{
"data": [
{
"paragraphs": [
{
"context": "Rome ( ; , ) is a city and special \"comune\" (named \"Roma Capitale\") in Italy. Rome is the capital of Italy and of the Lazio region. With 2.9\u00a0million residents in , it is also the country's largest and most populated \"comune\" and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. The Metropolitan City of Rome has a population of 4.3\u00a0million residents. The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio (Latium), along the shores of Tiber river. The Vatican City is an independent country geographically located within the city boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a city: for this reason Rome has been often defined as capital of two states.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43570",
"question": "what is rome 's nickname ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 36,
"text": "comune"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43571",
"question": "what is the population of rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 361,
"text": "4.3\u00a0million residents"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome's history spans more than two and a half thousand years. While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at only around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. The city's early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans and Sabines. Eventually, the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, and is regarded as one of the birthplaces of Western civilisation and by some as the first ever metropolis. It was first called \"urbs aeterna\" (The Eternal City) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BCE, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called the \"Caput Mundi\" (Capital of the World).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43572",
"question": "when did roman mythology start the founding of rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 126,
"text": "753 BC"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43573",
"question": "what were the early population of the marshall islands ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 299,
"text": "Latins, Etruscans and Sabines"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43574",
"question": "what was the name of the eternal city by the roman poet ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 575,
"text": "urbs aeterna"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43575",
"question": "who was the roman poet in the 1st century ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 626,
"text": "Tibullus"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43576",
"question": "what is the capital of the world called ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 748,
"text": "Caput Mundi"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "After the fall of the Western Empire, which marked the beginning of the Middle Ages, Rome slowly fell under the political control of the Papacy, which had settled in the city since the 1st century AD, until in the 8th century it became the capital of the Papal States, which lasted until 1870.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43577",
"question": "when did the papacy of the papacy take place ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 185,
"text": "1st century AD"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43578",
"question": "when did rome become the capital of the papal states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 214,
"text": "8th century"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43579",
"question": "when did the papal states end ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 288,
"text": "1870"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Beginning with the Renaissance, almost all the popes since Nicholas V (1422\u201355) pursued coherently along four hundred years an architectonic and urbanistic programme aimed to make of the city the world's artistic and cultural centre. Due to that, Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance, and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, creating masterpieces throughout the city. In 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43580",
"question": "who was the popes of the renaissance ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 59,
"text": "Nicholas V"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43581",
"question": "when did nicholas v die ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 71,
"text": "1422\u201355"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43582",
"question": "how many years did nicholas v 's popes last ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 105,
"text": "four hundred"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43583",
"question": "rome became one of the major centres of what ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 293,
"text": "the Italian Renaissance"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43584",
"question": "when did rome become the capital of the kingdom of italy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 524,
"text": "1871"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43585",
"question": "in what year did rome become the capital of the italian republic ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 585,
"text": "1946"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome has the status of a global city. Rome ranked in 2014 as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the world's most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43586",
"question": "in what year did rome become a city ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 53,
"text": "2014"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43587",
"question": "what is unesco listed by ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 237,
"text": "World Heritage Site"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43588",
"question": "what are some of the museums in the world ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 292,
"text": "Vatican Museums and the Colosseum"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43589",
"question": "in what year did rome host the summer olympics ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 457,
"text": "1960"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43590",
"question": "what does fao stand for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 497,
"text": "United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "According to the founding myth of the city by the Ancient Romans themselves, the long-held tradition of the origin of the name \"Roma\" is believed to have come from the city's founder and first king, Romulus.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43591",
"question": "who themselves the founding myth ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 46,
"text": "the Ancient Romans"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43592",
"question": "what is romulus ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 77,
"text": "the long-held tradition of the origin of the name \"Roma\""
}
]
},
{
"id": "43593",
"question": "who was the first king of the name `` roma '' ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 199,
"text": "Romulus"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "However, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. As early as the 4th century, there have been alternate theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. Several hypotheses have been advanced focusing on its uncertain linguistic roots.:",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43594",
"question": "what was actually derived from rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 43,
"text": "Romulus"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "There is archaeological evidence of human occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago, but the dense layer of much younger debris obscures Palaeolithic and Neolithic sites. Evidence of stone tools, pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence. Several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the bronze age and the beginning of the Iron age, each hill between the sea and the Capitol was topped by a village (on the Capitol Hill, a village is attested since the end of the 14th century BC). However, none of them had yet an urban quality. Nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city was gradually born through the aggregation (\"synoecism\") of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine. This aggregation, signalling the passage from a proto-urban to an urban situation, was allowed by the increase of agricultural productivity above the subsistence level, which allowed the establishment of secondary and tertiary activities: in turn, these boosted the development of trade with the Greek colonies of southern Italy (mainly Ischia and Cumae). All these happenings, which according to the archeological excavations took place more or less around the mid of the 8th century BC, can be considered as the \"birth\" of the city. Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome has been indeed founded with an act of will as the legend suggests in the middle of the 8th century BC (the date of the tradition of Romulus) remains a fringe hypothesis.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43595",
"question": "when was the evidence of human occupation ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 89,
"text": "14,000 years ago"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43596",
"question": "how many years of human presence are there ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 260,
"text": "10,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43597",
"question": "when was the capitol of the capitol hill ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 639,
"text": "14th century BC"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth. The most familiar of these myths, and perhaps the most famous of all Roman myths, is the story of Romulus and Remus, the twins who were suckled by a she-wolf. They decided to build a city, but after an argument, Romulus killed his brother and the city took his name. According to the Roman annalists, this happened on 21 April 753 BC. This legend had to be reconciled with a dual tradition, set earlier in time, that had the Trojan refugee Aeneas escape to Italy and found the line of Romans through his son Iulus, the namesake of the Julio-Claudian dynasty.\nThis was accomplished by the Roman poet Virgil in the first century BC.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43598",
"question": "what are the most famous roman myths ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 235,
"text": "Romulus and Remus"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43599",
"question": "when did the roman annalists happened ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 455,
"text": "21 April 753 BC"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43600",
"question": "who was the son of aeneas ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 645,
"text": "Iulus"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "After the legendary foundation by Romulus, Rome was ruled for a period of 244 years by a monarchical system, initially with sovereigns of Latin and Sabine origin, later by Etruscan kings. The tradition handed down seven kings: Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Marcius, Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius and Tarquinius Superbus.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43601",
"question": "who ruled the legendary foundation ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 34,
"text": "Romulus"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43602",
"question": "how long was rome when he ruled rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 74,
"text": "244 years"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43603",
"question": "what was the origin of romulus ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 138,
"text": "Latin and Sabine origin"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43604",
"question": "who ruled rome in romulus ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 172,
"text": "Etruscan kings"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In 509 BC the Romans expelled the last king from their city and established an oligarchic republic. Rome then began a period characterised by internal struggles between patricians (aristocrats) and plebeians (small landowners), and by constant warfare against the populations of central Italy: Etruscans, Latins, Volsci, Aequi, Marsi. After becoming master of Latium, Rome led several wars (against the Gauls, Osci-Samnites and the Greek colony of Taranto, allied with Pyrrhus, king of Epirus) whose result was the conquest of the Italian peninsula, from the central area up to Magna Graecia.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43605",
"question": "when did the romans capture the last king ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 3,
"text": "509 BC"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43606",
"question": "what was the central name of the italian peninsula ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 578,
"text": "Magna Graecia"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The third and second century BC saw the establishment of Roman hegemony over the Mediterranean and the East, through the three Punic Wars (264\u2013146 BC) fought against the city of Carthage and the three Macedonian Wars (212\u2013168 BC) against Macedonia. Then were established the first Roman provinces: Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica, Hispania, Macedonia, Greece (Achaia) and Africa.\nFrom the beginning of the 2nd century BC, power was contested between two groups of aristocrats: the optimates, representing the conservative part of the Senate, and the populares, which relied on the help of the plebs (urban lower class) to gain power. In the same period, the bankruptcy of the small farmers and the establishment of large slave estates provoked the migration to the city of a large number of people. The continuous warfare made necessary a professional army, which was more loyal to its generals than to the republic. Due to that, in the second half of the second century and during the first century BC there were conflicts both abroad and internally: after the failed attempt of social reform of the populares Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, and the war against Jugurtha, there was a first civil war between Gaius Marius and Sulla. To this followed a major slave revolt under Spartacus, and then the establishment of the first Triumvirate with Caesar, Pompey and Crassus.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43607",
"question": "when did the three punic wars end ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 139,
"text": "264\u2013146 BC"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43608",
"question": "when did the three macedonian wars end ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 218,
"text": "212\u2013168 BC"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43609",
"question": "what was the name of the major slave revolt ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 1271,
"text": "Spartacus"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The conquest of Gaul made Caesar immensely powerful and popular, which led to a second civil war against the Senate and Pompey. After his victory, Caesar established himself as dictator for life. His assassination led to a second Triumvirate among Octavian (Caesar's grandnephew and heir), Mark Antony and Lepidus, and to another civil war between Octavian and Antony. The former in 27 BC became \"princeps civitatis\" and got the title of Augustus, founding the principate, a diarchy between the \"princeps\" and the senate. Rome was established as a de facto empire, which reached its greatest expansion in the second century under the Emperor Trajan, Rome was confirmed as caput Mundi, i.e. the capital of the world, an expression which had already been given in the Republican period. During its first two centuries, the empire saw as rulers, emperors of the Julio-Claudian, Flavian (who also built eponymous amphitheatre, known as the Colosseum) and Antonine dynasties. This time was also characterised by the spread of the Christian religion, preached by Jesus Christ in Judea in the first half of the first century (under Tiberius) and popularized by his apostles through the empire and beyond. The Antonine age is considered the apogee of the Empire, whose territory ranged from the Atlantic Ocean to the Euphrates and from Britain to Egypt.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43610",
"question": "along with octavian and antony , what two octavian led to octavian ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 290,
"text": "Mark Antony and Lepidus"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43611",
"question": "in what year did augustus 's principate become princeps ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 383,
"text": "27 BC"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43612",
"question": "what was the name of rome 's capital ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 672,
"text": "caput Mundi"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In the third century, at the end of the Antonine dynasty, with the Severan dynasty the \"principatus\" was substituted by a military government, which was soon followed by a destabilising period of military anarchy known as the Crisis of the Third Century. At the same time the economy deteriorated, inflation rose and the historical enemies of Rome, the Germanic tribes in the West and the Persian Empire in the East, continued to bear pressure on the frontiers.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43613",
"question": "what was substituted by a military government in the third century ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 88,
"text": "principatus"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43614",
"question": "what was the military anarchy known as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 222,
"text": "the Crisis of the Third Century"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43615",
"question": "where was the germanic tribes located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 376,
"text": "West and the Persian Empire"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Emperor Diocletian (284) attempted to alleviate the economic and military problems by introducing the dominate (an absolute monarchy where the emperor was deified), imposing price controls and decentralising the administration: the emperor divided the empire into twelve dioceses, ruling under the title of \"Augustus\" the eastern half (with residence in Nicomedia) and naming Maximian \"Augustus\" of the western half, whose capital was moved to Mediolanum. The succession was regulated with the creation of the Tetrarchy: each \"Augustus\", in fact, had to appoint a junior emperor, named \"Caesar\", who would rule part of the Roman territory on behalf of his \"Augustus\" and who would become, at the end, the new emperor.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43616",
"question": "who attempted to alleviate the economic and military problems ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "Emperor Diocletian"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43617",
"question": "what year did diocletian die ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 20,
"text": "284"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43618",
"question": "where was augustus moved to ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 444,
"text": "Mediolanum"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43619",
"question": "what was the name of the junior emperor ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 527,
"text": "Augustus"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "After the abdication of Diocletian and Maximian in 305 and many dynastic conflicts, this system collapsed, and the new ruler, Constantine, centralised power again and, with the Edict of Milan in 313, gave freedom of worship for Christians, pledging himself to give stability to the new religion. He built several churches, gave the civil power of Rome to Pope Sylvester I and founded in the eastern part a new capital city; Constantinople.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43620",
"question": "in what year did diocletian die ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 51,
"text": "305"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43621",
"question": "along with the new ruler of milan , what was the name of the new ruler ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 126,
"text": "Constantine"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43622",
"question": "in what year was the edict of milan ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 195,
"text": "313"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43623",
"question": "who was the civil power of rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 355,
"text": "Pope Sylvester I"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43624",
"question": "what was the name of the capital of rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 424,
"text": "Constantinople"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Christianity became the official religion of the empire, thanks to an edict issued in 380 by Theodosius, who was the last emperor of a unified empire: after his death, in fact, his sons, Arcadius and Honorius, divided the empire into a western and an eastern part. The capital of the western Roman Empire became Ravenna.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43625",
"question": "in what year was christianity issued ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 86,
"text": "380"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43626",
"question": "who was the last emperor of a unified empire ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 93,
"text": "Theodosius"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43627",
"question": "who was the sons of a unified empire ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 187,
"text": "Arcadius and Honorius"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43628",
"question": "who was the capital of the western roman empire ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 312,
"text": "Ravenna"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome, which had lost its central role in the administration of the empire, was sacked in 410 by the Visigoths led by Alaric I, but also embellished by the construction of sacred buildings by the popes (with the collaboration of the emperors). The city, impoverished and depopulated, suffered a new looting in 455, by Genseric, king of the Vandals. The weak emperors of the fifth century could not stop the decay, until the deposition of Romulus Augustus on 22 August 476 marked the end of the Western Roman Empire and, for many historians, the beginning of the Middle Ages.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43629",
"question": "in what year was rome sacked ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 89,
"text": "410"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43630",
"question": "who led the visigoths ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 117,
"text": "Alaric I"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43631",
"question": "where did king of the vandals take place ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 309,
"text": "455"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43632",
"question": "who was the king of the vandals ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 317,
"text": "Genseric"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43633",
"question": "what was the date of romulus ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 457,
"text": "22 August 476"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Bishop of Rome, called the Pope, was important since the early days of Christianity because of the martyrdom of both the apostles Peter and Paul there. The Bishops of Rome were also seen (and still are seen by Catholics) as the successors of Peter; he being the first Bishop of Rome. The city thus became of increasing importance as the centre of the Catholic Church. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD, Rome was first under the control of Odoacer and then became part of the Ostrogothic Kingdom before returning to East Roman control after the Gothic War, which devastated the city. Its population declined from more than a million in 210 AD to 500,000 in 273 to 35,000 after the Gothic War, reducing the sprawling city to groups of inhabited buildings interspersed among large areas of ruins, vegetation, vineyards and market gardens.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43634",
"question": "who called the pope ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "The Bishop of Rome"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43635",
"question": "what was the bishop of rome called ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 27,
"text": "the Pope"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43636",
"question": "when was the western roman empire established ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 418,
"text": "476 AD"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "After the Lombard invasion of Italy, the city remained nominally Byzantine, but in reality the popes pursued a policy of equilibrium between the Byzantines, the Franks and the Lombards. In 729, the Lombard king Liutprand donated to the church the north Latium town of Sutri, starting the temporal power of the church. In 756, Pepin the Short, after having defeated the Lombards, gave to the Pope temporal jurisdiction over the Roman Duchy and the Exarchate of Ravenna, thus creating the Papal States. Since this period three powers tried to rule the city: the pope, the nobility, together with the chiefs of militias, the judges, the Senate and the populace; and the Frankish king, as king of the Lombards, patricius and Emperor. These three parties (theocratic, republican and imperial) were a characteristic of Roman life during the entire Middle Ages. On the Christmas night of 800, Charlemagne was crowned in Rome as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Leo III: on that occasion the city hosted for the first time the two powers whose struggle for the universal power was to be a constant of the Middle Ages.\nIn 846, Muslim Arabs unsuccessfully stormed the city's walls, but managed to loot St. Peter's and St. Paul's basilica, both outside the city wall. After the decay of Carolingian power, Rome fell prey to feudal anarchy: several noble families kept fighting against the pope, the emperor and each other. These were the times of Theodora and her daughter Marozia, concubines and mothers of several popes, and of Crescentius, a powerful feudal lord, who fought against the Emperors Otto II and III. The scandals of this period pushed the papacy to reform itself: the election of the pope was reserved to the cardinals, and a reform of the clergy was attempted. The driving force behind this renewal was the monk Ildebrando da Soana, who once elected pope under the name of Gregory VII became involved into the Investiture Controversy against Emperor Henry IV. Subsequently, Rome was sacked and burned by the Normans of Robert Guiscard who had entered the city in support of the Pope, who was besieged in Castel S. Angelo.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43637",
"question": "who were the equilibrium policy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 157,
"text": "the Franks and the Lombards"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43638",
"question": "in what year was the lombard king donated to the church ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 189,
"text": "729"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "During this period, the city was autonomously ruled by a \"senatore\" or \"patrizio\": in the 12th century. This administration, as often in the Italian cities, evolved into the commune, a new form of social organisation, expression of the new wealthy classes. Pope Lucius II had already to fight against the Roman commune, and the struggle was continued by his successor pope Eugenius III: then the commune, allied with the nobility, was supported by Arnaldo da Brescia, a monk who was a religious and social reformer. After the pope's death, Arnaldo was taken prisoner by Adrianus IV, which marked the end of the comune's autonomy. Under Pope Innocent III, whose reign marked the apogee of the papacy, the commune liquidated the senate, and replaced it with a \"Senatore\", who was subject to the pope.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43639",
"question": "what was the city ruled by ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 57,
"text": "\"senatore\" or \"patrizio\""
}
]
},
{
"id": "43640",
"question": "who was lucius ii 's successor ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 373,
"text": "Eugenius III"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43641",
"question": "who supported pope lucius ii ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 448,
"text": "Arnaldo da Brescia"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43642",
"question": "who was taken prisoner by the pope 's death ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 540,
"text": "Arnaldo"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43643",
"question": "who taken the end of the pope 's autonomy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 570,
"text": "Adrianus IV"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43644",
"question": "who replaced the papacy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 636,
"text": "Pope Innocent III"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43645",
"question": "what was the name of the pope replaced by pope innocent ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 759,
"text": "Senatore"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In this period the papacy played a role of secular importance in Western Europe, often acting as arbitrators between Christian monarchs and exercising additional political powers.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43646",
"question": "what did the papacy do in western europe ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 97,
"text": "arbitrators between Christian monarchs and exercising additional political powers"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In 1266 Charles of Anjou, who was heading south to fight the Hohenstaufen on behalf of the pope, was appointed Senator. Charles founded the Sapienza, the university of Rome. In that period the pope died, and the cardinals, summoned in Viterbo, could not agree on his successor: the people of the city, angered, unroofed the building where they had met, imprisoning them until they had nominated the new pope: this happening marked the birth of the conclave. In this period the city was also shattered by continuous fights among the noble families: Annibaldi, Caetani, Colonna, Orsini, Conti, nested in their fortresses built above ancient Roman edifices, fought each other to control the papacy.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43647",
"question": "when was charles of anjou appointed senator ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 3,
"text": "1266"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43648",
"question": "who was appointed senator to fight the pope ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 8,
"text": "Charles of Anjou"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43649",
"question": "what was the university of rome called ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 140,
"text": "Sapienza"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43650",
"question": "in what year did the pope die ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 235,
"text": "Viterbo"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pope Boniface VIII, born Caetani, was the last pope to fight for the church's universal domain: he proclaimed a crusade against the Colonna and in 1300, called for the first Jubilee of Christianity, which brought to Rome millions of pilgrims. However, his hopes were crushed by the French king Philip the Fair, who took him prisoner and slashed him in Anagni, causing his death. Afterwards, a new pope faithful to the French was elected, and the papacy was briefly relocated to Avignon (1309\u20131377). During this period the city was neglected, until the power fell in the hand of a plebeian man, Cola di Rienzo. An idealist and a lover of ancient Rome, Cola dreamed about a rebirth of the Roman Empire: after assuming the power with the title of \"Tribuno\", his reforms were rejected by the populace. Forced to flee, Cola could come back among the suite of cardinal Albornoz, in charge of restoring the church power in Italy. Back in power for a short time, he was lynched by the populace, and Albornoz could take possession of the city, that in 1377 under Gregory XI became again the seat of the papacy. The return of the pope to Rome in that year unleashed the western Schism (1377\u20131418), and during the next forty years, the city was prey of the fights which shattered the church.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43651",
"question": "who was the last pope to fight for the church 's universal domain ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 25,
"text": "Caetani"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43652",
"question": "when did the first jubilee of christianity take place ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 147,
"text": "1300"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43653",
"question": "what was the first pope to fight for the church ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 174,
"text": "Jubilee of Christianity"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43654",
"question": "which french king crushed the hopes of his death ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 294,
"text": "Philip the Fair"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43655",
"question": "who was the plebeian man in the city ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 594,
"text": "Cola di Rienzo"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In 1418, the Council of Constance settled the Western Schism, and a Roman pope, Martin V, was elected.\nThis brought to Rome a century of internal peace, which marked the beginning of the Renaissance. The ruling popes until the first half of the 16th century, from Nicholas V, founder of the Vatican Library, to Pius II, humanist and literate, from Sixtus IV, a warrior pope, to Alexander VI, immoral and nepotist, from Julius II, soldier and patron, to Leo X, who gave his name to this period (\"the century of Leo X\"), all devoted their energy to the greatness and the beauty of the Eternal City, to the power of their stock, and to the patronage of the arts.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43656",
"question": "when did the council of constance join the western schism ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 3,
"text": "1418"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43657",
"question": "who was the roman pope ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 80,
"text": "Martin V"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The period was also infamous for papal corruption, with many Popes fathering children, and engaging in nepotism and simony. The corruption of the Popes and the huge expenses for their building projects led, in part, to the Reformation and, in turn, the Counter-Reformation. Alexander VI, for example, was well known for his decadence, extravagance and immoral life. Under extravagant and rich popes, Rome was transformed into a centre of art, poetry, music, literature, education and culture. Rome became able to compete with other major European cities of the time in terms of wealth, grandeur, the arts, learning and architecture.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43658",
"question": "what type of corruption was the period of the period ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 33,
"text": "papal corruption"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43659",
"question": "what were the period of the period of the period ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 103,
"text": "nepotism and simony"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43660",
"question": "who was well known as his life ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 274,
"text": "Alexander VI"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43661",
"question": "what was alexander vi well known for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 324,
"text": "decadence, extravagance and immoral life"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Renaissance period changed Rome's face dramatically, with works like the Piet\u00e0 by Michelangelo and the frescoes of the Borgia Apartments. Rome reached the highest point of splendour under Pope Julius II (1503\u20131513) and his successors Leo X and Clement VII, both members of the Medici family.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43662",
"question": "what was the name of the apartments that changed the renaissance period ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 123,
"text": "Borgia Apartments"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43663",
"question": "who reached rome 's highest point ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 192,
"text": "Pope Julius II"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43664",
"question": "when did pope julius ii die ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 208,
"text": "1503\u20131513"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43665",
"question": "who were rome 's successors ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 238,
"text": "Leo X and Clement VII"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In this twenty-year period, Rome became one of the greatest centres of art in the world. The old St. Peter's Basilica built by Emperor Constantine the Great (which by then was in a dilapidated state) was demolished and a new one begun. The city hosted artists like Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli and Bramante, who built the temple of San Pietro in Montorio and planned a great project to renovate the Vatican. Raphael, who in Rome became one of the most famous painters of Italy, created frescoes in the Villa Farnesina, the Raphael's Rooms, plus many other famous paintings. Michelangelo started the decoration of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and executed the famous statue of the Moses for the tomb of Julius II. Rome lost in part its religious character, becoming increasingly a true Renaissance city, with a great number of popular feasts, horse races, parties, intrigues and licentious episodes.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43666",
"question": "who built the old st. peter 's basilica ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 127,
"text": "Emperor Constantine the Great"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43667",
"question": "who were the artists that built the temple of san pietro ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 265,
"text": "Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli and Bramante"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Its economy was rich, with the presence of several Tuscan bankers, including Agostino Chigi, who was a friend of Raphael and a patron of arts. Before his early death, Raphael also promoted for the first time the preservation of the ancient ruins. The fight between France and Spain in Europe caused the first plunder of the city in less than five hundred years after the previous sack. In 1527, the Landsknechts of Emperor Charles V sacked the city, putting to an abrupt end the golden age of the Renaissance in Rome.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43668",
"question": "who was the friend of tuscan ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 77,
"text": "Agostino Chigi"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43669",
"question": "along with a patron of arts , who was a patron of arts ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 113,
"text": "Raphael"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43670",
"question": "who promoted the first time the preservation of the ancient ruins ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 167,
"text": "Raphael"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43671",
"question": "how long did the fight between france and spain take place ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 342,
"text": "five hundred years"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43672",
"question": "in what year did emperor charles v sacked the city in rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 389,
"text": "1527"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43673",
"question": "who sacked the city in 1527 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 399,
"text": "Landsknechts of Emperor Charles V"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Beginning with the Council of Trent in 1545, the Church began the Counter-Reformation as an answer to the Reformation, a large-scale questioning of the Church's authority on spiritual matters and governmental affairs. (This loss of confidence then led to major shifts of power away from the Church.) Under the popes from Pius IV to Sixtus V, Rome became the centre of the reformed Catholicism and saw the instalment of new monuments which celebrated the papacy's restored greatness. The popes and cardinals of the 17th and early 18th centuries continued the movement by having the city's landscape enriched with baroque buildings.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43674",
"question": "when did the council of trent begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 39,
"text": "1545"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "This was another nepotistic age: the new noble families (Barberini, Pamphili, Chigi, Rospigliosi, Altieri, Odescalchi) were protected by their respective popes, who built for their relatives huge baroque buildings. During the Age of Enlightenment, new ideas reached also the Eternal City, where the papacy supported archaeological studies and improved the people's welfare. But not everything went well for the Church during the Counter-Reformation. There were setbacks in the attempts to restrain the anti-Church policies of European powers of the time, the most notable setback perhaps being in 1773 when Pope Clement XIV was forced by secular powers to have the Jesuit order suppressed.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43675",
"question": "what city did new ideas during the age of enlightenment take place ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 275,
"text": "Eternal City"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43676",
"question": "in what year did pope clement xiv die ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 597,
"text": "1773"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43677",
"question": "who was forced by secular powers ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 607,
"text": "Pope Clement XIV"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The rule of the Popes was interrupted by the short-lived Roman Republic (1798\u20131800), which was built under the influence of the French Revolution. The Papal States were restored in June 1800, but during Napoleon's reign Rome was annexed as a \"D\u00e9partement\" of the French Empire: first as \"D\u00e9partement du Tibre\" (1808\u201310) and then as \"D\u00e9partement Rome\" (1810\u201314). After the fall of Napoleon, the Church State under the pope was reinstated through the Congress of Vienna of 1814.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43678",
"question": "what interrupted the rule of the popes ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 57,
"text": "Roman Republic"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43679",
"question": "when was the roman republic interrupted ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 73,
"text": "1798\u20131800"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43680",
"question": "the roman republic was built under what influence ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 128,
"text": "French Revolution"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43681",
"question": "when were the papal states restored ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 181,
"text": "June 1800"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43682",
"question": "who reinstated the church state under the pope ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 449,
"text": "Congress of Vienna of 1814"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In 1849 another Roman Republic arose within the framework of the revolutions of 1848. Two of the most influential figures of the Italian unification, Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi, fought for the short-lived republic.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43683",
"question": "in what year was the roman republic arose ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 3,
"text": "1849"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43684",
"question": "in what year did the revolutions end ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 80,
"text": "1848"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43685",
"question": "who were the most influential figures of the italian unification ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 150,
"text": "Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome then became the focus of hopes of Italian reunification, as the rest of Italy was reunited as the Kingdom of Italy, with a temporary capital at Florence. In 1861 Rome was declared capital of Italy even though it was still under the Pope's control. During the 1860s, the last vestiges of the Papal States were under French protection, thanks to the foreign policy of Napoleon III. It was only when this was lifted in 1870, owing to the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War, that Italian troops were able to capture Rome entering the city through a breach near Porta Pia. Afterwards, Pope Pius IX declared himself as prisoner in the Vatican, and in 1871 the capital of Italy was finally moved from Florence to Rome.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43686",
"question": "what was the rest of italy reunited as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 99,
"text": "the Kingdom of Italy"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43687",
"question": "where was the capital of italy located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 149,
"text": "Florence"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43688",
"question": "when was rome declared capital of italy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 162,
"text": "1861"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43689",
"question": "in what year was the italian war lifted ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 421,
"text": "1870"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43690",
"question": "in what year was the capital of italy moved ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 651,
"text": "1871"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Soon after World War I, Rome witnessed the rise of Italian Fascism, led by Benito Mussolini, who marched on the city in 1922, eventually declaring a new Italian Empire and allying Italy with Nazi Germany. Mussolini pulled down large parts of the city centre in order to build wide avenues and squares which were supposed to celebrate the fascist regime and the resurgence of classical Rome. The interwar period saw a rapid growth in the city's population, which surpassed one million inhabitants. In World War II, due to its art treasuries and the presence of Vatican, Rome largely escaped the tragic destiny of other European cities. However, on 19 July 1943 the San Lorenzo district was bombed by Anglo-American forces, resulting in about 3,000 immediate deaths and 11,000 wounded of which another 1,500 died. After the fall of Mussolini and the Italian Armistice on 8 September 1943, the city was occupied by the Germans and declared an open city until its liberation on 4 June 1944.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43691",
"question": "who led the rise of italian fascism ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 75,
"text": "Benito Mussolini"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43692",
"question": "in what year did benito mussolini marched on the city ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 120,
"text": "1922"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43693",
"question": "when was the san lorenzo district bombed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 647,
"text": "19 July 1943"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43694",
"question": "when was the italian armistice ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 869,
"text": "8 September 1943"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43695",
"question": "when was the city declared an open city ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 974,
"text": "4 June 1944"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome developed momentously after the war, as one of the driving forces behind the \"Italian economic miracle\" of post-war reconstruction and modernisation in the 1950s and early 1960s. During this period, the years of \"la dolce vita\" (\"the sweet life\"), Rome became a fashionable city, with popular classic films such as \"Ben Hur\", \"Quo Vadis\", \"Roman Holiday\" and \"La Dolce Vita\" filmed in the city's iconic Cinecitt\u00e0 film studios. The rising trend in population growth continued until the mid-1980s, when the \"comune\" had more than 2.8 million residents. After that, population started to decline slowly as inhabitants began to move to nearby suburbs of Rome.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43696",
"question": "what was the name of the film that was filmed in rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 408,
"text": "Cinecitt\u00e0 film studios"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43697",
"question": "how many residents did the rising trend in population have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 533,
"text": "2.8 million"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome constitutes a \"comune speciale\", named \"\"Roma Capitale\"\", and is the largest both in terms of land area and population among the 8,101 \"comuni\" of Italy. It is governed by a mayor and a city council. The seat of the \"comune\" is the \"Palazzo Senatorio\" on the Capitoline Hill, the historic seat of the city government. The local administration in Rome is commonly referred to as \"\"Campidoglio\"\", the Italian name of the hill.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43698",
"question": "what is the name of rome 's largest both land area ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 20,
"text": "comune speciale"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43699",
"question": "what is another name for rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 46,
"text": "Roma Capitale\""
}
]
},
{
"id": "43700",
"question": "what is the name of rome 's population ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 134,
"text": "8,101 \"comuni\" of Italy"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43701",
"question": "what is the `` palazzo senatorio '' on the capitoline hill called ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 222,
"text": "comune"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43702",
"question": "what is the seat of the `` comune '' ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 238,
"text": "Palazzo Senatorio\""
}
]
},
{
"id": "43703",
"question": "where is the seat of the city government located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 264,
"text": "Capitoline Hill"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43704",
"question": "what is the italian name for the italian name ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 385,
"text": "Campidoglio"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Since 1972 the city has been divided into administrative areas, called \"municipi\" (sing. \"municipio\") (until 2001 named \"circoscrizioni\"). They were created for administrative reasons to increase decentralisation in the city. Each \"municipio\" is governed by a president and a council of four members who are elected by its residents every five years. The \"municipi\" frequently cross the boundaries of the traditional, non-administrative divisions of the city.
The municipi where originally 20, then 19. In 2013 their number has been reduced to 15.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43705",
"question": "what is the name of the city sing into administrative areas ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 72,
"text": "municipi"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43706",
"question": "what is another term for `` circoscrizioni '' ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 90,
"text": "municipio"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43707",
"question": "what was `` municipio '' called ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 121,
"text": "circoscrizioni"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43708",
"question": "what is governed by a president ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 232,
"text": "municipio"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome is also divided into differing types of non-administrative units. The historic centre is divided into 22 \"rioni\", all of which are located within the Aurelian Walls except Prati and Borgo.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43709",
"question": "what is the historic centre divided into ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 107,
"text": "22 \"rioni\""
}
]
},
{
"id": "43710",
"question": "where is the historic centre located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 155,
"text": "Aurelian Walls"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43711",
"question": "what are the walls of the historic centre ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 177,
"text": "Prati and Borgo"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "These originate from the Regiones of ancient Rome, which evolved in the Middle Ages into the medieval rioni. In the Renaissance, under Pope Sixtus V, they reached again the number of fourteen, and their boundaries were finally defined under Pope Benedict XIV in 1743.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43712",
"question": "where did these originate from ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 25,
"text": "Regiones of ancient Rome"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43713",
"question": "who reached the renaissance ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 135,
"text": "Pope Sixtus V"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43714",
"question": "who was the pope defined under in 1743 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 241,
"text": "Pope Benedict XIV"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43715",
"question": "when was pope benedict xiv defined ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 262,
"text": "1743"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "A new subdivision of the city under Napoleon was ephemeral, and there were no sensible changes in the organisation of the city until 1870, when Rome became the third capital of Italy. The needs of the new capital led to an explosion both in the urbanisation and in the population within and outside the Aurelian walls. In 1874 a fifteenth rione, Esquilino, was created on the newly urbanised zone of Monti. At the beginning of the 20th century other rioni where created (the last one was Prati \u2013 the only one outside the Walls of Pope Urban VIII \u2013 in 1921). Afterward, for the new administrative subdivisions of the city the name \"quartiere\" was used. Today all the rioni are part of the first Municipio, which therefore coincides completely with the \"historical city\" (\"Centro Storico\").",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43716",
"question": "when did rome become the third capital of italy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 133,
"text": "1870"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43717",
"question": "when was the fifteenth rione zone created ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 322,
"text": "1874"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43718",
"question": "what was the name of the fifteenth rione zone ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 346,
"text": "Esquilino"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43719",
"question": "what was the last one outside of the 20th century ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 488,
"text": "Prati"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43720",
"question": "what was the name of the new administrative subdivisions of the city ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 631,
"text": "quartiere"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome is the principal town of the Metropolitan City of Rome, operative since 1 January 2015. The Metropolitan City replaced the old province, which included the city's metropolitan area and extends further north until Civitavecchia. The Metropolitan City of Rome is the largest by area in Italy. At , its dimensions are comparable to the region of Liguria. Moreover, the city is also the capital of the Lazio region.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43721",
"question": "what city is rome located in ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 34,
"text": "Metropolitan City of Rome"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43722",
"question": "when was the metropolitan city of rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 77,
"text": "1 January 2015"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43723",
"question": "in what year did the old province begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 218,
"text": "Civitavecchia"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome is the national capital of Italy and is the seat of the Italian Government. The official residences of the President of the Italian Republic and the Italian Prime Minister, the seats of both houses of the Italian Parliament and that of the Italian Constitutional Court are located in the historic centre. The state ministries are spread out around the city; these include the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which is located in Palazzo della Farnesina near the Olympic stadium.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43724",
"question": "rome is the seat of what government ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 57,
"text": "the Italian Government"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43725",
"question": "who is the official residences of the italian parliament ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 112,
"text": "President of the Italian Republic and the Italian Prime Minister"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43726",
"question": "what court is located in the historic centre ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 245,
"text": "Italian Constitutional Court"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43727",
"question": "what is located in palazzo della near the olympic stadium ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 377,
"text": "the Ministry of Foreign Affairs"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43728",
"question": "where is the ministry of foreign affairs located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 430,
"text": "Palazzo della Farnesina near the Olympic stadium"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome is in the Lazio region of central Italy on the Tiber river (). The original settlement developed on hills that faced onto a ford beside the Tiber Island, the only natural ford of the river in this area. The Rome of the Kings was built on seven hills: the Aventine Hill, the Caelian Hill, the Capitoline Hill, the Esquiline Hill, the Palatine Hill, the Quirinal Hill, and the Viminal Hill. Modern Rome is also crossed by another river, the Aniene, which flows into the Tiber north of the historic centre.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43729",
"question": "where is rome located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 48,
"text": "the Tiber river"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43730",
"question": "what was the name of the island developed by the original settlement ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 145,
"text": "Tiber Island"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43731",
"question": "what is the name of the river that flows into the tiber ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 440,
"text": "the Aniene"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Although the city centre is about inland from the Tyrrhenian Sea, the city territory extends to the shore, where the south-western district of Ostia is located. The altitude of the central part of Rome ranges from above sea level (at the base of the Pantheon) to above sea level (the peak of Monte Mario). The \"Comune\" of Rome covers an overall area of about , including many green areas.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43732",
"question": "where is the city territory located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 50,
"text": "Tyrrhenian Sea"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43733",
"question": "where is the altitude of rome located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 214,
"text": "above sea level"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Throughout the history of Rome, the urban limits of the city were considered to be the area within the city walls. Originally, these consisted of the Servian Wall, which was built twelve years after the Gaulish sack of the city in 390 BC. This contained most of the Esquiline and Caelian hills, as well as the whole of the other five. Rome outgrew the Servian Wall, but no more walls were constructed until almost 700 years later, when, in 270 AD, Emperor Aurelian began building the Aurelian Walls. These were almost long, and were still the walls the troops of the Kingdom of Italy had to breach to enter the city in 1870. The city's urban area is cut in two by its ring-road, the \"Grande Raccordo Anulare\" (\"GRA\"), finished in 1962, which circles the city centre at a distance of about . Although when the ring was completed most part of the inhabited area lay inside it (one of the few exceptions was the former village of Ostia, which lies along the tyrrhenian coast), in the meantime quarters have been built which extend up to beyond it.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43734",
"question": "what wall was built in 390 bc ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 150,
"text": "Servian Wall"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43735",
"question": "in what year was the city built ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 231,
"text": "390 BC"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43736",
"question": "what wall did rome support ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 352,
"text": "Servian Wall"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43737",
"question": "when did emperor aurelian begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 440,
"text": "270 AD"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The \"comune\" covers an area roughly three times the total area within the \"Raccordo\" and is comparable in area to the entire metropolitan cities of Milan and Naples, and to an area six times the size of the territory of these cities. It also includes considerable areas of abandoned marsh land which is suitable neither for agriculture nor for urban development.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43738",
"question": "what is the name of the area that is comparable to three times ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 5,
"text": "comune"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43739",
"question": "what is the name of the total area of the area ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 75,
"text": "Raccordo"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43740",
"question": "what two cities does the `` comune '' area have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 148,
"text": "Milan and Naples"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43741",
"question": "what type of land is suitable for agriculture ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 273,
"text": "abandoned marsh land"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "As a consequence, the density of the \"comune\" is not that high, its territory being divided between highly urbanised areas and areas designated as parks, nature reserves, and for agricultural use.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43742",
"question": "what is the density of the `` high , urbanised '' ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 38,
"text": "comune"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43743",
"question": "what are the areas of the `` comune '' divided as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 147,
"text": "parks, nature reserves"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome enjoys a Mediterranean climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification: \"Csa\"), with cool, humid winters and hot, dry summers.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43744",
"question": "what types of climate does rome have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 81,
"text": "cool, humid winters and hot, dry summers"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Its average annual temperature is above during the day and at night. In the coldest month \u2013 January, the average temperature is during the day and at night. In the warmest months \u2013 July and August, the average temperature is during the day and at night.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43745",
"question": "when was the coldest month in the coldest month ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 92,
"text": "January"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43746",
"question": "when did the warmest months occur ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 181,
"text": "July and August"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "December, January and February are the coldest months, with a daily mean temperature of .Temperatures during these months generally vary between during the day and between at night, with colder or warmer spells occurring frequently. Snowfall is rare but not unheard of, with light snow or flurries occurring almost every winter, generally without accumulation, and major snowfalls once every 20 or 25 years (the last one in 2012).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43747",
"question": "when did the coldest months occur ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 10,
"text": "January and February"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43748",
"question": "what type of snowfall is rare in snowfall ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 275,
"text": "light snow or flurries"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43749",
"question": "how long is the last one in 2012 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 392,
"text": "20 or 25 years"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The average relative humidity is 75%, varying from 72% in July to 77% in November. Sea temperatures vary from a low of in February and March to a high of in August.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43750",
"question": "what is the average relative to the average relative of humidity ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 33,
"text": "75%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43751",
"question": "what is the average relative to the average humidity humidity in july to 77 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 51,
"text": "72%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43752",
"question": "what is the average relative to the average humidity humidity in november ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 66,
"text": "77%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43753",
"question": "on what date does sea temperatures begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 122,
"text": "February and March"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In 550 BC Rome was the second largest city in Italy, with Tarentum being the largest. It had an area of about and an estimated population of 35,000. Other sources suggest the population was just under 100,000 from 600\u2013500 BC. When the Republic was founded in 509 BC the census recorded a population of 130,000. The republic included the city itself and the immediate surroundings. Other sources suggest a population of 150,000 in 500 BC. It surpassed 300,000 in 150 BC.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43754",
"question": "when was rome the second largest city in italy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 3,
"text": "550 BC"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43755",
"question": "what was the largest city in italy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 58,
"text": "Tarentum"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43756",
"question": "what was the estimated population of the population ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 141,
"text": "35,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43757",
"question": "what was the population of the population ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 201,
"text": "100,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43758",
"question": "what was the population of the population of ann arbor ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 214,
"text": "600\u2013500 BC"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43759",
"question": "when was the republic of 130,000 founded ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 259,
"text": "509 BC"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43760",
"question": "what was the population of the census ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 302,
"text": "130,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43761",
"question": "when did the republic of the republic end ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 462,
"text": "150 BC"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The size of the city at the time of the Emperor Augustus is a matter of speculation, with estimates based on grain distribution, grain imports, aqueduct capacity, city limits, population density, census reports, and assumptions about the number of unreported women, children and slaves providing a very wide range. Glenn Storey estimates 450,000 people, Whitney Oates estimates 1.2 million, Neville Morely provides a rough estimate of 800,000 and excludes earlier suggestions of 2 million.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43762",
"question": "what is the name of the estimates that whitney oates estimates ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 315,
"text": "Glenn Storey"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43763",
"question": "how many people does whitney oates have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 338,
"text": "450,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43764",
"question": "how many people does whitney oates have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 378,
"text": "1.2 million"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43765",
"question": "how many people attended whitney oates ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 479,
"text": "2 million"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the city's population declined to less than 50,000 people. It continued to stagnate or shrink until the Renaissance. When the Kingdom of Italy annexed Rome in 1870, the city had a population of about 200,000. This increased to 600,000 by the eve of World War I. The Fascist regime of Mussolini tried to block an excessive demographic rise of the city, but failed to prevent it from reaching one million people by the early 1930s. Population growth continued after the Second World War, helped by a post-war economic boom. A construction boom also created a large number of suburbs during the 1950s and 1960s.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43766",
"question": "after the fall of what empire was the city 's population declined ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 22,
"text": "Western Roman Empire"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43767",
"question": "how many people were in the western roman empire ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 88,
"text": "50,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43768",
"question": "when did the kingdom of italy invade rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 203,
"text": "1870"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43769",
"question": "what was the population of italy in 1870 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 244,
"text": "200,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43770",
"question": "how many people were in the eve ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 271,
"text": "600,000"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In mid-2010, there were 2,754,440 residents in the city proper, while some 4.2\u00a0million people lived in the greater Rome area (which can be approximately identified with its administrative metropolitan city, with a population density of about 800inhab./km2 stretching over more than 5,000\u00a0km\u00b2). Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 17.00% of the population compared to pensioners who number 20.76%. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06% (minors) and 19.94% (pensioners). The average age of a Roman resident is 43 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Rome grew by 6.54%, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56%. The current birth rate of Rome is 9.10 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43771",
"question": "how many residents were in the city in the city ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 24,
"text": "2,754,440"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43772",
"question": "what percentage of the population of atlantic city is minors ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 341,
"text": "17.00%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43773",
"question": "what percentage of the population is minors ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 400,
"text": "20.76%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43774",
"question": "what percentage of the italian population is minors ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 450,
"text": "18.06%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43775",
"question": "what was the population of rome in 2002 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 644,
"text": "6.54%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43776",
"question": "what percentage of rome 's population was italy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 682,
"text": "3.56%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The urban area of Rome extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of around 3.9 million. Between 3.2 and 4.2 million people live in the Rome metropolitan area.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43777",
"question": "what is the population of rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 97,
"text": "3.9 million"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43778",
"question": "how many people live in the rome metropolitan area ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 126,
"text": "4.2 million"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "According to the latest statistics conducted by ISTAT, approximately 9.5% of the population consists of non-Italians. About half of the immigrant population consists of those of various other European origins (chiefly Romanian, Polish, Ukrainian, and Albanian) numbering a combined total of 131,118 or 4.7% of the population. The remaining 4.8% are those with non-European origins, chiefly Filipinos (26,933), Bangladeshis (12,154), and Chinese (10,283).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43779",
"question": "what percentage of non-italians consists of non-italians ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 69,
"text": "9.5%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43780",
"question": "what percentage of the population was the population of the population ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 291,
"text": "131,118 or 4.7%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Esquilino \"rione\", off Termini Railway Station, has evolved into a largely immigrant neighbourhood. It is perceived as Rome's Chinatown. Immigrants from more than a hundred different countries reside there. A commercial district, Esquilino contains restaurants featuring many kinds of international cuisine. There are wholesale clothes shops. Of the 1,300 or so commercial premises operating in the district 800 are Chinese-owned; around 300 are run by immigrants from other countries around the world; 200 are owned by Italians.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43781",
"question": "what is the name of the railway 's railway station ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 15,
"text": "rione"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43782",
"question": "what is the name of the station that has evolved into a largely immigrant ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 27,
"text": "Termini Railway Station"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43783",
"question": "what is the chinatown perceived as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 123,
"text": "Rome's Chinatown"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43784",
"question": "how many immigrants are owned by italians ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 507,
"text": "200"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Much like the rest of Italy, Rome is predominantly Roman Catholic, and the city has been an important centre of religion and pilgrimage for centuries, the base of the ancient Roman Religion with the pontifex maximus and later the seat of the Vatican and the pope. Before the arrival of the Christians in Rome, the Religio Romana (literally, the \"Roman Religion\") was the major religion of the city in classical antiquity. The first gods held sacred by the Romans were Jupiter, the most high, and Mars, god of war, and father of Rome's twin founders, Romulus and Remus, according to tradition. Other gods and goddesses such as Vesta and Minerva were honoured. Rome was also the base of several mystery cults, such as Mithraism. Later, after St Peter and St Paul were martyred in the city, and the first Christians began to arrive, Rome became Christian, and the Old St. Peter's Basilica was constructed in 313 AD. Despite some interruptions (such as the Avignon papacy), Rome has for centuries been the home of the Roman Catholic Church and the Bishop of Rome, otherwise known as the Pope.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43785",
"question": "what religion is rome considered to be ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 51,
"text": "Roman Catholic"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43786",
"question": "what is the name of the major religion in rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 314,
"text": "Religio Romana"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43787",
"question": "what was the name of rome 's twin founders ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 550,
"text": "Romulus and Remus"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43788",
"question": "what were honoured gods ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 626,
"text": "Vesta and Minerva"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43789",
"question": "when was the old st. peter 's basilica constructed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 905,
"text": "313 AD"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Despite the fact that Rome is home to the Vatican City and St. Peter's Basilica, Rome's cathedral is the Basilica of St. John Lateran, located to the south-east of the city-centre. There are around 900 churches in Rome in total, aside from the cathedral itself, some others of note include: the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, the Basilica di San Clemente, San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane and the Church of the Gesu. There are also the ancient Catacombs of Rome underneath the city. Numerous highly important religious educational institutions are also in Rome, such as the Pontifical Lateran University, Pontifical Biblical Institute, Pontifical Gregorian University, and Pontifical Oriental Institute.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43790",
"question": "where is the basilica of st. john lateran ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 42,
"text": "Vatican City and St. Peter's Basilica"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43791",
"question": "what is rome 's cathedral ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 105,
"text": "Basilica of St. John Lateran"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43792",
"question": "how many churches are in rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 198,
"text": "900"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In recent years, there has been a significant growth in Rome's Muslim community, mainly due to immigration from North African and Middle Eastern countries into the city. As a result of this increase of the local practitioners of the Islamic faith, the \"comune\" promoted the building of the Mosque of Rome, which is the largest mosque in Western Europe, that was designed by architect Paolo Portoghesi and inaugurated on 21 June 1995. Since the end of the Roman Republic, Rome is also the centre of an important Jewish community, which was once based in Trastevere, and later in the Roman Ghetto. There lies also the major synagogue in Rome, the \"Tempio Maggiore\".",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43793",
"question": "from what countries are there a significant growth in rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 112,
"text": "North African and Middle Eastern"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43794",
"question": "who designed the building of the mosque ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 384,
"text": "Paolo Portoghesi"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43795",
"question": "when was the largest mosque in western europe ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 420,
"text": "21 June 1995"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43796",
"question": "where was the important jewish community based ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 553,
"text": "Trastevere"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The territory of Vatican City is part of the \"Mons Vaticanus\" (Vatican Hill), and of the adjacent former Vatican Fields, where St. Peter's Basilica, the Apostolic Palace, the Sistine Chapel, and museums were built, along with various other buildings. The area was part of the Roman rione of Borgo until 1929. Being separated from the city on the west bank of the Tiber river, the area was a suburb that was protected by being included within the walls of Leo IV, later expanded by the current fortification walls of Paul III/Pius IV/Urban VIII.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43797",
"question": "what is the name of the vatican hill city ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 46,
"text": "Mons Vaticanus"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43798",
"question": "in what year was the area part of the marshall islands ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 303,
"text": "1929"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43799",
"question": "who expanded the walls of leo iv ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 516,
"text": "Paul III/Pius IV/Urban VIII"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "When the Lateran Treaty of 1929 that created the Vatican state was being prepared, the boundaries of the proposed territory were influenced by the fact that much of it was all but enclosed by this loop. For some tracts of the frontier, there was no wall, but the line of certain buildings supplied part of the boundary, and for a small part of the frontier a modern wall was constructed.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43800",
"question": "what treaty created the vatican state ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 9,
"text": "Lateran Treaty of 1929"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The territory includes Saint Peter's Square, separated from the territory of Italy only by a white line along the limit of the square, where it borders Piazza Pio XII. St. Peter's Square is reached through the Via della Conciliazione, which runs from the Tiber River to St. Peter's. This grand approach was designed by architects Piacentini and Spaccarelli, for want of Benito Mussolini and in accordance with the church, after the conclusion of the Lateran Treaty. According to the Lateran Treaty, certain properties of the Holy See located in Italian territory, most notably the Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo and the major basilicas, enjoy extraterritorial status similar to that of foreign embassies.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43801",
"question": "what is the territory of italy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 23,
"text": "Saint Peter's Square"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43802",
"question": "who is the territory of italy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 152,
"text": "Piazza Pio XII"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43803",
"question": "where is st. peter 's square ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 210,
"text": "Via della Conciliazione"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome has been a major Christian pilgrimage site since the Middle Ages. People from all over the Christian world visit Vatican City, within the city of Rome, the seat of the papacy. The Pope was the most influential figure during the Middle Ages. The city became a major pilgrimage site during the Middle Ages and the focus of struggles between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire starting with Charlemagne, who was crowned its first emperor in Rome in 800 by Pope Leo III. Apart from brief periods as an independent city during the Middle Ages, Rome kept its status as Papal capital and \"holy city\" for centuries, even when the Papacy briefly relocated to Avignon (1309\u20131377). Catholics believe that the Vatican is the last resting place of St. Peter.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43804",
"question": "when did rome become a major christian site ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 58,
"text": "Middle Ages"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43805",
"question": "who was crowned its first emperor in rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 395,
"text": "Charlemagne"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43806",
"question": "in what year was charlemagne 's first emperor crowned ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 453,
"text": "800"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43807",
"question": "who crowned charlemagne 's first emperor ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 460,
"text": "Pope Leo III"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pilgrimages to Rome can involve visits to a large number of sites, both within the Vatican City and in Italian territory. A popular stopping point is the Pilate's stairs: these are, according to the Christian tradition, the steps that led up to the praetorium of Pontius Pilate in Jerusalem, which Jesus Christ stood on during his Passion on his way to trial. The stairs were, reputedly, brought to Rome by St. Helena in the 4th Century. For centuries, the \"Scala Santa\" has attracted Christian pilgrims who wished to honour the Passion of Jesus. Object of pilgrimage are also several catacombs built in the Roman age, in which Christians prayed, buried their dead and performed worship during periods of persecution, and various national churches (among them San Luigi dei francesi and Santa Maria dell'Anima), or churches associated with individual religious orders, such as the Jesuit Churches of Jesus and Sant`Ignazio.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43808",
"question": "what is the popular stopping point of pontius ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 154,
"text": "Pilate's stairs"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43809",
"question": "who led the pilate 's stairs ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 263,
"text": "Pontius Pilate"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43810",
"question": "who brought the stairs in the 4th century ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 407,
"text": "St. Helena"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Traditionally, pilgrims in Rome and Roman citizens thanking God for a grace should visit by foot the seven pilgrim churches () in 24 hours. This custom, mandatory for each pilgrim in the Middle Ages, was codified in the 16th century by Saint Philip Neri. The seven churches are the four major Basilicas (St Peter in Vatican, St Paul outside the Walls, St John in Lateran and Santa Maria Maggiore), while the other three are San Lorenzo fuori le mura (a palaeochristian Basilica), Santa Croce in Gerusalemme (a church founded by Helena, the mother of Constantine, which hosts fragments of wood attributed to the holy cross) and San Sebastiano fuori le mura (which lies on the Appian Way and is built above Roman catacombs).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43811",
"question": "what should god for a grace visit ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 92,
"text": "foot the seven pilgrim churches"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43812",
"question": "how long is the seven pilgrim churches ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 130,
"text": "24 hours"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43813",
"question": "who codified the custom of the custom ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 236,
"text": "Saint Philip Neri"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome's architecture over the centuries has greatly developed, especially from the Classical and Imperial Roman styles to modern Fascist architecture. Rome was for a period one of the world's main epicentres of classical architecture, developing new forms such as the arch, the dome and the vault. The Romanesque style in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries was also widely used in Roman architecture, and later the city became one of the main centres of Renaissance, Baroque and neoclassic architecture.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43814",
"question": "which two styles of fascist architecture has modern fascist architecture ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 82,
"text": "Classical and Imperial Roman"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43815",
"question": "what type of architecture is the classical and imperial roman styles ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 121,
"text": "modern Fascist architecture"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43816",
"question": "what two new forms of classical architecture was developing ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 273,
"text": "the dome and the vault"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43817",
"question": "when was the romanesque style used ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 331,
"text": "12th and 13th centuries"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43818",
"question": "what were the main centres of the romanesque style ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 452,
"text": "Renaissance, Baroque and neoclassic architecture"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "One of the symbols of Rome is the Colosseum (70\u201380 AD), the largest amphitheatre ever built in the Roman Empire. Originally capable of seating 60,000 spectators, it was used for gladiatorial combat. A list of important monuments and sites of ancient Rome includes the Roman Forum, the Domus Aurea, the Pantheon, Trajan's Column, Trajan's Market, the Catacombs, the Circus Maximus, the Baths of Caracalla, Castel Sant'Angelo, the Mausoleum of Augustus, the Ara Pacis, the Arch of Constantine, the Pyramid of Cestius, and the Bocca della Verit\u00e0.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43819",
"question": "what is the largest amphitheatre of rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 30,
"text": "the Colosseum (70\u201380 AD"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43820",
"question": "where was the largest amphitheatre ever built ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 99,
"text": "Roman Empire"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43821",
"question": "how many spectators spectators were used in gladiatorial combat ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 143,
"text": "60,000"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The middle age boroughs of the city, lying mainly around the Capitol, have been largely pulled down between the end of the 19th century and the fascist period, but many notable buildings still stay. Basilicas dating from the Palaeochristian age include Santa Maria Maggiore and San Paolo Fuori le Mura (the latter largely rebuilt in the 19th century), both housing precious 4th century AD mosaics. Later notable medieval mosaic and fresco art can be also found in the churches of Santa Maria in Trastevere, Santi Quattro Coronati, and Santa Prassede. Lay buildings include a number of towers, the largest being the Torre delle Milizie and the Torre dei Conti, both next the Roman Forum, and the huge staircase leading to the basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43822",
"question": "what are the names of the basilicas basilicas rebuilt in the 19th century ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 253,
"text": "Santa Maria Maggiore and San Paolo Fuori le Mura"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome was a major world centre of the Renaissance, second only to Florence, and was profoundly affected by the movement. Among others, a masterpiece of Renaissance architecture in Rome is the Piazza del Campidoglio by Michelangelo. During this period, the great aristocratic families of Rome used to build opulent dwellings as the Palazzo del Quirinale (now seat of the President of the Italian Republic), the Palazzo Venezia, the Palazzo Farnese, the Palazzo Barberini, the Palazzo Chigi (now seat of the Italian Prime Minister), the Palazzo Spada, the Palazzo della Cancelleria, and the Villa Farnesina.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43823",
"question": "what city was rome second to ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 65,
"text": "Florence"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43824",
"question": "what is the masterpiece of renaissance architecture ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 191,
"text": "Piazza del Campidoglio"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43825",
"question": "who is the piazza del campidoglio by rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 217,
"text": "Michelangelo"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43826",
"question": "what is the name of the seat of the president of rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 330,
"text": "Palazzo del Quirinale"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Many of the famous city's squares \u2013 some huge, majestic and often adorned with obelisks, some small and picturesque \u2013 got their present shape during the Renaissance and Baroque. The principal ones are Piazza Navona, Piazza di Spagna, Campo de' Fiori, Piazza Venezia, Piazza Farnese, Piazza della Rotonda and Piazza della Minerva. One of the most emblematic examples of Baroque art is the Fontana di Trevi by Nicola Salvi. Other notable 17th-century baroque palaces are the Palazzo Madama, now the seat of the Italian Senate and the Palazzo Montecitorio, now the seat of the Chamber of Deputies of Italy.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43827",
"question": "what was the famous shape of the famous city ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 79,
"text": "obelisks"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43828",
"question": "what is one of the most emblematic examples of baroque art ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 388,
"text": "Fontana di Trevi"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43829",
"question": "who is the most of the most emblematic examples of baroque art ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 408,
"text": "Nicola Salvi"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43830",
"question": "what is the seat of the italian senate ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 473,
"text": "Palazzo Madama"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In 1870, Rome became the capital city of the new Kingdom of Italy. During this time, neoclassicism, a building style influenced by the architecture of antiquity, became a predominant influence in Roman architecture. During this period, many great palaces in neoclassical styles were built to host ministries, embassies, and other governing agencies. One of the best-known symbols of Roman neoclassicism is the Monument of Vittorio Emanuele II or \"Altar of the Fatherland\", where the Grave of the Unknown Soldier, that represents the 650,000 Italians that fell in World War I, is located.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43831",
"question": "when did rome become the capital city of italy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 3,
"text": "1870"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43832",
"question": "what is the name of the style of roman architecture in roman architecture ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 85,
"text": "neoclassicism"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43833",
"question": "what is one of the best-known symbols of roman neoclassicism ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 410,
"text": "Monument of Vittorio Emanuele II or \"Altar of the Fatherland"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43834",
"question": "what type of italians fell in world war i ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 533,
"text": "650,000"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Fascist regime that ruled in Italy between 1922 and 1943 had its showcase in Rome. Mussolini let build new avenues and piazzas, obtained through the destruction of roads, houses, churches and palaces erected during the papal rule. The main enterprises during his government were: the \"isolation\" of the Capitoline Hill; Via dei Monti, later renamed Via del'Impero, and finally Via dei Fori Imperiali; Via del Mare, later renamed Via del Teatro di Marcello; the \"isolation\" of the Mausoleum of Augustus, with the erection of Piazza Augusto Imperatore; Via della Conciliazione.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43835",
"question": "when did the fascist regime rule in italy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 47,
"text": "1922 and 1943"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43836",
"question": "how was the del mare renamed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 433,
"text": "Via del Teatro di Marcello"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Architectonically, Fascism in a first stage favoured the most modern movements, like the Rationalism. Parallel to it, in the 1920s another style emerged, named \"Stile Novecento\", characterised by its links with ancient Roman architecture. One important realisation in the latter style is the Foro Mussolini, now Foro Italico, by Enrico Del Debbio. Next to it, the most important Fascist site in Rome is the EUR district, designed in 1938 by Marcello Piacentini. This new quarter emerged as a compromise between Rationalist and Novecento architects, the former being led by Giuseppe Pagano. The EUR was originally conceived for the 1942 world exhibition, and was called \"E.42\" (\"\"Esposizione 42\"\"). The most representative buildings of EUR are the Palazzo della Civilt\u00e0 Italiana (1938\u20131943), the iconic design of which has been labelled the cubic of Square Colosseum, and the Palazzo dei Congressi, example of Rationalist style. The world exhibition, however, never took place because Italy entered the Second World War in 1940, and the realised buildings were partly destroyed in 1943 during the fighting between Italian and German army after the armistice and later abandoned. The quarter was restored in the 1950s, when the Roman authorities found that they already had the seed of an off-centre business district of the type that other capitals were still planning (London Docklands and La D\u00e9fense in Paris). Also the Palazzo della Farnesina, the current seat of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was designed in 1935 in pure Fascist style.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43837",
"question": "what was the name of the style in the 1920s ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 161,
"text": "Stile Novecento"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43838",
"question": "who is the foro style ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 292,
"text": "Foro Mussolini"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43839",
"question": "who wrote the foro mussolini ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 329,
"text": "Enrico Del Debbio"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43840",
"question": "who designed the most important fascist site in rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 441,
"text": "Marcello Piacentini"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Public parks and nature reserves cover a large area in Rome, and the city has one of the largest areas of green space among European capitals. The most notable part of this green space is represented by the large number of villas and landscaped gardens created by the Italian aristocracy. While most of the parks surrounding the villas were destroyed during the building boom of the late 19th century, some of them remain. The most notable of these are Villa Borghese, Villa Ada, and Villa Doria Pamphili. Villa Doria Pamphili is west of the Gianicolo hill comprising some . Also on the Gianicolo hill there is Villa Sciarra, with playgrounds for children and shaded walking areas. In the nearby area of Trastevere the Orto Botanico (Botanical Garden) is a cool and shady green space. The old Roman hippodrome (Circus Maximus) is another large green space: it has few trees, but is overlooked by the Palatine and the Rose Garden ('roseto comunale'). Nearby is the lush Villa Celimontana, close to the gardens surrounding the Baths of Caracalla. The Villa Borghese garden is the best known large green space in Rome, with famous art galleries among its shaded walks. Overlooking Piazza del Popolo and the Spanish Steps are the gardens of Pincio and Villa Medici. Noteworthy is also the Pine wood of Castelfusano, near Ostia. Rome also has a number of regional parks of much more recent origin including the Pineto Regional Park and the Appian Way Regional Park. There are also nature reserves at Marcigliana and at Tenuta di Castelporziano.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43841",
"question": "what are some of the most notable of the villa ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 453,
"text": "Villa Borghese, Villa Ada, and Villa Doria Pamphili"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43842",
"question": "who is west of the gianicolo hill ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 506,
"text": "Villa Doria Pamphili"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43843",
"question": "what is the name of the hill that is located in the hill ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 611,
"text": "Villa Sciarra"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome is a city famous for its numerous fountains, built in all different styles, from Classical and Medieval, to Baroque and Neoclassical. The city has had fountains for more than two thousand years, and they have provided drinking water and decorated the piazzas of Rome. During the Roman Empire, in 98 AD, according to Sextus Julius Frontinus, the Roman consul who was named \"curator aquarum\" or guardian of the water of the city, Rome had nine aqueducts which fed 39 monumental fountains and 591 public basins, not counting the water supplied to the Imperial household, baths and owners of private villas. Each of the major fountains was connected to two different aqueducts, in case one was shut down for service.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43844",
"question": "what two styles of rome is rome built in ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 113,
"text": "Baroque and Neoclassical"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43845",
"question": "when was the roman empire named ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 301,
"text": "98 AD"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43846",
"question": "who was the leader of the roman consul ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 321,
"text": "Sextus Julius Frontinus"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "During the 17th and 18th century the Roman popes reconstructed other ruined Roman aqueducts and built new display fountains to mark their termini, launching the golden age of the Roman fountain. The fountains of Rome, like the paintings of Rubens, were expressions of the new style of Baroque art. They were crowded with allegorical figures, and filled with emotion and movement. In these fountains, sculpture became the principal element, and the water was used simply to animate and decorate the sculptures. They, like baroque gardens, were \"a visual representation of confidence and power\".",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43847",
"question": "during what time period did the roman popes begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 11,
"text": "17th and 18th century"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43848",
"question": "what was the water used for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 473,
"text": "animate and decorate the sculptures"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome is well known for its statues but, in particular, the talking statues of Rome. These are usually ancient statues which have become popular soapboxes for political and social discussion, and places for people to (often satirically) voice their opinions. There are two main talking statues: the Pasquino and the Marforio, yet there are four other noted ones: il Babuino, Madama Lucrezia, il Facchino and Abbot Luigi. Most of these statues are ancient Roman or classical, and most of them also depict mythical gods, ancient people or legendary figures; il Pasquino represents Menelaus, Abbot Luigi is an unknown Roman magistrate, il Babuino is supposed to be Silenus, Marforio represents Oceanus, Madama Lucrezia is a bust of Isis, and il Facchino is the only non-Roman statue, created in 1580, and not representing anyone in particular. They are often, due to their status, covered with placards or graffiti expressing political ideas and points of view. Other statues in the city, which are not related to the talking statues, include those of the Ponte Sant'Angelo, or several monuments scattered across the city, such as that to Giordano Bruno in the Campo de'Fiori.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43849",
"question": "what are two main talking statues ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 298,
"text": "Pasquino and the Marforio"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43850",
"question": "where is the only non-roman statue created ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 791,
"text": "1580"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The city hosts eight ancient Egyptian and five ancient Roman obelisks, together with a number of more modern obelisks; there was also formerly (until 2005) an ancient Ethiopian obelisk in Rome. The city contains some of obelisks in piazzas, such as in Piazza Navona, St Peter's Square, Piazza Montecitorio, and Piazza del Popolo, and others in villas, thermae parks and gardens, such as in Villa Celimontana, the Baths of Diocletian, and the Pincian Hill. Moreover, the centre of Rome hosts also Trajan's and Antonine Column, two ancient Roman columns with spiral relief.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43851",
"question": "how many ancient egyptian and five ancient roman obelisks are there ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 15,
"text": "eight"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The city of Rome contains numerous famous bridges which cross the Tiber. The only bridge to remain unaltered until today from the classical age is Ponte dei Quattro Capi, which connects the Isola Tiberina with the left bank. The other surviving \u2013 albeit modified \u2013 ancient Roman bridges crossing the Tiber are Ponte Cestio, Ponte Sant'Angelo and Ponte Milvio. Considering Ponte Nomentano, also built during ancient Rome, which crosses the Aniene, currently there are five ancient Roman bridges still remaining in the city. Other noteworthy bridges are Ponte Sisto, the first bridge built in the Renaissance above Roman foundations; Ponte Rotto, actually the only remaining arch of the ancient \"Pons Aemilius\", collapsed during the flood of 1598 and demolished at the end of the 19th century; and Ponte Vittorio Emanuele II, a modern bridge connecting Corso Vittorio Emanuele and Borgo. Most of the city's public bridges were built in Classical or Renaissance style, but also in Baroque, Neoclassical and Modern styles. According to the Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica, the finest ancient bridge remaining in Rome is the Ponte Sant'Angelo, which was completed in 135 AD, and was decorated with ten statues of the angels, designed by Bernini in 1688.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43852",
"question": "what is the name of the famous bridges in rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 62,
"text": "the Tiber"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43853",
"question": "what is the only bridge to remain unaltered ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 147,
"text": "Ponte dei Quattro Capi"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43854",
"question": "what does dei quattro connects ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 190,
"text": "Isola Tiberina"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43855",
"question": "how many ancient roman bridges are there ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 467,
"text": "five"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43856",
"question": "what is the first bridge built in the renaissance ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 552,
"text": "Ponte Sisto"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43857",
"question": "who built the first bridge of the `` pons aemilius '' ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 632,
"text": "Ponte Rotto"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43858",
"question": "who built the first bridge of corso ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 796,
"text": "Ponte Vittorio Emanuele II"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43859",
"question": "what is the finest ancient bridge remaining in rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 1112,
"text": "Ponte Sant'Angelo"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43860",
"question": "when was angelo angelo completed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 1154,
"text": "135 AD"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome has extensive amount of ancient catacombs, or underground burial places under or near the city, of which there are at least forty, some discovered only in recent decades. Though most famous for Christian burials, they include pagan and Jewish burials, either in separate catacombs or mixed together. The first large-scale catacombs were excavated from the 2nd century onwards. Originally they were carved through tuff, a soft volcanic rock, outside the boundaries of the city, because Roman law forbade burial places within city limits. Currently maintenance of the catacombs is in the hands of the Papacy which has invested in the Salesians of Don Bosco the supervision of the Catacombs of St. Callixtus on the outskirts of Rome.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43861",
"question": "what are some famous christian burials ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 231,
"text": "pagan and Jewish burials"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43862",
"question": "where were christian burials carved ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 418,
"text": "tuff"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43863",
"question": "who wrote the supervision of the catacombs ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 650,
"text": "Don Bosco"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Being the capital city of Italy, Rome hosts all the principal institutions of the nation, like the Presidency of the Republic, the government (and its single Ministeri), the Parliament, the main judicial Courts, and the diplomatic representatives of all the countries for the states of Italy and the Vatican City (curiously, Rome also hosts, in the Italian part of its territory, the Embassy of Italy for the Vatican City, a unique case of an Embassy within the boundaries of its own country). Many international institutions are located in Rome, notably cultural and scientific ones \u2013 such as the American Institute, the British School, the French Academy, the Scandinavian Institutes, the German Archaeological Institute \u2013 for the honour of scholarship in the Eternal City, and specialised agencies of the United Nations, such as the FAO. Rome, also hosts major international and worldwide political and cultural organisations, such as the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), World Food Programme (WFP), the NATO Defence College and ICCROM, the International Center for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property. Rome is currently a beta+ world city, falling down from its alpha- status in 2008, along with Berlin, Bucharest, Athens, Lisbon, Montreal and Budapest.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43864",
"question": "what is the name of the single institutions of the government ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 158,
"text": "Ministeri"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome was also ranked in 2014 as 32nd in the Global Cities Index, being the highest-ranking city in Italy. With a 2005 GDP of \u20ac94.376\u00a0billion (US$121.5\u00a0billion), the city produces 6.7% of the national GDP (more than any other single city in Italy), and its unemployment rate, lowered from 11.1% to 6.5% between 2001 and 2005, is now one of the lowest rates of all the European Union capital cities. Rome grows +4.4% annually and continues to grow at a higher rate in comparison to any other city in the rest of the country. This means that were Rome a country, it would be the world's 52nd richest country by GDP, near to the size to that of Egypt. Rome also had a 2003 GDP per capita of \u20ac29,153 (US$37,412), which was second in Italy, (after Milan), and is more than 134.1% of the EU average GDP per capita. Rome, on the whole, has the highest total earnings in Italy, reaching \u20ac47,076,890,463 in 2008, yet, in terms of average workers' incomes, the city places itself 9th in Italy, with \u20ac24,509. On a global level, Rome's workers receive the 30th highest wages in 2009, coming three places higher than in 2008, in which the city ranked 33rd. The Rome area had a GDP amounting to $167.8 billion, and $38,765 per capita.\nAlthough the economy of Rome is characterised by the absence of heavy industry and it is largely dominated by services, high-technology companies (IT, aerospace, defence, telecommunications), research, construction and commercial activities (especially banking), and the huge development of tourism are very dynamic and extremely important to its economy. Rome's international airport, Fiumicino, is the largest in Italy, and the city hosts the head offices of the vast majority of the major Italian companies, as well as the headquarters of three of the world's 100 largest companies: Enel, Eni, and Telecom Italia.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43865",
"question": "in what year was rome ranked as the highest-ranking city in italy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 24,
"text": "2014"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43866",
"question": "where was rome ranked in 2014 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 32,
"text": "32nd"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43867",
"question": "what percentage of the national gdp does the city of italy receive ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 179,
"text": "6.7%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43868",
"question": "what is rome 's annually annually ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 409,
"text": "+4.4%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43869",
"question": "what was the gdp of rome in rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 1180,
"text": "$167.8 billion"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Universities, national radio and television and the movie industry in Rome are also important parts of the economy: Rome is also the hub of the Italian film industry, thanks to the Cinecitt\u00e0 studios, working since the 1930s. The city is also a centre for banking and insurance as well as electronics, energy, transport, and aerospace industries. Numerous international companies and agencies headquarters, government ministries, conference centres, sports venues, and museums are located in Rome's principal business districts: the Esposizione Universale Roma (EUR); the \"Torrino\" (further south from the EUR); the \"Magliana\"; the \"Parco de' Medici-Laurentina\" and the so-called \"Tiburtina-valley\" along the ancient Via Tiburtina.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43870",
"question": "what are some insurance industries ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 288,
"text": "electronics, energy, transport, and aerospace industries"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43871",
"question": "what is the name of the business districts in rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 532,
"text": "Esposizione Universale Roma"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome is a nationwide and major international centre for higher education, containing numerous academies, colleges and universities. It boasts a large variety of academies and colleges, and has always been a major worldwide intellectual and educational centre, especially during Ancient Rome and the Renaissance, along with Florence. According to the City Brands Index, Rome is considered the world's second most historically, educationally and culturally interesting and beautiful city.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43872",
"question": "in what two decades is rome a major worldwide ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 278,
"text": "Ancient Rome and the Renaissance"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43873",
"question": "what is rome 's second most historically historically ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 426,
"text": "educationally and culturally interesting and beautiful city"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome has a large number of universities and colleges. Its first university, La Sapienza (founded in 1303), is one of the largest in the world, with more than 140,000 students attending; in 2005 it ranked as Europe's 33rd best university and in 2013 the Sapienza University of Rome ranked as the 62nd in the world and the top in Italy in its \"World University Rankings\". and currently ranks among Europe's 50 and the world's 150 best colleges. In order to decrease the overcrowding of La Sapienza, two new public universities were founded during the last decades: Tor Vergata in 1982, and Roma Tre in 1992. Rome hosts also the LUISS School of Government, Italy's most important graduate university in the areas of international affairs and European studies. Rome ISIA was founded in 1973 by Giulio Carlo Argan and is Italy's oldest institution in the field of industrial design.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43874",
"question": "what is rome 's first university ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 76,
"text": "La Sapienza"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43875",
"question": "when was la sapienza founded ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 100,
"text": "1303"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43876",
"question": "how many students lived in rome in 2005 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 158,
"text": "140,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43877",
"question": "when was rome founded ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 782,
"text": "1973"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43878",
"question": "who founded rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 790,
"text": "Giulio Carlo Argan"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome contains also a large number of pontifical universities and other institutes, including the British School at Rome, the French School in Rome, the Pontifical Gregorian University (The oldest Jesuit university in the world, founded in 1551), Istituto Europeo di Design, the, the Scuola Lorenzo de' Medici, the Link Campus of Malta, and the Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico. Rome is also the location of two American Universities; The American University of Rome and John Cabot University as well as St. John's University branch campus, John Felice Rome Center, a campus of Loyola University Chicago and Temple University Rome, a campus of Temple University. The Roman Colleges are several seminaries for students from foreign countries studying for the priesthood at the Pontifical Universities.\nExamples include the Venerable English College, the Pontifical North American College, the Scots College, and the Pontifical Croatian College of St. Jerome.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43879",
"question": "what is the oldest jesuit university in rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 152,
"text": "Pontifical Gregorian University"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43880",
"question": "in what year was the pontifical gregorian university founded ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 239,
"text": "1551"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome's major libraries include: the Biblioteca Angelica, opened in 1604, making it Italy's first public library; the Biblioteca Casanatense, opened in 1701; the Biblioteca Vallicelliana; Bibliotheca Hertziana \u2013 Max Planck Institute of Art History, a German library located in Rome, often noted for excellence in the arts and sciences; the National Central Library, one of the two national libraries in Italy, which contains 4,126,002 volumes; The Biblioteca del Ministero degli Affari Esteri, specialised in diplomacy, foreign affairs and modern history; the Biblioteca dell'Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana; the Biblioteca Don Bosco, one of the largest and most modern of all Salesian libraries; the Biblioteca e Museo teatrale del Burcardo, a museum-library specialised in history of drama and theatre; the Biblioteca della Societ\u00e0 Geografica Italiana, which is based in the Villa Celimontana and is the most important geographical library in Italy, and one of Europe's most important; and the Vatican Library, one of the oldest and most important libraries in the world, which was formally established in 1475, though in fact much older and has 75,000 codices from throughout history.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43881",
"question": "what is the name of the major library in italy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 36,
"text": "Biblioteca Angelica"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43882",
"question": "when was the first public library opened ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 67,
"text": "1604"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43883",
"question": "when was italy 's first public library opened ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 151,
"text": "1701"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43884",
"question": "where was the vatican library established ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 1111,
"text": "1475"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome is an important centre for music, and it has an intense musical scene, including several prestigious music conservatories and theatres. It hosts the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia (founded in 1585), for which new concert halls have been built in the new Parco della Musica, one of the largest musical venues in the world. Rome also has an opera house, the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma, as well as several minor musical institutions. The city also played host to the Eurovision Song Contest in 1991 and the MTV Europe Music Awards in 2004.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43885",
"question": "what is the name of rome 's largest musical venues ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 154,
"text": "Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43886",
"question": "when was santa cecilia founded ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 203,
"text": "1585"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43887",
"question": "what is the largest musical venues in the world ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 265,
"text": "Parco della Musica"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43888",
"question": "what is the opera house ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 367,
"text": "Teatro dell'Opera di Roma"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43889",
"question": "when was the eurovision song contest played ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 501,
"text": "1991"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43890",
"question": "when was the mtv europe music awards passed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 541,
"text": "2004"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome has also had a major impact in music history. The Roman School was a group of composers of predominantly church music, which were active in the city during the 16th and 17th centuries, therefore spanning the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras. The term also refers to the music they produced. Many of the composers had a direct connection to the Vatican and the papal chapel, though they worked at several churches; stylistically they are often contrasted with the Venetian School of composers, a concurrent movement which was much more progressive. By far the most famous composer of the Roman School is Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, whose name has been associated for four hundred years with smooth, clear, polyphonic perfection. However, there were other composers working in Rome, and in a variety of styles and forms.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43891",
"question": "when were the roman school of predominantly active in the city ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 165,
"text": "16th and 17th centuries"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43892",
"question": "who is the most famous composer of the roman school ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 615,
"text": "Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome today is one of the most important tourist destinations of the world, due to the incalculable immensity of its archaeological and artistic treasures, as well as for the charm of its unique traditions, the beauty of its panoramic views, and the majesty of its magnificent \"villas\" (parks). Among the most significant resources are the many museums \u2013 Musei Capitolini, the Vatican Museums and the Galleria Borghese and others dedicated to modern and contemporary art \u2013 aqueducts, fountains, churches, palaces, historical buildings, the monuments and ruins of the Roman Forum, and the Catacombs. Rome is the third most visited city in the EU, after London and Paris, and receives an average of 7\u201310\u00a0million tourists a year, which sometimes doubles on holy years. The Colosseum (4\u00a0million tourists) and the Vatican Museums (4.2\u00a0million tourists) are the 39th and 37th (respectively) most visited places in the world, according to a recent study.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43893",
"question": "which two cities is rome the third most visited ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 651,
"text": "London and Paris"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43894",
"question": "how many tourists are in rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 696,
"text": "7\u201310\u00a0million"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome is a major archaeological hub, and one of the world's main centres of archaeological research. There are numerous cultural and research institutes located in the city, such as the American Academy in Rome, and The Swedish Institute at Rome. Rome contains numerous ancient sites, including the Forum Romanum, Trajan's Market, Trajan's Forum, the Colosseum, and the Pantheon, to name but a few. The Colosseum, arguably one of Rome's most iconic archaeological sites, is regarded as a wonder of the world.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43895",
"question": "what is the name of the institute in rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 215,
"text": "The Swedish Institute"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43896",
"question": "who is regarded as a wonder of the world ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 398,
"text": "The Colosseum"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome has a growing stock of contemporary and modern art and architecture. The National Gallery of Modern Art has works by Balla, Morandi, Pirandello, Carr\u00e0, De Chirico, De Pisis, Guttuso, Fontana, Burri, Mastroianni, Turcato, Kandisky and C\u00e9zanne on permanent exhibition. 2010 saw the opening of Rome's newest arts foundation, a contemporary art and architecture gallery designed by acclaimed Iraqi architect Zaha Hadid. Known as MAXXI \u2013 National Museum of the 21st Century Arts it restores a dilapidated area with striking modern architecture. Maxxi features a campus dedicated to culture, experimental research laboratories, international exchange and study and research. It is one of Rome's most ambitious modern architecture projects alongside Renzo Piano's Auditorium Parco della Musica and Massimiliano Fuksas' Rome Convention Center, Centro Congressi Italia EUR, in the EUR district, due to open in 2016. The convention centre features a huge translucent container inside which is suspended a steel and teflon structure resembling a cloud and which contains meeting rooms and an auditorium with two piazzas open to the neighbourhood on either side.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43897",
"question": "who was the iraqi architect gallery ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 409,
"text": "Zaha Hadid"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome is also widely recognised as a world fashion capital. Although not as important as Milan, Rome is the fourth most important centre for fashion in the world, according to the 2009 Global Language Monitor after Milan, New York and Paris, and beating London. Major luxury fashion houses and jewellery chains, such as Valentino, Bulgari, Fendi, Laura Biagiotti and Brioni, are headquartered or were founded in the city. Also, other major labels, such as Chanel, Prada, Dolce & Gabbana, Armani and Versace have luxury boutiques in Rome, primarily along its prestigious and upscale Via dei Condotti.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43898",
"question": "what is the name of the major labels that have luxury in rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 581,
"text": "Via dei Condotti"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome's cuisine has evolved through centuries and periods of social, cultural, and political changes. Rome became a major gastronomical centre during the ancient Age. Ancient Roman cuisine was highly influenced by Ancient Greek culture, and after, the empire's enormous expansion exposed Romans to many new, provincial culinary habits and cooking techniques. Later, during the Renaissance, Rome became well known as a centre of high-cuisine, since some of the best chefs of the time, worked for the popes. An example of this could be Bartolomeo Scappi, who was a chef, working for Pius IV in the Vatican kitchen, and he acquired fame in 1570 when his cookbook \"Opera dell'arte del cucinare\" was published. In the book he lists approximately 1000 recipes of the Renaissance cuisine and describes cooking techniques and tools, giving the first known picture of a fork.
