{ "data": [ { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Chinese (/; \"H\u00e0ny\u01d4\" or ; \"Zh\u014dngw\u00e9n\") is a group of related, but in many cases mutually unintelligible, language varieties, forming a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Chinese is spoken by the Han majority and many other ethnic groups in China. Nearly 1.2 billion people (around 16% of the world's population) speak some form of Chinese as their first language.", "qas": [ { "id": "46575", "question": "what is another term for chinese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "Zh\u014dngw\u00e9n" } ] }, { "id": "46576", "question": "what is the branch of the chinese language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Sino-Tibetan language family" } ] }, { "id": "46577", "question": "how many people speak some form of chinese as their first language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "1.2 billion" } ] }, { "id": "46578", "question": "what percentage of the world 's population speak some form ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 288, "text": "16%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The varieties of Chinese are usually described by native speakers as dialects of a single Chinese language, but linguists note that they are as diverse as a language family.\nThe internal diversity of Chinese has been likened to that of the Romance languages, but may be even more varied. There are between 7 and 13 main regional groups of Chinese (depending on classification scheme), of which the most spoken by far is Mandarin (about 960 million), followed by Wu (80 million), Yue (60 million) and Min (70 million). Most of these groups are mutually unintelligible, although some, like Xiang and certain Southwest Mandarin dialects, may share common terms and some degree of intelligibility. All varieties of Chinese are tonal and analytic.", "qas": [ { "id": "46579", "question": "how many main regional groups are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "7 and 13" } ] }, { "id": "46580", "question": "what is the most spoken regional groups of chinese groups ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 420, "text": "Mandarin" } ] }, { "id": "46581", "question": "how many chinese groups are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 436, "text": "960 million" } ] }, { "id": "46582", "question": "what is the name of the most spoken group of mandarin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 462, "text": "Wu (80 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Standard Chinese \"(Putonghua/Guoyu/Huayu)\" is a standardized form of spoken Chinese based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin. It is the official language of China and Taiwan, as well as one of four official languages of Singapore. It is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. The written form of the standard language (; \"Zh\u014dngw\u00e9n\"), based on the logograms known as Chinese characters (/; \"H\u00e0nz\u00ec\"), is shared by literate speakers of otherwise unintelligible dialects.", "qas": [ { "id": "46583", "question": "what is a standardized form of the beijing dialect ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Standard Chinese" } ] }, { "id": "46584", "question": "what is another name for standard chinese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 19, "text": "Putonghua/Guoyu/Huayu" } ] }, { "id": "46585", "question": "what is the dialect of beijing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Mandarin" } ] }, { "id": "46586", "question": "what is the official language of singapore ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "China and Taiwan" } ] }, { "id": "46587", "question": "how many official languages are in singapore ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "46588", "question": "what is the written form of the standard language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 340, "text": "Zh\u014dngw\u00e9n" } ] }, { "id": "46589", "question": "what is the logograms known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 384, "text": "Chinese characters" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Of the other varieties of Chinese, Cantonese (the prestige variety of Yue) is the principal spoken language and official in Hong Kong and Macau, making it the only other variety of Chinese to be used in administration purposes. It is also influential in Guangdong province and much of Guangxi, and is widely spoken among overseas communities. Dialects of Southern Min, part of the Min group, are widely spoken in southern Fujian, with notable variants also spoken in neighboring Taiwan (Taiwanese) and in Southeast Asia (Hokkien). Hakka also has a sizeable diaspora in Taiwan and southeast Asia. Shanghainese and other Wu varieties are prominent in the lower Yangtze region of eastern China.", "qas": [ { "id": "46590", "question": "what is the principal spoken language in hong kong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "Cantonese" } ] }, { "id": "46591", "question": "where is the principal spoken language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "Hong Kong and Macau" } ] }, { "id": "46592", "question": "where does hakka come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 569, "text": "Taiwan and southeast Asia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chinese can be traced back to a hypothetical Sino-Tibetan proto-language. The first written records appeared over 3,000 years ago during the Shang dynasty. As the language evolved over this period, the various local varieties became mutually unintelligible. In reaction, central governments have repeatedly sought to promulgate a unified standard.", "qas": [ { "id": "46593", "question": "chinese can be traced back to what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "Sino-Tibetan proto-language" } ] }, { "id": "46594", "question": "how long did the first written records last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "3,000 years ago" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most linguists classify all varieties of Chinese as part of the Sino-Tibetan language family, together with Burmese, Tibetan and many other languages spoken in the Himalayas and the Southeast Asian Massif.\nAlthough the relationship was first proposed in the early 19th century and is now broadly accepted, reconstruction of Sino-Tibetan is much less developed than for families such as Indo-European or Austroasiatic.\nDifficulties have included the great diversity of the languages, the lack of inflection in many of them, and the effects of language contact.\nIn addition, many of the smaller languages are spoken in mountainous areas that are difficult to reach, and are often also sensitive border zones.\nWithout a secure reconstruction of proto-Sino-Tibetan, the higher-level structure of the family remains unclear.\nA top-level branching into Chinese and Tibeto-Burman languages is often assumed, but has not been convincingly demonstrated.", "qas": [ { "id": "46595", "question": "where do most linguists classify all varieties of the sino-tibetan language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "Himalayas and the Southeast Asian Massif" } ] }, { "id": "46596", "question": "when was the relationship first proposed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "early 19th century" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The earliest examples of Chinese are divinatory inscriptions on oracle bones from around 1250 BCE in the late Shang dynasty.\nOld Chinese was the language of the Western Zhou period (1046\u2013771 BCE), recorded in inscriptions on bronze artifacts, the \"Classic of Poetry\" and portions of the \"Book of Documents\" and \"I Ching\".\nScholars have attempted to reconstruct the phonology of Old Chinese by comparing later varieties of Chinese with the rhyming practice of the \"Classic of Poetry\" and the phonetic elements found in the majority of Chinese characters.\nAlthough many of the finer details remain unclear, most scholars agree that Old Chinese differed from Middle Chinese in lacking retroflex and palatal obstruents but having initial consonant clusters of some sort, and in having voiceless nasals and liquids.\nMost recent reconstructions also describe an atonal language with consonant clusters at the end of the syllable, developing into tone distinctions in Middle Chinese.\nSeveral derivational affixes have also been identified, but the language lacked inflection, and indicated grammatical relationships using word order and grammatical particles.", "qas": [ { "id": "46597", "question": "when did the earliest examples of chinese inscriptions occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "1250 BCE" } ] }, { "id": "46598", "question": "what years was old chinese period ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "1046\u2013771 BCE" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Middle Chinese was the language used during Northern and Southern dynasties and the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties (6th through 10th centuries CE).