "where are the most popular popular region ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "U\u017eice and Morava region" } ] }, { "id": "42499", "question": "what is the fiddle called in the highlands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 482, "text": "gusle" } ] }, { "id": "42500", "question": "who was the court of the 13th-century king ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 628, "text": "King Stefan Nemanji\u0107" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Serbian rock which was during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s part of former Yugoslav rock scene, used to be well developed, featuring various rock genres, and was well covered in the media, which included numerous magazines, radio and TV shows. During the 1990s and 2000s popularity of rock music declined in Serbia, and although several major mainstream acts managed to sustain their popularity, an underground and independent music scene developed. The most notable Serbian rock acts include Bajaga i Instruktori, \u0110or\u0111e Bala\u0161evi\u0107, Disciplina Ki\u010dme, Ekatarina Velika, Elektri\u010dni Orgazam, Galija, Idoli, Kerber, Korni Grupa, Partibrejkers, Pekin\u0161ka Patka, Pop Ma\u0161ina, Rambo Amadeus, Riblja \u010corba, Smak, \u0160arlo Akrobata, Van Gogh, YU Grupa, and others.", "qas": [ { "id": "42501", "question": "during what years was the serbian rock scene used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "1970s and 1980s" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Pop music has mainstream popularity. \u017deljko Joksimovi\u0107 won second place at the 2004 Eurovision Song Contest and Marija \u0160erifovi\u0107 managed to win the 2007 Eurovision Song Contest with the song \"Molitva\", and Serbia was the host of the 2008 edition of the contest. Most popular pop singers include likes of Zdravko \u010coli\u0107, Vlado Georgiev, Nata\u0161a Bekvalac among others.", "qas": [ { "id": "42502", "question": "who won the 2004 eurovision song contest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "\u017deljko Joksimovi\u0107" } ] }, { "id": "42503", "question": "what was the name of the contest that won the 2007 eurovision song ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "2004 Eurovision Song Contest and Marija \u0160erifovi\u0107" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Turbo-folk music is subgenre that has developed in Serbia in the late 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s and has since enjoyed an immense popularity. It is a blend of folk music with pop and/or dance elements and can be seen as a result of the urbanization of folk music. In recent period turbo-folk featured even more pop music elements, and some of the performers were labeled as pop-folk. The most famous among them are Ceca (often considered to be the biggest music star of Serbia), Jelena Karleu\u0161a, Aca Lukas, Seka Aleksi\u0107, Dragana Mirkovi\u0107, Dara Bubamara, Indira Radi\u0107 and Lepa Brena, arguably the most prominent performer of former Yugoslavia.", "qas": [ { "id": "42504", "question": "what were the performers labeled as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 384, "text": "pop-folk" } ] }, { "id": "42505", "question": "what are the most famous performer of former yugoslavia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 425, "text": "Ceca" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Balkan Brass, or \"truba\" (\"trumpet\") is a popular genre, especially in Central and Southern Serbia where Balkan Brass originated. The music has its tradition from the First Serbian Uprising. The trumpet was used as a military instrument to wake and gather soldiers and announce battles, the trumpet took on the role of entertainment during downtime, as soldiers used it to transpose popular folk songs. When the war ended and the soldiers returned to the rural life, the music entered civilian life and eventually became a music style, accompanying births, baptisms, weddings, and funerals. There are two main varieties of this genre, one from Western Serbia and the other from Southern Serbia. The best known Serbian Brass musician is Boban Markovi\u0107, also one of the biggest names in the world of modern brass band bandleaders.", "qas": [ { "id": "42506", "question": "what is another term for balkan brass ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "truba" } ] }, { "id": "42507", "question": "what is another term for balkan brass ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "trumpet" } ] }, { "id": "42508", "question": "where is balkan brass located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "Central and Southern Serbia" } ] }, { "id": "42509", "question": "what is the popular genre of balkan brass ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "Balkan Brass" } ] }, { "id": "42510", "question": "what uprising does the music music have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "First Serbian Uprising" } ] }, { "id": "42511", "question": "what is the best known serbian brass musician ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 736, "text": "Boban Markovi\u0107" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most popular music festival are Gu\u010da Trumpet Festival with over 300,000 annual visitors and EXIT in Novi Sad (\"The best European festival\" in 2007 by UK Festival Awards and Yourope \u2013 the European Association of the 40 largest festivals in Europe) with 200,000 visitors in 2013. Other festivals include Ni\u0161ville Jazz Festival in Ni\u0161 and Gitarijada rock festival in Zaje\u010dar.", "qas": [ { "id": "42512", "question": "what are most popular music festival in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "Gu\u010da Trumpet Festival" } ] }, { "id": "42513", "question": "how many annual visitors are there in novi sad festival ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "300,000" } ] }, { "id": "42514", "question": "how many visitors are in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "200,000" } ] }, { "id": "42515", "question": "what is the name of the festival that is located in ni\u0161 rock festival ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "Ni\u0161ville Jazz Festival" } ] }, { "id": "42516", "question": "where is the rock festival located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 364, "text": "Zaje\u010dar" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbia has a well-established theatrical tradition with Joakim Vuji\u0107 considered the founder of modern Serbian theater. Serbia has 38 professional theatres, the most important of which are National Theatre in Belgrade, Serbian National Theatre in Novi Sad, National Theatre in Subotica, National Theatre in Ni\u0161 and Knja\u017eevsko-srpski teatar in Kragujevac (the oldest theatre in Serbia, established in 1835). The Belgrade International Theatre Festival \u2013 BITEF, founded in 1967, is one of the oldest theater festivals in the world, and it has become one of the five biggest European festivals. Sterijino pozorje is, on the other hand, festival showcasing national drama plays. The most important Serbian playwrighters were Jovan Sterija Popovi\u0107 and Branislav Nu\u0161i\u0107, while today renowned names are Du\u0161an Kova\u010devi\u0107 and Biljana Srbljanovi\u0107.", "qas": [ { "id": "42517", "question": "who is the founder of modern serbian theater ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Joakim Vuji\u0107" } ] }, { "id": "42518", "question": "how many professional theatres does serbia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "38" } ] }, { "id": "42519", "question": "when was the belgrade international theatre festival founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 470, "text": "1967" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Serbian cinema is one of the most dynamic smaller European cinematographies. Serbia's film industry is heavily subsidised by the government, mainly through grants approved by the Film Centre of Serbia. In 2011, there were 17 domestic feature films produced. There are 20 operating cinemas in the country, of which 10 are multiplexes, with total attendance exceeding 2.6 million and comparatively high percentage of 32.3% of total sold tickets for domestic films. Modern PFI Studios located in \u0160imanovci is nowadays Serbia's only film studio complex; it consists of 9 state-of-the-art sound stages and attracts mainly international productions, primarily American and West European. The Yugoslav Film Archive used to be former Yugoslavia's and now is Serbia national film archive \u2013 with over 95 thousand film prints, it is among five largest film archives in the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "42520", "question": "who approved the grants industry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "Film Centre of Serbia" } ] }, { "id": "42521", "question": "how many domestic feature films were produced in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "17" } ] }, { "id": "42522", "question": "how many operating cinemas are there in the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "20" } ] }, { "id": "42523", "question": "what is the total amount of attendance in the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 370, "text": "2.6 million" } ] }, { "id": "42524", "question": "what percentage of total sold tickets for domestic films ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 419, "text": "32.3%" } ] }, { "id": "42525", "question": "where is modern pfi studios located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 497, "text": "\u0160imanovci" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbian cinema dates back to 1896 with the release of the oldest movie in the Balkans, \"The Life and Deeds of the Immortal Vo\u017ed Kara\u0111or\u0111e\", a biography about Serbian revolutionary leader, Kara\u0111or\u0111e.", "qas": [ { "id": "42526", "question": "in what year did serbian cinema start ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "1896" } ] }, { "id": "42527", "question": "what is the oldest movie in the balkans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "The Life and Deeds of the Immortal Vo\u017ed Kara\u0111or\u0111e" } ] }, { "id": "42528", "question": "what was the name of the serbian revolutionary leader ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "Kara\u0111or\u0111e" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The most famous Serbian filmmaker is Emir Kusturica who won two Golden Palms for Best Feature Film at the Cannes Film Festival, for \"When Father Was Away on Business\" in 1985 and then again for \"Underground\" in 1995. Other renowned directors include Goran Paskaljevi\u0107, Du\u0161an Makavejev, Goran Markovi\u0107, Sr\u0111an Dragojevi\u0107 and Srdan Golubovi\u0107 among others. Steve Tesich, Serbian-American screenwriter, won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay in 1979 for the movie Breaking Away.", "qas": [ { "id": "42529", "question": "who is the most famous serbian filmmaker ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Emir Kusturica" } ] }, { "id": "42530", "question": "when was the father film festival away ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "1985" } ] }, { "id": "42531", "question": "in what year did steve tesich win the academy award ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 452, "text": "1979" } ] }, { "id": "42532", "question": "what did the movie won the academy award for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 471, "text": "Breaking Away" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The freedom of the press and the freedom of speech are guaranteed by the constitution of Serbia. Serbia is ranked 54th out of 180 countries in the 2014 Press Freedom Index report compiled by Reporters Without Borders. Both reports noted that media outlets and journalists continue to face partisan and government pressure over editorial policies. Also, the media are now more heavily dependent on advertising contracts and government subsidies to survive financially.", "qas": [ { "id": "42533", "question": "who guaranteed the freedom of the press ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "the constitution of Serbia" } ] }, { "id": "42534", "question": "how is serbia ranked in the 2014 press freedom ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "54th" } ] }, { "id": "42535", "question": "how many countries does serbia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "180" } ] }, { "id": "42536", "question": "who compiled serbia out of 180 countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "Reporters Without Borders" } ] }, { "id": "42537", "question": "what do media outlets continue to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "media outlets and journalists continue to face partisan and government pressure over editorial policies" } ] }, { "id": "42538", "question": "what are the media media now more heavily dependent on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 397, "text": "advertising contracts and government subsidies to survive financially" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to AGB Nielsen Research in 2009, Serbs on average watch five hours of television per day, making it the highest average in Europe. There are seven nationwide free-to-air television channels, with public broadcaster Radio Television of Serbia (RTS) operating three (RTS1, RTS2 and RTS3) and remaining four are private broadcasters: Prva, B92, Pink and Happy TV. Viewing shares for these channels in 2012 were as follows: 23.5% for RTS1, 19.6% for Pink, 16.1% for Prva, 8.1% for B92, 3.6% for RTS2, and 2.8% for Happy TV. There are 28 regional television channels and 74 local television channels. Besides terrestrial channels there are dozens Serbian television channels available only on cable or satellite.", "qas": [ { "id": "42539", "question": "how many nationwide free-to-air television channels are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "seven" } ] }, { "id": "42540", "question": "what are private broadcasters ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 341, "text": "Prva, B92, Pink and Happy TV" } ] }, { "id": "42541", "question": "what percentage of happy tv channels were as follows for pink tv ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 430, "text": "23.5%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are 220 radio stations in Serbia. Out of these, seven are radio stations with national coverage, including three of public broadcaster Radio Television of Serbia (Radio Belgrade 1, Radio Belgrade 2/Radio Belgrade 3 and Radio Belgrade 202), and four private ones (Radio S1, Radio S2, Play Radio, and Radio Hit FM). Also, there are 49 regional stations and 162 local stations.", "qas": [ { "id": "42542", "question": "how many radio stations are in serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "220" } ] }, { "id": "42543", "question": "how many radio stations are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "seven" } ] }, { "id": "42544", "question": "what are the names of the radio television of serbia belgrade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "Radio Belgrade 2/Radio Belgrade 3 and Radio Belgrade 202" } ] }, { "id": "42545", "question": "what are some of the private radio stations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 279, "text": "Radio S2, Play Radio, and Radio Hit FM" } ] }, { "id": "42546", "question": "how many regional stations are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 336, "text": "49" } ] }, { "id": "42547", "question": "how many local stations are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 361, "text": "162" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are 340 newspapers published in Serbia of which 13 are daily newspapers. Dailies \"Politika\" and \"Danas\" are Serbia's papers of record, former being the oldest newspaper in the Balkans, founded in 1904. Highest circulation newspapers are tabloids \"Ve\u010dernje Novosti\", \"Blic\", \"Kurir\", and \"Informer\", all with more than 100,000 copies sold. There are one daily newspaper devoted to sports - \"Sportski \u017eurnal\", one business daily \"Privredni pregled\", two regional newspapers (\"Dnevnik\" published in Novi Sad and \"Narodne novine\" from Ni\u0161), one daily on Hungarian language (\"Magyar Szo\" published in Subotica), and a free newspaper of \"24 sata\", distributed only in Belgrade and Novi Sad.", "qas": [ { "id": "42548", "question": "what type of newspapers are published in serbia of which 13 are daily newspapers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "340" } ] }, { "id": "42549", "question": "how many daily newspapers are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "13" } ] }, { "id": "42550", "question": "when was the oldest newspaper in the balkans founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "1904" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are 1,262 magazines published in the country. Those include weekly news magazines \"NIN\", \"Vreme\" and \"Nedeljnik\", popular science magazine of \"Politikin Zabavnik\", women's \"Lepota & Zdravlje\", auto magazine \"SAT revija\", IT magazine \"Svet kompjutera\". In addition, there is a wide selection of Serbian editions of international magazines, such as \"Cosmopolitan\", \"Elle\", \"Grazia\", \"Men's Health\", \"National Geographic\", \"Le Monde diplomatique\", \"Playboy\", \"Hello!\" and others.", "qas": [ { "id": "42551", "question": "how many magazines are published in the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "1,262" } ] }, { "id": "42552", "question": "what is the name of the popular science magazine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "Politikin Zabavnik" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are two main news agencies, Beta and Fonet.", "qas": [ { "id": "42553", "question": "what are two main news agencies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "Beta and Fonet" } ] } ] }, { "context": ", the most visited websites in Serbian (mainly on the .rs domain) are the Serbian version of Google followed by online editions of printed daily Blic, news web-portal of B92 broadcaster, news portal of printed daily Kurir and classifieds KupujemProdajem.", "qas": [ { "id": "42554", "question": "how many broadcaster are in google ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "B92" } ] }, { "id": "42555", "question": "what are the news portal of google ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "Kurir and classifieds KupujemProdajem" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbian cuisine is largely heterogeneous, sharing characteristics of the Balkans (especially former Yugoslavia), the Mediterranean (Greek in particular), Turkish, and Central European (especially Austrian and Hungarian) cuisines. Food is very important in Serbian social life, particularly during religious holidays such as Christmas, Easter and feast days i.e. slava.", "qas": [ { "id": "42556", "question": "what are serbian cuisine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "the Mediterranean (Greek in particular), Turkish, and Central European" } ] }, { "id": "42557", "question": "what are the names of the serbian cuisine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "Austrian and Hungarian) cuisines" } ] }, { "id": "42558", "question": "what is food very important in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "Serbian social life" } ] }, { "id": "42559", "question": "what are some of the religious holidays in food ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "Christmas, Easter and feast days" } ] }, { "id": "42560", "question": "what is one example of a food social life ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 362, "text": "slava" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Staples of the Serbian diet include bread, meat, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. Bread is the basis of all Serbian meals, and it plays an important role in Serbian cuisine and can be found in religious rituals. A traditional Serbian welcome is to offer bread and salt to guests. Meat is widely consumed, as is fish. Serbian specialties include \u0107evap\u010di\u0107i (caseless sausages made of minced meat, which is always grilled and seasoned), pljeskavica, sarma, kajmak (a dairy product similar to clotted cream), gibanica (cheese and kajmak pie), ajvar (a roasted red pepper spread), proja (cornbread), and ka\u010damak (corn-flour porridge).", "qas": [ { "id": "42561", "question": "what are some staples of the serbian diet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "bread, meat, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products" } ] }, { "id": "42562", "question": "what is the name of serbian specialties meat ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 352, "text": "\u0107evap\u010di\u0107i" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbians claim their country as the birthplace of rakia (\"rakija\"), a highly alcoholic drink primarily distilled from fruit. Rakia in various forms is found throughout the Balkans, notably in Bulgaria, Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Hungary and Turkey. Slivovitz (\"\u0161ljivovica\"), a plum brandy, is a type of rakia which is considered the national drink of Serbia.", "qas": [ { "id": "42563", "question": "what was the name of the highly alcoholic drink in fruit ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "rakia" } ] }, { "id": "42564", "question": "what is the name of the highly alcoholic drink ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "rakija" } ] }, { "id": "42565", "question": "where are the balkans in the balkans located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "Bulgaria, Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Hungary and Turkey" } ] }, { "id": "42566", "question": "what is the national drink of serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "rakia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sports play an important role in Serbian society, and the country has a strong sporting history. The most popular sports in Serbia are football, basketball, tennis, volleyball, water polo and handball.", "qas": [ { "id": "42567", "question": "what are the most popular sports in serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "football, basketball, tennis, volleyball, water polo and handball" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Professional sports in Serbia are organized by sporting federations and leagues (in case of team sports). One of particularities of Serbian professional sports is existence of many multi-sports clubs (called \"sports societies\"), biggest and most successful of which are Red Star, Partizan, and Beograd in Belgrade, Vojvodina in Novi Sad, Radni\u010dki in Kragujevac, Spartak in Subotica.\nFootball is the most popular sport in Serbia, and the Football Association of Serbia with 146,845 registered players, is the largest sporting association in the country. Dragan D\u017eaji\u0107 was officially recognized as \"the best Serbian player of all times\" by the Football Association of Serbia, and more recently the likes of Nemanja Vidi\u0107, Dejan Stankovi\u0107 and Branislav Ivanovi\u0107 play for the elite clubs of Europe, developing the nation's reputation as one of the world's biggest exporters of footballers. The Serbia national football team lacks relative success although it qualified for three of the last four FIFA World Cups. Serbia national youth football teams have won 2013 U-19 European Championship and 2015 U-20 World Cup. The two main football clubs in Serbia are Red Star (winner of the 1991 European Cup) and Partizan (finalist of the 1966 European Cup), both from Belgrade. The rivalry between the two clubs is known as the \"Eternal Derby\", and is often cited as one of the most exciting sports rivalries in the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "42568", "question": "how many players are in serbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 473, "text": "146,845" } ] }, { "id": "42569", "question": "what is the rivalry between the two clubs known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1318, "text": "Eternal Derby" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbia is one of the traditional powerhouses of world basketball, as Serbia men's national basketball team have won two World Championships (in 1998 and 2002), three European Championships (1995, 1997, and 2001) and two Olympic silver medals (in 1996 and 2016) as well. The women's national basketball team won the European Championship in 2015 and Olympic bronze medal in 2016. A total of 22 Serbian players have played in the NBA in last two decades, including Predrag \"Peja\" Stojakovi\u0107 (three-time NBA All-Star) and Vlade Divac (2001 NBA All-Star and FIBA Hall of Famer). The renowned \"Serbian coaching school\" produced many of the most successful European basketball coaches of all times, such as \u017deljko Obradovi\u0107, who won a record 8 Euroleague titles as a coach. KK Partizan basketball club was the 1992 European champion.\nRecent success of Serbian tennis players has led to an immense growth in the popularity of tennis in Serbia. Novak \u0110okovi\u0107, twelve-time Grand Slam champion, finished in 2011, 2012, 2014 and 2015 as No. 1 in the world and is also currently No. 1 in the ATP Rankings. Ana Ivanovic (champion of 2008 French Open) and Jelena Jankovi\u0107 were both ranked No. 1 in the WTA Rankings. There were two No. 1 ranked-tennis double players as well: Nenad Zimonji\u0107 (three-time men's double and four-time mixed double Grand Slam champion) and Slobodan \u017divojinovi\u0107. The Serbia men's tennis national team won the 2010 Davis Cup while Serbia women's tennis national team reached the final at 2012 Fed Cup.", "qas": [ { "id": "42570", "question": "how many world championships have won world basketball team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Serbia men's national basketball team have won two World Championships" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbia is one of the leading volleyball countries in the world. Its men's national team won the gold medal at 2000 Olympics, and has won the European Championship twice. The women's national volleyball team won the European Championship in 2011 and Olympic silver medal in 2016.", "qas": [ { "id": "42571", "question": "when did serbia men win the gold medal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "2000 Olympics" } ] }, { "id": "42572", "question": "what did serbia men 's national team won ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "European Championship twice" } ] }, { "id": "42573", "question": "where did the national volleyball team win the european championship ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "The women's national volleyball team won the European Championship in 2011 and Olympic silver medal" } ] }, { "id": "42574", "question": "when did the women 's national volleyball team win the european championship in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "2016" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Serbia men's national water polo team is the second most successful national team after Hungary, having won Olympic gold medal in 2016, three World Championships (2005, 2009 and 2015), and six European Championships in 2001, 2003, 2006, 2012, 2014 and 2016 respectively. VK Partizan has won a joint-record seven European champion titles.", "qas": [ { "id": "42575", "question": "what is the second most successful national team in hungary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Serbia men's national water polo team" } ] }, { "id": "42576", "question": "when did the serbia men 's national water polo team win olympic gold medal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "2016" } ] }, { "id": "42577", "question": "how many european championships did the serbia men polo team win in 2001 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "six" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other noted Serbian athletes include: swimmers Milorad \u010cavi\u0107 (2009 World champion on 50 meters butterfly and silver medalist on 100 meters butterfly as well as 2008 Olympic silver medalist on 100 meters butterfly in historic race with American swimmer Michael Phelps) and Na\u0111a Higl (2009 World champion in 200 meters breaststroke \u2013 the first Serbian woman to become a world champion in swimming); track and field athlete Ivana \u0160panovi\u0107 (long-jumper; 2016 European champion and bronze medalist at the 2016 Olympics); wrestler Davor \u0160tefanek (2016 Olympic gold medalist), and taekwondoist Milica Mandi\u0107 (2012 Olympic gold medalist).", "qas": [ { "id": "42578", "question": "what is the name of the 2009 world champion on 50 meters ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "Milorad \u010cavi\u0107" } ] }, { "id": "42579", "question": "in what year was olympic silver medalist on 100 meters ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "2008" } ] }, { "id": "42580", "question": "who was the american swimmer in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "Michael Phelps" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Serbia has hosted several major sport competitions in the last ten years, including the 2005 Men's European Basketball Championship, 2005 Men's European Volleyball Championship, 2006 and 2016 Men's European Water Polo Championships, 2009 Summer Universiade, 2012 European Men's Handball Championship, and 2013 World Women's Handball Championship. The most important annual sporting events held in the country are Belgrade Marathon and Tour de Serbie cycling race.", "qas": [ { "id": "42581", "question": "what are some of the major sport competitions in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "2005 Men's European Basketball Championship, 2005 Men's European Volleyball Championship, 2006 and 2016 Men's European Water Polo Championships, 2009 Summer Universiade, 2012 European Men's Handball Championship, and 2013 World Women's Handball Championship" } ] }, { "id": "42582", "question": "what are the most important sporting events in the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 413, "text": "Belgrade Marathon and Tour de Serbie cycling race" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The public holidays in Serbia are defined by the \"Law of national and other holidays in the Republic of Serbia\".", "qas": [ { "id": "42583", "question": "what are the public holidays defined by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "the \"Law of national and other holidays in the Republic of Serbia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Serbia" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Chile (; ), officially the Republic of Chile (), is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fern\u00e1ndez, Salas y G\u00f3mez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island in Oceania. Chile also claims about of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.", "qas": [ { "id": "42584", "question": "what is the official name of chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "the Republic of Chile" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth, principally copper. The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources, and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands, and features a string of volcanoes and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands.", "qas": [ { "id": "42585", "question": "what is the arid desert ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Atacama Desert" } ] }, { "id": "42586", "question": "what type of desert is wealth in northern chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "copper" } ] }, { "id": "42587", "question": "southern chile is rich in what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 362, "text": "forests and grazing lands" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Spain conquered and colonized Chile in the mid-16th century, replacing Inca rule in northern and central Chile, but failing to conquer the independent Mapuche that inhabited south-central Chile. After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818, Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic. In the 19th century, Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth, ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific (1879\u201383) after defeating Peru and Bolivia. In the 1960s and 1970s the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil. This development culminated with the 1973 Chilean coup d'\u00e9tat that overthrew Salvador Allende's democratically-elected left-wing government and instituted a 16-year-long right-wing military dictatorship that left more than 3,000 people dead or missing. The regime, headed by Augusto Pinochet, ended in 1990 after it lost a referendum in 1988 and was succeeded by a center-left coalition which ruled through four presidencies until 2010.", "qas": [ { "id": "42588", "question": "in what year did chile declaring its independence from spain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "1818" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chile is today one of South America's most stable and prosperous nations. It leads Latin American nations in rankings of human development, competitiveness, income per capita, globalization, state of peace, economic freedom, and low perception of corruption. It also ranks high regionally in sustainability of the state, and democratic development. Chile is a founding member of the United Nations, the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC).", "qas": [ { "id": "42589", "question": "what are chile 's state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "peace, economic freedom, and low perception of corruption" } ] }, { "id": "42590", "question": "what is the founding of chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 399, "text": "the Union of South American Nations" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are various theories about the origin of the word \"Chile\". According to 17th-century Spanish chronicler Diego de Rosales, the Incas called the valley of the Aconcagua \"Chili\" by corruption of the name of a Picunche tribal chief (\"cacique\") called \"Tili\", who ruled the area at the time of the Incan conquest in the 15th century. Another theory points to the similarity of the valley of the Aconcagua with that of the Casma Valley in Peru, where there was a town and valley named \"Chili.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "42591", "question": "what is the origin of chile called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Chile" } ] }, { "id": "42592", "question": "who was the spanish chronicler ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Diego de Rosales" } ] }, { "id": "42593", "question": "what was the name of the valley of the name `` cacique '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "the Aconcagua \"Chili\"" } ] }, { "id": "42594", "question": "what was the name of the `` cacique '' called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "Picunche tribal chief" } ] }, { "id": "42595", "question": "what was tribal chief 's nickname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "cacique" } ] }, { "id": "42596", "question": "what was tribal chief 's nickname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "Tili" } ] }, { "id": "42597", "question": "what was the name of the town and valley in peru called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 486, "text": "Chili" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other theories say Chile may derive its name from a Native American word meaning either \"ends of the earth\" or \"sea gulls\"; from the Mapuche word \"chilli,\" which may mean \"where the land ends;\" or from the Quechua \"chiri\", \"cold\", or \"tchili\", meaning either \"snow\" or \"the deepest point of the Earth\". Another origin attributed to \"chilli\" is the onomatopoeic \"cheele-cheele\"\u2014the Mapuche imitation of the warble of a bird locally known as trile.", "qas": [ { "id": "42598", "question": "what does chile mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "ends of the earth\" or \"sea gulls" } ] }, { "id": "42599", "question": "what is the name of the mapuche that may mean the land ends ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "chilli" } ] }, { "id": "42600", "question": "what was the origin of the mapuche called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 333, "text": "chilli" } ] }, { "id": "42601", "question": "what was the bird locally known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 440, "text": "trile" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Spanish conquistadors heard about this name from the Incas, and the few survivors of Diego de Almagro's first Spanish expedition south from Peru in 1535\u201336 called themselves the \"men of Chilli\". Ultimately, Almagro is credited with the universalization of the name \"Chile\", after naming the Mapocho valley as such. The older spelling \"Chili\" was in use in English until at least 1900 before switching over to \"Chile.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "42602", "question": "where was the spanish conquistadors heard ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "the Incas" } ] }, { "id": "42603", "question": "who wrote the first spanish expedition south from peru ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Diego de Almagro" } ] }, { "id": "42604", "question": "when was the first spanish expedition south from peru ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "1535\u201336" } ] }, { "id": "42605", "question": "what was the name of the first spanish expedition south from peru ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "\"men of Chilli\"" } ] }, { "id": "42606", "question": "what is the name of the name given to the name of the name `` chile '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "Chile" } ] }, { "id": "42607", "question": "in what year was the older spelling `` chili '' released ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 383, "text": "1900" } ] } ] }, { "context": " Stone tool evidence indicates humans sporadically frequented the Monte Verde valley area as long as 18,500 years ago. About 10,000 years ago, migrating Native Americans settled in fertile valleys and coastal areas of what is present-day Chile. Settlement sites from very early human habitation include Monte Verde, Cueva del Milodon and the Pali Aike Crater's lava tube. The Incas briefly extended their empire into what is now northern Chile, but the Mapuche (or Araucanians as they were known by the Spaniards) successfully resisted many attempts by the Inca Empire to subjugate them, despite their lack of state organization. They fought against the Sapa Inca Tupac Yupanqui and his army. The result of the bloody three-day confrontation known as the Battle of the Maule was that the Inca conquest of the territories of Chile ended at the Maule river.", "qas": [ { "id": "42608", "question": "how long do humans sporadically frequented the monte verde valley ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "18,500 years ago" } ] }, { "id": "42609", "question": "who did the incas fought against ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 654, "text": "Sapa Inca Tupac Yupanqui" } ] }, { "id": "42610", "question": "what was the battle of chile called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 755, "text": "Battle of the Maule" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1520, while attempting to circumnavigate the globe, Ferdinand Magellan discovered the southern passage now named after him, the Strait of Magellan, thus becoming the first European to set foot on what is now Chile. The next Europeans to reach Chile were Diego de Almagro and his band of Spanish conquistadors, who came from Peru in 1535 seeking gold. The Spanish encountered various cultures that supported themselves principally through slash-and-burn agriculture and hunting.", "qas": [ { "id": "42611", "question": "in what year was the southern passage of magellan discovered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1520" } ] }, { "id": "42612", "question": "who discovered the southern passage of magellan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "Ferdinand Magellan" } ] }, { "id": "42613", "question": "who was the first european to set foot on what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "Strait of Magellan" } ] }, { "id": "42614", "question": "who were the next europeans to reach chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "Diego de Almagro" } ] }, { "id": "42615", "question": "in what year did magellan come to peru ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 335, "text": "1535" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The conquest of Chile began in earnest in 1540 and was carried out by Pedro de Valdivia, one of Francisco Pizarro's lieutenants, who founded the city of Santiago on 12 February 1541. Although the Spanish did not find the extensive gold and silver they sought, they recognized the agricultural potential of Chile's central valley, and Chile became part of the Spanish Empire.", "qas": [ { "id": "42616", "question": "when did the conquest of chile begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "1540" } ] }, { "id": "42617", "question": "who founded the city of santiago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "Pedro de Valdivia" } ] }, { "id": "42618", "question": "when was the city of santiago founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "12 February 1541" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Conquest took place gradually, and the Europeans suffered repeated setbacks. A massive Mapuche insurrection that began in 1553 resulted in Valdivia's death and the destruction of many of the colony's principal settlements. Subsequent major insurrections took place in 1598 and in 1655. Each time the Mapuche and other native groups revolted, the southern border of the colony was driven northward. The abolition of slavery by the Spanish crown in 1683 was done in recognition that enslaving the Mapuche intensified resistance rather than cowing them into submission. Despite royal prohibitions, relations remained strained from continual colonialist interference.", "qas": [ { "id": "42619", "question": "when did a massive mapuche begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "1553" } ] }, { "id": "42620", "question": "when did subsequent major insurrections begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 268, "text": "1598" } ] }, { "id": "42621", "question": "in what year did subsequent insurrections take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "1655" } ] }, { "id": "42622", "question": "in what year was the spanish crown done ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 447, "text": "1683" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Cut off to the north by desert, to the south by the Mapuche, to the east by the Andes Mountains, and to the west by the ocean, Chile became one of the most centralized, homogeneous colonies in Spanish America. Serving as a sort of frontier garrison, the colony found itself with the mission of forestalling encroachment by both the Mapuche and Spain's European enemies, especially the British and the Dutch. Buccaneers and English adventurers menaced the colony in addition to the Mapuche, as was shown by Sir Francis Drake's 1578 raid on Valpara\u00edso, the colony's principal port. Chile hosted one of the largest standing armies in the Americas, making it one of the most militarized of the Spanish possessions, as well as a drain on the treasury of the Viceroyalty of Peru.", "qas": [ { "id": "42623", "question": "what mountains did the mapuche focus off to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "Andes Mountains" } ] }, { "id": "42624", "question": "who were the two dutch and the dutch and the dutch and the dutch ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 332, "text": "Mapuche and Spain's European enemies" } ] }, { "id": "42625", "question": "what two countries were found in the colony ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 381, "text": "the British and the Dutch" } ] }, { "id": "42626", "question": "who shown the raid on the colony ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 506, "text": "Sir Francis Drake" } ] }, { "id": "42627", "question": "where was sir francis drake 's principal port ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 539, "text": "Valpara\u00edso" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The first general census was conducted by the government of Agust\u00edn de J\u00e1uregui between 1777 and 1778; it indicated that the population consisted of 259,646 inhabitants: 73.5 percent of European descent, 7.9 percent mestizos, 8.6 percent indigenous peoples and 9.8 percent blacks. Francisco Hurtado, Governor of the province of Chilo\u00e9, conducted a census in 1784 and found the population consisted of 26,703 inhabitants, 64.4 percent of which were whites and 33.5 percent of which were natives.", "qas": [ { "id": "42628", "question": "who conducted the first general census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "Agust\u00edn de J\u00e1uregui" } ] }, { "id": "42629", "question": "when was the first general census conducted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "1777 and 1778" } ] }, { "id": "42630", "question": "how many inhabitants were in the first general census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "259,646" } ] }, { "id": "42631", "question": "in what year did the governor of the province begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 358, "text": "1784" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Diocese of Concepci\u00f3n conducted a census in areas south of the Maule river in 1812, but did not include the indigenous population or the inhabitants of the province of Chilo\u00e9. The population is estimated at 210,567, 86.1 percent of which were Spanish or of European descent, 10 percent of which were indigenous and 3.7 percent of which were mestizos, blacks and mulattos.", "qas": [ { "id": "42632", "question": "who conducted a census in areas south of the maule river ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Diocese of Concepci\u00f3n" } ] }, { "id": "42633", "question": "where did the diocese of the province of the province of the province take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Maule river" } ] }, { "id": "42634", "question": "in what year did the diocese of the province begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "1812" } ] }, { "id": "42635", "question": "what is the population of the population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "210,567" } ] }, { "id": "42636", "question": "what percentage of mestizos were mestizos ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "3.7 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1808, Napoleon's enthronement of his brother Joseph as the Spanish King precipitated the drive by the colony for independence from Spain. A national junta in the name of Ferdinand \u2013 heir to the deposed king \u2013 was formed on 18 September 1810. The Government Junta of Chile proclaimed Chile an autonomous republic within the Spanish monarchy (in memory of this day Chile celebrates its National Day on 18 September each year).", "qas": [ { "id": "42637", "question": "in what year was napoleon 's brother precipitated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1808" } ] }, { "id": "42638", "question": "when was ferdinand -- heir ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "18 September 1810" } ] }, { "id": "42639", "question": "on what date did the government junta chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 403, "text": "18 September" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After these events, a movement for total independence, under the command of Jos\u00e9 Miguel Carrera (one of the most renowned patriots) and his two brothers Juan Jos\u00e9 and Luis Carrera, soon gained a wider following. Spanish attempts to re-impose arbitrary rule during what was called the Reconquista led to a prolonged struggle, including infighting from Bernardo O'Higgins, who challenged Carrera's leadership.", "qas": [ { "id": "42640", "question": "who was one of the most renowned patriots ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "Jos\u00e9 Miguel Carrera" } ] }, { "id": "42641", "question": "who was the brothers of the most renowned patriots ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "Juan Jos\u00e9 and Luis Carrera" } ] }, { "id": "42642", "question": "what was the name of the first struggle to spanish rule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 284, "text": "Reconquista" } ] }, { "id": "42643", "question": "who challenged the reconquista ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 351, "text": "Bernardo O'Higgins" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Intermittent warfare continued until 1817. With Carrera in prison in Argentina, O'Higgins and anti-Carrera cohort Jos\u00e9 de San Mart\u00edn, hero of the Argentine War of Independence, led an army that crossed the Andes into Chile and defeated the royalists. On 12 February 1818 Chile was proclaimed an independent republic. The political revolt brought little social change, however, and 19th-century Chilean society preserved the essence of the stratified colonial social structure, which was greatly influenced by family politics and the Roman Catholic Church. A strong presidency eventually emerged, but wealthy landowners remained powerful.