In the modern age, the city developed its own peculiar cuisine, based on products of the nearby Campagna, as lamb and vegetables (globe artichokes are common). In parallel, Roman Jews -present in the city since the 1st century BC- developed their own cuisine, the \"cucina giudaico-romanesca\". Examples of Roman dishes include \"\"Saltimbocca alla Romana\"\" \u2013 a veal cutlet, Roman-style; topped with raw ham and sage and simmered with white wine and butter; \"\"Carciofi alla romana\"\" \u2013 artichokes Roman-style; outer leaves removed, stuffed with mint, garlic, breadcrumbs and braised; \"\"Carciofi alla giudia\"\" \u2013 artichokes fried in olive oil, typical of Roman Jewish cooking; outer leaves removed, stuffed with mint, garlic, breadcrumbs and braised; \"\"Spaghetti alla carbonara\"\" \u2013 spaghetti with bacon, eggs and pecorino, and \"\"Gnocchi di semolino alla romana\"\" \u2013 semolina dumpling, Roman-style, to name but a few.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43899",
"question": "what influenced roman cuisine ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 213,
"text": "Ancient Greek culture"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43900",
"question": "who was a chef ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 533,
"text": "Bartolomeo Scappi"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43901",
"question": "when did pius iv die ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 636,
"text": "1570"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43902",
"question": "how many recipes of the renaissance cuisine did pius iv have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 740,
"text": "1000"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome hosts the Cinecitt\u00e0 Studios, the largest film and television production facility in continental Europe and the centre of the Italian cinema, where a large number of today's biggest box office hits are filmed. The studio complex is from the centre of Rome and is part of one of the biggest production communities in the world, second only to Hollywood, with well over 5,000 professionals \u2013 from period costume makers to visual effects specialists. More than 3,000 productions have been made on its lot, from recent features like \"The Passion of the Christ\", \"Gangs of New York\", HBO's \"Rome\", \"The Life Aquatic\" and Dino De Laurentiis' \"Decameron\", to such cinema classics as \"Ben-Hur\", \"Cleopatra\", and the films of Federico Fellini.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43903",
"question": "what is the name of the largest film facility in continental europe ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 15,
"text": "Cinecitt\u00e0 Studios"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43904",
"question": "how many professionals does the studio have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 372,
"text": "5,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43905",
"question": "how many productions have been made on its lot of the christ ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 462,
"text": "3,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43906",
"question": "what is another term for `` gangs '' ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 534,
"text": "The Passion of the Christ"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43907",
"question": "who is the films of the films of christ ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 721,
"text": "Federico Fellini"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Founded in 1937 by Benito Mussolini, the studios were bombed by the Western Allies during the Second World War. In the 1950s, Cinecitt\u00e0 was the filming location for several large American film productions, and subsequently became the studio most closely associated with Federico Fellini. Today Cinecitt\u00e0 is the only studio in the world with pre-production, production, and full post-production facilities on one lot, allowing directors and producers to walk in with their script and \"walk out\" with a completed film.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43908",
"question": "when was the western allies founded ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 11,
"text": "1937"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43909",
"question": "who founded the western allies ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 19,
"text": "Benito Mussolini"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43910",
"question": "who bombed the studios in 1937 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 68,
"text": "Western Allies"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43911",
"question": "what was the name of the studio that was the filming of federico fellini ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 126,
"text": "Cinecitt\u00e0"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43912",
"question": "who was the studio most closely associated with ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 270,
"text": "Federico Fellini"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Although associated today only with Latin, ancient Rome was in fact multilingual. In highest antiquity Sabine tribes shared the area of what is today Rome with Latin tribes. The Sabine language was one of the Italic group of ancient Italian languages, along with Etruscan, which would have been the main language of the last three kings who ruled the city till the founding of the Republic in 509 BC. Urganilla, or Plautia Urgulanilla, wife of Emperor Claudius, is thought to have been a speaker of Etruscan many centuries after this date, according to Suetonius' entry on Claudius. However Latin, in various evolving forms, was the main language of classical Rome, but as the city had immigrants, slaves, residents, ambassadors from many parts of the world it was also multilingual. Many educated Romans also spoke Greek, and there was a large Greek, Syriac and Jewish population in parts of Rome from well before the Empire.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43913",
"question": "what tribes shared the area of what is today ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 103,
"text": "Sabine tribes"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43914",
"question": "who ruled the city till the founding of the republic ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 263,
"text": "Etruscan"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43915",
"question": "when did the last three kings who ruled the city of the republic ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 393,
"text": "509 BC"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Latin evolved during the Middle Ages into a new language, the \"volgare\". The latter emerged as the confluence of various regional dialects, among which the Tuscan dialect predominated, but the population of Rome also developed its own dialect, the Romanesco. The \"Romanesco\" spoken during the Middle Ages was a southern Italian dialect, very close to the Neapolitan. The influence of the Florentine culture during the renaissance, and, above all, the immigration to Rome of many Florentines following the two Medici Popes (Leo X and Clement VII), caused a major shift in the dialect, which began to resemble more the Tuscan varieties. This remained largely confined to Rome until the 19th century, but then expanded to other zones of Lazio (Civitavecchia, Latina), from the beginning of the 20th century, thanks to the rising population of Rome and to better transportation systems. As a consequence of education and media like radio and television, Romanesco became more and more similar to standard Italian. Dialectal literature in the traditional form Romanesco includes the works of such authors as Giuseppe Gioachino Belli (one of the most important Italian poets altogether), Trilussa, and Cesare Pascarella. Contemporary Romanesco is mainly represented by popular actors such as Aldo Fabrizi, Alberto Sordi, Nino Manfredi, Anna Magnani, Gigi Proietti, Enrico Montesano, and Carlo Verdone.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43916",
"question": "what was the name of the language that latin evolved from ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 63,
"text": "volgare"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43917",
"question": "what was the name of the dialect of rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 248,
"text": "Romanesco"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome's historic contribution to language in a worldwide sense is much more extensive however. Through the process of Romanisation, the peoples of Gallia, the Iberian Peninsula, Italy and Dacia developed languages which derive directly from Latin and were adopted in large areas of the world both through colonisation and cultural influence. Moreover, also modern English, because of the Norman Conquest, borrowed a large percentage of its vocabulary from the Latin language. The Roman or Latin alphabet is the most widely used writing system in the world used by the greatest number of languages.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43918",
"question": "what languages were adopted in large areas of the world ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 154,
"text": "the Iberian Peninsula, Italy and Dacia"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43919",
"question": "how were languages adopted in the world ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 304,
"text": "colonisation and cultural influence"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43920",
"question": "what conquest of the norman conquest did modern english have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 387,
"text": "Norman Conquest"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43921",
"question": "what is the most widely used writing system ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 475,
"text": "The Roman or Latin alphabet"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome has long hosted artistic communities, foreign resident communities and a large number of foreign religious students or pilgrims and so has always been a multilingual city. Today because of mass tourism many languages are used in servicing tourism, especially English which is widely known in tourist areas, and the city hosts large numbers of immigrants and so has many multilingual immigrant areas.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43922",
"question": "where are mass tourism used ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 234,
"text": "servicing tourism"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43923",
"question": "what language is widely used in tourist areas ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 264,
"text": "English"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": " The Stadio Olimpico is mostly used as a shared home stadium for Serie A football clubs S.S. Lazio and A.S. Roma, who contest the Derby della Capitale.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43924",
"question": "what are the football clubs in a stadium ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 88,
"text": "S.S. Lazio and A.S. Roma"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43925",
"question": "what is the name of the football clubs contest ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 126,
"text": "the Derby della Capitale"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Association football is the most popular sport in Rome, as in the rest of the country.\nThe city hosted the final games of the 1934 and 1990 FIFA World Cup.\nThe latter took place in the Olympic Stadium, which is also the home stadium for local Serie A clubs S.S. Lazio, founded in 1900, and A.S. Roma, founded in 1927, whose rivalry has become a staple of Roman sports culture.\nFootballers who play for these teams and are also born in the city tend to become especially popular, as has been the case with players such as Francesco Totti and Daniele De Rossi (both for A.S. Roma), and Alessandro Nesta (for S.S. Lazio).\nAtletico Roma is a minor team that played in First Division until 2012; its home stadium was Stadio Flaminio.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43926",
"question": "when was the final games of the city hosted ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 126,
"text": "1934 and 1990 FIFA World Cup"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43927",
"question": "when was the olympic stadium founded ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 280,
"text": "1900"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43928",
"question": "when was the olympic stadium founded ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 312,
"text": "1927"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43929",
"question": "what was the name of the stadium in first division ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 712,
"text": "Stadio Flaminio"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics, with great success, using many ancient sites such as the Villa Borghese and the Thermae of Caracalla as venues. For the Olympic Games many new structures were created, notably the new large Olympic Stadium (which was also enlarged and renewed to host qualification and the final match of the 1990 FIFA World Cup), the Villaggio Olimpico (Olympic Village, created to host the athletes and redeveloped after the games as a residential district), ecc. Rome made a bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics but it was withdrawn before the deadline for applicant files.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43930",
"question": "in what year did rome host the summer olympics ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 16,
"text": "1960"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43931",
"question": "what were some of the ancient sites in rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 95,
"text": "Villa Borghese and the Thermae of Caracalla"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Further, Rome hosted the 1991 EuroBasket and is home to the internationally recognized basketball team Virtus Roma. Rugby union is gaining wider acceptance.\nUntil 2011 the Stadio Flaminio was the home stadium for the Italy national rugby union team, which has been playing in the Six Nations Championship since 2000. The team now plays home games at the Stadio Olimpico because the Stadio Flaminio needs works of renovation in order to improve both its capacity and safety. \nRome is home to local rugby union teams such as Rugby Roma (founded in 1930 and winner of five Italian championships, the latter in 1999\u20132000), Unione Rugby Capitolina and S.S. Lazio 1927 (rugby union branch of the multisport club S.S. Lazio).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43932",
"question": "what is the name of the internationally recognized basketball team in rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 103,
"text": "Virtus Roma"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43933",
"question": "what was the name of the stadium for the italy national rugby union team ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 172,
"text": "Stadio Flaminio"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43934",
"question": "when was rugby roma founded ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 546,
"text": "1930"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Every May, Rome hosts the ATP Masters Series tennis tournament on the clay courts of the Foro Italico. Cycling was popular in the post-World War II period, although its popularity has faded. Rome has hosted the final portion of the Giro d'Italia twice, in 1989 and 2000. Rome is also home to other sports teams, including volleyball (M. Roma Volley), handball or waterpolo.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43935",
"question": "on what courts is the atp masters series located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 89,
"text": "Foro Italico"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43936",
"question": "in what years was rome hosted ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 256,
"text": "1989 and 2000"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome is at the centre of the radial network of roads that roughly follow the lines of the ancient Roman roads which began at the Capitoline Hill and connected Rome with its empire. Today Rome is circled, at a distance of about from the Capitol, by the ring-road (the \"Grande Raccordo Anulare\" or \"GRA\").",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43937",
"question": "where did the roman roads begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 129,
"text": "Capitoline Hill"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43938",
"question": "what is rome 's capitol ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 195,
"text": "circled"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43939",
"question": "what are the names of the capitol of rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 268,
"text": "Grande Raccordo Anulare\" or \"GRA\")"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Due to its location in the centre of the Italian peninsula, Rome is the principal railway node for central Italy. Rome's main railway station, Termini, is one of the largest railway stations in Europe and the most heavily used in Italy, with around 400 thousand travellers passing through every day. The second-largest station in the city, Roma Tiburtina, has been redeveloped as a high-speed rail terminus.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43940",
"question": "where is rome 's principal railway ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 99,
"text": "central Italy"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43941",
"question": "what is rome 's main railway station ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 143,
"text": "Termini"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43942",
"question": "how many travellers passing through rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 249,
"text": "400 thousand"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43943",
"question": "what is the second-largest station in the city ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 340,
"text": "Roma Tiburtina"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome is served by three airports. The intercontinental Leonardo da Vinci International Airport is Italy's chief airport, is located within the nearby Fiumicino, south-west of Rome. The older Rome Ciampino Airport is a joint civilian and military airport. It is commonly referred to as \"Ciampino Airport\", as it is located beside Ciampino, south-east of Rome. A third airport, the Roma-Urbe Airport, is a small, low-traffic airport located about north of the city centre, which handles most helicopter and private flights.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43944",
"question": "how many airports are in rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 18,
"text": "three"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43945",
"question": "what is italy 's chief airport ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 55,
"text": "Leonardo da Vinci International Airport"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43946",
"question": "where is italy 's chief airport located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 150,
"text": "Fiumicino"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43947",
"question": "what is the joint civilian and military airport ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 191,
"text": "Rome Ciampino Airport"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43948",
"question": "what is another name for ciampino airport ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 286,
"text": "Ciampino Airport"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43949",
"question": "what is the third airport in the city ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 380,
"text": "Roma-Urbe Airport"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Although the city has its own quarter on the Mediterranean Sea (Lido di Ostia), this has only a marina and a small channel-harbour for fisher boats. The main harbour which serves Rome is Port of Civitavecchia, located about northwest of the city.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43950",
"question": "what is the own quarter of the city ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 41,
"text": "the Mediterranean Sea"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43951",
"question": "what is the name of the own quarter of the mediterranean ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 64,
"text": "Lido di Ostia"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43952",
"question": "what is the small channel-harbour for the mediterranean ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 135,
"text": "fisher boats"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43953",
"question": "what is the main harbour of rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 187,
"text": "Port of Civitavecchia"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The city suffers from traffic problems largely due to this radial street pattern, making it difficult for Romans to move easily from the vicinity of one of the radial roads to another without going into the historic centre or using the ring-road. These problems are not helped by the limited size of Rome's metro system when compared to other cities of similar size. In addition, Rome has only 21 taxis for every 10,000 inhabitants, far below other major European cities. Chronic congestion caused by cars during the 1970s and 1980s led to restrictions being placed on vehicle access to the inner city-centre during the hours of daylight. Areas where these restriction apply are known as Limited Traffic Zones (\"Zona a Traffico Limitato\" (ZTL) in Italian). More recently, heavy night-time traffic in Trastevere, Testaccio and San Lorenzo has led to the creation of night-time ZTLs in those districts.\nA 3-line metro system called the \"Metropolitana\" operates in Rome. Construction on the first branch started in the 1930s. The line had been planned to quickly connect the main railway station with the newly planned E42 area in the southern suburbs, where the 1942 World Fair was supposed to be held. The event never took place because of war, but the area was later partly redesigned and renamed EUR (Esposizione Universale di Roma: Rome Universal Exhibition) in the 1950s to serve as a modern business district. The line was finally opened in 1955, and it is now the south part of the B Line.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43954",
"question": "how many taxis does rome have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 394,
"text": "21"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43955",
"question": "in what year was the line line opened ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 1445,
"text": "1955"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The A line opened in 1980 from Ottaviano to Anagnina stations, later extended in stages (1999\u20132000) to Battistini. In the 1990s, an extension of the B line was opened from Termini to Rebibbia. This underground network is generally reliable (although it may become very congested at peak times and during events, especially the A line) as it is relatively short.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43956",
"question": "in what year did the a line of the line line open ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 21,
"text": "1980"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43957",
"question": "when did the a line of the line of the line of the line of the line of the line of the line of the line of the line of the line of the line of the line of the line of the line of the line of the line of the line of the line of the line of the line of the line of the line of the line of the line of the line of the line of the line of the line of the line of the line of the line of the line of the",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 89,
"text": "1999\u20132000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43958",
"question": "where was an extension of the b line opened ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 172,
"text": "Termini to Rebibbia"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The A and B lines intersect at Roma Termini station. A new branch of the B line (B1) opened on 13 June 2012 after an estimated building cost of \u20ac500\u00a0million. B1 connects to line B at Piazza Bologna and has four stations over a distance of .",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43959",
"question": "where is the and b lines located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 31,
"text": "Roma Termini station"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43960",
"question": "when did a new branch of the b line open ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 95,
"text": "13 June 2012"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43961",
"question": "how much was the cost of the new branch of the b line ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 144,
"text": "\u20ac500\u00a0million"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "A third line, the C line, is under construction with an estimated cost of \u20ac3\u00a0billion and will have 30 stations over a distance of . It will partly replace the existing Termini-Pantano rail line. It will feature full automated, driverless trains. The first section with 15 stations connecting Pantano with the quarter of Centocelle in the eastern part of the city, opened on 9 November 2014. The end of the work was scheduled in 2015, but archaeological findings often delay underground construction work.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43962",
"question": "what is the estimated cost of the c line ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 74,
"text": "\u20ac3\u00a0billion"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43963",
"question": "how many stations does the c line have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 99,
"text": "30"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43964",
"question": "what will partly replace the rail line ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 168,
"text": "Termini-Pantano rail line"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43965",
"question": "how many stations were in the first section of the city ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 269,
"text": "15"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43966",
"question": "when was the first section of the city opened ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 374,
"text": "9 November 2014"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43967",
"question": "in what year was the end of the work scheduled ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 428,
"text": "2015"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "A fourth line, D line, is also planned. It will have 22 stations over a distance of . The first section was projected to open in 2015 and the final sections before 2035, but due to the city's financial crisis the project has been put on hold.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43968",
"question": "how many stations are there ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 53,
"text": "22"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43969",
"question": "when was the first section projected to open ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 129,
"text": "2015"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43970",
"question": "what was the final sections of the final sections of the first sections of the final sections of the city ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 164,
"text": "2035"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Above-ground public transport in Rome is made up of a bus, tram and urban train network (FR lines). The bus, tram, metro and urban railways network is run by \"Atac S.p.A.\" (which originally stood for the Municipal Bus and Tramways Company, \"Azienda Tramvie e Autobus del Comune\" in Italian). The bus network has in excess of 350 bus lines and over eight thousand bus stops, whereas the more-limited tram system has of track and 192 stops. There is also one trolleybus line, opened in 2005, and additional trolleybus lines are planned.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43971",
"question": "what is the name of the bus , tram , metro and urban railways ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 159,
"text": "Atac S.p"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43972",
"question": "how many bus lines does the bus network have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 325,
"text": "350"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43973",
"question": "in what year was there one trolleybus line ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 484,
"text": "2005"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Among the global cities, Rome is unique in having a sovereign state located entirely within its city limits, the Vatican City. The Vatican is an enclave of the Italian capital city and a sovereign possession of the Holy See which is the Diocese of Rome and the supreme government of the Roman Catholic Church. Rome hosts foreign embassies to both Italy and the Holy See. Several international Roman Colleges and Pontifical Universities are located in Rome.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43974",
"question": "what is the name of the city limits rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 113,
"text": "Vatican City"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43975",
"question": "what is the sovereign possession of the holy see ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 237,
"text": "Diocese of Rome and the supreme government of the Roman Catholic Church"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43976",
"question": "what two countries does rome have foreign embassies to ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 347,
"text": "Italy and the Holy See"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Pope is the Bishop of Rome and its official seat is the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran (of which the President of the French Republic is \"ex officio\" the \"first and only honorary canon\", a title held by the heads of the French state since King Henry IV of France). Another body, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM), took refuge in Rome in 1834, due to the conquest of Malta by Napoleon in 1798. It is sometimes classified as having sovereignty but does not claim any territory in Rome or anywhere else, hence leading to dispute over its actual sovereign status.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43977",
"question": "who is the pope ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 16,
"text": "Bishop of Rome"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43978",
"question": "what is the bishop of rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 60,
"text": "Archbasilica of St. John Lateran"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43979",
"question": "what is the president of st. john lateran ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 144,
"text": "ex officio\" the \"first and only honorary canon"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43980",
"question": "who held the french state ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 245,
"text": "King Henry IV of France"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43981",
"question": "who took refuge in rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 289,
"text": "Sovereign Military Order of Malta"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43982",
"question": "when did the sovereign military order take place ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 354,
"text": "1834"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43983",
"question": "in what year did the conquest of malta occur ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 404,
"text": "1798"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome is the seat of the so-called Polo Romano made up by three main international agencies of the United Nations: the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43984",
"question": "what is the name of the three main international fund ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 34,
"text": "Polo Romano"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43985",
"question": "how many main international agencies are in rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 57,
"text": "three"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43986",
"question": "what does fao stand for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 114,
"text": "the Food and Agriculture Organization"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43987",
"question": "what are the food and agriculture ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 163,
"text": "World Food Programme (WFP) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome has traditionally been involved in the process of European political integration. The Treaties of the EU are located in Palazzo della Farnesina, seat of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, due the fact that the Italian government is the depositary of the treaties. In 1957 the city hosted the signing of the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community (predecessor to the European Union), and also played host to the official signing of the proposed European Constitution in July 2004.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43988",
"question": "what has rome been involved in ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 55,
"text": "European political integration"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43989",
"question": "where is the treaties of the eu located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 125,
"text": "Palazzo della Farnesina"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43990",
"question": "what is the seat of the treaties of the eu ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 162,
"text": "Ministry of Foreign Affairs"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43991",
"question": "when was the signing of the treaty of rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 270,
"text": "1957"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43992",
"question": "what was the european economic community hosted in 1957 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 310,
"text": "Treaty of Rome"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43993",
"question": "what did the treaty of rome establish ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 348,
"text": "European Economic Community"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43994",
"question": "when was the proposed european constitution played ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 499,
"text": "July 2004"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome is the seat of the European Olympic Committee and of the NATO Defense College. The city is the place where the Statute of the International Criminal Court and the European Convention on Human Rights were formulated.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43995",
"question": "what is rome the seat of ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 24,
"text": "European Olympic Committee and of the NATO Defense College"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43996",
"question": "what is the name of the city that is formulated ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 112,
"text": "the Statute of the International Criminal Court and the European Convention on Human Rights"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The city hosts also other important international entities such as the IDLO (International Development Law Organisation), the ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property) and the UNIDROIT (International Institute for the Unification of Private Law).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "43997",
"question": "what is the name of the important international entities in the city ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 67,
"text": "the IDLO (International Development Law Organisation"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43998",
"question": "what is the name of the international centre for the study ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 126,
"text": "ICCROM"
}
]
},
{
"id": "43999",
"question": "what is the international centre for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 163,
"text": "Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44000",
"question": "what is the name of the international institute ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 245,
"text": "International Institute for the Unification of Private Law"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rome is since 9 April 1956 exclusively and reciprocally twinned only with:",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44001",
"question": "when was rome 's twinned only twinned ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 14,
"text": "9 April 1956"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "",
"qas": []
},
{
"context": "",
"qas": []
}
],
"title": "Rome"
},
{
"paragraphs": [
{
"context": "In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats. In most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular. In other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44002",
"question": "what is a lp ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 120,
"text": "an album or an EP record"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44003",
"question": "what are some songs that are released separately for albums ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 449,
"text": "digital download or commercial radio airplay"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "As digital downloading and audio streaming have become more prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a more heavily promoted or more popular song (or group of songs) within an album collection.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44004",
"question": "what have become more prevalent on an album ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 3,
"text": "digital downloading and audio streaming"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44005",
"question": "what is the concept of a single for an album ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 225,
"text": "an identification of a more heavily promoted or more popular song"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a musical release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is commonly classed as an Extended Play (EP).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44006",
"question": "how much does the biggest digital music distributor have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 164,
"text": "three tracks less than ten minutes"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44007",
"question": "what is any more than three tracks on a musical release ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 410,
"text": "an Extended Play (EP)"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The basic specifications of the music single were made in the late 19th century, when the gramophone record began to supersede phonograph cylinders in commercially produced musical recordings. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of playback speeds (from 16 rpm to 78 rpm) and in several sizes (including 12-inch/30\u00a0cm). By about 1910, however, the 10-inch (25\u00a0cm), 78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44008",
"question": "when were the basic specifications of the music single made ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 62,
"text": "late 19th century"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44009",
"question": "what did the gramophone record of the gramophone record begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 127,
"text": "phonograph cylinders"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century. The relatively crude disc-cutting techniques of the time and the thickness of the needles used on record players limited the number of grooves per inch that could be inscribed on the disc surface, and a high rotation speed was necessary to achieve acceptable recording and playback fidelity. 78 rpm was chosen as the standard because of the introduction of the electrically powered, synchronous turntable motor in 1925, which ran at 3600 rpm with a 46:1 gear ratio, resulting in a rotation speed of 78.26 rpm.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44010",
"question": "in what year was the electrically powered motor chosen ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 553,
"text": "1925"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44011",
"question": "what type of rpm did the electrically powered , synchronous turntable and 78 rpm use ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 638,
"text": "78.26 rpm"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium. The 3-minute single remained the standard into the 1960s, when the availability of microgroove recording and improved mastering techniques enabled recording artists to increase the duration of their recorded songs. The breakthrough came with Bob Dylan's \"Like a Rolling Stone\". Although CBS tried to make the record more \"radio friendly\" by cutting the performance in half and spreading it over both sides of the vinyl, both Dylan and his fans demanded that the full six-minute take be placed on one side and that radio stations play the song in its entirety.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44012",
"question": "when was the standard single the standard single ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 186,
"text": "1960s"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44013",
"question": "what did the breakthrough do ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 390,
"text": "Like a Rolling Stone"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Singles have been issued in various formats, including , , and 12-inch (30\u00a0cm) vinyl discs (usually playing at 45 rpm); 10-inch (25-cm) shellac discs (playing at 78 rpm); cassette, 8 and 12\u00a0cm (3- and 5-inch) CD singles and 7-inch (18\u00a0cm) plastic flexi discs. Other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc (5-inch/12\u00a0cm, 8-inch/20\u00a0cm, etc.). Some artist release singles on records, a trend more common in musical subcultures.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44014",
"question": "what type of rpm do vinyl discs playing ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 111,
"text": "45 rpm"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The most common form of the vinyl single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its play speed, 45\u00a0rpm, and the standard diameter, 7\u00a0inches (18\u00a0cm).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44015",
"question": "what is the most common form of vinyl single ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 48,
"text": "45 or 7-inch"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44016",
"question": "what are the names of the names for the names for the names for the names of the names for the names of a play ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 105,
"text": "45\u00a0rpm"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44017",
"question": "what is the standard diameter of the standard diameter ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 140,
"text": "7\u00a0inches"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The 7-inch 45\u00a0rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable and higher-fidelity replacement for the 78 rpm shellac discs. The first 45\u00a0rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45\u00a0rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s. Columbia, which had released the 33\u00a0\u2153\u00a0rpm 12-inch vinyl LP in June 1948, also released 33\u00a0\u2153\u00a0rpm 7-inch vinyl singles March 1949 but they were soon eclipsed by the RCA Victor 45. The first 45\u00a0rpm record created was \"PeeWee the Piccolo\" RCA Victor 47-0146 pressed 7 December 1948 at the Sherman Avenue plant in Indianapolis, R.O. Price, plant manager. The first release of the 45 came in seven translucent colors, one for each type of music: dark blue 52-xxxx light classics series, light blue 51-xxxx international series, yellow 47-xxxx juvenile series, bright red (cerise) 50-xxxx blues/spiritual series, deep red 49-xxxx classical series, green (teal) 48-xxxx country series, and black 47 -xxxx popular series.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44018",
"question": "when was the 7-inch 45 rpm released ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 38,
"text": "31 March 1949"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44019",
"question": "who released the 45 rpm record ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 55,
"text": "RCA Victor"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Although 7 inches remained the standard size for vinyl singles, 12-inch singles were introduced for use by DJs in discos in the 1970s. The longer playing time of these singles allowed the inclusion of extended dance mixes of tracks. In addition, the larger surface area of the 12-inch discs allowed for wider grooves (larger amplitude) and greater separation between grooves, the latter of which results in less cross-talk. Consequently, they \"wore\" better, and were less susceptible to scratches. The 12-inch single is still considered a standard format for dance music, though its popularity has declined in recent years.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44020",
"question": "how much remained the standard size for vinyl singles ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 9,
"text": "7 inches"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "A DVD single is a music single in the form of a DVD. The format was introduced in the late 1990s/early 2000s as a replacement for the VHS single. Although many record companies in the United States refused to issue CD singles, they readily issued DVD singles, and some popular DVD singles include Kelly Clarkson's \"A Moment Like This\", Jessica Simpson's \"With You\", Beyonc\u00e9' \"Crazy in Love\" and Iron Maiden's \"Satellite 15... The Final Frontier\". The DVD single never really caught on in the U.S, but became very popular in other countries such as Japan. However, many popular acts in the U.S. release their albums with a bonus disc featuring music videos or live performances, and behind-the-scenes footage. In the UK where up to 3 physical formats are eligible for the chart, DVD singles are quite common (with the single available on DVD as well as CD and/or vinyl record). As with other single formats, DVD singles have a limited production run, often causing them to become collector's items.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44021",
"question": "when was the format for vhs introduced ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 86,
"text": "late 1990s/early 2000s"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "According to Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), a music video single is defined as 1-2 songs per video OR under 15 minutes running time. In 2003, the first certified platinum and gold music DVD singles were certified by the RIAA. A DVD single with \"Let Go\" and \"Sk8er Boi\" by Avril Lavinge was certified platinum by the RIAA at this time, and a DVD single by Pink that had videos of \"Family Portrait\" and \"Don't Get Me\" were certified gold.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44022",
"question": "what is the music video single defined as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 98,
"text": "1-2 songs per video"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44023",
"question": "how long is a music video single in america ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 127,
"text": "15 minutes"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44024",
"question": "in what year were the first certified platinum and gold music dvd singles ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 155,
"text": "2003"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In Australia, there is a set of children's cartoon DVDs known as DVD Singles, named so because they feature one episode of the cartoon.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44025",
"question": "what is the set of children 's cartoon dvds ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 65,
"text": "DVD Singles"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Since around 2003 in Japan, it has become very common for an artist's singles and albums to be released both in the CD format and the CD+DVD format. The DVD comes in the same case as the CD and most of the time, there is similar but different cover art to differentiate the two. An example is Ayumi Hamasaki's 2005 single \"Fairyland\". The CD+DVD format is more expensive (usually around \u00a5800 more for singles) and usually contains music videos, and sometimes a \"making of\" section or other bonus material. Japanese singer-songwriter Ayumi Hamasaki has been credited as the \"creator of the CD+DVD format.\" Nowadays, the Japanese music conglomerate Hello! Project releases corresponding DVD singles for almost all of its CD single releases. The company calls them Single Vs. A Single V usually contains a music video for the title song plus several more of its versions and a making-of. The DVD singles are popular and chart in the generic Oricon DVD sales chart, due to non-existence of a separate DVD single ranking in Japan.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44026",
"question": "in what year did japan begin to be released in japan ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 13,
"text": "2003"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44027",
"question": "what is the example of the example of the example of the example of the example of the example of the example of the example of the example of the example of the example of the example of the example of the example of the example of the `` `` example '' ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 293,
"text": "Ayumi Hamasaki's 2005 single \"Fairyland\""
}
]
},
{
"id": "44028",
"question": "what is the format of the format that is more expensive ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 387,
"text": "\u00a5800 more for singles"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44029",
"question": "who has been credited with the `` creator of the cd+dvd '' ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 533,
"text": "Ayumi Hamasaki"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In the United Kingdom, McFly released a DVD single for their song \"Please, Please\" in 2006.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44030",
"question": "what was the name of the song released by the united kingdom in 2006 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 67,
"text": "Please, Please\""
}
]
},
{
"id": "44031",
"question": "in what year was a dvd single released ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 86,
"text": "2006"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The sales of singles are recorded in record charts in most countries in a Top 40 format. These charts are often published in magazines and numerous television shows and radio programs count down the list. In order to be eligible for inclusion in the charts the single must meet the requirements set by the charting company, usually governing the number of songs and the total playing time of the single.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44032",
"question": "in what type of format are the sales of the sales recorded ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 74,
"text": "Top 40 format"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44033",
"question": "what are the charts often published in ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 125,
"text": "magazines and numerous television shows and radio programs count down the list"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In popular music, the commercial and artistic importance of the single (as compared to the EP or album) has varied over time, technological development, and according to the audience of particular artists and genres. Singles have generally been more important to artists who sell to the youngest purchasers of music (younger teenagers and pre-teens), who tend to have more limited financial resources. Perhaps the golden age of the single was on 45s in the 1950s to early 1960s in the early years of rock music. Starting in the mid-sixties, albums became a greater focus and more important as artists created albums of uniformly high quality and coherent themes, a trend which reached its apex in the development of the concept album. Over the 1990s and early 2000s, the single generally received less and less attention in the United States as albums, which on compact disc had virtually identical production and distribution costs but could be sold at a higher price, became most retailers' primary method of selling music. Singles continued to be produced in the UK and Australia, surviving the transition from compact disc to digital download.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44034",
"question": "what was the golden age of the single age of rock ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 446,
"text": "45s"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Dance music, however, has followed a different commercial pattern, and the single, especially the 12-inch vinyl single, remains a major method by which dance music is distributed.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44035",
"question": "what is the major method of dance music ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 98,
"text": "12-inch vinyl single"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Single sales in the United Kingdom reached an all-time low in January 2005, as the popularity of the compact disc was overtaken by the then-unofficial medium of the music download. As a result, downloads were gradually introduced into the UK Singles Chart from April 2005 to January 2007. Sales gradually improved in the following years, reaching a record high in 2008 and that further being overtaken in 2009, 2010 and 2011. Portable audio players, which make it extremely easy to load and play songs from many different artists, are claimed to be a major factor behind this trend.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44036",
"question": "in what month and year did the compact disc become all-time ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 62,
"text": "January 2005"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44037",
"question": "when were downloads introduced into the uk ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 261,
"text": "April 2005 to January 2007"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44038",
"question": "in what year did sales of sales increase in 2009 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 364,
"text": "2008"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44039",
"question": "in what years did sales of sales become overtaken ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 405,
"text": "2009, 2010 and 2011"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "A related development has been the popularity of mobile phone ringtones based on pop singles (on some modern phones, the actual single can be used as a ringtone). In September 2007, Sony BMG announced they would introduce a new type of CD single, called \"ringles\", for the 2007 holiday season. The format included three songs by an artist, plus a ringtone accessible from the user's computer. Sony announced plans to release 50 ringles in October and November, while Universal Music Group expected to release somewhere between 10 and 20 titles.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44040",
"question": "what was the name of sony 's cd ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 255,
"text": "ringles"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44041",
"question": "how many titles did the universal music group use ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 527,
"text": "10 and 20 titles"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In a reversal of this trend, a single has been released based on a ringtone itself. The Crazy Frog ringtone, which was a cult hit in Europe in 2004, was released as a mashup with \"Axel F\" in June 2005 amid a massive publicity campaign and subsequently hit #1 on the UK charts.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44042",
"question": "what cult was released in europe in 2004 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 88,
"text": "Crazy Frog ringtone"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44043",
"question": "when was the crazy frog ringtone hit ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 143,
"text": "2004"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44044",
"question": "what was the crazy frog ringtone released as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 180,
"text": "Axel F\""
}
]
},
{
"id": "44045",
"question": "when was the crazy frog ringtone released ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 191,
"text": "June 2005"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44046",
"question": "how much was the crazy frog ringtone on the uk ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 256,
"text": "#1"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The term \"single\" is sometimes regarded as a misnomer since one record usually has 2 songs on it, when considering the \"A\" and \"B\" sides. In 1982, CBS marketed one-sided singles at a lower price than two-sided singles.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44047",
"question": "in what year was cbs marketed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 141,
"text": "1982"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "On 17 April 2005, Official UK Singles Chart added the download format to the existing physical CD singles. Selling on downloads alone Gnarls Barkley was the first act to reach No.1 in April 2006. It was released physically the following week. On 1 January 2007 digital downloads (including unbundled album tracks) became eligible from the point of release, without the need for an accompanying physical.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44048",
"question": "on what date did official uk singles begin the download format ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 3,
"text": "17 April 2005"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44049",
"question": "what added the download format to the physical cd ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 18,
"text": "Official UK Singles Chart"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44050",
"question": "who was the first act to reach no. 1 in april 2006 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 134,
"text": "Gnarls Barkley"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44051",
"question": "what did the first act to reach downloads reach ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 176,
"text": "No.1"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44052",
"question": "when was the first act to reach no. 1 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 184,
"text": "April 2006"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44053",
"question": "on what date was digital downloads eligible to be eligible ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 246,
"text": "1 January 2007"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "",
"qas": []
}
],
"title": "Single (music)"
},
{
"paragraphs": [
{
"context": "UTC\u221205:00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). \nIn North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, and in the Central Time Zone during the other eight months (see Daylight saving time). The western Caribbean uses it year round.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44054",
"question": "what is the name of the time that is used in time universal time is a time ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "UTC\u221205:00"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44055",
"question": "what does utc stand for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 58,
"text": "Coordinated Universal Time"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44056",
"question": "where is north america observed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 133,
"text": "Eastern Time Zone"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44057",
"question": "where is the eastern time zone located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 184,
"text": "Central Time Zone"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "",
"qas": []
},
{
"context": "",
"qas": []
}
],
"title": "UTC\u221205:00"
},
{
"paragraphs": [
{
"context": "Singapore (), officially the Republic of Singapore, and often referred to as the \"Lion City\" or the \"Little Red Dot\", is a sovereign city-state in Southeast Asia, and the world's only island city-state. It lies one degree (137\u00a0km) north of the equator, south of the southernmost tip of continental Asia and peninsular Malaysia, with Indonesia's Riau Islands to the south. Singapore's territory consists of a diamond-shaped main island along with 62 other islets. Since independence, extensive land reclamation has increased its total size by 23% (130\u00a0km), and its greening policy has covered the densely populated island with tropical flora, parks and gardens.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44058",
"question": "what are the sovereign often referred to as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 82,
"text": "Lion City\" or the \"Little Red Dot"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44059",
"question": "what is the degree of one degree in the equator ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 223,
"text": "137\u00a0km)"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44060",
"question": "how many other islets does singapore have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 446,
"text": "62"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44061",
"question": "what is the total size of singapore 's size ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 542,
"text": "23%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In 1819, Stamford Raffles founded colonial Singapore as a trading post of the East India Company; after the establishment of the British Raj, the islands were ceded to Britain and became part of its Straits Settlements in 1826. During World War II, Singapore was occupied by Japan. It gained independence from the UK in 1963 by federating with other former British territories to form Malaysia, but was expelled two years later over ideological differences. After early years of turbulence, and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland, the nation developed rapidly as an Asian Tiger economy, based on external trade and its workforce.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44062",
"question": "when was colonial singapore founded ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 3,
"text": "1819"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44063",
"question": "who founded colonial singapore ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 9,
"text": "Stamford Raffles"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44064",
"question": "what company was colonial singapore founded as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 78,
"text": "East India Company"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44065",
"question": "what was the establishment of the islands ceded to ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 125,
"text": "the British Raj"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44066",
"question": "in what year did the islands become part of the islands ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 222,
"text": "1826"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44067",
"question": "in what year did the islands lose independence ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 320,
"text": "1963"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Singapore is a global commerce, finance and transport hub. Its standings include: the most \"technology-ready\" nation (WEF), top International-meetings city (UIA), city with \"best investment potential\" (BERI), 2nd-most competitive country, 3rd-largest foreign exchange market, 3rd-largest financial centre, 3rd-largest oil refining and trading centre, and the second busiest container port. The country has also been identified as a tax haven.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44068",
"question": "what is singapore 's global commerce ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 32,
"text": "finance and transport hub"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44069",
"question": "what is the name of singapore 's standings ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 92,
"text": "technology-ready\" nation"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44070",
"question": "what is the top busiest port in singapore ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 174,
"text": "best investment potential"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44071",
"question": "what are the second busiest container port ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 306,
"text": "3rd-largest oil refining and trading centre"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Singapore is ranked 11th internationally and first in Asia on the UN Human Development Index. It is ranked highly in education, healthcare, life expectancy, quality of life, personal safety, and housing, but does not fare well on the Democracy index. Although income inequality is high, 90% of homes are owner occupied. 38% of Singapore's 5.6 million residents are permanent residents and other foreign nationals. There are four official languages on the island: Malay, Tamil, Mandarin and English. English is its common language; most Singaporeans are bilingual.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44072",
"question": "where is singapore ranked in asia ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 20,
"text": "11th"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44073",
"question": "what index is singapore ranked on ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 66,
"text": "UN Human Development Index"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44074",
"question": "what percentage of homes occupied inequality ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 287,
"text": "90%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44075",
"question": "what percentage of singapore 's 5.6 million residents are permanent residents ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 320,
"text": "38%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44076",
"question": "how many residents of singapore are there ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 339,
"text": "5.6 million"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Singapore is a unitary, multiparty, parliamentary republic, with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government. The People's Action Party has won every election since self-government in 1959. One of the five founding members of the ASEAN, Singapore is also the host of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Secretariat, and a member of the East Asia Summit, Non-Aligned Movement, and the Commonwealth of Nations.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44077",
"question": "what is singapore 's system ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 13,
"text": "a unitary, multiparty, parliamentary republic"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44078",
"question": "what is singapore 's unitary system ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 65,
"text": "a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44079",
"question": "when did the people 's action party open every election ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 200,
"text": "1959"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44080",
"question": "what does singapore stand for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 287,
"text": "Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44081",
"question": "what are the east asia summit ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 379,
"text": "Non-Aligned Movement, and the Commonwealth of Nations"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The English name of Singapore is an anglicisation of the native Malay name for the country, \"\", which was in turn derived from Sanskrit (\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939\u092a\u0941\u0930, : \"Si\u1e43hapura\"; \"si\u1e43ha\" is \"lion\", \"pura\" is \"town\" or \"city\"), hence the customary reference to the nation as the \"Lion City\", and its inclusion in many of the nation's symbols (e.g., its coat of arms, Merlion emblem). However, it is unlikely that lions ever lived on the island; Sang Nila Utama, who founded and named the island \"Singapura\", most likely saw a Malayan tiger. The central island has also been called \"Pulau Ujong\" as far back as the 3rd century, literally \"island at the end\" (of the Malay Peninsula) in Malay.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44082",
"question": "who founded the island ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 426,
"text": "Sang Nila Utama"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44083",
"question": "what is the name of the island founded by the nation ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 477,
"text": "Singapura"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44084",
"question": "what has the central island been called ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 563,
"text": "Pulau Ujong"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In 1299, according to the \"Malay Annals\", the Kingdom of Singapura was established on the island as a trading port city. There were two major foreign invasions before it was destroyed by the Majapahit in 1398. In 1613, Portuguese raiders burned down the settlement, which by then was nominally part of the Johor Sultanate. The wider maritime region and much trade was under Dutch control for the following period.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44085",
"question": "when was the `` malay annals '' established ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 3,
"text": "1299"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44086",
"question": "in what year was the kingdom of singapura destroyed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 204,
"text": "1398"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44087",
"question": "when did portuguese raiders burned down the settlement ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 213,
"text": "1613"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44088",
"question": "what was the name of the sultanate that burned the settlement ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 306,
"text": "Johor Sultanate"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In 1819, Thomas Stamford Raffles arrived and signed a treaty with Sultan Hussein Shah of Johor, on behalf of the British East India Company, to develop the southern part of Singapore as a British trading post. In 1824, the entire island, as well as the Temenggong, became a British possession after a further treaty with the Sultan. In 1826, Singapore became part of the Straits Settlements, under the jurisdiction of British India, becoming the regional capital in 1836. Prior to Raffles' arrival, there were only about a thousand people living on the island, mostly indigenous Malays along with a handful of Chinese. By 1860, the population had swelled to more than 80,000 and more than half were Chinese. Many immigrants came to work at rubber plantations and, after the 1870s, the island became a global centre for rubber exports.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44089",
"question": "when did thomas stamford raffles arrived ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 3,
"text": "1819"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44090",
"question": "who signed a treaty with sultan hussein ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 9,
"text": "Thomas Stamford Raffles"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44091",
"question": "who signed the treaty with the british east india company ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 66,
"text": "Sultan Hussein Shah of Johor"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44092",
"question": "what company was the treaty hussein signed on ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 113,
"text": "British East India Company"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44093",
"question": "in what year did the entire island take place ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 213,
"text": "1824"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44094",
"question": "what was the name of the british possession in 1824 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 253,
"text": "Temenggong"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44095",
"question": "when did singapore become part of the straits settlements ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 336,
"text": "1826"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44096",
"question": "when did singapore become the regional capital ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 466,
"text": "1836"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "After the First World War, the British built the large Singapore Naval Base as part of the defensive Singapore strategy. During the Second World War, the Imperial Japanese Army invaded British Malaya, culminating in the Battle of Singapore. When the British force of 60,000 troops surrendered on 15 February 1942, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill called the defeat \"the worst disaster and largest capitulation in British history. Between 5,000 and 25,000 ethnic Chinese people were killed in the subsequent Sook Ching massacre. From November 1944 to May 1945, the Allies conducted an intensive bombing of Singapore. The Japanese occupied Singapore until the British repossessed it in September 1945, after the Surrender of Japan.\nDuring the 1950s, Chinese communists with strong ties to the trade unions and Chinese schools waged a guerrilla war against the government, leading to the Malayan Emergency. The 1954 National Service Riots, Chinese middle schools riots, and Hock Lee bus riots in Singapore were all linked to these events. David Marshall, pro-independence leader of the Labour Front, won Singapore's first general election in 1955. He led a delegation to London, but Britain rejected his demand for complete self-rule. He resigned and was replaced by Lim Yew Hock, whose policies convinced Britain to grant Singapore full internal self-government for all matters except defence and foreign affairs.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44097",
"question": "what was the name of the base that the british built as part of the defensive singapore strategy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 55,
"text": "Singapore Naval Base"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44098",
"question": "in what battle did the imperial japanese army invade british malaya ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 220,
"text": "Battle of Singapore"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44099",
"question": "how many troops did the british force ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 267,
"text": "60,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44100",
"question": "when was the british force of 60,000 troops surrendered ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 296,
"text": "15 February 1942"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44101",
"question": "who called the worst disaster in 1942 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 314,
"text": "British Prime Minister Winston Churchill"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44102",
"question": "who replaced britain to grant singapore full self-government ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 1272,
"text": "Lim Yew Hock"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "During the May 1959 elections, the People's Action Party won a landslide victory. Singapore became an internally self-governing state within the Commonwealth, with Lee Kuan Yew as its first Prime Minister. Governor Sir William Allmond Codrington Goode served as the first Yang di-Pertuan Negara (Head of State), and was succeeded by Yusof bin Ishak, who became the first President of Singapore in 1965.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44103",
"question": "who was singapore 's first prime minister ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 164,
"text": "Lee Kuan Yew"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44104",
"question": "who was the first president of singapore ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 215,
"text": "Sir William Allmond Codrington Goode"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44105",
"question": "what was sir william william goode served as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 272,
"text": "Yang di-Pertuan Negara"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44106",
"question": "who succeeded singapore in 1965 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 333,
"text": "Yusof bin Ishak"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44107",
"question": "when was the first president of singapore ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 397,
"text": "1965"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "As a result of the 1962 Merger Referendum, on 16 September 1963 Singapore joined with the Federation of Malaya, the Crown Colony of Sarawak and the Crown Colony of North Borneo to form the new federation of Malaysia under the terms of the Malaysia Agreement. Singaporean leaders chose to join Malaysia primarily due to concerns over its limited land size, scarcity of water, markets and natural resources. Some Singaporean and Malaysian politicians were also concerned that the communists might form the government on the island, a possibility perceived as an external threat to the Federation of Malaya. However, shortly after the merger, the Singapore state government and the Malaysian central government disagreed on many political and economic issues, and communal strife culminated in the 1964 race riots in Singapore. After many heated ideological conflicts between the two governments, on 9 August 1965, the Malaysian Parliament voted 126 to 0 (with Singaporean delegates not present) to expel Singapore from Malaysia.\nSingapore gained independence as the Republic of Singapore (remaining within the Commonwealth of Nations) on 9 August 1965. Race riots broke out once more in 1969. In 1967, the country co-founded ASEAN, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Lee Kuan Yew became Prime Minister, and the country moved from Third World economy to First World affluence in a single generation. Lee Kuan Yew's emphasis on rapid economic growth, support for business entrepreneurship, and limitations on internal democracy shaped Singapore's policies for the next half-century. In 1990, Goh Chok Tong succeeded Lee as Prime Minister, while the latter continued serving in the Cabinet as Senior Minister until 2004, and then Minister Mentor until May 2011. During Goh's tenure, the country faced the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the 2003 SARS outbreak and terrorist threats posed by Jemaah Islamiyah.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44108",
"question": "when did the 1962 merger referendum occur ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 46,
"text": "16 September 1963"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44109",
"question": "what was the name of the colony of malaya ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 116,
"text": "Crown Colony of Sarawak and the Crown Colony of North Borneo"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In 2004, Lee Hsien Loong, the eldest son of Lee Kuan Yew, became the country's third Prime Minister. Goh Chok Tong remained in Cabinet as the Senior Minister until May 2011, when he was named Emeritus Senior Minister despite his retirement. Lee Hsien Loong's tenure included the 2008 global financial crisis, the resolution of a dispute over Malayan railways land, and the introduction of integrated resorts. Despite the economy's exceptional growth, the People's Action Party (PAP) suffered its worst election results in 2011, winning 60% of votes, amidst hot-button issues of high influx of foreign workers and cost of living. On 23 March 2015 Lee Kuan Yew died, during the 50th year of independence. Subsequently, the PAP maintained its dominance in Parliament at the September general elections, receiving 69.9% of the popular vote, its second-highest polling result behind the 2001 tally of 75.3%.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44110",
"question": "who was the eldest son of lee in 2004 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 9,
"text": "Lee Hsien Loong"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44111",
"question": "who was the eldest son of the country ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 44,
"text": "Lee Kuan Yew"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44112",
"question": "what percentage of votes did the pap party get ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 536,
"text": "60%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44113",
"question": "what percentage of the popular vote did the pap get ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 810,
"text": "69.9%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Singapore is a parliamentary republic with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government representing constituencies. The country's constitution establishes a representative democracy as the political system. Executive power rests with the Cabinet of Singapore, led by the Prime Minister and, to a much lesser extent, the President. The President is elected through a popular vote, and has veto powers over a specific set of executive decisions, such as the use of the national reserves and the appointment of judges, but otherwise occupies a largely ceremonial post.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44114",
"question": "what is singapore 's parliamentary republic ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 43,
"text": "a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government representing constituencies"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44115",
"question": "what does the country 's constitution establishes ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 171,
"text": "a representative democracy as the political system"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44116",
"question": "who led the executive power ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 250,
"text": "the Cabinet of Singapore"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44117",
"question": "who led the cabinet of singapore ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 283,
"text": "the Prime Minister"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Parliament serves as the legislative branch of the government. Members of Parliament (MPs) consist of elected, non-constituency and nominated members. Elected MPs are voted into the Parliament on a \"first-past-the-post\" (plurality) basis and represent either single-member or group representation constituencies. The People's Action Party has won control of Parliament with large majorities in every election since self-governance was secured in 1959.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44118",
"question": "what is the parliament of the government called ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 25,
"text": "the legislative branch of the government"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44119",
"question": "what are the mps consist of ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 106,
"text": "elected, non-constituency and nominated members"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44120",
"question": "what are elected mps voted into ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 202,
"text": "\"first-past-the-post"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44121",
"question": "when was the people 's action party secured ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 450,
"text": "1959"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Although the elections are clean, there is no independent electoral authority and the government has strong influence on the media. Freedom House ranks Singapore as \"partly free\" in its \"Freedom in the World\" report, and \"The Economist\" ranks Singapore as a \"flawed democracy\", the second best rank of four, in its \"Democracy Index\". The latest elections were in September 2015, with the PAP winning 83 of 89 seats contested with 70% of the popular vote.\nThe legal system of Singapore is based on English common law, but with substantial local differences. Trial by jury was abolished in 1970 so that judicial decisions would rest entirely in the hands of appointed judges. Singapore has penalties that include judicial corporal punishment in the form of caning, which may be imposed for such offences as rape, rioting, vandalism, and certain immigration offences. There is a mandatory death penalty for murder, as well as for certain aggravated drug-trafficking and firearms offences.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44122",
"question": "when did the latest elections occur ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 363,
"text": "September 2015"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44123",
"question": "what percentage of the popular vote did the pap winning ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 430,
"text": "70%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44124",
"question": "when was jury abolished ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 588,
"text": "1970"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Amnesty International has said that some legal provisions of the Singapore system conflict with the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty, and that Singapore has \"... possibly the highest execution rate in the world relative to its population\". The government has disputed Amnesty's claims. Singapore's judicial system is considered one of the most reliable in Asia.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44125",
"question": "why did amnesty believe some legal provisions of the singapore system conflict ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 96,
"text": "the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44126",
"question": "what does amnesty do ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 175,
"text": "... possibly the highest execution rate in the world relative to its population"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Singapore has been consistently rated among the least corrupt countries in the world by Transparency International. Singapore's unique combination of a strong almost authoritarian government with an emphasis on meritocracy and good governance is known as the \"Singapore model\", and is regarded as a key factor behind Singapore's political stability, economic growth, and harmonious social order. In 2011, the World Justice Project's \"Rule of Law Index\" ranked Singapore among the top countries surveyed with regard to \"order and security\", \"absence of corruption\", and \"effective criminal justice\". However, the country received a much lower ranking for \"freedom of speech\" and \"freedom of assembly\". All public gatherings of five or more people require police permits, and protests may legally be held only at the Speakers' Corner.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44127",
"question": "singapore has been rated among the least corrupt countries in the world by what ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 88,
"text": "Transparency International"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44128",
"question": "what is singapore 's unique factor called ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 260,
"text": "Singapore model"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44129",
"question": "in what year did the world justice project 's `` rule of law index '' begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 399,
"text": "2011"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44130",
"question": "what ranked singapore among the top countries surveyed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 409,
"text": "World Justice Project's \"Rule of Law Index"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44131",
"question": "where can all public gatherings be held ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 815,
"text": "Speakers' Corner"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Singapore's foreign policy is aimed at maintaining security in Southeast Asia and surrounding territories. An underlying principle is political and economic stability in the region. It has diplomatic relations with more than 180 sovereign states.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44132",
"question": "where is singapore 's foreign policy aimed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 63,
"text": "Southeast Asia and surrounding territories"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44133",
"question": "what is an underlying principle ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 134,
"text": "political and economic stability in the region"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44134",
"question": "how many sovereign states has diplomatic relations with more than more than sovereign states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 225,
"text": "180"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "As one of the five founding members of ASEAN, it is a strong supporter of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and the ASEAN Investment Area, because Singapore's economy is closely linked to that of the region as a whole. Former Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong proposed the formation of an ASEAN Economic Community, a step beyond the current AFTA, bringing it closer to a common market. This was agreed to in 2007 for implementation by 2015. Other regional organisations are important to Singapore, and it is the host of the APEC Secretariat. Singapore maintains membership in other regional organisations, such as Asia\u2013Europe Meeting, the Forum for East Asia-Latin American Cooperation, the Indian Ocean Rim Association, and the East Asia Summit. It is also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Commonwealth.\nIn general, bilateral relations with other ASEAN members are strong; however, disagreements have arisen, and relations with neighbouring Malaysia and Indonesia have sometimes been strained. Malaysia and Singapore have clashed over the delivery of fresh water to Singapore, and access by the Singapore Armed Forces to Malaysian airspace. Border issues exist with Malaysia and Indonesia, and both have banned the sale of marine sand to Singapore over disputes about Singapore's land reclamation. Some previous disputes have been resolved by the International Court of Justice. Piracy in the Strait of Malacca has been a cause of concern for all three countries. Close economic ties exist with Brunei, and the two share a pegged currency value.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44135",
"question": "what are the strong supporter of asean ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 78,
"text": "ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and the ASEAN Investment Area"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44136",
"question": "who proposed the formation of an asean economic community ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 240,
"text": "Goh Chok Tong"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44137",
"question": "in what year was the 2015 implementation of 2015 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 402,
"text": "2007"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The first diplomatic contact with China was made in the 1970s, with full diplomatic relations established in the 1990s. Since then the two countries have been major players in strengthening the ASEAN\u2013China relationship. Singapore and the United States share a long-standing close relationship, in particular in defence, the economy, health, and education. The United States was Singapore's third largest trading partner in 2010, behind China (2nd) and Malaysia (1st). The two countries have a free-trade agreement, and Singapore views its relationship with the United States as an important counterbalance to China's influence. A Strategic Framework Agreement between the two, signed in 2005, formalises security and defence co-operation. Singapore has pushed regional counter-terrorism initiatives, with a strong resolve to deal with terrorists inside its borders. To this end it has given support to the US-led coalition to fight terrorism, with bilateral co-operation in counter-terrorism and counter-proliferation initiatives, and joint military exercises.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44138",
"question": "when was the first diplomatic contact with china made ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 56,
"text": "1970s"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44139",
"question": "what was singapore 's third trading partner in 2010 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 436,
"text": "China (2nd) and Malaysia"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44140",
"question": "in what year was a strategic framework agreement signed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 687,
"text": "2005"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Singaporean military is arguably the most technologically advanced in Southeast Asia. It comprises the Singapore Army, Republic of Singapore Navy, and Republic of Singapore Air Force. It is seen as the guarantor of the country's independence. This principle translates into the culture, involving all citizens in the country's defence. The government spends 4.9% of the country's GDP on the military\u2014high by regional standards\u2014and one out of every four dollars of government spending is spent on defence.\nAfter its independence, Singapore had two infantry regiments commanded by British officers. This force was considered too small to provide effective security for the new country, so development of its military forces became a priority. Britain pulled its military out of Singapore in October 1971, leaving behind only a small British, Australian and New Zealand force as a token military presence. The last British soldier left Singapore in March 1976. New Zealand troops were the last to leave, in 1989.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44141",
"question": "what are the names of the singapore army ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 123,
"text": "Republic of Singapore Navy, and Republic of Singapore Air Force"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44142",
"question": "what percentage of the country 's gdp is spent on the military ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 362,
"text": "4.9%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44143",
"question": "when did the last british soldier leave singapore ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 950,
"text": "March 1976"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44144",
"question": "in what year did new zealand leave new zealand ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 1008,
"text": "1989"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "A great deal of initial support came from Israel, a country that is not recognised by the neighbouring Muslim-majority nations of Malaysia, Indonesia, or Brunei. The main fear after independence was an invasion by Malaysia. Israeli Defense Force (IDF) commanders were tasked with creating the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) from scratch, and Israeli instructors were brought in to train Singaporean soldiers. Military courses were conducted according to the IDF's format, and Singapore adopted a system of conscription and reserve service based on the Israeli model. Singapore still maintains strong security ties with Israel and is one of the biggest buyers of Israeli arms and weapons systems. The MATADOR is one example of recent Singaporean\u2013Israeli collaboration.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44145",
"question": "who is responsible for israel 's country 's country ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 103,
"text": "Muslim-majority nations of Malaysia, Indonesia, or Brunei"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44146",
"question": "what country ruled the independence of independence ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 214,
"text": "Malaysia"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44147",
"question": "what does idf stand for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 224,
"text": "Israeli Defense Force"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44148",
"question": "who were the idf tasked with ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 293,
"text": "Singapore Armed Forces"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The SAF is being developed to respond to a wide range of issues, in both conventional and unconventional warfare. The Defence Science and Technology Agency is responsible for procuring resources for the military. The geographic restrictions of Singapore mean that the SAF must plan to fully repulse an attack, as they can not fall back and re-group. The small size of the population has also affected the way the SAF has been designed, with a small active force but a large number of reserves.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44149",
"question": "what is responsible for procuring resources ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 114,
"text": "The Defence Science and Technology Agency"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44150",
"question": "what is the defence science and technology agency responsible for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 175,
"text": "procuring resources for the military"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Singapore has conscription for all able-bodied males at age 18, except those with a criminal record or who can prove that their loss would bring hardship to their families. Males who have yet to complete pre-university education or are awarded the Public Service Commission scholarship can opt to defer their draft. Though not required to perform military service, the number of women in the SAF has been increasing: since 1989 they have been allowed to fill military vocations formerly reserved for men. Before induction into a specific branch of the armed forces, recruits undergo at least 9 weeks of basic military training.\nBecause of the scarcity of open land on the main island, training involving activities such as live firing and amphibious warfare is often carried out on smaller islands, typically barred to civilian access. This also avoids risk to the main island and the city. However, large-scale drills are considered too dangerous to be performed in the area, and since 1975 have been performed in Taiwan. Training is also held in about a dozen other countries. In general, military exercises are held with foreign forces once or twice per week.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44151",
"question": "singapore has conscription for all able-bodied males at what age ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 60,
"text": "18"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44152",
"question": "why does singapore have a criminal record ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 82,
"text": "a criminal record or who can prove that their loss would bring hardship to their families"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44153",
"question": "what are males who are awarded to complete education ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 248,
"text": "Public Service Commission scholarship can opt to defer their draft"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Due to airspace and land constraints, the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) maintains a number of overseas bases in Australia, the United States, and France. The RSAF's 130 Squadron is based in RAAF Base Pearce, Western Australia, and its 126 Squadron is based in the Oakey Army Aviation Centre, Queensland. The RSAF has one squadron\u2014the 150 Squadron\u2014based in Cazaux Air Base in southern France. The RSAF also has a few overseas detachments in the United States, in San Diego, California, Marana, Arizona, Grand Prairie, Texas and Luke Air Force Base, among others.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44154",
"question": "what republic maintains a number of overseas bases in australia ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 42,
"text": "Republic of Singapore Air Force"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44155",
"question": "where is the squadron 's 130 squadron based ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 199,
"text": "RAAF Base Pearce, Western Australia"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44156",
"question": "where is the squadron based ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 273,
"text": "Oakey Army Aviation Centre, Queensland"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44157",
"question": "where is the 150 squadron located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 365,
"text": "Cazaux Air Base"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The SAF has sent forces to assist in operations outside the country, in areas such as Iraq and Afghanistan, in both military and civilian roles. In the region, it has helped stabilise East Timor and has provided aid to Aceh in Indonesia following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. In 2014, the RSN deployed two ships, the RSS \"Resolute\" and the \"Tenacious\" to the Gulf of Aden to aid in counter piracy efforts as part of Task Force 151. The SAF also helped in relief efforts during Hurricane Katrina and Typhoon Haiyan. Singapore is part of the Five Power Defence Arrangements, a military alliance with Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44158",
"question": "what two countries have sent forces to assist in operations ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 86,
"text": "Iraq and Afghanistan"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44159",
"question": "in what year did the indian ocean begin aid ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 251,
"text": "2004"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44160",
"question": "what was the name of the force the gulf of aden ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 433,
"text": "Task Force 151"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44161",
"question": "where did the hurricane efforts take place ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 494,
"text": "Hurricane Katrina and Typhoon Haiyan"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Singapore consists of 63 islands, including the main island, Pulau Ujong. There are two man-made connections to Johor, Malaysia: the Johor\u2013Singapore Causeway in the north and the Tuas Second Link in the west. Jurong Island, Pulau Tekong, Pulau Ubin and Sentosa are the largest of Singapore's smaller islands. The highest natural point is Bukit Timah Hill at .",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44162",
"question": "how many islands does singapore have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 22,
"text": "63"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44163",
"question": "what is the main island in singapore ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 61,
"text": "Pulau Ujong"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44164",
"question": "what is the name of the man-made connections ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 133,
"text": "Johor\u2013Singapore Causeway"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44165",
"question": "where are the man-made connections located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 179,
"text": "Tuas Second Link"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44166",
"question": "what is the highest natural point ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 338,
"text": "Bukit Timah Hill"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Ongoing land reclamation projects have increased Singapore's land area from in the 1960s to in 2015, an increase of some 23% (130\u00a0km). The country is projected to grow by another by 2030. Some projects involve merging smaller islands through land reclamation to form larger, more functional islands, as has been done with Jurong Island.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44167",
"question": "in what year was singapore 's land area increased ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 95,
"text": "2015"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44168",
"question": "what is the increase rate of singapore 's land area ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 121,
"text": "23%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44169",
"question": "when was the country projected to grow by the country ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 182,
"text": "2030"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44170",
"question": "what is the name of the island that has been done with more functional islands ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 322,
"text": "Jurong Island"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Singapore's urbanisation means that it has lost 95% of its historical forests, and now over half of the naturally occurring fauna and flora in Singapore is present in nature reserves, such as the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve and the Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve, which comprise only 0.25% of Singapore's land area. To combat this decline, in 1967 the government introduced the vision of making Singapore a \"garden city\" aiming to soften the harshness of urbanisation and improve the quality of life. Since then, nearly 10% of Singapore's land has been set aside for parks and nature reserves. The government also has plans to preserve the remaining wildlife. Singapore was ranked fourth in the 2014 Environmental Performance Index, which measures the effectiveness of state policies for environmental sustainability.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44171",
"question": "what percentage of singapore 's urbanisation is lost by singapore ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 48,
"text": "95%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44172",
"question": "what are the names of the only occurring fauna and flora in singapore ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 196,
"text": "Bukit Timah Nature Reserve and the Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44173",
"question": "what percentage of singapore 's land area is reserve ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 281,
"text": "0.25%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44174",
"question": "when was the vision of making singapore a `` garden city '' introduced ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 340,
"text": "1967"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44175",
"question": "what percentage of singapore 's land has been set aside from parks ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 517,
"text": "10%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44176",
"question": "what index was singapore ranked fourth in ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 692,
"text": "2014 Environmental Performance Index"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Singapore has a tropical rainforest climate (K\u00f6ppen: \"Af \") with no distinctive seasons, uniform temperature and pressure, high humidity, and abundant rainfall. Temperatures usually range from . Relative humidity averages around 79% in the morning and 73% in the afternoon. While temperature does not vary greatly throughout the year, there is a wetter monsoon season from November to January.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44177",
"question": "what types of rainfall does singapore have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 123,
"text": "high humidity, and abundant rainfall"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44178",
"question": "what is the relative humidity averages in the morning and 73 % of the afternoon ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 229,
"text": "79%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44179",
"question": "what percentage of the afternoon is in the afternoon ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 252,
"text": "73%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44180",
"question": "when is there a wetter monsoon season ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 373,
"text": "November to January"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "From July to October, there is often haze caused by bush fires in neighbouring Indonesia, usually from the island of Sumatra. Although Singapore does not observe daylight saving time (DST), it follows the GMT+8 time zone, one hour ahead of the typical zone for its geographical location.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44181",
"question": "what is the island usually from ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 117,
"text": "Sumatra"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44182",
"question": "what is singapore 's time ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 205,
"text": "GMT+8 time zone"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Singapore has a highly developed market economy, based historically on extended entrep\u00f4t trade. Along with Hong Kong, South Korea, and Taiwan, Singapore is one of the original Four Asian Tigers, but has surpassed its peers in terms of GDP per capita. Between 1965 and 1995, growth rates averaged around 6 per cent per annum, transforming the living standards of the population. The Singaporean economy is known as one of the freest, most innovative, most competitive, most dynamic and most business-friendly. The 2015 Index of Economic Freedom ranks Singapore as the second freest economy in the world and the Ease of Doing Business Index has also ranked Singapore as the easiest place to do business for the past decade. According to the Corruption Perceptions Index, Singapore is consistently perceived as one of the least corrupt countries in the world, along with New Zealand and the Scandinavian countries.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44183",
"question": "what is singapore 's original tigers ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 176,
"text": "Four Asian Tigers"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44184",
"question": "what is singapore 's peers ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 235,
"text": "GDP per capita"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44185",
"question": "what is growth rates between 1965 and 1995 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 303,
"text": "6 per cent per annum"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "For several years, Singapore has been one of the few countries with an AAA credit rating from the \"big three\", and the only Asian country to achieve this rating. Singapore attracts a large amount of foreign investment as a result of its location, skilled workforce, low tax rates, advanced infrastructure and zero-tolerance against corruption. Singapore has the world's eleventh largest foreign reserves, and one of the highest net international investment position per capita. There are more than 7,000 multinational corporations from the United States, Japan, and Europe in Singapore. There are also approximately 1,500 companies from China and a similar number from India. Foreign firms are found in almost all sectors of the country's economy. Roughly 44 percent of the Singaporean workforce is made up of non-Singaporeans. Over ten free-trade agreements have been signed with other countries and regions. Despite market freedom, Singapore's government operations have a significant stake in the economy, contributing 22% of the GDP.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44186",
"question": "what is singapore 's aaa credit rating ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 99,
"text": "big three"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44187",
"question": "how many multinational corporations are there in singapore ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 498,
"text": "7,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44188",
"question": "how many companies are in china ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 616,
"text": "1,500"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44189",
"question": "what percentage of the bronx 's workforce is made up ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 756,
"text": "44"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44190",
"question": "what percentage of the gdp is singapore 's gdp ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 1022,
"text": "22%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Singapore is the second-largest foreign investor in India. It is the 14th largest exporter and the 15th largest importer in the world.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44191",
"question": "what is the second-largest foreign investor in india ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "Singapore"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The currency of Singapore is the Singapore dollar (SGD or S$), issued by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS). It is interchangeable with the Brunei dollar at par value since 1967, owing to their historically close relations. MAS manages its monetary policy by allowing the Singapore dollar exchange rate to rise or fall within an undisclosed trading band. This is different from most central banks, which use interest rates to manage policy.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44192",
"question": "what is the currency of singapore ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 33,
"text": "Singapore dollar"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44193",
"question": "what does mas stand for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 77,
"text": "Monetary Authority of Singapore"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44194",
"question": "when was the brunei dollar at par ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 180,
"text": "1967"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44195",
"question": "what does mas manages ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 279,
"text": "Singapore dollar exchange rate to rise or fall within an undisclosed trading band"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In recent years, the country has been identified as an increasingly popular tax haven for the wealthy due to the low tax rate on personal income and tax exemptions on foreign-based income and capital gains. Australian millionaire retailer Brett Blundy and multi-billionaire Facebook co-founder Eduardo Saverin are two examples of wealthy individuals who have settled in Singapore (Blundy in 2013 and Saverin in 2012). In 2009, Singapore was removed from the OCDE \"liste grise\" of tax havens, but ranked fourth on the Tax Justice Network's 2015 Financial Secrecy Index of the world's off-shore financial service providers, banking one-eighth of the world's off-shore capital, while \"providing numerous tax avoidance and evasion opportunities\". In August 2016, \"The Straits Times\" reported that Indonesia had decided to create tax havens on two islands near Singapore to bring Indonesian capital back into the tax base. In October 2016, the Monetary Authority of Singapore admonished and fined UBS and DBS and withdrew 's banking license for their alleged role in the Malaysian Sovereign Fund scandal.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44196",
"question": "who is the facebook co-founder of singapore ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 294,
"text": "Eduardo Saverin"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Singapore has the world's highest percentage of millionaires, with one out of every six households having at least one million US dollars in disposable wealth. This excludes property, businesses, and luxury goods, which if included would increase the number of millionaires, especially as property in Singapore is among the world's most expensive. Singapore does not have a minimum wage, believing that it would lower its competitiveness. It also has one of the highest income inequalities among developed countries.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44197",
"question": "who has the world 's highest percentage of millionaires in disposable ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "Singapore"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44198",
"question": "how many households does singapore have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 115,
"text": "one million US dollars in disposable wealth"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Singapore traditionally has one of the lowest unemployment rates among developed countries. The unemployment rate did not exceed 4% from 2005 to 2014, hitting highs of 3.1% in 2005 and 3% during the 2009 global financial crisis; it fell to 1.8% in the first quarter of 2015.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44199",
"question": "what was the unemployment rate in 2005 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 129,
"text": "4%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44200",
"question": "what was the unemployment rate in 2005 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 168,
"text": "3.1%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44201",
"question": "what was the unemployment rate in the 2009 global financial crisis ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 185,
"text": "3%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44202",
"question": "what was the unemployment rate in 2015 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 240,
"text": "1.8%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The government provides numerous assistance programmes to the homeless and needy through the Ministry of Social and Family Development, so acute poverty is rare. Some of the programmes include providing between SGD400 and SGD1000 per month to needy households, providing free medical care at government hospitals, and paying for children's school fees. The Singapore government also provides numerous benefits to its citizenry, including: free money to encourage residents to exercise in public gyms, up to $166,000 worth of baby bonus benefits for each baby born to a citizen, heavily subsidised healthcare, money to help the disabled, cheap laptops for poor students, rebates for numerous areas such as public transport, utility bills and more.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44203",
"question": "where does the homeless and needy meet ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 93,