\nIt can be divided into an early period, reflected by the \"Qieyun\" rime book (601 CE), and a late period in the 10th century, reflected by rhyme tables such as the \"Yunjing\" constructed by ancient Chinese philologists as a guide to the \"Qieyun\" system.\nThese works define phonological categories, but with little hint of what sounds they represent.\nLinguists have identified these sounds by comparing the categories with pronunciations in modern varieties of Chinese, borrowed Chinese words in Japanese, Vietnamese, and Korean, and transcription evidence.\nThe resulting system is very complex, with a large number of consonants and vowels, but they were probably not all distinguished in any single dialect. Most linguists now believe it represents a diasystem encompassing 6th-century northern and southern standards for reading the classics.", "qas": [ { "id": "46599", "question": "what was used during northern and southern dynasties ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Middle Chinese" } ] }, { "id": "46600", "question": "when was middle chinese used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Northern and Southern dynasties" } ] }, { "id": "46601", "question": "who reflected middle chinese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "Qieyun\" rime book" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After the fall of the Northern Song dynasty, and during the reign of the Jin (Jurchen) and Yuan (Mongol) dynasties in northern China, a common speech (now called Old Mandarin) developed based on the dialects of the North China Plain around the capital.\nThe \"Zhongyuan Yinyun\" (1324) was a dictionary that codified the rhyming conventions of new \"sanqu\" verse form in this language.\nTogether with the slightly later \"Menggu Ziyun\", this dictionary describes a language with many of the features characteristic of modern Mandarin dialects.", "qas": [ { "id": "46602", "question": "what was the common speech in northern china called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Old Mandarin" } ] }, { "id": "46603", "question": "where was old mandarin developed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "North China Plain" } ] }, { "id": "46604", "question": "what was the name of the dictionary that codified the rhyming conventions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "Zhongyuan Yinyun" } ] }, { "id": "46605", "question": "when was the `` zhongyuan yinyun '' released ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "1324" } ] }, { "id": "46606", "question": "what is the name of the dictionary that describes the mandarin dialects ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 416, "text": "Menggu Ziyun" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Up to the early 20th century, most of the people in China spoke only their local variety.\nAs a practical measure, officials of the Ming and Qing dynasties carried out the administration of the empire using a common language based on Mandarin varieties, known as \"Gu\u0101nhu\u00e0\" (\u5b98\u8bdd/\u5b98\u8a71, literally \"language of officials\").\nFor most of this period, this language was a koin\u00e9 based on dialects spoken in the Nanjing area, though not identical to any single dialect.\nBy the middle of the 19th century, the Beijing dialect had become dominant and was essential for any business with the imperial court.", "qas": [ { "id": "46607", "question": "what was the mandarin varieties known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "Gu\u0101nhu\u00e0" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 1930's a standard national language \"Gu\u00f3y\u01d4\" (/ \"national language\") was adopted.\nAfter much dispute between proponents of northern and southern dialects and an abortive attempt at an artificial pronunciation, the National Language Unification Commission finally settled on the Beijing dialect in 1932.\nThe People's Republic founded in 1949 retained this standard, calling it \"p\u01d4t\u014dnghu\u00e0\" (/ \"common speech\").\nThe national language is now used in education, the media, and formal situations in both Mainland China and Taiwan.\nIn Hong Kong and Macau, because of their colonial and linguistic history, the language of education, the media, formal speech, and everyday life remains the local Cantonese, although the standard language is now very influential and taught in schools.", "qas": [ { "id": "46608", "question": "what was the standard national language in 1930 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Gu\u00f3y\u01d4" } ] }, { "id": "46609", "question": "what commission settled on the beijing dialect ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "National Language Unification Commission" } ] }, { "id": "46610", "question": "when was the beijing dialect settled ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 303, "text": "1932" } ] }, { "id": "46611", "question": "when was the people 's republic founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 342, "text": "1949" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Chinese language has spread to neighbouring countries through a variety of means.\nNorthern Vietnam was incorporated into the Han empire in 111 BCE, beginning a period of Chinese control that ran almost continuously for a millennium.\nThe Four Commanderies were established in northern Korea in the first century BCE, but disintegrated in the following centuries.\nChinese Buddhism spread over East Asia between the 2nd and 5th centuries CE, and with it the study of scriptures and literature in Literary Chinese.\nLater Korea, Japan, and Vietnam developed strong central governments modeled on Chinese institutions, with Literary Chinese as the language of administration and scholarship, a position it would retain until the late 19th century in Korea and (to a lesser extent) Japan, and the early 20th century in Vietnam.\nScholars from different lands could communicate, albeit only in writing, using Literary Chinese.", "qas": [ { "id": "46612", "question": "what empire was northern vietnam incorporated into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "Han empire" } ] }, { "id": "46613", "question": "when was northern vietnam incorporated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "111 BCE" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although they used Chinese solely for written communication, each country had its own tradition of reading texts aloud, the so-called Sino-Xenic pronunciations.\nChinese words with these pronunciations were also borrowed extensively into the Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese languages, and today comprise over half their vocabularies.\nThis massive influx led to changes in the phonological structure of the languages, contributing to the development of moraic structure in Japanese and the disruption of vowel harmony in Korean.", "qas": [ { "id": "46614", "question": "what was the name of the country 's own tradition ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "Sino-Xenic pronunciations" } ] }, { "id": "46615", "question": "what languages were chinese words borrowed into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese languages" } ] }, { "id": "46616", "question": "what is the korean , japanese and vietnamese languages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 303, "text": "over half their vocabularies" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Borrowed Chinese morphemes have been used extensively in all these languages to coin compound words for new concepts, in a similar way to the use of Latin and Ancient Greek roots in European languages.\nMany new compounds, or new meanings for old phrases, were created in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to name Western concepts and artifacts.\nThese coinages, written in shared Chinese characters, have then been borrowed freely between languages.\nThey have even been accepted into Chinese, a language usually resistant to loanwords, because their foreign origin was hidden by their written form.\nOften different compounds for the same concept were in circulation for some time before a winner emerged, and sometimes the final choice differed between countries.\nThe proportion of vocabulary of Chinese origin thus tends to be greater in technical, abstract, or formal language.\nFor example, Sino-Japanese words account for about 35% of the words in entertainment magazines, over half the words in newspapers, and 60% of the words in science magazines.", "qas": [ { "id": "46617", "question": "what percentage of the words in entertainment magazines are sino-japanese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 935, "text": "35%" } ] }, { "id": "46618", "question": "what percentage of the words in science magazines are in science ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1019, "text": "60%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Vietnam, Korea, and Japan each developed writing systems for their own languages, initially based on Chinese characters, but later replaced with the \"Hangul\" alphabet for Korean and supplemented with \"kana\" syllabaries for Japanese, while Vietnamese continued to be written with the complex \"Ch\u1eef n\u00f4m\" script.