\nChile slowly started to expand its influence and to establish its borders. By the Tantauco Treaty, the archipelago of Chilo\u00e9 was incorporated in 1826. The economy began to boom due to the discovery of silver ore in Cha\u00f1arcillo, and the growing trade of the port of Valpara\u00edso, which led to conflict over maritime supremacy in the Pacific with Peru. At the same time, attempts were made to strengthen sovereignty in southern Chile intensifying penetration into Araucan\u00eda and colonizing Llanquihue with German immigrants in 1848. Through the founding of Fort Bulnes by the Schooner Ancud under the command of John Williams Wilson, the Magallanes region joined the country in 1843, while the Antofagasta area, at the time part of, Bolivia, began to fill with people.\nToward the end of the 19th century, the government in Santiago consolidated its position in the south by the Occupation of Araucan\u00eda. The Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina confirmed Chilean sovereignty over the Strait of Magellan. As a result of the War of the Pacific with Peru and Bolivia (1879\u201383), Chile expanded its territory northward by almost one-third, eliminating Bolivia's access to the Pacific, and acquired valuable nitrate deposits, the exploitation of which led to an era of national affluence. Chile had joined the stand as one of the high-income countries in South America by 1870.", "qas": [ { "id": "42644", "question": "when did the intermittent warfare end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "1817" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 1891 Chilean Civil War brought about a redistribution of power between the President and Congress, and Chile established a parliamentary style democracy. However, the Civil War had also been a contest between those who favored the development of local industries and powerful Chilean banking interests, particularly the House of Edwards who had strong ties to foreign investors. Soon after, the country engaged in a vastly expensive naval arms race with Argentina that nearly led to a war.", "qas": [ { "id": "42645", "question": "when did the chilean civil war begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "1891" } ] }, { "id": "42646", "question": "what brought about a redistribution of power between the president and congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Chilean Civil War" } ] }, { "id": "42647", "question": "what did the chilean civil war cause ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "a redistribution of power between the President and Congress, and Chile established a parliamentary style democracy" } ] }, { "id": "42648", "question": "what did the civil war cause ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "local industries and powerful Chilean banking interests" } ] }, { "id": "42649", "question": "who had strong ties to foreign investors ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "House of Edwards" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Chilean economy partially degenerated into a system protecting the interests of a ruling oligarchy. By the 1920s, the emerging middle and working classes were powerful enough to elect a reformist president, Arturo Alessandri, whose program was frustrated by a conservative congress. In the 1920s, Marxist groups with strong popular support arose.", "qas": [ { "id": "42650", "question": "who was frustrated by a conservative congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "Arturo Alessandri" } ] }, { "id": "42651", "question": "who frustrated president president ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "a conservative congress" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A military coup led by General Luis Altamirano in 1924 set off a period of political instability that lasted until 1932. Of the ten governments that held power in that period, the longest lasting was that of General Carlos Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez del Campo, who briefly held power in 1925 and then again between 1927 and 1931 in what was a de facto dictatorship (although not really comparable in harshness or corruption to the type of military dictatorship that has often bedeviled the rest of Latin America).", "qas": [ { "id": "42652", "question": "who led the military coup in 1924 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "General Luis Altamirano" } ] }, { "id": "42653", "question": "when was the period of political instability ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "1924" } ] }, { "id": "42654", "question": "when did the political instability end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "1932" } ] }, { "id": "42655", "question": "what was the name of the general who held power in 1925 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "General Carlos Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez del Campo" } ] }, { "id": "42656", "question": "in what year did the longest lasting governments held power ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "1925" } ] }, { "id": "42657", "question": "when did the longest lasting dictatorship occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 295, "text": "1927 and 1931" } ] }, { "id": "42658", "question": "what was the result of the power between 1927 and 1931 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "de facto dictatorship" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By relinquishing power to a democratically elected successor, Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez del Campo retained the respect of a large enough segment of the population to remain a viable politician for more than thirty years, in spite of the vague and shifting nature of his ideology. When constitutional rule was restored in 1932, a strong middle-class party, the Radicals, emerged. It became the key force in coalition governments for the next 20 years. During the period of Radical Party dominance (1932\u201352), the state increased its role in the economy. In 1952, voters returned Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez del Campo to office for another six years. Jorge Alessandri succeeded Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez del Campo in 1958, bringing Chilean conservatism back into power democratically for another term.", "qas": [ { "id": "42659", "question": "who retained the respect of a large enough segment of the population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez del Campo" } ] }, { "id": "42660", "question": "when was the radicals party restored ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "1932" } ] }, { "id": "42661", "question": "how long did the constitutional rule of coalition governments last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 422, "text": "20 years" } ] }, { "id": "42662", "question": "what years did radical party dominance dominance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 478, "text": "1932\u201352" } ] }, { "id": "42663", "question": "what did voters returned to office for another year ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 558, "text": "Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez del Campo" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 1964 presidential election of Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Montalva by an absolute majority initiated a period of major reform. Under the slogan \"Revolution in Liberty\", the Frei administration embarked on far-reaching social and economic programs, particularly in education, housing, and agrarian reform, including rural unionization of agricultural workers. By 1967, however, Frei encountered increasing opposition from leftists, who charged that his reforms were inadequate, and from conservatives, who found them excessive. At the end of his term, Frei had not fully achieved his party's ambitious goals.", "qas": [ { "id": "42664", "question": "in what year was the presidential election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "1964" } ] }, { "id": "42665", "question": "who was the 1964 presidential election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "Eduardo Frei Montalva" } ] }, { "id": "42666", "question": "where did the slogan in the slogan in liberty come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "education, housing, and agrarian reform" } ] }, { "id": "42667", "question": "by what year did conservatives begin to have excessive opposition ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 370, "text": "1967" } ] }, { "id": "42668", "question": "who did conservatives appoint opposition from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 429, "text": "leftists" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 1970 election, Senator Salvador Allende of the Socialist Party of Chile (then part of the \"Popular Unity\" coalition which included the Communists, Radicals, Social-Democrats, dissident Christian Democrats, the Popular Unitary Action Movement, and the Independent Popular Action), achieved a partial majority in a plurality of votes in a three-way contest, followed by candidates Radomiro Tomic for the Christian Democrat Party and Jorge Alessandri for the Conservative Party. Allende was not elected with an absolute majority, receiving fewer than 35 percent of votes.", "qas": [ { "id": "42669", "question": "who was the senator in the 1970 election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "Senator Salvador Allende of the Socialist Party of Chile" } ] }, { "id": "42670", "question": "what were the names of the popular action in the 1970 election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "Popular Unitary Action Movement, and the Independent Popular Action" } ] }, { "id": "42671", "question": "who followed the conservative party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 386, "text": "Radomiro Tomic for the Christian Democrat Party and Jorge Alessandri" } ] }, { "id": "42672", "question": "what percentage of votes was allende ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 555, "text": "35" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Chilean Congress conducted a runoff vote between the leading candidates, Allende and former president Jorge Alessandri and keeping with tradition, chose Allende by a vote of 153 to 35. Frei refused to form an alliance with Alessandri to oppose Allende, on the grounds that the Christian Democrats were a workers party and could not make common cause with the right-wing.", "qas": [ { "id": "42673", "question": "who was the former president of the chilean congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Jorge Alessandri" } ] }, { "id": "42674", "question": "what was the vote of the chilean congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "153 to 35" } ] } ] }, { "context": "An economic depression that began in 1972 was exacerbated by capital flight, plummeting private investment, and withdrawal of bank deposits in response to Allende's socialist program. Production fell and unemployment rose. Allende adopted measures including price freezes, wage increases, and tax reforms, to increase consumer spending and redistribute income downward. Joint public-private public works projects helped reduce unemployment. Much of the banking sector was nationalized. Many enterprises within the copper, coal, iron, nitrate, and steel industries were expropriated, nationalized, or subjected to state intervention. Industrial output increased sharply and unemployment fell during the Allende administration's first year.", "qas": [ { "id": "42675", "question": "when did an economic depression begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "1972" } ] }, { "id": "42676", "question": "what happened to the unemployment unemployment ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "Production fell and unemployment rose" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Allende's program included advancement of workers' interests, replacing the judicial system with \"socialist legality\", nationalization of banks and forcing others to bankruptcy, and strengthening \"popular militias\" known as MIR. Started under former President Frei, the Popular Unity platform also called for nationalization of Chile's major copper mines in the form of a constitutional amendment. The measure was passed unanimously by Congress.", "qas": [ { "id": "42677", "question": "what is the judicial system replacing the judicial system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "socialist legality" } ] }, { "id": "42678", "question": "what is another name for popular militias ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "MIR" } ] }, { "id": "42679", "question": "who started the popular unity platform ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "President Frei" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As a result, the Richard Nixon administration organized and inserted secret operatives in Chile, in order to swiftly destabilize Allende\u2019s government. In addition, US financial pressure restricted international economic credit to Chile.", "qas": [ { "id": "42680", "question": "who organized secret operatives in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "Richard Nixon" } ] }, { "id": "42681", "question": "who was the secret operatives in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "swiftly destabilize Allende\u2019s government" } ] }, { "id": "42682", "question": "what did us financial pressure do to chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "US financial pressure restricted international economic credit to Chile" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The economic problems were also exacerbated by Allende's public spending which was financed mostly by printing money and poor credit ratings given by commercial banks.\nSimultaneously, opposition media, politicians, business guilds and other organizations helped to accelerate a campaign of domestic political and economical destabilization, some of which was backed by the United States. By early 1973, inflation was out of control. The crippled economy was further battered by prolonged and sometimes simultaneous strikes by physicians, teachers, students, truck owners, copper workers, and the small business class.\nOn 26 May 1973, Chile\u2019s Supreme Court, which was opposed to Allende's government, unanimously denounced the Allende \"disruption of the legality of the nation\". Although illegal under the Chilean constitution, the court supported and strengthened Pinochet's seizure of power.", "qas": [ { "id": "42683", "question": "what financed the economic problems ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "printing money and poor credit ratings" } ] }, { "id": "42684", "question": "who financed the poor credit ratings ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "commercial banks" } ] }, { "id": "42685", "question": "in what year was inflation out of control ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 397, "text": "1973" } ] }, { "id": "42686", "question": "on what date was the supreme court opposed to chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 621, "text": "26 May 1973" } ] }, { "id": "42687", "question": "what was opposed to allende 's government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 634, "text": "Chile\u2019s Supreme Court" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A military coup overthrew Allende on 11 September 1973. As the armed forces bombarded the presidential palace, Allende apparently committed suicide. After the coup, Henry Kissinger told U.S. president Richard Nixon that the United States had \"helped\" the coup.", "qas": [ { "id": "42688", "question": "when did a military coup rule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "11 September 1973" } ] }, { "id": "42689", "question": "who was the leader of richard nixon ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "Henry Kissinger" } ] }, { "id": "42690", "question": "who was the president of the coup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "Richard Nixon" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A military junta, led by General Augusto Pinochet, took control of the country. The first years of the regime were marked by human rights violations. On October 1973, at least 72 people were murdered by the Caravan of Death. According to the Rettig Report and Valech Commission, at least 2,115 were killed, and at least 27,265 were tortured (including 88 children younger than 12 years old). In 2011, Chile recognized an additional 9,800 victims, bringing the total number of killed, tortured or imprisoned for political reasons to 40,018. At the national stadium, filled with detainees, one of those tortured and killed was internationally known poet-singer Victor Jara (see \"Music and Dance\", below). The stadium was renamed for Jara in 2003.", "qas": [ { "id": "42691", "question": "who led the military junta ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "General Augusto Pinochet" } ] }, { "id": "42692", "question": "what marked the first years of the regime ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "human rights violations" } ] }, { "id": "42693", "question": "how many people were murdered by the caravan of death ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "72" } ] }, { "id": "42694", "question": "how many were killed in the report ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 288, "text": "2,115" } ] }, { "id": "42695", "question": "how many children were killed in the report ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 320, "text": "27,265" } ] }, { "id": "42696", "question": "how many victims did chile have in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 432, "text": "9,800" } ] }, { "id": "42697", "question": "what was the name of the national stadium ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 659, "text": "Victor Jara" } ] }, { "id": "42698", "question": "what was the stadium renamed to in 2003 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 731, "text": "Jara" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A new Constitution was approved by a controversial plebiscite on 11 September 1980, and General Pinochet became president of the republic for an eight-year term. After Pinochet obtained rule of the country, several hundred committed Chilean revolutionaries joined the Sandinista army in Nicaragua, guerrilla forces in Argentina or training camps in Cuba, Eastern Europe and Northern Africa.", "qas": [ { "id": "42699", "question": "when was the new constitution approved ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "11 September 1980" } ] }, { "id": "42700", "question": "who became president of the republic of the republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "General Pinochet" } ] }, { "id": "42701", "question": "how long did pinochet become president of the republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "eight-year term" } ] }, { "id": "42702", "question": "where did pinochet attend training ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 355, "text": "Eastern Europe and Northern Africa" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the late 1980s, largely as a result of events such as the 1982 economic collapse and mass civil resistance in 1983\u201388, the government gradually permitted greater freedom of assembly, speech, and association, to include trade union and political activity. The government launched market-oriented reforms with Hern\u00e1n B\u00fcchi as Minister of Finance. Chile moved toward a free market economy that saw an increase in domestic and foreign private investment, although the copper industry and other important mineral resources were not opened for competition. In a plebiscite on 5 October 1988, Pinochet was denied a second eight-year term as president (56% against 44%). Chileans elected a new president and the majority of members of a two-chamber congress on 14 December 1989. Christian Democrat Patricio Aylwin, the candidate of a coalition of 17 political parties called the \"Concertaci\u00f3n\", received an absolute majority of votes (55%). President Aylwin served from 1990 to 1994, in what was considered a transition period.", "qas": [ { "id": "42703", "question": "when did the 1982 economic collapse occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "1983\u201388" } ] }, { "id": "42704", "question": "who was the minister of finance reforms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 311, "text": "Hern\u00e1n B\u00fcchi" } ] }, { "id": "42705", "question": "when was pinochet denied a second eight-year term ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 573, "text": "5 October 1988" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In December 1993, Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, the son of previous president Eduardo Frei Montalva, led the Concertaci\u00f3n coalition to victory with an absolute majority of votes (58%).", "qas": [ { "id": "42706", "question": "when was the son of previous president ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "December 1993" } ] }, { "id": "42707", "question": "who was the christian democrat son in 1993 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle" } ] }, { "id": "42708", "question": "who was the son of president in 1993 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "Eduardo Frei Montalva" } ] }, { "id": "42709", "question": "what percentage of votes was led to victory in 1993 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "58%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Frei Ruiz-Tagle was succeeded in 2000 by Socialist Ricardo Lagos, who won the presidency in an unprecedented runoff election against Joaqu\u00edn Lav\u00edn of the rightist Alliance for Chile. In January 2006, Chileans elected their first female president, Michelle Bachelet Jeria, of the Socialist Party, defeating Sebasti\u00e1n Pi\u00f1era, of the National Renewal party, extending the \"Concertaci\u00f3n\" governance for another four years. In January 2010, Chileans elected Sebasti\u00e1n Pi\u00f1era as the first rightist President in 20 years, defeating former President Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle of the \"Concertaci\u00f3n\", for a four-year term succeeding Bachelet. Due to term limits, Sebasti\u00e1n Pi\u00f1era did not stand for re-election in 2013, and his term expired in March 2014 resulting in Michelle Bachelet returning to office.", "qas": [ { "id": "42710", "question": "in what year did socialist lagos lagos ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "2000" } ] }, { "id": "42711", "question": "who succeeded the presidency in 2000 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Socialist Ricardo Lagos" } ] }, { "id": "42712", "question": "who won the presidency for chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Joaqu\u00edn Lav\u00edn" } ] }, { "id": "42713", "question": "who was the first president of the socialist party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "Michelle Bachelet Jeria" } ] }, { "id": "42714", "question": "who was the first rightist president in january 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 453, "text": "Sebasti\u00e1n Pi\u00f1era" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 27 February 2010, Chile was struck by an 8.8 M earthquake, the fifth largest ever recorded at the time. More than 500 people died (most from the ensuing tsunami) and over a million people lost their homes. The earthquake was also followed by multiple aftershocks. Initial damage estimates were in the range of US$15\u201330 billion, around 10 to 15 percent of Chile's real gross domestic product.", "qas": [ { "id": "42715", "question": "when was the fifth largest ever recorded at the time of chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "27 February 2010" } ] }, { "id": "42716", "question": "what was the fifth largest ever recorded at the time of chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "8.8 M earthquake" } ] }, { "id": "42717", "question": "how many people died in the people ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "500" } ] }, { "id": "42718", "question": "what followed the earthquake ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "multiple aftershocks" } ] }, { "id": "42719", "question": "what was the range of the initial damage estimates in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 313, "text": "US$15\u201330 billion" } ] }, { "id": "42720", "question": "what percentage of chile 's gross domestic product were in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 338, "text": "10 to 15 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chile achieved global recognition for the successful rescue of 33 trapped miners in 2010. On 5 August 2010 the access tunnel collapsed at the San Jos\u00e9 copper and gold mine in the Atacama Desert near Copiap\u00f3 in northern Chile, trapping 33 men below ground. A rescue effort organized by the Chilean government located the miners 17 days later. All 33 men were brought to the surface two months later on 13 October 2010 over a period of almost 24 hours, an effort that was carried on live television around the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "42721", "question": "what was the name of the successful rescue of chile in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "33 trapped miners" } ] }, { "id": "42722", "question": "where did the san jos\u00e9 copper and gold mine occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "Atacama Desert" } ] }, { "id": "42723", "question": "where was the desert tunnel located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "Copiap\u00f3" } ] }, { "id": "42724", "question": "how many men died in the desert ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 235, "text": "33 men below ground" } ] }, { "id": "42725", "question": "when were all 33 men brought to the surface two months ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 401, "text": "13 October 2010" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A long and narrow coastal Southern Cone country on the west side of the Andes Mountains, Chile stretches over north to south, but only at its widest point east to west. This encompasses a remarkable variety of climates and landscapes. It contains of land area. It is situated within the Pacific Ring of Fire. Excluding its Pacific islands and Antarctic claim, Chile lies between latitudes 17\u00b0 and 56\u00b0S, and longitudes 66\u00b0 and 75\u00b0W.", "qas": [ { "id": "42726", "question": "where is chile located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "Andes Mountains" } ] }, { "id": "42727", "question": "where is the fire situated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "Pacific Ring of Fire" } ] }, { "id": "42728", "question": "how many latitudes does chile have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 389, "text": "17\u00b0 and 56\u00b0S" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chile is among the longest north-south countries in the world. If one considers only mainland territory, Chile is unique within this group in its narrowness from east to west, with the other long north-south countries (including Brazil, Russia, Canada, and the United States, among others) all being wider from east to west by a factor of more than 10. Chile also claims of Antarctica as part of its territory (Chilean Antarctic Territory). However, this latter claim is suspended under the terms of the Antarctic Treaty, of which Chile is a signatory. It is the world's southernmost country that is geographically on the mainland.", "qas": [ { "id": "42729", "question": "what are some of the long north-south countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "Brazil, Russia, Canada, and the United States" } ] }, { "id": "42730", "question": "what is the territory of antarctica ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 411, "text": "Chilean Antarctic Territory" } ] }, { "id": "42731", "question": "what treaty is chile a part of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 504, "text": "Antarctic Treaty" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chile controls Easter Island and Sala y G\u00f3mez Island, the easternmost islands of Polynesia, which it incorporated to its territory in 1888, and Robinson Crusoe Island, more than from the mainland, in the Juan Fern\u00e1ndez Islands. Also controlled but only temporarily inhabited (by some local fishermen) are the small islands of San Ambrosio and San Felix. These islands are notable because they extend Chile's claim to territorial waters out from its coast into the Pacific Ocean.", "qas": [ { "id": "42732", "question": "what are the easternmost islands in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 15, "text": "Easter Island and Sala y G\u00f3mez Island" } ] }, { "id": "42733", "question": "in what year did the easternmost islands of polynesia take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "1888" } ] }, { "id": "42734", "question": "what is the name of the island in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "Robinson Crusoe Island" } ] }, { "id": "42735", "question": "where is robinson crusoe located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "Juan Fern\u00e1ndez Islands" } ] }, { "id": "42736", "question": "which small islands are in the small islands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 326, "text": "San Ambrosio and San Felix" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The northern Atacama Desert contains great mineral wealth, primarily copper and nitrates. The relatively small Central Valley, which includes Santiago, dominates the country in terms of population and agricultural resources. This area is also the historical center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century, when it integrated the northern and southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests, grazing lands, and features a string of volcanoes and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands. The Andes Mountains are located on the eastern border.", "qas": [ { "id": "42737", "question": "what contains great mineral wealth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "northern Atacama Desert" } ] }, { "id": "42738", "question": "what are the great mineral wealth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "copper and nitrates" } ] }, { "id": "42739", "question": "what is the name of the small central valley in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "Santiago" } ] }, { "id": "42740", "question": "where are the andes mountains located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 601, "text": "eastern border" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The diverse climate of Chile ranges from the world's driest desert in the north\u2014the Atacama Desert\u2014through a Mediterranean climate in the center, humid subtropical in Easter Island, to an oceanic climate, including alpine tundra and glaciers in the east and south. According to the K\u00f6ppen system, Chile within its borders hosts at least ten major climatic subtypes. There are four seasons in most of the country: summer (December to February), autumn (March to May), winter (June to August), and spring (September to November).", "qas": [ { "id": "42741", "question": "where is the diverse climate of chile located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "Atacama Desert" } ] }, { "id": "42742", "question": "where is the climate of chile located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "Easter Island" } ] }, { "id": "42743", "question": "how many seasons are in the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 376, "text": "four" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The flora and fauna of Chile are characterized by a high degree of endemism, due to its particular geography. In continental Chile, the Atacama Desert in the north and the Andes mountains to the east are barriers that have led to the isolation of flora and fauna. Add to that the enormous length of Chile (over ) and this results in a wide range of climates and environments that can be divided into three general zones: the desert provinces of the north, central Chile, and the humid regions of the south.", "qas": [ { "id": "42744", "question": "the flora and fauna of chile are characterized by what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "endemism" } ] }, { "id": "42745", "question": "what is the name of the desert that have led to the isolation of flora and fauna ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "Atacama Desert" } ] }, { "id": "42746", "question": "what are the isolation of the desert ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "flora and fauna" } ] }, { "id": "42747", "question": "what are the three general zones in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 421, "text": "the desert provinces of the north, central Chile, and the humid regions of the south" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The native flora of Chile consists of relatively fewer species compared to the flora of other South American countries. \nThe northernmost coastal and central region is largely barren of vegetation, approaching the most absolute desert in the world.\nOn the slopes of the Andes, in addition to the scattered tola desert brush, grasses are found. The central valley is characterized by several species of cacti, the hardy espinos, the Chilean pine, the southern beeches and the copihue, a red bell-shaped flower that is Chile's national flower.\nIn southern Chile, south of the Biob\u00edo River, heavy precipitation has produced dense forests of laurels, magnolias, and various species of conifers and beeches, which become smaller and more stunted to the south.", "qas": [ { "id": "42748", "question": "what is the most absolute desert in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "vegetation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The cold temperatures and winds of the extreme south preclude heavy forestation. Grassland is found in Atlantic Chile (in Patagonia). Much of the Chilean flora is distinct from that of neighboring Argentina, indicating that the Andean barrier existed during its formation.", "qas": [ { "id": "42749", "question": "where is grassland found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "Atlantic Chile" } ] }, { "id": "42750", "question": "where is atlantic chile found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Patagonia" } ] }, { "id": "42751", "question": "much of the chilean flora is distinct from what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "neighboring Argentina" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Just over 3,000 species of fungi are recorded in Chile, but this number is far from complete. The true total number of fungal species occurring in Chile is likely to be far higher, given the generally accepted estimate that only about 7 percent of all fungi worldwide have so far been discovered. Although the amount of available information is still very small, a first effort has been made to estimate the number of fungal species endemic to Chile, and 1995 species have been tentatively identified as possible endemics of the country.", "qas": [ { "id": "42752", "question": "how many species of fungi are recorded in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "3,000" } ] }, { "id": "42753", "question": "what percentage of fungi worldwide have so far been discovered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 235, "text": "7 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chile's geographical isolation has restricted the immigration of faunal life, so that only a few of the many distinctive South American animals are found. Among the larger mammals are the puma or cougar, the llama-like guanaco and the fox-like chilla. In the forest region, several types of marsupials and a small deer known as the pudu are found.", "qas": [ { "id": "42754", "question": "what are the puma or cougar ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "the llama-like guanaco and the fox-like chilla" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are many species of small birds, but most of the larger common Latin American types are absent. Few freshwater fish are native, but North American trout have been successfully introduced into the Andean lakes. Owing to the vicinity of the Humboldt Current, ocean waters abound with fish and other forms of marine life, which in turn support a rich variety of waterfowl, including several penguins. Whales are abundant, and some six species of seals are found in the area.", "qas": [ { "id": "42755", "question": "what have been introduced into the andean lakes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "North American trout" } ] }, { "id": "42756", "question": "where are north american trout introduced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "Andean lakes" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chile is located along a highly seismic and volcanic zone, part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, due to the subduction of the Nazca and Antarctic plates in the South American plate.", "qas": [ { "id": "42757", "question": "what is chile 's volcanic zone ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "Pacific Ring of Fire" } ] }, { "id": "42758", "question": "what plates are in the south american plate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Nazca and Antarctic plates" } ] }, { "id": "42759", "question": "where is chile located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "South American plate" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Late Paleozoic, 251 million years ago, Chile belonged to the continental block called Gondwana. It was just a depression accumulated marine sediments began to rise at the end of the Mesozoic, 66 million years ago, due to the collision between the Nazca and South American plates, resulting in the Andes. The territory would be shaped by millions of years due to the folding of the rocks, forming the current relief.", "qas": [ { "id": "42760", "question": "when did chile begin to the continental block ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 16, "text": "251 million years ago" } ] }, { "id": "42761", "question": "what was the continental block called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "Gondwana" } ] }, { "id": "42762", "question": "how long did the depression last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "66 million years ago" } ] }, { "id": "42763", "question": "what two plates were the collision of the depression ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "Nazca and South American plates" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Chilean relief consists of the central depression, which crosses the country longitudinally, flanked by two mountain ranges that make up about 80% of the territory: the Andes mountains to the east-natural border with Bolivia and Argentina, with its most alton 18 located on the Nevado Ojos del Salado, at 6891.3 m, the highest volcano in the world, in the region of Atacama and Coastal Range west-minor height from the Andes, with its highest point located on the hill Vicu\u00f1a Mackenna, at 3114 meters, located in the Sierra Vicu\u00f1a Mackenna, the south of Antofagasta. Among the coastal mountains and the Pacific is a series of coastal plains, of variable length, which allow the settlement of coastal towns and big ports. Some areas of the plains territories encompass territory east of the Andes, and the Patagonian steppes and Magellan, or are high plateaus surrounded by high mountain ranges, such as the Altiplano or Puna de Atacama.", "qas": [ { "id": "42764", "question": "what percentage of the territory make up the central depression ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "80%" } ] }, { "id": "42765", "question": "where is the highest volcano in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "Nevado Ojos del Salado" } ] }, { "id": "42766", "question": "what is the highest volcano in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "6891.3 m" } ] }, { "id": "42767", "question": "what is the highest point in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 473, "text": "Vicu\u00f1a Mackenna" } ] }, { "id": "42768", "question": "where is the highest point in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 521, "text": "Sierra Vicu\u00f1a Mackenna" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Far North is the area between the northern boundary of the country and the parallel 26\u00b0 S, covering the first three regions. It is characterized by the presence of the Atacama desert, the most arid in the world. The desert is fragmented by streams that originate in the area known as the pampas Tamarugal. The Andes, split in two and whose eastern arm runs Bolivia, has a high altitude and volcanic activity, which has allowed the formation of the Andean altiplano and salt structures as the Salar de Atacama, due to the gradual accumulation of sediments over time.", "qas": [ { "id": "42769", "question": "what is the area between the northern boundary of the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "26\u00b0 S" } ] }, { "id": "42770", "question": "what is the most arid in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "Atacama desert" } ] }, { "id": "42771", "question": "what is the name of the streams that originate in the area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "pampas Tamarugal" } ] }, { "id": "42772", "question": "what is the name of the formation of bolivia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 496, "text": "Salar de Atacama" } ] } ] }, { "context": "To the south