"text": "Ministry of Social and Family Development"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44204",
"question": "what are some of the programmes of the programmes ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 211,
"text": "SGD400 and SGD1000 per month to needy households"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44205",
"question": "what is the worth of the singapore government ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 507,
"text": "$166,000"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Although it has been recognised that foreign workers are crucial to the country's economy, the government is considering capping these workers, as foreign workers make up 80% of the construction industry and up to 50% of the service industry. To keep an effective tap on the issue of immigration and to also attract foreign talents at the same time, the Ministry of Manpower (MoM) issues employment pass under three categories viz: P1 Employment Pass for those individuals with monthly earning of $8,000 and up, P2 Employment Pass for individuals with monthly earning of $4,500\u20137,999 and Q1 Employment Pass individuals with at least a monthly earning of $3,000.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44206",
"question": "what percentage of the construction industry is foreign workers ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 171,
"text": "80%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44207",
"question": "what percentage of the service industry is foreign workers ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 214,
"text": "50%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44208",
"question": "how much did the p1 employment pass ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 654,
"text": "$3,000"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Globally, Singapore is a leader in several economic sectors, including being 3rd-largest foreign exchange centre, 3rd-leading financial centre, 2nd-largest casino gambling market, 3rd-largest oil-refining and trading centre, world's largest oil-rig producer and major hub for ship repair services, world's top logistics hub.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44209",
"question": "who is a leader in several economic sectors ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 10,
"text": "Singapore"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44210",
"question": "what is the name of the world 's largest producer ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 180,
"text": "3rd-largest oil-refining and trading centre"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The economy is diversified, with its top contributors \u2013 financial services, manufacturing, oil-refining. Its main exports are refined petroleum, integrated circuits and computers which constituted 27% of the country's GDP in 2010, and includes significant electronics, petroleum refining, chemicals, mechanical engineering and biomedical sciences sectors. In 2006, Singapore produced about 10% of the world's foundry wafer output.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44211",
"question": "what percentage of the country 's gdp is refined in 2010 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 197,
"text": "27%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44212",
"question": "what percentage of the world 's foundry wafer output wafer output ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 390,
"text": "10%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Singapore's largest companies are in the telecoms, banking, transportation and manufacturing sectors, many of which started as state-run enterprises, and has since been listed on the Singapore Exchange, including Singapore Telecommunications (Singtel), Singapore Technologies Engineering, Keppel Corporation, Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation (OCBC), Development Bank of Singapore (DBS), United Overseas Bank (UOB). In 2011, amidst the global financial crisis, OCBC, DBS and UOB were ranked as the world's 1st, 5th, 6th \"strongest banks in the world\" respectively by Bloomberg surveys.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44213",
"question": "where are singapore 's largest companies located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 41,
"text": "telecoms, banking, transportation and manufacturing sectors"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44214",
"question": "what is the name of the largest companies listed on the singapore exchange ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 213,
"text": "Singapore Telecommunications"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44215",
"question": "what is singapore 's largest companies ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 390,
"text": "United Overseas Bank"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The nation's best known global brands include Singapore Airlines, Changi Airport and Port of Singapore, all three are amongst the most-awarded in their respective industry sectors. Singapore Airlines is ranked as Asia's most-admired company, and world's 19th most-admired in 2015, by Fortune's annual \"50 most admired companies in the world\" industry surveys. It is also the world's most-awarded airline, including \"Best international airline\", by US-based Travel + Leisure reader surveys, for 20 consecutive years.\nChangi Airport connects over 100 airlines to more than 300 cities. The strategic international air hub has more than 480 \"World's Best Airport\" awards , and is known as the most-awarded airport in the world.\nTourism forms a large part of the economy, with over 15 million tourists visiting the city-state in 2014. To expand the sector, casinos were legalised in 2005, but only two licenses for \"Integrated Resorts\" were issued, to control money laundering and addiction. Singapore also promotes itself as a medical tourism hub: about 200,000 foreigners seek medical care there each year. Singapore medical services aim to serve at least one million foreign patients annually and generate USD3\u00a0billion in revenue. In 2015, Lonely Planet and The New York Times listed Singapore as their top and 6th best world destination to visit respectively.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44216",
"question": "what are the best known global brands brands brands industry ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 46,
"text": "Singapore Airlines, Changi Airport and Port of Singapore"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44217",
"question": "how long is singapore airlines travel surveys ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 494,
"text": "20 consecutive years"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44218",
"question": "how many tourists visiting the city-state in 2014 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 777,
"text": "15 million"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44219",
"question": "how many foreigners does singapore have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 1050,
"text": "200,000"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Singapore is an education hub, with more than 80,000 international students in 2006. 5,000 Malaysian students cross the Johor\u2013Singapore Causeway daily to attend schools in Singapore. In 2009, 20% of all students in Singaporean universities were international students, a majority from ASEAN, China and India.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44220",
"question": "how many international students are in singapore ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 46,
"text": "80,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44221",
"question": "how many students cross the singapore causeway daily to attend schools ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 85,
"text": "5,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44222",
"question": "what is the name of the daily causeway that attend schools in singapore ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 120,
"text": "Johor\u2013Singapore Causeway"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44223",
"question": "what percentage of all students were international students in 2009 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 192,
"text": "20%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Information and communications technologies (ICT) is one of the pillars of Singapore's economic success. The World Economic Forum's 2015 Global Technology Report placed Singapore as the most \"Tech-Ready Nation\". It is the most comprehensive survey of the pervasiveness and network-readiness of a country, in terms of market, political and regulatory infrastructure for connectivity. Singapore has also topped Waseda University's International e-Government rankings from 2009 to 2013, and 2015.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44224",
"question": "what does ict stand for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "Information and communications technologies"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44225",
"question": "what did the world economic forum report placed singapore as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 192,
"text": "Tech-Ready Nation"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44226",
"question": "what is singapore 's rankings in 2009 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 409,
"text": "Waseda University's International e-Government rankings"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Singapore has the world's highest smartphone penetration rates, in surveys by Deloitte and Google Consumer Barometer \u2013 at 89% and 85% of the population respectively in 2014. Overall mobile phone penetration rate is at 148 mobile phone subscribers per 100 people.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44227",
"question": "what percentage of the population has the world 's highest smartphone penetration rates ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 122,
"text": "89%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44228",
"question": "what percentage of the population respectively in 2014 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 130,
"text": "85%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44229",
"question": "what is overall mobile phone penetration rate ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 218,
"text": "148 mobile phone subscribers per 100 people"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Internet in Singapore is provided by state owned Singtel and partially state owned Starhub and M1 Limited plus some other business internet service providers (ISPs) that offer residential service plans of speeds up to 2 Gbit/s as of Spring 2015.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44230",
"question": "what is the state owned by internet in singapore ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 49,
"text": "Singtel"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44231",
"question": "what are the state internet in singapore ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 83,
"text": "Starhub and M1 Limited"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44232",
"question": "how many gbit/s does internet in singapore have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 218,
"text": "2 Gbit/s"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44233",
"question": "in what year did internet service offer residential service ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 233,
"text": "Spring 2015"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Equinix (332 participants) and also it's smaller brother Singapore Internet Exchange (70 participants) are Internet exchange points where Internet service providers and Content delivery networks exchange Internet traffic between their networks (autonomous systems) in various locations in Singapore.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44234",
"question": "what is the name of the singapore internet exchange ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "Equinix"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44235",
"question": "how many participants are in the singapore internet ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 9,
"text": "332"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44236",
"question": "what is internet exchange points ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 57,
"text": "Singapore Internet Exchange"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44237",
"question": "how many participants are singapore internet exchange ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 86,
"text": "70"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44238",
"question": "what are the singapore internet exchange ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 107,
"text": "Internet exchange points"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44239",
"question": "what does internet exchange points represent ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 245,
"text": "autonomous systems"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "As Singapore is a small island with a high population density, the number of private cars on the road is restricted so as to curb pollution and congestion. Car buyers must pay for duties one-and-a-half times the vehicle's market value, and bid for a Singaporean Certificate of Entitlement (COE), which allows the car to run on the road for a decade. The cost of the Singaporean certificate of entitlement alone would buy a Porsche Boxster in the United States. Car prices are generally significantly higher in Singapore than in other English-speaking countries. As with most Commonwealth countries, vehicles on the road and people walking on the streets keep to the left.\nSingaporean residents also travel by bicycles, bus, taxis and train (MRT or LRT). Two companies run the public bus and train transport system\u2014SBS Transit and SMRT Corporation. There are six taxi companies, who together put out over 28,000 taxis on the road. Taxis are a popular form of public transport as the fares are relatively cheap compared to many other developed countries. Buses are run by four companies under a 'Bus Contracting Model' where operators bid for routes.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44240",
"question": "why is singapore restricted ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 125,
"text": "curb pollution and congestion"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44241",
"question": "what does coe stand for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 250,
"text": "Singaporean Certificate of Entitlement"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44242",
"question": "what was the cost of the cost of the cost of the certificate ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 423,
"text": "Porsche Boxster"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44243",
"question": "what are the two companies that run the public and train transport system ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 814,
"text": "SBS Transit and SMRT Corporation"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44244",
"question": "what is the name of the model that operators bid to run routes ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 1094,
"text": "Bus Contracting Model"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Singapore has a road system covering , which includes of expressways. The Singapore Area Licensing Scheme, implemented in 1975, became the world's first congestion pricing scheme, and included other complementary measures such as stringent car ownership quotas and improvements in mass transit. Upgraded in 1998 and renamed Electronic Road Pricing, the system introduced electronic toll collection, electronic detection, and video surveillance technology.\nSingapore is a major international transport hub in Asia, serving some of the busiest sea and air trade routes. Changi Airport is an aviation centre for Southeast Asia and a stopover on the Kangaroo Route between Sydney and London. There are eight airports in the country, and Singapore Changi Airport hosts a network of over 100 airlines connecting Singapore to some 300 cities in about 70 countries and territories worldwide. It has been rated one of the best international airports by international travel magazines, including being rated as the world's best airport for the first time in 2006 by Skytrax. The national airline is Singapore Airlines.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44245",
"question": "when was the singapore area licensing scheme implemented ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 122,
"text": "1975"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44246",
"question": "what was the name of the system that introduced electronic toll collection ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 324,
"text": "Electronic Road Pricing"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44247",
"question": "what is the name of the national airline ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 1089,
"text": "Singapore Airlines"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Port of Singapore, managed by port operators PSA International and Jurong Port, was the world's second-busiest port in 2005 in terms of shipping tonnage handled, at 1.15\u00a0billion gross tons, and in terms of containerised traffic, at 23.2\u00a0million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs). It is also the world's second-busiest, behind Shanghai, in terms of cargo tonnage with 423\u00a0million tons handled. In addition, the port is the world's busiest for transshipment traffic and the world's biggest ship refuelling centre.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44248",
"question": "what was the name of the port operators of singapore ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 49,
"text": "PSA International and Jurong Port"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44249",
"question": "in what year was the world 's second-busiest port port passed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 123,
"text": "2005"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44250",
"question": "how many gross tons of shipping were there in 2005 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 169,
"text": "1.15\u00a0billion gross tons"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44251",
"question": "how many tons of cargo are there ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 373,
"text": "423\u00a0million tons handled"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Access to water is universal, affordable, efficient and of high quality.\nInnovative integrated water management approaches such as the reuse of reclaimed water,\nthe establishment of protected areas in urban rainwater catchments and the use of estuaries as freshwater reservoirs have been introduced along with seawater desalination to reduce the country's dependence on water imported from neighbouring Malaysia.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44252",
"question": "what is access to water ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 19,
"text": "universal, affordable, efficient and of high quality"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44253",
"question": "what is the establishment of protected areas in urban rainwater ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 144,
"text": "reclaimed water"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Singapore's approach does not rely only on physical infrastructure, but it also emphasises proper legislation and\nenforcement, water pricing, public education as well as research and development. In 2007 Singapore's water and sanitation utility, the Public Utilities Board, received the Stockholm Industry Water Award for its holistic approach to water resources management.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44254",
"question": "what does singapore 's approach not rely on ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 43,
"text": "physical infrastructure"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44255",
"question": "in what year was singapore 's water award for water resources ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 199,
"text": "2007"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44256",
"question": "what was the name of singapore 's water award ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 250,
"text": "Public Utilities Board"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44257",
"question": "what was the name of the award for water resources in 2007 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 287,
"text": "Stockholm Industry Water Award"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44258",
"question": "what did the public utilities board water award for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 347,
"text": "water resources management"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "As of mid-2015, the estimated population of Singapore was 5,535,000 people, 3,375,000 (60.98%) of whom were citizens, while the remaining 2,160,000 (39.02%) were permanent residents (527,700) or foreign students/foreign workers/dependants (1,632,300). According to the country's most recent census in 2010, nearly 23% of Singaporean residents (i.e. citizens and permanent residents) were foreign born (which means about 10% of Singapore citizens were foreign-born naturalised citizens); if non-residents were counted, nearly 43% of the total population were foreign born.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44259",
"question": "what was the estimated population of singapore ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 58,
"text": "5,535,000 people"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44260",
"question": "what percentage of citizens were citizens of singapore ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 87,
"text": "60.98%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44261",
"question": "what percentage of residents were foreign born in 2010 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 314,
"text": "23%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44262",
"question": "how much of singapore 's citizens were foreign citizens ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 420,
"text": "10%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44263",
"question": "what percentage of the population were foreign born ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 525,
"text": "43%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The same census also reports that about 74.1% of residents were of Chinese descent, 13.4% of Malay descent, 9.2% of Indian descent, and 3.3% of other (including Eurasian) descent. Prior to 2010, each person could register as a member of only one race, by default that of his or her father, therefore mixed-race persons were solely grouped under their father's race in government censuses. From 2010 onward, people may register using a multi-racial classification, in which they may choose one primary race and one secondary race, but no more than two.\n90.3% of resident households (i.e. households headed by a Singapore citizen or permanent resident) own the homes they live in, and the average household size is 3.43 persons (which include dependants who are neither citizens nor permanent residents). However, due to scarcity of land, 80.4% of resident households live in subsidised, high-rise, public housing apartments known as \"HDB flats\" because of the government board (Housing and Development Board) responsible for public housing in the country. Also, 75.9% of resident households live in properties that are equal to, or larger than, a four-room (i.e. three bedrooms plus one living room) HDB flat or in private housing. Live-in foreign domestic workers are quite common in Singapore, with about 224,500 foreign domestic workers there, as of December 2013.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44264",
"question": "what percentage of chinese descent were of chinese descent ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 40,
"text": "74.1%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44265",
"question": "what percentage of malay descent were chinese ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 84,
"text": "13.4%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44266",
"question": "what percentage of indian descent were malay ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 108,
"text": "9.2%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44267",
"question": "what percentage of other residents were descent of chinese descent ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 136,
"text": "3.3%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44268",
"question": "what percentage of households live in properties ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 1061,
"text": "75.9%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The median age of Singaporean residents is 39.3, and the total fertility rate is estimated to be 0.80 children per woman in 2014, the lowest in the world and well below the 2.1 needed to replace the population. To overcome this problem, the Singapore government has been encouraging foreigners to immigrate to Singapore for the past few decades. The large number of immigrants has kept Singapore's population from declining.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44269",
"question": "what is the median age of singaporean ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 43,
"text": "39.3"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44270",
"question": "who is the total fertility rate in 2014 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 97,
"text": "0.80 children per woman"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Buddhism is the most widely practised religion in Singapore, with 33% of the resident population declaring themselves adherents at the most recent census. The next-most practised religion is Christianity, followed by Islam, Taoism, and Hinduism. 17% of the population did not have a religious affiliation. The proportion of Christians, Taoists, and non-religious people increased between 2000 and 2010 by about 3% each, whilst the proportion of Buddhists decreased. Other faiths remained largely stable in their share of the population. An analysis by the Pew Research Center found Singapore to be the world's most religiously diverse nation.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44271",
"question": "what is the most widely practised religion in singapore ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "Buddhism"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44272",
"question": "what percentage of the resident population declaring themselves adherents ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 66,
"text": "33%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44273",
"question": "what is the religion of the religion ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 191,
"text": "Christianity"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44274",
"question": "what are some of the christianity 's religion ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 217,
"text": "Islam, Taoism, and Hinduism"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44275",
"question": "what percentage of the population did not have a religious affiliation ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 246,
"text": "17%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44276",
"question": "what percentage of christians increased between 2000 and 2010 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 411,
"text": "3%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "There are monasteries and Dharma centres from all three major traditions of Buddhism in Singapore: Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana. Most Buddhists in Singapore are Chinese and are of the Mahayana tradition, with missionaries having come into the country from Taiwan and China for several decades. However, Thailand's Theravada Buddhism has seen growing popularity among the populace (not only the Chinese) during the past decade. The religion of Soka Gakkai International, a Japanese Buddhist organisation, is practised by many people in Singapore, but mostly by those of Chinese descent. Tibetan Buddhism has also made slow inroads into the country in recent years.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44277",
"question": "what are some major traditions of buddhism ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 99,
"text": "Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44278",
"question": "what is the japanese buddhist organisation ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 449,
"text": "Soka Gakkai International"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44279",
"question": "what has made slow inroads into the country in recent years ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 592,
"text": "Tibetan Buddhism"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Singapore has four official languages: English, Malay, Mandarin Chinese, and Tamil. English is the common language, and is the language of business, government, and the medium of instruction in schools. Public bodies in Singapore, such as the Singapore Public Service, (which includes the Singapore Civil Service and other agencies), conduct their business in English, and official documents written in a non-English official language such as Malay, Chinese or Tamil typically have to be translated into English to be accepted for submission.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44280",
"question": "how many official languages does singapore have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 14,
"text": "four"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44281",
"question": "what are singapore 's four official languages ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 39,
"text": "English, Malay, Mandarin Chinese, and Tamil"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44282",
"question": "what is the name of the public service in singapore ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 243,
"text": "Singapore Public Service"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44283",
"question": "what does the singapore public service consist of ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 289,
"text": "Singapore Civil Service and other agencies"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44284",
"question": "what is the name of the non-english official language ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 443,
"text": "Malay, Chinese or Tamil"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Constitution of Singapore and all laws are written in English, and interpreters are required if one wishes to address the Singaporean Courts in a language other than English. English is the native tongue for only one-third of all Singaporeans, with roughly a quarter of all Singaporean Malays, a third of all Singaporean Chinese, and half of all Singaporean Indians speaking it as their native tongue. Twenty percent of Singaporeans cannot read or write in English.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44285",
"question": "how are interpreters required in english ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 97,
"text": "if one wishes to address the Singaporean Courts in a language other than English"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44286",
"question": "what percentage of singaporeans can not read or write in english ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 406,
"text": "Twenty percent"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Singaporeans are mostly bilingual, with English as their common language and usually the mother-tongue as a second language taught in schools, in order to preserve each individual's ethnic identity and values. The official languages amongst Singaporeans are English (80% literacy), Mandarin (65% literacy), Malay (17% literacy), and Tamil (4% literacy). Singapore English is based on British English, and forms of English spoken in Singapore range from Standard Singapore English to a colloquial form known as \"Singlish\". Singlish is discouraged by the government.\nSingaporean Mandarin is the language that is spoken as the native tongue by the greatest number of Singaporeans, with 1.2\u00a0million using it as their home language. Nearly half a million speak other varieties of Chinese, mainly Hokkien, Teochew, and Cantonese, as their home language, although the use of these is declining in favour of Mandarin and English.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44287",
"question": "what is the name of the second language that is mostly mostly used ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 24,
"text": "bilingual"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44288",
"question": "what percentage of literacy is english ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 267,
"text": "80%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44289",
"question": "what percentage of literacy is mandarin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 292,
"text": "65%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44290",
"question": "what percentage of literacy is malay ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 314,
"text": "17%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44291",
"question": "what is the colloquial form of singapore english ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 511,
"text": "Singlish"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Malay was chosen as a national language by the Singaporean government after independence from Britain in the 1960s to avoid friction with Singapore's Malay-speaking neighbours\u2014Malaysia and Indonesia. It has a symbolic, rather than functional purpose. It is used in the national anthem \"Majulah Singapura\", in citations of Singaporean orders and decorations, and in military commands. In general, Malay is spoken mainly within the Singaporean Malay community, with only 17% of all Singaporeans literate in Malay and only 12% using it as their native language.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44292",
"question": "what was the name of the language that malay was chosen to avoid ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 138,
"text": "Singapore's Malay-speaking neighbours"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44293",
"question": "what two countries were singapore 's malay-speaking neighbours with ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 176,
"text": "Malaysia and Indonesia"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44294",
"question": "what is malay used for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 286,
"text": "Majulah Singapura"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44295",
"question": "where is malay spoken ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 430,
"text": "Singaporean Malay community"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44296",
"question": "what percentage of malay literate in malay speak malay ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 469,
"text": "17%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44297",
"question": "what percentage of malay is using their native language ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 520,
"text": "12%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Around 100,000, or 3%, of Singaporeans speak Tamil as their native language. Tamil has official status in Singapore and there have been no attempts to discourage the use of other Indian languages.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44298",
"question": "what percentage of tamil speak tamil ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 19,
"text": "3%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Education for primary, secondary, and tertiary levels is mostly supported by the state. All institutions, private and public, must be registered with the Ministry of Education. English is the language of instruction in all public schools, and all subjects are taught and examined in English except for the \"mother tongue\" language paper. While the term \"mother tongue\" in general refers to the first language internationally, in Singapore's education system, it is used to refer to the second language, as English is the first language. Students who have been abroad for a while, or who struggle with their \"Mother Tongue\" language, are allowed to take a simpler syllabus or drop the subject.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44299",
"question": "who must be registered with all institutions of education ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 154,
"text": "Ministry of Education"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44300",
"question": "what is the name of the english paper that are taught in english ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 307,
"text": "mother tongue\" language paper"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44301",
"question": "what is the first language in singapore ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 506,
"text": "English"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44302",
"question": "what is the name of the language that students struggle with a simpler syllabus ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 608,
"text": "Mother Tongue\" language"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Education takes place in three stages: primary, secondary, and pre-university education. Only the primary level is compulsory. Students begin with six years of primary school, which is made up of a four-year foundation course and a two-year orientation stage. The curriculum is focused on the development of English, the mother tongue, mathematics, and science. Secondary school lasts from four to five years, and is divided between Special, Express, Normal (Academic), and Normal (Technical) streams in each school, depending on a student's ability level. The basic coursework breakdown is the same as in the primary level, although classes are much more specialised. Pre-university education takes place over two to three years at senior schools, mostly called Junior Colleges.\nNational examinations are standardised across all schools, with a test taken after each stage. After the first six years of education, students take the Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE), which determines their placement at secondary school. At the end of the secondary stage, GCE \"O\"-Level or \"N\"-level exams are taken; at the end of the following pre-university stage, the GCE \"A\"-Level exams are taken.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44303",
"question": "what are the three stages of education ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 39,
"text": "primary, secondary, and pre-university education"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44304",
"question": "what is the primary level of the primary level ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 115,
"text": "compulsory"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44305",
"question": "how long is secondary school ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 390,
"text": "four to five years"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44306",
"question": "what is the name of the colleges that can be found in senior schools ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 763,
"text": "Junior Colleges"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44307",
"question": "what does students take at secondary school after the first six years ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 933,
"text": "Primary School Leaving Examination"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Some schools have a degree of freedom in their curriculum and are known as autonomous schools. These exist from the secondary education level and up. Singapore has 6 public universities of which the National University of Singapore and Nanyang Technological University are among the top 20 universities in the world.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44308",
"question": "what are some schools known as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 75,
"text": "autonomous schools"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44309",
"question": "how many public universities does singapore have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 164,
"text": "6"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44310",
"question": "what is the name of the public university in singapore ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 199,
"text": "National University of Singapore and Nanyang Technological University"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44311",
"question": "how many universities are in singapore ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 287,
"text": "20"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Of all non-student Singaporeans aged 15 and above, 18% have no education qualifications at all while 45% have the PSLE as their highest qualification; 15% have the GCE 'O' Level as their highest qualification and 14% have a degree. Students in Singapore have consistently been ranked as some of the best educated in the world, especially in science and maths.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44312",
"question": "what percentage of education have no education qualifications ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 51,
"text": "18%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44313",
"question": "what percentage of education has the highest qualification as their highest qualification ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 101,
"text": "45%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44314",
"question": "what percentage of the population have the highest qualification ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 151,
"text": "15%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44315",
"question": "what percentage of education have a degree qualifications ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 213,
"text": "14%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Singapore has a generally efficient healthcare system, even though their health expenditures are relatively low for developed countries. The World Health Organisation ranks Singapore's healthcare system as 6th overall in the world in its World Health Report. In general, Singapore has had the lowest infant mortality rate in the world for the past two decades. Life expectancy in Singapore is 80 for males and 85 for females, placing the country 4th in the world for life expectancy. Almost the whole population has access to improved water and sanitation facilities. There are fewer than 10 annual deaths from HIV per 100,000 people. There is a high level of immunisation. Adult obesity is below 10%. The Economist Intelligence Unit, in its 2013 \"Where-to-be-born Index\", ranks Singapore as having the best quality of life in Asia and sixth overall in the world.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44316",
"question": "what is the world health organisation singapore 's healthcare system ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 206,
"text": "6th overall in the world in its World Health Report"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44317",
"question": "what is life expectancy in singapore ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 393,
"text": "80 for males and 85 for females"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44318",
"question": "how many people are there in there ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 611,
"text": "HIV per 100,000 people"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44319",
"question": "what is adult obesity below ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 697,
"text": "10%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The government's healthcare system is based upon the \"3M\" framework. This has three components: Medifund, which provides a safety net for those not able to otherwise afford healthcare, Medisave, a compulsory national medical savings account system covering about 85% of the population, and Medishield, a government-funded health insurance program.\nPublic hospitals in Singapore have autonomy in their management decisions, and compete for patients. A subsidy scheme exists for those on low income. In 2008, 32% of healthcare was funded by the government. It accounts for approximately 3.5% of Singapore's GDP.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44320",
"question": "what is the healthcare system based upon ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 54,
"text": "3M\" framework"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44321",
"question": "what is the name of the three components of a national medical savings ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 96,
"text": "Medifund"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44322",
"question": "what percentage of the population is a safety net for the population ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 263,
"text": "85%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44323",
"question": "what percentage of healthcare was funded by the government in 2008 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 507,
"text": "32%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44324",
"question": "what percentage of singapore 's gdp is healthcare ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 585,
"text": "3.5%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Despite its small size, Singapore has a diversity of languages, religions, and cultures. Former Prime Ministers of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew and Goh Chok Tong, have stated that Singapore does not fit the traditional description of a nation, calling it a society-in-transition, pointing out the fact that Singaporeans do not all speak the same language, share the same religion, or have the same customs. Even though English is the first language of the nation, according to the 2010 census 20% of Singaporeans are illiterate in English. This is however an improvement from 1990, when 40% of Singaporeans were illiterate in English.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44325",
"question": "who have stated that singapore does not fit the description of a nation ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 126,
"text": "Lee Kuan Yew and Goh Chok Tong"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44326",
"question": "what percentage of the nation are illiterate in english ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 488,
"text": "20%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44327",
"question": "what percentage of singaporeans were illiterate in english ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 582,
"text": "40%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "When Singapore became independent from the United Kingdom in 1963, most Singaporean citizens were uneducated labourers from Malaysia, China and India. Many were transient labourers, seeking to make some money in Singapore, with no intention of staying permanently. There was also a sizeable minority of middle-class, locally-born people\u2014known as Peranakans or Baba-Nyonya\u2014descendants of 15th and 16th-century Chinese immigrants. With the exception of the Peranakans who pledged their loyalties to Singapore, most of the labourers' loyalties lay with their respective homelands of Malaysia, China and India. After independence, the government began a deliberate process of crafting a Singaporean identity and culture.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44328",
"question": "when did singapore become independent ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 61,
"text": "1963"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44329",
"question": "where were most singaporean citizens uneducated from ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 124,
"text": "Malaysia, China and India"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44330",
"question": "what was the name of the descendants of 15th and 16th-century chinese immigrants ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 346,
"text": "Peranakans or Baba-Nyonya"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44331",
"question": "what were the descendants of chinese immigrants ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 387,
"text": "15th and 16th-century Chinese immigrants"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Each Singaporean's behaviours and attitudes are influenced by, among other things, his or her home language and his religion. Singaporeans who speak English as their native language tend to lean toward Western culture, while those who speak Chinese as their native language tend to lean toward Chinese culture and Confucianism. Malay-speaking Singaporeans tend to lean toward Malay culture, which itself is closely linked to Islamic culture.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44332",
"question": "what do those who speak chinese as their native language ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 294,
"text": "Chinese culture and Confucianism"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44333",
"question": "what type of malay-speaking tend to lean toward malay culture ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 343,
"text": "Singaporeans"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44334",
"question": "what is itself closely linked to ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 425,
"text": "Islamic culture"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Racial and religious harmony is regarded by Singaporeans as a crucial part of Singapore's success, and played a part in building a Singaporean identity.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44335",
"question": "what is regarded as a crucial part of singapore 's success ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "Racial and religious harmony"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44336",
"question": "racial and religious harmony is regarded as what ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 44,
"text": "Singaporeans"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The national flower of Singapore is the hybrid orchid, Vanda 'Miss Joaquim', named in memory of a Singapore-born Armenian woman, who crossbred the flower in her garden at Tanjong Pagar in 1893. Many national symbols such as the Coat of arms of Singapore and the Lion head symbol of Singapore make use of the lion, as Singapore is known as the \"Lion City\". Singapore is also known as the \"Little Red Dot\". Major religious festivals are public holidays.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44337",
"question": "who is the hybrid orchid orchid ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 55,
"text": "Vanda 'Miss Joaquim"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44338",
"question": "who is the national flower of singapore ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 98,
"text": "Singapore-born Armenian woman"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44339",
"question": "where is the armenian woman located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 171,
"text": "Tanjong Pagar"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44340",
"question": "when was the armenian woman named ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 188,
"text": "1893"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44341",
"question": "what is singapore known as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 344,
"text": "Lion City"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44342",
"question": "what is singapore 's nickname ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 388,
"text": "Little Red Dot"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Singapore has a reputation as a nanny state. However, the government places heavy emphasis on meritocracy, where one is judged based on one's ability.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44343",
"question": "what is the heavy emphasis on the government ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 94,
"text": "meritocracy"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44344",
"question": "what is the government judged to based on ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 136,
"text": "one's ability"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The diversity of food is touted as a reason to visit the country, and the variety of food representing different ethnicities is seen by the government as a symbol of its multiculturalism.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44345",
"question": "how is the diversity of food touted ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 35,
"text": "a reason to visit the country"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44346",
"question": "what is the variety of food representing different ethnicities of food ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 154,
"text": "a symbol of its multiculturalism"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In popular culture, food items belong to a particular ethnicity, with Chinese, Malay, and Indian food clearly defined. However, the diversity of cuisine has been increased further by the \"hybridisation\" of different styles (e.g., the Peranakan cuisine, a mix of Chinese and Malay cuisine).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44347",
"question": "what are some of the ethnicity that food items belong to ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 70,
"text": "Chinese, Malay, and Indian food"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44348",
"question": "what has the diversity of cuisine been increased by ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 188,
"text": "hybridisation"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44349",
"question": "what are the mix of the diversity of cuisine ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 262,
"text": "Chinese and Malay cuisine"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The \"national fruit\" of Singapore is the durian, commonly known as the \"King of the Fruits\",",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44350",
"question": "what is the `` king of the fruits '' of singapore called ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 41,
"text": "durian"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44351",
"question": "what is the `` national fruit '' of singapore called ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 67,
"text": "the \"King of the Fruits"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Since the 1990s, the government has been promoting Singapore as a centre for arts and culture, in particular the performing arts, and to transform the country into a cosmopolitan \"gateway between the East and West\". For example:",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44352",
"question": "since when has the government been promoting singapore ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 10,
"text": "1990s"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44353",
"question": "what has singapore been promoting singapore as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 77,
"text": "arts and culture"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44354",
"question": "what does the government transform the country into ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 180,
"text": "gateway between the East and West"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Popular sports include football, basketball, cricket, swimming, sailing, table tennis and badminton. Most Singaporeans live in public residential areas (known as \"HDB flats\") near amenities such as public swimming pools, outdoor basketball courts and indoor sport complexes. Water sports are popular, including sailing, kayaking and water skiing. Scuba diving is another popular recreational sport.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44355",
"question": "what is another name for public residential areas ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 163,
"text": "HDB flats"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44356",
"question": "what are some popular water sports sports ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 311,
"text": "sailing, kayaking and water skiing"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44357",
"question": "what is another popular recreational sport ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 347,
"text": "Scuba diving"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Singapore's football league, the S.League, launched in 1996, currently comprises nine clubs, including two foreign teams.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44358",
"question": "what was the name of singapore 's football league ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 33,
"text": "S.League"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44359",
"question": "when was singapore 's football league launched ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 55,
"text": "1996"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44360",
"question": "how many clubs lived in singapore 's football league ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 81,
"text": "nine"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Singapore Slingers, formerly the Hunter Pirates in the Australian National Basketball League, is one of the inaugural teams in the ASEAN Basketball League which was founded in October 2009.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44361",
"question": "who is the hunter pirates in the australian national basketball league ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 4,
"text": "Singapore Slingers"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44362",
"question": "what was the name of the pirates in the australian national basketball league ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 37,
"text": "Hunter Pirates"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44363",
"question": "where was the hunter pirates located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 59,
"text": "Australian National Basketball League"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44364",
"question": "where was the hunter pirates founded ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 135,
"text": "ASEAN Basketball League"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44365",
"question": "when was the asean basketball league founded ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 180,
"text": "October 2009"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Singapore began hosting a round of the Formula One World Championship, the Singapore Grand Prix, in 2008. The race takes place on the Marina Bay Street Circuit and was the inaugural F1 night race, and the first F1 street race in Asia. Singapore will remain on the F1 calendar through at least 2017, after race organisers signed a contract extension with Formula One Management on the eve of the 2012 event.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44366",
"question": "what was the name of the grand prix in 2008 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 75,
"text": "Singapore Grand Prix"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44367",
"question": "when did the singapore grand prix begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 100,
"text": "2008"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44368",
"question": "where does the race of the race originate ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 134,
"text": "Marina Bay Street Circuit"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44369",
"question": "in what year did singapore remain on the f1 calendar ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 293,
"text": "2017"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44370",
"question": "what is the extension of singapore 's contract ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 354,
"text": "Formula One Management"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Kranji Racecourse is run by the Singapore Turf Club and hosts several meetings per week, including international races\u2014notably the Singapore Airlines International Cup.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44371",
"question": "what is run by the singapore turf club ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "Kranji Racecourse"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44372",
"question": "who run the singapore airlines international cup ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 32,
"text": "Singapore Turf Club"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44373",
"question": "what is the name of the cup that hosts the singapore turf club ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 131,
"text": "Singapore Airlines International Cup"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Singapore also hosted the inaugural 2010 Summer Youth Olympics.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44374",
"question": "what olympics did singapore host ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 26,
"text": "inaugural 2010 Summer Youth Olympics"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Companies linked to the government control much of the domestic media in Singapore. MediaCorp operates most free-to-air television channels and free-to-air radio stations in Singapore. There are a total of seven free-to-air TV channels offered by Mediacorp. Starhub Cable Vision (SCV) also offers cable television with channels from all around the world, and Singtel's Mio TV provides an IPTV service. Singapore Press Holdings, a body with close links to the government, controls most of the newspaper industry in Singapore.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44375",
"question": "who offered the free-to-air tv channels ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 247,
"text": "Mediacorp"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44376",
"question": "what offers cable television with channels ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 258,
"text": "Starhub Cable Vision"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44377",
"question": "what is the name of the body that controls most of the newspaper ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 402,
"text": "Singapore Press Holdings"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Singapore's media industry has sometimes been criticised for being overly regulated and lacking in freedom by human rights groups such as Freedom House. Self-censorship among journalists is said to be common. In 2014, Singapore dipped to its lowest ranking ever (153rd of 180 nations) on the Press Freedom Index published by the French Reporters Without Borders. The Media Development Authority regulates Singaporean media, claiming to balance the demand for choice and protection against offensive and harmful material.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44378",
"question": "what is the name of the human rights groups that has been overly regulated ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 138,
"text": "Freedom House"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44379",
"question": "in what year was the french reporters without borders without borders ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 212,
"text": "2014"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44380",
"question": "what was singapore 's lowest ranking in 2014 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 263,
"text": "153rd of 180 nations"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44381",
"question": "who published the press freedom index ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 329,
"text": "French Reporters Without Borders"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Private ownership of TV satellite dishes is banned. In 2016, there were an estimated 4.7\u00a0million internet users in Singapore, representing 82.5% of the population. The Singapore government does not engage in widespread censoring of the internet, but it maintains a list of one hundred websites\u2014mostly pornographic\u2014that it blocks as a \"symbolic statement of the Singaporean community's stand on harmful and undesirable content on the Internet\". As the block covers only home internet access, users may still visit the blocked websites from their office computers.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44382",
"question": "how many internet users were in singapore in 2016 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 85,
"text": "4.7\u00a0million"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44383",
"question": "what percentage of internet users were in singapore ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 139,
"text": "82.5%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "",
"qas": []
}
],
"title": "Singapore"
},
{
"paragraphs": [
{
"context": "Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania German: \"Pennsylvaani\"), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle. The commonwealth borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44384",
"question": "what does pennsylvania mean ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 36,
"text": "Pennsylvaani"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44385",
"question": "what is the state located in the northern and mid-atlantic ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 67,
"text": "Commonwealth of Pennsylvania"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44386",
"question": "where is the commonwealth of pennsylvania located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 123,
"text": "northern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44387",
"question": "where did the commonwealth borders to the east ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 419,
"text": "New York to the north, and New Jersey"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 6th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's five most populous cities are Philadelphia (1,560,297), Pittsburgh (305,801), Allentown (118,577), Erie (100,671), and Reading (89,893). The state capital is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has of coastline along Lake Erie and of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44388",
"question": "what is pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 20,
"text": "33rd largest"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44389",
"question": "what is the five most populous cities in pittsburgh ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 159,
"text": "Philadelphia"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44390",
"question": "what is the five most populous cities in philadelphia ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 173,
"text": "1,560,297"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44391",
"question": "what is the capital of the state ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 287,
"text": "Harrisburg"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44392",
"question": "what is the coastline of pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 335,
"text": "Lake Erie"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn, the son of the state's namesake. Part of Pennsylvania (along the Delaware River), together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden. It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12, 1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the state's largest city of Philadelphia. During the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washington's headquarters during the bitter winter of 1777\u201378.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44393",
"question": "how many original founding states are there in the united states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 24,
"text": "13"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44394",
"question": "in what year did the state of the united states become one of the founding states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 96,
"text": "1681"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44395",
"question": "who was the son of the state ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 138,
"text": "William Penn"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44396",
"question": "what was the state of delaware , along with the delaware river ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 313,
"text": "Colony of New Sweden"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44397",
"question": "when was the united states constitution ratify ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 404,
"text": "December 12, 1787"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44398",
"question": "what battle was fought in the south central region ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 630,
"text": "Battle of Gettysburg"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44399",
"question": "when was washington university forge near philadelphia ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 802,
"text": "1777\u201378"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pennsylvania is north to south and east to west. Of a total , are land, are inland waters, and are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States.\nPennsylvania has of coastline along Lake Erie and of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44400",
"question": "where are land waters waters ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 109,
"text": "Lake Erie"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44401",
"question": "what is the coastline of pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 207,
"text": "Lake Erie"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44402",
"question": "what is the coastline of pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 244,
"text": "Delaware Estuary"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The boundaries of the state are the Mason\u2013Dixon line (39\u00b0 43' N) to the south, the Twelve-Mile Circle on the Pennsylvania-Delaware border, the Delaware River to the east, 80\u00b0 31' W to the west and the 42\u00b0 N to the north, with the exception of a short segment on the western end, where a triangle extends north to Lake Erie.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44403",
"question": "what is the boundaries of the state ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 36,
"text": "Mason\u2013Dixon line"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44404",
"question": "what is the mason line ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 54,
"text": "39\u00b0 43' N)"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44405",
"question": "what is the mason line to the north ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 201,
"text": "42\u00b0 N"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44406",
"question": "what is the triangle ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 313,
"text": "Lake Erie"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pennsylvania borders six other states: New York to the north; New Jersey to the east; Delaware to the southeast; Maryland to the south; West Virginia to the southwest, and Ohio to the west. Pennsylvania also shares a water border with the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest across Lake Erie. Of the original Thirteen Colonies, Pennsylvania is the only state that does not border the Atlantic Ocean.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44407",
"question": "how many other states does the pennsylvania borders ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 21,
"text": "six"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44408",
"question": "what countries are located in new york ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 136,
"text": "West Virginia to the southwest, and Ohio to the west"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44409",
"question": "what is the name of the canadian province of ontario ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 292,
"text": "Lake Erie"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44410",
"question": "what is pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 374,
"text": "does not border the Atlantic Ocean"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, and Easton in the central east (known as the Lehigh Valley). The northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City (Greater Pittston), and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest. Williamsport serves as the commonwealth's north-central region, with York and the state capital Harrisburg on the Susquehanna River in the east-central region of the Commonwealth and Altoona and Johnstown in the west-central region.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44411",
"question": "what are some of the cities in the southeast , pittsburgh ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 15,
"text": "Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44412",
"question": "what are the names of the tri-cities cities in pittsburgh ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 125,
"text": "Allentown, Bethlehem, and Easton"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44413",
"question": "what is another name for the central east ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 192,
"text": "Lehigh Valley"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44414",
"question": "how many regions does the state have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 14,
"text": "5"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44415",
"question": "what are the 5 regions of the state ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 36,
"text": "Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pennsylvania's diverse topography also produces a variety of climates, though the entire state experiences cold winters and humid summers. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the southeastern corner, has a humid continental climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification \"Dfa\"). The largest city, Philadelphia, has some characteristics of the humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen \"Cfa\") that covers much of Delaware and Maryland to the south.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44416",
"question": "what is the k\u00f6ppen climate of the state ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 247,
"text": "humid continental climate"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44417",
"question": "which city has some characteristics of the humid subtropical climate ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 330,
"text": "Philadelphia"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44418",
"question": "what type of climate does philadelphia have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 376,
"text": "humid subtropical climate"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Moving toward the mountainous interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase, and snowfall amounts are greater. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over of snowfall annually, and the entire state receives plentiful precipitation throughout the year. The state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, such as 30 recorded tornadoes in 2011.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44419",
"question": "what is the winter climate ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 80,
"text": "colder"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44420",
"question": "what is the name of the lake that can receive over snowfall annually ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 214,
"text": "Lake Erie"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44421",
"question": "how many tornadoes recorded tornadoes ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 495,
"text": "30"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Long before the Commonwealth was visited and later settled by Europeans, the area was home to subgroups of the Delaware (also known as Lenni Lenape), Susquehannock, Iroquois, Eriez, Shawnee, and still other American Indian Nations of uncertain designation. The Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. 1715\u201355. ",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44422",
"question": "who settled and settled by the commonwealth ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 62,
"text": "Europeans"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44423",
"question": "what was the delaware also known as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 135,
"text": "Lenni Lenape"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44424",
"question": "when did the central portion of pennsylvania take place ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 349,
"text": "1715\u201355"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their colonial lands in America. The Dutch were the first to take possession.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44425",
"question": "what river did the english and the english and the english and the english and the english and the english and the english and the english and the english and the english and the english and the english and the english and the english and the english and the english and the english and the english and the english and the lands of america belong to ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 57,
"text": "Delaware River"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "By June 3, 1631, the Dutch had begun settling the Delmarva Peninsula by establishing the Zwaanendael Colony on the site of present-day Lewes, Delaware. In 1638, Sweden established the New Sweden Colony, in the region of Fort Christina, on the site of present-day Wilmington, Delaware. New Sweden claimed and, for the most part, controlled the lower Delaware River region (parts of present-day Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania) but settled few colonists there.\nOn March 12, 1664, King Charles II of England gave James, Duke of York a grant that incorporated all lands included in the original Virginia Company of Plymouth Grant plus other lands. This grant was in conflict with the Dutch claim for New Netherland, which included parts of today's Pennsylvania.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44426",
"question": "in what year did the dutch begin to begun the peninsula ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 11,
"text": "1631"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44427",
"question": "what was the name of the peninsula that the dutch had begun ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 50,
"text": "Delmarva Peninsula"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44428",
"question": "what was the name of the colony on the site of the dutch peninsula ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 89,
"text": "Zwaanendael Colony"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44429",
"question": "in what year did sweden establish the new sweden colony ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 155,
"text": "1638"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44430",
"question": "what did sweden establish in 1638 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 184,
"text": "New Sweden Colony"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44431",
"question": "where was the new sweden colony located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 220,
"text": "Fort Christina"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44432",
"question": "what was the name of the dutch claim that the dutch claim was in conflict ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 703,
"text": "New Netherland"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "On June 24, 1664, The Duke of York sold the portion of his large grant that included present-day New Jersey to John Berkeley and George Carteret for a proprietary colony. The land was not yet in British possession, but the sale boxed in the portion of New Netherland on the West side of the Delaware River. The British conquest of New Netherland began on August 29, 1664, when New Amsterdam was coerced to surrender while facing cannons on British ships in New York Harbor. This conquest continued, and was completed in October 1664, when the British captured Fort Casimir in what today is New Castle, Delaware.\nThe Peace of Breda between England, France and the Netherlands confirmed the English conquest on July 21, 1667, although there were temporary reversions.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44433",
"question": "in what year did the duke of york sell the portion of his large colony ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 12,
"text": "1664"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44434",
"question": "who sold the portion of the duke of york ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 18,
"text": "The Duke of York"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44435",
"question": "who was the duke of york in 1664 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 111,
"text": "John Berkeley and George Carteret"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44436",
"question": "when did the british conquest begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 355,
"text": "August 29, 1664"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44437",
"question": "where did new amsterdam surrender ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 457,
"text": "New York Harbor"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44438",
"question": "when was the british conquest completed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 520,
"text": "October 1664"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "On September 12, 1672, as part of the Third Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch re-conquered New York Colony/New Amsterdam, the Dutch established three County Courts which went on to become original Counties in present-day Delaware and Pennsylvania. The one that later transferred to Pennsylvania was Upland. This was partially reversed on February 9, 1674, when the Treaty of Westminster ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War, and reverted all political situations to the \"status quo ante bellum\". The British retained the Dutch Counties with their Dutch names. By June 11, 1674, New York reasserted control over the outlying colonies, including Upland, but the names started to be changed to British names by November 11, 1674. Upland was partitioned on November 12, 1674, producing the general outline of the current border between Pennsylvania and Delaware.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44439",
"question": "on what date was the third anglo-dutch war ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 3,
"text": "September 12, 1672"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44440",
"question": "what was the name of the dutch re-conquered that the dutch established in delaware and pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 84,
"text": "New York Colony/New Amsterdam"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44441",
"question": "where was the three county courts located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 214,
"text": "Delaware and Pennsylvania"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44442",
"question": "what was the one of the one that transferred to pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 292,
"text": "Upland"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44443",
"question": "when was the third anglo-dutch war ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 331,
"text": "February 9, 1674"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44444",
"question": "when was the general outline ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 741,
"text": "November 12, 1674"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "On February 28, 1681, Charles II granted a land charter to William Penn to repay a debt of \u00a316,000 (around \u00a32,100,000 in 2008, adjusting for retail inflation) owed to William's father, Admiral William Penn. This was one of the largest land grants to an individual in history. The King named it Pennsylvania (literally \"Penn's Woods\") in honor of the Admiral. Penn, the son, who wanted it to be called New Wales, and then Sylvania (from the Latin \"silva\": \"forest, woods\"), was embarrassed at the change, fearing that people would think he had named it after himself, but King Charles would not rename the grant. Penn established a government with two innovations that were much copied in the New World: the county commission and freedom of religious conviction.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44445",
"question": "what year did charles ii granted a land charter ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 16,
"text": "1681"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44446",
"question": "who granted a land charter in 1681 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 22,
"text": "Charles II"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44447",
"question": "who was the charter of charles ii ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 59,
"text": "William Penn"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44448",
"question": "how much did charles penn pay to repay a debt of land ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 91,
"text": "\u00a316,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44449",
"question": "how much did william penn pay in 2008 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 107,
"text": "\u00a32,100,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44450",
"question": "who was william 's father ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 185,
"text": "Admiral William Penn"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44451",
"question": "what does pennsylvania mean ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 319,
"text": "Penn's Woods"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "What had been Upland on what became the Pennsylvania side of the Pennsylvania-Delaware Border was renamed as Chester County when Pennsylvania instituted their colonial governments on March 4, 1681. The Quaker leader William Penn had signed a peace treaty with Tammany, leader of the Delaware tribe, beginning a long period of friendly relations between the Quakers and the Indians. Additional treaties between Quakers and other tribes followed. The treaty of William Penn was never violated.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44452",
"question": "what was the name of the border in the pennsylvania side ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 65,
"text": "Pennsylvania-Delaware Border"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44453",
"question": "what was the name of the pennsylvania side of the pennsylvania side ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 109,
"text": "Chester County"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44454",
"question": "when did the pennsylvania side begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 183,
"text": "March 4, 1681"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44455",
"question": "who was the quaker leader of the delaware tribe ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 216,
"text": "William Penn"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44456",
"question": "who was william penn 's leader ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 260,
"text": "Tammany"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Between 1730 and when it was shut down by Parliament with the Currency Act of 1764, the Pennsylvania Colony made its own paper money to account for the shortage of actual gold and silver. The paper money was called Colonial Scrip. The Colony issued \"bills of credit\", which were as good as gold or silver coins because of their legal tender status. Since they were issued by the government and not a banking institution, it was an interest-free proposition, largely defraying the expense of the government and therefore taxation of the people. It also promoted general employment and prosperity, since the Government used discretion and did not issue too much to inflate the currency. Benjamin Franklin had a hand in creating this currency, of which he said its utility was never to be disputed, and it also met with the \"cautious approval\" of Adam Smith.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44457",
"question": "between what years was the currency act shut down ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 8,
"text": "1730"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44458",
"question": "what act was shut down by parliament ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 62,
"text": "Currency Act of 1764"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44459",
"question": "what was the paper money called ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 215,
"text": "Colonial Scrip"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44460",
"question": "who had a hand in creating this currency ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 685,
"text": "Benjamin Franklin"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44461",
"question": "who was the `` cautious approval '' ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 844,
"text": "Adam Smith"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "James Smith wrote that in 1763, \"the Indians again commenced hostilities, and were busily engaged in killing and scalping the frontier inhabitants in various parts of Pennsylvania.\" Further, \"This state was then a Quaker government, and at the first of this war the frontiers received no assistance from the state.\" The ensuing hostilities became known as Pontiac's War.\nAfter the Stamp Act Congress of 1765, Delegate John Dickinson of Philadelphia wrote the \"Declaration of Rights and Grievances\". The Congress was the first meeting of the Thirteen Colonies, called at the request of the Massachusetts Assembly, but only nine colonies sent delegates. Dickinson then wrote \"Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, To the Inhabitants of the British Colonies\", which were published in the Pennsylvania Chronicle between December 2, 1767, and February 15, 1768.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44462",
"question": "who wrote the indians again ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "James Smith"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44463",
"question": "what year did james smith write about hostilities ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 26,
"text": "1763"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44464",
"question": "what was the name of the hostilities that the hostilities became known as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 356,
"text": "Pontiac's War"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "When the Founding Fathers of the United States convened in Philadelphia in 1774, 12 colonies sent representatives to the First Continental Congress. The Second Continental Congress, which also met in Philadelphia (in May 1775), drew up and signed the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia, but when that city was captured by the British, the Continental Congress escaped westward, meeting at the Lancaster courthouse on Saturday, September 27, 1777, and then to York. There they and its primary author, John Dickinson, drew up the Articles of Confederation that formed 13 independent colonies into a new nation. Later, the Constitution was written, and Philadelphia was once again chosen to be cradle to the new American Nation. The Constitution was drafted and signed at the Pennsylvania State House, now known as Independence Hall, and the same building where the Declaration of Independence was signed.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44465",
"question": "in what year did the founding fathers of the united states convened in philadelphia ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 75,
"text": "1774"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44466",
"question": "how many colonies sent representatives to the first continental congress ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 81,
"text": "12"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44467",
"question": "who was philadelphia 's primary author ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 509,
"text": "John Dickinson"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44468",
"question": "how many independent colonies did john dickinson formed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 575,
"text": "13"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44469",
"question": "where was the constitution drafted ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 782,
"text": "Pennsylvania State House"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pennsylvania became the second state to ratify the U.S. Constitution on December 12, 1787, five days after Delaware became the first.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44470",
"question": "when did pennsylvania become the second state to ratify the u.s. constitution ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 72,
"text": "December 12, 1787"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44471",
"question": "how long after delaware became the first state ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 91,
"text": "five days"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Dickinson College of Carlisle was the first college founded in the United States. Established in 1773, the college was ratified five days after the Treaty of Paris on September 9, 1783. The school was founded by Benjamin Rush and named after John Dickinson.\nFor half a century, the Commonwealth's General Assembly (legislature) met at various places in the general Philadelphia area before starting to meet regularly in Independence Hall in Philadelphia for 63 years. But it needed a more central location, as for example the Paxton Boys massacres of 1763 had made the legislature aware. So, in 1799 the General Assembly moved to the Lancaster Courthouse, and finally in 1812 to Harrisburg.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44472",
"question": "what was the first college founded in the united states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "Dickinson College of Carlisle"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44473",
"question": "when was the college of paris established ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 97,
"text": "1773"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44474",
"question": "when was the treaty of paris ratified ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 167,
"text": "September 9, 1783"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44475",
"question": "who founded the school ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 212,
"text": "Benjamin Rush"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44476",
"question": "who founded the school ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 242,
"text": "John Dickinson"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The General Assembly met in the old Dauphin County Court House until December 1821, when the Federal-style \"Hills Capitol\" (named for its builder, Stephen Hills, a Lancaster architect) was constructed on a hilltop land grant of four acres set aside for a seat of state government by the prescient, entrepreneurial son and namesake of John Harris, Sr., a Yorkshire native who had founded a trading post in 1705 and ferry (1733) on the east shore of the Susquehanna River. The Hills Capitol burned down on February 2, 1897, during a heavy snowstorm, presumably because of a faulty flue.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44477",
"question": "where did the general assembly of the general assembly take place ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 36,
"text": "Dauphin County Court House"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44478",
"question": "when was the old dauphin county court established ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 69,
"text": "December 1821"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44479",
"question": "what was the name of the lancaster architect ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 147,
"text": "Stephen Hills"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44480",
"question": "who was the son of stephen hills ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 334,
"text": "John Harris"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44481",
"question": "where was john harris sr. founded ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 405,
"text": "1705 and ferry"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44482",
"question": "when was the hills capitol burned ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 504,
"text": "February 2, 1897"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The General Assembly met at Grace Methodist Church on State Street (still standing) until a new capitol could be built. Following an architectural selection contest that many alleged had been \"rigged\", Chicago architect Henry Ives Cobb was charged with designing and building a replacement building; however, the legislature had little money to allocate to the project, and a roughly finished, somewhat industrial building (the Cobb Capitol) was completed. The General Assembly refused to occupy the building. Political and popular indignation in 1901 prompted a second contest that was restricted to Pennsylvania architects, and Joseph Miller Huston of Philadelphia was chosen to design the present Pennsylvania State Capitol that incorporated Cobb's building into magnificent public work finished and dedicated in 1907.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44483",
"question": "where did the general assembly met ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 28,
"text": "Grace Methodist Church on State Street"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44484",
"question": "who was the chicago architect who was charged with designing a replacement ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 220,
"text": "Henry Ives Cobb"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44485",
"question": "who was chosen to design the pennsylvania state capitol ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 630,
"text": "Joseph Miller Huston of Philadelphia"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44486",
"question": "in what year was the pennsylvania state capitol dedicated ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 816,
"text": "1907"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The new state Capitol drew rave reviews. Its dome was inspired by the domes of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome and the United States Capitol. President Theodore Roosevelt called it \"the most beautiful state Capital in the nation\" and said, \"It's the handsomest building I ever saw\" at the dedication. In 1989, \"The New York Times\" praised it as \"grand, even awesome at moments, but it is also a working building, accessible to citizens ... a building that connects with the reality of daily life\".",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44487",
"question": "what was the name of the basilica of rome ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 79,
"text": "St. Peter's Basilica"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44488",
"question": "where was st. peter 's basilica inspired ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 103,
"text": "Rome and the United States Capitol"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44489",
"question": "who was the most beautiful state capital in the nation ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 149,
"text": "Theodore Roosevelt"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44490",
"question": "in what year was the new york times praised ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 301,
"text": "1989"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "James Buchanan, of Franklin County, the only bachelor President of the United States, was the only one to be born in Pennsylvania. The Battle of Gettysburg\u2014the major turning point of the Civil War\u2014took place near Gettysburg. An estimated 350,000 Pennsylvanians served in the Union Army forces including 8,600 African American military volunteers.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44491",
"question": "who was the only bachelor president of the united states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "James Buchanan"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44492",
"question": "where was james buchanan born ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 117,
"text": "Pennsylvania"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44493",
"question": "what battle took place near gettysburg ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 135,
"text": "Battle of Gettysburg"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44494",
"question": "how many estimated served in the union army forces ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 238,
"text": "350,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44495",
"question": "how many african american volunteers were in the union army ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 303,
"text": "8,600"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pennsylvania was also the home of the first commercially drilled oil well. In 1859, near Titusville, Pennsylvania, Edwin Drake successfully drilled the well, which led to the first major oil boom in United States history.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44496",
"question": "when did edwin drake successfully drilled the well major oil boom in united states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 78,
"text": "1859"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44497",
"question": "where did edwin drake successfully drilled the well major oil boom in united states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 89,
"text": "Titusville, Pennsylvania"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44498",
"question": "who successfully drilled the first major oil boom in united states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 115,
"text": "Edwin Drake"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In 1923 President Calvin Coolidge established the Allegheny National Forest under the authority of the Weeks Act of 1911 in the northwest part of the state in Elk, Forest, McKean, and Warren Counties for the purposes of timber production and watershed protection in the Allegheny River basin. The Allegheny is the state's only national forest.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44499",
"question": "when was the allegheny national forest established ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 3,
"text": "1923"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44500",
"question": "who established the allegheny national forest ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 18,
"text": "Calvin Coolidge"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44501",
"question": "what was established in 1923 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 50,
"text": "Allegheny National Forest"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44502",
"question": "what was the allegheny national forest established under ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 103,
"text": "Weeks Act of 1911"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44503",
"question": "where was the national forest established ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 159,
"text": "Elk, Forest, McKean, and Warren Counties"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44504",
"question": "where was the national forest established ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 270,
"text": "Allegheny River basin"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44505",
"question": "what is the state 's only national forest ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 293,
"text": "The Allegheny"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Pennsylvania was 12,802,503 on July 1, 2015, a 0.79% increase since the 2010 United States Census. In an earlier estimate, the state was 78.8% Non-Hispanic White, 11.4% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 3.0% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 1.7% Two or More Races, and 6.1% Hispanic or Latino.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44506",
"question": "what was the population of pennsylvania on july 1 , 2015 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 82,
"text": "12,802,503"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44507",
"question": "what was the population of pennsylvania in 2015 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 112,
"text": "0.79%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44508",
"question": "what percentage of the population was non-hispanic white ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 202,
"text": "78.8%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44509",
"question": "what percentage of the population was black ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 228,
"text": "11.4%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Of the people residing in Pennsylvania, 74.5% were born in Pennsylvania, 18.4% were born in a different US state, 1.5% were born Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 5.6% were foreign born.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44510",
"question": "what percentage of the people residing in pennsylvania were born in pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 40,
"text": "74.5%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44511",
"question": "what percentage of the people residing in pennsylvania were born in pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 73,
"text": "18.4%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44512",
"question": "what percentage of the people were born puerto rico ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 114,
"text": "1.5%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44513",
"question": "what percentage of the people were foreign born ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 203,
"text": "5.6%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "According to the 2010 Census, 81.9% of the population was White (79.2% non-Hispanic white), 11.3% was Black or African American, 0.3% American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.9% Asian, 1.9% from two or more races. 5.9% of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin (they may be of any race).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44514",
"question": "what percentage of the population was white in 2010 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 30,
"text": "81.9%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44515",
"question": "what percentage of the population was non-hispanic white in 2010 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 65,
"text": "79.2%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44516",
"question": "what percentage of the population was black ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 92,
"text": "11.3%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44517",
"question": "what percentage of american indian population was american indian ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 129,
"text": "0.3%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44518",
"question": "what percentage of the total population was of hispanic or latino ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 210,
"text": "5.9%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "As of 2011, 32.1% of Pennsylvania's population younger than age one were minorities.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44519",
"question": "what percentage of pennsylvania 's population were minorities in 2011 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 12,
"text": "32.1%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pennsylvania's Hispanic population grew by 82.6% between 2000 and 2010, making it one of the largest increases in a state's Hispanic population. The significant growth of the Hispanic population is due to immigration to the state mainly from Puerto Rico, which is a US territory, but to a lesser extent from countries such as the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and various Central and South American nations, as well as from the wave of Hispanics leaving New York and New Jersey for safer and more affordable living. The Asian population swelled by almost 60%, which was fueled by Indian, Vietnamese, and Chinese immigration, as well the many Asian transplants moving to Philadelphia from New York. The rapid growth of this community has given Pennsylvania one of the largest Asian populations in the nation by numerical values. The Black and African American population grew by 13%, which was the largest increase in that population amongst the state's peers (New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Illinois, and Michigan).The White population declined by 0.7%, a trend that is beginning to reverse itself. Twelve other states saw decreases in their White populations. The state of Pennsylvania has a high in-migration of blacks and Hispanics from other nearby states, with eastern and south-central portions of the state seeing the bulk of the increases.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44520",
"question": "what percentage of pennsylvania 's hispanic population was hispanic ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 43,
"text": "82.6%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44521",
"question": "where is the significant growth of the hispanic population ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 242,
"text": "Puerto Rico"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44522",
"question": "what percentage of the asian population was fueled by indian , vietnamese and chinese ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 553,
"text": "60%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44523",
"question": "what was the largest increase in the black and african american population ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 876,
"text": "13%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The center of population of Pennsylvania is located in Perry County, in the borough of Duncannon.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44524",
"question": "where is the center of pennsylvania located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 55,
"text": "Perry County"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44525",
"question": "where is the population of pennsylvania located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 87,
"text": "Duncannon"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "As of 2013, Pennsylvania has an estimated population of 12,773,801, which is an increase of 10,265 from the previous year and an increase of 71,422 since the year 2010. Net migration to other states resulted in a decrease of 27,718, and immigration from other countries resulted in an increase of 127,007. Net migration to the Commonwealth was 98,289. Migration of native Pennsylvanians resulted in a decrease of 100,000 people. From 2008 to 2012, 5.8% of the population was foreign born. The state has an estimated 2005 poverty rate of 12%. The state also has the 3rd highest proportion of elderly (65+) citizens in 2005.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44526",
"question": "what is pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 56,
"text": "12,773,801"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44527",
"question": "what is the population of pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 92,
"text": "10,265"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44528",
"question": "what is the population of pennsylvania in 2013 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 141,
"text": "71,422"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44529",
"question": "what did net migration to other countries cause ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 225,
"text": "27,718"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44530",
"question": "what was net migration to the commonwealth ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 344,
"text": "98,289"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44531",
"question": "how many people died in the migration of the native republic ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 413,
"text": "100,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44532",
"question": "what percentage of the population was foreign born in 2008 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 448,
"text": "5.8%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44533",
"question": "what is the 2005 poverty rate ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 537,
"text": "12%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Foreign born Pennsylvanians are largely from Asia (36.0%), Europe (35.9%), and Latin America (30.6%), with the remainder from Africa (5%), North America (3.1%), and Oceania (0.4%).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44534",
"question": "what percentage of foreign born are foreign born ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 51,
"text": "36.0%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44535",
"question": "what percentage of europe 's population is europe ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 67,
"text": "35.9%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44536",
"question": "what percentage of latin america is latin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 94,
"text": "30.6%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The majority of Hispanics in Pennsylvania are of Puerto Rican descent, having one of the largest and fastest-growing Puerto Rican populations in the country. Most of the remaining Hispanic population is made up of Mexicans and Dominicans. Most Hispanics are concentrated in Philadelphia, Lehigh Valley and South Central Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania's reported population of Hispanics, especially among the Black race, has markedly increased in recent years. The Hispanic population is greatest in Hazleton, Allentown, Reading, Lancaster, York, and around Philadelphia. It is not clear how much of this change reflects a changing population and how much reflects increased willingness to self-identify minority status. As of 2010, it is estimated that about 85% of all Hispanics in Pennsylvania live within a radius of Philadelphia, with about 20% living within the city itself.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44537",
"question": "what are the majority of hispanics in pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 49,
"text": "Puerto Rican descent"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44538",
"question": "what are most of the remaining hispanic population ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 214,
"text": "Mexicans and Dominicans"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44539",
"question": "where are most hispanics concentrated ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 274,
"text": "Philadelphia, Lehigh Valley and South Central Pennsylvania"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44540",
"question": "what percentage of all hispanics live within philadelphia ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 755,
"text": "85%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44541",
"question": "what percentage of living within the city is living in 2010 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 841,
"text": "20%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Of the black population, the vast majority in the state are African American, being descendants of African slaves brought to the US south during the colonial era. There are also a growing number of blacks of West Indian, recent African, and Hispanic origins. Most blacks live in the Philadelphia area, Pittsburgh, and South Central Pennsylvania, among other areas. Whites make-up the majority of Pennsylvania, they are mostly descended from German, Irish, Italian, and English immigrants, among others. Rural portions of South Central Pennsylvania are famous nationwide for its notable Amish communities.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44542",
"question": "what religion is the vast majority of the black population ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 60,
"text": "African American"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44543",
"question": "what are african american descendants of ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 99,
"text": "African slaves brought to the US south during the colonial era"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44544",
"question": "where do most blacks live ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 283,
"text": "Philadelphia area, Pittsburgh, and South Central Pennsylvania"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44545",
"question": "where are whites descended from ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 441,
"text": "German, Irish, Italian, and English immigrants"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pennsylvania's population was reported as 5.9% under 5 and 23.8% under 18, with 15.6% aged 65 or older. Women made up 52% of the population.\nThe largest ancestry groups are listed below, expressed as a percentage of total people who responded with a particular ancestry for the 2010 census:",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44546",
"question": "what was pennsylvania 's population in 5 years ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 42,
"text": "5.9%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44547",
"question": "what percentage of pennsylvania 's population was under 18 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 59,
"text": "23.8%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44548",
"question": "what percent of pennsylvania was 65 or older ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 80,
"text": "15.6%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44549",
"question": "what percentage of the population was women in the bronx ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 118,
"text": "52%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "As of 2010, 90.15% (10,710,239) of Pennsylvania residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 4.09% (486,058) spoke Spanish, 0.87% (103,502) German (which includes Pennsylvania Dutch) and by 0.47% (56,052) Chinese (which includes Mandarin) of the population over the age of five. In total, 9.85% (1,170,628) of Pennsylvania's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44550",
"question": "what percentage of pennsylvania residents age 5 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 12,
"text": "90.15%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44551",
"question": "what percentage of the population spoke spanish ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 125,
"text": "4.09%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44552",
"question": "what percentage of the population is mandarin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 222,
"text": "0.47%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44553",
"question": "what percentage of pennsylvania 's spoke a mother language ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 321,
"text": "9.85%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pennsylvania German is often\u2014even though misleadingly\u2014called \"Pennsylvania Dutch\". The term \"Dutch\", when referring to the language spoken by the Pennsylvania Dutch people (Pennsylvania German) means \"German\" or \"Teutonic\" rather than \"Netherlander\". Germans, in their own language, call themselves \"Deutsch\", (Pennsylvania German: \"Deitsch\") which in English became, misleadingly, \"Dutch\". The Pennsylvania German language is a descendant of German, in the West Central German dialect family. It is closest to Palatine German. Pennsylvania German is still very vigorous as a first language among Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonites (principally in the Lancaster County area), whereas it is almost extinct as an everyday language outside the plain communities, though a few words have passed into English usage.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44554",