\nHowever, these were limited to popular literature until the late 19th century.\nToday Japanese is written with a composite script using both Chinese characters (\"Kanji\") and kana, but Korean is written exclusively with Hangul in North Korea, and supplementary Chinese characters (\"Hanja\") are increasingly rarely used in the South.\nVietnamese is written with a Latin-based alphabet.", "qas": [ { "id": "46619", "question": "which countries were based on chinese characters ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Vietnam, Korea, and Japan" } ] }, { "id": "46620", "question": "what was the writing systems based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "Chinese characters" } ] }, { "id": "46621", "question": "what was the name of the vietnamese script that replaced the vietnamese alphabet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "Ch\u1eef n\u00f4m\" script" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Examples of loan words in English include \"tea\", from Hokkien (Min Nan) \"\" (), \"dim sum\", from Cantonese \"dim sam\" and \"kumquat\", from Cantonese \"gamgwat\" ().", "qas": [ { "id": "46622", "question": "what does hokkien mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "tea" } ] }, { "id": "46623", "question": "what is another name for hokkien ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "kumquat" } ] }, { "id": "46624", "question": "what does cantonese mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "gamgwat" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Jerry Norman estimated that there are hundreds of mutually unintelligible varieties of Chinese. These varieties form a dialect continuum, in which differences in speech generally become more pronounced as distances increase, though the rate of change varies immensely. Generally, mountainous South China exhibits more linguistic diversity than the North China Plain. In parts of South China, a major city's dialect may only be marginally intelligible to close neighbors. For instance, Wuzhou is about upstream from Guangzhou, but the Yue variety spoken there is more like that of Guangzhou than is that of Taishan, southwest of Guangzhou and separated from it by several rivers. In parts of Fujian the speech of neighboring counties or even villages may be mutually unintelligible.", "qas": [ { "id": "46625", "question": "who said that there are hundreds of mutually unintelligible varieties ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Jerry Norman" } ] }, { "id": "46626", "question": "how is a dialect continuum pronounced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "distances increase" } ] }, { "id": "46627", "question": "mountainous south china exhibits more linguistic diversity than which plain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 348, "text": "North China Plain" } ] }, { "id": "46628", "question": "where is upstream about upstream from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 515, "text": "Guangzhou" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Until the late 20th century, Chinese emigrants to Southeast Asia and North America came from southeast coastal areas, where Min, Hakka, and Yue dialects are spoken.\nThe vast majority of Chinese immigrants to North America spoke the Taishan dialect, from a small coastal area southwest of Guangzhou.", "qas": [ { "id": "46629", "question": "where did chinese emigrants come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "southeast coastal areas" } ] }, { "id": "46630", "question": "what types of dialects are spoken in the late 20th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "Min, Hakka, and Yue dialects" } ] }, { "id": "46631", "question": "what did the vast majority of chinese immigrants to north america spoke ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "Taishan dialect" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Local varieties of Chinese are conventionally classified into seven dialect groups, largely on the basis of the different evolution of Middle Chinese voiced initials:", "qas": [ { "id": "46632", "question": "how many dialect groups are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "seven dialect groups" } ] }, { "id": "46633", "question": "what are the different evolution of chinese varieties ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "Middle Chinese voiced initials" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The classification of Li Rong, which is used in the \"Language Atlas of China\" (1987), distinguishes three further groups:\nNumbers of first-language speakers (all countries):\nSome varieties remain unclassified, including Danzhou dialect (spoken in Danzhou, on Hainan Island), Waxianghua (spoken in western Hunan) and Shaozhou Tuhua (spoken in northern Guangdong).", "qas": [ { "id": "46634", "question": "who is used in the `` language atlas of china '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "Li Rong" } ] }, { "id": "46635", "question": "what is the classification of li rong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "Language Atlas of China" } ] }, { "id": "46636", "question": "when was the `` language atlas of china '' released ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "1987" } ] }, { "id": "46637", "question": "what is the classification of li spoken in northern guangdong ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 316, "text": "Shaozhou Tuhua" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Standard Chinese, often called Mandarin, is the official standard language of China and Taiwan, and one of the four official languages of Singapore (where it is called \"\"Huayu\"\" or simply Chinese). Standard Chinese is based on the Beijing dialect, the dialect of Mandarin as spoken in Beijing. The governments of both China and Taiwan intend for speakers of all Chinese speech varieties to use it as a common language of communication. Therefore, it is used in government agencies, in the media, and as a language of instruction in schools.", "qas": [ { "id": "46638", "question": "what is the official standard language of china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Standard Chinese" } ] }, { "id": "46639", "question": "what is the official standard language of china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Mandarin" } ] }, { "id": "46640", "question": "what is the four official languages of singapore ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "\"\"Huayu\"\" or simply Chinese)" } ] }, { "id": "46641", "question": "what is the dialect of mandarin as spoken ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "the Beijing dialect" } ] }, { "id": "46642", "question": "what is the dialect of beijing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "Mandarin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In mainland China and Taiwan, diglossia has been a common feature. For example, in addition to Standard Chinese, a resident of Shanghai might speak Shanghainese; and, if he or she grew up elsewhere, then he or she is also likely to be fluent in the particular dialect of that local area. A native of Guangzhou may speak both Cantonese and Standard Chinese. In addition to Mandarin, most Taiwanese also speak Minnan, Hakka, or an Austronesian language. A Taiwanese may commonly mix pronunciations, phrases, and words from Mandarin and other Taiwanese languages, and this mixture is considered normal in daily or informal speech.", "qas": [ { "id": "46643", "question": "what is a common feature in mainland china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "diglossia" } ] }, { "id": "46644", "question": "what do standard chinese resident speak ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "Shanghainese" } ] }, { "id": "46645", "question": "what may a native of guangzhou speak ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 325, "text": "Cantonese and Standard Chinese" } ] }, { "id": "46646", "question": "what do most taiwanese also speak ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 408, "text": "Minnan, Hakka, or an Austronesian language" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The official Chinese designation for the major branches of Chinese is \"f\u0101ngy\u00e1n\" (, literally \"regional speech\"), whereas the more closely related varieties within these are called \"d\u00ecdi\u01cen f\u0101ngy\u00e1n\" (/ \"local speech\"). Conventional English-language usage in Chinese linguistics is to use \"dialect\" for the speech of a particular place (regardless of status) while regional groupings like Mandarin and Wu are called \"dialect groups\". Because varieties from different groups are not mutually intelligible, some scholars prefer to describe Wu and so on as separate languages. Jerry Norman called this practice misleading, pointing out that Wu, which itself contains many mutually unintelligible varieties, could not be properly called a single language under the same criterion, and that the same is true for each of the other groups.", "qas": [ { "id": "46647", "question": "what is the official chinese designation of chinese