is the Norte Chico, extending to the Aconcagua river. Los Andes begin to decrease its altitude to the south and closer to the coast, reaching 90\u00a0km away at the height of Illapel, the narrowest part of the Chilean territory. The two mountain ranges intersect, virtually eliminating the intermediate depression. The existence of rivers flowing through the territory allows the formation of transverse valleys, where agriculture has developed strongly in recent times, while the coastal plains begin to expand.", "qas": [ { "id": "42773", "question": "what is south to the south ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "Norte Chico" } ] }, { "id": "42774", "question": "where is the norte located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Aconcagua river" } ] }, { "id": "42775", "question": "how far did los andes decrease at the height of los andes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "90\u00a0km" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Central area is the most populated region of the country. The coastal plains are wide and allow the establishment of cities and ports along the Pacific, while the coastal mountains down its height. The Andes maintains altitudes above 6000m but descend slowly starts approaching the 4000 meters on average. The intermediate depression reappears becoming a fertile valley that allows agricultural development and human settlement, due to sediment accumulation. To the south, the Cordillera de la Costa reappears in the range of Nahuelbuta while glacial sediments originate a series of lakes in the area of La Frontera.", "qas": [ { "id": "42776", "question": "what does the andes maintains altitudes above ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "6000m" } ] }, { "id": "42777", "question": "when does the andes begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "4000 meters" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Patagonia extends from within Reloncavi, at the height of parallel 41 \u00b0 S, to the south. During the last glaciation, this area was covered by ice that strongly eroded Chilean relief structures. As a result, the intermediate depression sinks in the sea, while the coastal mountains rise to a series of archipelagos, such as Chilo\u00e9 and the Chonos, disappearing in Taitao peninsula, in the parallel 47 \u00b0 S. The Andes mountain range loses height and erosion caused by the action of glaciers has caused fjords.", "qas": [ { "id": "42778", "question": "where does the south of southampton begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "Reloncavi" } ] }, { "id": "42779", "question": "what is the height of parallel to the south ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "41 \u00b0 S" } ] } ] }, { "context": "East of the Andes, on the continent, or north of it, on the island of Tierra del Fuego are located relatively flat plains, which in the Strait of Magellan cover large areas.", "qas": [ { "id": "42780", "question": "where is the continent located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "East of the Andes" } ] }, { "id": "42781", "question": "what island is located on the continent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "Tierra del Fuego" } ] }, { "id": "42782", "question": "what is the name of the island on the island of tierra ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "flat plains" } ] }, { "id": "42783", "question": "where is the flat plains located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "Strait of Magellan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Andes, as he had done previously Cordillera de la Costa, begins to break in the ocean causing a myriad of islands and islets and disappear into it, sinking and reappearing in the Southern Antilles arc and then the Antarctic Peninsula, where it is called Antartandes, in the Chilean Antarctic Territory, lying between the meridians 53 \u00b0 W and 90 \u00b0 W.", "qas": [ { "id": "42784", "question": "what was the andes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Cordillera de la Costa" } ] }, { "id": "42785", "question": "what is the name of the peninsula in the southern antilles arc ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "Antarctic Peninsula" } ] }, { "id": "42786", "question": "what is the name of the antarctic peninsula ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "Antartandes" } ] }, { "id": "42787", "question": "where is the antarctic peninsula located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "Chilean Antarctic Territory" } ] }, { "id": "42788", "question": "the antarctic peninsula is known as what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 335, "text": "53 \u00b0 W and 90 \u00b0 W." } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the middle of the Pacific, the country has sovereignty over several islands of volcanic origin, collectively known as Insular Chile. Of these, we highlight the archipelago of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island, which is located in the fracture zone between the Nazca plate and the Pacific plate known as East Pacific Rise.", "qas": [ { "id": "42789", "question": "what is the name of the volcanic origin of chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "Insular Chile" } ] }, { "id": "42790", "question": "what island is located in the fracture zone ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "Juan Fernandez and Easter Island" } ] }, { "id": "42791", "question": "where is the easter island located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "the fracture zone" } ] }, { "id": "42792", "question": "what is the name of the plate that is located in the fracture zone ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "Nazca plate" } ] }, { "id": "42793", "question": "what is the pacific plate known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": "East Pacific Rise" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Due to the characteristics of the territory, Chile is crossed by numerous rivers generally short in length and with low torrential flow. They commonly extend from the Andes to the Pacific Ocean, flowing in an East to West direction.", "qas": [ { "id": "42794", "question": "why is chile crossed by numerous rivers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "low torrential flow" } ] }, { "id": "42795", "question": "where do numerous rivers commonly extend from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "the Andes to the Pacific Ocean" } ] }, { "id": "42796", "question": "where does the pacific ocean rivers come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "an East to West direction" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Because of the desert, in the Norte Grande there are only short endorheic character streams, except for the river Loa, the longest in the country 440\u00a0km. In the high valleys, wetland areas generate Chungar\u00e1 Lake, located at 4500 meters above sea level. It and the river Lauca are shared with Bolivia, as well as the Lluta.", "qas": [ { "id": "42797", "question": "what is the longest river in the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Loa" } ] }, { "id": "42798", "question": "how long is the longest in the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "440\u00a0km" } ] }, { "id": "42799", "question": "what is the name of the lake in the high valleys of sea level ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "Chungar\u00e1 Lake" } ] }, { "id": "42800", "question": "where is the lake located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "4500 meters above sea level" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chile's 2002 census reported a population of 15 million people. Its rate of population growth has been decreasing since 1990, due to a declining birth rate. By 2050 the population is expected to reach approximately 20.2 million people. About 85 percent of the country's population lives in urban areas, with 40 percent living in Greater Santiago. The largest agglomerations according to the 2002 census are Greater Santiago with 5.6 million people, Greater Concepci\u00f3n with 861,000\nand Greater Valpara\u00edso with 824,000.", "qas": [ { "id": "42801", "question": "what was the population of chile in 2002 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "15 million" } ] }, { "id": "42802", "question": "in what year was the rate of population growth growth growth decreasing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "1990" } ] }, { "id": "42803", "question": "how many people are expected to reach the population in 2050 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "20.2 million" } ] }, { "id": "42804", "question": "how many people are in the 2002 census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 429, "text": "5.6 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Mexican professor Francisco Lizcano, of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, estimated that 52.7% of Chileans were white, 39.3% were mestizo, and 8% were Amerindian.", "qas": [ { "id": "42805", "question": "who was the mexican professor of mexico city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "Francisco Lizcano" } ] }, { "id": "42806", "question": "what percentage of the national autonomous university were white in mexico city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "52.7%" } ] }, { "id": "42807", "question": "what percentage of mexico city were mestizo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "39.3%" } ] }, { "id": "42808", "question": "what percentage of the national autonomous university were amerindian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "8%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The most recent study in the Candela Project establishes that the genetic composition of Chile is 52% of European origin, with 44% of the genome coming from Native Americans (Amerindians), and 4% coming from Africa, making Chile a primarily mestizo country with traces of African descent present in half of the population. Another genetic study conducted by the University of Brasilia in several American countries shows a similar genetic composition for Chile, with a European contribution of 51.6%, an Amerindian (Native) contribution of 42.1%, and an African contribution of 6.3%.", "qas": [ { "id": "42809", "question": "what is the genetic composition of chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "52%" } ] }, { "id": "42810", "question": "what percentage of the genome coming from native americans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "44%" } ] }, { "id": "42811", "question": "what percentage of the genome of chile is coming to africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "4%" } ] }, { "id": "42812", "question": "who conducted the genetic study for chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 362, "text": "University of Brasilia" } ] }, { "id": "42813", "question": "what was the european contribution to the university of brasilia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 494, "text": "51.6%" } ] }, { "id": "42814", "question": "what is the african contribution to the university of brasilia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 578, "text": "6.3%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A public health booklet from the University of Chile states that 30% of the population is of Caucasian origin; \"predominantly White\" Mestizos are estimated to amount a total of 65%, while Native Americans (Amerindians) comprise the remaining 5%.", "qas": [ { "id": "42815", "question": "what percentage of the population is of caucasian origin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "30%" } ] }, { "id": "42816", "question": "what percentage of the population is mestizos ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "65%" } ] }, { "id": "42817", "question": "what is the percentage of native americans in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "5%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Despite the genetic considerations, many Chileans, if asked, would self-identify as White. The 2011 Latinobar\u00f3metro survey asked respondents in Chile what race they considered themselves to belong to. Most answered \"White\" (59%), while 25% said \"Mestizo\" and 8% self-classified as \"indigenous\". A 2002 national poll revealed that a majority of Chileans believed they possessed some (43.4%) or much (8.3%) \"indigenous blood\", while 40.3% responded that they had none.", "qas": [ { "id": "42818", "question": "what percentage of `` white '' was `` indigenous '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "25%" } ] }, { "id": "42819", "question": "what percentage of people self-classified as `` indigenous '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "8%" } ] }, { "id": "42820", "question": "what percentage of a 2002 national poll was possessed by a 2002 national poll ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 383, "text": "43.4%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 1907 census reported 101,118 Indians, or 3.1% of the total population. Only those that practiced their native culture or spoke their native language were considered to be Indians, irrespective of their \"racial purity\".", "qas": [ { "id": "42821", "question": "in what year did the census of indians begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "1907" } ] }, { "id": "42822", "question": "what was the name of the 1907 census in 1907 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "101,118 Indians" } ] }, { "id": "42823", "question": "what percentage of the total population was indians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "3.1%" } ] }, { "id": "42824", "question": "what was the name of the native language that practiced the 1907 census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "Indians, irrespective of their \"racial purity" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2002 a census took place, directly asking the public whether they considered themselves as part of any of the eight Chilean ethnic groups, regardless of whether or not they maintained their culture, traditions and language, and 4.6 percent of the population (692,192 people) fitted that description of indigenous peoples in Chile. Of that number, 87.3% declared themselves Mapuche. Most of the indigenous population shows varying degrees of mixed ancestry.", "qas": [ { "id": "42825", "question": "in what year did a census take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2002" } ] }, { "id": "42826", "question": "what percentage of the population was fitted in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "4.6 percent" } ] }, { "id": "42827", "question": "what was the population of the population in 2002 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "692,192" } ] }, { "id": "42828", "question": "what percent of number declared themselves mapuche ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 350, "text": "87.3%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chile is one of 22 countries to have signed and ratified the only binding international law concerning indigenous peoples, the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989. It was adopted in 1989 as the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention 169. Chile ratified it in 2008. A Chilean court decision in November 2009 considered to be a landmark ruling on indigenous rights and made use of the convention. The Supreme Court decision on Aymara water rights upheld rulings by both the Pozo Almonte tribunal and the Iquique Court of Appeals, and marks the first judicial application of ILO Convention 169 in Chile.", "qas": [ { "id": "42829", "question": "how many countries are in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 16, "text": "22" } ] }, { "id": "42830", "question": "what is the name of the only binding international law in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention" } ] }, { "id": "42831", "question": "when was the indigenous and tribal peoples convention ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "1989" } ] }, { "id": "42832", "question": "when was chile adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "1989" } ] }, { "id": "42833", "question": "what was chile adopted in 1989 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention 169" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chile was never a particularly attractive destination for migrants, owing to its remoteness and distance from Europe. Europeans preferred to stay in countries closer to their homelands instead of taking the long journey through the Straits of Magellan or crossing the Andes. European migration did not result in a significant change in the ethnic composition of Chile, except in the region of Magellan. Spaniards were the only major European migrant group to Chile, and there was never large-scale immigration such as that to Argentina or Uruguay. Between 1851 and 1924, Chile only received 0.5% of European immigration to Latin America, compared to 46% to Argentina, 33% to Brazil, 14% to Cuba, and 4% to Uruguay. However, it is undeniable that immigrants have played a significant role in Chilean society.\nOther groups of Europeans have followed but are found in smaller numbers, like the descendants of Austrians and Dutch people. Currently, these are estimated at about 50,000 people. After the failed liberal revolution of 1848 in the German states, a noticeable German immigration took place, laying the foundation for the German-Chilean community. Sponsored by the Chilean government to \"unbarbarize\" and colonize the southern region, these Germans (including German-speaking Swiss, Silesians, Alsatians and Austrians) settled mainly in Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue.", "qas": [ { "id": "42834", "question": "what was the name of the europeans that europeans preferred to stay in countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "Straits of Magellan or crossing the Andes" } ] }, { "id": "42835", "question": "between 1851 and 1924 , what percentage of european immigration to latin america was received between 1851 and 1924 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 591, "text": "0.5%" } ] }, { "id": "42836", "question": "how many people are there in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 974, "text": "50,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Due in part to its economic fortunes, Chile has recently become a new magnet for immigrants, mostly from neighboring Argentina, Bolivia and mainly Peru. According to the 2002 national census, Chile's foreign-born population has increased by 75% since 1992. According to an estimate by the Migration and Foreign Residency Department, 317,057 foreigners were living in Chile as of December 2008. Roughly 500,000 of Chile\u2019s population is of full or partial Palestinian origin.", "qas": [ { "id": "42837", "question": "what percentage of chile 's population has increased since 1992 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "75%" } ] }, { "id": "42838", "question": "how many foreigners were living in chile in december 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 333, "text": "317,057" } ] }, { "id": "42839", "question": "how many chile 's population is of chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 402, "text": "500,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": ", 66.6% of Chilean population over 15 years of age claimed to be of Catholic creed \u2013 a decrease from the 70% reported by the 2002 census \u2013 while 17 percent reported adherence to an \"evangelical\" church. In the census, the term \"evangelical\" referred to all non-Catholic Christian churches with the exception of the Orthodox Church (Greek, Persian, Serbian, Ukrainian, and Armenian), The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), Seventh-day Adventists, and Jehovah's Witnesses, essentially limiting it to the Protestants (although Adventism is often considered a part of it). Approximately 90 percent of Protestants (\"evangelicals\") are Pentecostal. Wesleyan, Lutheran, Reformed Evangelical, Presbyterian, Anglican, Episcopalian, Baptist and Methodist churches are also present. Irreligious people, atheists, and agnostics account for around 12 percent of the population.", "qas": [ { "id": "42840", "question": "what percentage of chilean population claimed to be of catholic creed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2, "text": "66.6%" } ] }, { "id": "42841", "question": "what percentage of catholic creed were reported by the 2002 census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "70%" } ] }, { "id": "42842", "question": "what percentage of catholic creed reported adherence to an evangelical church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "17 percent" } ] }, { "id": "42843", "question": "what percentage of protestants are pentecostal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 603, "text": "90" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Currently in 2015, the majority religion in Chile is Christianity (68%), with an estimated 55% of Chileans belonging to the Catholic church, 13% Protestant or Evangelical and just 7% with any other religion. Agnostics and atheist are estimated at 25%.", "qas": [ { "id": "42844", "question": "in what year was the majority religion in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "2015" } ] }, { "id": "42845", "question": "what is the majority of religion in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "Christianity" } ] }, { "id": "42846", "question": "what percentage of christianity is christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "68%" } ] }, { "id": "42847", "question": "what percentage of belonging to the catholic church is christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "55%" } ] }, { "id": "42848", "question": "what percentage of protestant or evangelical % of chile is christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "13%" } ] }, { "id": "42849", "question": "what percentage of religion is christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "7%" } ] }, { "id": "42850", "question": "what is the estimated atheist of the atheist ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "25%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and other laws and policies contribute to the generally free practice of religion. The law at all levels protects this right in full against abuse, either by governmental or private actors.", "qas": [ { "id": "42851", "question": "what does the constitution provide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "freedom of religion, and other laws and policies contribute to the generally free practice of religion" } ] }, { "id": "42852", "question": "what are two types of actors at the law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "governmental or private actors" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Church and state are officially separate in Chile. The 1999 law on religion prohibits religious discrimination. However, the Catholic Church enjoys a privileged status and occasionally receives preferential treatment. Government officials attend Catholic events as well as major Protestant and Jewish ceremonies.", "qas": [ { "id": "42853", "question": "what is the 1999 law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "religion prohibits religious discrimination" } ] }, { "id": "42854", "question": "what does the catholic church do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "a privileged status and occasionally receives preferential treatment" } ] }, { "id": "42855", "question": "why did government officials attend catholic events ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 279, "text": "Protestant and Jewish ceremonies" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Government-observed religious holidays include Christmas, Good Friday, the Feast of the Virgin of Carmen, the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul, the Feast of the Assumption, All Saints' Day, and the Feast of the Immaculate Conception as national holidays. The government has recently declared 31 October, Reformation Day, a public national holiday, in honor of the Protestant churches of the country.", "qas": [ { "id": "42856", "question": "who is the virgin of carmen ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul" } ] }, { "id": "42857", "question": "what is national holidays ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "the Feast of the Immaculate Conception" } ] }, { "id": "42858", "question": "on what date did the government of the protestant government recently recently take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 294, "text": "31 October" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The patron saints of Chile are Our Lady of Mount Carmel and Saint James the Greater (\"Santiago\"). In 2005, St. Alberto Hurtado was canonized by Pope Benedict XVI and became the country's second saint after St. Teresa de los Andes.", "qas": [ { "id": "42859", "question": "who are the patron saints ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Our Lady of Mount Carmel and Saint James the Greater" } ] }, { "id": "42860", "question": "what is another name for the patron saints ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "Santiago" } ] }, { "id": "42861", "question": "in what year did canonized become the second saint andes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "2005" } ] }, { "id": "42862", "question": "who was canonized 's second saint andes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "St. Alberto Hurtado" } ] }, { "id": "42863", "question": "who became canonized in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "Pope Benedict XVI" } ] }, { "id": "42864", "question": "what was canonized 's second saint after ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "St. Teresa de los Andes" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Spanish spoken in Chile is distinctively accented and quite unlike that of neighboring South American countries because final syllables and \"\"s\"\" sounds are often dropped, and some consonants have a soft pronunciation. Accent varies only very slightly from north to south; more noticeable are the differences in accent based on social class or whether one lives in the city or the country. That the Chilean population was largely formed in a small section at the center of the country and then migrated in modest numbers to the north and south helps explain this relative lack of differentiation, which was maintained by the national reach of radio, and now television, which also helps to diffuse and homogenize colloquial expressions.", "qas": [ { "id": "42865", "question": "what are accent based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 332, "text": "social class or whether one lives in the city or the country" } ] }, { "id": "42866", "question": "what does the national reach of radio television now do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 694, "text": "diffuse and homogenize colloquial expressions" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are several indigenous languages spoken in Chile: Mapudungun, Quechua, Aymara and Rapa Nui. After the Spanish invasion, Spanish took over as the lingua franca and the indigenous languages have become minority languages, with some now extinct or close to extinction.", "qas": [ { "id": "42867", "question": "what indigenous languages are spoken in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Mapudungun, Quechua, Aymara and Rapa Nui" } ] } ] }, { "context": "German is still spoken to some extent in southern Chile, either in small country side pockets or as a second language among the communities of larger cities.", "qas": [ { "id": "42868", "question": "what is the second language in southern chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "small country side pockets" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Through initiatives such as the English Opens Doors Program, the government made English mandatory for students in fifth-grade and above in public schools. Most private schools in Chile start teaching English from kindergarten. Common English words have been absorbed and appropriated into everyday Spanish speech.", "qas": [ { "id": "42869", "question": "what is the name of the program that made english mandatory for students ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "English Opens Doors Program" } ] }, { "id": "42870", "question": "common english words have been absorbed into what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "everyday Spanish speech" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The current Constitution of Chile was approved in a national plebiscite \u2014regarded as \"highly irregular\" by some observers\u2014 in September 1980, under the military government of Augusto Pinochet. It entered into force in March 1981. After Pinochet's defeat in the 1988 plebiscite, the constitution was amended to ease provisions for future amendments to the Constitution. In September 2005, President Ricardo Lagos signed into law several constitutional amendments passed by Congress. These include eliminating the positions of appointed senators and senators for life, granting the President authority to remove the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces, and reducing the presidential term from six to four years.", "qas": [ { "id": "42871", "question": "when was pinochet approved ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "September 1980" } ] }, { "id": "42872", "question": "who was the military government in 1980 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "Augusto Pinochet" } ] }, { "id": "42873", "question": "when did the current constitution take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "March 1981" } ] }, { "id": "42874", "question": "what was the constitution amended to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 310, "text": "ease provisions for future amendments to the Constitution" } ] }, { "id": "42875", "question": "who signed law several constitutional amendments ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 388, "text": "President Ricardo Lagos" } ] }, { "id": "42876", "question": "what was the presidential term for the presidential term for the president ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 695, "text": "six to four years" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Congress of Chile has a 38-seat Senate and a 120-member Chamber of Deputies. Senators serve for eight years with staggered terms, while deputies are elected every 4 years. The last congressional elections were held on 17 November 2013, concurrently with the presidential election. The current Senate has a 21\u201315 split in favor of the governing coalition and 2 independents. The current lower house-the Chamber of Deputies-contains 67 members of the governing center-left coalition, 48 from the center-right opposition and 5 from small parties or independents. The Congress is located in the port city of Valpara\u00edso, about west of the capital, Santiago.", "qas": [ { "id": "42877", "question": "what does the congress of chile have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "38-seat Senate and a 120-member Chamber of Deputies" } ] }, { "id": "42878", "question": "how long are the deputies elected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "4 years" } ] }, { "id": "42879", "question": "when were the last congressional elections held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "17 November 2013" } ] }, { "id": "42880", "question": "how many split does the current senate have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 310, "text": "21\u201315" } ] }, { "id": "42881", "question": "how many members are in the governing coalition ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 435, "text": "67" } ] }, { "id": "42882", "question": "where is the congress located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 608, "text": "Valpara\u00edso" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chile's congressional elections are governed by a binomial system that, for the most part, rewards the two largest representations equally, often regardless of their relative popular support. Parties are thus forced to form wide coalitions and, historically, the two largest coalitions (Concertaci\u00f3n and Alianza) split most of the seats. Only if the leading coalition ticket out-polls the second place coalition by a margin of more than 2-to-1 does the winning coalition gain both seats, which tends to lock the legislative in a roughly 50-50 split.", "qas": [ { "id": "42883", "question": "what was the most part of chile 's congressional elections ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "rewards the two largest representations equally" } ] }, { "id": "42884", "question": "what is the cause of the split to lock the legislative coalition ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 537, "text": "50-50 split" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chile's judiciary is independent and includes a court of appeal, a system of military courts, a constitutional tribunal, and the Supreme Court of Chile. In June 2005, Chile completed a nationwide overhaul of its criminal justice system. The reform has replaced inquisitorial proceedings with an adversarial system more similar to that of the United States.", "qas": [ { "id": "42885", "question": "what are the military courts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "a constitutional tribunal, and the Supreme Court of Chile" } ] }, { "id": "42886", "question": "when did chile host a nationwide overhaul of its criminal justice ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "June 2005" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 2001 congressional elections, the conservative Independent Democratic Union (UDI) surpassed the Christian Democrats for the first time to become the largest party in the lower house. In the 2005 parliamentary election, both leading parties, the Christian Democrats and the UDI lost representation in favor of their respective allies Socialist Party (which became the biggest party in the Concertaci\u00f3n block) and National Renewal in the right-wing alliance. In the 2009 legislative elections in Chile, the Communist Party won 3 out of 120 seats in the Chamber of Deputies for the first time in 30 years (the Communist Party was not allowed to exist as such during the dictatorship).", "qas": [ { "id": "42887", "question": "what was the name of the conservative elections in 2001 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "Independent Democratic Union" } ] }, { "id": "42888", "question": "how many seats did the communist party win in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 541, "text": "120" } ] }, { "id": "42889", "question": "in what year did the communist party win 3 seats ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 600, "text": "30 years" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chileans voted in the first round of presidential elections on 17 November 2013. None of the nine presidential candidates got more than 50 percent of the vote. As a result, the top two candidates, center-left Nueva Mayor\u00eda coalition's Michelle Bachelet and center-right Alianza coalition's Evelyn Matthei, competed in a run-off election on 15 December 2013, which Bachelet won. This was Chile's sixth presidential election since the end of the Pinochet era. All six have been judged free and fair. The president is constitutionally barred from serving consecutive terms.", "qas": [ { "id": "42890", "question": "when did the first round of presidential elections occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "17 November 2013" } ] }, { "id": "42891", "question": "what percentage of the vote got more than presidential candidates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "50" } ] }, { "id": "42892", "question": "who won the top two candidates in the election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "Nueva Mayor\u00eda" } ] }, { "id": "42893", "question": "what was the name of the top two candidates in the top two candidates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "Evelyn Matthei" } ] }, { "id": "42894", "question": "when did the run-off election occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 340, "text": "15 December 2013" } ] }, { "id": "42895", "question": "what happened to the election in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 364, "text": "Bachelet won" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since the early decades after independence, Chile has always had an active involvement in foreign affairs. In 1837 the country aggressively challenged the dominance of Peru's port of Callao for preeminence in the Pacific trade routes, defeating the short-lived alliance between Peru and Bolivia, the Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1836\u201339) in the War of the Confederation. The war dissolved the confederation while distributing power in the Pacific. A second international war, the War of the Pacific (1879\u201383), further increased Chile's regional role, while adding considerably to its territory.", "qas": [ { "id": "42896", "question": "when did the country aggressively challenged the dominance of peru 's port of callao ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "1837" } ] }, { "id": "42897", "question": "what was the name of the confederation that challenged peru ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 300, "text": "Peru-Bolivian Confederation" } ] }, { "id": "42898", "question": "what was the span of the peru-bolivian confederation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 329, "text": "1836\u201339" } ] }, { "id": "42899", "question": "what was the second international war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 476, "text": "the War of the Pacific" } ] }, { "id": "42900", "question": "when was the war of the pacific ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 500, "text": "1879\u201383" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the 19th century, Chile's commercial ties were primarily with Britain, a nation that had a major influence on the formation of the Chilean navy. The French influenced Chile's legal and educational systems and had a decisive impact on Chile, through the architecture of the capital in the boom years at the turn of the 20th century. German influence came from the organization and training of the army by Prussians.", "qas": [ { "id": "42901", "question": "what country did chile have a major influence on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Britain" } ] }, { "id": "42902", "question": "who came up with the training of the army ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 411, "text": "Prussians" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 26 June 1945, Chile participated as a founding member of the United Nations being among 50 countries that signed the United Nations Charter in San Francisco, California. With the military coup of 1973, Chile became isolated politically as a result of widespread human rights abuses.", "qas": [ { "id": "42903", "question": "on what date did the united nations become a founding member ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "26 June 1945" } ] }, { "id": "42904", "question": "how many countries signed the united nations charter ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "50" } ] }, { "id": "42905", "question": "where was the united nations charter signed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "San Francisco, California" } ] }, { "id": "42906", "question": "in what year was the military coup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "1973" } ] }, { "id": "42907", "question": "why did chile become isolated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "widespread human rights abuses" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since its return to democracy in 1990, Chile has been an active participant in the international political arena. Chile completed a 2-year non-permanent position on the UN Security Council in January 2005. Jose Miguel Insulza, a Chilean national, was elected Secretary General of the Organization of American States in May 2005 and confirmed in his position, being re-elected in 2009. Chile is currently serving on the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Board of Governors, and the 2007\u20132008 chair of the board is Chile's ambassador to the IAEA, Milenko E. Skoknic. The country is an active member of the UN family of agencies and participates in UN peacekeeping activities. It was re-elected as a member of the UN Human Rights Council in 2011 for a three-year term. It was also elected to one of five non-permanent seats on the UN Security Council in 2013. Chile hosted the Defense Ministerial of the Americas in 2002 and the APEC summit and related meetings in 2004. It also hosted the Community of Democracies ministerial in April 2005 and the Ibero-American Summit in November 2007. An associate member of Mercosur and a full member of APEC, Chile has been a major player in international economic issues and hemispheric free trade.", "qas": [ { "id": "42908", "question": "in what year did chile return to democracy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "1990" } ] }, { "id": "42909", "question": "when was the un security council established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "January 2005" } ] }, { "id": "42910", "question": "who was elected secretary general of american states in may 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Jose Miguel Insulza" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Chilean Government has diplomatic relations with most countries. It settled all its territorial disputes with Argentina during the 1990s except for part of the border at Southern Patagonian Ice Field. Chile and Bolivia severed diplomatic ties in 1978 over Bolivia's desire to regain sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean it lost to Chile in 1879\u201383 War of the Pacific. The two countries maintain consular relations and are represented at the Consul General level.", "qas": [ { "id": "42911", "question": "where did the chilean government move to after the 1990s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "Southern Patagonian Ice Field" } ] }, { "id": "42912", "question": "in what year did chile invade chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "1978" } ] }, { "id": "42913", "question": "when did chile invade chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 345, "text": "1879\u201383 War of the Pacific" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chile is divided into 15 regions, each headed by an intendant appointed by the president. The regions are further divided into provinces, with provincial governors also appointed by the president. Finally each province is divided into communes which are administered by municipalities, each with its own mayor and council elected for four-year terms. Each region is designated by a name and a Roman numeral, assigned from north to south. The only exception is the Santiago Metropolitan Region which is designated \"RM\" (\"Regi\u00f3n Metropolitana\"). Two new regions were created in 2006 and became operative in October 2007; Los R\u00edos in the south (Region XIV), and Arica y Parinacota in the north (Region XV). The numbering scheme skipped Region XIII, usually assumed to be the Metropolitan Region before the 2006 reform.", "qas": [ { "id": "42914", "question": "how many regions are in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "15" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The national flower is the copihue (\"Lapageria rosea\", Chilean bellflower), which grows in the woods of southern Chile.", "qas": [ { "id": "42915", "question": "what is the national flower of southern chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "copihue" } ] }, { "id": "42916", "question": "where does the national flower of the national flower come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "southern Chile" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The coat of arms depicts the two national animals: the condor (\"Vultur gryphus\", a very large bird that lives in the mountains) and the huemul (\"Hippocamelus bisulcus,\" an endangered white tail deer). It also has the legend \"Por la raz\u00f3n o la fuerza\" (\"By reason or by force\").", "qas": [ { "id": "42917", "question": "what is the coat of arms in the mountains called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "condor" } ] }, { "id": "42918", "question": "what is the condor bird called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "Vultur gryphus\"" } ] }, { "id": "42919", "question": "what does the coat of arms depicts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "an endangered white tail deer" } ] }, { "id": "42920", "question": "what is the legend of arms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "Por la raz\u00f3n o la fuerza" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The flag of Chile consists of two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; there is a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center representing a guide to progress and honor; blue symbolizes the sky, white is for the snow-covered Andes, and red stands for the blood spilled to achieve independence. The flag of Chile is similar to the Flag of Texas, although the Chilean flag is 21 years older. However, like the Texan flag, the flag of Chile is modeled after the Flag of the United States.", "qas": [ { "id": "42921", "question": "what is