"question": "what is another name for pennsylvania german ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 62,
"text": "Pennsylvania Dutch"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44555",
"question": "what does the term `` dutch '' mean ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 236,
"text": "Netherlander"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44556",
"question": "what is the german language closest to ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 511,
"text": "Palatine German"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44557",
"question": "who is the first language among pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 597,
"text": "Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonites"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Of all the colonies, only Rhode Island had religious freedom as secure as in Pennsylvania. Voltaire, writing of William Penn in 1733, observed: \"The new sovereign also enacted several wise and wholesome laws for his colony, which have remained invariably the same to this day. The chief is, to ill\u2013treat no person on account of religion, and to consider as brethren all those who believe in one God.\" One result of this uncommon freedom was a wide religious diversity, which continues to the present.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44558",
"question": "in what city was religious freedom secure ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 77,
"text": "Pennsylvania"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44559",
"question": "when was william penn born ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 128,
"text": "1733"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pennsylvania's population in 2010 was 12,702,379. Of these, 6,838,440 (53.8%) were estimated to belong to some sort of organized religion. According to the Association of religion data archives (ARDA) at Pennsylvania State University, the largest religions in Pennsylvania by adherents are the Roman Catholic Church with 3,503,028 adherents, the United Methodist Church with 591,734 members, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 501,974 members. ",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44560",
"question": "what was pennsylvania 's population in 2010 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 38,
"text": "12,702,379"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44561",
"question": "what was estimated to belong to some sort of religion ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 60,
"text": "6,838,440"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44562",
"question": "what percentage of people were estimated to belong to some sort of religion ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 71,
"text": "53.8%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44563",
"question": "where is the largest religions in pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 204,
"text": "Pennsylvania State University"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44564",
"question": "who is the roman catholic church ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 321,
"text": "3,503,028"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44565",
"question": "how many members are in the united methodist church ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 375,
"text": "591,734"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44566",
"question": "how many members are in the lutheran church in america ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 444,
"text": "501,974"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The third largest single denomination is the Presbyterian Church (USA) with 250,000 members and 1,011 congregations. Pennsylvania, especially western part and Pittsburgh area has one of the highest percentage of Presbyterians in the nation. The Presbyterian Church in America has also significant, 112 congregations and 23,000 adherents, the EPC has around 50 congregations, as well as ECO. The next largest Protestant denomination, the United Church of Christ, has 180,000 members and 627 congregations. American Baptist Churches USA (Northern Baptist Convention) is based in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. ",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44567",
"question": "what is the third largest single denomination ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 45,
"text": "Presbyterian Church"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44568",
"question": "how many members are in the presbyterian church ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 76,
"text": "250,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44569",
"question": "how many congregations are in the presbyterian church ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 96,
"text": "1,011"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44570",
"question": "how many congregations does the presbyterian church in america have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 298,
"text": "112"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44571",
"question": "how many congregations does the presbyterian church in america have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 357,
"text": "50"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44572",
"question": "how many members does the united church of christ have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 466,
"text": "180,000"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pennsylvania was the center state of the German Reformed denomination since the 1700s. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, is one of the headquarters of the Moravian Church in America. Pennsylvania also has a very large Amish population, second only to Ohio among the states. In the year 2000 there was a total Amish population of 47,860 in Pennsylvania and a further 146,416 Mennonites and 91,200 Brethren. The total Anabapist population including Bruderhof was 232,631, about 2 percent of the population. While Pennsylvania owes its existence to Quakers, and much of the historic character of the Commonwealth is ideologically rooted in the teachings of the Religious Society of Friends (as they are officially known), practicing Quakers are a small minority of about 10,00 adherents in 2010. \nThe religious affiliations of the people of Pennsylvania:",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44573",
"question": "when was the center of the german reformed denomination ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 76,
"text": "the 1700s"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44574",
"question": "what was the amish population in pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 320,
"text": "47,860"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44575",
"question": "what was the total population of atlantic city ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 452,
"text": "232,631"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "According to a 2012 Gallup poll, 40% of Pennsylvanians are very religious, 28% are moderately religious, and 32% are non-religious.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44576",
"question": "what percentage of moderately religious poll are moderately ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 33,
"text": "40%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44577",
"question": "what percentage of moderately religious , and 32 % of moderately ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 75,
"text": "28%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44578",
"question": "what percentage of moderately religious poll are non-religious ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 109,
"text": "32%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pennsylvania's 2013 total gross state product (GSP) of $644 billion ranks the state 6th in the nation. If Pennsylvania were an independent country, its economy would rank as the 18th largest in the world. On a per-capita basis, Pennsylvania's per-capita GSP of $47,274 (in chained 2009 dollars) ranks 26th among the 50 states.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44579",
"question": "what was the total gross state 6th in the nation ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 55,
"text": "$644 billion"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44580",
"question": "what is the per-capita basis of the pennsylvania pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 261,
"text": "$47,274"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Philadelphia in the southeast corner, Pittsburgh in the southwest corner, Erie in the northwest corner, Scranton-Wilkes-Barre in the northeast corner, and Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton in the east central region are urban manufacturing centers. Much of the Commonwealth is rural; this dichotomy affects state politics as well as the state economy. Philadelphia is home to six Fortune 500 companies, with more located in suburbs like King of Prussia; it is a leader in the financial and insurance industry.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44581",
"question": "what is the name of the urban manufacturing in the northeast corner of pittsburgh ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 104,
"text": "Scranton-Wilkes-Barre"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44582",
"question": "what are urban manufacturing centers in the east central region ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 155,
"text": "Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44583",
"question": "what is much of the commonwealth 's commonwealth ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 270,
"text": "rural"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44584",
"question": "how many fortune companies are in philadelphia ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 369,
"text": "six Fortune 500"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44585",
"question": "what is the name of the fortune 500 companies in philadelphia ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 430,
"text": "King of Prussia"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pittsburgh is home to eight Fortune 500 companies, including U.S. Steel, PPG Industries, and H.J. Heinz. In all, Pennsylvania is home to fifty Fortune 500 companies.\nErie is also home to GE Transportation Systems, which is the largest producer of train locomotives in the United States.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44586",
"question": "how many companies attend pittsburgh ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 22,
"text": "eight Fortune 500"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44587",
"question": "what are some of the fortune 500 companies ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 61,
"text": "U.S. Steel, PPG Industries, and H.J. Heinz"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44588",
"question": "how many companies are in pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 143,
"text": "Fortune 500 companies"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44589",
"question": "what is the largest producer of train locomotives ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 187,
"text": "GE Transportation Systems"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "As in the US as a whole and in most states, the largest private employer in the Commonwealth is Wal-Mart, followed by the University of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania is also home to the oldest investor-owned utility company in the U.S.A, The York Water Company.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44590",
"question": "what is the largest private employer in the commonwealth ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 96,
"text": "Wal-Mart"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44591",
"question": "who followed the largest private employer in the commonwealth ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 122,
"text": "University of Pennsylvania"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44592",
"question": "what is the name of the company that is located in pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 235,
"text": "The York Water Company"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "As of June 2014, the state's unemployment rate is 5.6%.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44593",
"question": "when was the state 's unemployment rate ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 6,
"text": "June 2014"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44594",
"question": "what is the unemployment rate in june 2014 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 50,
"text": "5.6%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The first nationally chartered bank in the United States, the Bank of North America, was founded in 1781 in Philadelphia. After a series of mergers, the Bank of North America is part of Wells Fargo, which uses national charter 1.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44595",
"question": "what was the name of the first chartered bank in the united states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 58,
"text": "the Bank of North America"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44596",
"question": "when was the bank of north america founded ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 100,
"text": "1781"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44597",
"question": "where was the first chartered bank founded ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 108,
"text": "Philadelphia"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44598",
"question": "what is the bank of north america part of ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 186,
"text": "Wells Fargo"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pennsylvania is also the home to the first nationally chartered bank under the 1863 National Banking Act. That year, the Pittsburgh Savings & Trust Company received a national charter and renamed itself the First National Bank of Pittsburgh as part of the National Banking Act. That bank is still in existence today as PNC Financial Services and remains based in Pittsburgh. PNC is the state's largest bank, and the sixth-largest in the United States.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44599",
"question": "what is the name of the first chartered bank ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 79,
"text": "1863 National Banking Act"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44600",
"question": "what company received a national bank of pittsburgh ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 121,
"text": "Pittsburgh Savings & Trust Company"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44601",
"question": "what did the pittsburgh savings & trust company call the national banking act ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 207,
"text": "First National Bank of Pittsburgh"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44602",
"question": "what was the first national bank of pittsburgh savings called ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 256,
"text": "National Banking Act"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44603",
"question": "what is the existence of bank in pittsburgh ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 319,
"text": "PNC Financial Services"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "It also ranks 8th in the nation in Winemaking.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44604",
"question": "where does the nation rank in the nation ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 14,
"text": "8th"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44605",
"question": "in what city does 8th in the nation originate ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 35,
"text": "Winemaking"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture worked with private companies to establish \"PA Preferred\" as a way to brand agricultural products grown or made in the state to support and promote Pennsylvania products and locally-grown food.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44606",
"question": "what did the pennsylvania department of agriculture establish ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 87,
"text": "PA Preferred\""
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The financial impact of agriculture in Pennsylvania includes employment of more than 66,800 people are employed by the food manufacturing industry; and over $1.7 billion in food product export (in 2011).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44607",
"question": "how many people are in the food manufacturing industry ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 85,
"text": "66,800"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44608",
"question": "how much money does the financial impact of agriculture increase in 2011 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 157,
"text": "$1.7 billion"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Casino gambling was legalized in Pennsylvania in 2004. Currently, there are nine casinos across the state with three under construction or in planning. Only horse racing, slot machines and electronic table games were legal in Pennsylvania, although a bill to legalize table games was being negotiated in the fall of 2009. Table games such as poker, roulette, blackjack and craps were finally approved by the state legislature in January 2010, being signed into law by the Governor on January 7. Sports betting is illegal.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44609",
"question": "where was casino gambling legalized ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 33,
"text": "Pennsylvania"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44610",
"question": "when was casino gambling legalized in pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 49,
"text": "2004"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44611",
"question": "how many casinos are in the state ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 76,
"text": "nine"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44612",
"question": "when was a bill to legalize table games negotiated ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 316,
"text": "2009"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44613",
"question": "when was the governor signed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 484,
"text": "January 7"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Former Governor Ed Rendell had considered legalizing video poker machines in bars and private clubs in 2009, since an estimated 17,000 operate illegally across the state. Under this plan, any establishment with a liquor license would be allowed up to 5 machines. All machines would be connected to the state's computer system, like commercial casinos. The state would impose a 50% tax on net gambling revenues, after winning players have been paid, with the remaining 50% going to the establishment owners.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44614",
"question": "who was the former governor of private clubs in 2009 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 16,
"text": "Ed Rendell"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44615",
"question": "in what year did ed rendell considered video poker machines ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 103,
"text": "2009"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44616",
"question": "how many estimated operate illegally across the state ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 128,
"text": "17,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44617",
"question": "how many machines would a liquor license be allowed to be allowed to be ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 251,
"text": "5 machines"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44618",
"question": "what percentage of tax on net gambling revenues have been paid on net gambling revenues ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 377,
"text": "50%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44619",
"question": "what percentage of the state would impose the establishment owners on net gambling ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 468,
"text": "50%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Pennsylvania Film Production Tax Credit began in 2004 and stimulated the development of a film industry in the state.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44620",
"question": "what film began in 2004 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 4,
"text": "Pennsylvania Film Production Tax Credit"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44621",
"question": "when did the production tax credit credit tax credit began ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 53,
"text": "2004"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pennsylvania has had five constitutions during its statehood: 1776, 1790, 1838, 1874, and 1968. Before that the province of Pennsylvania was governed for a century by a Frame of Government, of which there were four versions: 1682, 1683, 1696, and 1701. The capital of Pennsylvania is Harrisburg. The legislature meets in the State Capitol there.\nFor most of the second half of the 20th century and into the 21st century, Pennsylvania has been a powerful swing state. It only supported the losing candidate in a presidential election twice from 1932 to 1988. Since 1992, Pennsylvania has been trending Democratic in Presidential elections, voting for Bill Clinton twice by large margins, and slightly closer in 2000 for Al Gore. In the 2004 Presidential Election, Senator John F. Kerry beat President George W. Bush in Pennsylvania 2,938,095 (50.92%) to 2,793,847 (48.42%). In the 2008 Presidential Election, Democrat Barack Obama defeated Republican John McCain in Pennsylvania, 3,184,778 (54%) to 2,584,088 (44%). Most recently, in the 2016 Presidential Election, Donald Trump became the first Republican candidate to win the state since 1988, winning the state 48.8% to 47.6%. The state holds 20 electoral votes.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44622",
"question": "who became the first republican candidate in 2016 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 1065,
"text": "Donald Trump"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In recent national elections, Pennsylvania has leaned Democratic. The state voted for the Democratic ticket for president in every election between 1992 and 2012. During the 2008 election campaign a recruitment drive saw registered Democrats outnumber registered Republicans by 1.2 million. However, Pennsylvania has a history of electing Republican senators. From 2009 to 2011, the state was represented by two Democratic senators for the first time since 1947. In 2010, Republicans recaptured a U.S. Senate seat as well as a majority of the state's congressional seats, control of both chambers of the state legislature and the governor's mansion. Democrats won back the governor's mansion 4 years later in the 2014 election. It was the first time since a governor became eligible to succeed himself that an incumbent governor had been defeated for reelection.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44623",
"question": "how many republicans outnumber republicans in 2008 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 278,
"text": "1.2 million"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Historically, Democratic strength was concentrated in Philadelphia in the southeast, the Pittsburgh and Johnstown areas in the southwest, and Scranton/Wilkes-Barre in the northeast. Republican strength was concentrated in the Philadelphia suburbs, as well as the more rural areas in the central, northeastern, and western portions. The latter counties have long been among the most conservative areas in the nation. Since 1992, however, the Philadelphia suburbs have swung Democratic; the brand of Republicanism there was traditionally a moderate one. The Pittsburgh suburbs, historically a Democratic stronghold, have swung more Republican since the turn of the millennium.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44624",
"question": "what was the name of the democratic strength in the northeast century ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 142,
"text": "Scranton/Wilkes-Barre"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44625",
"question": "when did the philadelphia suburbs begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 422,
"text": "1992"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Democratic political consultant James Carville once pejoratively described Pennsylvania as \"Philadelphia in the east, Pittsburgh in the west and Alabama in the middle\". Political analysts and editorials refer to central Pennsylvania as the \"T\" in statewide elections. Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Scranton/Wilkes-Barre generally vote for Democratic candidates, while the majority of the counties in the central part of the state vote Republican. As a result, maps showing the results of statewide elections invariably form a \"T\" shape.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44626",
"question": "who wrote pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 32,
"text": "James Carville"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44627",
"question": "along with philadelphia and pittsburgh , what type of democratic counties vote for democratic candidates ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 298,
"text": "Scranton/Wilkes-Barre"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The current Governor is Tom Wolf. The other elected officials composing the executive branch are the Lieutenant Governor Michael Stack, Attorney General Bruce Beemer, Auditor General Eugene DePasquale, and Pennsylvania Treasurer Tim Reese. Governor and Lieutenant Governor run as a ticket in the general election and are up for reelection in 2018. Pennsylvania will hold elections for Attorney General, Auditor General and Treasurer in 2016.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44628",
"question": "who is the current governor of paris ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 24,
"text": "Tom Wolf"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44629",
"question": "who were the lieutenant of the executive branch governor ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 167,
"text": "Auditor General Eugene DePasquale, and Pennsylvania Treasurer Tim Reese"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pennsylvania has a bicameral legislature set up by Commonwealth's constitution in 1790. The original Frame of Government of William Penn had a unicameral legislature. The General Assembly includes 50 Senators and 203 Representatives. Joe Scarnati is currently President Pro Tempore of the State Senate, Dominic Pileggi the Majority Leader, and Jay Costa the Minority Leader. Sam Smith is Speaker of the House of Representatives, with Mike Turzai as Majority Leader and Frank Dermody as Minority Leader. As of the 2012 elections, the Republicans hold the majority in the State House and Senate.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44630",
"question": "when was commonwealth 's constitution set ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 82,
"text": "1790"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44631",
"question": "how many senators are in the general assembly ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 197,
"text": "50 Senators and 203 Representatives"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pennsylvania is divided into 60 judicial districts, most of which (except Philadelphia) have magisterial district judges (formerly called district justices and justices of the peace), who preside mainly over preliminary hearings in felony and misdemeanor offenses, all minor (summary) criminal offenses, and small civil claims. Most criminal and civil cases originate in the Courts of Common Pleas, which also serve as appellate courts to the district judges and for local agency decisions. The Superior Court hears all appeals from the Courts of Common Pleas not expressly designated to the Commonwealth Court or Supreme Court. It also has original jurisdiction to review warrants for wiretap surveillance. The Commonwealth Court is limited to appeals from final orders of certain state agencies and certain designated cases from the Courts of Common Pleas. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania is the final appellate court. All judges in Pennsylvania are elected; the chief justice is determined by seniority.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44632",
"question": "how many judicial districts are there ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 29,
"text": "60"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44633",
"question": "what is formerly called district justices ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 93,
"text": "magisterial district judges"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44634",
"question": "what are magisterial district judges known as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 138,
"text": "district justices and justices of the peace"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44635",
"question": "what are the magisterial district ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 203,
"text": "over preliminary hearings in felony and misdemeanor offenses, all minor (summary) criminal offenses, and small civil claims"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44636",
"question": "most criminal and civil cases originate in what ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 375,
"text": "Courts of Common Pleas"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44637",
"question": "what does the superior court hears ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 537,
"text": "Courts of Common Pleas not expressly designated to the Commonwealth Court or Supreme Court"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44638",
"question": "what is the final appellate court ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 859,
"text": "The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44639",
"question": "what is the supreme court of pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 896,
"text": "the final appellate court"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pennsylvania has the 10th highest tax burden in the United States. Residents pay a total of $83.7 billion in state and local taxes with a per capita average of $6,640 annually. Residents share 76% of the total tax burden. Many state politicians have tried to increase the share of taxes paid by out of state sources. Suggested revenue sources include taxing natural gas drilling as Pennsylvania is the only state without such a tax on gas drilling. Additional revenue prospects include trying to place tolls on interstate highways; specifically Interstate 80 which is used heavily by out of state commuters with high maintenance costs.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44640",
"question": "what is the total amount of residents in state and local taxes ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 92,
"text": "$83.7 billion"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44641",
"question": "what is the per capita average of state and local taxes ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 160,
"text": "$6,640 annually"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44642",
"question": "how much of the total tax burden do residents share ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 193,
"text": "76%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Sales tax provides 39% of Commonwealth's revenue; personal income tax 34%; motor vehicle taxes about 12%, and taxes on cigarettes and alcohol beverage 5%. Personal income tax is a flat 3.07%. An individual's taxable income is based on the following eight types of income: compensation (salary); interest; dividends; net profits from the operation of a business, profession or farm; net gains or income from the dispositions of property; net gains or income from rents, royalties, patents and copyrights; income derived through estates or trusts; and gambling and lottery winnings (other than Pennsylvania Lottery winnings).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44643",
"question": "what percentage of commonwealth 's revenue is sales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 19,
"text": "39%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44644",
"question": "what is the personal income tax tax tax ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 70,
"text": "34%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44645",
"question": "what percentage of commonwealth 's revenue are motor ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 101,
"text": "12%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44646",
"question": "what percentage of commonwealth 's revenue are taxes ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 151,
"text": "5%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44647",
"question": "what is personal income tax tax ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 185,
"text": "3.07%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Counties, municipalities, and school districts levy taxes on real estate. In addition, some local bodies assess a wage tax on personal income. Generally, the total wage tax rate is capped at 1% of income but some municipalities with home rule charters may charge more than 1%. Thirty-two of the Commonwealth's sixty-seven counties levy a personal property tax on stocks, bonds, and similar holdings.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44648",
"question": "what is the total wage tax rate ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 191,
"text": "1%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44649",
"question": "what is the percentage of income tax rate charters ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 273,
"text": "1%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "With the exception of the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania municipalities and school districts are allowed to enact a local earned income tax within the purview of Act 32. Residents of these municipalities and school districts are required to file a local income tax return in addition to federal and state returns. This local return is filed with the local income tax collector, a private collection agency (e.g. Berkheimer, Keystone Collections, and Jordan Tax Service) appointed by a particular county to collect the local earned income and local services tax (the latter a flat fee deducted from salaried employees working within a particular municipality or school district). ",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44650",
"question": "what are the pennsylvania municipalities allowed to do ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 112,
"text": "enact a local earned income tax within the purview of Act 32"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44651",
"question": "what are residents of these municipalities required to file ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 245,
"text": "file a local income tax return in addition to federal and state returns"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44652",
"question": "what are some of the private collection agency ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 416,
"text": "Berkheimer, Keystone Collections, and Jordan Tax Service"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44653",
"question": "what appointed the jordan tax service ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 487,
"text": "a particular county to collect the local earned income and local services tax"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44654",
"question": "what is the name of the private collection of local services ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 577,
"text": "a flat fee deducted from salaried employees working within a particular municipality or school district"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The City of Philadelphia has its own local income taxation system. Philadelphia-based employers are required to withhold the Philadelphia wage tax from the salaries of their employees. Residents of Philadelphia working for an employer are not required to file a local return as long as their Philadelphia wage tax is fully withheld by their employer. If their employer does not withhold the Philadelphia wage tax, residents are required to register with the Revenue Department and file an Earnings Tax return. Residents of Philadelphia with self-employment income are required to file a Net Profits tax (NPT) return, while those with business income from Philadelphia sources are required to obtain a Commercial Activity License (CAL) and pay the Business Income and Receipts tax (BIRT) and the NPT. Residents with unearned income (except for interest from checking and savings accounts) are required to file and pay the School Income tax (SIT).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44655",
"question": "what are employers required to withhold ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 125,
"text": "Philadelphia wage tax from the salaries of their employees"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The complexity of Pennsylvania local tax filing system has been criticized by experts, who note that the outsourcing collections to private entities is akin to tax farming and that many new residents are caught off guard and end up facing \"failure to file\" penalties even if they did not have any tax due. Attempts to transfer local income tax collections to the state level (i.e. by having a separate local section on the state income tax return, currently the method used to collect local income taxes in New York, Maryland, Indiana, and Iowa) have been unsuccessful. ",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44656",
"question": "what are the outsourcing collections ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 204,
"text": "caught off guard and end up facing \"failure to file\" penalties even if they did not have any tax due"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44657",
"question": "what have the method used to collect local income taxes ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 318,
"text": "transfer local income tax collections to the state level"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44658",
"question": "what is the method of attempts to collect local income taxes ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 384,
"text": "having a separate local section on the state income tax return"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44659",
"question": "where are the method used to collect local income taxes ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 507,
"text": "New York, Maryland, Indiana, and Iowa"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pennsylvania's two U.S. Senators are Bob Casey, Jr. and Pat Toomey.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44660",
"question": "who are pennsylvania 's two u.s. senators ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 37,
"text": "Bob Casey, Jr. and Pat Toomey"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pennsylvania's current U.S. Representatives are Bob Brady (1st), Dwight Evans (2nd), Mike Kelly (3rd), Scott Perry (4th), Glenn \"G.T.\" Thompson (5th), Ryan Costello (6th), Pat Meehan (7th), Mike Fitzpatrick (8th), Bill Shuster (9th), Tom Marino (10th), Lou Barletta (11th), Keith Rothfus (12th), Brendan Boyle (13th), Mike Doyle (14th), Charlie Dent (15th), Joe Pitts (16th), Matt Cartwright (17th), Tim Murphy (18th).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44661",
"question": "what is the name of pennsylvania 's current u.s. representatives ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 48,
"text": "Bob Brady"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pennsylvania is divided into 67\u00a0counties. Counties are further subdivided into municipalities that are either incorporated as cities, boroughs, or townships. One county, Philadelphia County, is coterminous with the city of Philadelphia after it was consolidated in 1854. The most populous county in Pennsylvania is Philadelphia, while the least populous is Cameron (5,085).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44662",
"question": "how many counties is pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 29,
"text": "67"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44663",
"question": "what is the largest county in philadelphia ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 170,
"text": "Philadelphia County"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44664",
"question": "in what year was philadelphia consolidated ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 265,
"text": "1854"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44665",
"question": "what is the most populous county in pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 315,
"text": "Philadelphia"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44666",
"question": "what is the most populous county in pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 357,
"text": "Cameron"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "There are a total of 56\u00a0cities in Pennsylvania, which are classified, by population, as either first, second, or third class cities. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania's largest city, has a population of 1,526,006 and is the state's only first class city. Pittsburgh (305,704) and Scranton (76,089) are second class and second class 'A' cities, respectively.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44667",
"question": "how many cities are in pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 21,
"text": "56"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44668",
"question": "what is the population of philadelphia ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 196,
"text": "1,526,006"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The rest of the cities, like the third and fourth largest\u2014Allentown (118,032) and Erie (101,786)\u2014to the smallest\u2014Parker with a population of only 840\u2014are third class cities. First and second class cities are governed by a \"strong mayor\" form of mayor\u2013council government, whereas third class cities are governed by either a \"weak mayor\" form of government or a council\u2013manager government.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44669",
"question": "what are the third and fourth largest cities ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 58,
"text": "Allentown (118,032) and Erie"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44670",
"question": "what is the third class of erie ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 88,
"text": "101,786)\u2014to"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44671",
"question": "what is the population of parker ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 146,
"text": "840\u2014are third class cities"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44672",
"question": "who governed first and second class cities ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 222,
"text": "\"strong mayor\" form of mayor\u2013council government"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44673",
"question": "who governed third class cities ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 314,
"text": "either a \"weak mayor\" form of government or a council\u2013manager government"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Boroughs are generally smaller than cities, with most Pennsylvania cities having been incorporated as a borough before being incorporated as a city. There are 958\u00a0boroughs in Pennsylvania, all of which governed by the \"weak mayor\" form of mayor\u2013council government. The largest borough in Pennsylvania is State College (42,034) and the smallest is Centralia (10).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44674",
"question": "how many boroughs are in pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 159,
"text": "958"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44675",
"question": "what is the name of the pennsylvania boroughs ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 219,
"text": "weak mayor\" form of mayor\u2013council government"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44676",
"question": "what is the largest borough in pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 304,
"text": "State College"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44677",
"question": "what is the largest borough in pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 319,
"text": "42,034"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44678",
"question": "what is the smallest borough in pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 347,
"text": "Centralia"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Townships are the third type of municipality in Pennsylvania and are classified as either first class or second class townships. There are 1,454\u00a0second class townships and 93\u00a0first class townships. Second class township can become first class townships if it has a population density greater than and a referendum is passed supporting the change. Pennsylvania's largest township is Upper Darby Township (82,795), and the smallest is East Keating Township (11).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44679",
"question": "what is the third type of municipality in pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "Townships"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44680",
"question": "what are the third type of municipality in pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 83,
"text": "either first class or second class townships"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44681",
"question": "how many second class townships are there ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 139,
"text": "1,454"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44682",
"question": "how many first class townships are there ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 172,
"text": "93"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44683",
"question": "what is pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 382,
"text": "Upper Darby Township"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44684",
"question": "what is the smallest township in pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 433,
"text": "East Keating Township"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "There is one exception to the types of municipalities in Pennsylvania: Bloomsburg was incorporated as a town in 1870 and is, officially, the only town in the state. In 1975, McCandless Township adopted a home-rule charter under the name of \"Town of McCandless\", but is, legally, still a first class township.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44685",
"question": "in what year was the town in pennsylvania incorporated ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 112,
"text": "1870"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44686",
"question": "in what year was the first class township adopted ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 168,
"text": "1975"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44687",
"question": "who adopted a first class township charter ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 174,
"text": "McCandless Township"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44688",
"question": "what was the name of the charter that was adopted by the township charter ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 241,
"text": "Town of McCandless"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The total of 56 cities, 958 boroughs, 93 first class townships, 1454 second class townships, and 1 town (Bloomsburg) is 2562 municipalities.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44689",
"question": "how many cities are there ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 13,
"text": "56"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44690",
"question": "how many boroughs are there ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 24,
"text": "958"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44691",
"question": "how many first class townships are there ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 38,
"text": "93"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44692",
"question": "what is the second class of second class townships ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 64,
"text": "1454"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44693",
"question": "what is the 2562 municipalities of 56 cities ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 97,
"text": "1 town"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44694",
"question": "how many municipalities are there ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 120,
"text": "2562"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pennsylvania has a mixed health record, and is ranked as the 29th overall healthiest state according to the 2013 United Health Foundation's Health Rankings.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44695",
"question": "what is the pennsylvania state ranked as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 61,
"text": "29th overall healthiest state"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44696",
"question": "what is the healthiest state ranked as the healthiest state according to ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 104,
"text": "the 2013 United Health Foundation's Health Rankings"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pennsylvania has 500 public school districts, thousands of private schools, publicly funded colleges and universities, and over 100 private institutions of higher education.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44697",
"question": "how many public school districts does pennsylvania have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 17,
"text": "500"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44698",
"question": "how many private institutions are in pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 123,
"text": "over 100 private institutions of higher education"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In general, under state law, school attendance in Pennsylvania is mandatory for a child from the age of 8 until the age of 17, or until graduation from an accredited high school, whichever is earlier. As of 2005, 83.8% of Pennsylvania residents age 18 to 24 have completed high school. Among residents age 25 and over, 86.7% have graduated from high school.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44699",
"question": "at what age is school attendance in pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 123,
"text": "17"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44700",
"question": "what percentage of pennsylvania residents age 18 to 24 school ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 213,
"text": "83.8%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44701",
"question": "how many pennsylvania residents have completed high school ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 249,
"text": "18 to 24"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The following are the four-year graduation rates for students completing high school in 2015:\nAdditionally, 25.7% have gone on to obtain a bachelor's degree or higher. State students consistently do well in standardized testing. In 2007, Pennsylvania ranked 14th in mathematics, 12th in reading, and 10th in writing for 8th grade students.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44702",
"question": "what percentage of students have gone on to obtain a bachelor 's degree ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 108,
"text": "25.7%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44703",
"question": "where did pennsylvania rank in mathematics ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 258,
"text": "14th"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In 1988, the Pennsylvania General Assembly passed Act 169, which allows parents or guardians to homeschool their children as an option for compulsory school attendance. This law specifies the requirements and responsibilities of the parents and the school district where the family lives.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44704",
"question": "when did the pennsylvania general assembly passed act 169 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 3,
"text": "1988"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44705",
"question": "what was the name of the pennsylvania general assembly passed in 1988 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 50,
"text": "Act 169"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44706",
"question": "what does the act 169 act do ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 65,
"text": "allows parents or guardians to homeschool their children as an option for compulsory school attendance"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PASSHE) is the public university system of the Commonwealth, with 14 state-owned schools. The Commonwealth System of Higher Education is an organizing body of the 4 state-related schools in Pennsylvania, these schools are independent institutions that receive some state funding. There are also 15 publicly funded two-year community colleges and technical schools that are separate from the PASSHE system. Additionally there are many private two- and four-year technical schools, colleges and universities.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44707",
"question": "what is the public university system ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 4,
"text": "Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44708",
"question": "how many schools are in the commonwealth state system ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 117,
"text": "14 state-owned schools"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44709",
"question": "what is an organizing body of the 4 state-related schools ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 141,
"text": "The Commonwealth System of Higher Education"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44710",
"question": "what is the commonwealth system of higher education ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 214,
"text": "4 state-related schools in Pennsylvania"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44711",
"question": "how many publicly funded two-year community colleges ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 346,
"text": "15"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Carnegie Mellon University, The Pennsylvania State University, the University of Pennsylvania, and the University of Pittsburgh, are members of the Association of American Universities, an invitation only organization of leading research universities. Lehigh University is also another renowned private research university located in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.The Pennsylvania State University is the Commonwealth's Land-grant university, Sea Grant College and, Space Grant College. The University of Pennsylvania, located in Philadelphia, is considered the first university in the United States and established the country's first medical school. The University of Pennsylvania is also the Commonwealth's only, and geographically the most southern, Ivy League school. The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts is the first and oldest art school in the United States. Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, now a part of University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, was the first pharmacy school in the United States.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44712",
"question": "what university is members of the association of american universities ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 103,
"text": "University of Pittsburgh"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44713",
"question": "where is the private research university located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 334,
"text": "Bethlehem, Pennsylvania"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44714",
"question": "where is the university of pennsylvania located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 524,
"text": "Philadelphia"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pennsylvania is home to the nation's first zoo, the Philadelphia Zoo. Other long-accredited AZA zoos include the Erie Zoo and the Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium. The Lehigh Valley Zoo and ZOOAMERICA are other notable zoos. The Commonwealth boasts some of the finest museums in the country, including the Carnegie Museums in Pittsburgh, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, and . One unique museum is the Houdini Museum in Scranton, the only building in the world devoted to the legendary magician. Pennsylvania is also home to the National Aviary, located in Pittsburgh.\nAll 121 state parks in Pennsylvania feature free admission.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44715",
"question": "what is the name of the first zoo in pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 52,
"text": "Philadelphia Zoo"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44716",
"question": "what are the names of the zoos zoos ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 113,
"text": "Erie Zoo and the Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44717",
"question": "what are the notable zoos zoo ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 165,
"text": "Lehigh Valley Zoo and ZOOAMERICA"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44718",
"question": "where is the only museum in the world ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 416,
"text": "Scranton"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pennsylvania offers a number of notable amusement parks, including Camel Beach, Conneaut Lake Park, Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom, Dutch Wonderland, DelGrosso Amusement Park, Hersheypark, Idlewild Park, Kennywood, Knoebels, Lakemont Park, Sandcastle Waterpark, Sesame Place, Great Wolf Lodge and Waldameer Park. Pennsylvania also is home to the largest indoor waterpark resort on the East Coast, Splash Lagoon in Erie.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44719",
"question": "what are the amusement parks ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 277,
"text": "Great Wolf Lodge and Waldameer Park"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44720",
"question": "what is the largest indoor waterpark resort in erie ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 398,
"text": "Splash Lagoon"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "There are also notable music festivals that take place in Pennsylvania. These include Musikfest and NEARfest in Bethlehem, the Philadelphia Folk Festival, Creation Festival, the Great Allentown Fair, and Purple Door.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44721",
"question": "what are the names of the philadelphia folk festival ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 86,
"text": "Musikfest and NEARfest"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44722",
"question": "what are the philadelphia folk festival ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 174,
"text": "the Great Allentown Fair, and Purple Door"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "There are nearly one million licensed hunters in Pennsylvania. Whitetail deer, black bear, cottontail rabbits, squirrel, turkey, and grouse are common game species. Pennsylvania is considered one of the finest wild turkey hunting states in the Union, alongside Texas and Alabama. Sport hunting in Pennsylvania provides a massive boost for the Commonwealth's economy. A report from The Center for Rural Pennsylvania (a Legislative Agency of the Pennsylvania General Assembly) reported that hunting, fishing, and furtaking generated a total of $9.6 billion statewide.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44723",
"question": "how many licensed hunters are there in pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 17,
"text": "one million"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44724",
"question": "what two countries are in the pennsylvania pennsylvania states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 261,
"text": "Texas and Alabama"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44725",
"question": "what is the total amount of statewide from rural pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 542,
"text": "$9.6 billion statewide"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Boone and Crockett Club shows that five of the ten largest (skull size) black bear entries came from the state. The state also has a tied record for the largest hunter shot black bear in the Boone & Crockett books at and a skull of 23 3/16 tied with a bear shot in California in 1993. The largest bear ever found dead was in Utah in 1975, and the second largest was shot by a poacher in the state in 1987. Pennsylvania holds the second highest number of Boone & Crockett-recorded record black bears at 183, second only to Wisconsin's 299.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44726",
"question": "which club shows that black bear entries came from the state ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 4,
"text": "Boone and Crockett Club"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44727",
"question": "where is the largest hunter shot black ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 195,
"text": "Boone & Crockett"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44728",
"question": "what was the skull of black bear in california ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 236,
"text": "23 3/16"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44729",
"question": "when was the largest bear ever found in utah ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 337,
"text": "1975"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, abbreviated as PennDOT, owns of the of roadway in the state, making it the fifth largest state highway system in the United States. The Pennsylvania Turnpike system is long, with the mainline portion stretching from Ohio to Philadelphia and New Jersey. It is overseen by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission. Another major east\u2013west route is Interstate 80, which runs primarily in the northern tier of the state from Ohio to New Jersey at the Delaware Water Gap. Interstate 90 travels the relatively short distance between Ohio and New York through Erie County, in the extreme northwestern part of the state.\nPrimary north\u2013south highways are Interstate 79 from its terminus in Erie through Pittsburgh to West Virginia, Interstate 81 from New York through Scranton, Lackawanna County and Harrisburg to Maryland and Interstate 476, which begins north of the Delaware border, in Chester, Delaware County and travels to Clarks Summit, Lackawanna County, where it joins I-81. All but of I-476 is the Northeast Extension of the Pennsylvania Turnpike, while the highway south of the main line of the Pennsylvania Turnpike is officially called the \"Veterans Memorial Highway\", but is commonly referred to by locals as the \"Blue Route\".",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44730",
"question": "what is the pennsylvania department of transportation ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 62,
"text": "PennDOT"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44731",
"question": "where is the mainline portion of the pennsylvania system located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 263,
"text": "Ohio to Philadelphia and New Jersey"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44732",
"question": "who overseen the pennsylvania system ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 322,
"text": "Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44733",
"question": "what is the west route of the state ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 389,
"text": "Interstate 80"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44734",
"question": "what is the highway south of the pennsylvania turnpike called ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 1188,
"text": "Veterans Memorial Highway"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) is the sixth largest transit agency in the United States and operates the commuter, heavy and light rail transit, and transit bus service in the Philadelphia metropolitan area. The Port Authority of Allegheny County is the 25th largest transit agency and provides transit bus and light rail service in and around Pittsburgh.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44735",
"question": "what does septa stand for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 4,
"text": "Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44736",
"question": "what is the largest transit agency in the united states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 137,
"text": "commuter, heavy and light rail transit"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44737",
"question": "what is the largest transit agency ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 244,
"text": "Port Authority of Allegheny County"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Intercity passenger rail transit is provided by Amtrak, with the majority of traffic occurring on the \"Keystone Service\" in the high-speed Keystone Corridor between Harrisburg and Philadelphia's 30th Street Station before heading north to New York City; the \"Pennsylvanian\" follows the same route from New York City to Harrisburg, but extends out to Pittsburgh. The \"Capitol Limited\" also passes through Pittsburgh, as well as Connellsville, on its way from Chicago to Washington, D.C. Traveling between Chicago and New York City, the \"Lake Shore Limited\" passes through Erie once in each direction. There are 67\u00a0short-line, freight railroads operating in Pennsylvania, the highest number in any U.S. state.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44738",
"question": "who provided the intercity passenger rail transit ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 48,
"text": "Amtrak"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44739",
"question": "where is the amtrak 's street station located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 239,
"text": "New York City"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44740",
"question": "how many short-line are there in freight railroads ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 610,
"text": "67"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pennsylvania has seven major airports: Philadelphia International, Pittsburgh International, Lehigh Valley International, Harrisburg International, Erie International, University Park Airport and Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International. A total of 134\u00a0public-use airports are located in the state. The port of Pittsburgh is the second largest inland port in the United States and the 18th largest port overall; the Port of Philadelphia is the 24th largest port in the United States. Pennsylvania's only port on the Great Lakes is located in Erie.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44741",
"question": "how many major airports does pennsylvania have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 17,
"text": "seven"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44742",
"question": "what is the name of the pennsylvania pennsylvania airport ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 196,
"text": "Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44743",
"question": "how many airports are located in the state ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 244,
"text": "134"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44744",
"question": "what is the 24th largest port in the united states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 411,
"text": "Port of Philadelphia"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44745",
"question": "where is pennsylvania 's only port located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 537,
"text": "Erie"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Allegheny River Lock and Dam Two is the most-used lock operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers of its 255 nationwide. The dam impounds the Allegheny River near Downtown Pittsburgh.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44746",
"question": "what is the lock lock operated by the united states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 4,
"text": "Allegheny River Lock and Dam Two"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44747",
"question": "who operated the lock river lock and dam ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 75,
"text": "United States Army Corps of Engineers"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44748",
"question": "what is the lock river lock and dam ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 120,
"text": "255 nationwide"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44749",
"question": "what is the name of the river near downtown pittsburgh ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 157,
"text": "Allegheny River"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44750",
"question": "where is the dam located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 178,
"text": "Downtown Pittsburgh"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Pennsylvania is home to many major league professional sports teams; the Pittsburgh Steelers and Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League, the Philadelphia Phillies and Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball, the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association, the Philadelphia Flyers and Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League, the Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer. Among them, these teams have accumulated 7 World Series Championships (Pirates 5, Phillies 2), 16 National League Pennants (Pirates 9, Phillies 7), 3 pre-Super Bowl era NFL Championships (Eagles), 6 Super Bowl Championships (Steelers), 2 NBA Championships (76ers), and 6 Stanley Cups (Penguins 4, Flyers 2).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44751",
"question": "how many national league pennants are there ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 509,
"text": "16"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Since 1959, the Little League World Series is held each summer in South Williamsport, near where Little League Baseball was founded in Williamsport.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44752",
"question": "when was the little league world series held ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 6,
"text": "1959"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44753",
"question": "what is held each summer in south williamsport ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 16,
"text": "Little League World Series"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44754",
"question": "where is the little league world series held ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 66,
"text": "South Williamsport"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44755",
"question": "what was founded in williamsport ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 97,
"text": "Little League Baseball"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44756",
"question": "where was little league baseball league founded ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 135,
"text": "Williamsport"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Also, the first World Series between the Boston Pilgrims (which became the Boston Red Sox) and Pittsburgh Pirates was played in Pittsburgh in 1903.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44757",
"question": "what was the name of the first world series between the boston pilgrims ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 75,
"text": "Boston Red Sox"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44758",
"question": "where was the first world series between the boston pilgrims and pittsburgh ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 128,
"text": "Pittsburgh"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44759",
"question": "when was the first world series between the boston pilgrims and pittsburgh played ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 142,
"text": "1903"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Soccer is gaining popularity within the state of Pennsylvania as well. With the addition of the Philadelphia Union in the MLS, the state now boasts three teams that are eligible to compete for the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup annually. The other two teams are the Pittsburgh Riverhounds and the Harrisburg City Islanders, both of the United Soccer Leagues Second Division (USL-2). Within the American Soccer Pyramid, the MLS takes the first tier, while the USL-2 claims the third tier.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44760",
"question": "how many teams are in the state now ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 148,
"text": "three"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44761",
"question": "what does the state now compete for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 197,
"text": "Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup annually"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44762",
"question": "what are the names of the other two teams that are located in the united states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 260,
"text": "Pittsburgh Riverhounds and the Harrisburg City Islanders"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44763",
"question": "what is the name of the division of the united states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 330,
"text": "United Soccer Leagues Second Division"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In motorsports, the Mario Andretti dynasty of race drivers hails from Nazareth in the Lehigh Valley. Notable racetracks in Pennsylvania include the Jennerstown Speedway in Jennerstown, the Lake Erie Speedway in North East, the Mahoning Valley Speedway in Lehighton, the Motordome Speedway in Smithton, the Mountain Speedway in St. Johns, the Nazareth Speedway in Nazareth (closed); and the Pocono Raceway in Long Pond, which is home to two NASCAR Cup Series races and an IndyCar Series race. The state is also home to Maple Grove Raceway, near Reading, which hosts major National Hot Rod Association sanctioned drag racing events each year.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44764",
"question": "where was drivers hails located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 86,
"text": "Lehigh Valley"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44765",
"question": "what is the name of the state near the state ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 518,
"text": "Maple Grove Raceway"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "There are also two motocross race tracks that host a round of the AMA Toyota Motocross Championships in Pennsylvania. High Point Raceway in located in Mt. Morris, Pennsylvania, and Steel City is located in Delmont, Pennsylvania.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44766",
"question": "what is the name of the championships that host a round of a round ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 66,
"text": "AMA Toyota Motocross Championships"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44767",
"question": "where is high point raceway in located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 151,
"text": "Mt. Morris, Pennsylvania, and Steel City"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44768",
"question": "where is steel city located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 206,
"text": "Delmont, Pennsylvania"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Arnold Palmer, one of the 20th century's most notable pro golfers, comes from Latrobe, while Jim Furyk, a current PGA member, grew up near in Lancaster. PGA tournaments in Pennsylvania include the 84 Lumber Classic, played at Nemacolin Woodlands Resort, in Farmington and the Northeast Pennsylvania Classic, played at Glenmaura National Golf Club, in Moosic.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44769",
"question": "what was the name of the most notable pro pro ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "Arnold Palmer"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44770",
"question": "who was the current pga member of the 20th century ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 93,
"text": "Jim Furyk"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44771",
"question": "what is pga tournaments ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 197,
"text": "84 Lumber Classic"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44772",
"question": "where is the pga tournaments located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 226,
"text": "Nemacolin Woodlands Resort"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44773",
"question": "where is the pga tournaments located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 318,
"text": "Glenmaura National Golf Club"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Philadelphia is home to LOVE Park, once a popular spot for skateboarding, and across from City Hall, host to ESPN's X Games in 2001 and 2002.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44774",
"question": "what is the name of the park in philadelphia ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 24,
"text": "LOVE Park"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44775",
"question": "where is love park ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 90,
"text": "City Hall"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44776",
"question": "when was love park host ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 127,
"text": "2001 and 2002"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "College football is popular in Pennsylvania. There are three colleges in Pennsylvania that play at the highest level of collegiate football competition, the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision. Two play in Power Five conferences, the Penn State University Nittany Lions of the Big Ten Conference and the University of Pittsburgh Panthers of the Atlantic Coast Conference, while the Temple University Owls play in the American Athletic Conference. Penn State, claims two national championships (1982 & 1986) as well as seven undefeated seasons (1887, 1912, 1968, 1969, 1973, 1986 and 1994). Penn State plays its home games in the second largest stadium in the United States, Beaver Stadium, which seats 107,282, and is currently led by head coach James Franklin. The University of Pittsburgh Panthers claims nine national championships (1915, 1916, 1918, 1929, 1931, 1934, 1936, 1937 and 1976) and has played eight undefeated seasons (1904, 1910, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1920, 1937 and 1976). Pitt plays its home games at Heinz Field, a facility it shares with the Pittsburgh Steelers, and is led by current head football coach Pat Narduzzi. Other Pennsylvania schools that have won national titles in football include Lafayette College (1896), Villanova University (FCS 2009), the University of Pennsylvania (1895, 1897, 1904 and 1908) and Washington and Jefferson College (1921).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44777",
"question": "what is the name of the subdivision in pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 157,
"text": "NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "College basketball is also popular in the state, especially in the Philadelphia area where five universities, collectively termed the Big Five, have a rich tradition in NCAA Division I basketball. National titles in college basketball have been won by the following Pennsylvania universities: La Salle University (1954), Temple University (1938), University of Pennsylvania (1920 and 1921), University of Pittsburgh (1928 and 1930), and Villanova University (1985 and 2016).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44778",
"question": "how many universities are in philadelphia ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 91,
"text": "five"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44779",
"question": "how many universities are in the philadelphia area ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 134,
"text": "Big Five"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44780",
"question": "what is the name of the rich tradition in philadelphia ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 169,
"text": "NCAA Division I basketball"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44781",
"question": "what is the name of the 1954 university ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 293,
"text": "La Salle University"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44782",
"question": "in what year was la salle university won ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 314,
"text": "1954"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44783",
"question": "in what year was temple university university founded ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 340,
"text": "1938"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In his book \"Yo Mama Cooks Like a Yankee\", author Sharon Hernes Silverman calls Pennsylvania the snack food capital of the world. It leads all other states in the manufacture of pretzels and potato chips. The Sturgis Pretzel House introduced the pretzel to America, and companies like Anderson Bakery Company, Intercourse Pretzel Factory, and Snyder's of Hanover are leading manufacturers in the Commonwealth. Two of the three companies that define the U.S. potato chip industry are based in Pennsylvania: Utz Quality Foods, which started making chips in Hanover, Pennsylvania in 1921, and Wise Foods which started making chips in Berwick in 1921 (the third, Lay's Potato Chips, is a Texas company). Other companies such as Herr's Snacks, Martin's Potato Chips, Snyder's of Berlin (not associated with Snyder's of Hanover) and Troyer Farms Potato Products are popular chip manufacturers.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44784",
"question": "who is the author of the author of pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 50,
"text": "Sharon Hernes Silverman"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44785",
"question": "what are the other states that leads to the manufacture of the manufacture ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 178,
"text": "pretzels and potato chips"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44786",
"question": "who introduced the pretzel to america ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 209,
"text": "Sturgis Pretzel House"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44787",
"question": "what is the pennsylvania industry called ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 506,
"text": "Utz Quality Foods"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The U.S. chocolate industry is centered in Hershey, Pennsylvania, with Mars, Godiva, and Wilbur Chocolate Company nearby, and smaller manufacturers such as Asher's in Souderton, and Gertrude Hawk Chocolates of Dunmore. Other notable companies include Just Born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, makers of Hot Tamales, Mike and Ikes, the Easter favorite marshmallow Peeps, and Boyer Brothers of Altoona, Pennsylvania, which is well known for its Mallo Cups. Auntie Anne's Pretzels began as a market-stand in Downingtown, Pennsylvania, and now has corporate headquarters in Lancaster City. Traditional Pennsylvania Dutch foods include chicken potpie, ham potpie, schnitz un knepp (dried apples, ham, and dumplings), fasnachts (raised doughnuts), scrapple, pretzels, bologna, chow-chow, and Shoofly pie. Martin's Famous Pastry Shoppe, Inc., headquartered in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, specializes in potato bread, another traditional Pennsylvania Dutch food. D.G. Yuengling & Son, America's oldest brewery, has been brewing beer in Pottsville since 1829.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44788",
"question": "where is the chocolate industry located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 43,
"text": "Hershey, Pennsylvania"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44789",
"question": "what are the names of the u.s. chocolate industry ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 71,
"text": "Mars, Godiva, and Wilbur Chocolate Company nearby"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44790",
"question": "who is the chocolate of the chocolate industry ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 182,
"text": "Gertrude Hawk Chocolates of Dunmore"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44791",
"question": "what is the name of the pennsylvania cups ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 439,
"text": "Mallo Cups"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Among the regional foods associated with Philadelphia are cheesesteaks, hoagie, soft pretzels, Italian water ice, Irish potato candy, scrapple, Tastykake, Wawa, and strombolis. In Pittsburgh, tomato ketchup was improved by Henry John Heinz from 1876 to the early 20th century. Famous to a lesser extent than Heinz ketchup are the Pittsburgh's Primanti Brothers Restaurant sandwiches, pierogies, and city chicken. Outside of Scranton, in Old Forge there are dozens of Italian restaurants specializing in pizza made unique by thick, light crust and American cheese. Erie also has its share of unique foods, including Greek sauce and sponge candy. Sauerkraut along with pork and mashed potatoes is a common meal on New Year's Day in Pennsylvania.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44792",
"question": "who improved 1876 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 223,
"text": "Henry John Heinz"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "\nPennsylvania has been known as the \"Keystone\" \"State\" since 1802, based in part upon its central location among the original Thirteen Colonies forming the United States, and also in part because of the number of important American documents signed in the state (such as the Declaration of Independence). It was also a keystone state economically, having both the industry common to the North (making such wares as Conestoga wagons and rifles) and the agriculture common to the South (producing feed, fiber, food, and tobacco).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44793",
"question": "what is the pennsylvania pennsylvania called ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 36,
"text": "\"Keystone\" \"State\""
}
]
},
{
"id": "44794",
"question": "what is the name of the pennsylvania pennsylvania ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 61,
"text": "1802"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44795",
"question": "what are some of the industry that the pennsylvania was common to ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 415,
"text": "Conestoga wagons and rifles"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44796",
"question": "what types of industry did the south agriculture use ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 495,
"text": "feed, fiber, food, and tobacco"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Another one of Pennsylvania's nicknames is the \"Quaker\" \"State\"; in colonial times, it was known officially as the \"Quaker Province\", in recognition of Quaker William Penn's \"First Frame of Government\" constitution for Pennsylvania that guaranteed liberty of conscience. He knew of the hostility Quakers faced when they opposed religious ritual, taking oaths, violence, war and military service, and what they viewed as ostentatious frippery.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44797",
"question": "what is the pennsylvania 's nicknames ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 47,
"text": "\"Quaker\" \"State\""
}
]
},
{
"id": "44798",
"question": "what was quaker william penn 's nickname ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 116,
"text": "Quaker Province"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44799",
"question": "who wrote the `` first frame of government '' ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 152,
"text": "Quaker William Penn"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44800",
"question": "what was the name of the quakers viewed by quakers ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 420,
"text": "ostentatious frippery"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "\"The Coal State\", \"The Oil State\", \"The Chocolate State\", and \"The Steel State\" were adopted when those were the state's greatest industries.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44801",
"question": "what are the names of the oil state 's greatest industries ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 36,
"text": "The Chocolate State\", and \"The Steel State"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "\"The State of Independence\" currently appears on many road signs entering the state.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44802",
"question": "what currently appears on many road signs ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 1,
"text": "The State of Independence"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44803",
"question": "where does the state of independence originate ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 49,
"text": "many road signs entering the state"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "",
"qas": []
}
],
"title": "Pennsylvania"
},
{
"paragraphs": [
{
"context": "Moths comprise a group of insects related to butterflies, belonging to the order Lepidoptera. Most lepidopterans are moths; and there are thought to be approximately 160,000 species of moth, many of which are yet to be described. Most species of moth are nocturnal, but there are also crepuscular and diurnal species.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44804",
"question": "what is moths 's order ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 81,
"text": "Lepidoptera"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44805",
"question": "how many species of moth are there ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 166,
"text": "160,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44806",
"question": "what are most species of moth ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 255,
"text": "nocturnal"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "While the butterflies form a monophyletic group, the moths, comprising the rest of the Lepidoptera, do not. Many attempts have been made to group the superfamilies of the Lepidoptera into natural groups, most of which fail because one of the two groups is not monophyletic: Microlepidoptera and Macrolepidoptera, Heterocera and Rhopalocera, Jugatae and Frenatae, Monotrysia and Ditrysia.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44807",
"question": "what are some of the two groups that fail because of the lepidoptera into natural groups ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 274,
"text": "Microlepidoptera and Macrolepidoptera, Heterocera and Rhopalocera, Jugatae and Frenatae, Monotrysia and Ditrysia"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Although the rules for distinguishing moths from butterflies are not hard and fast, one very good guiding principle is that butterflies have thin antennae and (with the exception of the Hedylidae Family) have small balls or clubs at the end of their antennae. Moth antennae can be quite varied in appearance, but in particular lack the club end. The divisions are named by this principle: \"club-antennae\" (Rhopalocera) or \"varied-antennae\" (Heterocera).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44808",
"question": "what is the good guiding principle of moths ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 124,
"text": "butterflies have thin antennae"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44809",
"question": "what can be varied in appearance , in appearance ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 260,
"text": "Moth antennae"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44810",
"question": "what is the name of the principle that the divisions of the quran is named ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 389,
"text": "\"club-antennae"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The modern English word \"moth\" comes from Old English \"\"mo\u00f0\u00f0e\"\" (cf. Northumbrian \"\"moh\u00f0e\"\") from Common Germanic (compare Old Norse \"\"motti\"\", Dutch \"\"mot\"\", and German \"\"motte\"\" all meaning \"moth\"). Its origins are possibly related to the Old English \"\"ma\u00f0a\"\" meaning \"maggot\" or from the root of \"midge\" which until the sixteenth century was used mostly to indicate the larva, usually in reference to devouring clothes.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44811",
"question": "what is another term for moth ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 56,
"text": "mo\u00f0\u00f0e"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44812",
"question": "what is another term for moth ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 84,
"text": "moh\u00f0e"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Moth larvae, or caterpillars, make cocoons from which they emerge as fully grown moths with wings. Some moth caterpillars dig holes in the ground, where they live until they are ready to turn into adult moths. ",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44813",
"question": "what is fully grown moths ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "Moth larvae"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Moths evolved long before butterflies, fossils having been found that may be 190 million years old. Both types of lepidoptera are thought to have evolved along with flowering plants, mainly because most modern species feed on flowering plants, both as adults and larvae. One of the earliest species thought to be a moth-ancestor is \"Archaeolepis mane\", whose fossil fragments show scaled wings similar to caddisflies in their veining.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44814",
"question": "what was the fossils of moths 's fossils ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 77,
"text": "190 million years old"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44815",
"question": "what is the earliest species thought to be a moth-ancestor ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 333,
"text": "Archaeolepis mane"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Some moths, particularly their caterpillars, can be major agricultural pests in many parts of the world. Examples include corn borers and bollworms. The caterpillar of the gypsy moth (\"Lymantria dispar\") causes severe damage to forests in the northeastern United States, where it is an invasive species. In temperate climates, the codling moth causes extensive damage, especially to fruit farms. In tropical and subtropical climates, the diamondback moth (\"Plutella xylostella\") is perhaps the most serious pest of brassicaceous crops.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44816",
"question": "what type of pests is moths ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 31,
"text": "caterpillars"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44817",
"question": "what are two examples of examples of examples of examples of examples of examples ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 122,
"text": "corn borers and bollworms"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Several moths in the family Tineidae are commonly regarded as pests because their larvae eat fabric such as clothes and blankets made from natural proteinaceous fibers such as wool or silk. They are less likely to eat mixed materials containing some artificial fibers. There are some reports that they may be repelled by the scent of wood from juniper and cedar, by lavender, or by other natural oils; however, many consider this unlikely to prevent infestation. Naphthalene (the chemical used in mothballs) is considered more effective, but there are concerns over its effects on human health.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44818",
"question": "what is the name of the family that are commonly regarded as pests ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 28,
"text": "Tineidae"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44819",
"question": "what are some examples of pests fibers ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 176,
"text": "wool or silk"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44820",
"question": "what do moths eat mixed materials containing ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 250,
"text": "artificial fibers"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44821",
"question": "what is considered more effective , in mothballs ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 463,
"text": "Naphthalene"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44822",
"question": "what is the chemical used for the chemical used ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 497,
"text": "mothballs"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Moth larvae may be killed by freezing the items which they infest for several days at a temperature below .",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44823",
"question": "what may be killed by freezing the items ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "Moth larvae"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Despite being notorious for eating clothing, most moth adults do not eat at all. Many, like the Luna, Polyphemus, Atlas, Promethea, cecropia, and other large moths do not have mouth parts. Among those adult moths that do eat, they will drink nectar.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44824",
"question": "what are some of the large moths mouth ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 96,
"text": "Luna, Polyphemus, Atlas, Promethea, cecropia, and other large moths do not have mouth parts"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Some moths are farmed for their economic value. The most notable of these is the silkworm, the larva of the domesticated moth \"Bombyx mori\". It is farmed for the silk with which it builds its cocoon. , the silk industry produces more than 130 million kilograms of raw silk, worth about 250 million U.S. dollars, each year.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44825",
"question": "what is the most notable of the domesticated moth ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 81,
"text": "silkworm"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44826",
"question": "what is the name of the domesticated moth ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 127,
"text": "Bombyx mori"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44827",
"question": "how many kilograms of raw silk are there ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 239,
"text": "130 million"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44828",
"question": "how many u.s. dollars are in the silk industry ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 286,
"text": "250 million"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Not all silk is produced by \"Bombyx mori\". There are several species of Saturniidae that also are farmed for their silk, such as the Ailanthus moth (\"Samia cynthia\" group of species), the Chinese oak silkmoth (\"Antheraea pernyi\"), the Assam silkmoth (\"Antheraea assamensis\"), and the Japanese silk moth (\"Antheraea yamamai\").",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44829",
"question": "what is not all silk produced by ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 29,
"text": "Bombyx mori\""
}
]
},
{
"id": "44830",
"question": "what is a silk moth ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 133,
"text": "Ailanthus moth"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44831",
"question": "what is the name of the japanese moth ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 284,
"text": "Japanese silk moth"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The larvae of many species are used as food, particularly in Africa, where they are an important source of nutrition. The mopane worm, the caterpillar of \"Gonimbrasia belina\", from the family Saturniidae, is a significant food resource in southern Africa. Another saturniid used as food is the cavorting emperor (Usta terpsichore). In one country alone, Congo, more than 30 species of moth larvae are harvested. Some are sold not only in the local village markets, but are shipped by the ton from one country to another.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44832",
"question": "what are the larvae of many species used as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 39,
"text": "food"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44833",
"question": "what is the caterpillar ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 155,
"text": "Gonimbrasia belina\""
}
]
},
{
"id": "44834",
"question": "what is the significant food resource in southern africa ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 192,
"text": "Saturniidae"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Nocturnal insectivores often feed on moths; these include some bats, some species of owls and other species of birds. Moths also are eaten by some species of lizards, cats, dogs, rodents, and some bears. Moth larvae are vulnerable to being parasitized by Ichneumonidae.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44835",
"question": "nocturnal insectivores often feed on what ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 37,
"text": "moths"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44836",
"question": "what are moth larvae vulnerable to ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 255,
"text": "Ichneumonidae"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Baculoviruses are parasite double-stranded DNA insect viruses that are used mostly as biological control agents. They are members of the Baculoviridae, a family that is restricted to insects. Most baculovirus isolates have been obtained from insects, in particular from Lepidoptera.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44837",
"question": "what are biological control agents ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 18,
"text": "parasite double-stranded DNA insect viruses"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44838",
"question": "what are parasite double-stranded dna viruses used for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 86,
"text": "biological control agents"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44839",
"question": "what is the family that is restricted to insects ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 137,
"text": "Baculoviridae"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44840",
"question": "what is the family of insect viruses restricted to ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 183,
"text": "insects"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44841",
"question": "what have most baculovirus isolates been obtained from ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 242,
"text": "insects"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44842",
"question": "where are insects obtained ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 270,
"text": "Lepidoptera"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "There is evidence that ultrasound in the range emitted by bats causes flying moths to make evasive maneuvers because bats eat moths. Ultrasonic frequencies trigger a reflex action in the noctuid moth that causes it to drop a few inches in its flight to evade attack. Tiger moths also emit clicks which can foil bats' echolocation.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44843",
"question": "why do bats make flying moths ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 117,
"text": "bats eat moths"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44844",
"question": "what do tiger moths also emit ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 306,
"text": "foil bats' echolocation"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Moths frequently appear to circle artificial lights, although the reason for this behavior remains unknown. One hypothesis to explain this behavior is that moths use a technique of celestial navigation called transverse orientation. By maintaining a constant angular relationship to a bright celestial light, such as the moon, they can fly in a straight line. Celestial objects are so far away that, even after travelling great distances, the change in angle between the moth and the light source is negligible; further, the moon will always be in the upper part of the visual field, or on the horizon. When a moth encounters a much closer artificial light and uses it for navigation, the angle changes noticeably after only a short distance, in addition to being often below the horizon. The moth instinctively attempts to correct by turning toward the light, thereby causing airborne moths to come plummeting downward, and resulting in a spiral flight path that gets closer and closer to the light source.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44845",
"question": "what do moths frequently appear to ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 27,
"text": "circle artificial lights"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44846",
"question": "what does moths use to explain a technique ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 209,
"text": "transverse orientation"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "",
"qas": []
}
],
"title": "Moth"
},
{
"paragraphs": [
{
"context": "ISO 639-3:2007, \"Codes for the s,representation of names of languages\u00a0\u2013 Part 3: Alpha-3 code for comprehensive coverage of languages\", is an international standard for language codes in the ISO 639 series. It defines three\u2010letter codes for identifying languages. The standard was published by ISO on 1 February 2007.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44847",
"question": "what is the international standard for language ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 190,
"text": "ISO 639 series"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44848",
"question": "when was the standard published ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 300,
"text": "1 February 2007"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "ISO 639-3 extends the ISO 639-2 alpha-3 codes with an aim to cover all known natural languages. The extended language coverage was based primarily on the language codes used in the \"Ethnologue\" (volumes 10-14) published by SIL International, which is now the registration authority for ISO 639-3. It provides an enumeration of languages as complete as possible, including living and extinct, ancient and constructed, major and minor, written and unwritten. However, it does not include reconstructed languages such as Proto-Indo-European.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44849",
"question": "what was the name of the language that was published by sil ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 182,
"text": "Ethnologue"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44850",
"question": "who published the registration authority ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 223,
"text": "SIL International"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44851",
"question": "what was the registration authority published for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 286,
"text": "ISO 639-3"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "ISO 639-3 is intended for use as metadata codes in a wide range of applications. It is widely used in computer and information systems, such as the Internet, in which many languages need to be supported. In archives and other information storage, they are used in cataloging systems, indicating what language a resource is in or about. The codes are also frequently used in the linguistic literature and elsewhere to compensate for the fact that language names may be obscure or ambiguous.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44852",
"question": "what is iso 639-3 intended for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 33,
"text": "metadata codes"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44853",
"question": "what is widely used in which many languages need to be supported ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 144,
"text": "the Internet"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Because it provides comprehensive language coverage, giving equal opportunity for all languages, and because of its wide adoption in information technologies, ISO 639-3 provides an important technology component addressing the digital divide problem.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44854",
"question": "what provides an important technology component ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 159,
"text": "ISO 639-3"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Examples:\n, the standard contains 7776 entries. The inventory of languages is based on a number of sources including: the individual languages contained in 639-2, modern languages from the Ethnologue, historic varieties, ancient languages and artificial languages from the Linguist List, as well as languages recommended within the annual public commenting period.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44855",
"question": "what contains the standard entries ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 9,
"text": "\n"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44856",
"question": "what contains the standard standard ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 34,
"text": "7776 entries"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44857",
"question": "where is the inventory of languages contained ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 156,
"text": "639-2"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44858",
"question": "what is the inventory of the inventory of languages ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 273,
"text": "Linguist List"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Machine-readable data files are provided by the registration authority. Mappings from ISO 639-1 or ISO 639-2 to ISO 639-3 can be done using these data files.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44859",
"question": "who provided data files ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 44,
"text": "the registration authority"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44860",
"question": "what can be done using data files ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 86,
"text": "ISO 639-1 or ISO 639-2 to ISO 639-3"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "ISO 639-3 is intended to assume distinctions based on criteria that are not entirely subjective. It is not intended to document or provide identifiers for dialects or other sub-language variations. Nevertheless, judgments regarding distinctions between languages may be subjective, particularly in the case of oral language varieties without established literary traditions, usage in education or media, or other factors that contribute to language conventionalization.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44861",
"question": "what is intended to assume distinctions based on criteria ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "ISO 639-3"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44862",
"question": "what is iso 639-3 intended to assume ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 54,
"text": "criteria that are not entirely subjective"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Since the code is three-letter alphabetic, one upper bound for the number of languages that can be represented is 26 \u00d7 26 \u00d7 26 = 17576. Since ISO 639-2 defines special codes (4), a reserved range (520) and B-only codes (23), 547 codes cannot be used in part 3. Therefore, a stricter upper bound is 17576 \u2212 547 = 17029.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44863",
"question": "what is the upper bound for the number of languages ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 114,
"text": "26 \u00d7 26 \u00d7 26 = 17576"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44864",
"question": "what is a stricter upper bound ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 298,
"text": "17576 \u2212 547 = 17029"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The upper bound gets even stricter if one subtracts the language collections defined in 639-2 and the ones yet to be defined in ISO 639-5.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44865",
"question": "where is the language collections defined ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 88,
"text": "639-2"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44866",
"question": "what is the name of the language that the upper bound gets to be defined in ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 128,
"text": "ISO 639-5"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "There are 56 languages in ISO 639-2 which are considered, for the purposes of the standard, to be \"macrolanguages\" in ISO 639-3.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44867",
"question": "how many languages are in iso 639-2 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 10,
"text": "56"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44868",
"question": "what is the iso 639-2 called ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 99,
"text": "macrolanguages"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44869",
"question": "what is another name for iso 639-2 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 118,
"text": "ISO 639-3"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Some of these macrolanguages had no individual language as defined by ISO 639-3 in the code set of ISO 639-2, e.g. 'ara' (Generic Arabic). Others like 'nor' (Norwegian) had their two individual parts ('nno' (Nynorsk), 'nob' (Bokm\u00e5l)) already in ISO 639-2.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44870",
"question": "who defined the iso 639-2 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 70,
"text": "ISO 639-3"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44871",
"question": "what was the name of the iso already used in the iso ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 245,
"text": "ISO 639-2"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "That means some languages (e.g. 'arb', Standard Arabic) that were considered by ISO 639-2 to be dialects of one language ('ara') are now in ISO 639-3 in certain contexts considered to be individual languages themselves.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44872",
"question": "what were arb considered to be ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 80,
"text": "ISO 639-2"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44873",
"question": "what are arb now now now in ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 140,
"text": "ISO 639-3"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "This is an attempt to deal with varieties that may be linguistically distinct from each other, but are treated by their speakers as two forms of the same language, e.g. in cases of diglossia.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44874",
"question": "what is one example of a two forms of the same language ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 181,
"text": "diglossia"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "See for the complete list.",
"qas": []
},
{
"context": "\"A collective language code element is an identifier that represents a group of individual languages that are not deemed to be one language in any usage context.\" These codes do not precisely represent a particular language or macrolanguage.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44875",
"question": "what is a collective language code ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 110,
"text": "not deemed to be one language in any usage context"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "While ISO 639-2 includes three-letter identifiers for collective languages, these codes are excluded from ISO 639-3. Hence ISO 639-3 is not a superset of ISO 639-2.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44876",
"question": "what are these codes excluded from ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 106,
"text": "ISO 639-3"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44877",
"question": "what is iso 639-3 a superset of ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 154,
"text": "ISO 639-2"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "ISO 639-5 defines 3-letter collective codes for language families and groups, including the collective language codes from ISO 639-2.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44878",
"question": "what is the iso iso ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 4,
"text": "639-5"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44879",
"question": "what is the name of the collective language in iso families ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 123,
"text": "ISO 639-2"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Four codes are set aside in ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 for cases where none of the specific codes are appropriate. These are intended primarily for applications like databases where an ISO code is required regardless of whether one exists.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44880",
"question": "four codes are set aside in what ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 28,
"text": "ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44881",
"question": "what is the iso code ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 194,
"text": "required regardless of whether one exists"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In addition, 520 codes in the range codice_5\u2013codice_6 are 'reserved for local use'. For example, the Linguist List uses them for extinct languages. Linguist List has assigned one of them a generic value:",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44882",
"question": "what type of codes are reserved for local use ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 13,
"text": "520"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The code table for ISO 639-3 is open to changes. In order to protect stability of existing usage, the changes permitted are limited to:\nThe code assigned to a language is not changed unless there is also a change in denotation.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44883",
"question": "what is the code table for the code table ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 19,
"text": "ISO 639-3"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44884",
"question": "when is the code assigned to a language ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 216,