chinese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "f\u0101ngy\u00e1n" } ] }, { "id": "46648", "question": "what are the more closely related varieties ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "d\u00ecdi\u01cen f\u0101ngy\u00e1n\" (/ \"local speech" } ] }, { "id": "46649", "question": "what are regional groupings like mandarin and wu called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 414, "text": "dialect groups" } ] }, { "id": "46650", "question": "who called `` misleading , pointing out ? ''", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 571, "text": "Jerry Norman" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Mutual intelligibility is considered by some linguists to be the main criterion for determining whether varieties are separate languages or dialects of a single language, although others do not regard it as decisive, particularly when cultural factors interfere as they do with Chinese. As explains, linguists often ignore mutual intelligibility when varieties share intelligibility with a central variety (i.e. prestige variety, such as Standard Mandarin), as the issue requires some careful handling when mutual intelligibility is inconsistent with language identity. John DeFrancis considers the mutual unintelligibility too great for the term \"dialects\" to be used to refer to the different varieties, but also objects to considering them as separate languages, as it incorrectly implies a set of disruptive \"religious, economic, political, and other differences\" between speakers that exist, for example, between French Catholics and English Protestants in Canada, but not between speakers of Cantonese and Mandarin in China, owing to China's near-uninterrupted history of centralized government.", "qas": [ { "id": "46651", "question": "what is considered by some linguists to be the main criterion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Mutual intelligibility" } ] }, { "id": "46652", "question": "who considers the mutual unintelligibility too great for the term dialects ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 570, "text": "John DeFrancis" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Because of the difficulties involved in determining the difference between language and dialect, other terms have been proposed: ISO 639-3 follows \"Ethnologue\" in assigning individual language codes to the 13 main subdivisions, while Chinese as a whole is classified as a 'macrolanguage'. Other options include \"vernacular\", \"lect\" \"regionalect\", \"topolect\", and \"variety\".", "qas": [ { "id": "46653", "question": "what is proposed in assigning individual language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "ISO 639-3 follows \"Ethnologue\"" } ] }, { "id": "46654", "question": "what is chinese classified as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "a 'macrolanguage'" } ] }, { "id": "46655", "question": "what are the names of the options that are used to describe `` vernacular '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 325, "text": "\"lect\" \"regionalect\", \"topolect\", and \"variety\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most Chinese people consider the spoken varieties as one single language because speakers share a common culture and history, as well a shared national identity and a common written form. To Chinese nationalists, the idea of Chinese as a language family may suggest that the Chinese identity is much more fragmented and disunified than it actually is and as such is often looked upon as culturally and politically provocative. Additionally, some of whose supporters promote the local Taiwanese Hokkien variety.", "qas": [ { "id": "46656", "question": "what are the idea of chinese identity looked upon ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 387, "text": "culturally and politically provocative" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The relationship between the Chinese spoken and written language is rather complex. Its spoken varieties evolved at different rates, while written Chinese itself has changed much less. Classical Chinese literature began in the Spring and Autumn period, although written records have been discovered as far back as the 14th to 11th centuries BCE Shang dynasty oracle bones using the oracle bone scripts.", "qas": [ { "id": "46657", "question": "when did classical chinese literature begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "Spring and Autumn period" } ] }, { "id": "46658", "question": "what did shang dynasty oracle create ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 382, "text": "oracle bone scripts" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Chinese orthography centers on Chinese characters, \"H\u00e0nz\u00ec\" (/), which are written within imaginary square blocks, traditionally arranged in vertical columns, read from top to bottom down a column, and right to left across columns. Chinese characters are morphemes independent of phonetic change. Thus the character \u4e00 (\"one\") is uttered \"y\u012b\" in Standard Chinese, \"yat\" in Cantonese and \"it\" in Hokkien (form of Min). Vocabularies from different major Chinese variants have diverged, and colloquial nonstandard written Chinese often makes use of unique \"dialectal characters\", such as \u5187 and \u4fc2 for Cantonese and Hakka, which are considered archaic or unused in standard written Chinese.", "qas": [ { "id": "46659", "question": "what is another name for the chinese orthography ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "H\u00e0nz\u00ec" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Written colloquial Cantonese has become quite popular in online chat rooms and instant messaging amongst Hong-Kongers and Cantonese-speakers elsewhere. Use of it is considered highly informal, and does not extend to many formal occasions.", "qas": [ { "id": "46660", "question": "what are the instant messaging amongst colloquial cantonese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "Hong-Kongers and Cantonese-speakers elsewhere" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Hunan, women in certain areas write their local language in N\u00fc Shu, a syllabary derived from Chinese characters. The Dungan language, considered by many a dialect of Mandarin, is nowadays written in Cyrillic, and was previously written in the Arabic script. The Dungan people are primarily Muslim and live mainly in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia; some of the related Hui people also speak the language and live mainly in China.", "qas": [ { "id": "46661", "question": "where do women in certain areas write their local language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "N\u00fc Shu" } ] }, { "id": "46662", "question": "what is the syllabary derived from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "Chinese characters" } ] }, { "id": "46663", "question": "what dialect is the dungan language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "Mandarin" } ] }, { "id": "46664", "question": "where is the dungan language written ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "Cyrillic" } ] }, { "id": "46665", "question": "where are the dungan people primarily muslim ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Each Chinese character represents a monosyllabic Chinese word or morpheme. In 100 CE, the famed Han dynasty scholar Xu Shen classified characters into six categories, namely pictographs, simple ideographs, compound ideographs, phonetic loans, phonetic compounds and derivative characters. Of these, only 4% were categorized as pictographs, including many of the simplest characters, such as \"r\u00e9n\" (human), \"r\u00ec\" (sun), \"sh\u0101n\" (mountain; hill), \"shu\u01d0\" (water). Between 80% and 90% were classified as phonetic compounds such as \"ch\u014dng\" (pour), combining a phonetic component \"zh\u014dng\" (middle) with a semantic radical (water). Almost all characters created since have been made using this format. The 18th-century Kangxi Dictionary recognized 214 radicals.", "qas": [ { "id": "46666", "question": "when did shen classified as shen classified ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "100 CE" } ] }, { "id": "46667", "question": "what was the name of kangxi 's dictionary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 738, "text": "214 radicals" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Modern characters are styled after the regular script. Various other written styles are also used in Chinese calligraphy, including seal script, cursive script and clerical script. Calligraphy artists can write in traditional and simplified characters, but they tend to use traditional characters for traditional art.", "qas": [ { "id": "46668", "question": "what are written styles also used in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "Chinese calligraphy" } ] }, { "id": "46669", "question": "what are the seal script ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "cursive script and clerical script" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are currently two systems for Chinese characters. The traditional system, still used in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Macau