the flag of chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red" } ] }, { "id": "42922", "question": "where is the white band located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "hoist-side end of the white band" } ] }, { "id": "42923", "question": "what is the star in the center of chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 318, "text": "the snow-covered Andes" } ] }, { "id": "42924", "question": "what is the flag of chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 436, "text": "the Flag of Texas" } ] }, { "id": "42925", "question": "what is the chilean flag of chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 484, "text": "21 years older" } ] }, { "id": "42926", "question": "what is the flag of chile modeled after ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 565, "text": "the Flag of the United States" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Armed Forces of Chile are subject to civilian control exercised by the president through the Minister of Defense. The president has the authority to remove the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces.", "qas": [ { "id": "42927", "question": "who are subject to civilian control exercised by the minister of defense ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Armed Forces of Chile" } ] }, { "id": "42928", "question": "who subject the armed forces of chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "the president through the Minister of Defense" } ] }, { "id": "42929", "question": "what does the president remove ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "commanders-in-chief of the armed forces" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The commander in chief of the Chilean Army is General Humberto Oviedo Arriagada. The Chilean Army is 45,000 strong and is organized with an Army headquarters in Santiago, six divisions throughout its territory, an Air Brigade in Rancagua, and a Special Forces Command in Colina. The Chilean Army is one of the most professional and technologically advanced armies in Latin America.", "qas": [ { "id": "42930", "question": "who is the commander in chief of the chilean army ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "General Humberto Oviedo Arriagada" } ] }, { "id": "42931", "question": "how many strong divisions does the chilean army have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "45,000" } ] }, { "id": "42932", "question": "how many divisions does the chilean army have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "six" } ] }, { "id": "42933", "question": "in what year was the air brigade organized ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "Rancagua" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Admiral Enrique Larra\u00f1aga Martin directs the 21,773-person Chilean Navy, including 2,500 Marines. Of the fleet of 29 surface vessels, only eight are operational major combatants (frigates). Those ships are based in Valpara\u00edso. The Navy operates its own aircraft for transport and patrol; there are no Navy fighter or bomber aircraft. The Navy also operates four submarines based in Talcahuano.", "qas": [ { "id": "42934", "question": "who directs the chilean navy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Admiral Enrique Larra\u00f1aga Martin" } ] }, { "id": "42935", "question": "what did martin martin martin martin write ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "21,773-person Chilean Navy" } ] }, { "id": "42936", "question": "how many marines did martin larra\u00f1aga have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "2,500 Marines" } ] }, { "id": "42937", "question": "how many surface vessels are in the fleet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "29" } ] }, { "id": "42938", "question": "how many operational major combatants are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "eight" } ] }, { "id": "42939", "question": "where are those ships based in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "Valpara\u00edso" } ] }, { "id": "42940", "question": "how many submarines does the navy operate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 357, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "42941", "question": "where does the navy operate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 382, "text": "Talcahuano" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Air Force General (four star) Jorge Rojas \u00c1vila heads the 12,500 strong Chilean Air Force. Air assets are distributed among five air brigades headquartered in Iquique, Antofagasta, Santiago, Puerto Montt, and Punta Arenas. The Air Force also operates an airbase on King George Island, Antarctica. The Air Force took delivery of the final two of ten F-16s, all purchased from the U.S., in March 2007 after several decades of U.S. debate and previous refusal to sell. Chile also took delivery in 2007 of a number of reconditioned Block 15 F-16s from the Netherlands, bringing to 18 the total of F-16s purchased from the Dutch.", "qas": [ { "id": "42942", "question": "who heads the 12,500 strong chilean air force ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "Jorge Rojas \u00c1vila" } ] }, { "id": "42943", "question": "how many strong chilean air force did air force have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "12,500" } ] }, { "id": "42944", "question": "what was the air force general general general general general general general general general general ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "Chilean Air Force" } ] }, { "id": "42945", "question": "how many air brigades are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "five" } ] }, { "id": "42946", "question": "the air force operates an airbase on which island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 265, "text": "King George Island" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After the military coup in September 1973 the Chilean national police (Carabineros) were incorporated into the Defense Ministry. With the return of democratic government, the police were placed under the operational control of the Interior Ministry but remained under the nominal control of the Defense Ministry. Gen. Gustavo Gonz\u00e1lez Jure is the head of the national police force of 40,964 men and women who are responsible for law enforcement, traffic management, narcotics suppression, border control, and counter-terrorism throughout Chile.", "qas": [ { "id": "42947", "question": "in what year was the chilean national police incorporated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "1973" } ] }, { "id": "42948", "question": "what was incorporated into the defense ministry in 1973 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Chilean national police" } ] }, { "id": "42949", "question": "what was the name of the chilean national police ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "Carabineros" } ] }, { "id": "42950", "question": "where were the chilean national police incorporated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "Defense Ministry" } ] }, { "id": "42951", "question": "who is the head of the national police force ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 318, "text": "Gustavo Gonz\u00e1lez Jure" } ] }, { "id": "42952", "question": "how many men are responsible for gen. gustavo gonz\u00e1lez ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 384, "text": "40,964" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Central Bank of Chile in Santiago serves as the central bank for the country. The Chilean currency is the Chilean peso (CLP). Chile is one of South America's most stable and prosperous nations, leading Latin American nations in human development, competitiveness, income per capita, globalization, economic freedom, and low perception of corruption. Since July 2013, Chile is considered by the World Bank as a \"high-income economy\".", "qas": [ { "id": "42953", "question": "what is the chilean currency ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Chilean peso" } ] }, { "id": "42954", "question": "what is the name of chile 's economy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 415, "text": "high-income economy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chile has the highest degree of economic freedom in South America (ranking 7th worldwide), owing to its independent and efficient judicial system and prudent public finance management. In May 2010 Chile became the first South American country to join the OECD. In 2006, Chile became the country with the highest nominal GDP per capita in Latin America.", "qas": [ { "id": "42955", "question": "what are the highest degree of chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "independent and efficient judicial system and prudent public finance management" } ] }, { "id": "42956", "question": "when was the first south american country to join the oecd ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "May 2010 Chile" } ] }, { "id": "42957", "question": "in what year did chile become the highest gdp per capita in latin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "2006" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Copper mining makes up 20% of Chilean GDP and 60% of exports. Escondida is the largest copper mine in the world, producing over 5% of global supplies. Overall, Chile produces a third of the world\u2019s copper. Codelco, the state mining firm, competes with private ones.", "qas": [ { "id": "42958", "question": "what percentage of chilean gdp is copper ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "20%" } ] }, { "id": "42959", "question": "what percentage of exports is copper ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "60%" } ] }, { "id": "42960", "question": "what is the largest copper mine in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "Escondida" } ] }, { "id": "42961", "question": "what percentage of global supplies is the largest copper mine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "5%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sound economic policies, maintained consistently since the 1980s, have contributed to steady economic growth in Chile and have more than halved poverty rates. Chile began to experience a moderate economic downturn in 1999. The economy remained sluggish until 2003, when it began to show clear signs of recovery, achieving 4.0% GDP growth. The Chilean economy finished 2004 with growth of 6 percent. Real GDP growth reached 5.7 percent in 2005 before falling back to 4 percent in 2006. GDP expanded by 5 percent in 2007. Faced with an international economic downturn the government announced an economic stimulus plan to spur employment and growth, and despite the global financial crisis, aimed for an expansion of between 2 percent and 3 percent of GDP for 2009. Nonetheless, economic analysts disagreed with government estimates and predicted economic growth at a median of 1.5 percent. Real GDP growth in 2012 was 5.5%. Growth slowed to 4.1% in the first quarter of 2013.", "qas": [ { "id": "42962", "question": "in what year did chile begin a moderate economic downturn ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "1999" } ] }, { "id": "42963", "question": "what was the growth rate of the chilean economy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 388, "text": "6 percent" } ] }, { "id": "42964", "question": "what was real gdp growth in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 423, "text": "5.7 percent" } ] }, { "id": "42965", "question": "what was real gdp growth in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 917, "text": "5.5%" } ] }, { "id": "42966", "question": "what was the growth rate in the first quarter of 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 940, "text": "4.1%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The unemployment rate was 6.4% in April 2013. There are reported labor shortages in agriculture, mining, and construction. The percentage of Chileans with per capita household incomes below the poverty line\u2014defined as twice the cost of satisfying a person's minimal nutritional needs\u2014fell from 45.1 percent in 1987 to 11.5 percent in 2009, according to government surveys. Critics in Chile, however, argue that true poverty figures are considerably higher than those officially published. Using the relative yardstick favoured in many European countries, 27% of Chileans would be poor, according to Juan Carlos Feres of the ECLAC.\nAs of November 2012, about 11.1 million people (64% of the population) benefit from government welfare programs, via the \"Social Protection Card\", which includes the population living in poverty and those at a risk of falling into poverty.", "qas": [ { "id": "42967", "question": "what was the unemployment rate in april 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "6.4%" } ] }, { "id": "42968", "question": "what percentage of chileans would be poor poor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 555, "text": "27%" } ] }, { "id": "42969", "question": "how many people in november 2012 are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 658, "text": "11.1 million people" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The privatized national pension system (AFP) has encouraged domestic investment and contributed to an estimated total domestic savings rate of approximately 21 percent of GDP. Under the compulsory private pension system, most formal sector employees pay 10 percent of their salaries into privately managed funds. However, by 2009, it has been reported that had been lost from the pension system to the global financial crisis.\nChile has signed free trade agreements (FTAs) with a whole network of countries, including an FTA with the United States that was signed in 2003 and implemented in January 2004. Internal Government of Chile figures show that even when factoring out inflation and the recent high price of copper, bilateral trade between the U.S. and Chile has grown over 60 percent since then. Chile's total trade with China reached US in 2006, representing nearly 66 percent of the value of its trade relationship with Asia. Exports to Asia increased from US in 2005 to US in 2006, a 29.9 percent increase. Year-on-year growth in imports was especially strong from a number of countries-Ecuador (123.9%), Thailand (72.1%), Korea (52.6%), and China (36.9%).", "qas": [ { "id": "42970", "question": "what percentage of gdp has the privatized national pension system contributed to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "21 percent" } ] }, { "id": "42971", "question": "what percentage of their salaries are pay into privately managed funds ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "10 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chile's approach to foreign direct investment is codified in the country's Foreign Investment Law. Registration is reported to be simple and transparent, and foreign investors are guaranteed access to the official foreign exchange market to repatriate their profits and capital.\nThe Chilean Government has formed a Council on Innovation and Competition, hoping to bring in additional FDI to new parts of the economy.", "qas": [ { "id": "42972", "question": "where is chile 's approach to foreign direct investment ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "the country's Foreign Investment Law" } ] }, { "id": "42973", "question": "what are foreign investors ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "guaranteed access to the official foreign exchange market to repatriate their profits and capital" } ] }, { "id": "42974", "question": "what has the chilean government formed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 315, "text": "Council on Innovation and Competition" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Standard & Poor's gives Chile a credit rating of AA-. The Government of Chile continues to pay down its foreign debt, with public debt only 3.9 percent of GDP at the end of 2006. The Chilean central government is a net creditor with a net asset position of 7% of GDP at end 2012. The current account deficit was 4% in the first quarter of 2013, financed mostly by foreign direct investment. 14% of central government revenue came directly from copper in 2012.", "qas": [ { "id": "42975", "question": "what percentage of gdp at the end of 2006 is public debt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "3.9 percent" } ] }, { "id": "42976", "question": "what is the net asset position in end of 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "7%" } ] }, { "id": "42977", "question": "what was the current account deficit in the first quarter of 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "4%" } ] }, { "id": "42978", "question": "what percentage of central government revenue came from copper in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 391, "text": "14%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Due to Chile's topography a functioning transport network is vital to its economy. Buses are now the main means of long distance transportation in Chile, following the decline of its railway network. The bus system covers the entire country, from Arica to Santiago (a 30-hour journey) and from Santiago to Punta Arenas (about 40 hours, with a change at Osorno).", "qas": [ { "id": "42979", "question": "where does the bus system run ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "Arica to Santiago" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chile has a total of 372 runways (62 paved and 310 unpaved). Important airports in Chile include Chacalluta International Airport (Arica), Diego Aracena International Airport (Iquique), Cerro Moreno International Airport (Antofagasta), Carriel Sur International Airport (Concepci\u00f3n), El Tepual International Airport (Puerto Montt), Presidente Carlos Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez del Campo International Airport (Punta Arenas), Mataveri International Airport (Easter Island), the most remote airport in the world, and the Comodoro Arturo Merino Ben\u00edtez International Airport (Santiago) with a traffic of 12,105,524 passengers in 2011. Santiago is headquarters of Latin America's largest airline holding company and Chilean flag carrier LAN Airlines.", "qas": [ { "id": "42980", "question": "what type of runways does chile have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "372" } ] }, { "id": "42981", "question": "what is the name of the important airport in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "Chacalluta International Airport" } ] }, { "id": "42982", "question": "what does santiago stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 499, "text": "Comodoro Arturo Merino Ben\u00edtez International Airport" } ] }, { "id": "42983", "question": "how many passengers are in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 581, "text": "12,105,524" } ] }, { "id": "42984", "question": "what is the name of the largest airline holding chilean flag ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 713, "text": "LAN Airlines" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chile has a telecommunication system which covers much of the country, including Chilean insular and Antarctic bases. Privatization of the telephone system began in 1988; Chile has one of the most advanced telecommunications infrastructure in South America with a modern system based on extensive microwave radio relay facilities and domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations. In 2012, there were 3.276 million main lines in use and 24.13 million mobile cellular telephone subscribers. According to a 2012 database of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), 61.42% of the Chilean population uses the internet, making Chile the country with the highest internet penetration in South America. The Chilean internet country code is \".cl\".", "qas": [ { "id": "42985", "question": "when did the privatization system begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "1988" } ] }, { "id": "42986", "question": "how many main lines were there in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 403, "text": "3.276 million" } ] }, { "id": "42987", "question": "how many mobile cellular telephone subscribers were there in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 439, "text": "24.13 million" } ] }, { "id": "42988", "question": "what percentage of the chilean population uses the internet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 574, "text": "61.42%" } ] }, { "id": "42989", "question": "what was the name of the NULL that NULL NULL ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 745, "text": ".cl" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Water supply and sanitation sector is characterized by high levels of access and good service quality. Compared to most other countries, Chile's water and sanitation sector \ndistinguishes itself by the fact that all urban water companies are privately owned or operated. The sector also prides itself of having a \nmodern and effective regulatory framework, including an innovative \nsubsidy to water demand by the poor. One weakness of the sector is the \nrelatively high water losses.", "qas": [ { "id": "42990", "question": "what causes water supply and sanitation sector ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "high levels of access and good service quality" } ] }, { "id": "42991", "question": "what is the weakness of the sector ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 453, "text": "\nrelatively high water losses" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Agriculture in Chile encompasses a wide range of different activities due to its particular geography, climate and geology and human factors. Historically agriculture is one of the bases of Chile's economy, now agriculture and allied sectors like forestry, logging and fishing accounts only for 4.9% of the GDP and employed 13.6% of the country's labor force. Some major agriculture products of Chile includes grapes, apples, pears, onions, wheat, corn, oats, peaches, garlic, asparagus, beans, beef, poultry, wool, fish and timber.[1] Due to its geographical isolation and strict customs policies Chile is free from diseases such as Mad Cow Disease, fruit fly and Phylloxera. This, plus being located in the Southern Hemisphere which has quite different harvesting times from the Northern Hemisphere, and its wide range of agriculture conditions are considered Chile's main comparative advantages. However, Chile's mountainous landscape limits the extent and intensity of agriculture so that arable land corresponds only to 2.62% of the total territory.", "qas": [ { "id": "42992", "question": "what percentage of the gdp of chile is agriculture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 295, "text": "4.9%" } ] }, { "id": "42993", "question": "what percentage of the labor force is employed by agriculture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "13.6%" } ] }, { "id": "42994", "question": "what percentage of the total territory corresponds from chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1025, "text": "2.62%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Tourism in Chile has experienced sustained growth over the last few decades. In 2005, tourism grew by 13.6 percent, generating more than 4.5 billion dollars of which 1.5 billion was attributed to foreign tourists. According to the National Service of Tourism (Sernatur), 2 million people a year visit the country. Most of these visitors come from other countries in the American continent, mainly Argentina; followed by a growing number from the United States, Europe, and Brazil with a growing number of Asians from South Korea and PR China.", "qas": [ { "id": "42995", "question": "what percentage of tourism grew in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "13.6 percent" } ] }, { "id": "42996", "question": "how many dollars were attributed to foreign tourists in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "4.5 billion" } ] }, { "id": "42997", "question": "how much was attributed to foreign tourists in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "1.5 billion" } ] }, { "id": "42998", "question": "how many people visit the country in tourism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "2 million" } ] }, { "id": "42999", "question": "which two countries were the most of the asians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 517, "text": "South Korea and PR China" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The main attractions for tourists are places of natural beauty situated in the extreme zones of the country: San Pedro de Atacama, in the north, is very popular with foreign tourists who arrive to admire the Incaic architecture, the altiplano lakes, and the Valley of the Moon. In Putre, also in the north, there is the Chungar\u00e1 Lake, as well as the Parinacota and the Pomerape volcanoes, with altitudes of 6,348 m and 6,282 m, respectively. Throughout the central Andes there are many ski resorts of international repute, including Portillo, Valle Nevado and Termas de Chill\u00e1n.", "qas": [ { "id": "43000", "question": "what is the name of the foreign beauty of the moon ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "San Pedro de Atacama" } ] }, { "id": "43001", "question": "what is the name of the lake that is located in the north ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 320, "text": "Chungar\u00e1 Lake" } ] }, { "id": "43002", "question": "what is the altitudes of the lake ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 407, "text": "6,348 m and 6,282 m" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The main tourist sites in the south are national parks (the most popular is Conguill\u00edo National Park in the Araucan\u00eda) and the coastal area around Tir\u00faa and Ca\u00f1ete with the Isla Mocha and the Nahuelbuta National Park, Chilo\u00e9 Archipelago and Patagonia, which includes Laguna San Rafael National Park, with its many glaciers, and the Torres del Paine National Park. The central port city of Valpara\u00edso, which is World Heritage with its unique architecture, is also popular. Finally, Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean is one of the main Chilean tourist destinations.", "qas": [ { "id": "43003", "question": "what is the most popular tourist sites in the south ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "Conguill\u00edo National Park" } ] }, { "id": "43004", "question": "what are the coastal area in the south area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Tir\u00faa and Ca\u00f1ete" } ] }, { "id": "43005", "question": "what is the main tourist sites in san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "Laguna San Rafael National Park" } ] }, { "id": "43006", "question": "what is the name of the main tourist sites in the south ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 332, "text": "Torres del Paine National Park" } ] }, { "id": "43007", "question": "what is the central port of the central port ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 389, "text": "Valpara\u00edso" } ] }, { "id": "43008", "question": "where is easter island located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 502, "text": "Pacific Ocean" } ] } ] }, { "context": "For locals, tourism is concentrated mostly in the summer (December to March), and mainly in the coastal beach towns. Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta, La Serena and Coquimbo are the main summer centers in the north, and Puc\u00f3n on the shores of Lake Villarrica is the main center in the south. Because of its proximity to Santiago, the coast of the Valpara\u00edso Region, with its many beach resorts, receives the largest number of tourists. Vi\u00f1a del Mar, Valpara\u00edso's northern affluent neighbor, is popular because of its beaches, casino, and its annual song festival, the most important musical event in Latin America. Pichilemu in the O'Higgins Region is widely known as South America's \"best surfing spot\" according to Fodor's.", "qas": [ { "id": "43009", "question": "when is tourism concentrated in the summer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "December to March" } ] }, { "id": "43010", "question": "what is the main center in the south ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "Lake Villarrica" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In November 2005 the government launched a campaign under the brand \"Chile: All Ways Surprising\" intended to promote the country internationally for both business and tourism. Museums in Chile such as the Chilean National Museum of Fine Arts built in 1880, feature works by Chilean artists.", "qas": [ { "id": "43011", "question": "when did the government launch a campaign ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "November 2005" } ] }, { "id": "43012", "question": "what museum is built in 1880 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "Chilean National Museum of Fine Arts" } ] }, { "id": "43013", "question": "when was the chilean national museum of fine arts built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "1880" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Chile, education begins with preschool until the age of 5. Primary school is provided for children between ages 6 and 13. Students then attend secondary school until graduation at age 17.", "qas": [ { "id": "43014", "question": "at what age does education begin in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "5" } ] }, { "id": "43015", "question": "how many children are in primary school ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "6 and 13" } ] }, { "id": "43016", "question": "at what age did students attend secondary school ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "17" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Secondary education is divided into two parts: During the first two years, students receive a general education. Then, they choose a branch: scientific humanistic education, artistic education, or technical and professional education. Secondary school ends two years later on the acquirement of a certificate (licencia de ense\u00f1anza media).\nChilean education is segregated by wealth in a three-tiered system \u2014 the quality of the schools reflect socioeconomic backgrounds:", "qas": [ { "id": "43017", "question": "what are some of the branch of the students choose to choose a branch branch ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "scientific humanistic education, artistic education, or technical and professional education" } ] }, { "id": "43018", "question": "what is a certificate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 310, "text": "licencia de ense\u00f1anza media" } ] }, { "id": "43019", "question": "what is the wealth of chilean education ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 387, "text": "three-tiered system" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Upon successful graduation of secondary school, students may continue into higher education. The higher education schools in Chile consist of Chilean Traditional Universities and are divided into public universities or private universities. There are medical schools and both the Universidad de Chile and Universidad Diego Portales offer law schools in a partnership with Yale University.", "qas": [ { "id": "43020", "question": "what are the higher education schools in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "Chilean Traditional Universities" } ] }, { "id": "43021", "question": "what are the higher education schools divided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "public universities or private universities" } ] }, { "id": "43022", "question": "which medical schools offer law schools ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "Universidad de Chile and Universidad Diego Portales" } ] }, { "id": "43023", "question": "what is the name of the university of yale 's law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 372, "text": "Yale University" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Ministry of Health (\"Minsal\") is the cabinet-level administrative office in charge of planning, directing, coordinating, executing, controlling and informing the public health policies formulated by the President of Chile. The National Health Fund (\"Fonasa\"), created in 1979, is the financial entity entrusted to collect, manage and distribute state funds for health in Chile. It is funded by the public. All employees pay 7 percent of their monthly income to the fund.", "qas": [ { "id": "43024", "question": "what is the name of the cabinet-level administrative office ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Ministry of Health" } ] }, { "id": "43025", "question": "what is the cabinet-level administrative office called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "Minsal" } ] }, { "id": "43026", "question": "what is another name for the national health fund ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "Fonasa" } ] }, { "id": "43027", "question": "when was the national health fund created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "1979" } ] }, { "id": "43028", "question": "what percentage of their monthly do all employees pay to the fund ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 428, "text": "7 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Fonasa is part of the NHSS and has executive power through the Ministry of Health (Chile). Its headquarters are in Santiago and decentralized public service is conducted by various Regional Offices. More than 12 million beneficiaries benefit from Fonasa. Beneficiaries can also opt for more costly private insurance through Isapre. Hospitals in Chile are mainly located in the Santiago Metropolitan Region.", "qas": [ { "id": "43029", "question": "what is the name of the executive power in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "Ministry of Health" } ] }, { "id": "43030", "question": "who conducted the headquarters in santiago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "various Regional Offices" } ] }, { "id": "43031", "question": "how many beneficiaries of benefit are there in the bronx ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "12 million" } ] }, { "id": "43032", "question": "where are hospitals in chile located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 377, "text": "Santiago Metropolitan Region" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From the period between early agricultural settlements and up to the late pre-Hispanic period, northern Chile was a region of Andean culture that was influenced by altiplano traditions spreading to the coastal valleys of the north, while southern regions were areas of Mapuche cultural activities. Throughout the colonial period following the conquest, and during the early Republican period, the country's culture was dominated by the Spanish. Other European influences, primarily English, French, and German began in the 19th century and have continued to this day. German migrants influenced the Bavarian style rural architecture and cuisine in the south of Chile in cities such as Valdivia, Frutillar, Puerto Varas, Osorno, Temuco, Puerto Octay, Llanquihue, Faja Maisan, Pitrufqu\u00e9n, Victoria, Puc\u00f3n and Puerto Montt.", "qas": [ { "id": "43033", "question": "northern chile was a region of what type of culture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "Andean culture" } ] }, { "id": "43034", "question": "what were the southern regions of northern chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "Mapuche cultural activities" } ] }, { "id": "43035", "question": "who dominated the country 's culture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 432, "text": "the Spanish" } ] }, { "id": "43036", "question": "which european influences have continued to this day ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 482, "text": "English, French, and German" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Music in Chile ranges from folkloric, popular and classical music. Its large geography generates different musical styles in the north, center and south of the country, including also Easter Island and Mapuche music. The national dance is the cueca. Another form of traditional Chilean song, though not a dance, is the tonada. Arising from music imported by the Spanish colonists, it is distinguished from the cueca by an intermediate melodic section and a more prominent melody.", "qas": [ { "id": "43037", "question": "what are the names of the large musical styles in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "Easter Island and Mapuche music" } ] }, { "id": "43038", "question": "what is the national dance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 243, "text": "cueca" } ] }, { "id": "43039", "question": "what is traditional chilean song ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "tonada" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Between 1950 and 1970 appears a rebirth in folk music leading by groups such as Los de Ram\u00f3n, Los Cuatro Huasos and Los Huasos Quincheros, among others with composers such as Ra\u00fal de Ram\u00f3n, Violeta Parra and others. In the mid-1960s native musical forms were revitalized by the Parra family with the Nueva canci\u00f3n Chilena, which was associated with political activists and reformers such as V\u00edctor Jara, Inti-Illimani, and Quilapay\u00fan. Other important folk singer and researcher on folklore and Chilean ethnography, is Margot Loyola. Also many Chilean rock bands like Los Jaivas, Los Prisioneros, La Ley, and Los Tres have reached international success. In February, annual music festivals are held in Vi\u00f1a del Mar.", "qas": [ { "id": "43040", "question": "what are some of the composers that appears between 1950 and 1970 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "Ra\u00fal de Ram\u00f3n, Violeta Parra" } ] }, { "id": "43041", "question": "what was the name of the family that was associated with political activists ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 300, "text": "Nueva canci\u00f3n Chilena" } ] }, { "id": "43042", "question": "what is the important folk singer and researcher on folklore and chilean ethnography ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 518, "text": "Margot Loyola" } ] }, { "id": "43043", "question": "where are annual music festivals held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 701, "text": "Vi\u00f1a del Mar." } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chileans call their country \"pa\u00eds de poetas\" \u2014 country of poets. Gabriela Mistral was the first Latin American to receive a Nobel Prize in Literature (1945). Chile's most famous poet is Pablo Neruda, who received the Nobel Prize for Literature (1971) and is world-renowned for his extensive library of works on romance, nature, and politics. His three highly personalized homes in Isla Negra, Santiago and Valpara\u00edso are popular tourist destinations.", "qas": [ { "id": "43044", "question": "what is the name of the country 's country 's country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "pa\u00eds de poetas" } ] }, { "id": "43045", "question": "who was the first latin american to receive a nobel prize in literature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Gabriela Mistral" } ] }, { "id": "43046", "question": "when was the first latin american to receive a nobel prize ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "1945" } ] }, { "id": "43047", "question": "who is chile 's most famous poet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "Pablo Neruda" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Among the list of other Chilean poets are Carlos Pezoa V\u00e9liz, Vicente Huidobro, Gonzalo Rojas, Pablo de Rokha, Nicanor Parra and Ra\u00fal Zurita. Isabel Allende is the best-selling Chilean novelist, with 51 millions of her novels sold worldwide. Novelist Jos\u00e9 Donoso's novel \"The Obscene Bird of Night\" is considered by critic Harold Bloom to be one of the canonical works of 20th-century Western literature. Another internationally recognized Chilean novelist and poet is Roberto Bola\u00f1o whose translations into English have had an excellent reception from the critics.", "qas": [ { "id": "43048", "question": "who is the best-selling chilean novelist ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "Isabel Allende" } ] }, { "id": "43049", "question": "how many millions of millions of her novels did isabel have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "51" } ] }, { "id": "43050", "question": "what was harold bloom 's nickname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "The Obscene Bird of Night" } ] }, { "id": "43051", "question": "who wrote the novel `` the obscene bird of night '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "Harold Bloom" } ] }, { "id": "43052", "question": "who is the internationally recognized chilean novelist ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 469, "text": "Roberto Bola\u00f1o" } ] } ] }, { "context": " Chilean cuisine is a reflection of the country's topographical variety, featuring an assortment of seafood, beef, fruits, and vegetables. Traditional recipes include asado, cazuela, empanadas, humitas, pastel de choclo, pastel de papas, curanto and sopaipillas. Crudos is an example of the mixture of culinary contributions from the various ethnic influences in Chile. The raw minced llama, heavy use of shellfish and rice bread were taken from native Quechua Andean cuisine, (although now beef brought to Chile by Europeans is also used in place of the llama meat), lemon and onions were brought by the Spanish colonists, and the use of mayonnaise and yogurt was introduced by German immigrants, as was beer.", "qas": [ { "id": "43053", "question": "what are the assortment of chilean cuisine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "seafood, beef, fruits, and vegetables" } ] }, { "id": "43054", "question": "what is the example of the mixture of culinary contributions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "Crudos" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The folklore of Chile, cultural and demographic characteristics of the country, is the result of mixture of Spanish and Amerindian elements that occurred during the colonial period.. Due to cultural and historical reasons, they are classified and distinguished four major areas in the country: Northern Areas, central, southern and south. Most of the traditions of the culture of Chile have a festive purpose, but some, such as dances and ceremonies have religious components.", "qas": [ { "id": "43055", "question": "what is the result of mixture of spanish and amerindian elements ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "cultural and demographic characteristics of the country" } ] }, { "id": "43056", "question": "what are the mixture of the folklore of chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "Spanish and Amerindian elements" } ] }, { "id": "43057", "question": "how many major areas are there in the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "43058", "question": "what are the four major areas of the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 294, "text": "Northern Areas, central, southern and south" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chilean mythology, is the mythology and beliefs of the Folklore of Chile.", "qas": [ { "id": "43059", "question": "what is the mythology and beliefs of chile called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Chilean mythology" } ] }, { "id": "43060", "question": "what is chilean mythology ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "the mythology and beliefs of the Folklore of Chile" } ] } ] }, { "context": "This includes Chilote mythology, Rapa Nui mythology and Mapuche mythology.", "qas": [ { "id": "43061", "question": "what is the name of the mythology in mapuche ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "Chilote mythology" } ] }, { "id": "43062", "question": "what are the names of the chilote mythology ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "Rapa Nui mythology and Mapuche mythology" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The film originated in Valpara\u00edso on 26 May 1902 with the premiere of the documentary \"Exercise General Fire Brigade\", the first film completely filmed and processed in the country. In the following decades, marked milestones \"The deck of Death\" (or \"The Enigma of Lord Street\") (1916), considered the first film Chilean story, 'The transmission of presidential\" (1920), the first animated film in the country, and \"North and South\" (1934), the first sound film of Chile.", "qas": [ { "id": "43063", "question": "where did the film of the documentary take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "Valpara\u00edso" } ] }, { "id": "43064", "question": "when did the film of the documentary take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "26 May 1902" } ] }, { "id": "43065", "question": "what was the name of the first film completely filmed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "Exercise General Fire Brigade" } ] }, { "id": "43066", "question": "what was the first film chilean story ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "The deck of Death" } ] }, { "id": "43067", "question": "what was the name of the first film chilean story ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "The Enigma of Lord Street" } ] }, { "id": "43068", "question": "when was the first film chilean story published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "1916" } ] }, { "id": "43069", "question": "when was the transmission of presidential story