"text": "denotation"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Changes are made on an annual cycle. Every request is given a minimum period of three months for public review.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44885",
"question": "how long is every request for public review ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 80,
"text": "three months"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The registration authority documents on its Web site instructions made in the text of the ISO 639-3 standard regarding how the code tables are to be maintained. It also documents the processes used for receiving and processing change requests.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44886",
"question": "what is the standard regarding how the registration authority are to be maintained ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 90,
"text": "ISO 639-3"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44887",
"question": "what are the processes used for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 202,
"text": "receiving and processing change requests"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "A change request form is provided, and there is a second form for collecting information about proposed additions. Any party can submit change requests. When submitted, requests are initially reviewed by the registration authority for completeness.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44888",
"question": "who reviewed the submitted requests ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 204,
"text": "the registration authority for completeness"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "When a fully documented request is received, it is added to a published Change Request Index. Also, announcements are sent to the general LINGUIST discussion list at Linguist List and other lists the registration authority may consider relevant, inviting public review and input on the requested change. Any list owner or individual is able to request notifications of change requests for particular regions or language families. Comments that are received are published for other parties to review. Based on consensus in comments received, a change request may be withdrawn or promoted to \"candidate status\".",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44889",
"question": "what is a fully documented request of a request ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 72,
"text": "Change Request Index"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44890",
"question": "announcements are sent to the general linguist list of what ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 166,
"text": "Linguist List"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44891",
"question": "what can the registration authority consider ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 246,
"text": "inviting public review and input on the requested change"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44892",
"question": "what is the list of the list of the owner of any list ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 344,
"text": "request notifications of change requests for particular regions or language families"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44893",
"question": "what is the purpose of comments ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 541,
"text": "a change request may be withdrawn or promoted to \"candidate status\""
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Three months prior to the end of an annual review cycle (typically in September), an announcement is set to the LINGUIST discussion list and other lists regarding Candidate Status Change Requests. All requests remain open for review and comment through the end of the annual review cycle.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44894",
"question": "what is an example of a announcement for the linguist discussion list ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 163,
"text": "Candidate Status Change Requests"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Decisions are announced at the end of the annual review cycle (typically in January). At that time, requests may be adopted in whole or in part, amended and carried forward into the next review cycle, or rejected. Rejections often include suggestions on how to modify proposals for resubmission. A public archive of every change request is maintained along with the decisions taken and the rationale for the decisions.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44895",
"question": "when was the annual review cycle announced ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 76,
"text": "January"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44896",
"question": "what do suggestions on how to modify proposals ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 282,
"text": "resubmission"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Linguists Morey, Post and Friedman raise various criticisms of ISO 639, and in particular ISO 639-3:",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44897",
"question": "who raise various iso 639 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "Linguists Morey, Post and Friedman"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44898",
"question": "what did friedman believe friedman raise ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 63,
"text": "ISO 639"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44899",
"question": "what is the name of the iso 639 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 90,
"text": "ISO 639-3"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "\nMartin Haspelmath agrees with four of these points, but not the point about language change. He disagrees because any account of a language requires identifying it, and we can easily identify different stages of a language. He suggests that linguists may prefer to use a codification that is made at the languoid level since \u201cit rarely matters to linguists whether what they are talking about is a language, a dialect or a close-knit family of languages.\u201d He also questions whether an ISO standard for language identification is appropriate since ISO is an industrial organization, while he views language documentation and nomenclature as a scientific endeavor. He cites the original need for standardized language identifiers as having been \u201cthe economic significance of translation and software localization,\u201d for which purposes the ISO 639-1 and 639-2 standards were established. But he raises doubts about industry need for the comprehensive coverage provided by ISO 639-3, including as it does \u201clittle-known languages of small communities that are never or hardly used in writing and that are often in danger of extinction\u201d.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44900",
"question": "who agrees with four of these points ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 1,
"text": "Martin Haspelmath"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44901",
"question": "what was the name of the iso iso force ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 969,
"text": "ISO 639-3"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "",
"qas": []
}
],
"title": "ISO 639-3"
},
{
"paragraphs": [
{
"context": "The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP (abbreviation for Grand Old Party), is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution. Founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854, the Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44902",
"question": "what is the name of the republican party ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 72,
"text": "Grand Old Party"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44903",
"question": "what is the name of the rival party ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 203,
"text": "the Democratic Party"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44904",
"question": "what is the dominant value during the american revolution ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 250,
"text": "republicanism"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44905",
"question": "in what year was the anti-slavery activists founded ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 396,
"text": "1854"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "There have been 19 Republican presidents, the first being Abraham Lincoln, who served from 1861 to 1865, when he was assassinated, and the most recent being George W. Bush, who served from 2001 to 2009. The President-elect of the United States, businessman Donald Trump of New York, will become the 19th Republican president on January 20, 2017.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44906",
"question": "how many republican presidents have been assassinated ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 16,
"text": "19"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44907",
"question": "what was the name of the first being assassinated ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 58,
"text": "Abraham Lincoln"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44908",
"question": "when did lincoln die ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 91,
"text": "1861 to 1865"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44909",
"question": "what was the name of the most recent being abraham lincoln ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 157,
"text": "George W. Bush"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44910",
"question": "when did george w. bush begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 189,
"text": "2001 to 2009"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44911",
"question": "who will become the 19th republican president ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 257,
"text": "Donald Trump of New York"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44912",
"question": "when was the 19th republican president ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 328,
"text": "January 20, 2017"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Republican Party's current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats' modern liberalism. The Republican Party's platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to economic themes there are important social-conservative policies (particularly opposition to abortion and same-sex marriage), and traditional values, usually with a Judeo-Christian ethical foundation. Once dominant in the Northeast and Midwest, the party's core support now comes from the South as well as conservative Catholics and evangelicals in the South and across the country.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44913",
"question": "what is the name of the republican party 's current ideology ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 43,
"text": "American conservatism"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44914",
"question": "what type of foundation is traditional values ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 491,
"text": "Judeo-Christian ethical foundation"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44915",
"question": "where is the core support of the party ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 548,
"text": "Northeast and Midwest"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In the 114th United States Congress, Republicans have their largest majority in the House of Representatives since the 1928 election and a majority of seats in the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures. Specifically, 68 out of 98 partisan state legislative chambers have Republican majorities.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44916",
"question": "where does republicans have their largest majority in the house of representatives ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 7,
"text": "114th United States Congress"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44917",
"question": "in what year did republicans have their largest majority in the house of representatives ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 119,
"text": "1928"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44918",
"question": "how many partisan chambers are there ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 259,
"text": "68 out of 98 partisan state legislative chambers have Republican majorities"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "According to CBS news, \"The Republican National Committee says the acronym \"GOP\" dates back to 1875, at which time it meant 'Gallant Old Party'.\"",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44919",
"question": "what does cbs news mean ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 24,
"text": "The Republican National Committee says the acronym \"GOP\" dates back to 1875"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44920",
"question": "what did the republican national committee call the acronym `` gop '' ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 125,
"text": "Gallant Old Party"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Founded in the Northern states in 1854 by anti-slavery activists, modernizers, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers, the Republican Party quickly became the principal opposition to the dominant Democratic Party and the briefly popular Know Nothing Party. The main cause was opposition to the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil. The first public meeting of the general \"anti-Nebraska\" movement where the name \"Republican\" was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20, 1854 in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was partly chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jefferson's Republican Party.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44921",
"question": "when was the northern states founded ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 34,
"text": "1854"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44922",
"question": "what was the name of the republican party that founded the dominant democratic party ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 93,
"text": "ex-Free Soilers"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44923",
"question": "what was the name of the briefly popular in the northern states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 228,
"text": "Know Nothing Party"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44924",
"question": "which act repealed the missouri of missouri ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 285,
"text": "Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44925",
"question": "when was the first public meeting held ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 605,
"text": "March 20, 1854"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44926",
"question": "where was the first public party held ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 640,
"text": "Ripon, Wisconsin"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44927",
"question": "who was partly chosen to pay homage to homage ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 702,
"text": "Thomas Jefferson's Republican Party"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The first official party convention was held on July 6, 1854, in Jackson, Michigan. By 1858, the Republicans dominated nearly all Northern states.The Republican Party first came to power in the elections of 1860 when it won control of both houses of Congress and its candidate, Abraham Lincoln, was elected president. It oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861\u20131877.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44928",
"question": "when was the first official party convention held ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 48,
"text": "July 6, 1854"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44929",
"question": "in what year did the republican party begin to power in the elections of 1860 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 87,
"text": "1858"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44930",
"question": "in what year did the republicans lose control of congress ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 207,
"text": "1860"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44931",
"question": "who was elected president of lincoln ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 278,
"text": "Abraham Lincoln"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Republicans' initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest. With the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John\u00a0C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44932",
"question": "where was the republicans ' initial base ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 37,
"text": "the Northeast and the upper Midwest"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44933",
"question": "what system was the strong run of john c. parties ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 124,
"text": "Third Party System"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44934",
"question": "who was the strong run of the third party system ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 162,
"text": "John\u00a0C. Fremont"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44935",
"question": "in what year did the presidential election begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 185,
"text": "1856"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan \"free labor, free land, free men\", which had been coined by Salmon\u00a0P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio (and future Secretary of the Treasury and Chief Justice of the United States). \"Free labor\" referred to the Republican opposition to slave labor and belief in independent artisans and businessmen. \"Free land\" referred to Republican opposition to the plantation system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land, leaving the yeoman independent farmers the leftovers. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power and the expansion of freedom.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44936",
"question": "when was the slogan `` free labor , free men '' reflected ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 47,
"text": "1856"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44937",
"question": "what was the name of the slogan that salmon in the 1856 slogan ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 60,
"text": "free labor, free land, free men"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44938",
"question": "what was the senator from ohio called ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 119,
"text": "Salmon\u00a0P. Chase"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44939",
"question": "what was the senator from ohio ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 168,
"text": "Secretary of the Treasury and Chief Justice of the United States"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44940",
"question": "what was the name of the farmers that could be used to buy the good farm land ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 493,
"text": "yeoman independent farmers the leftovers"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War and over Reconstruction. In the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44941",
"question": "when did lincoln win the republican nomination ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 88,
"text": "1860"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44942",
"question": "when did the party destroying slavery ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 219,
"text": "American Civil War and over Reconstruction"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44943",
"question": "in what year did the party united with war democrats take place ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 282,
"text": "1864"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44944",
"question": "what was the name of the war that the party united states united with ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 303,
"text": "War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The party's success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s. Those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the spoils system; the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883.\nThe Republican Party supported business generally, hard money (i.e.,\u00a0the gold standard), high tariffs to promote economic growth, high wages and high profits, generous pensions for Union veterans, and (after\u00a01893) the annexation of Hawaii. The Republicans supported the pietistic Protestants who demanded Prohibition. As the northern post-bellum economy boomed with heavy and light industry, railroads, mines, fast-growing cities and prosperous agriculture, the Republicans took credit and promoted policies to sustain the fast growth.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44945",
"question": "who was the president of the corruption ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 205,
"text": "President Ulysses S. Grant"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44946",
"question": "what was the name of the presidency that was ran by president ulysses ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 236,
"text": "Horace Greeley"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44947",
"question": "who led the civil service in 1883 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 346,
"text": "Chester A. Arthur"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44948",
"question": "in what year did the civil service take place ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 406,
"text": "1883"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Nevertheless, by 1890 the Republicans had agreed to the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Interstate Commerce Commission in response to complaints from owners of small businesses and farmers. The high McKinley Tariff of 1890 hurt the party and the Democrats swept to a landslide in the off-year elections, even defeating McKinley himself.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44949",
"question": "in what year did the republicans antitrust the sherman antitrust act ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 17,
"text": "1890"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44950",
"question": "who did the republicans want to agreed with ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 56,
"text": "Sherman Antitrust Act and the Interstate Commerce Commission"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44951",
"question": "what hurt the party and the democrats ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 197,
"text": "McKinley Tariff of 1890"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44952",
"question": "what was the name of the party that hurt the party ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 317,
"text": "McKinley himself"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "After the two terms of Democrat Grover Cleveland, the election of William McKinley in 1896 is widely seen as a resurgence of Republican dominance and is sometimes cited as a realigning election. McKinley promised that high tariffs would end the severe hardship caused by the Panic of 1893, and that Republicans would guarantee a sort of pluralism in which all groups would benefit.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44953",
"question": "who was the two terms of democrat william mckinley ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 32,
"text": "Grover Cleveland"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44954",
"question": "who was the election of grover ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 66,
"text": "William McKinley"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44955",
"question": "in what year did william mckinley die ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 86,
"text": "1896"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44956",
"question": "what was the resurgence of william mckinley in 1896 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 125,
"text": "Republican dominance"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44957",
"question": "when did mckinley promised high tariffs ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 271,
"text": "the Panic of 1893"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The 1896 realignment cemented the Republicans as the party of big business, while Theodore Roosevelt added more small business support by his embrace of trust busting. He handpicked his successor William Howard Taft in 1908, but they became enemies on economic issues. Defeated by Taft for the 1912 nomination, Roosevelt bolted the party and led the third party ticket of the Progressive Party. The Republicans returned to the White House throughout the 1920s, running on platforms of normalcy, business-oriented efficiency, and high tariffs. The national party avoided the prohibition issue after it became law in 1920.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44958",
"question": "who added more small business support in the trust ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 82,
"text": "Theodore Roosevelt"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44959",
"question": "what was the name of the successor that roosevelt handpicked in 1908 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 196,
"text": "William Howard Taft"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44960",
"question": "when did william howard taft die ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 219,
"text": "1908"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44961",
"question": "when did the national party become law ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 615,
"text": "1920"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover were resoundingly elected in 1920, 1924, and 1928 respectively. The Teapot Dome scandal threatened to hurt the party but Harding died and Coolidge blamed everything on him, as the opposition splintered in 1924. The pro-business policies of the decade seemed to produce an unprecedented prosperity until the Wall Street Crash of 1929 heralded the Great Depression.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44962",
"question": "in what year did the opposition splintered scandal take place ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 259,
"text": "1924"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44963",
"question": "what event heralded the great depression ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 361,
"text": "Wall Street Crash of 1929"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The New Deal coalition of Democrat Franklin\u00a0D. Roosevelt controlled American politics for most of the next three decades, excepting the two-term presidency of Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower. Blacks moved into the Democratic Party during the New Deal era; they could vote in the North but not in the South. After Roosevelt took office in 1933, New Deal legislation sailed through Congress and the economy moved sharply upward from its nadir in early 1933. However, long-term unemployment remained a drag until 1940. In the 1934 midterm elections, 10 Republican senators went down to defeat, leaving them with only 25 against 71 Democrats. The House of Representatives likewise had overwhelming Democratic majorities.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44964",
"question": "who was the presidency of republican politics ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 170,
"text": "Dwight D. Eisenhower"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44965",
"question": "in what year did roosevelt become office of office ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 338,
"text": "1933"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44966",
"question": "how many people died in the 1934 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 614,
"text": "25 against 71 Democrats"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Republican Party split into a majority \"Old Right\" (based in the Midwest) and a liberal wing based in the Northeast that supported much of the New Deal. The Old Right sharply attacked the \"Second New Deal\" and said it represented class warfare and socialism. Roosevelt was reelected in a landslide in 1936 but everything went awry in his second term, as the economy plunged, strikes soared, and FDR failed to take control of the Supreme Court or to purge the Southern conservatives in the Democratic party. Republicans made a major comeback in the 1938 elections, and had new rising stars such as Robert A. Taft of Ohio on the right and Thomas E. Dewey of New York on the left. Southern conservatives joined with most Republicans to form the conservative coalition, which dominated domestic issues in Congress until 1964. Both parties split on foreign policy issues, with the anti-war isolationists dominant in the Republican Party and the interventionists who wanted to stop Hitler dominant in the Democratic party. Roosevelt won a third and fourth term in 1940 and 1944. Conservatives abolished most of the New Deal during the war, but did not attempt to reverse Social Security or the agencies that regulated business.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44967",
"question": "what did the old right sharply ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 193,
"text": "Second New Deal"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44968",
"question": "when was roosevelt reelected in a landslide ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 305,
"text": "1936"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44969",
"question": "when did roosevelt win a third and fourth term ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 1062,
"text": "1940 and 1944"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Historian George H. Nash argues:\nUnlike the \"moderate\", internationalist, largely eastern bloc of Republicans who accepted (or at least acquiesced in) some of the \"Roosevelt Revolution\" and the essential premises of President Truman's foreign policy, the Republican Right at heart was counterrevolutionary, anticollectivist, anti-Communist, anti-New Deal, passionately committed to limited government, free market economics, and congressional (as opposed to executive) prerogatives, the G.O.P. conservatives were obliged from the start to wage a constant two-front war: against liberal Democrats from without and \"me-too\" Republicans from within.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44970",
"question": "what was the name of the revolution george h. nash ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 164,
"text": "Roosevelt Revolution"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44971",
"question": "what did george h. nash want to wage ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 539,
"text": "wage a constant two-front war"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Democrats elected majorities to Congress almost continuously after 1932 (the GOP won only in 1946 and 1952), but the Conservative Coalition blocked practically all major liberal proposals in domestic policy. After 1945, the internationalist wing of the GOP cooperated with Harry Truman's Cold War foreign policy, funded the Marshall Plan, and supported NATO, despite the continued isolationism of the Old Right.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44972",
"question": "when did the democrats elected majorities ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 71,
"text": "1932"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44973",
"question": "in what years did the gop of the democrats win majorities ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 97,
"text": "1946 and 1952"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44974",
"question": "after what year did the marshall islands end ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 218,
"text": "1945"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44975",
"question": "what was the name of the plan that supported nato ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 328,
"text": "Marshall Plan"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The second half of the 20th century saw election or succession of Republican presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush. Eisenhower had defeated conservative leader Senator Robert A. Taft for the 1952 nomination, but conservatives dominated the domestic policies of the Eisenhower Administration. Voters liked Ike much more than they liked the GOP, and he proved unable to shift the party to a more moderate position. After 1970, the liberal wing began to fade away.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44976",
"question": "who was eisenhower 's conservative leader ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 227,
"text": "Robert A. Taft"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44977",
"question": "when did the liberal wing begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 478,
"text": "1970"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Ever since he left office in 1989, Reagan has been the iconic conservative Republican; and Republican presidential candidates frequently claim to share his views and aim to establish themselves and their policies as the more appropriate heir to his legacy. In 1994, the Party, led by House Minority Whip Newt Gingrich campaigning on the \"Contract with America\", was elected to majorities to both houses of Congress in the Republican Revolution. However, Gingrich was unable to deliver on most of its promises, and after the impeachment and acquittal of President Bill Clinton in 1998 and 1999, and subsequent Republican losses in the House, he resigned. Since Reagan's day, presidential elections have been close. However, the Republican presidential candidate won a majority of the popular vote only in 2004, while coming in second in 1992, 1996, 2000, 2008, 2012 and 2016.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44978",
"question": "when did reagan join office ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 29,
"text": "1989"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44979",
"question": "in what year did newt gingrich campaigning on the `` contract with america '' ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 260,
"text": "1994"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44980",
"question": "who led the party in 1994 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 284,
"text": "House Minority Whip Newt Gingrich"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Senate majority lasted until 2001, when the Senate became split evenly but was regained in the 2002 elections. Both Republican majorities in the House and Senate were held until the Democrats regained control in the mid-term elections of 2006. The Republican Party has since been defined by social conservatism, a preemptive war foreign policy intended to defeat terrorism and promote global democracy, a more powerful executive branch, supply side economics, support for gun ownership, and deregulation.\nIn the Presidential election of 2008, the party's nominees were Senator John McCain, of Arizona, for President and Alaska Governor Sarah Palin for Vice President. They were defeated by Senator Barack Obama of Illinois and Senator Joe Biden of Delaware. In 2009, Republicans Chris Christie and Bob McDonnell were elected to the governorships of New Jersey and Virginia.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44981",
"question": "in what year did the senate become split ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 33,
"text": "2001"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44982",
"question": "who defined the republican party ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 295,
"text": "social conservatism"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "2010 was a year of electoral success for the Republicans, starting with the upset win of Scott Brown in the Massachusetts special Senate election for the seat held for many decades by the Democratic Kennedy brothers. In the November elections, Republicans recaptured control of the House, increased their number of seats in the Senate, and gained a majority of governorships. Additionally, Republicans took control of at least 19 Democratic-controlled state legislatures.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44983",
"question": "who was the upset of the democratic kennedy election ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 89,
"text": "Scott Brown"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44984",
"question": "who held scott brown in 2010 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 184,
"text": "the Democratic Kennedy brothers"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44985",
"question": "what was the control of republicans 's control ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 427,
"text": "19 Democratic-controlled state legislatures"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In the Presidential election of 2012, the Republican nominees were former Governor Mitt Romney of Massachusetts for President, and Representative Paul Ryan of Wisconsin for Vice President. The Democrats nominated incumbents Barack Obama and Joe Biden. The campaign focused largely on the Affordable Care Act and President Obama's stewardship of the economy, with the country facing high unemployment numbers and a rising national debt four years after his first election. Romney and Ryan were defeated by Obama and Biden. In addition, in the November congressional elections, while Republicans lost 7 seats in the House, they retained control. However, Republicans were not able to gain control of the Senate, continuing their minority status with a net loss of 2 seats.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44986",
"question": "who were the republican nominees in the presidential election ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 74,
"text": "Governor Mitt Romney of Massachusetts for President, and Representative Paul Ryan of Wisconsin for Vice President"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44987",
"question": "who did the democrats nominated ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 224,
"text": "Barack Obama and Joe Biden"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44988",
"question": "what did the campaign focused on ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 288,
"text": "Affordable Care Act and President Obama's stewardship of the economy"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44989",
"question": "how did the country respond to the economy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 363,
"text": "the country facing high unemployment numbers and a rising national debt four years after his first election"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44990",
"question": "who defeated romney ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 505,
"text": "Obama and Biden"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "After the 2014 midterm elections the Republican Party took control of the Senate by gaining nine seats. With a final total of 247 seats (56.8%) in the House and 54 seats in the Senate, the Republicans ultimately achieved their largest majority in the U.S. Congress since the 71st Congress in 1929.\nAfter the 2016 elections, Republicans maintained a majority in the Senate, House, Governorships, and elected Donald Trump as President. The Republican Party is set to control 69 of 99 state legislative chambers in 2017, the most it has held in history, and at least 33 governorships, the most it has held since 1922. The party will have total control of government (legislative chambers and governorship) in at least 25 states, while the opposing Democratic Party will have full control in five states.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44991",
"question": "how many seats were there in the house ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 126,
"text": "247 seats"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44992",
"question": "what percentage of seats in the house were the final majority in the house ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 137,
"text": "56.8%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "For most of the post-World War II era, Republicans had little presence at the state legislative level. This trend began to reverse in the late 1990s, with Republicans increasing their state legislative presence and taking control of state legislatures in the south, which had begun to vote for Republican presidential candidates decades earlier but had retained Democrats in the legislatures. From 2004 to 2014, the Republican State Leadership Committee (RSLC) raised over $140 million targeted to state legislature races while the Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee (DLSC) raised less than half that during that time period. Following the 2014 midterm elections, Republicans control 68 of 98 partisan state legislative houses, the most in the party's history, and have control of both the governorship and state legislatures in 24 states, as opposed to only 7 states with Democratic governors and state legislatures. According to a January 2015 poll by Pew Research, 41% of Americans view the Republicans favorably while 46% view the Democrats favorably.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44993",
"question": "who raised over $ 140 million targeted to state legislature ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 416,
"text": "Republican State Leadership Committee"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44994",
"question": "how much did the republican state leadership pay to state legislature ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 473,
"text": "$140 million"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44995",
"question": "what was the name of the committee that raised less than half that raised less than half that time period ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 532,
"text": "Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44996",
"question": "what percentage of americans view the republicans favorably ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 975,
"text": "41%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44997",
"question": "what percentage of the democrats favorably view the democrats favorably ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 1029,
"text": "46%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "With the inauguration of Republican George W. Bush as President, the Republican Party remained fairly cohesive for much of the two-thousands, as both strong economic libertarians and social conservatives opposed the Democrats, whom they saw as the party of bloated and more secular, liberal government. The Bush-era rise of what were known as \"pro-government conservatives\", a core part of the President's base, meant that a considerable group of the Republicans advocated for increased government spending and greater regulations covering both the economy and people's personal lives as well as for an activist, interventionist foreign policy. Survey groups such as the Pew Research Center found that social conservatives and free-market advocates remained the other two main groups within the party's coalition of support, with all three being roughly of the same number.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "44998",
"question": "who was president of the republican party ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 25,
"text": "Republican George W. Bush"
}
]
},
{
"id": "44999",
"question": "what was the name of the core part of the president ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 344,
"text": "pro-government conservatives"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45000",
"question": "what was the name of the activist that the activist were known as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 613,
"text": "interventionist foreign policy"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "However, libertarians and libertarian-leaning conservatives increasingly found fault with what they saw as Republicans' restricting of vital civil liberties while corporate welfare and the national debt hiked considerably under Bush's tenure. For example, Doug Bandow, former Special Assistant to President Ronald Reagan, criticized in \"The American Conservative\" how many Republican defenders of Bush thought that opposition to any Bush \"decision is treason\" as well as how many Bush defenders charged \"critics with a lack of patriotism\". In contrast, some social conservatives expressed dissatisfaction with the party's support for economic policies that they saw as sometimes in conflict with their moral values.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45001",
"question": "who found fault with republicans ' restricting civil liberties ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 9,
"text": "libertarians and libertarian-leaning conservatives"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45002",
"question": "who was the former special assistant to president ronald reagan ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 256,
"text": "Doug Bandow"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45003",
"question": "who was former special assistant to bush ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 297,
"text": "President Ronald Reagan"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In March 2013, National Committee Chairman Reince Priebus gave a stinging report on the party's failures in 2012, calling on Republicans to reinvent themselves and officially endorse immigration reform. He said, \"There's no one reason we lost. Our message was weak; our ground game was insufficient; we weren't inclusive; we were behind in both data and digital; and our primary and debate process needed improvement.\" He proposed 219 reforms that included a $10 million marketing campaign to reach women, minorities and gays as well as setting a shorter, more controlled primary season and creating better data collection facilities.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45004",
"question": "who gave a report on the party 's failures ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 15,
"text": "National Committee Chairman Reince Priebus"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45005",
"question": "in what year was the report on the party 's failures passed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 108,
"text": "2012"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45006",
"question": "what did the chairman of the party 's failures use ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 125,
"text": "Republicans to reinvent themselves and officially endorse immigration reform"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45007",
"question": "what did he say about the chairman of we lost ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 213,
"text": "There's no one reason we lost"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45008",
"question": "how much did he pay to reach women ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 459,
"text": "$10 million"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "With a majority of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents under the age of 49 supporting legal recognition of same-sex marriages versus the opposition remaining from those over 50, the issue remains a particular divide within the Party. Former House Speaker Newt Gingrich has remarked that the \"Party is going to be torn on this issue\" with some constituents \"going to flake off\". A Reuters/Ipsos survey from April 2015 found that 68% of Americans overall would attend the same-sex wedding of a loved one, with 56% of Republicans agreeing. Reuters journalist Jeff Mason remarked that \"Republicans who stake out strong opposition to gay marriage could be on shaky political ground if their ultimate goal is to win the White House\" given the divide between the social conservative stalwarts and the rest of the U.S. that opposes them.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45009",
"question": "what are the majority of the same-sex marriages ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 19,
"text": "Republicans and Republican-leaning independents"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45010",
"question": "how many republicans supporting legal recognition ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 84,
"text": "49"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45011",
"question": "what percentage of americans overall would attend the same-sex wedding ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 440,
"text": "68%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45012",
"question": "what percentage of republicans agreeing the same-sex wedding ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 520,
"text": "56%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45013",
"question": "who wrote that republicans who stake out strong opposition to gay marriage ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 568,
"text": "Jeff Mason"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Republican candidate for President in 2012, Mitt Romney, lost to incumbent President Barack Obama, the fifth time in six elections the Republican candidate received fewer votes than his Democratic counterpart. In the aftermath of the loss, some prominent Republicans spoke out against their own party; for example, 1996 Republican Presidential candidate and longtime former Senator Bob Dole said, \"today's GOP members are too conservative and overly partisan. They ought to put a sign on the National Committee doors that says closed for repairs\". Former Senator Olympia Snowe of Maine stated as well that she was in agreement with Dole. Former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs (under George H.W. Bush) and former Secretary of State (under George W. Bush) Colin Powell remarked that the GOP has \"a dark vein of intolerance in some parts of the party\", commenting about the birther movement \"[w]hy do senior Republican leaders tolerate this kind of discussion within the party?\" and \"I think the party has to take a look at itself.\" The CRNC released a report in June 2013 that was highly critical of the party, being titled \"Grand Old Party for a Brand New Generation\".",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45014",
"question": "who was the republican candidate for president in 2012 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 48,
"text": "Mitt Romney"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45015",
"question": "who was the president of romney in 2012 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 79,
"text": "President Barack Obama"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45016",
"question": "what was the fifth time in 2012 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 121,
"text": "six elections the Republican candidate received fewer votes than his Democratic counterpart"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45017",
"question": "in what year was the republican presidential candidate said that republicans was too conservative ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 319,
"text": "1996"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45018",
"question": "who former chairman of the joint chiefs ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 685,
"text": "George H.W. Bush"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "\"Note: When \"in the Electoral College\" is mentioned that means that while the Republicans secured a victory in the Electoral College, they did not receive the most popular votes.\"",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45019",
"question": "what did the republicans say about `` in the electoral college '' ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 74,
"text": "the Republicans secured a victory in the Electoral College"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45020",
"question": "what did the republicans do in the electoral college ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 134,
"text": "they did not receive the most popular votes"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The party's founding members chose the name \"Republican Party\" in the mid-1850s as homage to the values of republicanism promoted by Thomas Jefferson's Republican party. The idea for the name came from an editorial by the party's leading publicist, Horace Greeley, who called for, \"some simple name like 'Republican' [that] would more fitly designate those who had united to restore the Union to its true mission of champion and promulgator of Liberty rather than propagandist of slavery\". The name reflects the 1776 republican values of civic virtue and opposition to aristocracy and corruption. It is important to note that \"republican\" has a variety of meanings around the world, and the U.S. Republican Party has evolved such that the meanings no longer always align.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45021",
"question": "what was the name of the name given to the party 's founding members ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 45,
"text": "Republican Party"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45022",
"question": "who promoted the republican party 's name ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 133,
"text": "Thomas Jefferson's Republican party"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45023",
"question": "who was the party 's leading name for the union ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 249,
"text": "Horace Greeley"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The term \"Grand Old Party\" is a traditional nickname for the Republican Party, and the abbreviation \"GOP\" is a commonly used designation. The term originated in 1875 in the \"Congressional Record\", referring to the party associated with the successful military defense of the Union as \"this gallant old party\"; the following year in an article in the \"Cincinnati Commercial\", the term was modified to \"grand old party\". The first use of the abbreviation is dated 1884.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45024",
"question": "what is a traditional nickname for the republican party ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 10,
"text": "Grand Old Party"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45025",
"question": "when was the term congressional originated ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 161,
"text": "1875"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45026",
"question": "what was the name of the term `` cincinnati commercial '' ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 401,
"text": "grand old party"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45027",
"question": "what is the first use of the abbreviation of the abbreviation ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 462,
"text": "1884"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The traditional mascot of the party is the elephant. A political cartoon by Thomas Nast, published in \"Harper's Weekly\" on November 7, 1874, is considered the first important use of the symbol. In the early 20th century, the usual symbol of the Republican Party in Midwestern states such as Indiana and Ohio was the bald eagle, as opposed to the Democratic rooster.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45028",
"question": "what is the traditional mascot of the party ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 43,
"text": "elephant"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45029",
"question": "who wrote the first important use of the symbol ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 76,
"text": "Thomas Nast"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45030",
"question": "where was thomas nast published ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 103,
"text": "Harper's Weekly\""
}
]
},
{
"id": "45031",
"question": "when was thomas nast published ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 123,
"text": "November 7, 1874"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45032",
"question": "what was the bald eagle ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 291,
"text": "Indiana and Ohio"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45033",
"question": "what was indiana and ohio 's name ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 316,
"text": "bald eagle"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Traditionally the party had no consistent color identity. After the 2000 election, the color red became associated with Republicans. That election night, for the first time, all of the major broadcast networks used the same color scheme for the electoral map: states won by Republican nominee George W. Bush were colored red, and states won by Democratic nominee Al Gore were colored blue. Although the assignment of colors to political parties is unofficial and informal, the media has come to represent the respective political parties using these colors. The party and its candidates have also come to embrace the color red.\nRepublicans strongly believe that free markets and individual achievement are the primary factors behind economic prosperity. To this end, they advocate in favor of fiscal conservatism, and the elimination of government run welfare programs in favor of private sector nonprofits and encouraging personal responsibility.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45034",
"question": "what was the name of the republican nominee in the electoral map ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 293,
"text": "George W. Bush were colored red"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45035",
"question": "what were the states won by george w. bush ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 344,
"text": "Democratic nominee Al Gore were colored blue"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Modern Republicans advocate the theory of supply side economics, which holds that lower tax rates increase economic growth. Many Republicans oppose higher tax rates for higher earners, which they believe are unfairly targeted at those who create jobs and wealth. They believe private spending is more efficient than government spending.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45036",
"question": "what does modern republicans advocate ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 42,
"text": "supply side economics"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45037",
"question": "what does the theory of supply side economics require ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 82,
"text": "lower tax rates increase economic growth"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45038",
"question": "what do republicans oppose higher tax rates for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 169,
"text": "higher earners"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45039",
"question": "what do many republicans believe republicans oppose ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 208,
"text": "unfairly targeted at those who create jobs and wealth"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Republicans believe individuals should take responsibility for their own circumstances. They believe the private sector is more effective in helping the poor than government is and that social assistance programs often cause government dependency. Some agree there should be some \"safety net\" to assist the less fortunate, while limiting it to encourage employment and monitoring it to reduce abuse.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45040",
"question": "what does republicans say about their circumstances ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "Republicans believe individuals should take responsibility for their own circumstances"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45041",
"question": "what is the private sector of the private sector ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 186,
"text": "social assistance programs often cause government dependency"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45042",
"question": "what do some agree there do ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 281,
"text": "safety net\" to assist the less fortunate"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45043",
"question": "why do some agree to reduce the less fortunate fortunate net ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 329,
"text": "limiting it to encourage employment and monitoring it to reduce abuse"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The party promotes free trade agreements, most notably North American Free Trade Agreement, although some have a protectionist view of trade.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45044",
"question": "what type of agreement did the party support ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 55,
"text": "North American Free Trade Agreement"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Republicans believe corporations should be able to establish their own employment practices, including benefits and wages, with the free market deciding the value of work. Since the 1920s Republicans have generally been opposed by labor union organizations and members. At the national level Republicans supported the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947, which gives workers the right not to participate in unions. Modern Republicans at the state level generally support various \"right to work\" laws that weaken unions.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45045",
"question": "who opposed republicans since the 1920s ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 231,
"text": "labor union organizations and members"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45046",
"question": "what act did the national level republicans support ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 318,
"text": "Taft-Hartley Act of 1947"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45047",
"question": "what does the act of 1947 do ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 350,
"text": "gives workers the right not to participate in unions"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45048",
"question": "what does modern republicans support ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 469,
"text": "right to work\" laws that weaken unions"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Most Republicans are opposed to increases in the minimum wage, believing that such increases hurt many businesses by forcing them to cut and outsource jobs and pass costs along to consumers.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45049",
"question": "what are most republicans opposed to ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 32,
"text": "increases in the minimum wage"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45050",
"question": "what do most republicans increases ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 83,
"text": "increases hurt many businesses by forcing them to cut and outsource jobs and pass costs along to consumers"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The party opposes a government-run single-payer health care system, claiming such a system constitutes socialized medicine. While opposed to the Affordable Care Act and its requirement to buy insurance, many Republicans support some of its provisions, such as laws promoting coverage of pre-existing medical conditions. The Republican Party has a mixed record of supporting the historically popular Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid programs.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45051",
"question": "what does the party party provide ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 18,
"text": "a government-run single-payer health care system"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45052",
"question": "what does the health care system provide ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 82,
"text": "a system constitutes socialized medicine"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45053",
"question": "what is the name of the act opposed to the insurance act ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 145,
"text": "Affordable Care Act and its requirement to buy insurance"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45054",
"question": "why do republicans support some of its provisions ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 260,
"text": "laws promoting coverage of pre-existing medical conditions"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45055",
"question": "what are the mixed record of the republican party ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 399,
"text": "Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid programs"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Many contemporary Republicans voice support of strict constructionism, the judicial philosophy that the Constitution should be interpreted as close to the original intent as is practicable. Most Republicans point to \"Roe v. Wade\", which legalized abortion nationwide, as a case of judicial activism. Republicans favor judicial restraint and have actively sought to block judges whom they see as being activist judges.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45056",
"question": "what is the name of the most republicans point ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 217,
"text": "Roe v. Wade"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Republicans believe in federalism, with limitations on federal authorities and a larger role for states. As such, they often take a less expansive reading of congressional power under the Commerce Clause.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45057",
"question": "what do republicans believe in federalism ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 55,
"text": "federal authorities and a larger role for states"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45058",
"question": "what is the name of the clause that republicans take a less expansive reading ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 188,
"text": "Commerce Clause"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Historically, progressive leaders in the Republican party supported environmental protection. Republican President Theodore Roosevelt was a prominent conservationist whose policies eventually led to the creation of the National Park Service. Republican President Richard Nixon was responsible for establishing the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970. However, this position has changed since the 1980s and the administration of President Ronald Reagan, who labeled environmental regulations a burden on the economy. Since then Republicans have increasingly taken positions against environmental regulation.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45059",
"question": "which republican president led to the creation of the national park service ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 115,
"text": "Theodore Roosevelt"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45060",
"question": "what was the name of the service that roosevelt was led to ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 219,
"text": "National Park Service"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45061",
"question": "who was responsible for the environmental protection agency ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 263,
"text": "Richard Nixon"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45062",
"question": "what was richard nixon responsible for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 314,
"text": "Environmental Protection Agency"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45063",
"question": "when was the environmental protection agency responsible ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 349,
"text": "1970"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45064",
"question": "who labeled environmental regulations ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 432,
"text": "President Ronald Reagan"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Since the 1990s, a significant part of the US conservative movement has worked to challenge climate science and climate policy. Republicans are divided over acknowledging the human causes of climate change and global warming. While the scientific consensus for human activity created climate-warming is around 97%, according to a Pew Research survey, 44% of American adults in the general public acknowledged human activity as the cause of climate change, and 23% of Republicans. Republican views on global warming and scientific consensus on climate change show a similar trend, and few Republican lawmakers support climate policy that builds on international consensus.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45065",
"question": "what are republicans divided over ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 191,
"text": "climate change and global warming"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45066",
"question": "what is the scientific consensus for human activity ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 310,
"text": "97%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45067",
"question": "what percentage of american adults in the general public acknowledged human activity ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 351,
"text": "44%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45068",
"question": "what percentage of republicans adults are the cause of climate change ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 460,
"text": "23%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In 2006 then California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger broke from Republican orthodoxy to sign several bills imposing caps on carbon emissions in California. George W. Bush, then U.S. President, opposed mandatory caps at a national level. Bush's decision not to regulate carbon dioxide as a pollutant was challenged in the supreme court by 12 states, with the court ruling against the Bush administration in 2007. Bush also publicly opposed ratification of the Kyoto Protocols which sought to limit greenhouse gas emissions and thereby combat climate change, a decision heavily criticized by climate scientists.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45069",
"question": "in what year did arnold schwarzenegger to sign several bills imposing caps on carbon emissions ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 3,
"text": "2006"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45070",
"question": "who was the governor of california in 2006 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 33,
"text": "Arnold Schwarzenegger"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45071",
"question": "who was the leader of u.s. president ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 158,
"text": "George W. Bush"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45072",
"question": "how many states challenged bush 's decision in the supreme court ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 340,
"text": "12"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Senator John McCain has also previously proposed laws regulating carbon emissions, such as the McCain-Lieberman Climate Stewardship Act, although his position on climate change is unusual among high-ranking party members. Some Republican candidates have supported development of alternative fuels in order to achieve energy independence for the US. The Republican party rejects cap-and-trade policy to limit carbon emissions. Some Republicans support increased oil drilling in protected areas such as the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, a position that has drawn criticism from activists.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45073",
"question": "what type of emissions did mccain have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 65,
"text": "carbon emissions"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45074",
"question": "what is the name of the act that john mccain has ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 95,
"text": "McCain-Lieberman Climate Stewardship Act"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45075",
"question": "who is the position of climate change on climate change ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 194,
"text": "high-ranking party members"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45076",
"question": "what is the name of the position that has drawn criticism of oil drilling ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 505,
"text": "Arctic National Wildlife Refuge"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Many Republicans during the Presidency of Barack Obama have opposed the president's new environmental regulations, such as those on carbon emissions from coal. In particular, many Republicans support building the Keystone Pipeline, which is supported by businesses but opposed by indigenous peoples' groups and environmental activists.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45077",
"question": "which presidency have opposed the president 's new environmental regulations ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 28,
"text": "Presidency of Barack Obama"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45078",
"question": "what is one of the new environmental regulations ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 132,
"text": "carbon emissions from coal"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45079",
"question": "what is the name of the building that is supported by indigenous peoples ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 213,
"text": "Keystone Pipeline"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45080",
"question": "who opposed the pipeline pipeline ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 280,
"text": "indigenous peoples' groups and environmental activists"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Republicans are divided on how to confront illegal immigration between a platform that allows for migrant workers and a path to citizenship (supported by establishment types), versus a position focused on securing the border and deporting illegal immigrants (supported by populists). In 2006, the White House supported and Republican-led Senate passed comprehensive immigration reform that would eventually allow millions of illegal immigrants to become citizens, but the House, also led by Republicans, did not advance the bill.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45081",
"question": "what are republicans divided on ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 34,
"text": "confront illegal immigration between a platform that allows for migrant workers and a path to citizenship"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45082",
"question": "what are the position of a platform ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 205,
"text": "securing the border and deporting illegal immigrants"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45083",
"question": "who supported deporting illegal immigrants ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 272,
"text": "populists"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45084",
"question": "in what year did the white house reform the bill ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 287,
"text": "2006"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "After the defeat in the 2012 presidential election, particularly among Latinos, several Republicans advocated a friendlier approach to immigrants. However, in 2016 the field of candidates took a sharp position against illegal immigration, with leading candidate Donald Trump proposing building a wall with Mexico and having Mexico pay for it.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45085",
"question": "in what year did the field of candidates take place ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 159,
"text": "2016"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45086",
"question": "what happened to the field of candidates in 2016 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 164,
"text": "the field of candidates took a sharp position against illegal immigration"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45087",
"question": "who wrote the wall with mexico city ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 262,
"text": "Donald Trump"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Proposals calling for immigration reform with a path to citizenship have attracted broad Republican support in some polls. In a 2013 poll 60% of Republicans supported the pathway concept.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45088",
"question": "what percentage of republicans supported the pathway concept ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 138,
"text": "60%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Some in the Republican Party support unilateralism on issues of national security, believing in the ability and right of the United States to act without external support in matters of its national defense. In general, Republican thinking on defense and international relations is heavily influenced by the theories of neorealism and realism, characterizing conflicts between nations as struggles between faceless forces of international structure, as opposed to being the result of the ideas and actions of individual leaders. The realist school's influence shows in Reagan's Evil Empire stance on the Soviet Union and George W. Bush's Axis of evil stance.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45089",
"question": "republican thinking is influenced by what ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 319,
"text": "neorealism and realism"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45090",
"question": "who did the realist school 's influence stance on ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 599,
"text": "the Soviet Union and George W. Bush's Axis of evil stance"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, many in the party have supported neoconservative policies with regard to the War on Terror, including the 2001 war in Afghanistan and the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The George W. Bush administration took the position that the Geneva Conventions do not apply to unlawful combatants, while other prominent Republicans strongly oppose the use of enhanced interrogation techniques, which they view as torture.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45091",
"question": "in what year did the attacks on the war occur ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 24,
"text": "2001"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45092",
"question": "what was the name of the war that caused the war on terror ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 140,
"text": "the 2001 war in Afghanistan and the 2003 invasion of Iraq"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45093",
"question": "what was the position of the george w. bush ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 256,
"text": "the Geneva Conventions do not apply to unlawful combatants"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45094",
"question": "what did the geneva w. bush strongly oppose ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 377,
"text": "enhanced interrogation techniques"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Republicans have frequently advocated for restricting foreign aid as a means of asserting the national security and immigration interests of the United States.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45095",
"question": "what have republicans frequently advocated for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 42,
"text": "restricting foreign aid"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45096",
"question": "what do republicans frequently advocated for restricting foreign aid ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 80,
"text": "asserting the national security and immigration interests of the United States"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Republican Party generally supports a strong alliance with Israel and efforts to secure peace in the Middle East between Israel and its Arab neighbors.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45097",
"question": "where did the republican party secure peace ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 105,
"text": "Middle East between Israel and its Arab neighbors"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "According to the 2016 platform, the republican principle on the status of Taiwan is that \"We oppose any unilateral steps by either side to alter the status quo in the Taiwan Straits on the principle that all issues regarding the island's future must be resolved peacefully, through dialogue, and be agreeable to the people of Taiwan.\" In addition, if \"China were to violate those principles, the United States, in accord with the Taiwan Relations Act, will help Taiwan defend itself.\"",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45098",
"question": "what is the republican principle on the status of taiwan ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 90,
"text": "We oppose any unilateral steps by either side to alter the status quo in the Taiwan Straits on the principle that all issues regarding the island's future must be resolved peacefully, through dialogue, and be agreeable to the people of Taiwan"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45099",
"question": "what did the united states act with the taiwan relations with ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 426,
"text": "the Taiwan Relations Act, will help Taiwan defend itself"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In a 2014 poll 59% of Republicans favored doing less abroad and focusing on the country's own problems instead.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45100",
"question": "what percentage of republicans favored less abroad and focusing on the country ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 15,
"text": "59%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Republican Party is generally associated with social conservative policies, although it does have dissenting centrist and libertarian factions. The social conservatives want laws that uphold their traditional values, such as opposition to same-sex marriage, abortion, and marijuana. Most conservative Republicans also oppose gun control, affirmative action, and illegal immigration.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45101",
"question": "what is the republican party generally associated with ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 50,
"text": "social conservative policies"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45102",
"question": "what does the republican party have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 102,
"text": "dissenting centrist and libertarian factions"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45103",
"question": "what does the social conservatives have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 152,
"text": "social conservatives want laws that uphold their traditional values"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45104",
"question": "what are some of the traditional values of the social conservatives ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 229,
"text": "opposition to same-sex marriage, abortion, and marijuana"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45105",
"question": "what do most conservative republicans oppose ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 329,
"text": "gun control, affirmative action, and illegal immigration"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "A majority of the party's national and state candidates are pro-life and oppose elective abortion on religious or moral grounds. While many advocate exceptions in the case of incest, rape or the mother's life being at risk, in 2012, the party approved a platform advocating banning abortions without exception. They oppose government funding for abortions.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45106",
"question": "what are the majority of the party 's national and state candidates ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 60,
"text": "pro-life and oppose elective abortion on religious or moral grounds"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45107",
"question": "what is a platform ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 183,
"text": "rape or the mother's life being at risk"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45108",
"question": "when did the party approved a platform ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 227,
"text": "2012"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45109",
"question": "what happened to the party in 2012 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 233,
"text": "the party approved a platform advocating banning abortions without exception"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Although Republicans have voted for increases in government funding of scientific research, some members actively oppose the federal funding of embryonic stem cell research beyond the original lines because it involves the destruction of human embryos.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45110",
"question": "what do some members actively oppose ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 144,
"text": "embryonic stem cell research"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45111",
"question": "what do some members actively oppose ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 219,
"text": "the destruction of human embryos"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Republicans are generally against affirmative action for women and some minorities, often describing it as a 'quota system', and believing that it is not meritocratic and that it is counter-productive socially by only further promoting discrimination. Many Republicans support race-neutral admissions policies in universities, but support taking into account the socioeconomic status of the student.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45112",
"question": "who are republicans generally against ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 34,
"text": "affirmative action for women and some minorities"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45113",
"question": "what are republicans generally describing ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 107,
"text": "a 'quota system"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45114",
"question": "what do republicans believe republicans is not meritocratic ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 182,
"text": "counter-productive socially by only further promoting discrimination"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Republicans generally support gun ownership rights and oppose laws regulating guns.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45115",
"question": "what do republicans generally support ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 30,
"text": "gun ownership rights and oppose laws regulating guns"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Republicans have historically supported the War on Drugs, and oppose the legalization of drugs. More recently, several prominent Republicans have advocated for the reduction and reform of mandatory sentencing laws with regards to drugs.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45116",
"question": "what have republicans supported ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 40,
"text": "the War on Drugs, and oppose the legalization of drugs"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45117",
"question": "what do several republicans advocated for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 164,
"text": "reduction and reform of mandatory sentencing laws with regards to drugs"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Most Republicans support school choice through charter schools and school vouchers for private schools; many have denounced the performance of the public school system and the teachers' unions. The party has insisted on a system of greater accountability for public schools, most prominently in recent years with the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. Many Republicans, however, opposed the creation of the United States Department of Education when it was initially created in 1979.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45118",
"question": "what is one of the reasons for child schools ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 317,
"text": "No Child Left Behind Act of 2001"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45119",
"question": "when was the united states department of education initially created ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 477,
"text": "1979"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Owing largely to the prominence of the religious right in conservative politics in the United States, the Republican Party has taken positions regarded by many as outwardly hostile to the gay rights movement. Republicans have historically strongly opposed same-sex marriage (the party's overall attitude on civil unions is much more divided, with some in favor and others opposed), with the issue a galvanizing one that many believe helped George W. Bush win re-election in 2004. In both 2004 and 2006, congressional Republican leaders promoted the Federal Marriage Amendment, a proposed constitutional amendment which would legally restrict the definition of marriage to heterosexual couples. In both attempts, the amendment failed to secure enough votes to invoke cloture, and thus, ultimately was never passed. As more states legalized same-sex marriage in the 2010s, Republicans increasingly supported allowing each state to decide its own marriage policy. Since the Supreme Court legalized same-sex marriage nationwide in 2015, Republicans have taken a more muted stance, and the issue has lost much of its political potency.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45120",
"question": "what has the republican party taken positions by ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 163,
"text": "outwardly hostile to the gay rights movement"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45121",
"question": "what is the name of the believe that many believe that republicans have opposed same-sex marriage ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 440,
"text": "George W. Bush win re-election"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45122",
"question": "what was the name of the proposed constitutional amendment promoted by the congressional republican leaders ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 549,
"text": "Federal Marriage Amendment"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45123",
"question": "what was the federal marriage amendment ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 577,
"text": "a proposed constitutional amendment which would legally restrict the definition of marriage to heterosexual couples"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Republican Party platform opposed the inclusion of gay people in the military from 1992 to present.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45124",
"question": "when did the republican party platform the inclusion of gay people ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 87,
"text": "1992"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "LGBT groups within the Republican Party include the Log Cabin Republicans. A 2014 Pew Research poll indicated that 61% of millennial Republicans are in favor of same-sex marriage.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45125",
"question": "what is the name of the lgbt groups ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 52,
"text": "Log Cabin Republicans"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45126",
"question": "what percentage of millennial republicans are in favor of same-sex marriage ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 115,
"text": "61%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Republican Party opposed the inclusion of sexual preference in anti-discrimination statutes from 1992 to 2004. The 2008 and 2012 Republican Party platform supported anti-discrimination statues based on sex, race, age, religion, creed, disability, or national origin, but both platforms were silent on sexual orientation and gender identity.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45127",
"question": "what did the republican party reject in 1992 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 46,
"text": "sexual preference in anti-discrimination statutes"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45128",
"question": "when did the republican party statutes the inclusion of sexual preference ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 101,
"text": "1992 to 2004"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45129",
"question": "what were anti-discrimination statues based on ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 206,
"text": "sex, race, age, religion, creed, disability, or national origin"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45130",
"question": "what were silent platforms silent on ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 305,
"text": "sexual orientation and gender identity"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "A 2013 poll found that 61% of Republicans support laws protecting gay and lesbian people against employment discrimination, and a 2007 poll showed 60% of Republicans supported expanding federal hate crime laws to include sexual orientation and gender identity.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45131",
"question": "what did a 2013 poll show ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 23,
"text": "61% of Republicans support laws protecting gay and lesbian people against employment discrimination"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45132",
"question": "what percentage of republicans supported expanding federal hate crime ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 147,
"text": "60%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45133",
"question": "what were the federal hate crime laws to include ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 221,
"text": "sexual orientation and gender identity"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The 2016 Republican Party Platform declares: \u201cWe support the right of the United States citizens of Puerto Rico to be admitted to the Union as a fully sovereign state. We further recognize the historic significance of the 2012 local referendum in which a 54 percent majority voted to end Puerto Rico\u2019s current status as a U.S. territory, and 61 percent chose statehood over options for sovereign nationhood. We support the federally sponsored political status referendum authorized and funded by an Act of Congress in 2014 to ascertain the aspirations of the people of Puerto Rico. Once the 2012 local vote for statehood is ratified, Congress should approve an enabling act with terms for Puerto Rico\u2019s future admission as the 51st state of the Union\u201d.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45134",
"question": "what did the 2016 republican party platform ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 45,
"text": "\u201cWe support the right of the United States citizens of Puerto Rico to be admitted to the Union as a fully sovereign state"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45135",
"question": "what was the local referendum in 2012 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 255,
"text": "54 percent majority voted to end Puerto Rico\u2019s current status as a U.S. territory"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45136",
"question": "what did the local referendum end puerto rico 's current status ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 342,
"text": "61 percent chose statehood over options for sovereign nationhood"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45137",
"question": "what funded the political status referendum ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 496,
"text": "an Act of Congress in 2014 to ascertain the aspirations of the people of Puerto Rico"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Prior to the formation of the conservative coalition, which helped realign the Democratic and Republican party ideologies in the mid-1960s, the party had historically advocated classical liberalism and progressivism. The party is a full member of the conservative International Democrat Union as well as the Asia Pacific Democrat Union. It is also an associate member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe, which has close relations to the Conservative Party of the United Kingdom.\nAccording to the most recent Gallup poll, 25% of Americans identify as Republican and 16% identify as leaning Republican. In comparison, 30% identify as Democratic and 16% identify as leaning Democratic. The Democratic Party has typically held an overall edge in party identification since Gallup began polling on the issue in 1991. In another Gallup poll, 42% of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents identified as economically and socially conservative, followed by 24% as socially and economically moderate or liberal, 20% as socially moderate or liberal and fiscally conservative, and 10% as socially conservative and fiscally moderate or liberal.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45138",
"question": "the party is a full member of what union ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 264,
"text": "International Democrat Union"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45139",
"question": "what is the name of the union that is a full member of the party ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 308,
"text": "Asia Pacific Democrat Union"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45140",
"question": "what percentage of americans identify as republican and 16 % identify as republican ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 544,
"text": "25%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45141",
"question": "what percentage of democratic and 16 % identify as democratic and 16 % identify as democratic ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 639,
"text": "30%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45142",
"question": "what percentage of republicans identified as economically and socially conservative ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 859,
"text": "42%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Historically speaking, the Republican base initially consisted of northern white Protestants and African-Americans nationwide, with the first Presidential candidate, John C. Fremont, receiving almost no votes in the South. This trend continued into the 20th century, with 1944 Republican presidential candidate Thomas E. Dewey having only 10% of his popular votes in the South. After the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the core base shifted considerably, with the Southern United States becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics, and the Northeastern United States becoming more reliably Democratic, especially since 1992. Every Northeastern state except for New Hampshire has voted Democratic six straight elections or more.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45143",
"question": "what were the republican base consisted of ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 66,
"text": "northern white Protestants and African-Americans nationwide"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45144",
"question": "who was the first presidential candidate ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 166,
"text": "John C. Fremont"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45145",
"question": "in what year was thomas e. dewey born ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 272,
"text": "1944"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45146",
"question": "who was the republican presidential candidate ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 311,
"text": "Thomas E. Dewey"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45147",
"question": "how much of his votes was dewey ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 339,
"text": "10%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45148",
"question": "when was the civil rights act passed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 408,
"text": "1964"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45149",
"question": "how many elections does new hampshire have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 695,
"text": "Democratic six straight elections or more"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The party's current base consists of groups such as white, married Protestants, rural and suburban citizens, and non-union workers without college degrees, with urban residents, ethnic minorities, the unmarried, and union workers having shifted to the Democratic Party.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45150",
"question": "what groups were married by the party 's current base ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 67,
"text": "Protestants, rural and suburban citizens"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45151",
"question": "what are the names of the party 's current base ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 178,
"text": "ethnic minorities, the unmarried, and union workers having shifted to the Democratic Party"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The modern Republican Party includes conservatives, social conservatives, economic liberals, fiscal conservatives, neoconservatives, populists, moderates, libertarians, and the religious right.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45152",
"question": "what are some of the modern republican party ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 115,
"text": "neoconservatives, populists, moderates, libertarians, and the religious right"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In addition to splits over ideology, the party can be broadly divided into the establishment and anti-establishment.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45153",
"question": "what can the party be broadly divided into ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 79,
"text": "establishment and anti-establishment"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Nationwide polls of Republican voters in 2014 by the Pew Center identified a growing split in the Republican coalition, between \"business conservatives\" or \"establishment conservatives\" and \"steadfast conservatives\" or \"populist conservatives\".",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45154",
"question": "what were the names of the pew center ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 129,
"text": "business conservatives\" or \"establishment conservatives\" and \"steadfast conservatives\" or \"populist conservatives"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Tea Party movement is typically aligned with the Republican Party, but it feuds with the pro-business wing of the party, which it sees as too moderate and too willing to compromise.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45155",
"question": "who is the tea party movement typically aligned with ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 53,
"text": "Republican Party"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45156",
"question": "what is the name of the wing of the tea party movement ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 93,
"text": "pro-business wing of the party"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45157",
"question": "what is the purpose of the tea party movement ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 142,
"text": "too moderate and too willing to compromise"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In Congress, Eric Cantor's position as Majority Leader went to California Congressman Kevin McCarthy, who had been an advocate of the Export-Import Bank. It finances overseas purchases of American products, especially airplanes. However, after meeting with populist Congressmen, McCarthy changed positions and decided to support the termination of the Bank.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45158",
"question": "what was the name of the majority of mccarthy 's position ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 86,
"text": "Kevin McCarthy"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45159",
"question": "what bank did kevin mccarthy belong to ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 134,
"text": "Export-Import Bank"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Republican conservatives are strongest in the South, Mountain West and Midwest, where they draw support from social conservatives. The moderates tend to dominate the party in New England, and used to be well represented in all states. From the 1940s to the 1970s under such leaders as Dwight D. Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, and Gerald Ford, they usually dominated the presidential wing of the party. Since the 1970s, they have been less powerful, though they are always represented in the cabinets of Republican presidents. In Vermont, Jim Jeffords, a Republican Senator became an independent in 2001 due to growing disagreement with President Bush and the party leadership. In addition, moderate Republicans have recently held the governorships in several New England States, while Lincoln Chafee, a former moderate Republican senator is an independent-turned-Democrat former governor of Rhode Island. Former Senator Olympia Snowe and current Senator Susan Collins, both of Maine, and former Senator Scott Brown of Massachusetts are notable moderate Republicans from New England. Current Senator Mark Kirk is another example of a moderate Republican from a Democratic stronghold, Illinois, who ironically holds the Senate seat once held by President Barack Obama. From 1991 to 2007, moderate Republicans served as governors of Massachusetts. Prominent Republican moderates have included former Presidents Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, and George Bush Sr., as well as former Senate leaders Howard Baker and Bob Dole, former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney, and former New York City Mayors Rudy Giuliani and Michael Bloomberg.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45160",
"question": "where are republican conservatives strongest ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 46,
"text": "South, Mountain West and Midwest"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45161",
"question": "what were the names of the leaders that dominated the 1970s ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 285,
"text": "Dwight D. Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, and Gerald Ford"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45162",
"question": "who was the republican senator in vermont ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 534,
"text": "Jim Jeffords"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45163",
"question": "who is the former governor of rhode island ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 781,
"text": "Lincoln Chafee"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Historically, the Republican Party has included a liberal wing made up of individuals who, like members of the liberal wing of the Democratic Party, believe in the power of government to improve people's lives. Before 1932 leading progressive Republicans included Theodore Roosevelt, Robert M. La Follette Sr., Charles Evan Hughes, Hiram Johnson, William Borah, George W. Norris, Hiram Johnson, and Fiorello La Guardia. Prominent liberal Republicans, 1936 to the 1970s, included Alf Landon, Wendell Willkie, Earl Warren, Thomas Dewey, Prescott Bush, Nelson Rockefeller, Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., George W. Romney, William Scranton, Charles Mathias, Lowell Weicker, and Jacob Javits. Since 1976, liberalism has virtually faded out of the Republican Party, apart from a few Northeastern holdouts.",
"qas": []
},
{
"context": "Republicans are usually seen as the traditionally pro-business party and it garners major support from a wide variety of industries from the financial sector to small businesses. Republicans are about 50 percent more likely to be self-employed, and are more likely to work in management.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45164",
"question": "what percentage of republicans are more likely to be self-employed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 201,
"text": "50 percent"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "A survey cited by \"The Washington Post\" in 2012 stated that 61 percent of small business owners planned to vote for then-Republican Presidential Candidate Mitt Romney. Small business became a major theme of the 2012 Republican National Convention. For example, South Dakota Senator John Thune discussed his grandfather's hardware store and New Hampshire Senator Kelly Ayotte referred to her husband's landscaping company.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45165",
"question": "what was the name of the survey that cited the survey of small business owners ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 19,
"text": "The Washington Post"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45166",
"question": "what percentage of small business owners planned romney ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 60,
"text": "61 percent"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45167",
"question": "what did the washington post survey vote to vote for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 116,
"text": "then-Republican Presidential Candidate Mitt Romney"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45168",
"question": "what was the major theme of the small business in 2012 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 211,
"text": "2012 Republican National Convention"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45169",
"question": "who discussed his hardware store ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 261,
"text": "South Dakota Senator John Thune"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45170",
"question": "who was the new hampshire senator ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 362,
"text": "Kelly Ayotte"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Democrats do better among younger Americans and Republicans among older Americans. In 2006, Republicans won 38% of the voters aged 18\u201329.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45171",
"question": "what percentage of the voters won 18 in 2006 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 112,
"text": "38%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45172",
"question": "how old was the voters in 2006 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 135,
"text": "18\u201329"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Low-income voters tend to favor the Democrats while high-income voters tend to support the Republicans. In 2012, Obama won 60% of voters with income under $50,000, and 45% of those with incomes higher than that. Bush won 41% of the poorest 20% of voters in 2004, 55% of the richest twenty percent, and 53% of those in between. In the 2006 House races, the voters with incomes over $50,000 were 49% Republican, while those under were 38%.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45173",
"question": "what percentage of voters did obama win in 2012 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 123,
"text": "60%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45174",
"question": "what percentage of voters higher than incomes ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 168,
"text": "45%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45175",
"question": "what percentage of the poorest 20 % of voters were won by bush ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 221,
"text": "41%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45176",
"question": "what percentage of voters were won by bush in 2004 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 240,
"text": "20%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45177",
"question": "what percentage of the poorest 20 % of voters were won in 2004 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 263,
"text": "55%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45178",
"question": "what percentage of the poorest 20 % of voters were won in 2004 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 302,
"text": "53%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45179",
"question": "what percentage of republican residents were with incomes in 2006 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 394,
"text": "49%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45180",
"question": "what was the percentage of the population in 2006 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 433,
"text": "38%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Republicans hold a large majority in the armed services, with 57% of active military personnel and 66% of officers identified as Republican in 2003.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45181",
"question": "what percentage of military personnel identified as republican in 2003 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 62,
"text": "57%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45182",
"question": "what percentage of officers identified as republican in 2003 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 99,
"text": "66%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45183",
"question": "in what year did republicans hold a large majority in the armed services ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 143,
"text": "2003"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Since 1980, a \"gender gap\" has seen slightly stronger support for the Republican Party among men than among women. In 2012, Obama won 55% of the women and 45% of the men\u2014and more women voted than men. In the 2006 House races, 43% of women voted Republican, while 47% of men did so. In the 2010 midterms, the \"gender gap\" was reduced with women supporting Republican and Democratic candidates equally 49% to 49%. In recent elections, Republicans have found their greatest support among whites from married couples with children living at home. Unmarried and divorced women were far more likely to vote for Kerry in 2004. The 2012 returns reveal a continued weakness among unmarried women for the GOP, a large and growing portion of the electorate. Although Mitt Romney lost women as a whole 44\u201355 to Barack Obama, he won married women 53\u201346. Obama won unmarried women 67\u201331,",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45184",
"question": "what percentage of women did obama win in 2012 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 134,
"text": "55%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45185",
"question": "what percentage of the men voted than men in 2012 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 155,
"text": "45%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45186",
"question": "what percentage of women voted republican in 2006 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 226,
"text": "43%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45187",
"question": "what percentage of men did the 2006 house vote in 2006 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 263,
"text": "47%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In 2012, the Pew Research Center conducted a study of registered voters with a 35\u201328, Democrat-to-Republican gap. They found that self-described Democrats had a +8 advantage over Republicans among college graduates, +14 of all post-graduates polled. Republicans were +11 among white men with college degrees, Democrats +10 among women with degrees. Democrats accounted for 36% of all respondents with an education of high school or less, Republicans were 28%. When isolating just white registered voters polled, Republicans had a +6 advantage overall and were +9 of those with a high school education or less.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45188",
"question": "what was the study of the pew research center ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 79,
"text": "35\u201328, Democrat-to-Republican gap"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45189",
"question": "what type of advantage did self-described have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 161,
"text": "+8"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45190",
"question": "what was the name of the republicans that polled college graduates ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 216,
"text": "+14"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45191",
"question": "how many white men were among white men ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 267,
"text": "+11"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45192",
"question": "who were the college degrees of women in women ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 309,
"text": "Democrats +10"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45193",
"question": "what percentage of respondents did democrats have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 373,
"text": "36%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45194",
"question": "what percentage of republicans were republicans ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 455,
"text": "28%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45195",
"question": "what was the advantage of the high school education ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 560,
"text": "+9"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "An analysis of 2008 through 2012 survey data from the General Social Survey, the National Election Studies, and the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press led to the following assessment of the overall educational status of self-identified Democrats and Republicans: On average, self-identified Republicans have more years of education (4 to 8 months each, depending on the survey) and are probably more likely to hold, at the least, a 4-year college degree. (One major survey indicates that they are more likely, while the results of another survey are statistically insignificant.) It also appears that Republicans continue to out-test Democrats in surveys that assess political knowledge and/or current events. With respect to post-graduate studies, the educational advantage is shifting towards self-identified Democrats. They are now more likely to hold post-graduate college degrees. (One major survey indicates that they are more likely, while the results of another survey are statistically insignificant.)",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45196",
"question": "how long are education of education in 2008 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 347,
"text": "4 to 8 months"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Republicans have been winning under 15% of the black vote in recent national elections (1980 to 2012). While historically the party had been supporters of rights for African Americans starting in the 1860s, it lost its leadership position in the 1960s. The party abolished slavery under Abraham Lincoln, defeated the Slave Power, and gave blacks the legal right to vote during Reconstruction in the late 1860s. Until the New Deal of the 1930s, blacks supported the Republican Party by large margins. Black voters shifted to the Democratic Party beginning in the 1930s, when major Democratic figures such as Eleanor Roosevelt began to support civil rights, and the New Deal offered them employment opportunities. They became one of the core components of the New Deal Coalition. In the South, after the Voting Rights Act to prohibit racial discrimination in elections was passed by a bipartisan coalition in 1965, blacks were able to vote again and ever since have formed a significant portion (20\u201350%) of the Democratic vote in that region.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45197",