and Chinese speaking communities (except Singapore and Malaysia) outside mainland China, takes its form from standardized character forms dating back to the late Han dynasty. The Simplified Chinese character system, introduced by the People's Republic of China in 1954 to promote mass literacy, simplifies most complex traditional glyphs to fewer strokes, many to common cursive shorthand variants.", "qas": [ { "id": "46670", "question": "where is the traditional system of the traditional system used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "Hong Kong, Taiwan, Macau and Chinese speaking communities" } ] }, { "id": "46671", "question": "where are macau and chinese speaking communities located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "Singapore and Malaysia) outside mainland China" } ] }, { "id": "46672", "question": "who introduced the chinese character system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 353, "text": "People's Republic of China" } ] }, { "id": "46673", "question": "when was the republic of china introduced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 383, "text": "1954" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Singapore, which has a large Chinese community, was the second nation to officially adopt simplified characters, although it has also become the \"de facto\" standard for younger ethnic Chinese in Malaysia. The Internet provides the platform to practice reading these alternative systems, be it traditional or simplified.", "qas": [ { "id": "46674", "question": "which city has the second nation to officially adopt characters ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Singapore" } ] }, { "id": "46675", "question": "what is singapore 's second nation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "de facto\" standard for younger ethnic Chinese in Malaysia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A well-educated Chinese reader today recognizes approximately 4,000 to 6,000 characters; approximately 3,000 characters are required to read a Mainland newspaper. The PRC government defines literacy amongst workers as a knowledge of 2,000 characters, though this would be only functional literacy. School-children typically learn around 2,000 characters whereas scholars may memorize up to 10,000. A large unabridged dictionary, like the Kangxi Dictionary, contains over 40,000 characters, including obscure, variant, rare, and archaic characters; fewer than a quarter of these arcane characters are now commonly used.", "qas": [ { "id": "46676", "question": "how many characters are in the chinese reader ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "4,000 to 6,000 characters" } ] }, { "id": "46677", "question": "how many characters are required to read a mainland newspaper ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "3,000" } ] }, { "id": "46678", "question": "how many characters are there in the prc ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "2,000" } ] }, { "id": "46679", "question": "how many characters may memorize up ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 337, "text": "2,000" } ] }, { "id": "46680", "question": "how many characters does kangxi have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 471, "text": "40,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Standard Chinese has fewer than 1,700 distinct syllables but 4,000 common written characters, so there are many homophones. For example, the following characters (not necessarily words) are all pronounced \"j\u012b\": / \"chicken\", / \"machine\", \"basic\", / \"to hit\", / \"hunger\", and / \"accumulate\". In speech, the meaning of a syllable is determined by context (for example, in English, \"some\" as the opposite of \"none\" as opposed to \"sum\" in arithmetic) or by the word it is found in (\"some\" or \"sum\" vs. \"summer\"). Speakers may clarify which written character they mean by giving a word or phrase it is found in: \"M\u00edngzi ji\u00e0o Ji\u0101y\u012bng, Ji\u0101l\u00edng Ji\u0101ng de ji\u0101, Y\u012bnggu\u00f3 de y\u012bng\" \u2013 \"My name is \"Ji\u0101y\u012bng\", 'Jia' as in 'Jialing River' and 'ying' as in 'UK'.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "46681", "question": "how many distinct syllables are there in standard chinese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "1,700" } ] }, { "id": "46682", "question": "how many common characters are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "4,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Southern Chinese varieties like Cantonese and Hakka preserved more of the rimes of Middle Chinese and also have more tones. Several of the examples of Mandarin \"j\u012b\" above have distinct pronunciations in Cantonese (romanized using jyutping): \"gai1\", \"gei1\", \"gei1\", \"gik1\", \"gei1\", and \"zik1\" respectively. For this reason, southern varieties tend to need to employ fewer multi-syllabic words.", "qas": [ { "id": "46683", "question": "what are two examples of southern chinese varieties ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "Cantonese and Hakka" } ] }, { "id": "46684", "question": "cantonese and hakka preserved more of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "Middle Chinese" } ] }, { "id": "46685", "question": "what was cantonese romanized using ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "jyutping" } ] }, { "id": "46686", "question": "what is another term for mandarin pronunciations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "zik1" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The phonological structure of each syllable consists of a nucleus consisting of a vowel (which can be a monophthong, diphthong, or even a triphthong in certain varieties), preceded by an onset (a single consonant, or consonant+glide; zero onset is also possible), and followed (optionally) by a coda consonant; a syllable also carries a tone. There are some instances where a vowel is not used as a nucleus. An example of this is in Cantonese, where the nasal sonorant consonants and can stand alone as their own syllable.", "qas": [ { "id": "46687", "question": "where can the nasal sonorant consonants stand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 433, "text": "Cantonese" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Across all the spoken varieties, most syllables tend to be open syllables, meaning they have no coda (assuming that a final glide is not analyzed as a coda), but syllables that do have codas are restricted to nasals , , , the retroflex approximant , and voiceless stops , , , or . Some varieties allow most of these codas, whereas others, such as Standard Chinese, are limited to only , and .", "qas": [ { "id": "46688", "question": "what do most syllables tend to be restricted to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "nasals" } ] }, { "id": "46689", "question": "what are most syllables tend to nasals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "the retroflex approximant , and voiceless stops" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The number of sounds in the different spoken dialects varies, but in general there has been a tendency to a reduction in sounds from Middle Chinese. The Mandarin dialects in particular have experienced a dramatic decrease in sounds and so have far more multisyllabic words than most other spoken varieties. The total number of syllables in some varieties is therefore only about a thousand, including tonal variation, which is only about an eighth as many as English.", "qas": [ { "id": "46690", "question": "in what language is the number of sounds in a spoken dialects ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Middle Chinese" } ] } ] }, { "context": "All varieties of spoken Chinese use tones to distinguish words. A few dialects of north China may have as few as three tones, while some dialects in south China have up to 6 or 12 tones, depending on how one counts. One exception from this is Shanghainese which has reduced the set of tones to a two-toned pitch accent system much like modern Japanese.", "qas": [ { "id": "46691", "question": "how many tones are in south china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "6 or 12 tones" } ] }, { "id": "46692", "question": "what has reduced the set of tones to a pitch ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 243, "text": "Shanghainese" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A very common example used to illustrate the use of tones in Chinese are the four tones of Standard Chinese (along with the neutral tone) applied to the syllable \"ma\". The tones are exemplified by the following five Chinese words:", "qas": [ { "id": "46693", "question": "what are a very common example of tones in chinese use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "the four tones of Standard Chinese" } ] }, { "id": "46694", "question": "what does the neutral tone applied to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "the syllable \"ma\"" } ] }, { "id": "46695", "question": "how are the tones exemplified ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "the following five Chinese words" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Standard Cantonese, in contrast, has six tones in open syllables and three tones in syllables ending with stops:\nThe Chinese had no uniform phonetic transcription system until the mid-20th century, although enunciation patterns were recorded in early rime books and dictionaries. Early Indian translators, working in Sanskrit and Pali, were the first to attempt to describe the sounds and enunciation patterns of Chinese in a foreign language. After the 15th century, the efforts of Jesuits and Western court missionaries resulted in some rudimentary Latin transcription systems, based on the Nanjing Mandarin dialect.", "qas": [ { "id": "46696", "question": "what has six tones in open syllables and three tones ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Standard Cantonese" } ] }, { "id": "46697", "question": "what were early indian translators working in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 317, "text": "Sanskrit and Pali" } ] }, { "id": "46698", "question": "what was the rudimentary latin transcription systems based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 593, "text": "Nanjing Mandarin dialect" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Romanization is the process of transcribing a language into the Latin script. There are many systems of romanization for the Chinese varieties, due to the lack of a native phonetic transcription until modern times. Chinese is first known to have been written in Latin characters by Western Christian missionaries in the 16th century.", "qas": [ { "id": "46699", "question": "what is the process of the latin script ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Romanization" } ] }, { "id": "46700", "question": "who written in latin characters ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "Western Christian missionaries" } ] }, { "id": "46701", "question": "when was chinese characters written ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 316, "text": "the 16th century" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Today the most common romanization standard for Standard Chinese is \"Hanyu Pinyin\", often known simply as pinyin, introduced in 1956 by the People's Republic of China, and later adopted by Singapore and Taiwan. Pinyin is almost universally employed now for teaching standard spoken Chinese in schools and universities across America, Australia and Europe. Chinese parents also use Pinyin to teach their children the sounds and tones of new words. In school books that teach Chinese, the Pinyin romanization is often shown below a picture of the thing the word represents, with the Chinese character alongside.", "qas": [ { "id": "46702", "question": "what is the most common romanization standard for standard chinese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Hanyu Pinyin" } ] }, { "id": "46703", "question": "what is the most common romanization standard for standard chinese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "pinyin" } ] }, { "id": "46704", "question": "when was the most common romanization standard for standard chinese introduced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "1956" } ] }, { "id": "46705", "question": "who introduced the most common romanization standard for standard chinese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "People's Republic of China" } ] }, { "id": "46706", "question": "who adopted the most common romanization standard for standard chinese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "Singapore and Taiwan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The second-most common romanization system, the Wade\u2013Giles, was invented by Thomas Wade in 1859 and modified by Herbert Giles in 1892. As this system approximates the phonology of Mandarin Chinese into English consonants and vowels, i.e. it is an Anglicization, it may be particularly helpful for beginner Chinese speakers of an English-speaking background. Wade\u2013Giles was found in academic use in the United States, particularly before the 1980s, and until recently was widely used in Taiwan.", "qas": [ { "id": "46707", "question": "what was the name of the second-most romanization system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Wade\u2013Giles" } ] }, { "id": "46708", "question": "who invented the second-most romanization system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "Thomas Wade" } ] }, { "id": "46709", "question": "when was thomas wade invented ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "1859" } ] }, { "id": "46710", "question": "who modified the romanization system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "Herbert Giles" } ] }, { "id": "46711", "question": "when was the romanization system invented ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "1892" } ] }, { "id": "46712", "question": "what is the system of mandarin chinese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "Anglicization" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When used within European texts, the tone transcriptions in both pinyin and Wade\u2013Giles are often left out for simplicity; Wade\u2013Giles' extensive use of apostrophes is also usually omitted. Thus, most Western readers will be much more familiar with \"Beijing\" than they will be with \"B\u011bij\u012bng\" (pinyin), and with \"Taipei\" than \"T'ai\u00b2-pei\u00b3\" (Wade\u2013Giles). This simplification presents syllables as homophones which really are none, and therefore exaggerates the number of homophones almost by a factor of four.", "qas": [ { "id": "46713", "question": "what is usually omitted in european texts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "apostrophes" } ] }, { "id": "46714", "question": "what does pinyin stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "B\u011bij\u012bng" } ] }, { "id": "46715", "question": "what is another name for beijing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "T'ai\u00b2-pei\u00b3" } ] }, { "id": "46716", "question": "what is the term for the simplification of a simplification ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 392, "text": "homophones" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Here are a few examples of \"Hanyu Pinyin\" and Wade\u2013Giles, for comparison:\nOther systems of romanization for Chinese include Gwoyeu Romatzyh, the French EFEO, the Yale (invented during WWII for U.S. troops), as well as separate systems for Cantonese, Min Nan, Hakka, and other Chinese varieties.", "qas": [ { "id": "46717", "question": "what are the names of the few examples of romanization systems ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "Hanyu Pinyin\" and Wade\u2013Giles" } ] }, { "id": "46718", "question": "what are some of the yale varieties of yale ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "Cantonese, Min Nan, Hakka, and other Chinese varieties" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chinese varieties have been phonetically transcribed into many other writing systems over the centuries. The 'Phags-pa script, for example, has been very helpful in reconstructing the pronunciations of premodern forms of Chinese.", "qas": [ { "id": "46719", "question": "what script has been helpful in reconstructing the chinese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Phags-pa script" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Zhuyin (also called \"bopomofo\"), a semi-syllabary is still widely used in Taiwan's elementary schools to aid standard pronunciation. Although bopomofo characters are reminiscent of katakana script, there is no source to substantiate the claim that Katakana was the basis for the zhuyin system. A comparison table of zhuyin to pinyin exists in the zhuyin article. Syllables based on pinyin and zhuyin can also be compared by looking at the following articles:", "qas": [ { "id": "46720", "question": "what is another name for bopomofo '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Zhuyin" } ] }, { "id": "46721", "question": "what is another name for taiwan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "bopomofo" } ] }, { "id": "46722", "question": "what are bopomofo characters reminiscent of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "katakana script" } ] }, { "id": "46723", "question": "what was the basis of the zhuyin system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "Katakana" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are also at least two systems of cyrillization for Chinese. The most widespread is the Palladius system.", "qas": [ { "id": "46724", "question": "what is the most widespread system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "Palladius system" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chinese is often described as a \"monosyllabic\" language. However, this is only partially correct. It is largely accurate when describing Classical Chinese and Middle Chinese; in Classical Chinese, for example, perhaps 90% of words correspond to a single syllable and a single character. In the modern varieties, it is still usually the case that a morpheme (unit of meaning) is a single