published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 364, "text": "1920" } ] }, { "id": "43070", "question": "what was the name of the first film of chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 416, "text": "North and South" } ] }, { "id": "43071", "question": "in what year was the first film chilean story published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 434, "text": "1934" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chile's most popular sport is association football. Chile has appeared in nine FIFA World Cups which includes hosting the 1962 FIFA World Cup where the national football team finished third. Other results achieved by the national football team include two Copa Am\u00e9rica titles (2015 and 2016), and two runners up positions, one silver and two bronze medals at the Pan American Games, a bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics and two third places finishes in the FIFA under-17 and under-20 youth tournaments. The top league in the Chilean football league system is the Chilean Primera Divisi\u00f3n, which is named by the IFFHS as the ninth strongest national football league in the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "43072", "question": "how many cups are in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "nine FIFA World Cups" } ] }, { "id": "43073", "question": "what is the fifa world cups ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "the 1962 FIFA World Cup where the national football team finished third" } ] }, { "id": "43074", "question": "what is the name of the national football team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "the national football team include two Copa Am\u00e9rica titles" } ] }, { "id": "43075", "question": "what is the top league in the chilean football league ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 569, "text": "Chilean Primera Divisi\u00f3n" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The main football clubs are Colo-Colo, Universidad de Chile and Universidad Cat\u00f3lica. Colo-Colo is the country's most successful football club, having both the most national and international championships, including the coveted Copa Libertadores South American club tournament. Universidad de Chile was the last international champion (Copa Sudamericana 2011).", "qas": [ { "id": "43076", "question": "what are the main football clubs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "Colo-Colo, Universidad de Chile and Universidad Cat\u00f3lica" } ] }, { "id": "43077", "question": "what is the country 's most successful football club ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "Colo-Colo" } ] }, { "id": "43078", "question": "what is the name of the most successful football club ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "Copa Libertadores South American club tournament" } ] }, { "id": "43079", "question": "what was the last international champion in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 279, "text": "Universidad de Chile" } ] }, { "id": "43080", "question": "what was the name of the last international champion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 337, "text": "Copa Sudamericana 2011" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Tennis is Chile's most successful sport. Its national team won the World Team Cup clay tournament twice (2003 & 2004), and played the Davis Cup final against Italy in 1976. At the 2004 Summer Olympics the country captured gold and bronze in men's singles and gold in men's doubles. Marcelo R\u00edos became the first Latin American man to reach the number one spot in the ATP singles rankings in 1998. Anita Lizana won the US Open in 1937, becoming the first woman from Latin America to win a Grand Slam tournament. Luis Ayala was twice a runner-up at the French Open and both R\u00edos and Fernando Gonz\u00e1lez reached the Australian Open men's singles finals. Gonz\u00e1lez also won a silver medal in singles at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.", "qas": [ { "id": "43081", "question": "what was the name of the national team won by the national team cup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "World Team Cup clay tournament twice (2003 & 2004" } ] }, { "id": "43082", "question": "when did the davis cup win the davis cup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "1976" } ] }, { "id": "43083", "question": "who became the first latin american man to reach the number one spot in the atp singles rankings ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "Marcelo R\u00edos" } ] } ] }, { "context": "At the Summer Olympic Games Chile boasts a total of two gold medals (tennis), seven silver medals (athletics, equestrian, boxing, shooting and tennis) and four bronze medals (tennis, boxing and football). In 2012, Chile won its first Paralympic Games medal (gold in Athletics).", "qas": [ { "id": "43084", "question": "where is the olympic games located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 7, "text": "Summer Olympic Games Chile" } ] }, { "id": "43085", "question": "what is the tennis olympic games ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "a total of two gold medals" } ] }, { "id": "43086", "question": "how many silver medals does chile have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "seven" } ] }, { "id": "43087", "question": "what are the seven silver medals in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "athletics, equestrian, boxing, shooting and tennis) and four bronze medals" } ] }, { "id": "43088", "question": "when did chile win its first paralympic games ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "2012" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Rodeo is the country's national sport and is practiced in the more rural areas of the nation. A sport similar to hockey called \"chueca\" was played by the Mapuche people during the Spanish conquest. Skiing and snowboarding are practiced at ski centers located in the Central Andes, and in southern ski centers near to cities as Osorno, Puerto Varas, Temuco and Punta Arenas. surfing is popular at some coastal towns. Polo is professionally practiced within Chile, with the country achieving top prize in the 2008 and 2015 World Polo Championship.", "qas": [ { "id": "43089", "question": "what is the country 's national sport ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Rodeo" } ] }, { "id": "43090", "question": "what was the name of the sport that was played in the spanish conquest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "chueca" } ] }, { "id": "43091", "question": "who played a sport during the spanish conquest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "Mapuche people" } ] }, { "id": "43092", "question": "where are ski centers located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "Central Andes" } ] }, { "id": "43093", "question": "what are some southern ski centers in southern ski centers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 327, "text": "Osorno, Puerto Varas, Temuco and Punta Arenas" } ] }, { "id": "43094", "question": "when did the country give top prize in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 507, "text": "2008 and 2015 World Polo Championship" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Basketball is a popular sport in which Chile has earned a bronze medal in the first men's FIBA World Championship held in 1950 and winning a second bronze medal when Chile hosted the 1959 FIBA World Championship. Chile hosted the first FIBA World Championship for Women in 1953 finishing the tournament with the silver medal. San Pedro de Atacama is host to the annual \"Atacama Crossing\", a six-stage, footrace which annually attracts about 150 competitors from 35 countries. The Dakar Rally off-road automobilie race has been held in both Chile and Argentina since 2009.", "qas": [ { "id": "43095", "question": "in what year was the first men 's fiba world championship held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "1950" } ] }, { "id": "43096", "question": "in what year did chile host the first fiba world championship ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "1953" } ] }, { "id": "43097", "question": "who is host to the annual `` atacama crossing '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 326, "text": "San Pedro de Atacama" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The cultural heritage of Chile consists, first, of their intangible heritage, composed of various cultural events, such as visual arts, crafts, dances, holidays, cuisine, games, music and traditions, and, secondly, by its tangible, consists of those buildings, objects and sites of archaeological, architectural, traditional, artistic, ethnographic, folkloric, historical, religious or technological scattered through Chilean territory, among them, those goods are declared World Heritage Site by UNESCO, in accordance with the provisions of the Convention concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage of 1972, ratified by Chile in 1980. These cultural sites are the Rapa Nui National Park (1995), the Churches of Chilo\u00e9 (2000), the historical district of the port city of Valpara\u00edso (2003), Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works (2005) and the mining city Sewell (2006).", "qas": [ { "id": "43098", "question": "what is the cultural heritage of chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 474, "text": "World Heritage Site" } ] }, { "id": "43099", "question": "in what year was the world cultural and natural heritage of chile ratified ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 652, "text": "1980" } ] }, { "id": "43100", "question": "what is the name of the cultural park in 1995 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 687, "text": "Rapa Nui National Park" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1999 the \"Cultural Heritage Day\" was established as a way to honour and commemorate Chiles cultural heritage. It is an official national holiday celebrated in May every year.", "qas": [ { "id": "43101", "question": "when was the `` cultural heritage day '' established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1999" } ] }, { "id": "43102", "question": "what was established in 1999 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "Cultural Heritage Day" } ] }, { "id": "43103", "question": "what was the `` cultural heritage day '' established as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "honour and commemorate Chiles cultural heritage" } ] }, { "id": "43104", "question": "when was an official national holiday celebrated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "May every year" } ] } ] } ], "title": "Chile" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison's Democratic-Republican Party, the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by Andrew Jackson, making it the world's oldest active party.", "qas": [ { "id": "43105", "question": "who is one of the two major political parties in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Democratic Party" } ] }, { "id": "43106", "question": "who is the democratic party in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "Republican Party" } ] }, { "id": "43107", "question": "who did the modern-day democratic party tracing its heritage back to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "Thomas Jefferson and James Madison's Democratic-Republican Party" } ] }, { "id": "43108", "question": "when was the modern-day democratic party founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "1828" } ] }, { "id": "43109", "question": "who founded the democratic party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "Andrew Jackson" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Democrats' dominant worldview was once classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, populism was its leading characteristic. In the 1890s, under the influence of its three-time defeated presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan and the Populist Party, the party moved to the left from an economic point of view and, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, it has promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice.", "qas": [ { "id": "43110", "question": "what was the leading characteristic of the democrats ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "populism" } ] }, { "id": "43111", "question": "in what decade did william jennings move to the presidential candidate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "1890s" } ] }, { "id": "43112", "question": "who did the three-time defeated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "William Jennings Bryan and the Populist Party" } ] }, { "id": "43113", "question": "who promoted the new deal to the democrats ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 345, "text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business and southern conservative-populist anti-business wings. The New Deal Coalition of 1932\u20131964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction\u2014many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal of the 1930s the business wing withered outside the South. After the racial turmoil of the 1960s most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after 1970. White evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964. After 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved toward the party as well. The Northeast and West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there. Overall the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party (GOP).", "qas": [ { "id": "43114", "question": "when was the new deal coalition of recent european extraction ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "1932\u20131964" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, with a smaller minority of conservative Democrats.", "qas": [ { "id": "43115", "question": "what is the house democratic caucus composed of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "progressives and centrists" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The party's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy. These interventions, such as the introduction of social programs, support for labor unions, affordable college tuitions, moves toward universal health care and equal opportunity, consumer protection, and environmental protection form the core of the party's economic policy. The party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country such as Farmer\u2013Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota.", "qas": [ { "id": "43116", "question": "what does the philosophy of modern liberalism include ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "social and economic equality" } ] }, { "id": "43117", "question": "what are some of the labor unions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 310, "text": "moves toward universal health care and equal opportunity, consumer protection, and environmental protection form the core of the party's economic policy" } ] }, { "id": "43118", "question": "what are the names of the left-wing regional regional parties ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 556, "text": "Farmer\u2013Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Fourteen Democrats have served as president, under fifteen administrations: the first was Andrew Jackson, who served from 1829 to 1837; Grover Cleveland served two nonconsecutive terms from 1885 to 1889 and 1893 to 1897, and is thus counted as the 22nd and 24th President. The most recent is the incumbent, President Barack Obama, who has been in office since 2009 and whose term expires in 2017.", "qas": [ { "id": "43119", "question": "what was the name of the first president that was counted as the 22nd and 24th president ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "Andrew Jackson" } ] }, { "id": "43120", "question": "when did the first andrew jackson begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "1829 to 1837" } ] }, { "id": "43121", "question": "what is the name of the president that the first president counted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "22nd and 24th President" } ] }, { "id": "43122", "question": "who is the most recent incumbent president ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "President Barack Obama" } ] }, { "id": "43123", "question": "in what year did the term expires occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 391, "text": "2017" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 114th Congress, following the 2014 elections, Democrats hold a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds 18 governorships and control of a minority of state legislatures, as well as the mayoralty of Washington, D.C.", "qas": [ { "id": "43124", "question": "where does the 2014 elections occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 7, "text": "114th Congress" } ] }, { "id": "43125", "question": "what is the minority of the 114th congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "Democrats hold a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate" } ] }, { "id": "43126", "question": "how many governorships does the party have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "18" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and other influential opponents of the Federalists in 1792. That party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, with the election of Andrew Jackson. Since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been more liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times.", "qas": [ { "id": "43127", "question": "the democratic party traces to what party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "Democratic-Republican Party" } ] }, { "id": "43128", "question": "who founded the democratic-republican party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Thomas Jefferson, James Madison" } ] }, { "id": "43129", "question": "in what year was the federalists party founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "1792" } ] }, { "id": "43130", "question": "who was the election of the modern democratic party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 351, "text": "Andrew Jackson" } ] }, { "id": "43131", "question": "when was william jennings bryan positioned ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 417, "text": "1896" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Democratic Party evolved from the Jeffersonian Republican or Democratic-Republican Party organized by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in opposition to the Federalist party of Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. The party favored republicanism, a weak federal government, states' rights, agrarian interests (especially Southern planters) and strict adherence to the Constitution; it opposed a national bank, close ties to Great Britain, and business and banking interests. That party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800.", "qas": [ { "id": "43132", "question": "where did the democratic party of alexander and james madison come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "Jeffersonian Republican or Democratic-Republican Party" } ] }, { "id": "43133", "question": "who organized the jeffersonian republican or democratic-republican party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Thomas Jefferson and James Madison" } ] }, { "id": "43134", "question": "who was the federalist party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "Alexander Hamilton and John Adams" } ] }, { "id": "43135", "question": "what two interests did the democratic party have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 427, "text": "Great Britain, and business and banking interests" } ] }, { "id": "43136", "question": "what party came to power in the election of 1800 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 490, "text": "the Democratic-Republican Party" } ] }, { "id": "43137", "question": "when did the democratic-republican party begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 556, "text": "1800" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the only national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The era of one-party rule in the United States, known as the Era of Good Feelings, lasted from 1816 until the early 1830s, when the Whig Party became a national political group to rival the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own internal factions, however. They split over the choice of a successor to President James Monroe, and the party faction that supported many of the old Jeffersonian principles, led by Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren, became the modern Democratic Party. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828:\nOpposing factions led by Henry Clay helped form the Whig Party. The Democratic Party had a small but decisive advantage over the Whigs until the 1850s, when the Whigs fell apart over the issue of slavery. In 1854, angry with the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act, anti-slavery Democrats left the party and joined Northern Whigs to form the Republican Party.", "qas": [ { "id": "43138", "question": "what was the era of one-party rule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "Era of Good Feelings" } ] }, { "id": "43139", "question": "when did the era of good feelings end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "1816" } ] }, { "id": "43140", "question": "who was the president of the whig party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 472, "text": "President James Monroe" } ] }, { "id": "43141", "question": "who led the old jeffersonian principles ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 581, "text": "Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren" } ] }, { "id": "43142", "question": "in what year did norton start the transformation of the whig party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 695, "text": "1828" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Behind the platforms issued by state and national parties stood a widely shared political outlook that characterized the Democrats:\nThe Democrats split over the choice of a successor to President James Buchanan along Northern and Southern lines; factions of the party provided two separate candidacies for president in the election of 1860, in which the Republican Party gained ascendancy. The radical pro-slavery Fire-Eaters led a walkout at both the April Democratic convention in Charleston's Institute Hall and the June convention in Baltimore when the national party would not adopt a resolution supporting the extension of slavery into territories even if the voters of those territories did not want it. These Southern Democrats nominated the pro-slavery incumbent Vice President, John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky, for president and General Joseph Lane, former Governor of Oregon, for vice president. The Northern Democrats proceeded to nominate Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois for president and former Governor of Georgia Herschel V. Johnson for vice president, while some southern Democrats joined the Constitutional Union Party, backing its nominees (who had both been prominent Whig leaders), former Senator, Speaker of the House, and Secretary of War John Bell of Tennessee for president and the politician, statesman, and educator Edward Everett of Massachusetts for vice president. This fracturing of the Democrats led to a Republican victory, and Abraham Lincoln was elected the 16th President of the United States.", "qas": [ { "id": "43143", "question": "who did the democrats split over ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "President James Buchanan" } ] }, { "id": "43144", "question": "in what year did the party of the party lose ascendancy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 335, "text": "1860" } ] }, { "id": "43145", "question": "who led the national party hall ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 414, "text": "Fire-Eaters" } ] }, { "id": "43146", "question": "who was the former governor of oregon ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 788, "text": "John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky" } ] }, { "id": "43147", "question": "who was the former governor of oregon ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 840, "text": "General Joseph Lane" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As the American Civil War broke out, Northern Democrats were divided into War Democrats and Peace Democrats. The Confederate States of America, whose political leadership, mindful of the welter prevalent in antebellum American politics and with a pressing need for unity, largely viewed political parties as inimical to good governance; consequently the Confederacy had none, or at least none with the wide organization inherent to other American parties. Most War Democrats rallied to Republican President Abraham Lincoln and the Republicans' National Union Party in the election of 1864, which featured Andrew Johnson on the Republican ticket even though he was a Democrat from the South. Johnson replaced Lincoln in 1865, but stayed independent of both parties. The Democrats benefited from white Southerners' resentment of Reconstruction after the war and consequent hostility to the Republican Party. After Redeemers ended Reconstruction in the 1870s, and following the often extremely violent disenfranchisement of African Americans led by such white supremacist Democratic politicians as Benjamin Tillman of South Carolina in the 1880s and 1890s, the South, voting Democratic, became known as the \"Solid South\". Though Republicans won all but two presidential elections, the Democrats remained competitive. The party was dominated by pro-business Bourbon Democrats led by Samuel J. Tilden and Grover Cleveland, who represented mercantile, banking, and railroad interests; opposed imperialism and overseas expansion; fought for the gold standard; opposed bimetallism; and crusaded against corruption, high taxes, and tariffs. Cleveland was elected to non-consecutive presidential terms in 1884 and 1892.", "qas": [ { "id": "43148", "question": "what were northern democrats divided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "War Democrats and Peace Democrats" } ] }, { "id": "43149", "question": "in what year did the republicans ' national union rule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 584, "text": "1864" } ] }, { "id": "43150", "question": "who was the republican ticket in the election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 605, "text": "Andrew Johnson" } ] }, { "id": "43151", "question": "in what year did johnson acquire lincoln ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 719, "text": "1865" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Agrarian Democrats demanding Free Silver overthrew the Bourbon Democrats in 1896 and nominated William Jennings Bryan for the presidency (a nomination repeated by Democrats in 1900 and 1908). Bryan waged a vigorous campaign attacking Eastern moneyed interests, but he lost to the Republican William McKinley. The Democrats took control of the House in 1910 and elected Woodrow Wilson as president in 1912 and 1916. Wilson effectively led Congress to put to rest the issues of tariffs, money, and antitrust, which had dominated politics for 40 years, with new progressive laws.", "qas": [ { "id": "43152", "question": "what was the name of the agrarian democrats who overthrew the bourbon democrats ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "Free Silver" } ] }, { "id": "43153", "question": "in what year did the bourbon democrats leave the bourbon democrats ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "1896" } ] }, { "id": "43154", "question": "what was the name of the agrarian silver democrats nominated to the presidency ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "William Jennings Bryan" } ] }, { "id": "43155", "question": "who did bryan bryan to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 291, "text": "William McKinley" } ] }, { "id": "43156", "question": "when did the democrats take control of the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 352, "text": "1910" } ] }, { "id": "43157", "question": "who was elected president in 1912 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 369, "text": "Woodrow Wilson" } ] }, { "id": "43158", "question": "in what years did wilson become president of the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "1912 and 1916" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Great Depression in 1929 that occurred under Republican President Herbert Hoover and the Republican Congress set the stage for a more liberal government; the Democrats controlled the House of Representatives nearly uninterrupted from 1930 until 1994 and won most presidential elections until 1968. Franklin D. Roosevelt, elected to the presidency in 1932, came forth with government programs called the New Deal. New Deal liberalism meant the regulation of business (especially finance and banking) and the promotion of labor unions, as well as federal spending to aid to the unemployed, help distressed farmers, and undertake large-scale public works projects. It marked the start of the American welfare state. The opponents, who stressed opposition to unions, support for business, and low taxes, started calling themselves \"conservatives\".", "qas": [ { "id": "43159", "question": "when was the great depression ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "1929" } ] }, { "id": "43160", "question": "who set the great depression in 1929 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "Herbert Hoover and the Republican Congress" } ] }, { "id": "43161", "question": "in what year did the great depression end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "1994" } ] }, { "id": "43162", "question": "when did the great depression win most presidential elections ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "1968" } ] }, { "id": "43163", "question": "who came up with the new deal in 1932 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" } ] }, { "id": "43164", "question": "when did franklin d. roosevelt die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 354, "text": "1932" } ] }, { "id": "43165", "question": "what was the name of the government programs that came to the presidency in 1932 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 407, "text": "New Deal" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Until the 1980s, the Democratic Party was a coalition of two parties divided by the Mason\u2013Dixon line: liberal Democrats in the North and culturally conservative voters in the South, who though benefitting from many of the New Deal public works projects, opposed increasing Civil Rights initiatives advocated by Northeastern liberals. The polarization grew stronger after Roosevelt died. Southern Democrats formed a key part of the bipartisan conservative coalition in an alliance with most of the Midwestern Republicans. The economically activist philosophy of Franklin D. Roosevelt, which has strongly influenced American liberalism, shaped much of the party's economic agenda after 1932. From the 1930s to the mid-1960s, the liberal New Deal coalition usually controlled the Presidency while the conservative coalition usually controlled Congress.", "qas": [ { "id": "43166", "question": "what line divided the democratic party until the 1980s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "Mason\u2013Dixon line" } ] }, { "id": "43167", "question": "what was the name of the civil rights initiatives ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 311, "text": "Northeastern liberals" } ] }, { "id": "43168", "question": "who was the economically activist philosophy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 561, "text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Issues facing parties and the United States after World War II included the Cold War and the Civil Rights Movement. Republicans attracted conservatives and white Southerners from the Democratic coalition with their use of the Southern strategy and resistance to New Deal and Great Society liberalism. African Americans had traditionally supported the Republican Party because of the anti-slavery policies of Abraham Lincoln and the civil rights policies of his successors, such as Ulysses S. Grant. But they began supporting Democrats following the ascent of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration, the New Deal, the integration of the military and embrace of proposed civil rights legislation by President Harry Truman in 1947\u201348, and the postwar Civil Rights movement. The Democratic Party's main base of support shifted to the Northeast, marking a dramatic reversal of history.", "qas": [ { "id": "43169", "question": "what war included the cold war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "World War II" } ] }, { "id": "43170", "question": "what were the names of the issues facing parties facing parties and the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "Cold War and the Civil Rights Movement" } ] }, { "id": "43171", "question": "what did the republicans want to resistance to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "New Deal and Great Society liberalism" } ] }, { "id": "43172", "question": "who was the successors of lincoln ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 481, "text": "Ulysses S. Grant" } ] }, { "id": "43173", "question": "who began the ascent of the military ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 563, "text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" } ] }, { "id": "43174", "question": "who proposed the civil rights legislation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 699, "text": "President Harry Truman" } ] }, { "id": "43175", "question": "when did harry truman die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 725, "text": "1947\u201348" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The election of President John F. Kennedy from Massachusetts in 1960 was a partial reflection of this shift. In the campaign, Kennedy attracted a new generation of younger voters. In his agenda dubbed the New Frontier, Kennedy introduced a host of social programs and public works projects, along with enhanced support of the space program, proposing a manned spacecraft trip to the moon by the end of the decade. He pushed for civil rights initiatives and proposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, but with his assassination in November 1963, was not able to see its passage.\nKennedy's successor Lyndon B. Johnson was able to persuade the largely conservative congress to pass civil rights bill in 1964 and with a more progressive congress in 1965 passed much of the Great Society, which consisted of an array of social programs designed to help the poor. Kennedy and Johnson's advocacy of civil rights further solidified black support for the Democrats, but had the effect of alienating southern whites, who would eventually gravitate towards the Republican party, particularly after the election of Ronald Reagan to the presidency in 1980. The United States' involvement in the Vietnam War in the 1960s was another divisive issue that further fractured the fault lines of the Democrats' coalition. After Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in 1964, President Johnson committed a large contingency of combat troops to Vietnam, but the escalation failed to drive the Viet Cong from south Vietnam, resulting in an increasing quagmire, which by 1968 had become the subject of widespread anti-war protests in the United States and elsewhere. With increasing casualties and nightly news reports bringing home troubling images from Vietnam, the costly military engagement became increasingly unpopular, alienating many of the kinds of young voters that the Democrats had attracted the early 1960s. The protests that year along with assassinations of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Democratic presidential candidate Sen. Robert F. Kennedy (younger brother of John F. Kennedy) climaxed in turbulence at the hotly-contested Democratic National Convention that summer in Chicago (which, amongst the ensuing turmoil inside and outside of the convention hall, nominated Vice President Hubert Humphrey), in a series of events that proved to mark a significant turning point in the decline of the Democratic party's broad coalition.", "qas": [ { "id": "43176", "question": "who was the president of president in 1960 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "John F. Kennedy" } ] }, { "id": "43177", "question": "in what year did president john f. kennedy die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "1960" } ] }, { "id": "43178", "question": "who was kennedy 's successor to pass civil rights bill in 1964 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 594, "text": "Lyndon B. Johnson" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Republican presidential nominee Richard Nixon was able to capitalize on the Democrat's confusion that year and won the 1968 election to become the 37th president, and would win again in 1972 against Democratic nominee George McGovern, who like Robert Kennedy reached out to the younger anti-war and counterculture voters, but unlike Kennedy, was not able to appeal to the party's more traditional white working class constituencies. During Nixon's second term, his presidency was rocked by the Watergate scandal, which forced him to resign in 1974, being succeeded by vice president Gerald Ford, who served a brief tenure. Watergate offered the Democrats an opportunity to recoup, and their nominee Jimmy Carter won the 1976 presidential election. With the initial support of evangelical Christian voters in the South, Carter was temporarily able to re-unite the disparate factions within the party, but inflation and the Iran Hostage Crisis of 1979-1980 took their toll, resulting in a landside victory for Republican presidential nominee Ronald Reagan in 1980, which shifted the tectonic plates of the political landscape in favor of the Republicans for years to come.", "qas": [ { "id": "43179", "question": "who was able to capitalize on the 1968 election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "Richard Nixon" } ] }, { "id": "43180", "question": "in what year did nixon nixon win again ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "1972" } ] }, { "id": "43181", "question": "who did robert kennedy win in 1972 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "George McGovern" } ] }, { "id": "43182", "question": "who was the president of nixon in 1974 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 583, "text": "Gerald Ford" } ] }, { "id": "43183", "question": "who won the 1976 presidential election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 699, "text": "Jimmy Carter" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With the ascendancy of the Republicans under Ronald Reagan, the Democrats searched for ways to respond, but were unable to succeed by running traditional candidates, such as former Vice President and Democratic presidential nominee Walter Mondale who lost to Reagan in the 1984 presidential election. Many Democrats attached their hopes to the future star of Gary Hart, who had challenged Mondale in the 1984 primaries running on a theme of \"New Ideas\", and in the subsequent 1988 primaries, he became the de facto front-runner and virtual \"shoe-in\" for the Democratic presidential nomination, before his campaign was ended by a sex scandal. The party nevertheless began to seek out a younger generation of leaders, who like Hart had been inspired by the pragmatic idealism of John F. Kennedy and were sometimes dubbed \"neo-liberals\".", "qas": [ { "id": "43184", "question": "who was the leader of the democrats who lost the republicans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "Ronald Reagan" } ] }, { "id": "43185", "question": "what was the name of the president that the democrats searched for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "former Vice President and Democratic presidential nominee" } ] }, { "id": "43186", "question": "who lost the 1984 presidential election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "Walter Mondale" } ] }, { "id": "43187", "question": "who was the future star in 1984 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 359, "text": "Gary Hart" } ] }, { "id": "43188", "question": "who was the idealism of the party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 777, "text": "John F. Kennedy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Arkansas governor, Bill Clinton was one such figure and in 1992 after the Democratic nomination was elected president, labeling himself and governing as a \"New Democrat\". The party adopted a centrist economic but socially progressive agenda, with the voter base after Reagan having shifted considerably to the right. In an effort to appeal to both liberals and fiscal conservatives, Democrats began to advocate for a balanced budget and market economy tempered by government intervention (mixed economy), along with a continued emphasis on social justice and affirmative action. The economic policy adopted by the Democratic Party, including the former Clinton administration, has been referred to as \"Third Way\". The Democrats lost control of Congress in the election of 1994 to the Republican Party. Re-elected in 1996, Clinton was the first Democratic President since Franklin Roosevelt to be elected to two terms. Following twelve years of Republican rule, the Democrats regained majority control of both the House and the Senate in the 2006 elections.", "qas": [ { "id": "43189", "question": "when was bill clinton elected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "1992" } ] }, { "id": "43190", "question": "what was bill clinton 's nickname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "New Democrat" } ] }, { "id": "43191", "question": "what was the former clinton administration called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 702, "text": "Third Way" } ] }, { "id": "43192", "question": "in what year did the democrats lose control of congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 772, "text": "1994" } ] }, { "id": "43193", "question": "who was the first democratic president in 1996 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 871, "text": "Franklin Roosevelt" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the wake of the 2001 World Trade Center terrorist attacks and with growing concern over global warming, some of the party's key issues in the early 21st century have included the methods of how to combat terrorism, homeland security, expanding access to health care, labor rights, environmentalism, and the preservation of liberal government programs. Barack Obama won the Democratic party's nomination and was elected as the first African American president in 2008. The Democrats gained control of congress in the wake of the 2007 economic recession. The Democratic Party under the Obama presidency moved forward reforms including an Economic Stimulus package, the Dodd-Frank financial reform act, and the Affordable Care Act. In the 2010 elections, the Democratic Party lost control of the House and lost its majority in state legislatures and state governorships. The 2012 elections re-elected President Obama, but the party kept its minority in the House of Representatives. Later, in 2014, the party lost control of the Senate for the first time since 2006.