"question": "what percentage of the black vote in recent national elections have been winning ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 36,
"text": "15%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45198",
"question": "who did the party lose slavery under ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 287,
"text": "Abraham Lincoln"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45199",
"question": "when was the bipartisan coalition act passed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 907,
"text": "1965"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In the 2010 elections, two African American Republicans were elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. The party has recently nominated African American candidates for senator or governor in Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Maryland, though none were successful.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45200",
"question": "how many african american republicans were elected in 2010 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 23,
"text": "two African American Republicans were elected to the U.S. House of Representatives"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45201",
"question": "what has the party recently nominated ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 140,
"text": "African American candidates for senator or governor in Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Maryland"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In recent decades, Republicans have been moderately successful in gaining support from Hispanic and Asian American voters. George W. Bush, who campaigned energetically for Hispanic votes, received 35% of their vote in 2000 and 44% in 2004. The party's strong anti-communist stance has made it popular among some minority groups from current and former Communist states, in particular Cuban Americans, Korean Americans, Chinese Americans, and Vietnamese Americans. The election of Bobby Jindal as Governor of Louisiana has been hailed as pathbreaking. He is the first elected minority governor in Louisiana and the first state governor of Indian descent. According to John Avlon in 2013, the Republican party is more diverse at the statewide elected official level than the Democratic Party, including Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval and South Carolina Senator Tim Scott.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45202",
"question": "who has republicans been moderately successful in ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 87,
"text": "Hispanic and Asian American voters"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45203",
"question": "who received 35 % of their vote in 2000 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 123,
"text": "George W. Bush"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45204",
"question": "what percentage of their vote did george w. bush receive in 2000 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 197,
"text": "35%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45205",
"question": "how much did george w. bush pay in 2004 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 227,
"text": "44%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In 2012, 88% of Romney voters were white, while 56% of Obama voters were white. In the 2008 presidential election, John McCain won 55% of white votes, 35% of Asian votes, 31% of Hispanic votes, and 4% of African American votes. In the 2010 House election, Republicans won 60% of the white votes, 38% of Hispanic votes, and 9% of the African American vote.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45206",
"question": "how many romney voters were white in 2012 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 9,
"text": "88%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45207",
"question": "what percentage of obama 's voters were white ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 48,
"text": "56%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45208",
"question": "what percentage of white votes did john mccain win ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 131,
"text": "55%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45209",
"question": "what percentage of votes did john mccain get in 2008 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 151,
"text": "35%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45210",
"question": "what percentage of hispanic votes was john mccain ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 171,
"text": "31%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45211",
"question": "what percentage of african american votes were won by john mccain ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 198,
"text": "4%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45212",
"question": "what percentage of votes did republicans win in 2010 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 272,
"text": "60%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45213",
"question": "what percentage of hispanic votes did republicans sell in 2010 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 296,
"text": "38%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45214",
"question": "what percentage of the african american vote won 60 % of the african american vote ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 323,
"text": "9%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Religion has always played a major role for both parties but, in the course of a century, the parties' religious compositions have changed. Religion was a major dividing line between the parties before 1960, with Catholics, Jews, and Southern Protestants heavily Democratic, and Northeastern Protestants heavily Republican. Most of the old differences faded away after the realignment of the 1970s and 80s that undercut the New Deal coalition. Voters who attend church weekly gave 61% of their votes to Bush in 2004; those who attend occasionally gave him only 47%, while those who never attend gave him 36%. Fifty-nine percent of Protestants voted for Bush, along with 52% of Catholics (even though John Kerry was Catholic). Since 1980, large majorities of evangelicals have voted Republican; 70\u201380% voted for Bush in 2000 and 2004, and 70% for Republican House candidates in 2006. Jews continue to vote 70\u201380% Democratic. Democrats have close links with the African American churches, especially the National Baptists, while their historic dominance among Catholic voters has eroded to 54\u201346 in the 2010 midterms. The main line traditional Protestants (Methodists, Lutherans, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Disciples) have dropped to about 55% Republican (in contrast to 75% before 1968). The mainline denominations are rapidly shrinking in size. Mormons in Utah and neighboring states voted 75% or more for Bush in 2000.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45215",
"question": "what protestants were democratic , democratic , and northeastern protestants ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 213,
"text": "Catholics, Jews, and Southern Protestants"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45216",
"question": "what percentage of their votes was attend by voters ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 481,
"text": "61%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45217",
"question": "what percentage of voters were attend by voters ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 561,
"text": "47%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45218",
"question": "what percentage of voters never attend church ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 604,
"text": "36%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45219",
"question": "what percentage of catholics voted for bush ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 670,
"text": "52%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45220",
"question": "what percentage of bush 's mormons was mormons ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 1393,
"text": "75%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "While Catholic Republican leaders try to stay in line with the teachings of the Catholic Church on subjects such as abortion, euthanasia, embryonic stem cell research and same-sex marriage, they differ on the death penalty and contraception. Pope Francis' 2015 encyclical \"Laudato si'\" sparked a discussion on the positions of Catholic Republicans in relation to the positions of the church. The pope's encyclical on behalf of the Catholic Church officially acknowledges a man-made climate change caused by burning fossil fuels. The Pope says the warming of the planet is rooted in a throwaway culture and the developed world's indifference to the destruction of the planet in pursuit of short-term economic gains. According to \"The New York Times\", \"Laudato si\"' puts pressure on the Catholic candidates in the 2016 election: Jeb Bush, Bobby Jindal, Marco Rubio, and Rick Santorum. With leading Democrats praising the encyclical, James Bretzke, a professor of moral theology at Boston College, has said that both sides are being disingenuous: \"I think it shows that both the Republicans and the Democrats... like to use religious authority and, in this case, the Pope to support positions they have arrived at independently... There is a certain insincerity, a hypocrisy I think, on both sides.\" While a Pew Research poll indicates Catholics are more likely to believe the Earth is warming than non-Catholics, 51% of Catholic Republicans believe in global warming (less than the general population), and only 24% of Catholic Republicans believe global warming is caused by human activity.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45221",
"question": "who was the professor of moral theology ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 931,
"text": "James Bretzke"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45222",
"question": "what percentage of catholic republicans believe in global warming ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 1411,
"text": "51%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45223",
"question": "what percentage of catholic republicans believe global warming is caused by human activity ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 1510,
"text": "24%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Since 1980, geographically the Republican \"base\" (\"red states\") is strongest in the South, the Midwest, and Mountain West. While it is weakest on the West Coast and Northeast, this has not always been the case; historically the northeast was a bastion of the Republican Party with Vermont and Maine being the only two states to vote against Franklin Roosevelt all four times. The Midwest has been roughly balanced since 1854, with Illinois becoming more Democratic and liberal because of the city of Chicago (see below) and Minnesota and Wisconsin more Republican since 1990. Ohio and Indiana both trend Republican. Since the 1930s, the Democrats have dominated most central cities, while the Republicans now dominate rural areas and the majority of suburbs.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45224",
"question": "where is the republican `` red states '' located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 84,
"text": "South, the Midwest, and Mountain West"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45225",
"question": "where is the case of the republican party located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 150,
"text": "West Coast and Northeast"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45226",
"question": "what is the name of the only two states to vote against franklin roosevelt ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 281,
"text": "Vermont and Maine"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45227",
"question": "who is the only two states to vote against vermont ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 341,
"text": "Franklin Roosevelt all four times"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45228",
"question": "when did the midwest midwest begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 420,
"text": "1854"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The South has become solidly Republican in national elections since 1980, and has been trending Republican at the state level since then at a slower pace. In 2004, Bush led Kerry by 70%\u201330% among Southern whites, who made up 71% of the Southern electorate. Kerry had a 70\u201330 lead among the 29% of the voters who were black or Hispanic. One-third of these Southern voters said they were white evangelicals; they voted for Bush by 80\u201320; but were only 72% Republican in 2006.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45229",
"question": "in what year did the south elections become solidly ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 68,
"text": "1980"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45230",
"question": "what percentage of kerry 's southern whites were kerry ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 182,
"text": "70%\u201330%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45231",
"question": "how much of the southern electorate did bush make up in 2004 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 225,
"text": "71%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45232",
"question": "what percentage of the voters were black ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 290,
"text": "29%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45233",
"question": "what percentage of republican voters were white in 2006 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 450,
"text": "72%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Republican Party's strongest focus of political influence lies in the Great Plains states, particularly Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, and North Dakota, and in the Mountain states of Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah (Utah gave George W. Bush more than 70% of the popular vote in 2004). These states are sparsely populated with few major urban centers, and have majority white populations, making it extremely difficult for Democrats to create a sustainable voter base there. While still remaining notably Republican, Montana is the only state in the region with a more moderate lean. Unlike the South, these areas have been strongly Republican since before the party realignments of the 1960s. The Great Plains states were one of the few areas of the country where Republicans had any significant support during the Great Depression.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45234",
"question": "what are some of the republican party 's strongest focus ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 108,
"text": "Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, and North Dakota"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45235",
"question": "which mountain states did george w. bush belong to ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 198,
"text": "Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45236",
"question": "what percentage of the popular vote in 2004 was george w. bush ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 259,
"text": "70%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45237",
"question": "what is the only state in the region ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 524,
"text": "Montana"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Republican National Committee (RNC) is responsible for promoting Republican campaign activities. It is responsible for developing and promoting the Republican political platform, as well as coordinating fundraising and election strategy. Its current chairman is Reince Priebus. The chairman of the RNC is chosen by the President when the Republicans have the White House or otherwise by the Party's state committees.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45238",
"question": "what is responsible for promoting republican campaign activities ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 4,
"text": "Republican National Committee"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45239",
"question": "what is the republican national committee responsible for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 59,
"text": "promoting Republican campaign activities"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45240",
"question": "what is the chairman of the republican national committee ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 266,
"text": "Reince Priebus"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45241",
"question": "what is the chairman of the rnc ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 338,
"text": "the Republicans have the White House or otherwise by the Party's state committees"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The RNC, under the direction of the party's presidential candidate, supervises the Republican National Convention (the highest body in the party) and raises funds for candidates. On the local level, there are similar state committees in every state and most large cities, counties and legislative districts, but they have far less money and influence than the national body.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45242",
"question": "what is the name of the highest body in the party ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "The RNC"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45243",
"question": "what is the highest body in the party ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 15,
"text": "the direction of the party's presidential candidate"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45244",
"question": "what is the republican national convention ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 83,
"text": "Republican National Convention (the highest body in the party) and raises funds for candidates"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45245",
"question": "what are some large cities in every state ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 272,
"text": "counties and legislative districts"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Republican House and Senate caucuses have separate fundraising and strategy committees. The National Republican Congressional Committee (NRCC) assists in House races, while the National Republican Senatorial Committee (NRSC) does so in Senate races. They each raise over $100 million per election cycle, and play important roles in recruiting strong state candidates, while the Republican Governors Association (RGA) assists in state gubernatorial races; in 2016 it is chaired by Governor Susana Martinez of New Mexico.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45246",
"question": "who assists in house races ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 96,
"text": "National Republican Congressional Committee"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45247",
"question": "what committee does the national republican congressional committee belong to ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 181,
"text": "National Republican Senatorial Committee"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45248",
"question": "how much money did the republican governors association cost ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 275,
"text": "$100 million"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45249",
"question": "what is the name of the republican association that assists new mexico city ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 382,
"text": "Republican Governors Association (RGA) assists in state gubernatorial races"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45250",
"question": "who is the governor of mexico city ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 484,
"text": "Governor Susana Martinez of New Mexico"
}
]
}
]
}
],
"title": "Republican Party (United States)"
},
{
"paragraphs": [
{
"context": "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List), founded in 1964, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is the world's main authority on the conservation status of species. A series of Regional Red Lists are produced by countries or organizations, which assess the risk of extinction to species within a political management unit.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45251",
"question": "what is the iucn red list ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 4,
"text": "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45252",
"question": "what is the name of the iucn red list ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 59,
"text": "IUCN Red List or Red Data List"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45253",
"question": "when was the iucn red list founded ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 103,
"text": "1964"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45254",
"question": "what does iucn stand for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 238,
"text": "Conservation of Nature"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45255",
"question": "what type of lists are produced by countries ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 349,
"text": "Regional Red Lists"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The IUCN Red List is set upon precise criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all species and all regions of the world. The aim is to convey the urgency of conservation issues to the public and policy makers, as well as help the international community to try to reduce species extinction. According to IUCN (1996), the formally stated goals of the Red List are (1) to provide scientifically based information on the status of species and subspecies at a global level, (2) to draw attention to the magnitude and importance of threatened biodiversity, (3) to influence national and international policy and decision-making, and (4) to provide information to guide actions to conserve biological diversity.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45256",
"question": "what is the iucn red list set upon ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 30,
"text": "precise criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45257",
"question": "what are the criteria of the criteria ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 138,
"text": "relevant to all species and all regions of the world"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45258",
"question": "what is the aim of the aim of conservation issues ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 213,
"text": "the urgency of conservation issues to the public and policy makers"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45259",
"question": "why did the aim of the international community convey the urgency of conservation ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 292,
"text": "help the international community to try to reduce species extinction"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45260",
"question": "in what year was iucn iucn born ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 381,
"text": "1996"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45261",
"question": "what are the goals of the red list ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 630,
"text": "influence national and international policy and decision-making"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Major species assessors include BirdLife International, the Institute of Zoology (the research division of the Zoological Society of London), the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, and many Specialist Groups within the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC). Collectively, assessments by these organizations and groups account for nearly half the species on the Red List.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45262",
"question": "what is the research division of london ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 56,
"text": "the Institute of Zoology"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45263",
"question": "what is the research division of zoology ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 111,
"text": "Zoological Society of London"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45264",
"question": "what is the name of the major species of zoology ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 146,
"text": "World Conservation Monitoring Centre"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45265",
"question": "what is the name of the specialist species in zoology ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 222,
"text": "IUCN Species Survival Commission"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45266",
"question": "what is the assessments rate of the red list ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 334,
"text": "nearly half the species on the Red List"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The IUCN aims to have the category of every species re-evaluated every five years if possible, or at least every ten years. This is done in a peer reviewed manner through IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) Specialist Groups, which are Red List Authorities responsible for a species, group of species or specific geographic area, or in the case of BirdLife International, an entire class (Aves).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45267",
"question": "what is the iucn aims to have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 38,
"text": "every species re-evaluated every five years if possible, or at least every ten years"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45268",
"question": "what is the name of the peer reviewed manner of a species ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 171,
"text": "IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) Specialist Groups"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The 1964 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants used the older pre-criteria Red List assessment system. Plants listed may not, therefore, appear in the current Red List. IUCN advise that is best to check both the online Red List and the 1997 plants Red List publication.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45269",
"question": "when was the iucn red list of threatened plants ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 4,
"text": "1964"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45270",
"question": "what was the name of the list of the older pre-criteria red list ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 9,
"text": "IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45271",
"question": "what did the 1964 iucn red list ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 72,
"text": "Red List assessment system"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45272",
"question": "where do plants usually appear ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 156,
"text": "Red List"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45273",
"question": "what is the name of the online list of the iucn ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 216,
"text": "Red List and the 1997 plants Red List publication"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The 2006 Red List, released on 4 May 2006 evaluated 40,168 species as a whole, plus an additional 2,160 subspecies, varieties, aquatic stocks, and subpopulations.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45274",
"question": "when was the 2006 red list released ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 31,
"text": "4 May 2006"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45275",
"question": "what type of species was the 2006 red list ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 52,
"text": "40,168"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45276",
"question": "what type of subspecies was the 2006 red list ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 98,
"text": "2,160"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "On 12 September 2007, the World Conservation Union (IUCN) released the 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. In this release, they have raised their classification of both the western lowland gorilla (\"Gorilla gorilla gorilla\") and the Cross River gorilla (\"Gorilla gorilla diehli\") from endangered to critically endangered, which is the last category before extinct in the wild, due to Ebola virus and poaching, along with other factors. Russ Mittermeier, chief of Swiss-based IUCN's Primate Specialist Group, stated that 16,306 species are endangered with extinction, 188 more than in 2006 (total of 41,415 species on the Red List). The Red List includes the Sumatran orangutan (\"Pongo abelii\") in the Critically Endangered category and the Bornean orangutan (\"Pongo pygmaeus\") in the Endangered category.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45277",
"question": "when was the 2007 iucn red list ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 3,
"text": "12 September 2007"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45278",
"question": "what does iucn stand for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 26,
"text": "World Conservation Union"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45279",
"question": "what was the name of the world conservation union -lrb- iucn -rrb- ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 71,
"text": "2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45280",
"question": "who stated that species are endangered with extinction ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 443,
"text": "Russ Mittermeier"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The 2008 Red List was released on 6 October 2008, at the IUCN World Conservation Congress in Barcelona, and \"has confirmed an extinction crisis, with almost one in four [mammals] at risk of disappearing forever\". The study shows at least 1,141 of the 5,487 mammals on Earth are known to be threatened with extinction, and 836 are listed as Data Deficient.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45281",
"question": "when was the 2008 red list released ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 34,
"text": "6 October 2008"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45282",
"question": "where was the 2008 red list released ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 57,
"text": "IUCN World Conservation Congress in Barcelona"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45283",
"question": "what is the study of mammals on earth ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 238,
"text": "1,141"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45284",
"question": "what is listed as data deficient ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 322,
"text": "836"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45285",
"question": "what are mammals listed as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 340,
"text": "Data Deficient"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Red List of 2012 was released 19 July 2012 at Rio+20 Earth Summit; nearly 2,000 species were added, with 4 species to the extinct list, 2 to the rediscovered list. The IUCN assessed a total of 63,837 species which revealed 19,817 are threatened with extinction.\nWith 3,947 described as \"critically endangered\" and 5,766 as \"endangered\", while more than 10,000 species are listed as \"vulnerable\". At threat are 41% of amphibian species, 33% of reef-building corals, 30% of conifers, 25% of mammals, and 13% of birds. The IUCN Red List has listed 132 species of plants and animals from India as \"Critically Endangered\".",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45286",
"question": "when was the red list of 2012 released ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 34,
"text": "19 July 2012"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45287",
"question": "where was the red list of 2012 released ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 50,
"text": "Rio+20 Earth Summit"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45288",
"question": "how many species were added to the red list of 2012 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 78,
"text": "2,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45289",
"question": "how many species did the iucn have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 197,
"text": "63,837"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45290",
"question": "what did the iucn revealed to extinction ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 227,
"text": "19,817"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45291",
"question": "what percentage of amphibian species are at threat ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 414,
"text": "41%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45292",
"question": "what percentage of amphibian species are corals at threat ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 440,
"text": "33%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45293",
"question": "what type of species does the iucn red list ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 549,
"text": "132"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Species are classified by the IUCN Red List into nine groups, set through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45294",
"question": "how are species classified ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 30,
"text": "IUCN Red List into nine groups"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45295",
"question": "what are the degree of the iucn red list ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 172,
"text": "population and distribution fragmentation"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "When discussing the IUCN Red List, the official term \"threatened\" is a grouping of three categories: Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45296",
"question": "how many categories does the iucn have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 83,
"text": "three"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45297",
"question": "what are the official categories of the iucn ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 101,
"text": "Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The older 1994 has only a single \"Lower Risk\" category which contained three subcategories:",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45298",
"question": "how many subcategories category does the older risk category have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 71,
"text": "three"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "\nIn the 2001 system Near Threatened and Least Concern have now become their own categories, while Conservation Dependent is no longer used and has been merged into Near Threatened.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45299",
"question": "what did the 2001 system do ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 20,
"text": "Near Threatened and Least Concern"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45300",
"question": "what was conservation dependent into ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 164,
"text": "Near Threatened"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The tag of \"possibly extinct\" (PE) is used by Birdlife International, the Red List Authority for birds for the IUCN Red List. BirdLife International has recommended PE become an official tag for Critically Endangered species, and this has now been adopted, along with a \"Possibly Extinct in the Wild\" tag for species with populations surviving in captivity but likely to be extinct in the wild (e.g. Spix's macaw).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45301",
"question": "who used the red list for birds for the iucn red list ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 46,
"text": "Birdlife International"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45302",
"question": "what is the tag of `` possibly extinct '' ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 70,
"text": "the Red List Authority for birds for the IUCN Red List"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45303",
"question": "birdlife international has recommended pe become an official tag for what ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 195,
"text": "Critically Endangered species"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "There have been a number of versions, dating from 1991, including:",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45304",
"question": "in what year did the number of versions begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 50,
"text": "1991"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "\nFor plants, the 1997 Red List is the most important source.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45305",
"question": "what is the most important source of plants ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 13,
"text": "the 1997 Red List"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In 1997, the IUCN Red List came under criticism on the grounds of secrecy (or at least poor documentation) surrounding the sources of its data.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45306",
"question": "when did the iucn red list under the grounds of secrecy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 3,
"text": "1997"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "These allegations have led to efforts by the IUCN to improve its documentation and data quality, and to include peer reviews of taxa on the Red List. The list is also open to petitions against its classifications, on the basis of documentation or criteria. A \"Nature\" editorial defended the Red List's relevance in October 2008.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45307",
"question": "what did the iucn do to the iucn ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 53,
"text": "improve its documentation and data quality"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45308",
"question": "when was the red list editorial defended ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 315,
"text": "October 2008"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "It has been suggested that the IUCN Red List and similar works are prone to misuse by governments and other groups that draw possibly inappropriate conclusions on the state of the environment or to effect exploitation of natural resources.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45309",
"question": "what is the iucn red list of the iucn red list ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 120,
"text": "draw possibly inappropriate conclusions on the state of the environment or to effect exploitation of natural resources"
}
]
}
]
}
],
"title": "IUCN Red List"
},
{
"paragraphs": [
{
"context": "Wales (; ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and the Bristol Channel to the south. It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of . Wales has over of coastline and is largely mountainous, with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon (), its highest summit. The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable, maritime climate.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45310",
"question": "who is the country 's country part of ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 40,
"text": "the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45311",
"question": "what are the names of the channel that borders wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 131,
"text": "the Irish Sea to the north and west, and the Bristol Channel"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45312",
"question": "in what year did wales become a population ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 229,
"text": "2011"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45313",
"question": "what was the population of wales in 2011 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 237,
"text": "3,063,456"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45314",
"question": "what is the highest summit of wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 393,
"text": "Snowdon"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Welsh national identity emerged among the Celtic Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations. Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England's conquest of Wales, though Owain Glynd\u0175r briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century. The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535\u20131542. Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century. Welsh Liberalism, exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George, was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party. Welsh national feeling grew over the century; \"Plaid Cymru\" was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962. Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998, the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of .",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45315",
"question": "where was edward i 's death ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 208,
"text": "1282"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45316",
"question": "where was the whole of wales annexed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 475,
"text": "Wales Acts 1535\u20131542"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45317",
"question": "who displaced welsh liberalism ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 614,
"text": "Lloyd George"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45318",
"question": "when was the welsh national feeling formed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 765,
"text": "1925"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "At the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, development of the mining and metallurgical industries transformed the country from an agricultural society into an industrial nation; the South Wales Coalfield's exploitation caused a rapid expansion of Wales' population. Two-thirds of the population live in south Wales, mainly in and around Cardiff (the capital), Swansea and Newport, and in the nearby valleys. Now that the country's traditional extractive and heavy industries have gone or are in decline, Wales' economy depends on the public sector, light and service industries and tourism. Wales' 2010 gross value added (GVA) was \u00a345.5 billion (\u00a315,145 per head, 74.0% of the average for the UK, and the lowest GVA per head in Britain).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45319",
"question": "where are the population live in south wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 336,
"text": "Cardiff (the capital), Swansea and Newport"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45320",
"question": "what was wales ' gross value added to wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 630,
"text": "\u00a345.5 billion"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Although Wales closely shares its political and social history with the rest of Great Britain, and the vast majority of the population speaks English, the country has retained a distinct cultural identity and is officially bilingual. Over 560,000 Welsh language speakers live in Wales, and the language is spoken by a majority of the population in parts of the north and west. From the late 19th century onwards, Wales acquired its popular image as the \"land of song\", in part due to the \"eisteddfod\" tradition. At many international sporting events, such as the FIFA World Cup, Rugby World Cup and the Commonwealth Games, Wales has its own national teams, though at the Olympic Games, Welsh athletes compete as part of a Great Britain team. Rugby union is seen as a symbol of Welsh identity and an expression of national consciousness.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45321",
"question": "how many welsh language speakers live in wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 239,
"text": "560,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45322",
"question": "what was the `` land of song '' ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 488,
"text": "\"eisteddfod\" tradition"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The English words \"Wales\" and \"Welsh\" derive from the same Germanic root (singular \"Walh\", plural \"Walha\"), which was itself derived from the name of the Celtic tribe known to the Romans as Volcae and which came to refer indiscriminately to all Celts and, later, to all inhabitants of the Roman Empire. The Old English-speaking Anglo-Saxons came to use the term \"W\u00e6lisc\" when referring to the Celtic Britons in particular, and W\u0113alas when referring to their lands. The modern names for some Continental European lands (e.g. Wallonia and Wallachia) and peoples (e.g. the Vlachs via a borrowing into Old Church Slavonic) have a similar etymology.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45323",
"question": "what does the english word `` wales '' mean ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 99,
"text": "Walha"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45324",
"question": "what is the celtic tribe called ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 190,
"text": "Volcae"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45325",
"question": "what is the vlachs ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 598,
"text": "Old Church Slavonic"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Latinised forms of these names, \"Cambrian\", \"Cambric\" and \"Cambria\", survive as lesser-used alternative names for Wales, Welsh and the Welsh people. Examples include the Cambrian Mountains (which cover much of Wales and gave their name to the Cambrian geological period), the newspaper \"Cambrian News\", and the organisations Cambrian Airways, Cambrian Railways, Cambrian Archaeological Association and the Royal Cambrian Academy of Art. Outside Wales, a related form survives as the name Cumbria in North West England, which was once a part of \"Yr Hen Ogledd\". The Cumbric language, which is thought to have been closely related to Welsh, was spoken in this area until becoming extinct around the 12th century. This form also appears at times in literary references, as in the pseudohistorical \"\"Historia Regum Britanniae\"\" of Geoffrey of Monmouth, where the character of Camber is described as the eponymous King of Cymru.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45326",
"question": "what are the alternative names of the alternative names of cambrian ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 118,
"text": "Wales, Welsh and the Welsh people"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45327",
"question": "which mountains cover much of wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 174,
"text": "Cambrian Mountains"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45328",
"question": "what was the part of north west england 's cumbria ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 549,
"text": "Yr Hen Ogledd"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Wales has been inhabited by modern humans for at least 29,000 years. Continuous human habitation dates from the end of the last ice age, between 12,000 and 10,000\u00a0years before present (BP), when Mesolithic hunter-gatherers from central Europe began to migrate to Great Britain. At that time sea levels were much lower than today, and the shallower parts of what is now the North Sea were dry land. The east coast of present day England and the coasts of present day Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands were connected by the former landmass known as Doggerland, forming the British Peninsula on the European mainland. Wales was free of glaciers by about 10,250\u00a0BP, the warmer climate allowing the area to become heavily wooded. The post-glacial rise in sea level separated Wales and Ireland, forming the Irish Sea. Doggerland was submerged by the North Sea and, by 8,000 BP, the British Peninsula had become an island. By the beginning of the Neolithic (c.\u00a06,000\u00a0BP) sea levels in the Bristol Channel were still about lower than today. John Davies has theorised that the story of Cantre'r Gwaelod's drowning and tales in the Mabinogion, of the waters between Wales and Ireland being narrower and shallower, may be distant folk memories of this time.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45329",
"question": "how long has wales been inhabited ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 55,
"text": "29,000 years"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45330",
"question": "how many years did continuous human habitation dates ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 145,
"text": "12,000 and 10,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45331",
"question": "what was the former landmass known as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 550,
"text": "Doggerland"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45332",
"question": "what was the name of the warmer climate ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 654,
"text": "10,250\u00a0BP"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Neolithic colonists integrated with the indigenous people, gradually changing their lifestyles from a nomadic life of hunting and gathering, to become settled farmers about 6,000\u00a0BP \u2013 the Neolithic Revolution. They cleared the forests to establish pasture and to cultivate the land, developed new technologies such as ceramics and textile production, and built cromlechs such as Pentre Ifan, Bryn Celli Ddu and Parc Cwm long cairn between about 5,800\u00a0BP and 5,500\u00a0BP. In common with people living all over Great Britain, over the following centuries the people living in what was to become known as Wales assimilated immigrants and exchanged ideas of the Bronze Age and Iron Age Celtic cultures. According to John T. Koch and others, Wales in the Late Bronze Age was part of a maritime trading-networked culture that also included the other Celtic nations, England, France, Spain and Portugal where Celtic languages developed. This view, sometimes called \"Atlantic-Celtic\", stands against the view that the Celtic languages have their origins farther east with the Hallstatt culture. By the time of the Roman invasion of Britain the area of modern Wales had been divided among the tribes of the Deceangli, Ordovices, Cornovii, Demetae and Silures for centuries.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45333",
"question": "what was the farmers settled farmers about ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 173,
"text": "6,000\u00a0BP \u2013 the Neolithic Revolution"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Roman conquest of Wales began in AD 48 and took 30 years to complete. Roman rule lasted over 300 years. The campaigns of conquest are the most widely known feature of Wales during the Roman era, because of the spirited, but ultimately unsuccessful, defence of their homelands by two native tribes: the Silures and the Ordovices. Roman rule in Wales was a military occupation, save for the southern coastal region of south Wales, east of the Gower Peninsula, where there is a legacy of Romanisation. The only town in Wales founded by the Romans, Caerwent, is in south east Wales. Both Caerwent and Carmarthen, also in southern Wales, became Roman \"civitates\". Wales had a rich mineral wealth. The Romans used their engineering technology to extract large amounts of gold, copper and lead, as well as modest amounts of some other metals such as zinc and silver. Roman economic development was concentrated in south-eastern Britain, and no significant industries located in Wales. This was largely a matter of circumstance, as Wales had none of the necessary materials in suitable combination, and the forested, mountainous countryside was not amenable to industrialisation. Although Latin became the official language of Wales, the people tended to continue to speak in Brythonic. While Romanisation was far from complete, the upper classes of Wales began to consider themselves Roman, particularly after the ruling of 212 that granted Roman citizenship to all free men throughout the Empire. Further Roman influence came through the spread of Christianity, which gained many followers when Christians were allowed to worship freely; state persecution ceased in the 4th\u00a0century, as a result of Constantine I issuing an edict of toleration in 313.\nEarly historians, including the 6th century cleric Gildas, have noted 383 as a significant point in Welsh history, as it is stated in literature as the foundation point of several medieval royal dynasties. In that year the Roman general Magnus Maximus, or Macsen Wledig, stripped all of western and northern Britain of troops and senior administrators, to launch a successful bid for imperial power; continuing to rule Britain from Gaul as emperor. Gildas, writing in about 540, says that Maximus departed Britain, taking with him all of its Roman troops, armed bands, governors and the flower of its youth, never to return. Having left with the troops and Roman administrators, and planning to continue as the ruler of Britain in the future, his practical course was to transfer local authority to local rulers. The earliest Welsh genealogies give Maximus the role of founding father for several royal dynasties, including those of Powys and Gwent. It was this transfer of power that has given rise to the belief that he was the father of the Welsh Nation. He is given as the ancestor of a Welsh king on the Pillar of Eliseg, erected nearly 500 years after he left Britain, and he figures in lists of the Fifteen Tribes of Wales.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45334",
"question": "when did the roman conquest begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 37,
"text": "AD 48"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45335",
"question": "how long did roman rule last ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 92,
"text": "over 300 years"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45336",
"question": "what are the two native tribes in wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 302,
"text": "the Silures and the Ordovices"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The 400-year period following the collapse of Roman rule is the most difficult to interpret in the history of Wales. After the Roman departure from Britain in AD 410, much of the lowlands of Britain to the east and south-east was overrun by various Germanic peoples. Before extensive studies of the distribution of R1b Y-DNA subclades, some previously maintained that native Britons were displaced by the invaders. This idea has been discarded in the face of evidence that much of the population has, at the latest, Hallstatt era origins, but probably late Neolithic, or at earliest Mesolithic origins with little contribution from Anglo-Saxon source areas.\nHowever, by AD 500, the land that would become Wales had divided into a number of kingdoms free from Anglo-Saxon rule. The kingdoms of Gwynedd, Powys, Dyfed and Seisyllwg, Morgannwg and Gwent emerged as independent Welsh successor states. Archaeological evidence, in the Low Countries and what was to become England, shows early Anglo-Saxon migration to Great Britain reversed between 500 to 550, which concurs with Frankish chronicles. John Davies notes this as consistent with the British victory at Badon Hill, attributed to Arthur by Nennius. This tenacious survival by the Romano-Britons and their descendants in the western kingdoms was to become the foundation of what we now know as Wales. With the loss of the lowlands, England's kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria, and later Wessex, wrestled with Powys, Gwent and Gwynedd to define the frontier between the two peoples.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45337",
"question": "in what year did the roman departure of britain take place ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 159,
"text": "AD 410"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45338",
"question": "who was the distribution of the distribution of the distribution of the invaders ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 315,
"text": "R1b Y-DNA subclades"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Having lost much of what is now the West Midlands to Mercia in the 6th and early 7th centuries, a resurgent late-7th-century Powys checked Mercian advances. Aethelbald of Mercia, looking to defend recently acquired lands, had built Wat's Dyke. According to John Davies, this endeavour may have been with the agreement of Powys king Elisedd ap Gwylog, as this boundary, extending north from the valley of the River Severn to the Dee estuary, gave Oswestry to Powys. Another theory, after carbon dating placed the dyke's existence 300 years earlier, is that it may have been built by the post-Roman rulers of Wroxeter. King Offa of Mercia seems to have continued this consultative initiative when he created a larger earthwork, now known as Offa's Dyke (). Davies wrote of Cyril Fox's study of Offa's Dyke: \"In the planning of it, there was a degree of consultation with the kings of Powys and Gwent. On the Long Mountain near Trelystan, the dyke veers to the east, leaving the fertile slopes in the hands of the Welsh; near Rhiwabon, it was designed to ensure that Cadell ap Brochwel retained possession of the Fortress of Penygadden.\" And, for Gwent, Offa had the dyke built \"on the eastern crest of the gorge, clearly with the intention of recognizing that the River Wye and its traffic belonged to the kingdom of Gwent.\" However, Fox's interpretations of both the length and purpose of the Dyke have been questioned by more recent research. Offa's Dyke largely remained the frontier between the Welsh and English, though the Welsh would recover by the 12th century the area between the Dee () and the Conwy, known then as \"Y Berfeddwlad\". By the 8th century, the eastern borders with the Anglo-Saxons had broadly been set.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45339",
"question": "what was built to defend recently acquired lands ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 232,
"text": "Wat's Dyke"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In 853, the Vikings raided Anglesey, but in 856, Rhodri Mawr defeated and killed their leader, Gorm. The Britons of Wales later made their peace with the Vikings and Anarawd ap Rhodri allied with the Norsemen occupying Northumbria to conquer the north. This alliance later broke down and Anarawd came to an agreement with Alfred, king of Wessex, with whom he fought against the west Welsh. According to \"Annales Cambriae\", in 894, \"Anarawd came with the Angles and laid waste Ceredigion and Ystrad Tywi.\"",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45340",
"question": "when did the vikings end ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 3,
"text": "853"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45341",
"question": "what was the name of the leader that defeated the vikings ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 44,
"text": "856"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45342",
"question": "who defeated the vikings ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 49,
"text": "Rhodri Mawr"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45343",
"question": "in what year did the angles and laid waste come from ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 426,
"text": "894"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The southern and eastern parts of Great Britain lost to English settlement became known in Welsh as \"Lloegyr\" (Modern Welsh \"Lloegr\"), which may have referred to the kingdom of Mercia originally and which came to refer to England as a whole. The Germanic tribes who now dominated these lands were invariably called \"Saeson\", meaning \"Saxons\". The Anglo-Saxons called the Romano-British 'Walha', meaning 'Romanised foreigner' or 'stranger'. The Welsh continued to call themselves \"Brythoniaid\" (Brythons or Britons) well into the Middle Ages, though the first written evidence of the use of \"Cymru\" and \"y Cymry\" is found in a praise poem to Cadwallon ap Cadfan (\"Moliant Cadwallon\", by Afan Ferddig) c. 633. In \"Armes Prydain\", believed to be written around 930\u2013942, the words \"Cymry\" and \"Cymro\" are used as often as 15 times. However, from the Anglo-Saxon settlement onwards, the people gradually begin to adopt the name \"Cymry\" over \"Brythoniad\".\nFrom 800 onwards, a series of dynastic marriages led to Rhodri Mawr's (r. 844\u201377) inheritance of Gwynedd and Powys. His sons in turn would found three principal dynasties (Aberffraw for Gwynedd, Dinefwr for Deheubarth and Mathrafal for Powys). Rhodri's grandson Hywel Dda (r. 900\u201350) founded Deheubarth out of his maternal and paternal inheritances of Dyfed and Seisyllwg in 930, ousted the Aberffraw dynasty from Gwynedd and Powys and then codified Welsh law in the 940s. Maredudd ab Owain (r. 986\u201399) of Deheubarth (Hywel's grandson) would, (again) temporarily oust the Aberffraw line from control of Gwynedd and Powys.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45344",
"question": "what was the welsh welsh called ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 101,
"text": "Lloegyr"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45345",
"question": "what does the kingdom of mercia mean ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 111,
"text": "Modern Welsh \"Lloegr\""
}
]
},
{
"id": "45346",
"question": "what does the germanic tribes call the germanic tribes ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 334,
"text": "Saxons"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Maredudd's great-grandson (through his daughter Princess Angharad) Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (r. 1039\u201363) would conquer his cousins' realms from his base in Powys, and even extend his authority into England. Historian John Davies states that Gruffydd was \"the only Welsh king ever to rule over the entire territory of Wales... Thus, from about 1057 until his death in 1063, the whole of Wales recognised the kingship of Gruffudd ap Llywelyn. For about seven brief years, Wales was one, under one ruler, a feat with neither precedent nor successor.\" Owain Gwynedd (1100\u201370) of the Aberffraw line was the first Welsh ruler to use the title \"princeps Wallensium\" (prince of the Welsh), a title of substance given his victory on the Berwyn Mountains, according to John Davies.\nWithin four years of the Battle of Hastings, England had been completely subjugated by the Normans. William I of England established a series of lordships, allocated to his most powerful warriors along the Welsh border, the boundaries fixed only to the east. This frontier region, and any English-held lordships in Wales, became known as \"Marchia Wallie\", the Welsh Marches, in which the Marcher Lords were subject to neither English nor Welsh law. The area of the March varied as the fortunes of the Marcher Lords and the Welsh princes ebbed and flowed. The March of Wales, which existed for over 450 years, was abolished under the Acts of Union in 1536.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45347",
"question": "where was john davies death ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 363,
"text": "1063"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45348",
"question": "who did the whole of wales rule ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 415,
"text": "Gruffudd ap Llywelyn"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Owain Gwynedd's grandson Llywelyn Fawr (the Great, 1173\u20131240), wrested concessions through the Magna Carta in 1215 and receiving the fealty of other Welsh lords in 1216 at the council at Aberdyfi, became the first Prince of Wales. His grandson Llywelyn ap Gruffudd also secured the recognition of the title \"Prince of Wales\" from Henry III with the Treaty of Montgomery in 1267. Later however, a succession of disputes, including the imprisonment of Llywelyn's wife Eleanor, daughter of Simon de Montfort, culminated in the first invasion by King Edward I of England. As a result of military defeat, the Treaty of Aberconwy exacted Llywelyn's fealty to England in 1277. Peace was short lived and, with the 1282 Edwardian conquest, the rule of the Welsh princes permanently ended. With Llywelyn's death and his brother prince Dafydd's execution, the few remaining Welsh lords did homage for their lands to Edward I. Llywelyn's head was carried through London on a spear; his baby daughter Gwenllian was locked in the priory at Sempringham, where she remained until her death 54\u00a0years later.\nTo help maintain his dominance, Edward constructed a series of great stone castles: Beaumaris, Caernarfon and Conwy. His son, the future King Edward II of England, was born at Edward's new castle at Caernarfon in 1284. He became the first English Prince of Wales, not as an infant, but in 1301. The apocryphal story that Edward tricked the Welsh by offering them a Welsh-born Prince who could speak no English was first recorded in 1584. The title also provided an income from the north-west part of Wales known as the Principality of Wales, until the Act of Union (1536), after which the term \"principality\", when used, was associated with the whole of Wales. After the failed revolt in 1294\u201395 of Madog ap Llywelyn \u2013 who styled himself Prince of Wales in the Penmachno Document \u2013 and the rising of Llywelyn Bren (1316), the next major uprising was that led by Owain Glynd\u0175r , against Henry IV of England. In 1404, Owain was reputedly crowned Prince of Wales in the presence of emissaries from France, Spain and Scotland. Glynd\u0175r went on to hold parliamentary assemblies at several Welsh towns, including Machynlleth. But the rebellion failed, and Owain went into hiding in 1412; peace was essentially restored in Wales by 1415. Although the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 provided the constitutional basis for post-conquest government of the Principality of north Wales from 1284 until 1536, there was no formal Union until 1536. Shortly afterwards Welsh law, which had continued to be used in Wales after the Norman conquest, was fully replaced by English law, under what would become known as the Act of Union.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45349",
"question": "who was the first prince of wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 25,
"text": "Llywelyn Fawr"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45350",
"question": "when was the magna carta ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 110,
"text": "1215"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45351",
"question": "when did the magna carta occur ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 164,
"text": "1216"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45352",
"question": "where was the first prince of wales located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 187,
"text": "Aberdyfi"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45353",
"question": "who led the first invasion ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 542,
"text": "King Edward I of England"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Prior to the British Industrial Revolution, which saw a rapid economic expansion between 1750 and 1850, there were signs of small-scale industries scattered throughout Wales. These ranged from industries connected to agriculture, such as milling and the manufacture of woollen textiles, through to mining and quarrying. Until the Industrial Revolution, Wales had always been reliant on its agricultural output for its wealth and employment and the earliest industrial businesses were small scale and localised in manner. The emerging industrial period commenced around the development of copper smelting in the Swansea area. With access to local coal deposits and a harbour that could take advantage of Cornwall's copper mines and the copper deposits being extracted from the then-largest copper mine in the world at Parys Mountain on Anglesey, Swansea developed into the world's major centre for non-ferrous metal smelting in the 19th century. The second metal industry to expand in Wales was iron smelting, and iron manufacturing became prevalent in both the north and the south of the country. In the north of Wales, John Wilkinson's Ironworks at Bersham was a significant industry, while in the south, a second world centre of metallurgy was founded in Merthyr Tydfil, where the four ironworks of Dowlais, Cyfarthfa, Plymouth and Penydarren became the most significant hub of iron manufacture in Wales. In the 1820s, south Wales alone accounted for 40% of all pig iron manufactured in Britain.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45354",
"question": "when did the british industrial revolution begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 89,
"text": "1750 and 1850"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45355",
"question": "where was the second world centre of metallurgy founded ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 1257,
"text": "Merthyr Tydfil"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45356",
"question": "what percentage of pig iron manufactured iron manufactured south wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 1453,
"text": "40%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In the late 18th century, slate quarrying began to expand rapidly, most notably in north Wales. The Penrhyn Quarry, opened in 1770 by Richard Pennant, was employing 15,000 men by the late 19th century, and along with Dinorwic Quarry, it dominated the Welsh slate trade. Although slate quarrying has been described as 'the most Welsh of Welsh industries', it is coal mining which has become the single industry synonymous with Wales and its people. Initially, coal seams were exploited to provide energy for local metal industries but, with the opening of canal systems and later the railways, Welsh coal mining saw a boom in its demand. As the south Wales coalfield was exploited, mainly in the upland valleys around Aberdare and later the Rhondda, the ports of Swansea, Cardiff and later Penarth, grew into world exporters of coal and, with them, came a population boom. By its height in 1913, Wales was producing almost 61 million tons of coal. As well as in south Wales, there was also a significant coalfield in the north-east of the country, particularly around Wrexham. As Wales was reliant on the production of capital goods rather than consumer goods, it possessed few of the skilled craftspeople and artisans found in the workshops of Birmingham or Sheffield in England and had few factories producing finished goods \u2013 a key feature of most regions associated with the Industrial Revolution. However, there is increasing support that the industrial revolution was reliant on harnessing the energy and materials provided by Wales and, in that sense, Wales was of central importance.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45357",
"question": "when was the quarry ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 126,
"text": "1770"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45358",
"question": "who opened the quarry ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 134,
"text": "Richard Pennant"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45359",
"question": "how many men died in the quarry ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 165,
"text": "15,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45360",
"question": "what dominated the welsh slate trade ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 217,
"text": "Dinorwic Quarry"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45361",
"question": "how many tons of coal was wales producing in 1913 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 922,
"text": "61 million"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Historian Kenneth Morgan described Wales on the eve of the First World War as a \"relatively placid, self-confident and successful nation\". Output from the coalfields continued to increase, with the Rhondda Valley recording a peak of 9.6 million tons of coal extracted in 1913. The outbreak of the First World War (1914\u20131918) saw Wales, as part of the United Kingdom, enter hostilities with Germany. A total of 272,924 Welshmen served in the war, representing 21.5% of the male population. Of these, roughly 35,000 were killed. The two most notable battles of the War to include Welsh forces were those at Mametz Wood on the Somme and the Battle of Passchendaele.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45362",
"question": "how many tons of coal extracted in 1913 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 233,
"text": "9.6 million tons"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45363",
"question": "when was the first world war ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 314,
"text": "1914\u20131918"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45364",
"question": "what percentage of the male population was male in the war ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 459,
"text": "21.5%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45365",
"question": "how many were killed in these year ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 507,
"text": "35,000"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The first quarter of the 20th century also saw a shift in the political landscape of Wales. Since 1865, the Liberal Party had held a parliamentary majority in Wales and, following the general election of 1906, only one non-Liberal Member of Parliament, Keir Hardie of Merthyr Tydfil, represented a Welsh constituency at Westminster. Yet by 1906, industrial dissension and political militancy had begun to undermine Liberal consensus in the southern coalfields. In 1916, David Lloyd George became the first Welshman to become Prime Minister of Britain when he was made head of the 1916 coalition government. In December 1918, Lloyd George was re-elected at the head of a Conservative-dominated coalition government, and his poor handling of the 1919 coalminers' strike was a key factor in destroying support for the Liberal party in south Wales. The industrial workers of Wales began shifting towards a new political organisation, established by Hardie and others to ensure an elected representation for the working class, which is now called the Labour Party. When in 1908 the Miners' Federation of Great Britain became affiliated to the Labour Party, the four Labour candidates sponsored by miners were all elected as MPs. By 1922, half of the Welsh seats at Westminster were held by Labour politicians\u2014the start of a Labour hegemony which would dominate Wales into the 21st century.\nAfter economic growth in the first two decades of the 20th century, Wales' staple industries endured a prolonged slump from the early 1920s to the late 1930s, leading to widespread unemployment and poverty in the south Wales valleys. For the first time in centuries, the population of Wales went into decline; the scourge of unemployment only relented with the production demands of the Second World War. The Second World War (1939\u20131945) saw Welsh servicemen and women fight in all the major theatres of war, with some 15,000 of them killed. Bombing raids brought major loss of life as the German Air Force targeted the docks at Swansea, Cardiff and Pembroke. After 1943, 10% of Welsh conscripts aged 18 were sent to work in the coal mines, where there were labour shortages; they became known as Bevin Boys. Pacifist numbers during both World Wars were fairly low, especially in the Second World War, which was seen as a fight against fascism. Of the political parties active in Wales, only Plaid Cymru took a neutral stance, on the grounds that it was an \"imperialist war\".\nThe 20th century saw a revival in Welsh national feeling. Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925, seeking greater autonomy or independence from the rest of the UK. The term \"England and Wales\" became common for describing the area to which English law applied, and in 1955 Cardiff was proclaimed as capital city of Wales. \"Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg\" () was formed in 1962, in response to long-held fears that the language might soon die out. Nationalist sentiment grew following the flooding of the Tryweryn valley in 1965 to create a reservoir to supply water to the English city of Liverpool. Despite 35 of the 36 Welsh MPs voting against the bill (the other one abstained), Parliament passed the bill and the village of Capel Celyn was submerged, highlighting Wales' powerlessness in her own affairs in the face of the numerical superiority of English MPs in the Westminster Parliament. Both the Free Wales Army and \"Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru\" (, abbreviated as MAC) were formed as a direct result of the Tryweryn destruction, conducting campaigns from 1963. In the years leading up to the investiture of Prince Charles as Prince of Wales in 1969, these groups were responsible for a number of bomb blasts\u2014destroying water pipes, tax and other offices and part of the dam at the new Clywedog reservoir project in Montgomeryshire, being built to supply water to the English Midlands. At a by-election in 1966, Gwynfor Evans won the parliamentary seat of Carmarthen, Plaid Cymru's first Parliamentary seat. In the following year, the Wales and Berwick Act 1746 was repealed and a legal definition of Wales and of the boundary with England was stated.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45366",
"question": "who was the parliament of parliament in 1906 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 253,
"text": "Keir Hardie of Merthyr Tydfil"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45367",
"question": "who was the first welshman to become prime minister ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 470,
"text": "David Lloyd George"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "By the end of the 1960s, the regional policy of bringing businesses into disadvantaged areas of Wales through financial incentives had proven very successful in diversifying the industrial economy. This policy, begun in 1934, was enhanced by the construction of industrial estates and improvements in transport communications, most notably the M4 motorway linking south Wales directly to London. It was believed that the foundations for stable economic growth had been firmly established in Wales during this period; but this view was shown to be wildly optimistic after the recession of the early 1980s saw the collapse of much of the manufacturing base that had been built over the preceding forty years.\nIn the first referendum, in 1979, the Welsh electorate voted on the creation of an assembly for Wales, but there was a large majority for the \"no\" vote. However in 1997 a referendum on the same issue secured a \"yes\", although by a very narrow majority. The National Assembly for Wales (\"Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru\") was set up in 1999 (under the Government of Wales Act 1998) and has the power to determine how the central government budget for Wales is spent and administered, although the UK parliament reserves the right to set limits on the powers of the Welsh Assembly.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45368",
"question": "in what year did the construction of industrial estates begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 220,
"text": "1934"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45369",
"question": "in what year did the welsh electorate begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 735,
"text": "1979"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The governments of the United Kingdom and of Wales almost invariably define Wales as a country. The Welsh Government says: \"Wales is not a Principality. Although we are joined with England by land, and we are part of Great Britain, Wales is a country in its own right.\" The title \"Prince of Wales\" is still conferred on the heir apparent to the British throne, currently Prince Charles. However the Prince of Wales has no constitutional role in modern Wales. According to the Welsh Government: \"Our Prince of Wales at the moment is Prince Charles, who is the present heir to the throne. But he does not have a role in the governance of Wales, even though his title might suggest that he does.\"",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45370",
"question": "who invariably wales as a country as a country ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "The governments of the United Kingdom and of Wales"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45371",
"question": "what is the welsh government ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 123,
"text": "\"Wales is not a Principality"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45372",
"question": "what is the name of the title of prince charles ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 281,
"text": "Prince of Wales"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45373",
"question": "who was the title of the title `` prince of wales '' ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 371,
"text": "Prince Charles"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45374",
"question": "who is the welsh government ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 495,
"text": "Our Prince of Wales"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45375",
"question": "who is the present heir to the throne ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 532,
"text": "Prince Charles"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Constitutionally, the UK is a \"de jure\" unitary state, its parliament and government in Westminster. In the House of Commons \u2013 the lower house of the UK government \u2013 Wales is represented by 40 MPs (out of 650) from Welsh constituencies. Labour MPs hold 25 of the 40 seats, the Conservatives eleven, Plaid Cymru three and the Liberal Democrats hold one seat. A Secretary of State for Wales sits in the UK cabinet and is responsible for representing matters pertaining to Wales. The Wales Office is a department of the United Kingdom government, responsible for Wales. Alun Cairns has been Secretary of State for Wales since March 2016.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45376",
"question": "what is the uk 's parliament ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 86,
"text": "de jure\" unitary state"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45377",
"question": "who represented the lower house of the uk government ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 245,
"text": "40 MPs"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Referendums held in Wales and Scotland in 1997 chose to establish a form of self-government in both countries. In Wales, the consequent process of devolution began with the Government of Wales Act 1998, which created the National Assembly for Wales (). Powers of the Secretary of State for Wales were transferred to the devolved government on 1 July 1999, granting the Assembly the power to decide how the Westminster government's budget for devolved areas is spent and administered. The 1998 Act was amended by the Government of Wales Act 2006 which enhanced the Assembly's powers, giving it legislative powers akin to those of the Scottish Parliament and Northern Ireland Assembly. The Assembly has 60 members, known as Assembly Members (). Members (AMs ()) are elected for four-year terms under an additional member system. Forty of the AMs represent geographical constituencies, elected under the First Past the Post system. The remaining twenty AMs represent five electoral regions, each including between seven and nine constituencies, using the d'Hondt method of proportional representation. The Assembly must elect a First Minister, who selects ministers to form the Welsh Government.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45378",
"question": "in what year did wales begin to establish self-government ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 42,
"text": "1997"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45379",
"question": "who created the national assembly for wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 173,
"text": "Government of Wales Act 1998"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45380",
"question": "what did the government of wales act 1998 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 221,
"text": "National Assembly for Wales"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45381",
"question": "when were powers of the secretary of state transferred ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 343,
"text": "1 July 1999"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45382",
"question": "who amended the 1998 act ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 512,
"text": "the Government of Wales Act 2006"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45383",
"question": "how many members does the assembly have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 701,
"text": "60"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Labour remained the largest Assembly party following the 2007 election, winning 26 of the 60 seats. Having insufficient support to form a government, the Labour Party entered into the 'One Wales' agreement with Plaid Cymru, forming a coalition, with the Labour leader as First Minister. Carwyn Jones has been First Minister and leader of Welsh Labour since Rhodri Morgan retired from office in December 2009, after nine years and ten months as First Minister. Ieuan Wyn Jones, Deputy First Minister in the coalition government, was leader of Plaid Cymru, the second-largest party in the Assembly with 14 of the 60 seats. Under the 'One Wales' agreement, a referendum on giving the Welsh assembly full law-making powers was promised \"as soon as practicable, at or before the end of the assembly term (in 2011)\" and both parties have agreed \"in good faith to campaign for a successful outcome to such a referendum\".",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45384",
"question": "how many seats did the largest assembly party have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 80,
"text": "26 of the 60 seats"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45385",
"question": "what was the name of the labour party ' agreement ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 211,
"text": "Plaid Cymru"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45386",
"question": "who retired carwyn jones ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 357,
"text": "Rhodri Morgan"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Welsh Labour remained the largest party in the Assembly following the National Assembly for Wales election, 2011, winning 30 of the 60 seats. Other parties represented in the assembly were the Welsh Conservatives (the loyal opposition) with 14 seats, Plaid Cymru who have 11 seats and the Welsh Liberal Democrats with five seats. Carwyn Jones remained First Minister following the election, this time leading a Welsh Labour ministerial team. The Presiding Officer of the Assembly was Rosemary Butler of Welsh Labour.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45387",
"question": "in what year was the national assembly for wales winning ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 108,
"text": "2011"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45388",
"question": "how many seats did the national assembly in the national assembly have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 122,
"text": "30 of the 60 seats"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45389",
"question": "how many seats did the welsh conservatives have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 272,
"text": "11"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45390",
"question": "who was first minister following the election ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 330,
"text": "Carwyn Jones"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45391",
"question": "what was the presiding officer of the assembly ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 484,
"text": "Rosemary Butler of Welsh Labour"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "After the May 2016 election, Labour continues to form the largest group in the Assembly, with 29 AMs. Plaid Cymru forms the official opposition, having increased its representation to twelve AMs. The Conservative Party has eleven AMs and the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) achieved seven MAs for the first time. The remaining seat is held by Kirsty Williams of the Liberal Democrats. The vote for First Minister initially resulted in a tie between incumbent Carwyn Jones (Labour) and Leanne Wood (Plaid Cymru). After discussions amongst the parties, a Labour government including the Liberal Democrat AM as Minister for Education was proposed with limited policy-based support from Plaid Cymru, and Carwyn Jones was re-elected as First Minister. Elin Jones of Plaid Cymru was elected Presiding Officer. In August 2016, one of the UKIP AMs left his group and continues to sit as an Independent member, and in October 2016, former Plaid Cymru president and inaugural Presiding Officer of the National Assembly, Dafydd Elis-Thomas, left his party and also continues to sit as an Independent member.\nThe twenty areas of responsibility devolved to the Welsh Government, known as \"subjects\", include agriculture, economic development, education, health, housing, local government, social services, tourism, transport and the Welsh language. On its creation in 1999, the National Assembly for Wales had no primary legislative powers. However, since the Government of Wales Act 2006 (GoWA 2006) came into effect in 2007, the Assembly has power to pass primary legislation as Assembly Measures on some specific matters within the areas of devolved responsibility. Further matters have been added subsequently, either directly by the UK Parliament or by the UK Parliament approving a Legislative Competence Order (LCO, a request from the National Assembly for additional powers). The GoWA 2006 allows for the Assembly to gain primary lawmaking powers on a more extensive range of matters within the same devolved areas if approved in a referendum.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45392",
"question": "what was the largest group in the assembly of the assembly ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 94,
"text": "29 AMs"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "A referendum on extending the law-making powers of the National Assembly was accordingly held on 3 March 2011. It asked the question: \"Do you want the Assembly now to be able to make laws on \"all\" matters in the 20 subject areas it has powers for?\" 63.49% of the voters voted 'yes', and 36.51% voted 'no'. Consequently, the Assembly is now empowered to make laws, known as Acts of the Assembly, on all matters in the subject areas, without needing the UK Parliament's agreement.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45393",
"question": "when was the referendum on the national assembly held ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 97,
"text": "3 March 2011"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45394",
"question": "what percentage of voters voted ` yes ' ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 249,
"text": "63.49%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45395",
"question": "what percentage of the population was no ' ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 287,
"text": "36.51%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45396",
"question": "what is the assembly known as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 373,
"text": "Acts of the Assembly"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45397",
"question": "why is the assembly of the assembly known ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 432,
"text": "without needing the UK Parliament's agreement"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Wales is also a distinct UK electoral region of the European Union represented by four Members of the European Parliament.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45398",
"question": "how many members are in wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 82,
"text": "four Members of the European Parliament"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "For the purposes of local government, Wales has been divided into 22 council areas since 1996. These \"principal areas\" are responsible for the provision of all local government services, including education, social work, environment and roads services.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45399",
"question": "how many council areas has wales been divided into ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 66,
"text": "22"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45400",
"question": "when did wales become divided into 22 council areas ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 89,
"text": "1996"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45401",
"question": "what are some local government services ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 197,
"text": "education, social work, environment and roads services"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Note: Wales has six cities. In addition to Cardiff, Newport and Swansea, the communities of Bangor, St Asaph and St Davids also have city status in the United Kingdom.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45402",
"question": "how many cities does wales have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 16,
"text": "six"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45403",
"question": "which two cities have city status ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 43,
"text": "Cardiff, Newport and Swansea"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45404",
"question": "what communities have city status in the united kingdom ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 92,
"text": "Bangor, St Asaph and St Davids"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "By tradition, Welsh Law was compiled during an assembly held at Whitland around 930 by Hywel Dda, king of most of Wales between 942 and his death in 950. The 'law of Hywel Dda' (), as it became known, codified the previously existing folk laws and legal customs that had evolved in Wales over centuries. Welsh Law emphasised the payment of compensation for a crime to the victim, or the victim's kin, rather than punishment by the ruler. Other than in the Marches, where law was imposed by the Marcher Lords, Welsh Law remained in force in Wales until the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284. Edward I of England annexed the Principality of Wales following the death of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, and Welsh Law was replaced for criminal cases under the Statute. Marcher Law and Welsh Law (for civil cases) remained in force until Henry VIII of England annexed the whole of Wales under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535\u20131542 (often referred to as the Acts of Union of 1536 and 1543), after which English law applied to the whole of Wales. The Wales and Berwick Act 1746 provided that all laws that applied to England would automatically apply to Wales (and the Anglo-Scottish border town of Berwick) unless the law explicitly stated otherwise; this Act was repealed with regard to Wales in 1967. English law has been the legal system of Wales and England since 1536, and continues to be so, although there is now a growing body of contemporary Welsh law since devolution to Wales since 1999.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45405",
"question": "when was welsh law compiled ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 80,
"text": "930"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45406",
"question": "who held the welsh law ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 87,
"text": "Hywel Dda"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "English law is regarded as a common law system, with no major codification of the law, and legal precedents are binding as opposed to persuasive.The court system is headed by the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom which is the highest court of appeal in the land for criminal and civil cases. The Senior Courts of England and Wales is the highest court of first instance as well as an appellate court. The three divisions are the Court of Appeal; the High Court of Justice and the Crown Court. Minor cases are heard by the Magistrates' Courts or the County Court. In 2007 the Wales and Cheshire Region (known as the Wales and Cheshire Circuit before 2005) came to an end when Cheshire was attached to the North-Western England Region. From that point Wales became a legal unit in its own right, although it remains part of the single jurisdiction of England and Wales.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45407",
"question": "who is the highest court of appeal to english law ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 175,
"text": "the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45408",
"question": "what is the supreme court of the united kingdom ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 224,
"text": "the highest court of appeal in the land for criminal and civil cases"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45409",
"question": "what is the highest court of first court ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 294,
"text": "The Senior Courts of England and Wales"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45410",
"question": "who are the two divisions of appeal ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 448,
"text": "the High Court of Justice and the Crown Court"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45411",
"question": "who heard minor cases ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 520,
"text": "the Magistrates' Courts or the County Court"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45412",
"question": "in what year was the wales and cheshire region known as the wales and cheshire circuit ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 568,
"text": "2007"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45413",
"question": "what region of the cheshire was attached to the cheshire circuit before 2005 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 573,
"text": "the Wales and Cheshire Region"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45414",
"question": "what are the names of the 2007 and cheshire region known as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 613,
"text": "the Wales and Cheshire Circuit"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45415",
"question": "where was cheshire attached to in 2007 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 706,
"text": "North-Western England Region"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Welsh Assembly has the authority to draft and approve laws outside of the UK Parliamentary system to meet the specific needs of Wales. Under powers approved by a referendum held in March 2011, it is empowered to pass primary legislation known as Acts of the Assembly in relation to twenty subjects listed in the Government of Wales Act 2006 such as health and education. Through this primary legislation, the Welsh Government can then also enact more specific secondary legislation.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45416",
"question": "who has the authority to draft laws outside of the uk ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "The Welsh Assembly"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45417",
"question": "what is the welsh assembly ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 23,
"text": "the authority to draft and approve laws outside of the UK Parliamentary system to meet the specific needs of Wales"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45418",
"question": "when was the referendum held ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 185,
"text": "March 2011"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45419",
"question": "what is the primary name for the welsh assembly ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 250,
"text": "Acts of the Assembly in relation to twenty subjects listed in the Government of Wales Act 2006"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45420",
"question": "what are the two subjects of the government of wales act ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 353,
"text": "health and education"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Wales is served by four regional police forces, Dyfed-Powys Police, Gwent Police, North Wales Police and South Wales Police. Four prisons are in Wales; all in the southern half of the country. Wales has no women's prisons; female inmates are imprisoned in England.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45421",
"question": "how many regional police forces are there ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 19,
"text": "four"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45422",
"question": "what are the two regional police forces ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 82,
"text": "North Wales Police and South Wales Police"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45423",
"question": "how many women are imprisoned in england ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 193,
"text": "Wales has no women's prisons"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Wales is a generally mountainous country on the western side of central southern Great Britain. It is about north\u2013south and east\u2013west. The oft-quoted 'size of Wales' is about . Wales is bordered by England to the east and by sea in all other directions: the Irish Sea to the north and west, St George's Channel and the Celtic Sea to the southwest and the Bristol Channel to the south. Wales has about of coastline (along the mean high water mark), including the mainland, Anglesey and Holyhead. Over 50 islands lie off the Welsh mainland; the largest being Anglesey, in the north-west.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45424",
"question": "where is wales located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 44,
"text": "the western side of central southern Great Britain"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45425",
"question": "where is wales located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 108,
"text": "north\u2013south and east\u2013west"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45426",
"question": "what country borders wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 198,
"text": "England to the east and by sea in all other directions"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45427",
"question": "what is the name of the sea that borders wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 254,
"text": "the Irish Sea to the north and west"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45428",
"question": "what two directions are in wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 291,
"text": "St George's Channel and the Celtic Sea to the southwest and the Bristol Channel to the south"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45429",
"question": "how many islands are there ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 495,
"text": "Over 50 islands lie off the Welsh mainland"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45430",
"question": "what is the largest welsh mainland ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 557,
"text": "Anglesey"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Much of Wales' diverse landscape is mountainous, particularly in the north and central regions. The mountains were shaped during the last ice age, the Devensian glaciation. The highest mountains in Wales are in Snowdonia (), of which five are over . The highest of these is Snowdon (), at . The 14 Welsh mountains, or 15 if including Garnedd Uchafoften discounted because of its low topographic prominenceover high are known collectively as the Welsh 3000s and are located in a small area in the north-west.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45431",
"question": "what is much of wales ' diverse landscape ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 36,
"text": "mountainous"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45432",
"question": "what glaciation were shaped during the last ice age ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 151,
"text": "Devensian glaciation"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45433",
"question": "where are the highest mountains in wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 211,
"text": "Snowdonia"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45434",
"question": "what is the highest of the highest of the highest language ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 274,
"text": "Snowdon"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45435",
"question": "what are the 14 welsh mountains called ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 445,
"text": "Welsh 3000s"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The highest outside the 3000s is Aran Fawddwy, at , in the south of Snowdonia. The Brecon Beacons () are in the south (highest point Pen y Fan, at ), and are joined by the Cambrian Mountains in Mid Wales. The highest point being Pumlumon at .\nWales has three national parks: Snowdonia, Brecon Beacons and Pembrokeshire Coast. It has five Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty; Anglesey, the Clwydian Range and Dee Valley, the Gower Peninsula, the Ll\u0177n Peninsula, and the Wye Valley. The Gower Peninsula was the first area in the United Kingdom to be designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, in 1956. Forty two percent of the coastline of south and west Wales is designated as Heritage Coast, with 13 specific designated strips of coastline maintained by Natural Resources Wales (successor body to the Countryside Council for Wales). As from 2012 the coastline of Wales has 43 Blue Flag beaches and five Blue Flag marinas. Despite its heritage and award winning beaches; the south and west coasts of Wales, along with the Irish and Cornish coasts, are frequently blasted by Atlantic westerlies/south westerlies that, over the years, have sunk and wrecked many vessels. On the night of 25 October 1859, over 110 ships were destroyed off the coast of Wales when a hurricane blew in from the Atlantic. More than 800 lives were lost across Britain because of the storm, but the greatest tragedy was the sinking of the \"Royal Charter\" off the coast of Anglesey in which 459 people died. The number of shipwrecks around the coast of Wales reached a peak in the 19th century with over 100 vessels lost and an average loss of life of about 78 sailors per year. Wartime action caused losses near Holyhead, Milford Haven and Swansea. Because of offshore rocks and unlit islands, Anglesey and Pembrokeshire are still notorious for shipwrecks, most notably the \"Sea Empress\" oil spill in 1996.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45436",
"question": "what is the highest outside of the south ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 33,
"text": "Aran Fawddwy"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45437",
"question": "what mountains are joined by the south y fan ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 172,
"text": "Cambrian Mountains"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The first border between Wales and England was zonal, apart from around the River Wye, which was the first accepted boundary. Offa's Dyke was supposed to form an early distinct line but this was thwarted by Gruffudd ap Llewellyn, who reclaimed swathes of land beyond the dyke. The Act of Union of 1536 formed a linear border stretching from the mouth of the Dee to the mouth of the Wye. Even after the Act of Union, many of the borders remained vague and moveable until the Welsh Sunday Closing act of 1881, which forced local businesses to decide which country they fell within to accept either the Welsh or English law.\nThe \"Seven Wonders of Wales\" is a list in doggerel verse of seven geographic and cultural landmarks in Wales probably composed in the late 18th century under the influence of tourism from England. All the \"wonders\" are in north Wales: Snowdon (the highest mountain), the Gresford bells (the peal of bells in the medieval church of All Saints at Gresford), the Llangollen bridge (built in 1347 over the River Dee), St Winefride's Well (a pilgrimage site at Holywell) in Flintshire, the Wrexham () steeple (16th-century tower of St Giles' Church, Wrexham), the Overton yew trees (ancient yew trees in the churchyard of St. Mary's at Overton-on-Dee) and Pistyll Rhaeadr \u2013 a tall waterfall, at . The wonders are part of the rhyme:",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45438",
"question": "what was the first border between wales and england ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 47,
"text": "zonal"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45439",
"question": "what was the first border between wales and england ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 76,
"text": "River Wye"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45440",
"question": "who thwarted the reclaimed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 207,
"text": "Gruffudd ap Llewellyn"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The earliest geological period of the Paleozoic era, the Cambrian, takes its name from the Cambrian Mountains, where geologists first identified Cambrian remnants. In evolutionary studies the Cambrian is the period when most major groups of complex animals appeared (the Cambrian explosion). The older rocks underlying the Cambrian rocks in Wales lacked fossils which could be used to differentiate their various groups and were referred to as Pre-cambrian.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45441",
"question": "what was the earliest geological period of the paleozoic era ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 53,
"text": "the Cambrian"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45442",
"question": "where does the cambrian era originate ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 91,
"text": "Cambrian Mountains"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45443",
"question": "what was the name of the cambrian mountains ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 145,
"text": "Cambrian remnants"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45444",
"question": "what were the older rocks referred to as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 444,
"text": "Pre-cambrian"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In the mid-19th century, two prominent geologists, Roderick Murchison and Adam Sedgwick (who first proposed the name of the Cambrian period), independently used their studies of the geology of Wales to establish certain principles of stratigraphy and palaeontology. The next two periods of the Paleozoic era, the Ordovician and Silurian, were named after ancient Celtic tribes from this area based on Murchison's and Sedgwick's work.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45445",
"question": "who first proposed the name of the cambrian period ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 51,
"text": "Roderick Murchison and Adam Sedgwick"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45446",
"question": "what were the geology of wales used to establish ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 234,
"text": "stratigraphy and palaeontology"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45447",
"question": "what years was named after ancient celtic tribes ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 313,
"text": "Ordovician and Silurian"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45448",
"question": "what were the celtic tribes named on ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 401,
"text": "Murchison's and Sedgwick's work"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Wales lies within the north temperate zone. It has a changeable, maritime climate and is one of the wettest countries in Europe. Welsh weather is often cloudy, wet and windy, with warm summers and mild winters. The long summer days and short winter days result from Wales' northerly latitudes (between 53\u00b0 43\u2032 N and 51\u00b0 38\u2032 N). Aberystwyth, at the midpoint of the country's west coast, has nearly 17\u00a0hours of daylight at the summer solstice. Daylight at midwinter there falls to just over seven\u00a0and\u00a0a\u00a0half hours.\nThe country's wide geographic variations cause localised differences in sunshine, rainfall and temperature. Average annual coastal temperatures reach and in low lying inland areas, lower. It becomes cooler at higher altitudes; annual temperatures decrease on average approximately each of altitude. Consequently, the higher parts of Snowdonia experience average annual temperatures of . Temperatures in Wales remain higher than would otherwise be expected at its latitude because of the North Atlantic Drift, a branch of the Gulf Stream. The ocean current, bringing warmer water to northerly latitudes, has a similar effect on most of north-west Europe. As well as its influence on Wales' coastal areas, air warmed by the Gulf Stream blows further inland with the prevailing winds.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45449",
"question": "what is the northerly latitudes ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 302,
"text": "53\u00b0 43\u2032 N and 51\u00b0 38\u2032 N"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The sunniest time of year tends to be between May and August. The south-western coast is the sunniest part of Wales, averaging over 1700 hours of sunshine annually. Wales' sunniest town is Tenby, Pembrokeshire. The dullest time of year tends to be between November and January. The least sunny areas are the mountains, some parts of which average less than 1200 hours of sunshine annually. The prevailing wind is south-westerly. Coastal areas are the windiest, gales occur most often during winter, on average between 15 and 30 days each year, depending on location. Inland, gales average fewer than six days annually.\nRainfall patterns show significant variation. The further west, the higher the expected rainfall; up to 40% more. At low elevations, rain is unpredictable at any time of year, although the showers tend to be shorter in summer. The uplands of Wales have most rain, normally more than 50 days of rain during the winter months (December to February), falling to around 35 rainy days during the summer months (June to August). Annual rainfall in Snowdonia averages between 3,000 millimetres (120\u00a0in) (Blaenau Ffestiniog) and 5,000 millimetres (200\u00a0in) (Snowdon's summit). The likelihood is that it will fall as sleet or snow when the temperature falls below , and snow tends to be lying on the ground there for an average of 30 days a year. Snow falls several times each winter in inland areas, but is relatively uncommon around the coast. Average annual rainfall in those areas can be less than 1,000 millimetres (39\u00a0in). Met Office statistics show Swansea to be the wettest city in Great Britain, with an average annual rainfall of 1,360.8 millimetres (53.57\u00a0in). This has led to the old adage \"If you can see Mumbles Head it is going to rain \u2013 if you can't, it is raining\". Cardiff is Great Britain's fifth wettest city, with 908 millimetres (35.7\u00a0in). Rhyl is Wales' driest town, its average annual rainfall 640 millimetres (25\u00a0in).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45450",
"question": "when was the sunniest time of year year ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 46,
"text": "May and August"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45451",
"question": "how many hours of sunshine is the sunniest part of wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 132,
"text": "1700"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45452",
"question": "what is wales ' sunniest town ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 189,
"text": "Tenby, Pembrokeshire"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45453",
"question": "what percentage of more rainfall is more west ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 723,
"text": "40%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Wales\u2019 wildlife is typical of Britain with several distinctions. Because of its long coastline Wales hosts a variety of seabirds. The coasts and surrounding islands are home to colonies of gannets, Manx shearwater, puffins, kittiwakes, shags and razorbills. In comparison, with 60% of Wales above the 150m contour, the country also supports a variety of upland habitat birds, including raven and ring ouzel. Birds of prey include the merlin, hen harrier and the red kite, a national symbol of Welsh wildlife. In total, more than 200 different species of bird have been seen at the RSPB reserve at Conwy, including seasonal visitors.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45454",
"question": "what is typical of britain 's wildlife wildlife ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "Wales\u2019 wildlife"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45455",
"question": "what type of seabirds does wales have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 120,
"text": "seabirds"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45456",
"question": "what percentage of wales above the 150m habitat birds above the 150m ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 278,
"text": "60%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45457",
"question": "what supports 60 % of wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 301,
"text": "150m contour"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45458",
"question": "what are the birds of prey ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 434,
"text": "merlin, hen harrier and the red kite"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45459",
"question": "how many different species of bird have been seen ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 529,
"text": "200"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The larger Welsh mammals died out during the Norman period, including the brown bear, wolf and the wildcat. Today, mammals of note include shrews, voles, badgers, otters, hedgehogs and fifteen species of bat. Two species of small rodent, the yellow-necked mouse and the dormouse, are of special Welsh note being found at the historically undisturbed border area. Other animals of note include, otter, stoat and weasel. The pine marten which has had the occasional sighting, has not been officially recorded since the 1950s. The polecat was nearly driven to extinction in Britain, but hung on in Wales and is now rapidly spreading. Feral goats can be found in Snowdonia.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45460",
"question": "who were the larger welsh mammals ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 74,
"text": "brown bear, wolf and the wildcat"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45461",
"question": "what are some examples of mammals ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 139,
"text": "shrews, voles, badgers, otters, hedgehogs and fifteen species of bat"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45462",
"question": "what are some of the animals that are used in other animals ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 394,