syllable; contrast English, with plenty of multi-syllable morphemes, both bound and free, such as \"seven\", \"elephant\", \"para-\" and \"-able\". Some of the conservative southern varieties of modern Chinese still have largely monosyllabic words, especially among the more basic vocabulary.", "qas": [ { "id": "46725", "question": "what is chinese often described as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "\"monosyllabic\" language" } ] }, { "id": "46726", "question": "what are the two types of words in classical chinese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "Classical Chinese and Middle Chinese" } ] }, { "id": "46727", "question": "what percentage of words correspond to a single syllable ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "90%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In modern Mandarin, however, most nouns, adjectives and verbs are largely disyllabic. A significant cause of this is phonological attrition. Sound change over time has steadily reduced the number of possible syllables. In modern Mandarin, there are now only about 1,200 possible syllables, including tonal distinctions, compared with about 5,000 in Vietnamese (still largely monosyllabic) and over 8,000 in English.", "qas": [ { "id": "46728", "question": "most nouns , adjectives and verbs are examples of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "disyllabic" } ] }, { "id": "46729", "question": "what is a significant cause of a significant cause of a cause of a cause ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "phonological attrition" } ] }, { "id": "46730", "question": "how many possible syllables are there in modern mandarin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "1,200" } ] }, { "id": "46731", "question": "how many vietnamese vietnamese are there in modern mandarin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 340, "text": "5,000" } ] }, { "id": "46732", "question": "how many vietnamese vietnamese in english are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 393, "text": "over 8,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "However, when one of the above words forms part of a compound, the disambiguating syllable is generally dropped and the resulting word is still disyllabic. For example, \u77f3 \"sh\u00ed\" alone, not \u77f3\u5934/\u77f3\u982d \"sh\u00edtou\", appears in compounds meaning \"stone-\", for example, \u77f3\u818f \"sh\u00edg\u0101o\" \"plaster\" (lit. \"stone cream\"), \u77f3\u7070 \"sh\u00edhu\u012b\" \"lime\" (lit. \"stone dust\"), \u77f3\u7a9f \"sh\u00edk\u016b\" \"grotto\" (lit. \"stone cave\"), \u77f3\u82f1 \"sh\u00edy\u012bng\" \"quartz\" (lit. \"stone flower\"), \u77f3\u6cb9 \"sh\u00edy\u00f3u\" \"petroleum\" (lit. \"stone oil\").", "qas": [ { "id": "46733", "question": "what does compounds stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "stone-" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most modern varieties of Chinese have the tendency to form new words through disyllabic, trisyllabic and tetra-character compounds. In some cases, monosyllabic words have become disyllabic without compounding, as in \u7a9f\u7abf \"k\u016blong\" from \u5b54 \"k\u01d2ng\"; this is especially common in Jin.", "qas": [ { "id": "46734", "question": "what are most modern varieties of chinese words ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "disyllabic, trisyllabic and tetra-character compounds" } ] }, { "id": "46735", "question": "what is the term for monosyllabic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "\"k\u016blong\" from \u5b54 \"k\u01d2ng\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chinese morphology is strictly bound to a set number of syllables with a fairly rigid construction. Although many of these single-syllable morphemes (\u5b57, \"z\u00ec\") can stand alone as individual words, they more often than not form multi-syllabic compounds, known as \"c\u00ed\" (\u8bcd/\u8a5e), which more closely resembles the traditional Western notion of a word. A Chinese \"c\u00ed\" (\u201cword\u201d) can consist of more than one character-morpheme, usually two, but there can be three or more.", "qas": [ { "id": "46736", "question": "what is chinese morphology strictly bound to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "a fairly rigid construction" } ] }, { "id": "46737", "question": "what is another term for chinese morphology ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "c\u00ed" } ] } ] }, { "context": "All varieties of modern Chinese are analytic languages, in that they depend on syntax (word order and sentence structure) rather than morphology\u2014i.e., changes in form of a word\u2014to indicate the word's function in a sentence. In other words, Chinese has very few grammatical inflections\u2014it possesses no tenses, no voices, no numbers (singular, plural; though there are plural markers, for example for personal pronouns), and only a few articles (i.e., equivalents to \"the, a, an\" in English).", "qas": [ { "id": "46738", "question": "what does syntax stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "word order and sentence structure" } ] } ] }, { "context": "They make heavy use of grammatical particles to indicate aspect and mood. In Mandarin Chinese, this involves the use of particles like \"le\" \u4e86 (perfective), \"h\u00e1i\" \u8fd8/\u9084 (\"still\"), \"y\u01d0j\u012bng\" \u5df2\u7ecf/\u5df2\u7d93 (\"already\"), and so on.", "qas": [ { "id": "46739", "question": "what does mandarin stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "\"le\" \u4e86" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Chinese has a subject\u2013verb\u2013object word order, and like many other languages in East Asia, makes frequent use of the topic\u2013comment construction to form sentences. Chinese also has an extensive system of classifiers and measure words, another trait shared with neighboring languages like Japanese and Korean. Other notable grammatical features common to all the spoken varieties of Chinese include the use of serial verb construction, pronoun dropping and the related subject dropping.", "qas": [ { "id": "46740", "question": "what is the extensive system of the chinese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "classifiers and measure words" } ] }, { "id": "46741", "question": "what two languages are shared by chinese languages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "Japanese and Korean" } ] }, { "id": "46742", "question": "what are some notable grammatical features ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 407, "text": "serial verb construction, pronoun dropping and the related subject dropping" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The entire Chinese character corpus since antiquity comprises well over 20,000 characters, of which only roughly 10,000 are now commonly in use. However Chinese characters should not be confused with Chinese words. Because most Chinese words are made up of two or more characters, there are many times more Chinese words than there are characters. A better term for a Chinese character would be morpheme, as characters represent the smallest grammatical units, individual meanings, and/or syllables in the Chinese language.", "qas": [ { "id": "46743", "question": "how many characters are in the entire chinese character ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "over 20,000 characters" } ] }, { "id": "46744", "question": "how many characters are in the entire chinese character ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "10,000" } ] }, { "id": "46745", "question": "how are most chinese words made ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "two or more characters" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Estimates of the total number of Chinese words and phrases vary greatly. The \"Hanyu Da Zidian\", a compendium of Chinese characters, includes 54,678 head entries for characters, including bone oracle versions. The \"Zhonghua Zihai\" (1994) contains 85,568 head entries for character definitions, and is the largest reference work based purely on character and its literary variants. The CC-CEDICT project (2010) contains 97,404 contemporary entries including idioms, technology terms and names of political figures, businesses and products. The 2009 version of the Webster's Digital Chinese Dictionary (WDCD), based on CC-CEDICT, contains over 84,000 entries.", "qas": [ { "id": "46746", "question": "what is the name of the compendium of chinese characters ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "Hanyu Da Zidian" } ] }, { "id": "46747", "question": "how many head entries are entries for characters ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "54,678" } ] }, { "id": "46748", "question": "how many head entries does the head entries for character ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "85,568" } ] }, { "id": "46749", "question": "how many contemporary entries including idioms , technology , technology terms , and names of political figures ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 418, "text": "97,404" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The most comprehensive pure