\nAccording to a Pew Research poll, the Democratic Party has become more socially liberal and secular compared to how it was in 1987. Based on a poll conducted in 2014, Gallup found that 30% of Americans identified as Democrats, 23% as Republicans, and 45% as Independents. In the same poll, a survey of registered voters stated that 47% identified as Democrats or leaned towards the party; the same poll found that 40% of registered voters identified as Republicans or leaned towards the Republican party.", "qas": [ { "id": "43194", "question": "what percentage of americans identified as democrats , 23 % as republicans , and 45 % as democrats ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1252, "text": "30%" } ] }, { "id": "43195", "question": "what percentage of voters identified as democrats or leaned towards the party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1399, "text": "47%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Initially calling itself the \"Republican Party,\" Jeffersonians were labeled \"Democratic\" by the opposition Federalists, with the hope of stigmatizing them as purveyors of democracy or mob rule. By the Jacksonian era, the term \"The Democracy\" was in use by the party; the name \"Democratic Party\" was eventually settled upon\nand became the official name in 1844. Members of the party are called \"Democrats\" or \"Dems\".", "qas": [ { "id": "43196", "question": "in what year was the term `` democratic party '' settled ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 355, "text": "1844" } ] }, { "id": "43197", "question": "what are members of the party called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 393, "text": "\"Democrats\" or \"Dems\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The term \"Democrat Party\" has also been in local use but has usually been used by opponents since 1952 as an epithet.", "qas": [ { "id": "43198", "question": "what is the name of the term that has been used by opponents of opponents in 1952 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "Democrat Party" } ] }, { "id": "43199", "question": "what year was the term `` democrat party '' used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "1952" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The most common mascot symbol for the party has been the donkey, or jackass. Andrew Jackson's enemies twisted his name to \"jackass\" as a term of ridicule regarding a stupid and stubborn animal. However, the Democrats liked the common-man implications and picked it up too, so the image persisted and evolved. Its most lasting impression came from the cartoons of Thomas Nast from 1870 in \"Harper's Weekly\". Cartoonists followed Nast and used the donkey to represent the Democrats, and the elephant to represent the Republicans.", "qas": [ { "id": "43200", "question": "what was the term for ridicule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "jackass" } ] }, { "id": "43201", "question": "what was the term for andrew jackson 's name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "ridicule regarding a stupid and stubborn animal" } ] }, { "id": "43202", "question": "who was the most lasting impression of the democrats ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 363, "text": "Thomas Nast" } ] }, { "id": "43203", "question": "when did the cartoons of thomas nast occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 380, "text": "1870" } ] }, { "id": "43204", "question": "where did thomas nast come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 389, "text": "Harper's Weekly" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the early 20th century, the traditional symbol of the Democratic Party in Indiana, Kentucky, Oklahoma and Ohio was the rooster, as opposed to the Republican eagle. This symbol still appears on Oklahoma, Kentucky, Indiana, and West Virginia ballots. In New York, the Democratic ballot symbol is a five-pointed star.", "qas": [ { "id": "43205", "question": "where was the traditional symbol of the democratic party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Indiana, Kentucky, Oklahoma and Ohio" } ] }, { "id": "43206", "question": "what was the name of the traditional symbol of the democratic party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "rooster" } ] }, { "id": "43207", "question": "what was the name of the eagle party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "Republican eagle" } ] }, { "id": "43208", "question": "where is the symbol of the symbol of the symbol ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "Oklahoma, Kentucky, Indiana, and West Virginia ballots" } ] }, { "id": "43209", "question": "what is the democratic ballot symbol ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "a five-pointed star" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although both major political parties (and many minor ones) use the traditional American colors of red, white, and blue in their marketing and representations, since election night 2000, blue has become the identifying color for the Democratic Party, while red has become the identifying color for the Republican Party. That night, for the first time, all major broadcast television networks used the same color scheme for the electoral map: blue states for Al Gore (Democratic nominee) and red states for George W. Bush (Republican nominee). Since then, the color blue has been widely used by the media to represent the party. This is contrary to common practice outside of the United States where blue is the traditional color of the right and red the color of the left. For example, in Canada, red represents the Liberals, while blue represents the Conservatives. In the United Kingdom, red denotes the Labour Party and blue symbolizes the Conservative Party. Blue has also been used both by party supporters for promotional efforts\u2014ActBlue, BuyBlue, BlueFund, as examples\u2014and by the party itself in 2006 both for its \"Red to Blue Program\", created to support Democratic candidates running against Republican incumbents in the midterm elections that year, and on its official website.", "qas": [ { "id": "43210", "question": "who was the republican nominee in the electoral map ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 506, "text": "George W. Bush" } ] }, { "id": "43211", "question": "what does red denotes in the united kingdom ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 906, "text": "Labour Party and blue symbolizes the Conservative Party" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In September 2010, the Democratic Party unveiled its new logo, which featured a blue D inside a blue circle. It was the party's first official logo, as the donkey logo had only been semi-official.", "qas": [ { "id": "43212", "question": "when did the democratic party unveiled its new logo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "September 2010" } ] }, { "id": "43213", "question": "what did the democratic party unveiled in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "blue D inside a blue circle" } ] }, { "id": "43214", "question": "what was the donkey logo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "semi-official" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Jefferson-Jackson Day is the annual fundraising event (dinner) held by Democratic Party organizations across the United States. It is named after Presidents Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson, whom the party regards as its distinguished early leaders.", "qas": [ { "id": "43215", "question": "what is the annual fundraising event in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Jefferson-Jackson Day" } ] }, { "id": "43216", "question": "who held the fundraising event ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "Democratic Party organizations across the United States" } ] }, { "id": "43217", "question": "who is the party named after ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "Presidents Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The song \"Happy Days Are Here Again\" is the unofficial song of the Democratic Party. It was used prominently when Franklin D. Roosevelt was nominated for president at the 1932 Democratic National Convention and remains a sentimental favorite for Democrats today. For example, Paul Shaffer played the theme on the Late Show with David Letterman after the Democrats won Congress in 2006. \"Don't Stop\" by Fleetwood Mac was adopted by Bill Clinton's presidential campaign in 1992, and has endured as a popular Democratic song. Also, the emotionally similar song \"Beautiful Day\" by the band U2 has become a favorite theme song for Democratic candidates. John Kerry used the song during his 2004 presidential campaign, and several Democratic Congressional candidates used it as a celebratory tune in 2006.", "qas": [ { "id": "43218", "question": "what is the unofficial song of the democratic party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "Happy Days Are Here Again" } ] }, { "id": "43219", "question": "who was nominated for president at the 1932 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" } ] }, { "id": "43220", "question": "where was roosevelt nominated for president ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "1932 Democratic National Convention" } ] }, { "id": "43221", "question": "who was the theme of the theme of the late show ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "David Letterman" } ] }, { "id": "43222", "question": "when was bill clinton adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 471, "text": "1992" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 2016 campaign of US Democratic Party presidential candidate Bernie Sanders used the hopeful Simon & Garfunkel song \"America\" for one of its campaign advertisements, with the complete permission of the still-active duo of popular American musicians. As a traditional anthem for its Presidential nominating convention, Aaron Copland's \"Fanfare for the Common Man\" is traditionally performed at the beginning of the Democratic National Convention.", "qas": [ { "id": "43223", "question": "who was the us democratic party presidential candidate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "Bernie Sanders" } ] }, { "id": "43224", "question": "who was the song `` america '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "Simon & Garfunkel" } ] }, { "id": "43225", "question": "what is the presidential nominating convention ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 321, "text": "Aaron Copland's \"Fanfare for the Common Man" } ] }, { "id": "43226", "question": "where is aaron performed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 417, "text": "Democratic National Convention" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Democratic National Committee (DNC) is responsible for promoting Democratic campaign activities. While the DNC is responsible for overseeing the process of writing the Democratic Platform, the DNC is more focused on campaign and organizational strategy than public policy. In presidential elections, it supervises the Democratic National Convention. The national convention is, subject to the charter of the party, the ultimate authority within the Democratic Party when it is in session, with the DNC running the party's organization at other times. The DNC is chaired by Louisiana professor, author, and columnist Donna Brazile.", "qas": [ { "id": "43227", "question": "what does dnc stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Democratic National Committee" } ] }, { "id": "43228", "question": "what is the democratic national committee responsible for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "promoting Democratic campaign activities" } ] }, { "id": "43229", "question": "what is the name of the presidential elections in presidential elections ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "Democratic National Convention" } ] }, { "id": "43230", "question": "who is the louisiana professor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 620, "text": "Donna Brazile" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Each state also has a state committee, made up of elected committee members as well as ex-officio committee members (usually elected officials and representatives of major constituencies), which in turn elects a chair. County, town, city, and ward committees generally are composed of individuals elected at the local level. State and local committees often coordinate campaign activities within their jurisdiction, oversee local conventions and in some cases primaries or caucuses, and may have a role in nominating candidates for elected office under state law. Rarely do they have much funding, but in 2005, DNC Chairman Dean began a program (called the \"50 State Strategy\") of using DNC national funds to assist all state parties and pay for full-time professional staffers.", "qas": [ { "id": "43231", "question": "what is the name of the state members of elected committee ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "ex-officio committee members" } ] }, { "id": "43232", "question": "what are ward committees composed of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "individuals elected at the local level" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC) assists party candidates in House races; its current chairman (selected by the party caucus) is Rep. Steve Israel of New York. Similarly, the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee (DSCC), headed by Senator Patty Murray of Washington, raises large sums for Senate races. The Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee (DLCC), chaired by Mike Gronstal of Iowa, is a smaller organization with much less funding that focuses on state legislative races. The DNC sponsors the College Democrats of America (CDA), a student-outreach organization with the goal of training and engaging a new generation of Democratic activists. Democrats Abroad is the organization for Americans living outside the United States; they work to advance the goals of the party and encourage Americans living abroad to support the Democrats. The Young Democrats of America (YDA) is a youth-led organization that attempts to draw in and mobilize young people for Democratic candidates, but operates outside of the DNC. The Democratic Governors Association (DGA), chaired by Governor Peter Shumlin of Vermont, is an organization supporting the candidacies of Democratic gubernatorial nominees and incumbents. Likewise, the mayors of the largest cities and urban centers convene as the National Conference of Democratic Mayors.", "qas": [ { "id": "43233", "question": "who is the chairman of house races ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee" } ] }, { "id": "43234", "question": "what is the name of the current chairman of new haven ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "Rep. Steve Israel of New York" } ] }, { "id": "43235", "question": "what was the name of the campaign that murray of washington university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee" } ] }, { "id": "43236", "question": "who headed the democratic senatorial campaign ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "Senator Patty Murray of Washington" } ] }, { "id": "43237", "question": "what is the name of the committee that focuses on state legislative races ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 332, "text": "Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee" } ] }, { "id": "43238", "question": "who chaired the democratic legislative campaign ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 393, "text": "Mike Gronstal of Iowa" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Upon foundation, the Democratic Party supported agrarianism, and the Jacksonian democracy movement of President Andrew Jackson, representing farmers and rural interests, and traditional Jeffersonian democrats. Since the 1890s, the party has favored liberal positions (the term \"liberal\" in this sense describes modern liberalism, rather than classical liberalism or economic liberalism). In recent exit polls, the Democratic Party has had broad appeal across all socio-ethno-economic demographics.", "qas": [ { "id": "43239", "question": "who was the democracy movement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "President Andrew Jackson" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Historically, the party has represented farmers, laborers, labor unions, and religious and ethnic minorities; it has opposed unregulated business and finance, and favored progressive income taxes. In foreign policy, internationalism (including interventionism) was a dominant theme from 1913 to the mid-1960s. In the 1930s, the party began advocating welfare spending programs targeted at the poor. The party had a fiscally conservative, pro-business wing, typified by Grover Cleveland and Al Smith, and a Southern conservative wing that shrank after President Lyndon B. Johnson supported the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The major influences for liberalism were labor unions (which peaked in the 1936\u20131952 era), and the African American wing, which has steadily grown since the 1960s. Since the 1970s, environmentalism has been a major new component.", "qas": [ { "id": "43240", "question": "what was a dominant theme from 1913 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "internationalism" } ] }, { "id": "43241", "question": "what was the dominant theme from 1913 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "interventionism" } ] }, { "id": "43242", "question": "in what year was a dominant theme of foreign policy a dominant theme ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "1913" } ] }, { "id": "43243", "question": "who typified the conservative wing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 469, "text": "Grover Cleveland and Al Smith" } ] }, { "id": "43244", "question": "what was the name of the act that johnson supported ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 593, "text": "Civil Rights Act of 1964" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Democratic Party, once dominant in the Southeastern United States, is now strongest in the Northeast (Mid-Atlantic and New England), Great Lakes region, and the West Coast (including Hawaii). The Democrats are also very strong in major cities (regardless of region).", "qas": [ { "id": "43245", "question": "who is now dominant in the southeastern united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Democratic Party" } ] }, { "id": "43246", "question": "where is the democratic party located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Southeastern United States" } ] }, { "id": "43247", "question": "where is the democratic party located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "Northeast (Mid-Atlantic and New England" } ] }, { "id": "43248", "question": "what are the names of the democratic party in hawaii ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "Great Lakes region, and the West Coast" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Social scientists Theodore Caplow et al. argue, \"the Democratic party, nationally, moved from left-center toward the center in the 1940s and 1950s, then moved further toward the right-center in the 1970s and 1980s.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "43249", "question": "who is the social scientists that moved from the center of the 1940s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "Theodore Caplow et al" } ] }, { "id": "43250", "question": "when did the democratic party move from the center ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "1940s and 1950s" } ] }, { "id": "43251", "question": "when did the democratic party move further toward the democratic party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "1970s and 1980s" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Centrist Democrats, or New Democrats, are an ideologically centrist faction within the Democratic Party that emerged after the victory of Republican George H. W. Bush in the 1988 presidential election. They are an economically liberal and \"Third Way\" faction which dominated the party for around 20 years starting in the late 1980s after the US populace turned much further to the political right. They are represented by organizations such as the New Democrat Network and the New Democrat Coalition.\nThe New Democrat Coalition is a pro-business, pro-growth, and fiscally conservative congressional coalition. Compared to other Democratic factions, they are mostly more supportive of the use of military force, including the war in Iraq, are more supportive of free trade, and are more willing to reduce government welfare, as indicated by their support for welfare reform and tax cuts.", "qas": [ { "id": "43252", "question": "who emerged in the 1988 presidential election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "Republican George H. W. Bush" } ] }, { "id": "43253", "question": "what are some of the organizations that are represented by the new democrat ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 448, "text": "New Democrat Network and the New Democrat Coalition" } ] }, { "id": "43254", "question": "what is the name of the coalition that is a pro-business ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 501, "text": "The New Democrat Coalition" } ] } ] }, { "context": "One of the most influential centrist groups was the Democratic Leadership Council (DLC), a nonprofit organization that advocated centrist positions for the party. The DLC hailed President Bill Clinton as proof of the viability of \"Third Way\" politicians and a DLC success story, the DLC disbanded in 2011. Much of the former DLC is now represented in the think tank Third Way.", "qas": [ { "id": "43255", "question": "who was one of the most influential centrist groups ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "Democratic Leadership Council" } ] }, { "id": "43256", "question": "what was the name of the story that was given to president bill clinton ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "Third Way\" politicians and a DLC success story" } ] }, { "id": "43257", "question": "in what year was the president of the president disbanded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 300, "text": "2011" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While not representing a majority of the Democratic Party electorate, a decent amount of Democratic elected officials have self declared as being centrists. Some of these Democrats are former President Bill Clinton, former Vice President Al Gore, Senator Mark Warner, former Pennsylvania governor Ed Rendell, former senator Jim Webb, Vice President Joe Biden, congresswoman Ann Kirkpatrick and former congressman Dave McCurdy.", "qas": [ { "id": "43258", "question": "who was senator mark warner mark ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "Ed Rendell" } ] }, { "id": "43259", "question": "who was the former congressman of president bill ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 413, "text": "Dave McCurdy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The New Democrat Network supports socially moderate, fiscally conservative Democratic politicians and operates the congressional New Democrat Coalition in the House and Senate. Congressman Ron Kind is the chairperson of the coalition and former Senator and 2016 Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton was a member while in Congress. Before he became President, Senator Barack Obama was self-described as a New Democrat.", "qas": [ { "id": "43260", "question": "what is the name of the new democrat network ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "fiscally conservative Democratic politicians and operates the congressional New Democrat Coalition in the House and Senate" } ] }, { "id": "43261", "question": "who is congressman ron kind ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "the chairperson of the coalition and former Senator and 2016 Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton" } ] }, { "id": "43262", "question": "what was obama 's president ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 415, "text": "New Democrat" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A Conservative Democrat is a member of the Democratic Party with conservative political views, or with views relatively conservative with respect to those of the national party. While such members of the Democratic Party can be found throughout the nation, actual elected officials are disproportionately found within the Southern states, and to a lesser extent within rural regions of the United States generally, more commonly in the West.\nHistorically, Southern Democrats were generally much more ideologically conservative than conservative Democrats are now.", "qas": [ { "id": "43263", "question": "who is a member of the democratic party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "A Conservative Democrat" } ] }, { "id": "43264", "question": "what is a conservative democrat ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Democratic Party with conservative political views" } ] }, { "id": "43265", "question": "what is a conservative democrat ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "views relatively conservative with respect to those of the national party" } ] }, { "id": "43266", "question": "what is elected about the democratic party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "actual elected officials are disproportionately found within the Southern states" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many conservative Southern Democrats defected to the Republican Party, beginning with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the general leftward shift of the party. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina, Billy Tauzin of Louisiana, Kent Hance and Ralph Hall of Texas, and Richard Shelby of Alabama are examples of this. The influx of conservative Democrats into the Republican Party is often cited as a reason for the GOP's shift further to the right during the late 20th century, as well as the shift of its base from the Northeast and Midwest to the South.", "qas": [ { "id": "43267", "question": "what was the name of the act of the republican party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "Civil Rights Act of 1964" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Democratic Party had a conservative element, mostly from the South and Border regions, into the 1980s. Their numbers declined sharply as the Republican Party built up its Southern base. They were sometimes humorously called \"Yellow dog Democrats,\" or \"boll weevils,\" \"Dixiecrats.\" In the House, they form the Blue Dog Coalition, a caucus of fiscal conservatives and social conservatives and moderates, primarily southerners, willing to broker compromises with the Republican leadership. They have acted as a unified voting bloc in the past, giving its forty plus members some ability to change legislation.", "qas": [ { "id": "43268", "question": "where did the democratic party come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "South and Border regions" } ] }, { "id": "43269", "question": "what were boll weevils sometimes humorously called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "Yellow dog Democrats" } ] }, { "id": "43270", "question": "what is the name of the coalition in the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 313, "text": "Blue Dog Coalition" } ] }, { "id": "43271", "question": "what did the unified voting bloc do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 545, "text": "giving its forty plus members some ability to change legislation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There was a split vote among many conservative Southern Democrats in the 1970s and 1980s. Some supported local and statewide conservative Democrats while simultaneously voting for Republican presidential candidates.", "qas": [ { "id": "43272", "question": "in what years did there become a vote for many conservative southern democrats ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "1970s and 1980s" } ] }, { "id": "43273", "question": "what types of democrats were supported by some republican candidates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "local and statewide conservative Democrats" } ] }, { "id": "43274", "question": "what type of candidates did some conservative democrats use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "Republican presidential candidates" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Social liberals (modern liberals) and progressives constitute the majority of the Democratic voter base. Liberals thereby form the largest united demographic within the Democratic base. According to the 2012 exit poll results, liberals constituted 25% of the electorate, and 86% of American liberals favored the candidate of the Democratic Party. White-collar college-educated professionals were mostly Republican until the 1950s; they now compose a vital component of the Democratic Party.", "qas": [ { "id": "43275", "question": "what percentage of the electorate was liberals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "25%" } ] }, { "id": "43276", "question": "what percentage of american liberals favored the candidate of the democratic party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "86%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A large majority of liberals favor universal health care, with many supporting a single-payer system. A majority also favor diplomacy over military action, stem cell research, the legalization of same-sex marriage, stricter gun control, and environmental protection laws as well as the preservation of abortion rights. Immigration and cultural diversity is deemed positive; liberals favor cultural pluralism, a system in which immigrants retain their native culture in addition to adopting their new culture. They tend to be divided on free trade agreements and organizations such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Most liberals oppose increased military spending and the mixing of church and state.", "qas": [ { "id": "43277", "question": "what are some of the legalization of abortion rights ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "stricter gun control, and environmental protection laws" } ] }, { "id": "43278", "question": "what is the name of the liberals that retain their native culture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 374, "text": "liberals favor cultural pluralism" } ] }, { "id": "43279", "question": "what is the purpose of cultural pluralism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 427, "text": "immigrants retain their native culture in addition to adopting their new culture" } ] }, { "id": "43280", "question": "what does nafta stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 588, "text": "North American Free Trade Agreement" } ] } ] }, { "context": "This ideological group differs from the traditional organized labor base. According to the Pew Research Center, a plurality of 41% resided in mass affluent households and 49% were college graduates, the highest figure of any typographical group. It was also the fastest growing typological group between the late 1990s and early 2000s. Liberals include most of academia and large portions of the professional class.", "qas": [ { "id": "43281", "question": "what percentage of mass affluent households resided in mass affluent households ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "41%" } ] }, { "id": "43282", "question": "what percentage of college graduates were college graduates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "49%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Progressives are a left-leaning, pro-labor union faction in the party who have long supported a strong regulation of business, social-welfare programs, and workers' rights. Many progressive Democrats are descendants of the New Left of Democratic presidential candidate Senator George McGovern of South Dakota; others were involved in the 2016 presidential candidacy of Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders.", "qas": [ { "id": "43283", "question": "what are many progressive democrats descendants of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "New Left of Democratic presidential candidate Senator George McGovern of South Dakota" } ] }, { "id": "43284", "question": "who was the senator 's presidential candidacy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 369, "text": "Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2014, progressive Senator Elizabeth Warren set out an \"Eleven Commandments of Progressivism\", being tougher regulation on corporations, affordable education, scientific investment and environmentalism, network neutrality, increased wages, equal pay, collective bargaining rights, defending social safety-net programs, marriage equality, immigration reform, and unabridged access to reproductive healthcare. Additionally, progressives strongly oppose political corruption, and therefore seek to advance electoral reform including campaign finance reform and voting rights. Today many progressives have made a fight against economic inequality their top priority. Progressives are generally considered to be synonymous with Liberals; however, the two groups differ on a variety of issues.", "qas": [ { "id": "43285", "question": "when did progressive senator warren set out an `` eleven commandments of progressivism '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2014" } ] }, { "id": "43286", "question": "who was progressive senator in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "Senator Elizabeth Warren" } ] }, { "id": "43287", "question": "what did progressive senator warren set out in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "Eleven Commandments of Progressivism" } ] }, { "id": "43288", "question": "what were the equal commandments of elizabeth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 321, "text": "marriage equality, immigration reform, and unabridged access to reproductive healthcare" } ] }, { "id": "43289", "question": "what were progressives strongly seek to advance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 532, "text": "campaign finance reform and voting rights" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Congressional Progressive Caucus is a caucus of progressive Democrats, and is the single largest Democratic caucus in the House of Representatives. Its current chairs are Keith Ellison of Minnesota and Ra\u00fal Grijalva of Arizona. Its members have included Representatives Dennis Kucinich of Ohio, John Conyers of Michigan, Jim McDermott of Washington, John Lewis of Georgia, Barbara Lee of California, and the late Senator Paul Wellstone of Minnesota. Senators Sherrod Brown of Ohio, Tammy Baldwin of Wisconsin, Mazie Hirono of Hawaii, and Ed Markey of Massachusetts were all members of the caucus when in the House of Representatives. Today, no Democratic Senators belong to the Progressive Caucus; however, Independent Senator Bernie Sanders is a member.", "qas": [ { "id": "43290", "question": "what is the single largest democratic caucus in the house of representatives ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Congressional Progressive Caucus" } ] }, { "id": "43291", "question": "what are the current chairs in arizona ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "Keith Ellison of Minnesota and Ra\u00fal Grijalva of Arizona" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Social policy:", "qas": [] }, { "context": "Equal economic opportunity, a base social safety net provided by the welfare state, and strong labor unions have historically been at the heart of Democratic economic policy. The welfare state supports a progressive tax system, higher minimum wages, social security, universal health care, public education, and public housing. They also support infrastructure development and government sponsored employment programs in an effort to achieve economic development and job creation, while stimulating private sector job creation. Additionally however, since the 1990s the party has at times supported centrist economic reforms, which cut the size of government and reduced market regulations. The party has continuously rejected laissez-faire economics as well as market socialism, instead favoring Keynesian economics within a capitalist market-based system.", "qas": [ { "id": "43292", "question": "what are the minimum wages system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "universal health care, public education, and public housing" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Democrats support a more progressive tax structure to provide more services and reduce economic inequality by making sure that the wealthiest Americans pay the highest amount in taxes. Democrats support more government spending on social services while spending less on the military. They oppose the cutting of social services, such as Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, and various other welfare programs, believing it to be harmful to efficiency and social justice. Democrats believe the benefits of social services, in monetary and non-monetary terms, are a more productive labor force and cultured population, and believe that the benefits of this are greater than any benefits that could be derived from lower taxes, especially on top earners, or cuts to social services. Furthermore, Democrats see social services as essential towards providing positive freedom, i.e. freedom derived from economic opportunity. The Democratic-led House of Representatives reinstated the PAYGO (pay-as-you-go) budget rule at the start of the 110th Congress.", "qas": [ { "id": "43293", "question": "how do democrats support a more progressive tax structure ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "making sure that the wealthiest Americans pay the highest amount in taxes" } ] }, { "id": "43294", "question": "what are some examples of programs that believing social justice ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 336, "text": "Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, and various other welfare programs" } ] }, { "id": "43295", "question": "what do medicaid , medicare and medicare do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 409, "text": "believing it to be harmful to efficiency and social justice" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Democratic Party favors raising the minimum wage and believes that all Americans have the right to a fair wage. They call for a $10.10/hour national minimum wage and think the minimum wage should be adjusted regularly. The Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 was an early component of the Democrats' agenda during the 110th Congress. In 2006, the Democrats supported six state ballot initiatives to increase the minimum wage; all six initiatives passed.", "qas": [ { "id": "43296", "question": "what is the call wage for the democratic party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "$10.10/hour national minimum wage and think the minimum wage should be adjusted regularly" } ] }, { "id": "43297", "question": "what was the early component of the democrats ' agenda ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007" } ] }, { "id": "43298", "question": "in what year did the democrats supported six state ballot ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 335, "text": "2006" } ] }, { "id": "43299", "question": "how many initiatives were passed in 2006 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 424, "text": "all six initiatives passed" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Democrats call for \"affordable and quality health care,\" and many advocate an expansion of government intervention in this area. Democrats favor national health insurance or universal health care in a variety of forms to address the rising costs of modern health insurance. Some Democrats, such as Representatives John Conyers and John Dingell, have called for a single-payer program of Medicare for All. The Progressive Democrats of America, a group operating inside the Democratic Party, has made single-payer universal health care one of their primary policy goals. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, signed into law by President Obama on March 23, 2010, has been one of the most significant pushes for universal health care to become a reality. By April 2014, more than 10 million Americans had enrolled in healthcare coverage since the launch of the Affordable Care Act.", "qas": [ { "id": "43300", "question": "what are the democrats call democrats call ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "affordable and quality health care" } ] }, { "id": "43301", "question": "which democrats have called a program of medicare ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "Representatives John Conyers and John Dingell" } ] }, { "id": "43302", "question": "what is the progressive democrats of america ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 443, "text": "a group operating inside the Democratic Party" } ] }, { "id": "43303", "question": "when was the patient protection and affordable care act signed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 655, "text": "March 23, 2010" } ] }, { "id": "43304", "question": "how many americans had enrolled in healthcare coverage ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 787, "text": "10 million" } ] }, { "id": "43305", "question": "what was the launch of the launch of the april 2014 act ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 868, "text": "Affordable Care Act" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Democrats favor improving public education by raising school standards and reforming the head start program. They also support universal preschool and expanding access to primary education, including through charter schools. They call for slashes in student loan debt and support reforms to force down tuition fees. Other proposed reforms have included nationwide universal preschool education, tuition-free college, and reform of standardized testing. Democrats have the long-term aim of having low-cost, publicly funded college education with low tuition fees (like in much of Europe and Canada), which should be available to every eligible American student. Alternatively, they encourage expanding access to post-secondary education by increasing state funding for student financial aid such as Pell Grants and college tuition tax deductions.", "qas": [ { "id": "43306", "question": "how do democrats favor public education ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "raising school standards and reforming the head start program" } ] }, { "id": "43307", "question": "what did the democrats call for student fees ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "student loan debt and support reforms to force down tuition fees" } ] }, { "id": "43308", "question": "what were some of the financial aid in the student ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 798, "text": "Pell Grants and college tuition tax deductions" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Democrats believe that the government should protect the environment and have a history of environmentalism. In more recent years, this stance has had as its emphasis alternative energy generation as the basis for an improved economy, greater national security, and general environmental benefits.", "qas": [ { "id": "43309", "question": "what are some of the improved economy in more recent years ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 235, "text": "greater national security, and general environmental benefits" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Democratic Party also favors expansion of conservation lands and encourages open space and rail travel to relieve highway and airport congestion and improve air quality and economy; it \"believe[s] that communities, environmental interests, and government should work together to protect resources while ensuring the vitality of local economies. Once Americans were led to believe they had to make a choice between the economy and the environment. They now know this is a false choice.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "43310", "question": "who favors expansion of conservation lands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Democratic Party" } ] }, { "id": "43311", "question": "what does the democratic party expansion expansion of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "conservation lands and encourages open space and rail travel to relieve highway and airport congestion and improve air quality and economy" } ] }, { "id": "43312", "question": "what do the democratic party believe the democratic party should do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "communities, environmental interests, and government should work together to protect resources" } ] }, { "id": "43313", "question": "what were the americans led to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 376, "text": "believe they had to make a choice between the economy and the environment" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The most important environmental concern of the Democratic Party is climate change. Democrats, most notably former Vice President Al Gore, have pressed for stern regulation of greenhouse gases. On October 15, 2007, he won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to build greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and laying the foundations for the measures needed to counteract these changes asserting that \"the climate crisis is not a political issue, it is a moral and spiritual challenge to all of humanity.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "43314", "question": "what is the most important environmental concern ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "climate change" } ] }, { "id": "43315", "question": "who have pressed for stern regulation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "Vice President Al Gore" } ] }, { "id": "43316", "question": "when did he win the nobel peace prize ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "October 15, 2007" } ] }, { "id": "43317", "question": "what did he win on october 15 , 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "Nobel Peace Prize" } ] }, { "id": "43318", "question": "what did he sell the nobel peace prize for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 293, "text": "man-made climate change" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Democrats have supported increased domestic renewable energy development, including wind and solar power farms, in an effort to reduce carbon pollution. The party's platform calls for an \"all of the above\" energy policy including clean energy, natural gas and domestic oil, with the desire of becoming energy independent. The party has supported higher taxes on oil companies and increased regulations on coal power plants, favoring a policy of reducing long-term reliance on fossil fuels. Additionally, the party supports stricter fuel emissions standards to prevent air pollution.", "qas": [ { "id": "43319", "question": "what have supported increased domestic renewable energy development ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "wind and solar power farms" } ] }, { "id": "43320", "question": "what does the platform calls for an `` all of the above '' energy policy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "clean energy, natural gas and domestic oil" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many Democrats support fair trade policies when it comes to the issue of international trade agreements, and some in the party have started supporting free trade in recent decades. In the 1990s, the Clinton administration and a number of prominent Democrats pushed through a number of agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Since then, the party's shift away from free trade became evident in the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) vote, with 15 House Democrats voting for the agreement and 187 voting against.", "qas": [ { "id": "43321", "question": "what does nafta stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "North American Free Trade Agreement" } ] }, { "id": "43322", "question": "where did the party 's shift away from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 426, "text": "Central American Free Trade Agreement" } ] }, { "id": "43323", "question": "what did the party 's shift away from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 483, "text": "15 House Democrats voting for the agreement and 187 voting against" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The modern Democratic party emphasizes egalitarianism and social equality through liberalism. They support voting rights and minority rights, including LGBT rights, multiculturalism, and religious secularism. A longstanding social policy is upholding civil rights, which affect ethnic and racial minorities and includes voting rights, equal opportunity, and racial equality. The party championed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which for the first time outlawed segregation. Democrats made civil rights and anti-racism a core party philosophy. Carmines and Stimson say, \"the Democratic Party appropriated racial liberalism and assumed federal responsibility for ending racial discrimination.