"text": "otter, stoat and weasel"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The waters of south-west Wales of Gower, Pembrokeshire and Cardigan Bay attract marine animals, including basking sharks, Atlantic grey seals, leatherback turtles, dolphins, porpoises, jellyfish, crabs and lobsters. Pembrokeshire and Ceredigion in particular are recognised as an area of international importance for bottlenose dolphins, and New Quay has the only summer residence of bottlenose dolphins in the whole of the UK. River fish of note include char, eel, salmon, shad, sparling and Arctic char, whilst the Gwyniad is unique to Wales, found only in Bala Lake. Wales is also known for its shellfish, including cockles, limpet, mussels and periwinkles. Herring, mackerel and hake are the more common of the country's seafish.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45463",
"question": "who attract marine animals ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 25,
"text": "Wales of Gower, Pembrokeshire and Cardigan Bay"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45464",
"question": "who has the only summer residence of the uk ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 342,
"text": "New Quay"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45465",
"question": "where is wales found ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 559,
"text": "Bala Lake"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The north facing high grounds of Snowdonia support a relict pre-glacial flora including the iconic Snowdon lily \u2013 \"Gagea serotina\" \u2013 and other alpine species such as \"Saxifraga cespitosa\", \"Saxifraga oppositifolia\" and \"Silene acaulis\". Wales also hosts a number of plant species not found elsewhere in the UK including the spotted rock-rose \"Tuberaria guttata\" on Anglesey and \"Draba aizoides\" on the Gower.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45466",
"question": "what is the name of the flora flora that the north facing support ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 99,
"text": "Snowdon lily"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45467",
"question": "what is another name for alpine species ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 167,
"text": "Saxifraga cespitosa"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Over the last 250 years, Wales has been transformed first from a predominantly agricultural country to an industrial, and now a post-industrial economy. Since the Second World War, the service sector has come to account for the majority of jobs, a feature typifying most advanced economies. Total headline Gross Value Added (GVA) in Wales in 2010 was \u00a345.5 billion, or \u00a315,145 per head of population; 74.0 per cent of the average for the UK total, the lowest GVA per head in the UK. In the three months to July 2010, the employment rate for working-age adults in Wales was 67 per cent, compared to 70.7 per cent across the UK as a whole.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45468",
"question": "what was the gross value added to wales in 2010 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 351,
"text": "\u00a345.5 billion"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45469",
"question": "what was the head of population in wales in 2010 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 369,
"text": "\u00a315,145"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45470",
"question": "what was the employment rate of the employment rate in wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 573,
"text": "67 per cent"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "From the middle of the 19th century until the post-war era, the mining and export of coal was a dominant industry. At its peak of production in 1913, nearly 233,000 men and women were employed in the south Wales coalfield, mining 56 million tons of coal. Cardiff was once the largest coal-exporting port in the world and, for a few years before the First World War, handled a greater tonnage of cargo than either London or Liverpool. In the 1920s, over 40% of the male Welsh population worked in heavy industry. According to Professor Phil Williams, the Great Depression \"devastated Wales\", north and south, because of its \"overwhelming dependence on coal and steel\". From the mid-1970s, the Welsh economy faced massive restructuring with large numbers of jobs in traditional heavy industry disappearing and being replaced eventually by new ones in light industry and in services. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Wales was successful in attracting an above average share of foreign direct investment in the UK. However, much of the new industry was essentially of a \"branch factory\" (\"screwdriver factory\") type where a manufacturing plant or call centre is located in Wales but the most highly paid jobs in the company are retained elsewhere.\nBecause of poor-quality soil, much of Wales is unsuitable for crop-growing and livestock farming has traditionally been the focus of agriculture. The Welsh landscape (protected by three national parks) and 45 Blue Flag beaches, as well as the unique culture of Wales, attract large numbers of tourists, who play an especially vital role in the economy of rural areas. Wales has struggled to develop or attract high value-added employment in sectors such as finance and research and development, attributable in part to a comparative lack of 'economic mass' (i.e. population) \u2013 Wales lacks a large metropolitan centre. The lack of high value-added employment is reflected in lower economic output per head relative to other regions of the UK \u2013 in 2002 it stood at 90% of the EU25 average and around 80% of the UK average. In June 2008, Wales made history by becoming the first nation in the world to be awarded Fairtrade Status.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45471",
"question": "when was the peak of production of coal ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 144,
"text": "1913"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45472",
"question": "how many men were employed in the south wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 157,
"text": "233,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45473",
"question": "how many tons of coal were mining in south wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 230,
"text": "56 million"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45474",
"question": "what percentage of the male welsh population worked in heavy industry ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 453,
"text": "40%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45475",
"question": "how much of the uk 's population is wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 2010,
"text": "90%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The pound sterling is the currency used in Wales. Numerous Welsh banks issued their own banknotes in the 19th century. The last bank to do so closed in 1908; since then, although banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland continue to have the right to issue banknotes in their own countries, the Bank of England has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes in Wales. The Commercial Bank of Wales, established in Cardiff by Sir Julian Hodge in 1971, was taken over by the Bank of Scotland in 1988 and absorbed into its parent company in 2002. The Royal Mint, who issue the coinage circulated through the whole of the UK, have been based at a single site in Llantrisant since 1980. Since decimalisation, in 1971, at least one of the coins in UK circulation has depicted a Welsh design, e.g. the 1995 and 2000 one Pound coin (above). However, Wales has not been represented on any coin minted from 2008.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45476",
"question": "when did the last bank to do so closed in wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 152,
"text": "1908"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45477",
"question": "who established the commercial bank of wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 415,
"text": "Sir Julian Hodge"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45478",
"question": "when was the commercial bank of wales established ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 435,
"text": "1971"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The main road artery along the south Wales coast is the M4 motorway. It also provides a link to southern England, terminating in London. The section of the motorway managed by the Welsh Government runs from the Second Severn Crossing to Pont Abraham, Carmarthenshire, connecting the cities of Newport, Cardiff and Swansea. The A55 expressway has a similar role along the north Wales coast, connecting Holyhead and Bangor with Wrexham and Flintshire. It also links to north-west England, principally Chester. The main north-south Wales link is the A470, which runs from Cardiff to Llandudno.\nCardiff International Airport is the only large and international airport in Wales. Providing links to European, African and North American destinations, it is about southwest of Cardiff city centre, in the Vale of Glamorgan. Intra-Wales flights run between Anglesey (Valley) and Cardiff, operated by Isle of Man airline Manx2 Other internal flights operate to northern England, Scotland and Northern Ireland.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45479",
"question": "what is the main road artery in the south wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 56,
"text": "M4 motorway"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45480",
"question": "what is the name of the main north-south wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 547,
"text": "A470"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45481",
"question": "what is the only large airport in wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 591,
"text": "Cardiff International Airport"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Wales has four commercial ferry ports. Regular ferry services to Ireland operate from Holyhead, Pembroke and Fishguard. The Swansea to Cork service, cancelled in 2006, was reinstated in March 2010, but has been withdrawn again in 2012.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45482",
"question": "how many commercial ferry ports does wales have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 10,
"text": "four"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45483",
"question": "where do regular ferry services to ireland operate ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 86,
"text": "Holyhead, Pembroke and Fishguard"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45484",
"question": "when was the swansea to cork ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 162,
"text": "2006"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45485",
"question": "when was the swansea to cork ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 186,
"text": "March 2010"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45486",
"question": "when was the swansea to cork ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 230,
"text": "2012"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": " A distinct education system has developed in Wales. Formal education before the 18th century was the preserve of the elite. The first grammar schools were established in Welsh towns such as Ruthin, Brecon and Cowbridge. One of the first successful schooling systems was started by Griffith Jones, who introduced the circulating schools in the 1730s; believed to have taught half the country's population to read. In the 19th century, with increasing state involvement in education, Wales was forced to adopt an education system that was English in ethos even though the country was predominantly Non-conformist, Welsh-speaking and demographically uneven because of the economic expansion in the south. In some schools, to ensure Welsh children spoke English at school, the Welsh Not was used; a policy seen as a hated symbol of English oppression. The \"not\", a piece of wood hung round the neck by string, was given to any child overheard speaking Welsh, who would pass it to a different child if overheard speaking Welsh. At the end of the day, the wearer of the \"not\" would be beaten. The extent of its practice, however, is difficult to determine. State and local governmental edicts resulted in schooling in the English language which, following \"Brad y Llyfrau Gleision\" (the ), was seen as more academic and worthwhile for children.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45487",
"question": "what were the welsh towns established in welsh towns ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 191,
"text": "Ruthin, Brecon and Cowbridge"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45488",
"question": "who started the first successful schooling systems ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 282,
"text": "Griffith Jones"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The University College of Wales opened in Aberystwyth in 1872. Cardiff and Bangor followed, and the three colleges came together in 1893 to form the University of Wales. The Welsh Intermediate Education Act of 1889 created 95 secondary schools. The Welsh Department for the Board of Education followed in 1907, which gave Wales its first significant educational devolution. A resurgence in Welsh-language schools in the latter half of the 20th century at nursery and primary level saw attitudes shift towards teaching in the medium of Welsh. In schools where English is the first language, Welsh is a compulsory subject until the age of 16. While there has never been an exclusively Welsh-language college, Welsh-medium higher education is delivered through the individual universities and has since 2011 been supported by the Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol (Welsh National College) as a delocalised federal institution. In 2006 there were 33 nursery, 1555 primary, 244 secondary comprehensive and 43 special schools with 56 independent schools in Wales. In 2004 the country had 505,208 pupils taught by 27,378 teachers.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45489",
"question": "where did the university college of wales open ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 42,
"text": "Aberystwyth"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45490",
"question": "when did the university college of wales open ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 57,
"text": "1872"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45491",
"question": "when did the three colleges begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 132,
"text": "1893"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45492",
"question": "how many secondary schools did the welsh intermediate education act have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 223,
"text": "95"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45493",
"question": "in what year did the welsh department begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 305,
"text": "1907"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Public healthcare in Wales is provided by NHS Wales (\"\"), which was originally formed as part of the NHS structure for England and Wales created by the National Health Service Act 1946, but with powers over the NHS in Wales coming under the Secretary of State for Wales in 1969. In turn, responsibility for NHS Wales was passed to the Welsh Assembly and Executive under devolution in 1999. Historically, Wales was served by smaller 'cottage' hospitals, built as voluntary institutions. As newer more expensive diagnostic techniques and treatments became available through medical advancement, much of the clinical work of the country has been concentrated in newer, larger district hospitals. In 2006, there were seventeen district hospitals in Wales, although none situated in Powys. NHS Wales provides public healthcare in Wales and employs some 90,000 staff, making it Wales\u2019 biggest employer. The Minister for Health and Social Services is the person within the Welsh Government who holds cabinet responsibilities for both health and social care in Wales.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45494",
"question": "who provided public healthcare in wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 42,
"text": "NHS Wales"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45495",
"question": "what act created nhs wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 152,
"text": "National Health Service Act 1946"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45496",
"question": "when was the secretary of state for wales provided ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 273,
"text": "1969"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45497",
"question": "when was nhs wales passed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 384,
"text": "1999"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45498",
"question": "how many staff does nhs wales have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 848,
"text": "90,000"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "A 2009 Welsh health survey, conducted by the Welsh Assembly, reported that 51% of adults reported their health good or excellent, while 21% described their health as fair or poor. The survey also recorded that 27% of Welsh adults had a long-term chronic illness, such as arthritis, asthma, diabetes and heart disease. Enquiries into health-related lifestyle choices report 27% of the adult population are smokers, 45% admit drinking alcohol above recommended guidelines at least once a week, while 29% undertake the recommended weekly physical activity.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45499",
"question": "who conducted the welsh health survey ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 41,
"text": "the Welsh Assembly"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45500",
"question": "what percentage of adults reported their health good or excellent or excellent health ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 75,
"text": "51%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45501",
"question": "what percentage of adults described their health as fair ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 136,
"text": "21%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45502",
"question": "what percentage of welsh adults had a long-term chronic illness ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 210,
"text": "27%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45503",
"question": "what are some welsh adults ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 271,
"text": "arthritis, asthma, diabetes and heart disease"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45504",
"question": "what percentage of the adult population are smokers ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 373,
"text": "27%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45505",
"question": "what percentage of the population admit drinking alcohol above recommended guidelines ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 414,
"text": "45%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45506",
"question": "what percentage of the population undertake the recommended weekly ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 498,
"text": "29%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Source: ; Census 2001, \"200 Years of the Census in ... Wales\" (2001) \nThe population of Wales doubled from 587,000 in 1801 to 1,163,000 in 1851 and had reached 2,421,000 by 1911. Most of the increase came in the coal mining districts, especially Glamorganshire, which grew from 71,000 in 1801 to 232,000 in 1851 and 1,122,000 in 1911. Part of this increase can be attributed to the demographic transition seen in most industrialising countries during the Industrial Revolution, as death rates dropped and birth rates remained steady. However, there was also large-scale migration into Wales during the Industrial Revolution. The English were the most numerous group, but there were also considerable numbers of Irish and smaller numbers of other ethnic groups, including Italians, who migrated to South Wales. Wales also received immigration from various parts of the British Commonwealth of Nations in the 20th century, and African-Caribbean and Asian communities add to the ethno-cultural mix, particularly in urban Wales. Many of these self-identify as Welsh.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45507",
"question": "what was the population of wales in 1801 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 107,
"text": "587,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45508",
"question": "where did most of the increase in coal mining districts ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 278,
"text": "71,000"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The 2011 census showed Wales' population to be 3,063,456, the highest in its history. In 2011, 27% (837,000) of the total population of Wales were not born in Wales, including 636,000 people (21% of the total population of Wales) who were born in England. The main population and industrial areas are in south Wales, including the cities of Cardiff, Swansea and Newport and the nearby valleys, with another significant population in the north-east around Wrexham and Flintshire.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45509",
"question": "what was the population of wales in 2011 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 47,
"text": "3,063,456"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45510",
"question": "what percentage of wales were not born in wales in 2011 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 95,
"text": "27%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "According to the 2001 census, 96% of the population was White British, and 2.1% non-white (mainly of British Asian origin). Most non-white groups were concentrated in Cardiff, Newport and Swansea. Welsh Asian and African communities developed mainly through immigration after the Second World War. In the early 21st century, parts of Wales saw an increased number of immigrants settle from recent EU accession countries such as Poland; though a 2007 study showed a relatively low number of employed immigrant workers from the former Eastern Bloc countries in Wales compared to other regions of the United Kingdom.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45511",
"question": "what percentage of the population was white in 2001 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 30,
"text": "96%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45512",
"question": "what percentage of the population was non-white ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 75,
"text": "2.1%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45513",
"question": "where were most non-white groups concentrated ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 167,
"text": "Cardiff, Newport and Swansea"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45514",
"question": "what war did welsh asian and african communities use ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 280,
"text": "Second World War"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The 2001 UK census was criticised in Wales for not offering 'Welsh' as an option to describe respondents' national identity. Partly to address this concern, the 2011 census asked the question \"How would you describe your national identity?\". Respondents were instructed to \"tick all that apply\" from a list of options that included Welsh. The outcome was that 57.5% of Wales' population indicated their sole national identity to be Welsh; a further 7.1% indicated it to be both Welsh and British. No Welsh national identity was indicated by 34.1%. The proportion giving their sole national identity as British was 16.9%, and another 9.4% included British with another national identity. No British national identity was indicated by 73.7%. 11.2% indicated their sole national identity as English and another 2.6% included English with another national identity.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45515",
"question": "what percentage of wales indicated their sole national identity to be welsh ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 360,
"text": "57.5%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45516",
"question": "what percentage of no welsh national identity were no welsh ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 541,
"text": "34.1%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45517",
"question": "what was the national identity as british with another ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 614,
"text": "16.9%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45518",
"question": "what percentage of no british national identity was indicated ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 733,
"text": "73.7%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The 2011 census showed Wales to be less ethnically diverse than any region of England: 93.2% classed themselves as White British (including Welsh, English, Scottish or Northern Irish), 2.4% as \"Other White\" (including Irish), 2.2% as Asian (including Asian British), 1% as Mixed, and 0.6% as Black (African, Caribbean, or Black British). The lowest proportion of White British (80.3%) was in Cardiff.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45519",
"question": "what percentage of wales classed themselves as white british ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 87,
"text": "93.2%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45520",
"question": "what are some of the white population in 2011 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 140,
"text": "Welsh, English, Scottish or Northern Irish"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45521",
"question": "what percentage of the population was other than irish british ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 185,
"text": "2.4%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45522",
"question": "what percentage of england 's population was asian in 2011 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 226,
"text": "2.2%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45523",
"question": "what percentage of the population was black ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 284,
"text": "0.6%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45524",
"question": "what percentage of white british was in cardiff british ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 378,
"text": "80.3%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In 2001, a quarter of the Welsh population were born outside Wales, mainly in England; about 3% were born outside the UK. The proportion born in Wales varies across the country, with the highest percentages in the south Wales valleys and the lowest in mid Wales and parts of the north-east. In both Blaenau Gwent and Merthyr Tydfil, 92% were Welsh-born, compared to only 51% and 56% in the border counties of Flintshire and Powys. Just over 1.75 million Americans report themselves to have Welsh ancestry, as did 440,965 Canadians in Canada's 2006 census.\nThe total fertility rate (TFR) in Wales was 1.90 in 2011, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1. The majority of births are to unmarried women (58% of births in 2011 were outside marriage). About one in 10 births (10.7%) in 2011 were to foreign-born mothers, compared to 5.2% in 2001.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45525",
"question": "what percentage of the welsh population were born in 2001 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 93,
"text": "3%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45526",
"question": "how many americans report themselves to have welsh ancestry ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 441,
"text": "1.75 million"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45527",
"question": "what was the total fertility rate in wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 600,
"text": "1.90"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45528",
"question": "what percentage of births were outside of 2011 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 705,
"text": "58%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "A 2010 study estimated that 35% of the Welsh population have surnames of Welsh origin (5.4% of the English and 1.6% of the Scottish population also bore 'Welsh' names). However, many modern surnames derived from old Welsh personal names actually arose in England.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45529",
"question": "what percentage of the welsh population have surnames ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 28,
"text": "35%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45530",
"question": "what percentage of the english and 1.6 % of the scottish population have welsh origin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 87,
"text": "5.4%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45531",
"question": "what percentage of the scottish population are bore ` welsh ' ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 111,
"text": "1.6%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45532",
"question": "what names did many modern surnames come from ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 212,
"text": "old Welsh personal names"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In his 1707 work \"Archaeologia Britannica\" Edward Lhuyd, keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, noted the similarity between the two Celtic language families: Brythonic or P\u2013Celtic (Breton, Cornish and Welsh); and Goidelic or Q\u2013Celtic (Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic). He argued that the Brythonic languages originated in Gaul (France), and that the Goidelic languages originated in the Iberian Peninsula. Lhuyd concluded that as the languages had been of Celtic origin, the people who spoke those languages were Celts. (According to a more recent hypothesis, also widely embraced today, Goidelic and Brythonic languages, collectively known as Insular Celtic languages, evolved together for some time separately from Continental Celtic languages such as Gaulish and Celtiberian.) From the 18th century, the peoples of Brittany, Cornwall, Ireland, Isle of Man, Scotland and Wales were known increasingly as Celts, and they are regarded as the modern Celtic nations today.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45533",
"question": "who was the work of britannica ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 43,
"text": "Edward Lhuyd"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45534",
"question": "what museum was the similarity between the two celtic language families ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 71,
"text": "Ashmolean Museum"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45535",
"question": "what are the two celtic language families ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 152,
"text": "Brythonic or P\u2013Celtic (Breton, Cornish and Welsh"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45536",
"question": "along with goidelic , goidelic and goidelic , what other celtic language families were used in his museum ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 219,
"text": "Q\u2013Celtic (Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45537",
"question": "where did the brythonic languages come from ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 316,
"text": "Gaul"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45538",
"question": "where did the goidelic languages come from ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 381,
"text": "Iberian Peninsula"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45539",
"question": "what are brythonic languages known as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 638,
"text": "Insular Celtic languages"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45540",
"question": "what were the peoples of brittany , cornwall , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland , ireland",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 900,
"text": "Celts"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Bible translations into Welsh helped to maintain the use of Welsh in daily life. The New Testament was translated by William Salesbury in 1567 followed by the complete Bible by William Morgan in 1588.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45541",
"question": "who translated the new testament ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 121,
"text": "William Salesbury"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45542",
"question": "in what year was the new testament translated ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 142,
"text": "1567"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45543",
"question": "who translated the complete bible ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 181,
"text": "William Morgan"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45544",
"question": "when did william morgan die ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 199,
"text": "1588"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Welsh Language Act 1993 and the Government of Wales Act 1998 provide that the English and Welsh languages be treated on a basis of equality, and both are used as working languages within the National Assembly. Both English and Welsh are considered official languages of Wales, with Welsh further recognised in law as having \"official status\". English is spoken by almost all people in Wales and is the main language in most of the country. Code-switching is common in all parts of Wales and is known by various terms, though none is recognised by professional linguists. \"Wenglish\" is the Welsh English language dialect. It has been influenced significantly by Welsh grammar and includes words derived from Welsh. According to John Davies, Wenglish has \"been the object of far greater prejudice than anything suffered by Welsh\". Northern and western Wales retain many areas where Welsh is spoken as a first language by the majority of the population, and English learnt as a second language. The 2011 Census showed 562,016 people, 19.0% of the Welsh population, were able to speak Welsh, a decrease from the 20.8% returned in the 2001 census. Although monoglotism in young children continues, life-long monoglotism in Welsh is recognised to be a thing of the past.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45545",
"question": "what provide the english and welsh languages ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "The Welsh Language Act 1993 and the Government of Wales Act 1998"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45546",
"question": "what percentage of the welsh population were able to speak welsh ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 1035,
"text": "19.0%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Road signs in Wales are generally in both English and Welsh; where place names differ in the two languages, both versions are used (e.g. \"Cardiff\" and \"Caerdydd\"), the decision as to which is placed first being that of the local authority. During the 20th century, a number of small communities of speakers of languages other than Welsh or English, such as Bengali or Cantonese, established themselves in Wales as a result of immigration.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45547",
"question": "where are road signs in wales generally used ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 42,
"text": "English and Welsh"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45548",
"question": "what are both versions of the local authority ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 137,
"text": "\"Cardiff\" and \"Caerdydd\""
}
]
},
{
"id": "45549",
"question": "what are some of the small communities of immigration or english ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 357,
"text": "Bengali or Cantonese"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The largest religion in Wales is Christianity, with 57.6% of the population describing themselves as Christian in the 2011 census. The Church in Wales with 56,000 adherents has the largest attendance of the denominations. It is a province of the Anglican Communion, and was part of the Church of England until disestablishment in 1920 under the Welsh Church Act 1914. The first Independent Church in Wales was founded at Llanvaches in 1638 by William Wroth. The Presbyterian Church of Wales was born out of the Welsh Methodist revival in the 18th century and seceded from the Church of England in 1811.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45550",
"question": "what is the largest religion in wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 33,
"text": "Christianity"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45551",
"question": "what percentage of the population describing themselves as christian in the 2011 census ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 52,
"text": "57.6%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45552",
"question": "who has the largest attendance of the denominations ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 156,
"text": "56,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45553",
"question": "what act was the church of england in 1920 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 345,
"text": "Welsh Church Act 1914"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45554",
"question": "where was the first independent church in wales founded ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 421,
"text": "Llanvaches"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45555",
"question": "when was the first independent church in wales founded ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 435,
"text": "1638"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45556",
"question": "who founded the first independent church in wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 443,
"text": "William Wroth"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The second largest attending faith in Wales is Roman Catholic, with an estimated 43,000 adherents. Non-Christian religions are small in Wales, making up approximately 2.7% of the population. The 2011 census recorded 32.1% of people declaring no religion, while 7.6% did not reply to the question. The patron saint of Wales is Saint David ('), with Saint David's Day (') celebrated annually on 1 March.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45557",
"question": "who is the second largest attending faith in wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 47,
"text": "Roman Catholic"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45558",
"question": "how many adherents adherents is the second attending faith ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 81,
"text": "43,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45559",
"question": "what percentage of the population are small in wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 167,
"text": "2.7%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45560",
"question": "what percentage of people declaring no religion in 2011 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 216,
"text": "32.1%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45561",
"question": "who is the patron saint of wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 326,
"text": "Saint David"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45562",
"question": "when was the patron saint of wales celebrated ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 393,
"text": "1 March"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In 1904, there was a religious revival (known by some as the 1904\u20131905 Welsh Revival, or simply The 1904 Revival) which started through the evangelism of Evan Roberts and saw large numbers of people converting to nonconformist and Anglican Christianity, sometimes whole communities. Roberts' style of preaching became the blueprint for new religious bodies such as Pentecostalism and the Apostolic Church. The Apostolic Church holds its annual Apostolic Conference in Swansea each year, usually in August.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45563",
"question": "in what year did the welsh revival begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 3,
"text": "1904"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45564",
"question": "what was the name of the religious revival in 1904 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 61,
"text": "1904\u20131905 Welsh Revival"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45565",
"question": "what was the name of the revival welsh revival ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 96,
"text": "The 1904 Revival"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45566",
"question": "who did the revival of the revival of the welsh revival lead to ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 154,
"text": "Evan Roberts"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45567",
"question": "what two religious religious bodies did roberts belong to ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 365,
"text": "Pentecostalism and the Apostolic Church"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45568",
"question": "when did the apostolic church in swansea start ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 498,
"text": "August"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Islam is the largest non-Christian religion in Wales, with more than 24,000 (0.8%) reported Muslims in the 2011 census. 2 Glynrhondda Street in Cathays, Cardiff, is accepted as the first mosque in the United Kingdom founded by Yemeni and Somali sailors on their trips between Aden and Cardiff Docks.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45569",
"question": "what percentage of muslims reported muslims in the 2011 census ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 69,
"text": "24,000 (0.8%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45570",
"question": "who founded the first mosque ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 227,
"text": "Yemeni and Somali sailors"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45571",
"question": "what two docks is the first mosque in the united kingdom ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 276,
"text": "Aden and Cardiff Docks"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "There are also communities of Hindus and Sikhs, mainly in the south Wales cities of Newport, Cardiff and Swansea, while the largest concentration of Buddhists is in the western rural county of Ceredigion.\nJudaism was the first non-Christian faith to be established in Wales since Roman times, though by 2001 the community has declined to approximately 2,000.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45572",
"question": "what are the two communities of the south wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 30,
"text": "Hindus and Sikhs"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45573",
"question": "where are the south wales located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 84,
"text": "Newport, Cardiff and Swansea"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45574",
"question": "where is the largest concentration of buddhists ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 169,
"text": "western rural county of Ceredigion"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45575",
"question": "how many has the community declined in wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 352,
"text": "2,000"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Wales has a distinctive culture including its own language, customs, holidays and music.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45576",
"question": "what are the own culture of wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 60,
"text": "customs, holidays and music"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Wales has three UNESCO World Heritage Sites: The Castles and Town walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd; Pontcysyllte Aqueduct; and the Blaenavon Industrial Landscape.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45577",
"question": "how many unesco world heritage sites does wales have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 10,
"text": "three"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45578",
"question": "what are the three unesco heritage sites in wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 45,
"text": "The Castles and Town walls"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45579",
"question": "what is the name of the unesco world heritage sites ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 132,
"text": "Blaenavon Industrial Landscape"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The remnants of the native Celtic mythology of the pre-Christian Britons was passed down orally, in much altered form, by the \"cynfeirdd\" (). Some of their work survives in much later medieval Welsh manuscripts, known as: the Black Book of Carmarthen and the Book of Aneirin (both 13th-century); the Book of Taliesin and the White Book of Rhydderch (both 14th-century); and the Red Book of Hergest (c.\u00a01400). The prose stories from the White and Red Books are known as the \"Mabinogion\", a title given to them by their first translator, Lady Charlotte Guest, and also used by subsequent translators. Poems such as \"Cad Goddeu\" (The Battle of the Trees) and mnemonic list-texts like the \"Welsh Triads\" and the \"Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain\", also contain mythological material. These texts also include the earliest forms of the Arthurian legend and the traditional history of post-Roman Britain.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45580",
"question": "what was the name of the form of the native celtic mythology ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 127,
"text": "cynfeirdd"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45581",
"question": "what are the medieval welsh manuscripts called ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 226,
"text": "Black Book of Carmarthen and the Book of Aneirin"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45582",
"question": "what are prose stories from the white and red books called ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 474,
"text": "Mabinogion"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45583",
"question": "who was the first translator of the prose stories ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 536,
"text": "Lady Charlotte Guest"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Other sources of Welsh folklore include the 9th-century Latin historical compilation \"Historia Britonum\" (the History of the Britons) and Geoffrey of Monmouth's 12th-century Latin chronicle \"Historia Regum Britanniae\" (the History of the Kings of Britain), as well as later folklore, such as \"The Welsh Fairy Book\" by W. Jenkyn Thomas.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45584",
"question": "what is the name of the latin historical compilation of the britons ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 86,
"text": "Historia Britonum"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45585",
"question": "what is the name of the chronicle latin chronicle ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 191,
"text": "Historia Regum Britanniae"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45586",
"question": "what is another name for historia regum britanniae ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 293,
"text": "The Welsh Fairy Book"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45587",
"question": "who wrote the welsh fairy book ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 318,
"text": "W. Jenkyn Thomas"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Wales can claim one of the oldest unbroken literary traditions in Europe. The literary tradition of Wales stretches back to the sixth century and includes Geoffrey of Monmouth and Gerald of Wales, regarded by historian John Davies as among the finest Latin authors of the Middle Ages. The earliest body of Welsh verse, by poets Taliesin and Aneirin, survive not in their original form, but in medieval versions and have undergone significant linguistic changes. Welsh poetry and native lore and learning survived the Dark Ages, through the era of the Poets of the Princes (c. 1100 \u2013 1280) and then the Poets of the Gentry (c. 1350 \u2013 1650). The Poets of the Princes were professional poets who composed eulogies and elegies to the Welsh princes while the Poets of the Gentry were a school of poets that favoured the cywydd metre. The period is notable for producing one of Wales' greatest poets, Dafydd ap Gwilym. After the Anglicisation of the gentry the tradition declined.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45588",
"question": "who regarded as the finest latin authors of the middle ages ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 155,
"text": "Geoffrey of Monmouth and Gerald of Wales"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45589",
"question": "who regarded as the finest latin authors of the middle ages ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 219,
"text": "John Davies"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45590",
"question": "what are the earliest body of welsh verse ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 328,
"text": "Taliesin and Aneirin"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Despite the extinction of the professional poet, the integration of the native elite into a wider cultural world did bring other literary benefits. Humanists such as William Salesbury and John Davies brought Renaissance ideals from English universities when they returned to Wales. While in 1588 William Morgan became the first person to translate the Bible into Welsh, from Greek and Hebrew. From the 16th century onwards the proliferation of the 'free-metre' verse became the most important development in Welsh poetry, but from the middle of the 17th century a host of imported accentual metres from England became very popular. By the 19th century the creation of a Welsh epic, fuelled by the eisteddfod, became an obsession with Welsh-language writers. The output of this period was prolific in quantity but unequal in quality. Initially the eisteddfod was askance with the religious denominations, but in time these bodies came to dominate the competitions, with the bardic themes becoming increasingly scriptural and didactic. The period is notable for the adoption by Welsh poets of bardic names, made popular by the eisteddfod movement.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45591",
"question": "who brought renaissance ideals ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 166,
"text": "William Salesbury and John Davies"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45592",
"question": "when did william morgan become the first person to translate the bible ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 291,
"text": "1588"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45593",
"question": "who became the first person to translate the bible ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 296,
"text": "William Morgan"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45594",
"question": "who fuelled the welsh epic ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 697,
"text": "eisteddfod"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Major developments in 19th-century Welsh literature include Lady Charlotte Guest's translation of the Mabinogion, one of the most important medieval Welsh prose tales of Celtic mythology, into English. 1885 saw the publication of \"Rhys Lewis\" by Daniel Owen, credited as the first novel written in the Welsh language. The 20th century experienced an important shift away from the stilted and long-winded Victorian Welsh prose, with Thomas Gwynn Jones leading the way with his 1902 work \"Ymadawiad Arthur\". The slaughter in the trenches of the First World War had a profound effect on Welsh literature with a more pessimistic style of prose championed by T. H. Parry-Williams and R. Williams Parry. The industrialisation of south Wales saw a further shift with the likes of Rhydwen Williams who used the poetry and metre of a bygone rural Wales but in the context of an industrial landscape. Though the inter-war period is dominated by Saunders Lewis, for his political and reactionary views as much as his plays, poetry and criticism.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45595",
"question": "what is the name of the welsh literature ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 60,
"text": "Lady Charlotte Guest's translation of the Mabinogion"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45596",
"question": "who was the first novel written in 1885 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 231,
"text": "Rhys Lewis"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45597",
"question": "who wrote the publication of rhys ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 246,
"text": "Daniel Owen"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45598",
"question": "what was the name of the work in the 20th century ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 487,
"text": "Ymadawiad Arthur"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45599",
"question": "who used the poetry of south wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 773,
"text": "Rhydwen Williams"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45600",
"question": "who dominated the inter-war period ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 935,
"text": "Saunders Lewis"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The careers of some 1930s writers continued after World War Two, including those of Gwyn Thomas, Vernon Watkins, and Dylan Thomas, whose most famous work \"Under Milk Wood\" was first broadcast in 1954. Thomas was one of the most notable and popular Welsh writers of the 20th century and one of the most innovative poets of his time. Gwyn Thomas became the voice of the English-speaking Welsh valleys with his humorous take on grim lives.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45601",
"question": "what was the name of the war that the careers continued after ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 50,
"text": "World War Two"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45602",
"question": "who were the most famous work in 1954 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 84,
"text": "Gwyn Thomas, Vernon Watkins, and Dylan Thomas"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45603",
"question": "what was the most famous work in 1954 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 155,
"text": "Under Milk Wood"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45604",
"question": "when was the most famous work `` under milk wood '' first broadcast ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 195,
"text": "1954"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45605",
"question": "who became the voice of the english-speaking welsh valleys ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 332,
"text": "Gwyn Thomas"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The attitude of the post-war generation of Welsh writers in English towards Wales differs from the previous generation, in that they were more sympathetic to Welsh nationalism and to the Welsh language. The change can be linked to the nationalist fervour generated by Saunders Lewis and the burning of the Bombing School on the Lleyn Peninsula in 1936, along with a sense of crisis generated by World War II. In poetry R. S. Thomas (1913\u20132000) was the most important figure throughout the second half of the twentieth century. While he \"did not learn the Welsh language until he was 30 and wrote all his poems in English\", he wanted the Welsh language to be made the first language of Wales, and the official policy of bilingualism abolished.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45606",
"question": "who generated the nationalist fervour ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 268,
"text": "Saunders Lewis"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45607",
"question": "in what year did saunders lewis and the burning of the bombing occur ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 347,
"text": "1936"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45608",
"question": "a sense of crisis generated by the bombing of the bombing was generated by what ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 395,
"text": "World War II"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45609",
"question": "who was the most important figure throughout the twentieth century ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 419,
"text": "R. S. Thomas"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45610",
"question": "when was poetry r. s. thomas thomas born ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 433,
"text": "1913\u20132000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45611",
"question": "how old was saunders when he did not learn ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 583,
"text": "30"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The major novelist in the second half of the twentieth century was Emyr Humphreys (1919)., who during his long writing career published over twenty novels, which surveys the political and cultural history of twentieth-century Wales. Another novelist of the post-Second-World-War era was Raymond Williams (1921\u201388). Born near Abergavenny, Williams continued the earlier tradition of writing from a left-wing perspective on the Welsh industrial scene in his trilogy \"Border Country\" (1960), \"Second Generation\" (1964), and \"The Fight for Manod\" (1979). He also enjoyed a reputation as a cultural historian.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45612",
"question": "what was the major novelist in the twentieth century ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 67,
"text": "Emyr Humphreys"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45613",
"question": "in what year was the second half of the twentieth century ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 83,
"text": "1919"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45614",
"question": "who was the novelist of the post-second-world-war era ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 287,
"text": "Raymond Williams"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45615",
"question": "when was raymond williams born ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 305,
"text": "1921\u201388"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The National Museum [of] Wales was founded by royal charter in 1907 and is now a Welsh Government sponsored body. The National Museum is made up of seven sites across the country, including the National Museum Cardiff, St Fagans National History Museum and Big Pit National Coal Museum. In April 2001, the attractions attached to the National Museum were granted free entry by the Assembly, and this action saw the visitor numbers to the sites increase during 2001\u20132002 by 87.8% to 1,430,428.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45616",
"question": "who founded the national museum ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 46,
"text": "royal charter"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45617",
"question": "when was the national museum founded ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 63,
"text": "1907"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45618",
"question": "what is the name of the national museum ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 81,
"text": "Welsh Government sponsored body"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45619",
"question": "how many sites are in the national museum ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 148,
"text": "seven"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45620",
"question": "what is the national museum cardiff , cardiff history ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 219,
"text": "St Fagans National History Museum and Big Pit National Coal Museum"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Aberystwyth is home to the National Library of Wales, which houses some of the most important collections in Wales, including the John William's Library and the Shirburn Castle collection. As well as its printed collection the Library holds important Welsh art collections including portraits and photographs, ephemera such as postcards, posters and Ordnance Survey maps.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45621",
"question": "where is the most important collections in wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 27,
"text": "National Library of Wales"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45622",
"question": "what are the most important collections of the national library of wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 130,
"text": "John William's Library and the Shirburn Castle collection"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45623",
"question": "what are some welsh art collections ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 327,
"text": "postcards, posters and Ordnance Survey maps"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Many works of Celtic art have been found in Wales. In the Early Medieval period, the Celtic Christianity of Wales was part of the Insular art of the British Isles. A number of illuminated manuscripts survive, of which the 8th century Hereford Gospels and Lichfield Gospels are the most notable. The 11th century Ricemarch Psalter (now in Dublin) is certainly Welsh, made in St David's, and shows a late Insular style with unusual Viking influence.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45624",
"question": "what was part of the insular art of the british isles ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 85,
"text": "Celtic Christianity of Wales"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45625",
"question": "what was the celtic christianity of wales part of ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 126,
"text": "the Insular art of the British Isles"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45626",
"question": "what are the 8th century manuscripts ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 234,
"text": "Hereford Gospels and Lichfield Gospels"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45627",
"question": "what is the 11th century ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 312,
"text": "Ricemarch Psalter"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The best of the few Welsh artists of the 16th\u201318th centuries tended to leave the country to work, many of them moving to London or Italy. Richard Wilson (1714\u201382) is arguably the first major British landscapist. Although more notable for his Italian scenes, he painted several Welsh scenes on visits from London. By the late 18th century, the popularity of landscape art grew and clients were found in the larger Welsh towns, allowing more Welsh artists to stay in their homeland. Artists from outside Wales were also drawn to paint Welsh scenery, at first because of the Celtic Revival. Then in the early 19th century, the Napoleonic Wars preventing the Grand Tour to continental Europe, travel through Wales came to be considered more accessible.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45628",
"question": "who is the first major british landscapist ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 138,
"text": "Richard Wilson"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45629",
"question": "when was richard wilson born ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 154,
"text": "1714\u201382"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45630",
"question": "why were artists from outside wales drawn ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 568,
"text": "the Celtic Revival"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "An Act of Parliament in 1857 provided for the establishment of a number of art schools throughout the United Kingdom and the Cardiff School of Art opened in 1865. Graduates still very often had to leave Wales to work, but Betws-y-Coed became a popular centre for artists and its artists' colony helped form the Royal Cambrian Academy of Art in 1881. The sculptor Sir William Goscombe John made many works for Welsh commissions, although he had settled in London. Christopher Williams, whose subjects were mostly resolutely Welsh, was also based in London. Thomas E. Stephens and Andrew Vicari had very successful careers as portraitists based respectively in the United States and France. Sir Frank Brangwyn was Welsh by origin but spent little time in Wales.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45631",
"question": "in what year was an act of parliament provided to parliament ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 24,
"text": "1857"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45632",
"question": "when did the cardiff school of art open ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 157,
"text": "1865"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45633",
"question": "who was a popular centre for artists in 1881 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 222,
"text": "Betws-y-Coed"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45634",
"question": "what was the name of the academy of art in 1881 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 311,
"text": "Royal Cambrian Academy of Art"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45635",
"question": "when was the royal cambrian academy of art helped to leave wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 344,
"text": "1881"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45636",
"question": "who made many works for welsh commissions ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 363,
"text": "Sir William Goscombe John"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45637",
"question": "who was based in london in london ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 463,
"text": "Christopher Williams"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45638",
"question": "who was welsh by origin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 689,
"text": "Sir Frank Brangwyn"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Many Welsh painters gravitated towards the art capitals of Europe. Augustus John and his sister Gwen John lived mostly in London and Paris. However, the landscapists Sir Kyffin Williams and Peter Prendergast lived in Wales for most of their lives, while remaining in touch with the wider art world. Ceri Richards was very engaged in the Welsh art scene as a teacher in Cardiff and even after moving to London. He was a figurative painter in international styles including Surrealism. Various artists have moved to Wales, including Eric Gill, the London-Welshman David Jones and the sculptor Jonah Jones. The Kardomah Gang was an intellectual circle centred on the poet Dylan Thomas and poet and artist Vernon Watkins in Swansea, which also included the painter Alfred Janes.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45639",
"question": "what was augustus john and his sister ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 96,
"text": "Gwen John"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45640",
"question": "where did augustus john and his sister mostly live ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 122,
"text": "London and Paris"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45641",
"question": "who lived in wales in wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 166,
"text": "Sir Kyffin Williams and Peter Prendergast"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45642",
"question": "who is one of the sculptor artists who moved to wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 591,
"text": "Jonah Jones"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45643",
"question": "who was swansea 's artist ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 702,
"text": "Vernon Watkins"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45644",
"question": "who was swansea 's painter ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 761,
"text": "Alfred Janes"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "South Wales had several notable potteries, one of the first important sites being the Ewenny Pottery in Bridgend, which began producing earthenware in the 17th century. In the 18th and 19th centuries, with more scientific methods becoming available more refined ceramics were produced led by the Cambrian Pottery (1764\u20131870, also known as \"Swansea pottery\") and later Nantgarw Pottery near Cardiff, which was in operation from 1813 to 1822 making fine porcelain and then utilitarian pottery until 1920. Portmeirion Pottery, founded in 1960 by Susan Williams-Ellis, daughter of Clough Williams-Ellis, creator of the Italianate village of Portmeirion, Gwynedd, is based in Stoke-on-Trent, England.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45645",
"question": "what was the first important sites in south wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 86,
"text": "Ewenny Pottery"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45646",
"question": "where was the first important sites in south wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 104,
"text": "Bridgend"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45647",
"question": "what did south wales begin producing in the 17th century ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 136,
"text": "earthenware"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45648",
"question": "who produced swansea pottery ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 296,
"text": "Cambrian Pottery"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45649",
"question": "when was the cambrian pottery ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 314,
"text": "1764\u20131870"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45650",
"question": "what was the cambrian pottery called ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 340,
"text": "Swansea pottery"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45651",
"question": "what was the name of the pottery in the cambrian pottery ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 368,
"text": "Nantgarw Pottery"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45652",
"question": "when did the cambrian pottery occur ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 427,
"text": "1813 to 1822"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45653",
"question": "when was the pottery founded ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 535,
"text": "1960"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Flag of Wales incorporates the red dragon () of Prince Cadwalader along with the Tudor colours of green and white. It was used by Henry VII at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 after which it was carried in state to St. Paul's Cathedral. The red dragon was then included in the Tudor royal arms to signify their Welsh descent. It was officially recognised as the Welsh national flag in 1959. The British Union Flag incorporates the flags of Scotland, Ireland and England, but has no Welsh representation. Technically Wales is represented by the flag of England, as the Laws in Wales Act of 1535 annexed Wales to England, following the 13th-century conquest.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45654",
"question": "what is the red dragon ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 52,
"text": "Prince Cadwalader"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45655",
"question": "who used the flag of wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 134,
"text": "Henry VII"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45656",
"question": "at what battle was the flag of wales used ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 151,
"text": "Battle of Bosworth"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45657",
"question": "when was the battle of bosworth ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 173,
"text": "1485"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45658",
"question": "where was the flag of wales carried in state ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 217,
"text": "St. Paul's Cathedral"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45659",
"question": "where was the red dragon included ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 279,
"text": "Tudor royal arms to signify their Welsh descent"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45660",
"question": "what was the red dragon officially recognised as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 360,
"text": "the Welsh national flag"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45661",
"question": "when was the welsh national flag recognised ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 387,
"text": "1959"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45662",
"question": "the british union flag incorporates the flags of what countries ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 442,
"text": "Scotland, Ireland and England"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45663",
"question": "what act annexed wales to england ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 578,
"text": "Wales Act of 1535"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The daffodil and the leek are also symbols of Wales. The origins of the leek can be traced to the 16th century, while the daffodil became popular in the 19th century, encouraged by David Lloyd-George. This is attributed to confusion (or association) between the Welsh for leek, \"cenhinen\", and that for daffodil, \"cenhinen Bedr\" or St. Peter's leek. A report in 1916 gave preference to the leek, which has appeared on British pound coins.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45664",
"question": "when was the origins of the leek origins ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 94,
"text": "the 16th century"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45665",
"question": "who encouraged the origins of the 19th century ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 181,
"text": "David Lloyd-George"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45666",
"question": "in what year did a report take place ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 362,
"text": "1916"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45667",
"question": "what did the leek report appeared on ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 418,
"text": "British pound coins"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Prince of Wales' heraldic badge is also sometimes used to symbolise Wales. The badge, known as the Prince of Wales's feathers, consists of three white feathers emerging from a gold coronet. A ribbon below the coronet bears the German motto \"Ich dien\" (). Several Welsh representative teams, including the Welsh rugby union, and Welsh regiments in the British Army (the Royal Welsh, for example) use the badge, or a stylised version of it. The Prince of Wales has claimed that only he has the authority to use the symbol.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45668",
"question": "what is sometimes used to symbolise wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "The Prince of Wales' heraldic badge"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45669",
"question": "where is the prince of wales sometimes used ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 62,
"text": "symbolise Wales"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45670",
"question": "what is the badge known as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 99,
"text": "the Prince of Wales's feathers"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45671",
"question": "what does the prince of wales consist of ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 143,
"text": "three white feathers emerging from a gold coronet"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45672",
"question": "what is the name of the german motto ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 245,
"text": "Ich dien"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "\"\"Hen Wlad fy Nhadau\" ()\" is the National Anthem of Wales, and is played at events such as football or rugby matches involving the Wales national team as well as the opening of the Welsh Assembly and other official occasions. \"\"God Save the Queen\"\", the national anthem of the United Kingdom, is sometimes played alongside \"Hen Wlad fy Nhadau\" during official events with a royal connection.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45673",
"question": "what is the national anthem of wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 2,
"text": "Hen Wlad fy Nhadau"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45674",
"question": "what is the national anthem of wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 33,
"text": "National Anthem of Wales"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45675",
"question": "what is the national anthem of the united kingdom ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 228,
"text": "God Save the Queen"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45676",
"question": "what is the god save alongside ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 324,
"text": "Hen Wlad fy Nhadau"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "More than 50 national governing bodies regulate and organise their sports in Wales. Most of those involved in competitive sports select, organise and manage individuals or teams to represent their country at international events or fixtures against other countries. Wales is represented at major world sporting events such as the FIFA World Cup, Rugby World Cup, Rugby League World Cup and the Commonwealth Games. At the Olympics Games, Welsh athletes compete alongside those of Scotland, England and Northern Ireland as part of a Great Britain team.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45677",
"question": "how many national governing bodies were regulate ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "More than 50 national governing bodies regulate and organise their sports in Wales"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45678",
"question": "what do most involved in competitive sports select ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 137,
"text": "organise and manage individuals or teams to represent their country at international events or fixtures against other countries"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45679",
"question": "what are the major world sporting events ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 326,
"text": "the FIFA World Cup, Rugby World Cup, Rugby League World Cup and the Commonwealth Games"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45680",
"question": "where do welsh athletes migrate ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 479,
"text": "Scotland, England and Northern Ireland"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Although football has traditionally been the more popular sport in north Wales, rugby union is seen as a symbol of Welsh identity and an expression of national consciousness. The Wales national rugby union team takes part in the annual Six Nations Championship and has also competed in every Rugby World Cup, hosting the tournament in 1999. The five professional sides that replaced the traditional club sides in major competitions in 2003 were replaced in 2004 by the four regions: Scarlets; Cardiff Blues; Newport Gwent Dragons; and the Ospreys. The Welsh regional teams play in the Pro12, the Anglo-Welsh Cup, the European Rugby Champions Cup and the European Rugby Challenge Cup.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45681",
"question": "what is rugby union seen as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 103,
"text": "a symbol of Welsh identity and an expression of national consciousness"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45682",
"question": "what is the national rugby union team ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 175,
"text": "The Wales national rugby union team takes part in the annual Six Nations Championship"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45683",
"question": "where does the wales national rugby union team take place ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 292,
"text": "Rugby World Cup"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45684",
"question": "in what year did the national rugby union team take place ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 335,
"text": "1999"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45685",
"question": "when were the traditional club replaced in 2003 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 457,
"text": "2004"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45686",
"question": "what are the welsh regional teams ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 613,
"text": "the European Rugby Champions Cup and the European Rugby Challenge Cup"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Wales has had its own football league, the Welsh Premier League, since 1992. For historical reasons, six Welsh clubs play in the English football league system; Cardiff City, Swansea City, Newport County, Wrexham, Colwyn Bay and Merthyr Town. Famous Welsh players over the years include John Charles, Ian Rush, Ryan Giggs and Gareth Bale.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45687",
"question": "what is the name of the premier league 's football league ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 39,
"text": "the Welsh Premier League"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45688",
"question": "when did the welsh premier league begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 71,
"text": "1992"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45689",
"question": "how many welsh clubs are there ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 101,
"text": "six Welsh clubs play in the English football league system"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45690",
"question": "what are some welsh clubs in the english football league ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 161,
"text": "Cardiff City, Swansea City, Newport County, Wrexham, Colwyn Bay and Merthyr Town"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45691",
"question": "what are some welsh welsh players ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 287,
"text": "John Charles, Ian Rush, Ryan Giggs and Gareth Bale"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rugby league in Wales dates back to 1907. Currently two professional clubs, the South Wales Ironmen (based in Merthyr Tydfil) and the North Wales Crusaders (based in Wrexham) compete in the Rugby Football League's League 1 competition. The Crusaders competed in the top level Super League competition from 2009-2011. A professional Welsh League existed from 1908 to 1910.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45692",
"question": "in what year did rugby league in wales begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 36,
"text": "1907"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45693",
"question": "which professional clubs compete in the rugby football league ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 80,
"text": "South Wales Ironmen"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45694",
"question": "where are the south wales located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 110,
"text": "Merthyr Tydfil) and the North Wales Crusaders"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45695",
"question": "where do the north wales crusaders compete ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 190,
"text": "Rugby Football League's League 1 competition"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45696",
"question": "where was the top level super league competition ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 306,
"text": "2009-2011"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45697",
"question": "when did a professional welsh league begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 358,
"text": "1908 to 1910"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In international cricket, Wales and England field a single representative team, administered by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB), called the England cricket team, or simply 'England'. Occasionally, a separate Wales team play limited-overs competitions. Glamorgan County Cricket Club is the only Welsh participant in the England and Wales County Championship.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45698",
"question": "what team administered the england cricket team ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 26,
"text": "Wales and England field a single representative team"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45699",
"question": "who administered the england cricket team ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 96,
"text": "the England and Wales Cricket Board"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45700",
"question": "what is the name of the ecb 's single representative ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 146,
"text": "the England cricket team, or simply 'England'"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45701",
"question": "what is the only welsh participant in the england and wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 262,
"text": "Glamorgan County Cricket Club"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45702",
"question": "what is the only county cricket club ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 304,
"text": "Welsh participant in the England and Wales County Championship"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Wales has produced several world-class participants of individual sports including snooker players Ray Reardon, Terry Griffiths, Mark Williams and Matthew Stevens. Track athletes who have made a mark on the world stage, including the 110-metre hurdler Colin Jackson who is a former world record holder and the winner of numerous Olympic, World and European medals as well as Tanni Grey-Thompson who has won 11 Paralympic gold medals. Wales also has a tradition of producing world-class boxers. Joe Calzaghe was WBO world super-middleweight champion and then won the WBA, WBC and Ring Magazine super middleweight and Ring Magazine light-heavyweight titles. Other former boxing world champions include Enzo Maccarinelli, Freddie Welsh, Howard Winstone, Percy Jones, Jimmy Wilde, Steve Robinson and Robbie Regan. Tommy Farr, the \"Tonypandy Terror\", came close to defeating world heavyweight champion Joe Louis at the height of his fame in 1937.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45703",
"question": "who are the names of the individual who produced wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 112,
"text": "Terry Griffiths, Mark Williams and Matthew Stevens"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45704",
"question": "who is a former world record holder ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 252,
"text": "Colin Jackson"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45705",
"question": "who has won 11 paralympic gold medals ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 375,
"text": "Tanni Grey-Thompson"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45706",
"question": "how many paralympic gold medals did jackson win ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 407,
"text": "11"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45707",
"question": "who was the world super-middleweight champion ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 494,
"text": "Joe Calzaghe"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Wales has hosted several international sporting events. These include the 1958 Commonwealth Games, the 1999 Rugby World Cup and the 2010 Ryder Cup.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45708",
"question": "in what year was the commonwealth games , the 1999 rugby world cup created ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 74,
"text": "1958"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45709",
"question": "what is the name of the rugby world games ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 99,
"text": "the 1999 Rugby World Cup and the 2010 Ryder Cup"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "All Welsh television broadcasts are digital. The last of the analogue transmitters ceased broadcasts in April 2010, and Wales became the UK's first digital nation. Cardiff is home to the television output of Wales. BBC Cymru Wales is the national broadcaster. Based in Llandaff, Cardiff, it produces Welsh-oriented English and Welsh-language television for BBC ONE Wales, BBC TWO Wales and S4C channels. BBC Cymru Wales has also produced programmes, such as \"Life on Mars\", \"Doctor Who\" and \"Torchwood\", shown worldwide. ITV the UK's main commercial broadcaster has a Welsh-oriented service branded as ITV Wales, whose studios are in Culverhouse Cross, Cardiff. S4C, based in Llanishen, Cardiff, first broadcast on 1 November 1982. Its output was mostly Welsh-language at peak hours, but shared English-language content with Channel 4 at other times. Since the digital switchover in April 2010, the channel has broadcast exclusively in Welsh. BBC Cymru Wales provide S4C with ten hours of programming per week. Their remaining output is commissioned from ITV and independent producers.\nBBC Cymru Wales is Wales' only national radio broadcaster. BBC Radio Wales is their English-language radio service, broadcasting throughout Wales in English. BBC Radio Cymru is their Welsh-language radio service, broadcasting throughout Wales in Welsh. A number of independent radio stations broadcast to the Welsh regions, predominantly in English. Several regional radio stations broadcast in Welsh: output ranges from two, two-minute news bulletins each weekday (Radio Maldwyn), through over 14 hours of Welsh-language programmes weekly (Swansea Sound), to essentially bilingual stations offering between 37% and 44% of programme content (Heart Cymru (formerly Champion 103) and Radio Ceredigion respectively).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45710",
"question": "when did the last of the analogue transmitters begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 104,
"text": "April 2010"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45711",
"question": "when was cardiff , first broadcast ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 715,
"text": "1 November 1982"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Most of the newspapers sold and read in Wales are national newspapers available throughout Britain, unlike in Scotland where many newspapers have rebranded into Scottish-based titles. The \"Western Mail\" is Wales' only national daily newspaper. Wales-based regional daily newspapers include: \"Daily Post\" (which covers north Wales); \"South Wales Evening Post\" (Swansea); \"South Wales Echo\" (Cardiff); and \"South Wales Argus\" (Newport). \"Y Cymro\" is a Welsh-language newspaper, published weekly. \"Wales on Sunday\" is the only Welsh Sunday newspaper to cover the whole of Wales.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45712",
"question": "what do many newspapers have rebranded into ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 161,
"text": "Scottish-based titles"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45713",
"question": "what is the `` western mail '' ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 206,
"text": "Wales' only national daily newspaper"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45714",
"question": "what is another name for north wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 292,
"text": "Daily Post"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45715",
"question": "what does swansea stand for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 333,
"text": "South Wales Evening Post"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45716",
"question": "what is another name for cardiff -rrb- ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 371,
"text": "South Wales Echo"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45717",
"question": "what is another name for newport -rrb- ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 405,
"text": "South Wales Argus"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Welsh Books Council (WBC) is the Welsh Government funded body tasked with promoting Welsh literature. The WBC provides publishing grants for qualifying English- and Welsh-language publications. Around 600\u2013650 books are published each year, by some of the dozens of Welsh publishers. Wales' main publishing houses include Gomer Press, Gwasg Carreg Gwalch, Honno, the University of Wales Press and Y Lolfa.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45718",
"question": "who is the welsh government ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "The Welsh Books Council"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45719",
"question": "what is the welsh books ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 37,
"text": "Welsh Government funded body tasked with promoting Welsh literature"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45720",
"question": "what does the grants grants for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 145,
"text": "qualifying English- and Welsh-language publications"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45721",
"question": "how many books are published each year ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 205,
"text": "600\u2013650"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Magazines published in Welsh and English cover general and specialist subjects. \"Cambria\", a Welsh affairs magazine published bi-monthly in English, has subscribers in over 30 countries. Titles published quarterly in English include \"Planet\" and \"Poetry Wales\". Welsh-language magazines include the current affairs titles \"Golwg\" () (published weekly) and \"Barn\" () (monthly). Among the specialist magazines, \"Y Wawr\" () is published quarterly by \"Merched y Wawr\", the national organisation for women. \"Y Traethodydd\" (), a quarterly publication by The Presbyterian Church of Wales, first appeared in 1845; the oldest Welsh publication still in print.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45722",
"question": "how many countries does a welsh affairs magazine have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 173,
"text": "30"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45723",
"question": "what is another name for the current affairs titles ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 323,
"text": "Golwg"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45724",
"question": "who is the national organisation for women published by ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 448,
"text": "Merched y Wawr"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45725",
"question": "when was the presbyterian church of wales first appeared ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 601,
"text": "1845"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "About 78% of the land surface of Wales is given over to agricultural use. However, very little of this is arable land; the vast majority consists of permanent grass pasture or rough grazing for herd animals such as sheep and cows. Although both beef and dairy cattle are raised widely, especially in Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire, Wales is more well known for its sheep farming and thus lamb is the meat traditionally associated with Welsh cooking.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45726",
"question": "what percentage of the land surface of wales is given to agricultural use ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 6,
"text": "78%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45727",
"question": "what is about 78 % of the land surface of wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 56,
"text": "agricultural use"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45728",
"question": "what are the majority of the majority of the majority of pasture sheep ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 149,
"text": "permanent grass pasture or rough grazing for herd animals"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45729",
"question": "what are some examples of animals that are used in the permanent pasture ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 215,
"text": "sheep and cows"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45730",
"question": "where is wales more known for its sheep ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 300,
"text": "Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45731",
"question": "what is lamb associated with ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 438,
"text": "Welsh cooking"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Traditional dishes include laverbread (made from laver (\"Porphyra umbilicalis\"), an edible seaweed); bara brith (fruit bread); cawl (a lamb stew); cawl cennin (leek soup); Welsh cakes; and Welsh lamb. Cockles are sometimes served as a traditional breakfast with bacon and laverbread.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45732",
"question": "what is another name for traditional dishes ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 27,
"text": "laverbread"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45733",
"question": "what is the traditional dishes in traditional dishes ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 49,
"text": "laver"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Although Wales has its own traditional food, and has absorbed much of the cuisine of England, Welsh diets now owe more to the countries of India, China and the United States. Chicken tikka masala is the country's favourite dish while hamburgers and Chinese food outsell fish and chips as a takeaway.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45734",
"question": "what countries have welsh diets ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 139,
"text": "India, China and the United States"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45735",
"question": "who is the country 's favourite dish ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 175,
"text": "Chicken tikka masala"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45736",
"question": "what is the country 's favourite dish ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 234,
"text": "hamburgers and Chinese food outsell fish"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Wales is often referred to as \"the land of song\", and is notable for its harpists, male choirs, and solo artists. The principal Welsh festival of music and poetry is the annual \"National Eisteddfod\". The \"Llangollen International Eisteddfod\" echoes the National Eisteddfod but provides an opportunity for the singers and musicians of the world to perform. Traditional music and dance in Wales is supported by a myriad of societies. The Welsh Folk Song Society has published a number of collections of songs and tunes.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45737",
"question": "what is wales often referred to as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 30,
"text": "\"the land of song\""
}
]
},
{
"id": "45738",
"question": "what are wales notable for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 73,
"text": "harpists, male choirs, and solo artists"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45739",
"question": "what is the principal welsh festival ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 178,
"text": "National Eisteddfod\""
}
]
},
{
"id": "45740",
"question": "who has published a number of collections of songs ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 436,
"text": "Welsh Folk Song Society"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Traditional instruments of Wales include \"telyn deires\" (triple harp), fiddle, crwth, \"pibgorn\" (hornpipe) and other instruments. The Cerdd Dant Society promotes its specific singing art primarily through an annual one-day festival.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45741",
"question": "what is another name for triple harp ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 42,
"text": "telyn deires"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45742",
"question": "what is another name for traditional instruments ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 87,
"text": "pibgorn"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45743",
"question": "who promotes its specific singing art ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 134,
"text": "Cerdd Dant Society"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The BBC National Orchestra of Wales performs in Wales and internationally. The Welsh National Opera is based at the Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff Bay, while the National Youth Orchestra of Wales was the first of its type in the world.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45744",
"question": "who performs in wales and internationally .",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "The BBC National Orchestra of Wales"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45745",
"question": "what is based at the wales millennium centre in cardiff bay ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 75,
"text": "The Welsh National Opera"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45746",
"question": "where is the welsh national opera located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 116,
"text": "Wales Millennium Centre"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45747",
"question": "where is the welsh national opera based ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 143,
"text": "Cardiff Bay"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45748",
"question": "what is the first of its type in the world ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 166,
"text": "National Youth Orchestra of Wales"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Wales has a tradition of producing notable singers, including Sir Geraint Evans, Dame Gwyneth Jones, Dame Anne Evans, Dame Margaret Price, Sir Tom Jones, Bonnie Tyler, Bryn Terfel, Mary Hopkin, Charlotte Church, Katherine Jenkins, Meic Stevens, Dame Shirley Bassey, Marina and the Diamonds and Duffy.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45749",
"question": "what are some of the notable singers of wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 245,
"text": "Dame Shirley Bassey, Marina and the Diamonds and Duffy"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Popular bands that emerged from Wales include the Beatles-nurtured power pop group Badfinger in the 1960s, Man and Budgie in the 1970s and the Alarm in the 1980s. Many groups emerged during the 1990s, led by Manic Street Preachers, followed by the likes of the Stereophonics and Feeder; notable during this period were Catatonia, Super Furry Animals, and Gorky's Zygotic Mynci who gained popular success as dual-language artists. Recently successful Welsh bands include Lostprophets, Bullet for My Valentine, Funeral for a Friend and Kids in Glass Houses. The Welsh traditional and folk music scene is in resurgence with performers and bands such as Carreg Lafar, Fernhill, Si\u00e2n James and the Hennessys.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45750",
"question": "what two bands were in the 1970s ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 107,
"text": "Man and Budgie"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45751",
"question": "who led the groups of many groups in the 1990s ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 208,
"text": "Manic Street Preachers"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45752",
"question": "what were the manic street ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 319,
"text": "Catatonia, Super Furry Animals"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45753",
"question": "who gained popular success in the 1990s ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 363,
"text": "Zygotic Mynci"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The earliest surviving Welsh plays are two medieval miracle plays, \"Y Tri Brenin o Gwlen\" (\"The three Kings from Cologne\") and \"Y Dioddefaint a'r Atgyfodiad\" (\"The Passion and the Resurrection\"). A recognised Welsh tradition of theatre emerged during the 18th century, in the form of an interlude, a metrical play performed at fairs and markets. The larger Welsh towns began building theatres during the 19th century, and attracted the likes of James Sheridan Knowles and William Charles Macready to Wales. Along with the playhouses, there existed mobile companies at visiting fairs, though from 1912 most of these travelling theatres settled, purchasing theatres to perform in.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45754",
"question": "what is the name of the two medieval miracle ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 68,
"text": "Y Tri Brenin o Gwlen"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45755",
"question": "what are the names of the medieval miracle ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 160,
"text": "The Passion and the Resurrection"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45756",
"question": "who were the likes of the welsh towns ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 445,
"text": "James Sheridan Knowles and William Charles Macready to Wales"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45757",
"question": "in what year did most of the travelling theatres settled ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 596,
"text": "1912"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Drama in the early 20th century thrived, but the country failed to produce a Welsh National Theatre company. After the Second World War the substantial number of amateur companies that had existed before the outbreak of hostilities reduced by two thirds. The increasing competition from television in the 1950s and 1960s led to a need for greater professionalism in the theatre. As a result, plays by Emlyn Williams and Alun Owen and others were staged, while Welsh actors, including Richard Burton, Rachel Roberts, Donald Houston and Stanley Baker, were establishing themselves as artistic talents. Anthony Hopkins was an alumnus of the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama, and has since starred in Hollywood films.John Rhys-Davies is another well known actor, famous for his portrayal of Gimli in The Lord of the Rings trilogy and the charismatic Arab excavator Sallah in the Indiana Jones films. Other Welsh actors to have crossed the Atlantic more recently include: Ioan Gruffudd; Rhys Ifans; Matthew Rhys; Michael Sheen; and Catherine Zeta-Jones.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45758",
"question": "what did the country want to produce in the early 20th century ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 77,
"text": "Welsh National Theatre company"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45759",
"question": "who plays a result of welsh actors ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 401,
"text": "Emlyn Williams and Alun Owen"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45760",
"question": "who was an alumnus of the royal welsh college of music ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 600,
"text": "Anthony Hopkins"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Wales has also produced well known comedians including Tommy Cooper, Terry Jones, Harry Secombe, Rhod Gilbert and Paul Whitehouse.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45761",
"question": "who are some of the wales produced by wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 55,
"text": "Tommy Cooper, Terry Jones, Harry Secombe, Rhod Gilbert and Paul Whitehouse"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Dancing is a popular pastime in Wales; traditional dances include folk dancing and clog dancing. The first mention of dancing in Wales is in a 12th-century account by Giraldus Cambrensis, but by the 19th century traditional dance had all but died out; this is attributed to the influence of Nonconformists and their belief that any physical diversion was worthless and satanic, especially mixed dancing. These ancient dances, orally passed down, were almost single-handedly rescued by Lois Blake (1890\u20131974) who recorded them in numerous instruction pamphlets, recording both steps and music. In a similar vein, clog dancing was preserved and developed by the likes of Howel Wood (1882\u20131967) who perpetuated the art at local and national stages. Clog dancing, traditionally a male dominated art, is now a common part of eisteddfodau. In 2010, a 30-year traditional dance festival held in Caernarvon came to an end due to a lack of participants, though clog dancing has seen a revival in the 21st century.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45762",
"question": "what are traditional dances ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 66,
"text": "folk dancing and clog dancing"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45763",
"question": "what is the first mention of dancing in wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 143,
"text": "12th-century"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45764",
"question": "who account the first mention of dancing in wales ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 167,
"text": "Giraldus Cambrensis"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45765",
"question": "who rescued dances ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 485,
"text": "Lois Blake"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45766",
"question": "what developed the art at local and national stages ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 669,
"text": "Howel Wood"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Welsh Folk Dance Society was founded in 1949; it supports a network of national amateur dance teams and publishes support material. Contemporary dance grew out of Cardiff in the 1970s; one of the earliest companies, Moving Being, came from London to Cardiff in 1973. Diversions was formed in 1983, eventually becoming the National Dance Company Wales, now the resident company at the Wales Millennium Centre. Conversely, Wales does not have its own national ballet company.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45767",
"question": "what was founded in 1949 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "The Welsh Folk Dance Society"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45768",
"question": "when was the welsh folk dance society founded ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 44,
"text": "1949"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45769",
"question": "in what year did the earliest companies moving being from london ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 265,
"text": "1973"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45770",
"question": "when was diversions formed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 296,
"text": "1983"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45771",
"question": "what was the name of the resident company at the wales millennium centre ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 326,
"text": "National Dance Company Wales"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45772",
"question": "where was the national dance company wales located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 388,
"text": "Wales Millennium Centre"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "As well as celebrating many of the traditional religious festivals of Great Britain, such as Easter and Christmas, Wales has its own unique celebratory days. An early festivity was Mabsant, when local parishes would celebrate the patron saint of their local church. This celebration died out in the 19th century, to be replaced by Saint David's Day, which is celebrated on 1 March throughout Wales, and by Welsh expats around the world.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45773",
"question": "what are the names of the traditional religious festivals in great britain ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 93,
"text": "Easter and Christmas"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45774",
"question": "what was the name of the early festivity that would celebrate the patron ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 181,
"text": "Mabsant"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45775",
"question": "who replaced the celebration in the 19th century ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 331,
"text": "Saint David's Day"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45776",
"question": "when was saint david 's day celebrated ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 373,
"text": "1 March"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45777",
"question": "what was the name of the welsh celebration that died in saint david 's ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 406,
"text": "Welsh expats around the world"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Commemorating the patron saint of friendship and love, Dydd Santes Dwynwen's popularity has been increasing recently. It is celebrated on 25 January in a similar way to St Valentine's Day: by exchanging cards and by holding parties and concerts.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45778",
"question": "who is the popularity of love ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 55,
"text": "Dydd Santes Dwynwen"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45779",
"question": "on what date is it celebrated on a similar way to st valentine 's day ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 138,
"text": "25 January"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45780",
"question": "what is celebrated in january of january 25 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 169,
"text": "St Valentine's Day"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Calan Gaeaf, associated with the supernatural and the dead, is observed on 1 November (All Saints Day). It has largely been replaced by Hallowe'en. Other festivities include Calan Mai (May Day), celebrating the beginning of summer; Calan Awst (Lammas Day); and G\u0175yl Fair y Canhwyllau (Candlemas Day).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45781",
"question": "who is observed on the supernatural and the dead ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "Calan Gaeaf"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45782",
"question": "on what date is the saints observed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 75,
"text": "1 November"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45783",
"question": "what is observed on 1 november ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 87,
"text": "All Saints Day"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45784",
"question": "what replaced it 's largely replaced by it ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 136,
"text": "Hallowe'en"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45785",
"question": "what is the festivities called ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 174,
"text": "Calan Mai"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "",
"qas": []
}
],
"title": "Wales"
},
{
"paragraphs": [
{
"context": "The United States Navy (USN) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U.S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, with the highest combined battle fleet tonnage. The U.S. Navy has the world's largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 328,194 personnel on active duty and 101,199 in the Navy Reserve. It has 272 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 aircraft in active service .",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45786",
"question": "who is the naval warfare branch of the united states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "The United States Navy"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45787",
"question": "who is the naval warfare ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 72,
"text": "United States Armed Forces"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45788",
"question": "how many personnel does the service have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 439,
"text": "328,194"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45789",
"question": "what is the active service in the navy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 476,
"text": "101,199"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45790",
"question": "how many combat vessels does the service have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 512,
"text": "272"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers. It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence, deploying in such areas as East Asia, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East. It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world, engage in forward areas during peacetime, and rapidly respond to regional crises, making it an active player in U.S. foreign and defense policy.\nThe Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, which is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Navy. The Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) is a four-star admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. However, the CNO may not be the highest ranking naval officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff are Navy officers, who by law, outrank the CNO.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45791",
"question": "who did the u.s. navy want its origins to ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 40,
"text": "Continental Navy"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45792",
"question": "when was the continental navy established ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 91,
"text": "American Revolutionary War"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45793",
"question": "what war did the u.s. navy win ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 219,
"text": "American Civil War"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45794",
"question": "what are the deploying of the 21st century ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 467,
"text": "East Asia, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45795",
"question": "who managed the navy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 805,
"text": "Department of the Navy"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45796",
"question": "who headed the navy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 861,
"text": "Secretary of the Navy"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "From the New Recruits Handbook:\nThe United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navy's three primary areas of responsibility:",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45797",
"question": "what is the seaborne branch of the united states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 9,
"text": "New Recruits Handbook"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45798",
"question": "who is a seaborne branch of the military ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 32,
"text": "The United States Navy"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45799",
"question": "what is the united states navy a branch of ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 60,
"text": "seaborne branch of the military of the United States"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "U.S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U.S. Armed Forces is \"to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest. \"As part of that establishment, the U.S. Navy's functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to \"sealift\" duties.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45800",