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "43324", "question": "what are the modern democratic party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "egalitarianism and social equality through liberalism" } ] }, { "id": "43325", "question": "what are some minority rights and minority rights and minority rights ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "LGBT rights, multiculturalism, and religious secularism" } ] }, { "id": "43326", "question": "what is a longstanding social policy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "civil rights" } ] }, { "id": "43327", "question": "what are the civil rights of a civil policy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "ethnic and racial minorities and includes voting rights, equal opportunity, and racial equality" } ] }, { "id": "43328", "question": "what was the name of the act that outlawed segregation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "Civil Rights Act of 1964" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ideological social elements in the party include cultural liberalism, civil libertarianism, and feminism. Other Democratic social policies are internationalism, open immigration, electoral reform, and women's reproductive rights.", "qas": [ { "id": "43329", "question": "what are ideological social elements in the party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "cultural liberalism, civil libertarianism, and feminism" } ] }, { "id": "43330", "question": "what are some democratic social policies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "internationalism, open immigration, electoral reform, and women's reproductive rights" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Democratic Party supports equal opportunity for all Americans regardless of sex, age, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, religion, creed, or national origin. Many Democrats support affirmative action programs to further this goal. Democrats also strongly support the Americans with Disabilities Act to prohibit discrimination against people based on physical or mental disability. As such, the Democrats pushed as well the ADA Amendments Act of 2008, a legal expansion that became law.", "qas": [ { "id": "43331", "question": "what do the democratic party supports equal opportunity for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "sex, age, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, religion, creed, or national origin" } ] }, { "id": "43332", "question": "what do democrats strongly support ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": "Disabilities Act to prohibit discrimination against people based on physical or mental disability" } ] }, { "id": "43333", "question": "what was the name of the act that became law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 446, "text": "ADA Amendments Act of 2008" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The party is very supportive of improving voting rights as well as election accuracy and accessibility. They support ending voter ID laws and increasing voting time, including making election day a holiday. They support reforming the electoral system to eliminate gerrymandering as well as passing comprehensive campaign finance reform. They supported the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and as a party have often been pioneers for democracy in the United States.", "qas": [ { "id": "43334", "question": "what is the party very supportive of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "improving voting rights" } ] }, { "id": "43335", "question": "why is the party very supportive of the party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "election accuracy and accessibility" } ] }, { "id": "43336", "question": "what is the election of the party support ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "making election day a holiday" } ] }, { "id": "43337", "question": "why did the party support the electoral system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "passing comprehensive campaign finance reform" } ] }, { "id": "43338", "question": "what was the name of the act that supported democracy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 356, "text": "Voting Rights Act of 1965" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Democratic Party believe that all women should have access to birth control, and support public funding of contraception for poor women. The Democratic Party, in its national platforms from 1992 to 2004, has called for abortion to be \"safe, legal and rare\"\u2014namely, keeping it legal by rejecting laws that allow governmental interference in abortion decisions, and reducing the number of abortions by promoting both knowledge of reproduction and contraception, and incentives for adoption. The wording changed in the 2008 platform. When Congress voted on the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act in 2003, Congressional Democrats were split, with a minority (including current Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid) supporting the ban, and the majority of Democrats opposing the legislation.", "qas": [ { "id": "43339", "question": "what do the democratic party believe all women should do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Democratic Party believe that all women should have access to birth control, and support public funding of contraception for poor women" } ] }, { "id": "43340", "question": "when did the democratic party of the democratic party begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "1992 to 2004" } ] }, { "id": "43341", "question": "what is the democratic party called in 1992 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "abortion to be \"safe, legal and rare\"\u2014namely" } ] }, { "id": "43342", "question": "what does the democratic party do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "keeping it legal by rejecting laws that allow governmental interference in abortion decisions" } ] }, { "id": "43343", "question": "what act did congress voted on in 2003 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 562, "text": "Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act" } ] }, { "id": "43344", "question": "when was the abortion ban act split ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 596, "text": "2003" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Democratic Party opposes attempts to reverse the 1973 Supreme Court decision \"Roe v. Wade\", which declared abortion covered by the constitutionally protected individual right to privacy under the Ninth Amendment, and \"Planned Parenthood v. Casey\", which lays out the legal framework in which government action alleged to violate that right is assessed by courts. As a matter of the right to privacy and of gender equality, many Democrats believe all women should have the ability to choose to abort without governmental interference. They believe that each woman, conferring with her conscience, has the right to choose for herself whether abortion is morally correct.", "qas": [ { "id": "43345", "question": "in what year did the supreme court decision to reverse the supreme party 's decision ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "1973" } ] }, { "id": "43346", "question": "what was the name of the decision that declared abortion v. casey ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "Roe v. Wade" } ] }, { "id": "43347", "question": "what covered abortion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "the constitutionally protected individual right to privacy under the Ninth Amendment" } ] }, { "id": "43348", "question": "what was the name of the democratic party that lays out the legal framework in which courts is assessed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "Planned Parenthood v. Casey" } ] }, { "id": "43349", "question": "what did planned parenthood v. casey lays out ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "government action alleged to violate that right is assessed by courts" } ] }, { "id": "43350", "question": "what does many democrats believe all women should do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 427, "text": "many Democrats believe all women should have the ability to choose to abort without governmental interference" } ] }, { "id": "43351", "question": "what does democrats say about each woman ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 604, "text": "the right to choose for herself whether abortion is morally correct" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Current Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid self-identifies as 'pro-life', while President Barack Obama and House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi self-identify as 'pro-choice'. Groups such as Democrats for Life of America represent the pro-life faction of the party, while groups such as EMILY's List represent the pro-choice faction. A \"Newsweek\" poll from October 2006 found that 25% of Democrats were pro-life while a 69% majority was pro-choice.", "qas": [ { "id": "43352", "question": "who was the minority leader of harry pelosi ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 8, "text": "Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid" } ] }, { "id": "43353", "question": "who self-identify with reid reid ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "President Barack Obama and House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi" } ] }, { "id": "43354", "question": "what percentage of democrats were a newsweek ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 377, "text": "25%" } ] }, { "id": "43355", "question": "what percentage of the majority of newsweek was newsweek ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 416, "text": "69%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many Democratic politicians have called for systematic reform of the U.S. immigration system such that residents that have come into the U.S. illegally have a pathway to legal citizenship. President Obama remarked in November 2013 that he felt it was \"long past time to fix our broken immigration system\", particularly to allow \"incredibly bright young people\" that came over as students to become full citizens. The Public Religion Research Institute found in a late 2013 study that 73% of Democrats supported the pathway concept, compared to 63% of Americans as a whole.", "qas": [ { "id": "43356", "question": "what do many democratic politicians have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "residents that have come into the U.S. illegally have a pathway to legal citizenship" } ] }, { "id": "43357", "question": "what did president obama say about obama ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "long past time to fix our broken immigration system" } ] }, { "id": "43358", "question": "what did obama say came to become ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 329, "text": "incredibly bright young people" } ] }, { "id": "43359", "question": "what percentage of democrats supported the pathway concept ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 484, "text": "73%" } ] }, { "id": "43360", "question": "what percentage of americans supported the pathway concept ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 544, "text": "63%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2013, Democrats in the Senate passed S.744, which would reform immigration policy to allow citizenship for illegal immigrants in the US and improve the lives of all immigrants currently living in the United States.", "qas": [ { "id": "43361", "question": "in what year was s. 744 passed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2013" } ] }, { "id": "43362", "question": "what was passed in 2013 in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "S.744" } ] }, { "id": "43363", "question": "what did s. 744 do in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "reform immigration policy to allow citizenship for illegal immigrants in the US and improve the lives of all immigrants currently living in the United States" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Democratic Party is supportive of LGBT rights. Most support for same-sex marriage in the United States has come from Democrats, although some favor civil unions instead or oppose same-sex marriage. Support for same-sex marriage has increased in the past decade according to ABC News. An April 2009 ABC News/Washington Post public opinion poll put support among Democrats at 62%, while a June 2008 \"Newsweek\" poll found that 42% of Democrats support same-sex marriage while 23% support civil unions or domestic partnership laws and 28% oppose any legal recognition at all. A broad majority of Democrats have supported other LGBT-related laws such as extending hate crime statutes, legally preventing discrimination against LGBT people in the workforce, and repealing Don't ask, don't tell. A 2006 Pew Research Center poll of Democrats found that 55% supported gays adopting children with 40% opposed while 70% support gays in the military with only 23% opposed. Gallup polling from May 2009 stated that 82% of Democrats support open enlistment.", "qas": [ { "id": "43364", "question": "what was the percentage of public opinion in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 378, "text": "62%" } ] }, { "id": "43365", "question": "what percentage of democrats support same-sex marriage ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 428, "text": "42%" } ] }, { "id": "43366", "question": "what percentage of democrats support civil unions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 477, "text": "23%" } ] }, { "id": "43367", "question": "what percentage of democrats oppose any legal recognition ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 535, "text": "28%" } ] }, { "id": "43368", "question": "what percentage of democrats supported gays adopting children ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 849, "text": "55%" } ] }, { "id": "43369", "question": "what percentage of democrats support open enlistment ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1006, "text": "82%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 2004 Democratic National Platform stated that marriage should be defined at the state level and it repudiated the Federal Marriage Amendment. The 2008 platform, while not stating support of same-sex marriage, called for repeal of the Defense of Marriage Act, which banned federal recognition of same-sex marriage and removed the need for interstate recognition, supported antidiscrimination laws and the extension of hate crime laws to LGBT people, and opposed the don't ask, don't tell military policy. The 2012 platform included support for same-sex marriage and for the repeal of DOMA.", "qas": [ { "id": "43370", "question": "in what year was the democratic national platform amendment defined ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "2004" } ] }, { "id": "43371", "question": "what stated that marriage should be defined at the state level ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Democratic National Platform" } ] }, { "id": "43372", "question": "what did the 2004 democratic national platform do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "marriage should be defined at the state level and it repudiated the Federal Marriage Amendment" } ] }, { "id": "43373", "question": "what is the support of same-sex marriage ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "repeal of the Defense of Marriage Act" } ] } ] }, { "context": "President Barack Obama became the first sitting U.S. president to say he supports same-sex marriage, announcing his position on May 9, 2012. Previously, he had opposed restrictions on same-sex marriage such as the Defense of Marriage Act, which he promised to repeal, California's Prop 8, and a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage (which he opposed saying that \"decisions about marriage should be left to the states as they always have been.\") but also stated that he personally believed marriage to be between a man and a woman and that he favored civil unions that would \"give same-sex couples equal legal rights and privileges as married couples\". Earlier, when running for the Illinois Senate in 1996, he said that he \"unequivocally support(ed) gay marriage\" and \"favor(ed) legalizing same-sex marriages, and would fight efforts to prohibit such marriages.\" Senator John Kerry, Democratic presidential candidate in 2004, did not support same-sex marriage. Former President Bill Clinton and former Vice President Al Gore also support gay marriage.", "qas": [ { "id": "43374", "question": "on what date did obama make his position ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "May 9, 2012" } ] }, { "id": "43375", "question": "what was the name of the same-sex marriage that obama opposed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "Defense of Marriage Act" } ] }, { "id": "43376", "question": "what was the name of the defense of the defense of marriage act ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 268, "text": "California's Prop 8, and a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage" } ] }, { "id": "43377", "question": "what did obama say about same-sex marriage ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 376, "text": "decisions about marriage should be left to the states as they always have been" } ] }, { "id": "43378", "question": "what did obama say about the marriage of the president ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 479, "text": "he personally believed marriage to be between a man and a woman" } ] }, { "id": "43379", "question": "what did obama say about marriage to a man ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 588, "text": "give same-sex couples equal legal rights and privileges as married couples" } ] }, { "id": "43380", "question": "what was the name of the former president that support gay marriage ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1015, "text": "Vice President Al Gore" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 2016 Democratic Party Platform declares: We are committed to addressing the extraordinary challenges faced by our fellow citizens in Puerto Rico. Many stem from the fundamental question of Puerto Rico\u2019s political status. Democrats believe that the people of Puerto Rico should determine their ultimate political status from permanent options that do not conflict with the Constitution, laws, and policies of the United States. Democrats are committed to promoting economic opportunity and good-paying jobs for the hardworking people of Puerto Rico. We also believe that Puerto Ricans must be\ntreated equally by Medicare, Medicaid, and other programs that benefit families. Puerto Ricans should be able to vote for the people who make their laws, just as they should be treated equally.\nAll American citizens, no matter where they reside, should have the right to vote for the President of the United States. Finally, we believe that federal officials must respect Puerto Rico\u2019s local self-government as laws are implemented and Puerto Rico\u2019s budget and debt are restructured so that it can get on a path towards stability and prosperity.", "qas": [ { "id": "43381", "question": "in what year did the democratic party platform the democratic party platform ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "2016" } ] }, { "id": "43382", "question": "what did the 2016 democratic party platform ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "We are committed to addressing the extraordinary challenges faced by our fellow citizens in Puerto Rico" } ] }, { "id": "43383", "question": "many stem from what question ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "Puerto Rico\u2019s political status" } ] }, { "id": "43384", "question": "what do democrats believe the people of puerto rico should do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "Puerto Rico should determine their ultimate political status from permanent options that do not conflict with the Constitution, laws, and policies of the United States" } ] }, { "id": "43385", "question": "what are democrats committed to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 458, "text": "promoting economic opportunity and good-paying jobs for the hardworking people of Puerto Rico" } ] }, { "id": "43386", "question": "what are puerto ricans treated equally by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 615, "text": "Medicare, Medicaid, and other programs that benefit families" } ] }, { "id": "43387", "question": "what should puerto ricans be able to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 677, "text": "Puerto Ricans should be able to vote for the people who make their laws" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With a stated goal of reducing crime and homicide, the Democratic Party has introduced various gun control measures, most notably the Gun Control Act of 1968, the Brady Bill of 1993, and Crime Control Act of 1994. However, some Democrats, especially rural, Southern, and Western Democrats, favor fewer restrictions on firearm possession and warned the party was defeated in the 2000 presidential election in rural areas because of the issue. In the national platform for 2008, the only statement explicitly favoring gun control was a plan calling for renewal of the 1994 Assault Weapons Ban.", "qas": [ { "id": "43388", "question": "what was the brady bill of 1993 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "Gun Control Act of 1968" } ] }, { "id": "43389", "question": "what are the names of the democratic party act of 1968 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "Brady Bill of 1993, and Crime Control Act of 1994" } ] }, { "id": "43390", "question": "what are some of the democrats that favor of firearm ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "rural, Southern, and Western Democrats" } ] }, { "id": "43391", "question": "what was the name of the ban that the only statement explicitly was a plan for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 566, "text": "1994 Assault Weapons Ban" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Democratic Party supports the death penalty far less than the Republican Party. Though most Democrats in Congress have never seriously moved to overturn the rarely used federal death penalty, both Russ Feingold and Dennis Kucinich have introduced such bills with little success. Democrats have led efforts to overturn state death penalty laws, particularly in New Jersey and in New Mexico. They have also sought to prevent reinstatement of the death penalty in those states which prohibit it, including Massachusetts and New York. During the Clinton administration, Democrats led the expansion of the federal death penalty. These efforts resulted in the passage of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, signed into law by President Clinton; the law heavily limited appeals in death penalty cases.", "qas": [ { "id": "43392", "question": "how did the democratic party respond to the death penalty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Democratic Party supports the death penalty far less than the Republican Party" } ] }, { "id": "43393", "question": "most democrats in congress have seriously moved to what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "overturn the rarely used federal death penalty" } ] }, { "id": "43394", "question": "who have introduced bills with little success ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "Russ Feingold and Dennis Kucinich" } ] }, { "id": "43395", "question": "what have democrats led to state death ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "efforts to overturn state death penalty laws" } ] }, { "id": "43396", "question": "where do democrats overturn state death ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 364, "text": "New Jersey and in New Mexico" } ] }, { "id": "43397", "question": "what are the names of the two states that prohibit the death penalty in those of death ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 507, "text": "Massachusetts and New York" } ] }, { "id": "43398", "question": "what was the name of the act that signed law by president clinton ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 673, "text": "Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996" } ] }, { "id": "43399", "question": "who signed the antiterrorism and effective death penalty act ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 747, "text": "President Clinton" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1992, 1993, and 1995, Democratic Texas Congressman Henry Gonz\u00e1lez unsuccessfully introduced the which prohibited the use of capital punishment in the United States. Democratic Missouri Congressman William Lacy Clay, Sr. cosponsored the amendment in 1993.", "qas": [ { "id": "43400", "question": "who introduced the use of capital punishment ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "Congressman Henry Gonz\u00e1lez" } ] }, { "id": "43401", "question": "what is the name of the democratic missouri of missouri ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "William Lacy Clay" } ] }, { "id": "43402", "question": "in what year did william lacy clay clay 's amendment begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "1993" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During his Illinois Senate career, now-President Barack Obama successfully introduced legislation intended to reduce the likelihood of wrongful convictions in capital cases, requiring videotaping of confessions. When campaigning for the presidency, Obama stated that he supports the limited use of the death penalty, including for people who have been convicted of raping a minor under the age of 12, having opposed the Supreme Court's ruling in \"Kennedy v. Louisiana\" that the death penalty was unconstitutional in child rape cases. Obama has stated that he thinks the \"death penalty does little to deter crime\", and that it is used too frequently and too inconsistently.", "qas": [ { "id": "43403", "question": "who introduced legislation intended to reduce the likelihood of wrongful convictions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "Barack Obama" } ] }, { "id": "43404", "question": "what did obama use legislation intended to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "reduce the likelihood of wrongful convictions in capital cases" } ] }, { "id": "43405", "question": "what was the age of the death of kennedy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 397, "text": "12" } ] }, { "id": "43406", "question": "what was the name of the supreme court 's ruling unconstitutional ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 447, "text": "Kennedy v. Louisiana" } ] }, { "id": "43407", "question": "what did obama say he has to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 571, "text": "death penalty does little to deter crime" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In June\u00a02016, the Democratic Platform Drafting Committee unanimously adopted an amendment to abolish the death penalty, marking the first time the party had done so in its history.", "qas": [ { "id": "43408", "question": "in what year did the democratic platform drafting ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 8, "text": "2016" } ] }, { "id": "43409", "question": "what committee adopted an amendment to abolish the death penalty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "Democratic Platform Drafting Committee" } ] }, { "id": "43410", "question": "what did the democratic platform drafting committee introduce ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "an amendment to abolish the death penalty" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many Democrats are opposed to the use of torture against individuals apprehended and held prisoner by the U.S. military, and hold that categorizing such prisoners as unlawful combatants does not release the U.S. from its obligations under the Geneva Conventions. Democrats contend that torture is inhumane, decreases the United States' moral standing in the world, and produces questionable results. Democrats largely spoke out against waterboarding.", "qas": [ { "id": "43411", "question": "what are many democrats opposed to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "torture against individuals apprehended and held prisoner by the U.S. military" } ] }, { "id": "43412", "question": "what is the hold of prisoners in the u.s. ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "unlawful combatants does not release the U.S. from its obligations under the Geneva Conventions" } ] }, { "id": "43413", "question": "what is the democrats 's moral standing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "inhumane" } ] }, { "id": "43414", "question": "what does the democrats do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "decreases the United States' moral standing in the world, and produces questionable results" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Torture became a very divisive issue in the party after Barack Obama was elected president. Many centrist Democrats and members of the party's leadership supported the use of torture while the liberal wings continued to be steadfastly opposed to it.", "qas": [ { "id": "43415", "question": "who was elected president after the party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Barack Obama" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many Democrats are opposed to the Patriot Act, however when the law was passed most Democrats were supportive of it and all but two Democrats in the U.S. Senate voted for the original Patriot Act legislation in 2001. The lone nay vote was from Russ Feingold of Wisconsin; Mary Landrieu of Louisiana did not vote. In the House the Democrats voted for the Act by 145 yea and 62 nay. Democrats split on the renewal in 2006. In the Senate, Democrats voted 34 for the 2006 renewal, and 9 against. In the House, Democrats voted 66 voted for the renewal, and 124 against.", "qas": [ { "id": "43416", "question": "what are many democrats opposed to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "Patriot Act" } ] }, { "id": "43417", "question": "in what year did the patriot act take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "2001" } ] }, { "id": "43418", "question": "who was the lone nay vote from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "Russ Feingold of Wisconsin" } ] }, { "id": "43419", "question": "who voted for the democrats in the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 361, "text": "145 yea and 62 nay" } ] }, { "id": "43420", "question": "how many democrats did democrats receive in 2006 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 452, "text": "34" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Democratic Party believes that individuals should have a right to privacy. For example, many Democrats have opposed the NSA warrantless surveillance of U.S. citizens.", "qas": [ { "id": "43421", "question": "what does the democratic party believes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "individuals should have a right to privacy" } ] }, { "id": "43422", "question": "what have many democrats opposed to the citizens ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "NSA warrantless surveillance of U.S. citizens" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some Democratic officeholders have championed consumer protection laws that limit the sharing of consumer data between corporations. Most Democrats oppose sodomy laws and believe that government should not regulate consensual noncommercial sexual conduct among adults as a matter of personal privacy.", "qas": [ { "id": "43423", "question": "what do some democratic officeholders laws championed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "limit the sharing of consumer data between corporations" } ] }, { "id": "43424", "question": "what do most democrats oppose ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "government should not regulate consensual noncommercial sexual conduct" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In June 2014 the Quinnipiac Poll asked Americans which foreign policy they preferred:", "qas": [ { "id": "43425", "question": "in what month and year did the quinnipiac poll asked americans to preferred : foreign policy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "June 2014" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Democrats chose A over B by 65\u201332%; Republicans chose A over B by 56% to 39%; independents chose A over B by 67% to 29%.", "qas": [ { "id": "43426", "question": "what was the percentage of democrats democrats chose to b ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "65\u201332%" } ] }, { "id": "43427", "question": "what percentage of republicans chose to b b ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "56% to 39%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2002, Congressional Democrats were divided on the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq; 147 voted against it (21 in the Senate and 126 in the House) and 110 voted for it (29 in the Senate, 81 in the House). Since then, many prominent Democrats, such as former Senator John Edwards, have expressed regret about this decision, and have called it a mistake, while others, such as Senator Hillary Clinton have criticized the conduct of the war but not repudiated their initial vote for it (though Clinton later went on to repudiate her stance during the 2008 primaries). Referring to Iraq, in April 2007 Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid declared the war to be \"lost\" while other Democrats (especially during the 2004 presidential election cycle) accused the President of lying to the public about WMDs in Iraq. Amongst lawmakers, Democrats are the most vocal opponents of Operation Iraqi Freedom and campaigned on a platform of withdrawal ahead of the 2006 midterm elections.", "qas": [ { "id": "43428", "question": "what were congressional democrats divided on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq" } ] }, { "id": "43429", "question": "what was the name of the congressional that voted against iraq in 2002 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "147" } ] }, { "id": "43430", "question": "how many military force were divided in the senate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "21" } ] }, { "id": "43431", "question": "in 2002 , how many congressional democrats were voted for iraq ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "29" } ] }, { "id": "43432", "question": "how many congressional democrats were voted to in the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "81" } ] }, { "id": "43433", "question": "which former senator have expressed regret about this decision ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "John Edwards" } ] }, { "id": "43434", "question": "who declared the war to be lost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 619, "text": "Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A March 2003 CBS News poll taken a few days before the invasion of Iraq found that 34% of Democrats nationwide would support it without United Nations backing, 51% would support it only with its backing, and 14% would not support it at all. \"The Los Angeles Times\" stated in early April 2003 that 70% of Democrats supported the decision to invade while 27% opposed it. The Pew Research Center stated in August 2007 that opposition increased from 37% during the initial invasion to 74%. In April 2008, a CBS News poll found that about 90% of Democrats disapprove of the Bush administration's conduct and want to end the war within the next year.", "qas": [ { "id": "43435", "question": "what percentage of democrats nationwide would support the invasion of iraq ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "34%" } ] }, { "id": "43436", "question": "what percentage of democrats would support the invasion of iraq ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "51%" } ] }, { "id": "43437", "question": "what percentage of cbs residents would not support the invasion of iraq ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "14%" } ] }, { "id": "43438", "question": "what percentage of democrats supported the decision to invade iraq ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "70%" } ] }, { "id": "43439", "question": "what percentage of democrats opposed the invasion of iraq ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 353, "text": "27%" } ] }, { "id": "43440", "question": "what was the pew research center in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 446, "text": "37%" } ] }, { "id": "43441", "question": "what was the pew research center in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 481, "text": "74%" } ] }, { "id": "43442", "question": "what percentage of democrats disapprove of the bush administration ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 534, "text": "90%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Democrats in the House of Representatives near-unanimously supported a non-binding resolution disapproving of President Bush's decision to send additional troops into Iraq in 2007. Congressional Democrats overwhelmingly supported military funding legislation that included a provision that set \"a timeline for the withdrawal of all US combat troops from Iraq\" by March 31, 2008, but also would leave combat forces in Iraq for purposes such as targeted counter-terrorism operations. After a veto from the president, and a failed attempt in Congress to override the veto, the U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans' Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act, 2007 was passed by Congress and signed by the president after the timetable was dropped. Criticism of the Iraq War subsided after the Iraq War troop surge of 2007 led to a dramatic decrease in Iraqi violence. The Democratic-controlled 110th Congress continued to fund efforts in both Iraq and Afghanistan. Presidential candidate Barack Obama advocated a withdrawal of combat troops within Iraq by late 2010 with a residual force of peacekeeping troops left in place. He stated that both the speed of withdrawal and the amount of troops left over would be \"entirely conditions-based.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "43443", "question": "when did the combat set a timeline of all troops ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 363, "text": "March 31, 2008" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On February 27, 2009, President Obama announced, \"As a candidate for president, I made clear my support for a timeline of 16 months to carry out this drawdown, while pledging to consult closely with our military commanders upon taking office to ensure that we preserve the gains we've made and protect our troops\u00a0... Those consultations are now complete, and I have chosen a timeline that will remove our combat brigades over the next 18 months.\" Around 50,000 non-combat related forces will remain. Obama's plan drew wide bipartisan support, including that of defeated Republican Presidential candidate Senator John McCain.", "qas": [ { "id": "43444", "question": "on what date did president obama announce `` as a candidate for president ? ''", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "February 27, 2009" } ] }, { "id": "43445", "question": "how long did the combat brigades last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 435, "text": "18 months" } ] }, { "id": "43446", "question": "how many forces are related to forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 447, "text": "Around 50,000 non-combat related forces will remain" } ] }, { "id": "43447", "question": "what was the name of the senator that defeated obama ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 570, "text": "Republican Presidential candidate Senator John McCain" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Democratic Party has been critical of the Iran's nuclear weapon program and supported economic sanctions against the Iranian government. In 2013, the Democratic led administration worked to reach a diplomatic agreement with the government of Iran to halt the Iranian nuclear weapon program in exchange for international economic sanction relief. As of 2014 negotiations had been successful and the party called for more cooperation with Iran in the future. In 2015, the Obama administration agreed to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, which provides sanction relief in exchange for international oversight of the Iranian nuclear program.", "qas": [ { "id": "43448", "question": "who has been critical of the iran 's nuclear weapon ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Democratic Party" } ] }, { "id": "43449", "question": "in what year did the democratic led administration to reach a diplomatic agreement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "2013" } ] }, { "id": "43450", "question": "what did the democratic nuclear weapon program reach the iranian nuclear weapon program ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 310, "text": "international economic sanction relief" } ] }, { "id": "43451", "question": "in what year did the joint comprehensive plan take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 464, "text": "2015" } ] }, { "id": "43452", "question": "what was the name of the plan that provides sanction relief in exchange for international oversight ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 509, "text": "Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Democrats in the House of Representatives and in the Senate near-unanimously voted for the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists against \"those responsible for the recent attacks launched against the United States\" in Afghanistan in 2001, supporting the NATO coalition invasion of the nation. Most elected Democrats continue to support the Afghanistan conflict, and some, such as a Democratic National Committee spokesperson, have voiced concerns that the Iraq War shifted too many resources away from the presence in Afghanistan. Since 2006, Democratic candidate Barack Obama has called for a \"surge\" of troops into Afghanistan and, since 2008, Republican candidate John McCain has also called for a \"surge\". As President, Obama sent a \"surge\" force of additional troops to Afghanistan. Troop levels were 94,000 in December 2011, and are falling, with a target of 68,000 by fall 2012. Obama plans to bring all the troops home by 2014.", "qas": [ { "id": "43453", "question": "what did democrats in afghanistan voted for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists" } ] }, { "id": "43454", "question": "in what year did the recent attacks launched ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "2001" } ] }, { "id": "43455", "question": "who have voiced concerns that the iraq war shifted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 403, "text": "Democratic National Committee spokesperson" } ] }, { "id": "43456", "question": "what was john mccain 's nickname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 723, "text": "surge" } ] }, { "id": "43457", "question": "what happened to troop levels in december 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 827, "text": "94,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Support for the war among the American people has diminished over time, and many Democrats have changed their opinion and now oppose a continuation of the conflict. In July 2008, Gallup found that 41% of Democrats called the invasion a \"mistake\" while a 55% majority disagreed; in contrast, Republicans were more supportive of the war. The survey described Democrats as evenly divided about whether or not more troops should be sent\u201456% support it if it would mean removing troops from Iraq and only 47% support it otherwise. A CNN survey in August 2009 stated that a majority of Democrats now oppose the war. CNN polling director Keating Holland said, \"Nearly two thirds of Republicans support the war in Afghanistan. Three quarters of Democrats oppose the war.\" An August 2009 \"Washington Post\" poll found similar results, and the paper stated that Obama's policies would anger his closest supporters.", "qas": [ { "id": "43458", "question": "what percentage of democrats called the mistake ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "41%" } ] }, { "id": "43459", "question": "what percentage of the majority of the war were disagreed in july 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "55%" } ] }, { "id": "43460", "question": "what percentage of the survey of the survey would not be sent to iraq ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 500, "text": "47%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Democratic Party has both recently and historically supported Israel. Former House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said in 2009, \"When it comes to Israel, Republicans and Democrats speak with one voice.\" A 2008 Gallup poll found that 64% say that they have a favorable image of Israel while only 16% say that they have a favorable image of the Palestinian Authority. Within the party, the majority view is held by the Democratic leadership although some members such as John Conyers Jr., George Miller, Nick Rahall, Dave Obey, Pete Stark, Dennis Kucinich, and Jim McDermott as well as former President Jimmy Carter are less or not supportive of Israel. The party leadership refers to the few Democrats unsympathetic to Israel as a \"fringe\".", "qas": [ { "id": "43461", "question": "what percentage of a 2008 gallup poll have a favorable image of israel ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "64%" } ] }, { "id": "43462", "question": "what percentage of israel have a favorable image of the palestinian authority ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 289, "text": "16%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 2008 Democratic Party Platform acknowledges a \"special relationship with Israel, grounded in shared interests and shared values, and a clear, strong, fundamental commitment to the security of Israel, our strongest ally in the region and its only established democracy.\" It also included: It is in the best interests of all parties, including the United States, that we take an active role to help secure a lasting settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict with a democratic, viable Palestinian state dedicated to living in peace and security side by side with the Jewish State of Israel. To do so, we must help Israel identify and strengthen those partners who are truly committed to peace, while isolating those who seek conflict and instability, and stand with Israel against those who seek its destruction. The United States and its Quartet partners should continue to isolate Hamas until it renounces terrorism, recognizes Israel's right to exist, and abides by past agreements. Sustained American leadership for peace and security will require patient efforts and the personal commitment of the President of the United States. The creation of a Palestinian state through final status negotiations, together with an international compensation mechanism, should resolve the issue of Palestinian refugees by allowing them to settle there, rather than in Israel. All understand that it is unrealistic to expect the outcome of final status negotiations to be a full and complete return to the armistice lines of 1949. Jerusalem is and will remain the capital of Israel. The parties have agreed that Jerusalem is a matter for final status negotiations. It should remain an undivided city accessible to people of all faiths.", "qas": [ { "id": "43463", "question": "who acknowledges a special relationship with israel ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Democratic Party Platform" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A January 2009 Pew Research Center study found that, when asked \"which side do you sympathize with more\", 42% of Democrats and 33% of liberals (a plurality in both groups) sympathize most with the Israelis. Around half of all political moderates and/or independents sided with Israel.", "qas": [ { "id": "43464", "question": "what percentage of democrats and 33 % of liberals do you have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "42%" } ] }, { "id": "43465", "question": "what percentage of liberals do israelis have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "33%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Recent years have brought more discussion of the party's stance on Israel as polls reported declining support for Israel among the party faithful. Gallup suggested that the decline in support might be due to tensions between Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu and President Barack Obama.", "qas": [ { "id": "43466", "question": "why did gallup suggested that the decline of the decline of the decline of the decline of the decline in support ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "tensions between Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu and President Barack Obama" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Professionals, those who have a college education, and those whose work revolves around the conceptualization of ideas have supported the Democratic Party by a slight majority since 2000. Between 1988 and 2000, professionals favored Democrats by a 12-percentage point margin. While the professional class was once a stronghold of the Republican Party, it has become increasingly split between the two parties, leaning in favor of the Democratic Party. The increasing support for Democratic candidates among professionals may be traced to the prevalence of social liberal values among this group.", "qas": [ { "id": "43467", "question": "in what year did the work of ideas revolves around the democratic party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "2000" } ] }, { "id": "43468", "question": "when did the professionals of democrats begin to favored democrats ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "Between 1988 and 2000" } ] }, { "id": "43469", "question": "what was the name of the margin between professionals and 2000 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "12-percentage point margin" } ] }, { "id": "43470", "question": "the professional class was once a stronghold of what party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 334, "text": "Republican Party" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A study on the political attitudes of medical students, for example, found that \"U.S. medical students are considerably more likely to be liberal than conservative and are more likely to be liberal than are other young U.S. adults. Future U.S. physicians may be more receptive to liberal messages than current ones, and their political orientation may profoundly affect their health system attitudes.\" Similar results are found for professors, who are more strongly inclined towards liberalism and the Democratic Party than other occupational groups. The Democratic Party also has strong support among scientists, with 55% identifying as Democrats, 32% as independents, and 6% as Republicans and 52% identifying as liberal, 35% as moderate, and 9% as conservative.", "qas": [ { "id": "43471", "question": "what percentage of the democratic party has democrats support ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 619, "text": "55%" } ] }, { "id": "43472", "question": "what percentage of the democratic party has independents ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 649, "text": "32%" } ] }, { "id": "43473", "question": "what percentage of the democratic population has republicans support ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 674, "text": "6%" } ] }, { "id": "43474", "question": "what percentage of the democratic population is identifying as liberal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 696, "text": "52%" } ] }, { "id": "43475", "question": "what percentage of the democratic population is moderate by the democratic party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 724, "text": "35%" } ] }, { "id": "43476", "question": "what percentage of the democratic population is conservative ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 745, "text": "9%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Academics, intellectuals, and the highly educated overall constitute an important part of the Democratic voter base. Academia in particular tends to be progressive. In a 2005 survey, nearly 72% of full-time faculty members identified as liberal, while 15% identified as conservative. The social sciences and humanities were the most liberal disciplines while business was the most conservative. Male professors at more advanced stages of their careers as well as those at elite institutions tend to be the most liberal. Another survey by UCLA conducted in 2001/02, found 47.6% of scholars identifying as liberal, 34.3% as moderate, and 18% as conservative. Percentages of professors who identified as liberal ranged from 49% in business to over 80% in political science and the humanities. Social scientists, such as Brett O'Bannon of DePauw University, have claimed that the \"liberal\" opinions of professors seem to have little, if any, effect on the political orientation of students. As of July 2008 the Students for Academic Freedom arm of the David Horowitz Freedom Center, a conservative organization, posted a list of 440 student complaints, most of which pertain to perceived liberal bias of college professors.", "qas": [ { "id": "43477", "question": "what percentage of full-time faculty members identified as liberal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "72%" } ] }, { "id": "43478", "question": "what percentage of full-time faculty identified as conservative ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "15%" } ] }, { "id": "43479", "question": "what percentage of scholars identifying as liberal , and 18 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 571, "text": "47.6%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Those with graduate education, have become increasingly Democratic beginning in the 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, and 2008 elections. Intellectualism, the tendency to constantly reexamine issues, or in the words of Edwards Shields, the \"penetration beyond the screen of immediate concrete experience,\" has also been named as an explanation why academia is strongly democratic and liberal.", "qas": [ { "id": "43480", "question": "what is the tendency to constantly reexamine issues ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "Intellectualism" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the past, a self-identified Republican was more likely to have a 4-year college degree; however, according to some recent surveys, similar percentages of Republicans and Democrats are likely to have 4-year college degrees, and Democrats are more likely to hold post-graduate degrees.", "qas": [ { "id": "43481", "question": "what type of degree was a self-identified republican likely to have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "4-year college degree" } ] }, { "id": "43482", "question": "what are republicans and democrats likely to have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "4-year college degrees" } ] } ] }, { "context": "An analysis of 2008 through 2012 survey data from the General Social Survey, the National Election Studies, and the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press led to a slightly different assessment of the overall educational status of self-identified Democrats and Republicans: On average, self-identified Republicans have more years of education (4 to 8 months each, depending on the survey) and are probably more likely to hold, at the least, a 4-year college degree. (One major survey indicates that they are more likely, while the results of another survey are statistically insignificant.) It also appears that Republicans continue to out-test Democrats in surveys that assess political knowledge and/or current events. With respect to post-graduate studies, the educational advantage is shifting towards self-identified Democrats. They are now more likely to hold post-graduate college degrees. (One major survey indicates that they are more likely, while the results of another survey are statistically insignificant.)", "qas": [ { "id": "43483", "question": "how long are education of education in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 354, "text": "4 to 8 months" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Studies have shown that younger voters tend to vote mostly for Democratic candidates in recent years. Despite supporting Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush, the young have voted in favor of the Democratic presidential candidate in every election since Bill Clinton in 1992, and are more likely to identify as liberals than the general population. In the 2004 presidential election, Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry received 54% of the vote from voters of the age group 18\u201329, while Republican George W. Bush received 45% of the vote from the same age group. In the 2006 midterm elections, the Democrats received 60% of the vote from the same age group. Polls suggest that younger voters tend to be more liberal than the general population and have more liberal views than the public on same-sex marriage and universal healthcare, helping Barack Obama carry 66% of their votes in 2008. The Young Democrats of America are an affiliated organization of members of the party younger than 36 that advocates for youth issues and works for youth voter turnout.", "qas": [ { "id": "43484", "question": "along with ronald reagan , who was one of the young people who have voted in favor of the democratic presidential candidate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "George H. W. Bush" } ] }, { "id": "43485", "question": "in what year did bill clinton clinton visit the democratic presidential candidate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "1992" } ] }, { "id": "43486", "question": "what percentage of the vote from the age group was john kerry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 437, "text": "54%" } ] }, { "id": "43487", "question": "what percentage of the vote from the same age group did kerry receive ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 530, "text": "45%" } ] }, { "id": "43488", "question": "what percentage of the vote from the same age group did the democrats receive ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 625, "text": "60%" } ] }, { "id": "43489", "question": "what percentage of votes did obama receive in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 870, "text": "66%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although the \"gender gap\" has varied over many years, women of all ages are more likely than men to identify as Democrats. Recent polls have indicated that 41% of women identify as Democrats while only 25% of women identify as Republicans and 26% as independents, while 32% of men identify as Democrats, 28% as Republicans and 34% as independents. Among ethnic minorities, women also are more likely than males to identify as Democrats. Also, American women that identified as single, living with a domestic partner, divorced, separated, or widowed are more likely than men in these categories to vote Democratic, in contrast to married Americans, which split about equally between Democrat and Republican. Again, women in these categories are significantly more likely than males in these categories to vote Democratic. The National Federation of Democratic Women is an affiliated organization meant to advocate for women's issues. The Woman's National Democratic Club works to promote the Democratic party. National women's organizations that support Democratic candidates are Emily's List, which aims to help elect pro-choice Democratic female candidates to office, and often but not always the National Organization for Women.", "qas": [ { "id": "43490", "question": "what percentage of women identify as democrats identify as democrats ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "41%" } ] }, { "id": "43491", "question": "what percentage of women identify as republicans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "25%" } ] }, { "id": "43492", "question": "what percentage of women identify as independents ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 243, "text": "26%" } ] }, { "id": "43493", "question": "what percentage of men identify as democrats identify as democrats ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "32%" } ] }, { "id": "43494", "question": "what percentage of women identify as independents ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 327, "text": "34%" } ] }, { "id": "43495", "question": "what are women 's women in these categories ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 744, "text": "significantly more likely than males in these categories to vote Democratic" } ] }, { "id": "43496", "question": "what is the national federation of democratic women ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 868, "text": "an affiliated organization meant to advocate for women's issues" } ] }, { "id": "43497", "question": "what is the national democratic club works ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 933, "text": "The Woman's National Democratic Club works to promote the Democratic party" } ] }, { "id": "43498", "question": "what do national women 's organizations support ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1079, "text": "Emily's List" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Americans that identify as single, living with a domestic partner, divorced, separated, or widowed are more likely to vote Democratic, in contrast to married Americans, which split about equally between Democrat and Republican.", "qas": [ { "id": "43499", "question": "what are americans that identify as single or widowed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "more likely to vote Democratic" } ] }, { "id": "43500", "question": "what two groups were married by married americans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "Democrat and Republican" } ] } ] }, { "context": "GSS surveys of more than 11,000 Democrats and Republicans conducted between 1996 and 2006 came to the result that the differences in fertility rates are not statistically significant between these parties, with the average Democrat having 1.94 children and the average Republican having 1.91 children. However, there is a significant difference in fertility rates between the two related groups liberals and conservatives, with liberals reproducing at a much lower rate than conservatives.", "qas": [ { "id": "43501", "question": "how many democrats conducted between 1996 and 2006 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "11,000" } ] }, { "id": "43502", "question": "what are the average democrat children ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "1.94 children and the average Republican having 1.91 children" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender Americans typically vote Democratic in national elections within the 70\u201377% range, according to national media exit polling. In heavily gay precincts in large cities across the nation, the average was higher, ranging from 85\u201394%. This trend has continued since 1996, when Bill Clinton won 71% of the LGBT vote compared to Bob Dole's 16% and 13% for others. In 2000, Al Gore won 70% to George W. Bush's 25% with 5% for others, in 2004 John Kerry won 77% to George W. Bush's 23%, in 2008 Barack Obama won 70% to John McCain's 27% with 3% to others and in 2012 Barack Obama won 76% to Mitt Romney's 22% with 2% to others. Patrick Egan, a professor of politics at New York University specializing in LGBT voting patterns, calls this a \"remarkable continuity\". Saying \"about three-fourths vote Democratic and one-fourth Republican from year to year.\" Notable LGBT Democrats include current Senator Tammy Baldwin of Wisconsin and current Representatives Jared Polis of Colorado and David Cicilline of Rhode Island. The late activist and San Francisco Supervisor Harvey Milk was a Democrat as is former Representative Barney Frank of Massachusetts. The National Stonewall Democrats is an LGBT advocacy group associated with the Democratic Party. The LGBT Equality Caucus is a congressional caucus of 97 Democrats and 3 Republicans that work and advocate for LGBT rights within the House of Representatives.", "qas": [ { "id": "43503", "question": "what is the range of the national elections in national elections ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "70\u201377%" } ] }, { "id": "43504", "question": "what is the average percentage of gay precincts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "85\u201394%" } ] }, { "id": "43505", "question": "what percentage of lgbt vote did bill clinton win ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 329, "text": "71%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since the 1930s, a critical component of the Democratic Party coalition has been organized labor. Labor unions supply a great deal of the money, grass roots political organization, and voting base of support for the party. Democrats are far more likely to be represented by unions, although union membership has declined, in general, during the last few decades. This trend is depicted in the following graph from the book, \"Democrats and Republicans\u2014Rhetoric and Reality\". It is based on surveys conducted by the National Election Studies (NES).", "qas": [ { "id": "43506", "question": "what is the name of the labor unions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "grass roots political organization" } ] }, { "id": "43507", "question": "what does nes stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 514, "text": "National Election Studies" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The historic decline in union membership over the past half century has been accompanied by a growing disparity between public sector and private sector union membership percentages. The three most significant labor groupings in the Democratic coalition today are the AFL-CIO and Change to Win labor federations, as well as the National Education Association, a large, unaffiliated teachers' union. Both the AFL-CIO and Change to Win have identified their top legislative priority for 2007 as passage of the Employee Free Choice Act. Other important issues for labor unions include supporting industrial policy (including protectionism) that sustains unionized manufacturing jobs, raising the minimum wage and promoting broad social programs such as Social Security and universal health care.", "qas": [ { "id": "43508", "question": "what accompanied the decline in union membership ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "a growing disparity between public sector and private sector union membership percentages" } ] }, { "id": "43509", "question": "what are the three significant labor groupings in the democratic coalition ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "the AFL-CIO and Change to Win labor federations" } ] }, { "id": "43510", "question": "what is the name of the large labor groupings ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "National Education Association" } ] }, { "id": "43511", "question": "what was the top legislative priority in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 508, "text": "Employee Free Choice Act" } ] }, { "id": "43512", "question": "what are some broad social programs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 750, "text": "Social Security and universal health care" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While the American working class has lost much of its political strength with the decline of labor unions, it remains a stronghold of the Democratic Party and continues as an essential part of the Democratic base. Today, roughly a third of the American public is estimated to be working class with around 52% being either members of the working or lower classes. Yet, as those with lower socioeconomic status are less likely to vote, the working and lower classes are underrepresented in the electorate. The working class is largely distinguished by highly routinized and closely supervised work. It consists mainly of clerical and blue-collar workers. Even though most in the working class are able to afford an adequate standard of living, high economic insecurity and possible personal benefit from an extended social safety net, make the majority of working class person left-of-center on economic issues. Most working class Democrats differ from most liberals, however, in their more socially conservative views. Working class Democrats tend to be more religious and likely to belong to an ethnic minority. Socially conservative and disadvantaged Democrats are among the least educated and lowest earning ideological demographics. In 2005, only 15% had a college degree, compared to 27% at the national average and 49% of liberals, respectively. Together socially conservative and the financially disadvantaged comprised roughly 54% of the Democratic base. The continued importance of the working class votes manifests itself in recent CNN exit polls, which shows that the majority of those with low incomes and little education vote for the Democratic Party. However, there has been a noticeable decline in support for the Democratic Party among white working class voters. In the 2012 presidential election, Barack Obama only carried 36% of white working class voters to Mitt Romney carrying 61%, and in the 2014 midterms, Democratic candidates for the U.S. House of Representatives only carried 34% of the white working class vote compared to 64% for the Republican candidates.", "qas": [ { "id": "43513", "question": "what percentage of the american public classes are members of the american public ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": "52%" } ] }, { "id": "43514", "question": "what types of workers does the working class consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 619, "text": "clerical and blue-collar workers" } ] }, { "id": "43515", "question": "what percentage of liberals had a college degree in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1320, "text": "49%" } ] }, { "id": "43516", "question": "what percentage of the democratic base was socially ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1434, "text": "54%" } ] }, { "id": "43517", "question": "what percentage of white working did obama get in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1841, "text": "36%" } ] }, { "id": "43518", "question": "what percentage of the white working class was carried in the 2012 presidential election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2003, "text": "34%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Democratic Party receives support from secular organizations such as the Secular Coalition for America, and many agnostic and atheist Americans. Exit polls from the 2008 election showed that voters with a religious affiliation of \"none\" accounted for the 12% of the electorate and overwhelmingly voted for Obama by a 75\u201325% margin. In his inaugural address, Obama acknowledged atheists by saying that the United States is not just \"Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus but non-believers as well.\" In the 2012 election cycle, Obama has moderate to high rankings with the Secular Coalition for America, whereas the majority of the Republican candidates have ratings in the low-to-failing range.", "qas": [ { "id": "43519", "question": "what percentage of the electorate was voted for obama ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "12%" } ] }, { "id": "43520", "question": "what was obama 's electorate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 321, "text": "75\u201325% margin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Atheists and secular people, although a diverse group themselves, may include individuals who are fiscally conservative. In this case, fiscally conservative atheists and secularists will come together due to their opposition to the religiously-bound social policies of the Christian right.", "qas": [ { "id": "43521", "question": "who are the two people who are not conservative ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Atheists and secular people" } ] }, { "id": "43522", "question": "what are atheists 's diverse group ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "fiscally conservative" } ] }, { "id": "43523", "question": "why can atheists come together ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "religiously-bound social policies of the Christian right" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There is still a social stigma relating to atheism in the nation and polls show that a majority of the American people would be more comfortable voting for a Muslim or gay candidate than an atheist.", "qas": [ { "id": "43524", "question": "what is the majority of the majority of the american people in the nation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "more comfortable voting for a Muslim or gay candidate than an atheist" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From the end of the Civil War, African Americans primarily favored the Republican Party due to its overwhelming political and more tangible efforts in achieving abolition, particularly through President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. The south had long been a Democratic stronghold, favoring a state's right to legal slavery. In addition, the ranks of the fledgling Ku Klux Klan were composed almost entirely of white Democrats angry over poor treatment by northerners and bent on reversing the policies of Reconstruction. However, African Americans began drifting to the Democratic Party when Franklin Roosevelt was elected president. Support for the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s by Democratic presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson helped give the Democrats even larger support among the African-American community, which consistently vote between 85-95% Democratic.", "qas": [ { "id": "43525", "question": "what was the name of the proclamation that african americans favored the republican party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation" } ] }, { "id": "43526", "question": "what was composed of white democrats angry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 372, "text": "Ku Klux Klan" } ] }, { "id": "43527", "question": "who was elected president of african americans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 600, "text": "Franklin Roosevelt" } ] }, { "id": "43528", "question": "who helped give the civil rights movement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 718, "text": "John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson" } ] }, { "id": "43529", "question": "what was the percentage of the civil rights movement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 872, "text": "85-95% Democratic" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Prominent modern-day African-American Democratic politicians include Jim Clyburn, Elijah Cummings, Maxine Waters, John Lewis, Barbara Lee, Charles Rangel, John Conyers, Senator Cory Booker, and the current President of the United States, Barack Obama, who managed to net over 95% of the African-American vote in the 2008 election. Despite being unaffiliated, the NAACP often participates in organizing and voter turnout drives and advocates for progressive causes, especially those that affect people of color. Within the House of Representatives, the Congressional Black Caucus, consisting of 44 black Democrats, serves to represent the interests of African Americans and advocate on issues that affect them.", "qas": [ { "id": "43530", "question": "what percentage of the african-american vote did obama have in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 276, "text": "95%" } ] }, { "id": "43531", "question": "what is the congressional black caucus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 594, "text": "44 black Democrats" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Hispanic population, particularly the large Mexican American population in the Southwest and the large Puerto Rican and Dominican populations in the Northeast, have been strong supporters of the Democratic Party. In the 1996 presidential election, Democratic President Bill Clinton received 72% of the Hispanic vote. In following years, however, the Republican Party gained increasing support from the Hispanic community, especially among Hispanic Protestants and Pentecostals. With his much more liberal views on immigration, President Bush was the first Republican president to gain 40% of the Hispanic vote (he did so in the 2004 presidential election). Yet the Republican Party's support among Hispanics eroded in the 2006 midterm elections, dropping from 44% to 30%, with the Democrats gaining in the Hispanic vote from 55% in 2004 to 69% in 2006. Democrats increased their share of the Hispanic vote in the 2008 presidential election, with Barack Obama receiving 67%. According to exit polls by Edison Research, Obama increased his support again in 2012, winning 71% of Hispanic voters.", "qas": [ { "id": "43532", "question": "what percentage of the hispanic vote did bill clinton receive in 1996 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 295, "text": "72%" } ] }, { "id": "43533", "question": "what percentage of the hispanic vote did president bush gain in the 2004 presidential election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 589, "text": "40%" } ] }, { "id": "43534", "question": "what was the percentage of hispanic vote in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 973, "text": "67%" } ] }, { "id": "43535", "question": "what percentage of hispanic voters were winning in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1073, "text": "71%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Cuban Americans still tend to vote Republican, though there has been a noticeable change starting with the 2008 elections. During the 2008 elections Barack Obama received 47% of the Cuban American vote in Florida. According to Bendixen's exit polls, 84% of Miami-Dade Cuban American voters 65 or older backed McCain, while 55% of those 29 or younger backed Obama, showing that the younger Cuban-American generation has become more liberal.", "qas": [ { "id": "43536", "question": "what percentage of the cuban american vote in florida was obama ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "47%" } ] }, { "id": "43537", "question": "what percentage of miami-dade 's american voters were 65 or older ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "84%" } ] }, { "id": "43538", "question": "what percentage of miami-dade 's population was obama ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "55%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Throughout the decade of the 2000s, 60% or more of Hispanic Roman Catholics who were registered to vote identified as either Democratic or leaning towards the Party.", "qas": [ { "id": "43539", "question": "what percentage of hispanic roman catholics were registered to the party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "60%" } ] }, { "id": "43540", "question": "what were hispanic roman catholics registered to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "either Democratic or leaning towards the Party" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Unaffiliated Hispanic advocacy groups that often support progressive candidates and causes include the National Council of La Raza and the League of United Latin American Citizens. In the House of Representatives, the Democratic caucus of Hispanic Americans is the Congressional Hispanic Caucus.", "qas": [ { "id": "43541", "question": "what are the names of the hispanic advocacy that often support progressive candidates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "the National Council of La Raza and the League of United Latin American Citizens" } ] }, { "id": "43542", "question": "who is the democratic caucus of hispanic americans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 265, "text": "Congressional Hispanic Caucus" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Democratic Party also has strong support among the Native American population, particularly in Arizona, New Mexico, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Washington, Alaska, Idaho, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Oklahoma and North Carolina. Though now a small percentage of the population (virtually non-existent in some regions), most Native American precincts vote Democratic in margins exceeded only by African-Americans.", "qas": [ { "id": "43543", "question": "who exceeded most native american precincts vote ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "African-Americans" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Modern-day Democratic Native American politicians include former Congressman Brad Carson of Oklahoma and Lieutenant Governor Byron Mallott of Alaska, as well as Principal Chief Bill John Baker of the Cherokee Nation and Governor Bill Anoatubby of the Chickasaw Nation.", "qas": [ { "id": "43544", "question": "what is the name of the former democratic congressman of oklahoma ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Brad Carson of Oklahoma and Lieutenant Governor Byron Mallott of Alaska" } ] }, { "id": "43545", "question": "who is the chief bill john baker ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Principal Chief Bill John Baker of the Cherokee Nation and Governor Bill Anoatubby of the Chickasaw Nation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Jewish American communities tend to be a stronghold for the Democratic Party, with more than 70% of Jewish voters having cast their ballots for the Democrats in the 2004 and 2006 elections. Al Gore received 79% of the Jewish votes in 2000, and Barack Obama won about 77% of the Jewish vote in 2008. Support tends to vary among specific sectarian groups. For example, only 13% of Orthodox Jews supported Barack Obama in 2008 while around 60% of Conservative Jews and Reform Jews did so. A 2010 poll by the Pew Research Center found that 60% of self-described Jews identified as Democratic or leaning towards the party, compared to 33% with those feelings towards Republicans.", "qas": [ { "id": "43546", "question": "what percentage of jewish voters cast their ballots for the democrats in 2004 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "70%" } ] }, { "id": "43547", "question": "how much of the jewish votes did al gore receive in 2000 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "79%" } ] }, { "id": "43548", "question": "how much of the jewish vote did obama win in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "77%" } ] }, { "id": "43549", "question": "how many orthodox jews supported barack obama ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 372, "text": "13%" } ] }, { "id": "43550", "question": "what percentage of conservative jews were supported by obama ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 437, "text": "60%" } ] }, { "id": "43551", "question": "what percentage of self-described jews identified as democratic or leaning ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 536, "text": "60%" } ] }, { "id": "43552", "question": "what percentage of jews identified as democratic or leaning ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 630, "text": "33%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Jews as an important Democratic constituency are especially politically active and influential in large cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Boston, Chicago; and play critical roles in large cities within presidential swing states, such as Philadelphia, Miami, and Las Vegas. Many prominent national Democrats in recent decades have been Jewish, including Chuck Schumer, Carl Levin, Abraham Ribicoff, Ben Cardin, Henry Waxman, Martin Frost, Joseph Lieberman, Bernie Sanders, Dianne Feinstein, Barney Frank, Barbara Boxer, Paul Wellstone, Rahm Emanuel, Russ Feingold, Herb Kohl, and Howard Metzenbaum.", "qas": [ { "id": "43553", "question": "what are some of the critical roles in presidential swing states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "Philadelphia, Miami, and Las Vegas" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Arab Americans and Muslim Americans have leaned Democratic since the Iraq War. Zogby found in June 2007 that 39% of Arab Americans identify as Democrats, 26% as Republicans, and 28% as independents.", "qas": [ { "id": "43554", "question": "what percentage of arab americans identify as democrats ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "39%" } ] }, { "id": "43555", "question": "what percentage of arab americans identify as republicans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "26%" } ] }, { "id": "43556", "question": "what percentage of arab americans identify as independents ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "28%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Arab Americans, generally socially conservative but with more diverse economic views, historically voted Republican until recent years, having supported George W. Bush over Al Gore in 2000.", "qas": [ { "id": "43557", "question": "who was supported by arab americans in 2000 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "George W. Bush over Al Gore" } ] }, { "id": "43558", "question": "when did george w. bush die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "2000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A 2012 poll found that 68% of Muslim Americans surveyed support Barack Obama.", "qas": [ { "id": "43559", "question": "what percentage of muslim americans surveyed support barack obama ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "68%" } ] }, { "id": "43560", "question": "who did a 2012 poll support ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "Barack Obama" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Democratic Party also has considerable support in the small but growing Asian American population. The Asian American population had been a stronghold of the Republican Party until the United States presidential election of 1992 in which George H. W. Bush won 55% of the Asian American vote, compared to Bill Clinton winning 31%, and Ross Perot winning 15% of the Asian vote. Originally, the vast majority of Asian Americans consisted of strongly anti-communist, pro-democracy Vietnamese refugees, Chinese Americans, Taiwanese Americans, Korean Americans, and socially conservative Filipinos who fled Ferdinand Marcos in the 1960s through the 1980s, and the general Republican Party's socially conservative, fervently anti-communist position strongly resonated with this original demographic. The Democratic party made gains among the Asian American population starting with 1996 and in 2006, won 62% of the Asian American vote. Exit polls after the 2008 presidential election indicated that Democratic candidate, Barack Obama won 62% of the Asian American vote nationwide. In the 2012 Presidential election, 73% of the Asian American electorate voted for Obama's re-election.", "qas": [ { "id": "43561", "question": "what percentage of the asian american vote did george h. w. bush win ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "55%" } ] }, { "id": "43562", "question": "what percentage of the asian vote did ross perot winning ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 357, "text": "15%" } ] }, { "id": "43563", "question": "how much of the asian american vote did the democratic party lose in 2006 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 901, "text": "62%" } ] }, { "id": "43564", "question": "what percentage of the asian american vote did obama win ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1035, "text": "62%" } ] }, { "id": "43565", "question": "what percentage of the asian american electorate voted for obama ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1113, "text": "73%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Barack Obama has the support of 85% of Indian Americans, 68% of Chinese Americans, and 57% of Filipino Americans. The Asian American community's increasing number of young voters has also helped to erode traditionally reliably Republican voting blocs such as Vietnamese and Filipino Americans, leading to an increase in support for Democrats. Prominent Asian-American Democrats include Senators Daniel Inouye, Daniel Akaka and Mazie Hirono, former Governor and Secretary of Commerce Gary Locke, and Representatives Mike Honda, Judy Chu, Doris Matsui, and Norman Mineta.", "qas": [ { "id": "43566", "question": "what percentage of indian americans has the support of indian americans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "85%" } ] }, { "id": "43567", "question": "what percentage of chinese americans are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "68%" } ] }, { "id": "43568", "question": "what percentage of filipino americans are support in obama ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "57%" } ] }, { "id": "43569", "question": "what are some of the republican voting blocs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "Vietnamese and Filipino Americans" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\n", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Democratic Party (United States)" } ] }