"question": "what is the mission of the u.s. armed forces ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 79,
"text": "to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45801",
"question": "what is the name of the u.s. navy 's functions of sea control ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 258,
"text": "power projection and nuclear deterrence"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45802",
"question": "what is the name of the u.s. navy 's functions of sea control ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 314,
"text": "\"sealift\" duties"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Navy was rooted in the American seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders in the colonial era. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own navy. The establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, and make it easier to seek out support from foreign countries. Detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the world's preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS \"Hannah\" to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress. The US Navy recognizes 13 October 1775 as the date of its official establishment\u00a0\u2014 the date of the resolution of the Continental Congress that purchased two vessels to be armed against British ships.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45803",
"question": "where was the navy rooted ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 27,
"text": "American seafaring tradition"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45804",
"question": "what was the national navy an issue of ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 322,
"text": "Second Continental Congress"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45805",
"question": "who did detractors believe was a foolish undertaking ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 528,
"text": "British Royal Navy"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45806",
"question": "what was the date of the us navy 's official establishment ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 835,
"text": "13 October 1775"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Continental Navy achieved mixed results; it was successful in a number of engagements and raided many British merchant vessels, but it lost twenty four of its vessels and at one point was reduced to two in active service. The Continental Navy was disbanded at war's end.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45807",
"question": "how much did the continental navy spend in active service ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 139,
"text": "lost twenty four"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The United States was without a navy for nearly a decade\u2014a state of affairs that exposed its merchant ships to a series of attacks by Barbary pirates. The sole armed maritime presence between 1790 and the launching of the U.S. Navy's first warships in 1797 was the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service (USRCS), the primary predecessor of the U.S. Coast Guard. Although USRCS Cutters conducted operations against these pirates, the depredations far outstripped the abilities of the USRCS and Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 which established a permanent standing navy. The Naval Act ordered the construction and manning of six frigates and, by October 1797; three years later, the first three were welcomed into service: , , and . In 1798\u201399 the Navy was involved in an undeclared Quasi-War with France.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45808",
"question": "who was the state of affairs that exposed to the united states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 134,
"text": "Barbary pirates"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45809",
"question": "in what year was the sole armed maritime presence ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 192,
"text": "1790"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45810",
"question": "when was the u.s. navy 's first warships guard ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 252,
"text": "1797"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45811",
"question": "what was the name of the u.s. navy 's first warships ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 265,
"text": "U.S. Revenue Cutter Service"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45812",
"question": "when was the navy involved with france ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 730,
"text": "1798\u201399"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Naval power played a significant role during the American Civil War, in which the Union had a distinct advantage over the Confederacy on the seas. A Union blockade on all major ports shut down exports and the coastal trade, but blockade runners (mostly owned and operated by British companies) provided a thin lifeline. The brown-water Navy's control of the river systems made internal travel difficult for Confederates and easy for the Union. The war saw ironclad warships in combat for the first time at the Battle of Hampton Roads in 1862, which pitted against . For two decades after the war, however, the U.S. Navy's fleet was neglected and became technologically obsolete.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45813",
"question": "in what war did naval power play a significant role ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 49,
"text": "American Civil War"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45814",
"question": "in what battle did ironclad warships take place ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 510,
"text": "Battle of Hampton Roads"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45815",
"question": "when did the battle of hampton occur ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 537,
"text": "1862"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "A modernization program beginning in the 1880s when the first steel hulled warships stimulated the American steel industry, and \"the new steel navy\" was born. This rapid expansion of the U.S. Navy and its easy victory over the Spanish Navy in 1898 brought a new respect for American technical quality. Rapid building of at first pre-dreadnoughts, then dreadnoughts brought the U.S. in line with the navies of countries such as Britain and Germany. In 1907, most of the Navy's battleships, with several support vessels, dubbed the Great White Fleet, were showcased in a 14-month circumnavigation of the world. Ordered by President Theodore Roosevelt, it was a mission designed to demonstrate the Navy's capability to extend to the global theater. By 1911, the U.S. had begun building the super-dreadnoughts at a pace to eventually become competitive with Britain.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45816",
"question": "when did the first steel hulled warships appear ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 41,
"text": "1880s"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45817",
"question": "when was the spanish navy easy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 243,
"text": "1898"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45818",
"question": "when was the great white fleet showcased ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 451,
"text": "1907"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45819",
"question": "what was showcased in 1907 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 530,
"text": "Great White Fleet"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45820",
"question": "who was the president of the navy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 630,
"text": "Theodore Roosevelt"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The U.S. Navy saw little action during World War I. It concentrated on mine laying operations against German U-Boats. Hesitation by the senior command meant that naval forces were not contributed until late 1917. Battleship Division Nine was dispatched to Britain and served as the Sixth Battle Squadron of the British Grand Fleet. Its presence allowed the British to decommission some older ships and reuse the crews on smaller vessels. Destroyers and U.S. Naval Air Force units contributed to the anti-submarine operations. The strength of the United States Navy grew under an ambitious ship building program associated with the Naval Act of 1916.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45821",
"question": "who did the u.s. want to operations against ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 102,
"text": "German U-Boats"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45822",
"question": "what was the name of the british grand fleet of the british grand fleet ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 213,
"text": "Battleship Division Nine"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45823",
"question": "what was the name of the battle of the british grand fleet ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 282,
"text": "Sixth Battle Squadron of the British Grand Fleet"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Naval construction, especially of battleships was limited by the Washington Naval Conference of 1921\u201322. The aircraft carriers and were built on the hulls of partially built battle cruisers that had been canceled by the treaty. The New Deal used Public Works Administration funds to build warships, such as and . By 1936, with the completion of , the U.S. Navy possessed a carrier fleet of 165,000 tonnes displacement, although this figure was nominally recorded as 135,000 tonnes to comply with treaty limitations. Franklin Roosevelt, the number two official in the Navy Department during World War I, appreciated the Navy and gave it strong support. In return, senior leaders were eager for innovation and experimented with new technologies, such as magnetic torpedoes, and developed a strategy called War Plan Orange for victory in the Pacific in a hypothetical war with Japan that would eventually become reality.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45824",
"question": "what limited naval construction ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 65,
"text": "Washington Naval Conference of 1921\u201322"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45825",
"question": "what was the carrier fleet of the navy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 390,
"text": "165,000 tonnes displacement"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45826",
"question": "how much did the u.s. navy pay to comply with treaty limitations ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 466,
"text": "135,000 tonnes"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45827",
"question": "who was the number of official in the navy department ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 516,
"text": "Franklin Roosevelt"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45828",
"question": "what was the name of the strategy that developed senior leaders ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 804,
"text": "War Plan Orange"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The U.S. Navy grew into a formidable force in the years prior to World War II, with battleship production being restarted in 1937, commencing with . Though ultimately unsuccessful, Japan attempted to neutralize this strategic threat with the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. Following American entry into the war, the U.S. Navy grew tremendously as the United States was faced with a two-front war on the seas. It achieved notable acclaim in the Pacific Theater, where it was instrumental to the Allies' successful \"island hopping\" campaign. The U.S. Navy participated in many significant battles, including the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Battle of Midway, the Solomon Islands Campaign, the Battle of the Philippine Sea, the Battle of Leyte Gulf, and the Battle of Okinawa. By war's end in 1945, the United States Navy had added hundreds of new ships, including 18 aircraft carriers and 8 battleships, and had over 70% of the world's total numbers and total tonnage of naval vessels of 1,000 tons or greater. At its peak, the U.S. Navy was operating 6,768 ships on V-J Day in August 1945.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45829",
"question": "when was battleship production restarted ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 125,
"text": "1937"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45830",
"question": "what was the name of the threat that japan attempted to neutralize ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 261,
"text": "Pearl Harbor"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45831",
"question": "when did japan declare the surprise attack on pearl harbor ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 277,
"text": "7 December 1941"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45832",
"question": "how much of the world 's total numbers did the united states have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 936,
"text": "70%"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45833",
"question": "how many ships did the u.s. navy navy operating in 1945 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 1071,
"text": "6,768"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Doctrine had significantly shifted by the end of the war. The United States Navy had followed in the footsteps of the navies of Great Britain and Germany which favored concentrated groups of battleships as their main offensive naval weapons. The development of the aircraft carrier and its devastating utilization by the Japanese against the U.S. at Pearl Harbor, however, shifted U.S. thinking. The Pearl Harbor attack destroyed or took out of action a significant number of U.S. Navy battleships. This placed much of the burden of retaliating against the Japanese on the small number of aircraft carriers.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45834",
"question": "which two countries did the united states navy fight in the united states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 128,
"text": "Great Britain and Germany"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45835",
"question": "where was the japanese against the u.s. ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 350,
"text": "Pearl Harbor"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The potential for armed conflict with the Soviet Union during the Cold War pushed the U.S. Navy to continue its technological advancement by developing new weapons systems, ships, and aircraft. United States naval strategy changed to that of forward deployment in support of U.S. allies with an emphasis on carrier battle groups.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45836",
"question": "what groups did united states naval strategy with ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 307,
"text": "carrier battle groups"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The navy was a major participant in the Vietnam War, blockaded Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis, and, through the use of ballistic missile submarines, became an important aspect of the United States' nuclear strategic deterrence policy. The United States Navy conducted various combat operations in the Persian Gulf against Iran in 1987 and 1988, most notably Operation Praying Mantis. The Navy was extensively involved in Operation Urgent Fury, Operation Desert Shield, Operation Desert Storm, Operation Deliberate Force, Operation Allied Force, Operation Desert Fox and Operation Southern Watch.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45837",
"question": "what crisis did the navy defeat ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 79,
"text": "Cuban Missile Crisis"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45838",
"question": "what became an important aspect of the united states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 125,
"text": "ballistic missile submarines"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45839",
"question": "what did the missile submarines become ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 204,
"text": "nuclear strategic deterrence policy"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45840",
"question": "in what years did the operation praying mantis take place ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 336,
"text": "1987 and 1988"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45841",
"question": "what was the name of the operation in the united states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 364,
"text": "Operation Praying Mantis"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The U.S. Navy has also been involved in search and rescue/search and salvage operations, sometimes in conjunction with vessels of other countries as well as with U.S. Coast Guard ships. Two examples are the 1966 Palomares B-52 crash incident and search for the nuclear bombs, and Task Force 71 of the Seventh Fleet operation in search for Korean Air Lines Flight 007 shot down by the Soviets on 1 September 1983.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45842",
"question": "what is the name of the ships that the u.s. navy has been involved with ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 162,
"text": "U.S. Coast Guard ships"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45843",
"question": "what was the name of the force that shot down for korean air lines ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 280,
"text": "Task Force 71"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45844",
"question": "what was the name of the operation that shot down the seventh fleet ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 339,
"text": "Korean Air Lines Flight 007"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45845",
"question": "when did the seventh fleet flight ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 395,
"text": "1 September 1983"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The United States Navy continues to be a major support to U.S. interests in the 21st century. Since the end of the Cold War, it has shifted its focus from preparations for large-scale war with the Soviet Union to special operations and strike missions in regional conflicts. The navy participated in Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and is a major participant in the ongoing War on Terror, largely in this capacity. Development continues on new ships and weapons, including the and the Littoral combat ship. Because of its size, weapons technology, and ability to project force far from U.S. shores, the current U.S. Navy remains a potent asset for the United States. Moreover, it is the principal means through which the U.S. maintains international global order, namely by safeguarding global trade and protecting allied nations.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45846",
"question": "what is the name of the navy 's navy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 300,
"text": "Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45847",
"question": "what is the name of the ship that is located in new haven ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 506,
"text": "Littoral combat ship"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45848",
"question": "what is the name of the global global order of the u.s. ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 795,
"text": "safeguarding global trade and protecting allied nations"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In 2007, the U.S. Navy joined with the U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Coast Guard to adopt a new maritime strategy called A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower that raises the notion of prevention of war to the same philosophical level as the conduct of war. The strategy was presented by the Chief of Naval Operations, the Commandant of the Marine Corps, and Commandant of the Coast Guard at the International Sea Power Symposium in Newport, RI on 17 October 2007. The strategy recognized the economic links of the global system and how any disruption due to regional crises\u2014man-made or natural\u2014can adversely impact the U.S. economy and quality of life. This new strategy charts a course for the Navy, Coast Guard, and Marine Corps to work collectively with each other and international partners to prevent these crises from occurring or reacting quickly should one occur to prevent negative impacts on the U.S.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45849",
"question": "in what year did the u.s. navy join the maritime strategy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 3,
"text": "2007"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45850",
"question": "what was the name of the maritime strategy in 2007 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 118,
"text": "A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45851",
"question": "who presented the strategy of the marine corps ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 300,
"text": "Chief of Naval Operations"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45852",
"question": "what was the name of the chief of naval operations ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 327,
"text": "the Commandant of the Marine Corps"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45853",
"question": "where did the chief of naval operations come from ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 404,
"text": "International Sea Power Symposium"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45854",
"question": "when did the chief of naval operations occur ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 456,
"text": "17 October 2007"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45855",
"question": "what are the regional crises of the global system of the global system ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 583,
"text": "man-made or natural"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In 2010, Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Gary Roughead, noted that demands on the Navy have grown as the fleet has shrunk and that in the face of declining budgets in the future, the U.S. Navy must rely even more on international partnerships.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45856",
"question": "in what year did chief of naval operations begin ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 3,
"text": "2010"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45857",
"question": "who was naval operations ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 36,
"text": "Admiral Gary Roughead"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In its 2013 budget request, the navy focused on retaining all eleven big deck carriers, at the expense of cutting numbers of smaller ships and delaying the SSBN replacement. By the next year the USN found itself unable to maintain eleven aircraft carriers in the face of the expiration of budget relief offered by the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 and CNO Jonathan Greenert said that a ten ship carrier fleet would not be able to sustainably support military requirements. First Sea Lord George Zambellas said that the USN had switched from \"outcome-led to resource-led\" planning.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45858",
"question": "what was the navy focused on ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 48,
"text": "retaining all eleven big deck carriers"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45859",
"question": "how many aircraft carriers were found in the face of the ship ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 231,
"text": "eleven"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45860",
"question": "who said that a ten ship carrier would not be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to maintain support military requirements ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 318,
"text": "Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 and CNO Jonathan Greenert"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45861",
"question": "who said that the usn had switched from `` outcome-led to resource-led '' ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 473,
"text": "First Sea Lord George Zambellas"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45862",
"question": "what did lord george zambellas think the usn had switched from ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 542,
"text": "outcome-led to resource-led\" planning"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The U.S. Navy currently has a three-step plan to boost the fleets' firepower: in the near-term, develop the Long Range Anti-Ship Missile to create a surface-launched, over-the-horizon cruise missile with greater coverage than the -ranged Harpoon anti-ship missile to have the capability that was lost with the retirement of the Tomahawk Anti-Ship Missile; in the mid-term, replace defensive missile systems with laser weapon systems; and in the long-term, equip ships with electromagnetic railguns for over-the-horizon bombardment. Lasers like the Laser Weapon System in testing are currently for defense of ships and would allow missile compartments to be freed up for offensive system, while the laser could run as long as the ship has power. They may only be relegated to short-range defensive work, as they cannot fire over the horizon or out of line-of-sight. Railguns will be offensive and fire projectiles at Mach 7 out to . They will serve as a complement to cruise missiles, as they have less range, components wear out fast, and currently only \"Zumwalt\"-class destroyers can generate enough electrical power for desired performance.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45863",
"question": "what is the name of the missile missile develop ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 108,
"text": "Long Range Anti-Ship Missile"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45864",
"question": "what is the retirement missile lost with ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 328,
"text": "Tomahawk Anti-Ship Missile"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "One significant change in U.S. policymaking that is having a major effect on naval planning is the Pivot to East Asia. In response this, Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus has stated that 60 percent of the total U.S. fleet will be deployed to the Pacific by the year 2020. The Navy's most recent 30-year shipbuilding plan, published in 2016, calls for a future fleet of 308 ships in order to meet the challenges of an increasingly competitive international environment.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45865",
"question": "what is the major effect of naval planning ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 99,
"text": "Pivot to East Asia"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45866",
"question": "who has stated that 60 percent of the total u.s. fleet will be deployed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 137,
"text": "Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45867",
"question": "what percentage of the total u.s. fleet will be deployed to the pacific ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 185,
"text": "60 percent"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45868",
"question": "when was the navy 's most recent shipbuilding plan published ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 333,
"text": "2016"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45869",
"question": "how many ships were in the navy 's most recent shipbuilding plan ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 367,
"text": "308"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The U.S. Navy falls under the administration of the Department of the Navy, under civilian leadership of the Secretary of the Navy (SECNAV). The most senior naval officer is the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), a four-star admiral who is immediately under and reports to the Secretary of the Navy. At the same time, the Chief of Naval Operations is one of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, which is the second-highest deliberatory body of the armed forces after the United States National Security Council, although it only plays an advisory role to the President and does not nominally form part of the chain of command. The Secretary of the Navy and Chief of Naval Operations are responsible for organizing, recruiting, training, and equipping the Navy so that it is ready for operation under the command of the unified combat command commanders.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45870",
"question": "the u.s. navy falls under which department ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 52,
"text": "Department of the Navy"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45871",
"question": "who was the civilian leadership of the navy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 109,
"text": "Secretary of the Navy"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45872",
"question": "what is the most senior naval officer ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 178,
"text": "Chief of Naval Operations"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45873",
"question": "who is the chief of naval operations ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 275,
"text": "Secretary of the Navy"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45874",
"question": "who is the chief of naval operations ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 360,
"text": "Joint Chiefs of Staff"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45875",
"question": "who is the joint chiefs of staff ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 459,
"text": "United States National Security Council"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "There are nine components in the operating forces of the U.S. Navy: the United States Fleet Forces Command (formerly United States Atlantic Fleet), United States Pacific Fleet, United States Naval Forces Central Command, United States Naval Forces Europe, Naval Network Warfare Command, Navy Reserve, United States Naval Special Warfare Command, Operational Test and Evaluation Force, and Military Sealift Command. Fleet Forces Command controls a number of unique capabilities, including Military Sealift Command, Naval Expeditionary Combat Command, and Navy Cyber Forces.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45876",
"question": "how many components are in the operating forces ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 10,
"text": "nine"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45877",
"question": "who is the united states atlantic fleet ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 72,
"text": "United States Fleet Forces Command"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45878",
"question": "what was the name of the united states fleet command ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 117,
"text": "United States Atlantic Fleet"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45879",
"question": "what are some components of the united states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 301,
"text": "United States Naval Special Warfare Command, Operational Test and Evaluation Force, and Military Sealift Command"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45880",
"question": "who were some unique capabilities of fleet forces ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 488,
"text": "Military Sealift Command, Naval Expeditionary Combat Command, and Navy Cyber Forces"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The United States Navy has six active numbered fleets\u00a0\u2013 Third, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh Fleet and Tenth Fleets are each led by a vice admiral, and the Fourth Fleet is led by a rear admiral. These six fleets are further grouped under Fleet Forces Command (the former Atlantic Fleet), Pacific Fleet, Naval Forces Europe-Africa, and Naval Forces Central Command, whose commander also doubles as Commander Fifth Fleet; the first three commands being led by four-star admirals. The United States First Fleet existed after the Second World War from 1947, but it was redesignated the Third Fleet in early 1973. In early 2008, the navy reactivated the United States Fourth Fleet to control operations in the area controlled by Southern Command, which consists of US assets in and around Central and South America.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45881",
"question": "what was the name of the commander that the naval command doubles ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 389,
"text": "Commander Fifth Fleet"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45882",
"question": "in what year did the united states first start after the second world war ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 540,
"text": "1947"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45883",
"question": "the navy reactivated the united states fourth fleet to control operations in what ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 716,
"text": "Southern Command"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Shore establishments exist to support the mission of the fleet through the use of facilities on land. Among the commands of the shore establishment, , are the Naval Education and Training Command, the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command, the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command, the Naval Facilities Engineering Command, the Naval Supply Systems Command, the Naval Air Systems Command, the Naval Sea Systems Command, the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, the Bureau of Naval Personnel, the United States Naval Academy, the Naval Safety Center, the Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center, and the United States Naval Observatory. Official Navy websites list the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and the chief of naval operations as part of the shore establishment, but these two entities effectively sit superior to the other organizations, playing a coordinating role.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45884",
"question": "what is one of the naval observatory ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 602,
"text": "United States Naval Observatory"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In 1834, the United States Marine Corps came under the Department of the Navy. Historically, the Navy has had a unique relationship with the USMC, partly because they both specialize in seaborne operations. Together the Navy and Marine Corps form the Department of the Navy and report to the Secretary of the Navy. However, the Marine Corps is a distinct, separate service branch with its own uniformed service chief \u2013 the Commandant of the Marine Corps, a four-star general.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45885",
"question": "when did the united states marine corps came under the department of the navy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 3,
"text": "1834"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45886",
"question": "who did the united states marine corps came under ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 55,
"text": "Department of the Navy"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45887",
"question": "what relationship did the navy have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 141,
"text": "USMC"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45888",
"question": "who is the department of the navy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 292,
"text": "Secretary of the Navy"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45889",
"question": "what is the name of the chief marine corps ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 423,
"text": "Commandant of the Marine Corps"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Marine Corps depends on the Navy for medical support (dentists, doctors, nurses, medical technicians known as corpsmen) and religious support (chaplains). Thus Navy officers and enlisted sailors fulfill these roles. When attached to Marine Corps units deployed to an operational environment they generally wear Marine camouflage uniforms, but otherwise they wear Navy dress uniforms unless they opt to conform to Marine Corps grooming standards.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45890",
"question": "what is another name for the medical technicians ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 114,
"text": "corpsmen"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45891",
"question": "what is another name for religious support ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 147,
"text": "chaplains"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45892",
"question": "what do attached to marine corps units deployed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 315,
"text": "Marine camouflage uniforms"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45893",
"question": "what do marine corps opt to ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 417,
"text": "Marine Corps grooming standards"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In the operational environment, as an expeditionary force specializing in amphibious operations, Marines often embark on Navy ships to conduct operations from beyond territorial waters. Marine units deploying as part of a Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) operate under the command of the existing Marine chain of command. Although Marine units routinely operate from amphibious assault ships, the relationship has evolved over the years much as the Commander of the Carrier Air Group/Wing (CAG) does not work for the carrier commanding officer, but coordinates with the ship's CO and staff. Some Marine aviation squadrons, usually fixed-wing assigned to carrier air wings train and operate alongside Navy squadrons; they fly similar missions and often fly sorties together under the cognizance of the CAG. Aviation is where the Navy and Marines share the most common ground, since aircrews are guided in their use of aircraft by standard procedures outlined in series of publications known as NATOPS manuals.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45894",
"question": "marine units deploying as part of what ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 222,
"text": "Marine Air-Ground Task Force"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45895",
"question": "where do marine units operate from ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 371,
"text": "amphibious assault ships"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45896",
"question": "what is the name of the commander that does not work for the carrier commanding officer ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 453,
"text": "Commander of the Carrier Air Group/Wing"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45897",
"question": "what is the name of the aviation aviation share ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 832,
"text": "Navy and Marines"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45898",
"question": "what is the name of the series of publications by standard procedures outlined ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 997,
"text": "NATOPS manuals"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The United States Coast Guard, in its peacetime role with the Department of Homeland Security, fulfills its law enforcement and rescue role in the maritime environment. It provides Law Enforcement Detachments (LEDETs) to Navy vessels, where they perform arrests and other law enforcement duties during naval boarding and interdiction missions. In times of war, the Coast Guard operates as a service in the Navy. At other times, Coast Guard port security units are sent overseas to guard the security of ports and other assets. The Coast Guard also jointly staffs the Navy's naval coastal warfare groups and squadrons (the latter of which were known as harbor defense commands until late-2004), which oversee defense efforts in foreign littoral combat and inshore areas.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45899",
"question": "what is the name of the coast in the united states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 4,
"text": "United States Coast Guard"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45900",
"question": "what is the name of the department of the united states coast guard ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 62,
"text": "Department of Homeland Security"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45901",
"question": "what does the united states guard provide ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 181,
"text": "Law Enforcement Detachments (LEDETs) to Navy vessels"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The United States Navy has nearly 500,000 personnel, approximately a quarter of whom are in ready reserve. Of those on active duty, more than eighty percent are enlisted sailors, and around fifteen percent are commissioned officers; the rest are midshipmen of the United States Naval Academy and midshipmen of the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps at over 180 universities around the country and officer candidates at the Navy's Officer Candidate School.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45902",
"question": "how many personnel does the united states have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 34,
"text": "500,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45903",
"question": "what is the name of the training training group in the us ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 314,
"text": "Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45904",
"question": "how many universities are in the naval reserve ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 359,
"text": "180"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45905",
"question": "what is the name of the school of the naval reserve ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 425,
"text": "Navy's Officer Candidate School"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Enlisted sailors complete basic military training at boot camp and then are sent to complete training for their individual careers.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45906",
"question": "where was the basic military training training ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 53,
"text": "boot camp"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45907",
"question": "what are enlisted sailors sent to ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 84,
"text": "complete training for their individual careers"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Sailors prove they have mastered skills and deserve responsibilities by completing Personnel Qualification Standards (PQS) tasks and examinations. Among the most important is the \"warfare qualification\", which denotes a journeyman level of capability in Surface Warfare, Aviation Warfare, Information Dominance Warfare, Naval Aircrew, Special Warfare, Seabee Warfare, Submarine Warfare or Expeditionary Warfare. Many qualifications are denoted on a sailor's uniform with U.S. Navy badges and insignia.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45908",
"question": "what type of standards do sailors have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 83,
"text": "Personnel Qualification Standards"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45909",
"question": "what denotes a journeyman level of capability in surface warfare ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 180,
"text": "warfare qualification"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45910",
"question": "what are the qualifications denoted on ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 447,
"text": "a sailor's uniform with U.S. Navy badges and insignia"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The uniforms of the U.S. Navy have evolved gradually since the first uniform regulations for officers were issued in 1802 on the formation of the Navy Department. The predominant colors of U.S. Navy uniforms are navy blue and white. U.S. Navy uniforms were based on Royal Navy uniforms of the time, and have tended to follow that template.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45911",
"question": "when were the first uniform regulations issued ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 117,
"text": "1802"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45912",
"question": "what was the first uniform regulations for officers ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 125,
"text": "the formation of the Navy Department"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45913",
"question": "what are the predominant colors of u.s. navy uniforms ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 212,
"text": "navy blue and white"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45914",
"question": "what were u.s. navy uniforms based on ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 266,
"text": "Royal Navy uniforms of the time"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The commissioned officer ranks of the U.S. Navy are divided into three categories: junior officers, senior officers, and flag officers. Junior officers are those officers in pay grades O-1 to O-4, while senior officers are those in pay grades O-5 and O-6, and flag officers are those in pay grades of O-7 and above.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45915",
"question": "how many categories does the commissioned officer ranks into ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 65,
"text": "three"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45916",
"question": "what are the three categories of the commissioned officer ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 83,
"text": "junior officers, senior officers, and flag officers"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45917",
"question": "what do junior officers have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 185,
"text": "O-1 to O-4"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Sailors in pay grades E-1 through E-3 are considered to be in apprenticeships.\nThey are divided into five definable groups, with colored group rate marks designating the group to which they belong: Seaman, Fireman, Airman, Constructionman, and Hospitalman. E-4 to E-6 are non-commissioned officers (NCOs), and are specifically called Petty Officers in the Navy. Petty Officers perform not only the duties of their specific career field but also serve as leaders to junior enlisted personnel. E-7 to E-9 are still considered Petty Officers, but are considered a separate community within the Navy. They have separate berthing and dining facilities (where feasible), wear separate uniforms, and perform separate duties.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45918",
"question": "what is considered to be considered to be considered to be in apprenticeships ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 34,
"text": "E-3"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45919",
"question": "where are sailors in pay grades e-1 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 62,
"text": "apprenticeships"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45920",
"question": "how many definable groups are there in pay grades ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 101,
"text": "five"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45921",
"question": "what are non-commissioned officers specifically called ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 334,
"text": "Petty Officers"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "After attaining the rate of Master Chief Petty Officer, a service member may choose to further his or her career by becoming a Command Master Chief Petty Officer (CMC). A CMC is considered to be the senior-most enlisted service member within a command, and is the special assistant to the Commanding Officer in all matters pertaining to the health, welfare, job satisfaction, morale, utilization, advancement and training of the command's enlisted personnel. CMCs can be Command level (within a single unit, such as a ship or shore station), Fleet level (squadrons consisting of multiple operational units, headed by a flag officer or commodore), or Force level (consisting of a separate community within the Navy, such as Subsurface, Air, Reserves).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45922",
"question": "what was the name of the chief chief petty officer ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 28,
"text": "Master Chief Petty Officer"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45923",
"question": "what was the title of the master chief petty officer ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 127,
"text": "Command Master Chief Petty Officer"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45924",
"question": "what is considered to be the enlisted service member within a command ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 171,
"text": "CMC"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "CMC insignia are similar to the insignia for Master Chief, except that the rating symbol is replaced by an inverted five-point star, reflecting a change in their rating from their previous rating (i.e., MMCM) to CMDCM. The stars for Command Master Chief are silver, while stars for Fleet or Force Master Chief are gold. Additionally, CMCs wear a badge, worn on their left breast pocket, denoting their title (Command/Fleet/Force).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45925",
"question": "what is the insignia of the insignia of the insignia ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 45,
"text": "Master Chief"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45926",
"question": "what replaced the rating symbol ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 104,
"text": "an inverted five-point star"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45927",
"question": "who is the stars for the stars ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 233,
"text": "Command Master Chief"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45928",
"question": "what are the stars for command master ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 258,
"text": "silver"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45929",
"question": "who are the stars for stars ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 282,
"text": "Fleet or Force Master Chief"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45930",
"question": "what is the name of the title of the master chief title ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 409,
"text": "Command/Fleet/Force"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Insignia and badges of the United States Navy are military \"badges\" issued by the United States Department of the Navy to naval service members who achieve certain qualifications and accomplishments while serving on both active and reserve duty in the United States Navy. Most naval aviation insignia are also permitted for wear on uniforms of the United States Marine Corps.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45931",
"question": "what is issued by the united states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "Insignia and badges of the United States Navy are military \"badges\""
}
]
},
{
"id": "45932",
"question": "who issued the military `` badges '' ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 82,
"text": "United States Department of the Navy to naval service members"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45933",
"question": "where are the active and reserve duty accomplishments located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 252,
"text": "United States Navy"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45934",
"question": "where are most naval aviation insignia permitted ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 332,
"text": "uniforms of the United States Marine Corps"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "As described in Chapter 5 of U.S. Navy Uniform Regulations, \"badges\" are categorized as \"breast insignia\" (usually worn immediately above and below ribbons) and \"identification badges\" (usually worn at breast pocket level). Breast insignia are further divided between \"command\" and \"warfare and other qualification\".",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45935",
"question": "what is `` breast insignia '' ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 16,
"text": "Chapter 5 of U.S. Navy Uniform Regulations"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45936",
"question": "what are badges categorized as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 89,
"text": "breast insignia"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45937",
"question": "what does breast insignia mean ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 107,
"text": "usually worn immediately above and below ribbons) and \"identification badges"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Insignia come in the form of metal \"pin-on devices\" worn on formal uniforms and embroidered \"tape strips\" worn on work uniforms. For the purpose of this article, the general term \"insignia\" shall be used to describe both, as it is done in Navy Uniform Regulations. The term \"badge\", although used ambiguously in other military branches and in informal speak to describe any pin, patch, or tab, is exclusive to \"identification badges\" and authorized \"marksmanship awards\" according to the language in Navy Uniform Regulations, Chapter 5. Below are just a few of the many badges maintained by the Navy. The rest can be seen in the article cited at the top of this section:",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45938",
"question": "where is the general term `` insignia '' used ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 239,
"text": "Navy Uniform Regulations"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45939",
"question": "what is the term for the term `` badge '' ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 275,
"text": "badge"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The size, complexity, and international presence of the United States Navy requires a large number of navy installations to support its operations. While the majority of bases are located inside the United States itself, the navy maintains a significant number of facilities abroad, either in U.S.-controlled territories or in foreign countries under a Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45940",
"question": "who requires a large number of navy installations ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 56,
"text": "United States Navy"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45941",
"question": "what type of territories does the navy have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 293,
"text": "U.S.-controlled territories"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45942",
"question": "what is the navy located under ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 353,
"text": "Status of Forces Agreement"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The second largest concentration of installations is at Hampton Roads, Virginia, where the navy occupies over of land. Located at Hampton Roads are Naval Station Norfolk, homeport of the Atlantic Fleet; Naval Air Station Oceana, a Master Jet Base; Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek; and Training Support Center Hampton Roads as well as a number of Navy and commercial shipyards that service navy vessels. The Aegis Training and Readiness Center is located at the Naval Support Activity South Potomac in Dahlgren, Virginia. Maryland is home to NAS Patuxent River, which houses the Navy's Test Pilot School. Also located in Maryland is the United States Naval Academy, situated in Annapolis. NS Newport in Newport, Rhode Island is home to many schools and tenant commands, including the Officer Candidate School, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, and more, and also maintains inactive ships.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45943",
"question": "where is the second largest concentration of installations ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 56,
"text": "Hampton Roads, Virginia"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45944",
"question": "what is the name of the naval station in norfolk island ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 148,
"text": "Naval Station Norfolk"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45945",
"question": "what is norfolk island 's master jet base ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 248,
"text": "Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45946",
"question": "where is the aegis training and readiness center located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 464,
"text": "Naval Support Activity South Potomac"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45947",
"question": "where is the aegis training and readiness center located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 504,
"text": "Dahlgren, Virginia"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45948",
"question": "what river is maryland home to ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 544,
"text": "NAS Patuxent River"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45949",
"question": "what is the name of the maryland academy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 639,
"text": "United States Naval Academy"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "There is also a naval base in Charleston, South Carolina. This is home to the Nuclear A-School, and the Nuclear Field Power school, and one of two nuclear 'Prototype' Schools. The state of Florida is the location of three major bases, NS Mayport, the Navy's fourth largest, in Jacksonville, Florida; NAS Jacksonville, a Master Air Anti-submarine Warfare base; and NAS Pensacola; home of the Naval Education and Training Command, the Naval Air Technical Training Center that provides specialty training for enlisted aviation personnel and is the primary flight training base for Navy and Marine Corps Naval Flight Officers and enlisted Naval Aircrewmen. There is also NSA Panama City, Florida which is home to the Navy Diving and Salvage Training Center.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45950",
"question": "where is there a naval base ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 30,
"text": "Charleston, South Carolina"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45951",
"question": "what is one of the two nuclear schools ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 156,
"text": "Prototype' Schools"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45952",
"question": "who is the three major bases in florida ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 235,
"text": "NS Mayport"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45953",
"question": "what is the name of the center of florida ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 433,
"text": "Naval Air Technical Training Center"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45954",
"question": "what is florida 's home to ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 713,
"text": "Navy Diving and Salvage Training Center"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The main U.S. Navy submarine bases on the east coast are located in Naval Submarine Base New London in Groton, Connecticut and NSB Kings Bay in Kings Bay, Georgia. The Portsmouth Naval Shipyard near Portsmouth, New Hampshire, which repairs naval submarines. NS Great Lakes, north of Chicago, Illinois is the home of the Navy's boot camp for enlisted sailors.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45955",
"question": "where is the main u.s. navy submarine bases located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 68,
"text": "Naval Submarine Base New London"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45956",
"question": "where is the main u.s. navy submarine bases located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 103,
"text": "Groton, Connecticut and NSB Kings Bay"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45957",
"question": "what naval shipyard repairs naval submarines ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 168,
"text": "Portsmouth Naval Shipyard near Portsmouth, New Hampshire"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Washington Navy Yard in Washington, DC is the Navy's oldest shore establishment and serves as a ceremonial and administrative center for the U.S. Navy, home to the Chief of Naval Operations, and is headquarters for numerous commands.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45958",
"question": "what is the oldest shore of naval operations ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 4,
"text": "Washington Navy Yard"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45959",
"question": "where is the washington navy home ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 164,
"text": "the Chief of Naval Operations"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The navy's largest complex is Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake, California, which covers of land, or approximately 1/3 of the United States Navy's total land holdings.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45960",
"question": "what is the largest complex complex in china ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 30,
"text": "Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake, California"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45961",
"question": "what is the naval air weapons ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 105,
"text": "approximately 1/3 of the United States Navy's total land holdings"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Naval Base San Diego, California, is the main homeport of the Pacific Fleet (although its headquarters is located in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii). NAS North Island is located on the north side of Coronado, and is home to Headquarters for Naval Air Forces and Naval Air Force Pacific, the bulk of the Pacific Fleet's helicopter squadrons, and part of the West Coast aircraft carrier fleet. NAB Coronado is located on the southern end of the Coronado Island and is home to the navy's west coast SEAL teams and special boat units. NAB Coronado is also home to the Naval Special Warfare Center, the primary training center for SEALs.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45962",
"question": "where is the pacific fleet located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 117,
"text": "Pearl Harbor, Hawaii"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45963",
"question": "where is nas north island located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 189,
"text": "Coronado"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45964",
"question": "who is the nas north island home to ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 231,
"text": "Naval Air Forces and Naval Air Force Pacific"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45965",
"question": "what island is coronado coronado located on ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 433,
"text": "Coronado Island"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45966",
"question": "what is the primary training center for seals ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 554,
"text": "Naval Special Warfare Center"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The other major collection of naval bases on the west coast is in Puget Sound, Washington. Among them, NS Everett is one of the newer bases and the navy states that it is its most modern facility.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45967",
"question": "where is the other major collection of naval bases ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 66,
"text": "Puget Sound, Washington"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45968",
"question": "who is one of the newer bases ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 103,
"text": "NS Everett"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "NAS Fallon, Nevada serves as the primary training ground for navy strike aircrews, and is home to the Naval Strike Air Warfare Center. Master Jet Bases are also located at NAS Lemoore, California and NAS Whidbey Island, Washington, while the carrier-based airborne early warning aircraft community and major air test activities are located at NAS Point Mugu, California. The naval presence in Hawaii is centered on NS Pearl Harbor, which hosts the headquarters of the Pacific Fleet and many of its subordinate commands.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45969",
"question": "what is the primary training ground for the naval strike ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "NAS Fallon"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45970",
"question": "what is the name of the nas center ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 102,
"text": "Naval Strike Air Warfare Center"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45971",
"question": "where are master jet bases located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 172,
"text": "NAS Lemoore, California and NAS Whidbey Island"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45972",
"question": "where are master jet bases located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 343,
"text": "NAS Point Mugu, California"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45973",
"question": "where is the naval presence in hawaii ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 415,
"text": "NS Pearl Harbor"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Guam, an island strategically located in the Western Pacific Ocean, maintains a sizable U.S. Navy presence, including NB Guam. The westernmost U.S. territory, it contains a natural deep water harbor capable of harboring aircraft carriers in emergencies. Its naval air station was deactivated in 1995 and its flight activities transferred to nearby Andersen Air Force Base.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45974",
"question": "where is guam located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 45,
"text": "Western Pacific Ocean"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45975",
"question": "what is the name of the navy 's navy presence ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 118,
"text": "NB Guam"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45976",
"question": "when was the naval air station deactivated ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 295,
"text": "1995"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45977",
"question": "what was the naval air station transferred to ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 348,
"text": "Andersen Air Force Base"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Puerto Rico in the Caribbean formerly housed NS Roosevelt Roads, which was shut down in 2004 shortly after the controversial closure of the live ordnance training area on nearby Vieques Island.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45978",
"question": "what was the name of the roads shut down in 2004 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 45,
"text": "NS Roosevelt Roads"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45979",
"question": "when was puerto rico shut down ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 88,
"text": "2004"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45980",
"question": "where was the live ordnance training area located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 178,
"text": "Vieques Island"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The largest overseas base is the United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka, Japan, which serves as the home port for the navy's largest forward-deployed fleet and is a significant base of operations in the Western Pacific.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45981",
"question": "what is the largest overseas base of the navy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 33,
"text": "United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka, Japan"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45982",
"question": "where is japan 's significant base of operations located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 204,
"text": "Western Pacific"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "European operations revolve around facilities in Italy (NAS Sigonella and Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station Naples) with NSA Naples as the homeport for the Sixth Fleet and Command Naval Region Europe, Africa, Southwest Asia (CNREURAFSWA), and additional facilities in nearby Gaeta. There is also NS Rota in Spain and NSA Souda Bay in Greece.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45983",
"question": "what are some of the facilities that european operations revolve around ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 56,
"text": "NAS Sigonella and Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station Naples"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45984",
"question": "where is rota rota ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 319,
"text": "Spain and NSA Souda Bay"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In the Middle East, naval facilities are located almost exclusively in countries bordering the Persian Gulf, with NSA Bahrain serving as the headquarters of U.S. Naval Forces Central Command and U.S. Fifth Fleet.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45985",
"question": "in the middle east , naval facilities are located in what region ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 95,
"text": "Persian Gulf"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45986",
"question": "what are the names of the nsa fleet serving in the middle east ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 157,
"text": "U.S. Naval Forces Central Command and U.S. Fifth Fleet"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "NS Guantanamo Bay in Cuba is the oldest overseas facility and has become known in recent years as the location of a detention camp for suspected al-Qaeda operatives.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45987",
"question": "what is the oldest overseas facility in cuba ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "NS Guantanamo Bay"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45988",
"question": "who is the oldest overseas facility in cuba ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 145,
"text": "al-Qaeda operatives"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": ", the navy operates over 280 ships, 3,650+ aircraft, 50,000 non-combat vehicles and owns 75,200 buildings on . In addition, the Navy has more than one hundred vessels operated by the Military Sealift Command (MSC) crewed by a combination of civilian contractors and a small number of uniformed Naval personnel.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45989",
"question": "what type of ships does the navy operate ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 25,
"text": "280 ships"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45990",
"question": "what type of aircraft does the navy have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 36,
"text": "3,650+ aircraft"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45991",
"question": "how many vehicles does the navy have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 53,
"text": "50,000"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45992",
"question": "how many buildings does the navy have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 89,
"text": "75,200"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45993",
"question": "who operated the navy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 183,
"text": "Military Sealift Command"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The names of commissioned ships of the U.S. Navy are prefixed with the letters \"USS\", designating \"United States Ship\". Non-commissioned, civilian-manned vessels of the navy have names that begin with \"USNS\", standing for \"United States Naval Ship\" The names of ships are officially selected by the secretary of the navy, often to honor important people or places. Additionally, each ship is given a letter-based hull classification symbol (for example, CVN or DDG) to indicate the vessel's type and number. All ships in the navy inventory are placed in the Naval Vessel Register, which is part of \"the Navy List\" (required by article 29 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea). The register tracks data such as the current status of a ship, the date of its commissioning, and the date of its decommissioning. Vessels that are removed from the register prior to disposal are said to be \"stricken\" from the register. The navy also maintains a reserve fleet of inactive vessels that are maintained for reactivation in times of need.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45994",
"question": "what did the letters of the u.s. navy designating ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 99,
"text": "United States Ship\""
}
]
},
{
"id": "45995",
"question": "what does the secretary of the navy call names ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 202,
"text": "USNS"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45996",
"question": "what is the names of the names for the names of the names for the names of ships in the navy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 223,
"text": "United States Naval Ship"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45997",
"question": "where are all ships in the navy placed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 558,
"text": "Naval Vessel Register"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The U.S. Navy was one of the first to install nuclear reactors aboard naval vessels; today, nuclear energy powers all active U.S. aircraft carriers and submarines. In the case of the carrier, two naval reactors give the ship almost unlimited range and provide enough electrical energy to power a city of 100,000 people. The U.S. Navy previously operated nuclear-powered cruisers, but all have been decommissioned.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "45998",
"question": "what did the u.s. navy do ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 38,
"text": "install nuclear reactors aboard naval vessels"
}
]
},
{
"id": "45999",
"question": "what did the u.s. navy want to install ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 92,
"text": "nuclear energy powers all active U.S. aircraft carriers and submarines"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46000",
"question": "in the case of the carrier of the carrier , how many people are there ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 304,
"text": "100,000"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The U.S. Navy had identified a need for 313 combat ships in early 2010s, but under its plans at the time could only afford 232 to 243. In March 2014, the Navy started counting self-deployable support ships such as minesweepers, surveillance craft, and tugs in the \"battle fleet\" in order to reach a count of 272 as of October 2016, and it includes ships that have been put in \"shrink wrap\".",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46001",
"question": "how many combat ships did the u.s. navy have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 40,
"text": "313"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46002",
"question": "what did the u.s. navy want to only afford combat ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 123,
"text": "232 to 243"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46003",
"question": "how many count did the battle fleet reach as of 2016 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 308,
"text": "272"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The navy had established a minimum requirement for 11 aircraft carriers, but dropped to 10 when was retired in December 2012, before enters service.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46004",
"question": "how many aircraft carriers did the navy win ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 51,
"text": "11"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46005",
"question": "when was the navy retired ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 111,
"text": "December 2012"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "An aircraft carrier is typically deployed along with a host of additional vessels, forming a carrier strike group. The supporting ships, which usually include three or four Aegis-equipped cruisers and destroyers, a frigate, and two attack submarines, are tasked with protecting the carrier from air, missile, sea, and undersea threats as well as providing additional strike capabilities themselves. Ready logistics support for the group is provided by a combined ammunition, oiler, and supply ship. Modern carriers are named after American admirals and politicians, usually presidents. There is a continuing exception for the USS \"Enterprise\", with planned as a future .",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46006",
"question": "what is the aircraft carrier typically deployed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 91,
"text": "a carrier strike group"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46007",
"question": "what are the supporting ships ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 159,
"text": "three or four Aegis-equipped cruisers and destroyers, a frigate, and two attack submarines"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46008",
"question": "what provided logistics support ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 452,
"text": "a combined ammunition, oiler, and supply ship"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Amphibious assault ships are the centerpieces of US amphibious warfare and fulfill the same power projection role as aircraft carriers except that their striking force centers on land forces instead of aircraft. They deliver, command, coordinate, and fully support all elements of a 2,200-strong Marine Expeditionary Unit in an amphibious assault using both air and amphibious vehicles. Resembling small aircraft carriers, amphibious assault ships are capable of V/STOL, STOVL, VTOL, tiltrotor, and rotary wing aircraft operations. They also contain a well deck to support the use of Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) and other amphibious assault watercraft. Recently, amphibious assault ships have begun to be deployed as the core of an expeditionary strike group, which usually consists of an additional amphibious transport dock and dock landing ship for amphibious warfare and an Aegis-equipped cruiser and destroyer, frigate, and attack submarine for group defense. Amphibious assault ships are typically named after World War II aircraft carriers.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46009",
"question": "what are amphibious assault ships the centerpieces of ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 49,
"text": "US amphibious warfare"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46010",
"question": "what is using both air and amphibious vehicles ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 283,
"text": "2,200-strong Marine Expeditionary Unit"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46011",
"question": "what is a well deck to support the use of a deck ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 584,
"text": "Landing Craft Air Cushion"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46012",
"question": "what are amphibious assault ships typically named after ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 1021,
"text": "World War II aircraft carriers"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Amphibious transport docks are warships that embark, transport, and land Marines, supplies, and equipment in a supporting role during amphibious warfare missions. With a landing platform, amphibious transport docks also have the capability to serve as secondary aviation support for an expeditionary group. All amphibious transport docks can operate helicopters, LCACs, and other conventional amphibious vehicles while the newer \"San Antonio\" class of ships has been explicitly designed to operate all three elements of the Marines' \"mobility triad\": Expeditionary Fighting Vehicles (EFVs), the V-22 Osprey tiltrotor aircraft, and LCACs. Amphibious transport docks are named after U.S. cities, with the exception of the , named after a former Congressman and USMC Officer and , named for Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46013",
"question": "what are the former amphibious transport docks named after ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 743,
"text": "Congressman and USMC Officer"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46014",
"question": "what is the name of the amphibious transport docks in colorado ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 788,
"text": "Mesa Verde National Park"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The dock landing ship is a medium amphibious transport that is designed specifically to support and operate LCACs, though it is able to operate other amphibious assault vehicles in the United States inventory as well. Dock landing ships are normally deployed as a component of an expeditionary strike group's amphibious assault contingent, operating as a secondary launch platform for LCACs. All dock landing ships are named after cities or important places in U.S. and U.S. Naval history.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46015",
"question": "what is the amphibious transport ship designed to support ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 108,
"text": "LCACs"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46016",
"question": "what are dock landing ships deployed as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 280,
"text": "expeditionary strike group's amphibious assault contingent"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46017",
"question": "where are all dock landing ships named ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 461,
"text": "U.S. and U.S. Naval history"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Cruisers are large surface combat vessels that conduct anti-air/anti-missile warfare, surface warfare, anti-submarine warfare, and strike operations independently or as members of a larger task force. Modern guided missile cruisers were developed out of a need to counter the anti-ship missile threat facing the United States Navy. This led to the development of the AN/SPY-1 phased array radar and the Standard missile with the Aegis combat system coordinating the two. s were the first to be equipped with Aegis and were put to use primarily as anti-air and anti-missile defense in a battle force protection role. Later developments of vertical launch systems and the Tomahawk missile gave cruisers additional long-range land and sea strike capability, making them capable of both offensive and defensive battle operations. The \"Ticonderoga\" class is the only active class of cruiser. All cruisers in this class are named after battles.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46018",
"question": "what did modern guided missile cruisers counter ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 312,
"text": "United States Navy"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Destroyers are multi-mission medium surface ships capable of sustained performance in anti-air, anti-submarine, anti-ship, and offensive strike operations. Like cruisers, guided missile destroyers are primarily focused on surface strikes using Tomahawk missiles and fleet defense through Aegis and the Standard missile. Destroyers additionally specialize in anti-submarine warfare and are equipped with VLA rockets and LAMPS Mk III Sea Hawk helicopters to deal with underwater threats. When deployed with a carrier strike group or expeditionary strike group, destroyers and their fellow Aegis-equipped cruisers are primarily tasked with defending the fleet while providing secondary strike capabilities. With very few exceptions, destroyers are named after U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard heroes.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46019",
"question": "what type of missiles are guided missile destroyers ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 244,
"text": "Tomahawk missiles"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46020",
"question": "where are guided missile destroyers ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 288,
"text": "Aegis and the Standard missile"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46021",
"question": "along with rockets and rockets , what other helicopters were equipped to deal with underwater threats ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 419,
"text": "LAMPS Mk III Sea Hawk helicopters"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46022",
"question": "destroyers are named after what ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 757,
"text": "U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard heroes"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Modern U.S. frigates mainly perform anti-submarine warfare for carrier and expeditionary strike groups and provide armed escort for supply convoys and merchant shipping. They are designed to protect friendly ships against hostile submarines in low to medium threat environments, using torpedoes and LAMPS helicopters. Independently, frigates are able to conduct counterdrug missions and other maritime interception operations. As in the case of destroyers, frigates are named after U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard heroes. As of autumn 2015, the U.S. Navy has retired its most recent class of frigates, and expects that by 2020 the Littoral Combat Ships (LCS) will assume many of the duties the frigate had with the fleet. The LCS is a class of relatively small surface vessels intended for operations in the littoral zone (close to shore). It was \"envisioned to be a networked, agile, stealthy surface combatant capable of defeating anti-access and asymmetric threats in the littorals\". They have the capabilities of a small assault transport, including a flight deck and hangar for housing two helicopters, a stern ramp for operating small boats, and the cargo volume and payload to deliver a small assault force with fighting vehicles to a roll-on/roll-off port facility. The ship is easy to reconfigure for different roles, including anti-submarine warfare, mine countermeasures, anti-surface warfare, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, homeland defense, maritime intercept, special operations, and logistics, all by swapping mission-specific modules as needed. The LCS program is still relatively new as of 2015 with only a few active ships, but the navy has announced plans for up to 32 ships. (See: List of littoral combat ships) The navy has announced that a further 20 vessels to be built after that will be redesignated as 'frigates'.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46023",
"question": "what types of helicopters are designed by modern u.s. frigates ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 285,
"text": "torpedoes and LAMPS helicopters"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46024",
"question": "what was the name of the ships that will assume many of the duties ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 640,
"text": "Littoral Combat Ships"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "\nMine countermeasures vessels are a combination of minehunters, a naval vessel that actively detects and destroys individual naval mines, and minesweepers, which clear mined areas as a whole, without prior detection of the mines. The navy has approximately a dozen of these in active service, but the mine countermeasure (MCM) role is also being assumed by the incoming classes of littoral combat ships. MCM vessels have mostly legacy names of previous US Navy ships, especially WWII-era minesweepers.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46025",
"question": "what type of mine is used in the mine ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 51,
"text": "minehunters"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "A patrol boat is a relatively small naval vessel generally designed for coastal defense duties. There have been many designs for patrol boats, though the navy currently only has a single class. They may be operated by a nation's navy or coast guard, and may be intended for marine (\"blue water\") and/or estuarine or river (\"brown water\") environments. The Navy has approximately a dozen in active service, which are mainly used in the littoral regions of the Persian Gulf, but have also been used for home port patrols and drug interdiction missions. The navy's current class of patrol boats have names based on weather phenomena.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46026",
"question": "what is the patrol boat designed for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 72,
"text": "coastal defense duties"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46027",
"question": "what have there been many designs of designs ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 129,
"text": "patrol boats"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46028",
"question": "who operated the navy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 218,
"text": "a nation's navy or coast guard"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46029",
"question": "what does the navy call marine water ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 283,
"text": "blue water\") and/or estuarine or river"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46030",
"question": "what is the name of the river that the navy may be operated for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 324,
"text": "brown water\") environments"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46031",
"question": "where are the navy mainly used ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 431,
"text": "the littoral regions of the Persian Gulf"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46032",
"question": "what is the class of patrol boats based on ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 612,
"text": "weather phenomena"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "All current and planned U.S. Navy submarines are nuclear-powered, as only nuclear propulsion allows for the combination of stealth and long duration, high-speed sustained underwater movement that makes modern nuclear submarines so vital to a modern blue-water navy. The U.S. Navy operates three types: ballistic missile submarines, guided missile submarines, and attack submarines. U.S. Navy (nuclear) ballistic missile submarines carry the stealthiest leg of the U.S. strategic triad (the other legs are the land-based U.S. strategic missile force and the air-based U.S. strategic bomber force). These submarines have only one mission: to carry and, if called upon, to launch the Trident nuclear missile. The primary missions of attack and guided missile submarines in the U.S. Navy are peacetime engagement, surveillance and intelligence, special operations, precision strikes, and control of the seas. To these, attack submarines also add the battlegroup operations mission. Attack and guided missile submarines have several tactical missions, including sinking ships and other subs, launching cruise missiles, gathering intelligence, and assisting in special operations.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46033",
"question": "what did submarines launch ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 681,
"text": "Trident nuclear missile"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "As with other classes of naval vessels, most U.S. submarines (or \"boats\") are named according to specific conventions. The boats of the current U.S. ballistic missile submarine class, , are named after U.S. states. As the four current U.S. guided missile submarines are converted \"Ohio\"-class boats, they have retained their U.S. state names. The members of the oldest currently-commissioned attack submarine class, the , are typically named for cities. The follow-on ' three submarines\u2014\"Seawolf\", \"Connecticut\" and \"Jimmy Carter\"\u2014share no consistent naming scheme. With the current class attack submarines, the U.S. Navy has extended the \"Ohio\" class' state-based naming scheme to these submarines. Attack submarines prior to the \"Los Angeles\" class were named for denizens of the deep, while pre-\"Ohio\"-class ballistic missile submarines were named for famous Americans and foreigners with notable connections to the United States.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46034",
"question": "what is another name for most u.s. submarines ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 66,
"text": "boats"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46035",
"question": "what are guided missile submarines converted to ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 281,
"text": "Ohio\"-class boats"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Carrier-based aircraft are able to strike air, sea, and land targets far from a carrier strike group while protecting friendly forces from enemy aircraft, ships, and submarines. In peacetime, aircraft's ability to project the threat of sustained attack from a mobile platform on the seas gives United States leaders significant diplomatic and crisis-management options. Aircraft additionally provide logistics support to maintain the navy's readiness and, through helicopters, supply platforms with which to conduct search and rescue, special operations, anti-submarine warfare (ASW), and anti-surface warfare (ASuW).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46036",
"question": "what is the name of the warfare that aircraft provide logistics ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 589,
"text": "anti-surface warfare"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The U.S. Navy began to research the use of aircraft at sea in the 1910s, with Lieutenant Theodore G. \"Spuds\" Ellyson becoming the first naval aviator on 28 January 1911, and commissioned its first aircraft carrier, , in 1922. United States naval aviation fully came of age in World War II, when it became clear following the Attack on Pearl Harbor, the Battle of the Coral Sea, and the Battle of Midway that aircraft carriers and the planes that they carried had replaced the battleship as the greatest weapon on the seas. Leading navy aircraft in World War II included the Grumman F4F Wildcat, the Grumman F6F Hellcat, the Chance Vought F4U Corsair, the Douglas SBD Dauntless, and the Grumman TBF Avenger. Navy aircraft also played a significant role in conflicts during the following Cold War years, with the F-4 Phantom II and the F-14 Tomcat becoming military icons of the era. The navy's current primary fighter and attack airplanes are the multi-mission F/A-18C/D Hornet and its newer cousin, the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. The F-35 Lightning II is presently under development and was scheduled to replace the C and D versions of the Hornet beginning in 2012. Initial operational capability of the F-35C is now expected to be February 2019. The Navy is also looking to eventually replace its F/A-18E/F Super Hornets with the F/A-XX program.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46037",
"question": "who was the first naval aviator on 28 january 1911 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 78,
"text": "Lieutenant Theodore G. \"Spuds\" Ellyson"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46038",
"question": "on what date did the lieutenant of aircraft at sea in 1922 take place ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 153,
"text": "28 January 1911"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46039",
"question": "in what year did the u.s. navy commissioned its first aircraft ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 220,
"text": "1922"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46040",
"question": "what is the name of the navy 's primary fighter and attack airplanes ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 960,
"text": "F/A-18C/D Hornet"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The Aircraft Investment Plan sees naval aviation growing from 30 percent of current aviation forces to half of all procurement funding over the next three decades.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46041",
"question": "what sees naval aviation growing from 30 percent ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 4,
"text": "Aircraft Investment Plan"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46042",
"question": "what percentage of current aviation forces are naval aviation forces ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 62,
"text": "30 percent"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46043",
"question": "what is the naval aviation plan ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 103,
"text": "half of all procurement funding over the next three decades"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Current U.S. Navy shipboard weapons systems are almost entirely focused on missiles, both as a weapon and as a threat. In an offensive role, missiles are intended to strike targets at long distances with accuracy and precision. Because they are unmanned weapons, missiles allow for attacks on heavily defended targets without risk to human pilots. Land strikes are the domain of the BGM-109 Tomahawk, which was first deployed in the 1980s and is continually being updated to increase its capabilities. For anti-ship strikes, the navy's dedicated missile is the Harpoon Missile. To defend against enemy missile attack, the navy operates a number of systems that are all coordinated by the Aegis combat system. Medium-long range defense is provided by the Standard Missile 2, which has been deployed since the 1980s. The Standard missile doubles as the primary shipboard anti-aircraft weapon and is undergoing development for use in theater ballistic missile defense. Short range defense against missiles is provided by the Phalanx CIWS and the more recently developed RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile. In addition to missiles, the navy employs Mark 46 and Mark 50 torpedoes and various types of naval mines.\nNaval fixed-wing aircraft employ much of the same weapons as the United States Air Force for both air-to-air and air-to-surface combat. Air engagements are handled by the heat-seeking Sidewinder and the radar guided AMRAAM missiles along with the M61 Vulcan cannon for close range dogfighting. For surface strikes, navy aircraft utilize a combination of missiles, smart bombs, and dumb bombs. On the list of available missiles are the Maverick, SLAM-ER and JSOW. Smart bombs include the GPS-guided JDAM and the laser-guided Paveway series. Unguided munitions such as dumb bombs and cluster bombs make up the rest of the weapons deployed by fixed-wing aircraft.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46044",
"question": "what is first deployed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 383,
"text": "BGM-109 Tomahawk"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46045",
"question": "what is the navy 's dedicated missile ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 561,
"text": "Harpoon Missile"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46046",
"question": "what is the name of the missile that has been deployed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 754,
"text": "Standard Missile 2"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Rotary aircraft weapons are focused on anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and light to medium surface engagements. To combat submarines, helicopters use Mark 46 and Mark 50 torpedoes. Against small watercraft, they utilize Hellfire and Penguin air to surface missiles. Helicopters also employ various types of mounted anti-personnel machine guns, including the M60, M240, GAU-16/A, and GAU-17/A.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46047",
"question": "what are rotary aircraft weapons focused on ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 39,
"text": "anti-submarine warfare"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46048",
"question": "what do helicopters use ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 147,
"text": "Mark 46 and Mark 50 torpedoes"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46049",
"question": "what did small watercraft utilize ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 217,
"text": "Hellfire and Penguin air to surface missiles"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46050",
"question": "what are some types of helicopters ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 355,
"text": "M60, M240, GAU-16/A, and GAU-17/A."
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Nuclear weapons in the U.S. Navy arsenal are deployed through ballistic missile submarines and aircraft. The \"Ohio\"-class submarine carries the latest iteration of the Trident missile, a three-stage, submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) with MIRV capability; the current Trident II (D5) version is expected to be in service past 2020. The navy's other nuclear weapon is the air-deployed B61 nuclear bomb. The B61 is a thermonuclear device that can be dropped by strike aircraft such as the F/A-18 Hornet and Super Hornet at high speed from a large range of altitudes. It can be released through free-fall or parachute and can be set to detonate in the air or on the ground.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46051",
"question": "what are the navy deployed through ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 62,
"text": "ballistic missile submarines and aircraft"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46052",
"question": "what is the nuclear weapon ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 394,
"text": "B61 nuclear bomb"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46053",
"question": "what is the name of the strike that can be dropped by strike ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 497,
"text": "F/A-18 Hornet and Super Hornet"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The current naval jack of the United States is the First Navy Jack, traditionally regarded as having been used during the American Revolutionary War. On 31 May 2002, Secretary of the Navy Gordon R. England directed all U.S. naval ships to fly the First Navy Jack for the duration of the \"War on Terror\". Many ships chose to shift colors later that year on the first anniversary of the September 11, 2001 attacks. The previous naval jack was a blue field with 50 white stars, identical to the canton of the ensign (the flag of the United States) both in appearance and size, and remains in use with vessels of the U.S. Coast Guard and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. A jack of similar design was used in 1794, though with 13 stars arranged in a 3\u20132\u20133\u20132\u20133 pattern. When a ship is moored or anchored, the jack is flown from the bow of the ship while the ensign is flown from the stern. When underway, the ensign is raised on the mainmast. The First Naval Jack, however, has always been flown on the oldest ship in the active American fleet, which is currently .",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46054",
"question": "who is the current naval of the united states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 51,
"text": "First Navy Jack"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46055",
"question": "what war was jack jack traditionally used as ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 122,
"text": "American Revolutionary War"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46056",
"question": "on what date did secretary of the navy fly the first navy for the duration of the `` war on terror '' ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 153,
"text": "31 May 2002"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46057",
"question": "who directed the first navy to fly the first navy for the duration of the `` war on terror '' ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 166,
"text": "Secretary of the Navy Gordon R. England"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46058",
"question": "what was the date of the first anniversary ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 385,
"text": "September 11, 2001 attacks"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46059",
"question": "when was a jack of similar design used ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 720,
"text": "1794"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Many past and present United States historical figures have served in the navy. Notable officers include John Paul Jones, John Barry (Continental Navy officer and first flag officer of the United States Navy), Edward Preble, James Lawrence (whose last words \"don't give up the ship\" are memorialized in Bancroft Hall at the United States Naval Academy), Stephen Decatur, Jr., David Farragut, David Dixon Porter, Oliver Hazard Perry, Commodore Matthew Perry (whose Black Ships forced the opening of Japan), George Dewey (the only person in the history of the United States to have attained the rank of Admiral of the Navy), and the officers who attained the rank of Fleet Admiral during World War II: William D. Leahy, Ernest J. King, Chester W. Nimitz, and William F. Halsey, Jr..",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46060",
"question": "who was the only person in the history of the navy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 506,
"text": "George Dewey"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46061",
"question": "what rank did dewey have ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 601,
"text": "Admiral of the Navy"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The first American president who served in the navy was John F. Kennedy (who commanded the famous \"PT-109\"). Others included Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and George H. W. Bush. Both Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin D. Roosevelt were the assistant secretary of the navy prior to their presidencies. Many members of Congress served in the navy, notably U.S. Senators Bob Kerrey, John McCain, and John Kerry. Other notable former members of the U.S. Navy include astronauts, entertainers, authors and professional athletes.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46062",
"question": "who was the first american president ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 56,
"text": "John F. Kennedy"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46063",
"question": "what was john f. kennedy 's nickname ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 99,
"text": "PT-109"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46064",
"question": "who was the assistant secretary of the navy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 237,
"text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46065",
"question": "who were some of the members of the navy ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 396,
"text": "Bob Kerrey, John McCain, and John Kerry"
}
]
}
]
}
],
"title": "United States Navy"
},
{
"paragraphs": [
{
"context": "Florida (Spanish for \"land of flowers\") is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida and Cuba. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the U.S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. The Miami metropolitan area is Florida's most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46066",
"question": "what is the name of the west body of the united states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 138,
"text": "the Gulf of Mexico"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46067",
"question": "in which two countries are the gulf of mexico located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 174,
"text": "Alabama and Georgia"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46068",
"question": "what ocean borders the east of mexico ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 214,
"text": "Atlantic Ocean"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46069",
"question": "which two countries borders the south by alabama ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 254,
"text": "Straits of Florida and Cuba"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "A peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida, it has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, approximately , and is the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south. The American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46070",
"question": "what are the longest coastline in the contiguous united states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 40,
"text": "the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46071",
"question": "what is the name of the only state in mexico city ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 210,
"text": "Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46072",
"question": "much of the state is characterized by what ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 315,
"text": "sedimentary soil"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46073",
"question": "where can the american alligator be found ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 501,
"text": "Everglades National Park"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Since the first European contact was made in 1513 by Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Le\u00f3n\u00a0\u2013 who named it \"La Florida\" ( \"land of flowers\") upon landing there in the Easter season, \"Pascua Florida\"\u00a0\u2013 Florida was a challenge for the European colonial powers before it gained statehood in the United States in 1845. It was a principal location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans, and racial segregation after the American Civil War.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46074",
"question": "where was the first european contact made in florida ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 45,
"text": "1513"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46075",
"question": "who named the first european contact in florida ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 70,
"text": "Juan Ponce de Le\u00f3n\u00a0"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46076",
"question": "what did juan ponce de le\u00f3n call florida ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 105,
"text": "La Florida"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46077",
"question": "when was the first european contact in the united states ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 306,
"text": "1845"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46078",
"question": "what war caused florida to the native americans ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 424,
"text": "American Civil War"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, as well as for its increasing environmental issues. The state's economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renown for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, and as a popular destination for retirees.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46079",
"question": "where does the state 's economy come from ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 188,
"text": "tourism, agriculture, and transportation"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46080",
"question": "when was the state 's economy developed ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 253,
"text": "late 19th century"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46081",
"question": "what is the name of the amusement center ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 334,
"text": "Kennedy Space Center"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46082",
"question": "what is the popular destination of florida ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 389,
"text": "retirees"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Florida culture is a reflection of influences and multiple inheritance; Native American, European American, Hispanic and Latino, and African American heritages can be found in the architecture and cuisine. Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing and water sports.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46083",
"question": "what is the reflection of florida culture ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 35,
"text": "influences and multiple inheritance"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46084",
"question": "what can be found in the florida culture ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 72,
"text": "Native American, European American, Hispanic and Latino, and African American heritages"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46085",
"question": "who are some of the writers that florida has ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 249,
"text": "Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46086",
"question": "what is florida 's internationally known for ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 399,
"text": "golf, tennis, auto racing and water sports"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "By the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee (of the Florida Panhandle), the Timucua (of northern and central Florida), the Ais (of the central Atlantic coast), the Tocobaga (of the Tampa Bay area), the Calusa (of southwest Florida) and the Tequesta (of the southeastern coast).",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46087",
"question": "what is the name of the native american groups in florida ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 121,
"text": "Apalachee"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46088",
"question": "what are the native american groups in florida ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 175,
"text": "northern and central Florida"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46089",
"question": "what is the name of the tampa bay area ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 251,
"text": "Tocobaga"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans. The earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de Le\u00f3n. Ponce de Le\u00f3n spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2, 1513. He named the region \"La Florida\" (\"land of flowers\"). The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46090",
"question": "who was the earliest known european explorers ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 173,
"text": "Juan Ponce de Le\u00f3n"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46091",
"question": "when did ponce de le\u00f3n leave the peninsula ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 246,
"text": "April 2, 1513"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "\"In May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a thick wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as , with intertwined and elevated roots making landing difficult. Very soon, 'many smokes' appeared 'along the whole coast', billowing against the sky, when the Native ancestors of the Seminole spotted the newcomers and spread the alarm by signal fires\". The Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success. In 1559, Don Trist\u00e1n de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46092",
"question": "who skirted the coast of florida ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 14,
"text": "Conquistador Hernando de Soto"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46093",
"question": "who established the first settlement in florida ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 672,
"text": "Don Trist\u00e1n de Luna y Arellano"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46094",
"question": "who abandoned the first settlement in florida ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 831,
"text": "1561"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In 1565, the Spanish settlement of St. Augustine (San Agust\u00edn) was established under the leadership of admiral and governor Pedro Men\u00e9ndez de Avil\u00e9s, creating what would become the oldest European settlement in the continental U.S. and establishing the first generation of Floridanos and the government of Florida. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the local tribes to Christianity.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46095",
"question": "when was the spanish settlement of st. augustine established ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 3,
"text": "1565"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46096",
"question": "where was the spanish settlement of st. augustine located ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 50,
"text": "San Agust\u00edn"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46097",
"question": "who established the spanish settlement of st. augustine ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 124,
"text": "Pedro Men\u00e9ndez de Avil\u00e9s"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north and French claims to the west. The English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Spain built the Castillo de San Marcos in 1672 and Fort Matanzas in 1742 to defend Florida's capital city from attacks, and to maintain its strategic position in the defense of the Captaincy General of Cuba and the Spanish West Indies.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46098",
"question": "who did the english attacked ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 150,
"text": "St. Augustine"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46099",
"question": "what did spain establish in 1672 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 245,
"text": "Castillo de San Marcos"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46100",
"question": "in what year was the de san marcos built ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 271,
"text": "1672"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46101",
"question": "what was the name of the attacks that spain built in 1742 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 280,
"text": "Fort Matanzas"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery. In 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St. Augustine, a fortified town for escaped slaves to whom Montiano granted citizenship and freedom in return for their service in the Florida militia, and which became the first free black settlement legally sanctioned in North America.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "46102",
"question": "in what year was fort de teresa established ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 125,
"text": "1738"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46103",
"question": "who was the governor of st. teresa in 1738 ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 140,
"text": "Manuel de Montiano"
}
]
},
{
"id": "46104",
"question": "what was the name of the governor of st. augustine ?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 171,
"text": "Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"context": "In 1763, Spain traded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain for control of Havana, Cuba, which had been captured by the British during the Seven Years' War. It was part of a large expansion of British territory following their victory in the Seven Years' War. A large portion of the Spanish Floridano population left, taking along most of the remaining indigenous population to Cuba.