linguistic Chinese-language dictionary, the 12-volumed \"Hanyu Da Cidian\", records more than 23,000 head Chinese characters and gives over 370,000 definitions. The 1999 revised \"Cihai\", a multi-volume encyclopedic dictionary reference work, gives 122,836 vocabulary entry definitions under 19,485 Chinese characters, including proper names, phrases and common zoological, geographical, sociological, scientific and technical terms.", "qas": [ { "id": "46750", "question": "what is the name of the pure linguistic dictionary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "Hanyu Da Cidian" } ] }, { "id": "46751", "question": "how many head chinese characters are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "23,000" } ] }, { "id": "46752", "question": "how many definitions of definitions does the head chinese characters have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "370,000" } ] }, { "id": "46753", "question": "what was the 1999 revised dictionary called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "Cihai" } ] }, { "id": "46754", "question": "how many chinese characters are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 317, "text": "19,485" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The latest 2012 6th edition of \"Xiandai Hanyu Cidian\", an authoritative one-volume dictionary on modern standard Chinese language as used in mainland China, has 69,000 entries and defines 13,000 head characters.", "qas": [ { "id": "46755", "question": "what was the 6th edition of modern standard chinese language called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "Xiandai Hanyu Cidian" } ] }, { "id": "46756", "question": "how many entries characters does china have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "69,000" } ] }, { "id": "46757", "question": "how many head characters are in china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "13,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Like any other language, Chinese has absorbed a sizable number of loanwords from other cultures. Most Chinese words are formed out of native Chinese morphemes, including words describing imported objects and ideas. However, direct phonetic borrowing of foreign words has gone on since ancient times.", "qas": [ { "id": "46758", "question": "what are most chinese words formed out of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "native Chinese morphemes" } ] }, { "id": "46759", "question": "what are most chinese words formed out of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "words describing imported objects and ideas" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Modern neologisms are primarily translated into Chinese in one of three ways: free translation (\"calque\", or by meaning), phonetic translation (by sound), or a combination of the two. Today, it is much more common to use existing Chinese morphemes to coin new words in order to represent imported concepts, such as technical expressions and international scientific vocabulary. Any Latin or Greek etymologies are dropped and converted into the corresponding Chinese characters (for example, \"anti-\" typically becomes \"\u53cd\", literally \"opposite\"), making them more comprehensible for Chinese but introducing more difficulties in understanding foreign texts. For example, the word \"telephone\" was loaned phonetically as \u5fb7\u5f8b\u98ce/\u5fb7\u5f8b\u98a8 (Shanghainese: \"t\u00e9l\u00edfon\" , Mandarin: \"d\u00e9l\u01dcf\u0113ng\") during the 1920s and widely used in Shanghai, but later \u7535\u8bdd/\u96fb\u8a71 \"di\u00e0nhu\u00e0\" (lit. \"electric speech\"), built out of native Chinese morphemes, became prevalent (\u96fb\u8a71 is in fact from the Japanese \"denwa\"; see below for more Japanese loans). Other examples include \u7535\u89c6/\u96fb\u8996 \"di\u00e0nsh\u00ec\" (lit. \"electric vision\") for television, \u7535\u8111/\u96fb\u8166 \"di\u00e0nn\u01ceo\" (lit. \"electric brain\") for computer; \u624b\u673a/\u624b\u6a5f \"sh\u01d2uj\u012b\" (lit. \"hand machine\") for mobile phone, \u84dd\u7259/\u85cd\u7259 \"l\u00e1ny\u00e1\" (lit. \"blue tooth\") for Bluetooth, and \u7f51\u5fd7/\u7db2\u8a8c \"w\u01cengzh\u00ec\" (lit. \"internet logbook\") for blog in Hong Kong and Macau Cantonese. Occasionally half-transliteration, half-translation compromises (phono-semantic matching) are accepted, such as \u6c49\u5821\u5305/\u6f22\u5821\u5305 \"h\u00e0nb\u01ceob\u0101o\" (\u6f22\u5821 \"h\u00e0nb\u01ceo\" \"Hamburg\" + \u5305 \"b\u0101o\" \"bun\") for \"hamburger\". Sometimes translations are designed so that they sound like the original while incorporating Chinese morphemes, such as \u62d6\u62c9\u673a/\u62d6\u62c9\u6a5f \"tu\u014dl\u0101j\u012b\" \"tractor\" (lit. \"dragging-pulling machine\"), or \u9a6c\u5229\u5965/\u99ac\u5229\u5967 M\u01cel\u00ec'\u00e0o for the video game character Mario. This is often done for commercial purposes, for example \u5954\u817e/\u5954\u9a30 \"b\u0113nt\u00e9ng\" (lit. \"dashing-leaping\") for Pentium and \u8d5b\u767e\u5473/\u8cfd\u767e\u5473 \"S\u00e0ib\u01ceiw\u00e8i\" (lit. \"better-than hundred tastes\") for Subway restaurants.", "qas": [] }, { "context": "Western foreign words representing Western concepts have influenced Chinese since the 20th century through transcription. From French came \u82ad\u857e \"b\u0101l\u00e9i\" \"ballet\" and \u9999\u69df \"xi\u0101ngb\u012bn\", \"champagne\"; from Italian, \u5496\u5561 \"k\u0101f\u0113i\" \"caff\u00e8\". English influence is particularly pronounced. From early 20th century Shanghainese, many English words are borrowed, such as \u9ad8\u5c14\u592b/\u9ad8\u723e\u592b \"g\u0101o\u011brf\u016b\" \"golf\" and the above-mentioned \u6c99\u53d1/\u6c99\u767c \"sh\u0101f\u0101\" \"sofa\". Later, the United States soft influences gave rise to \u8fea\u65af\u79d1 \"d\u00edsik\u0113\"/\"d\u00eds\u012bk\u0113\" \"disco\", \u53ef\u4e50/\u53ef\u6a02 \"k\u011bl\u00e8\" \"cola\", and \u8ff7\u4f60 \"m\u00edn\u01d0\" \"mini [skirt]\". Contemporary colloquial Cantonese has distinct loanwords from English, such as \u5361\u901a \"kaa tung\" \"cartoon\", \u57fa\u4f6c \"gei lou\" \"gay people\", \u7684\u58eb \"dik si\" \"taxi\", and \u5df4\u58eb \"baa si\" \"bus\". With the rising popularity of the Internet, there is a current vogue in China for coining English transliterations, for example, \u7c89\u4e1d/\u7c89\u7d72 \"f\u011bns\u012b\" \"fans\", \u9ed1\u5ba2 \"h\u0113ik\u00e8\" \"hacker\" (lit. \"black guest\"), and \u535a\u5ba2 \"b\u00f3k\u00e8\" \"blog\". In Taiwan, some of these transliterations are different, such as \u99ed\u5ba2 \"h\u00e0ik\u00e8\" for \"hacker\" and \u90e8\u843d\u683c \"b\u00f9lu\u00f2g\u00e9\" for \"blog\" (lit. \"interconnected tribes\").", "qas": [ { "id": "46760", "question": "what was the name of the italian italian club ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "\"k\u0101f\u0113i\" \"caff\u00e8\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Another result of the English influence on Chinese is the appearance in Modern Chinese texts of so-called \u5b57\u6bcd\u8bcd/\u5b57\u6bcd\u8a5e \"z\u00ecm\u01d4c\u00ed\" (lit. \"lettered words\") spelled with letters from the English alphabet. This has appeared in magazines, newspapers, on web sites, and on TV: \u4e09G\u624b\u673a/\u4e09G\u624b\u6a5f \"3rd generation cell phones\" (\u4e09 \"s\u0101n\" \"three\" + G \"generation\" + \u624b\u673a/\u624b\u6a5f \"sh\u01d2uj\u012b\" \"mobile phones\"), IT\u754c \"IT circles\" (IT \"information technology\" + \u754c \"ji\u00e8\" \"industry\"), HSK (\"H\u00e0ny\u01d4 Shu\u01d0p\u00edng K\u01ceosh\u00ec\", \u6c49\u8bed\u6c34\u5e73\u8003\u8bd5/\u6f22\u8a9e\u6c34\u5e73\u8003\u8a66), GB (\"Gu\u00f3bi\u0101o\", \u56fd\u6807/\u570b\u6a19), CIF\u4ef7/CIF\u50f9 (CIF \"Cost, Insurance, Freight\" + \u4ef7/\u50f9 \"ji\u00e0\" \"price\"), e\u5bb6\u5ead \"e-home\" (e \"electronic\" + \u5bb6\u5ead \"ji\u0101t\u00edng\" \"home\"), W\u65f6\u4ee3/W\u6642\u4ee3 \"wireless era\" (W \"wireless\" + \u65f6\u4ee3/\u6642\u4ee3 \"sh\u00edd\u00e0i\" \"era\"), TV\u65cf \"TV watchers\" (TV \"television\" + \u65cf \"z\u00fa\" \"social group; clan\"), \u540e\u0420\u0421\u65f6\u4ee3/\u5f8cPC\u6642\u4ee3 \"post-PC era\" (\u540e/\u5f8c \"h\u00f2u\" \"after/post-\" + PC \"personal computer\" + \u65f6\u4ee3/\u6642\u4ee3), and so on.", "qas": [ { "id": "46761", "question": "what is the name of the modern chinese texts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "\u5b57\u6bcd\u8bcd/\u5b57\u6bcd\u8a5e \"z\u00ecm\u01d4c\u00ed\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since the 20th century, another source of words has been Japanese using existing kanji (Chinese characters used in Japanese). Japanese re-molded European concepts and inventions into , and many of these words have been re-loaned into modern Chinese. Other terms were coined by the Japanese by giving new senses to existing Chinese terms or by referring to expressions used in classical Chinese literature. For example, \"j\u012bngj\u00ec\" (\u7ecf\u6d4e/\u7d93\u6fdf; \"keizai\" in Japanese), which in the original Chinese meant \"the workings of the state\", was narrowed to \"economy\" in Japanese; this narrowed definition was then re-imported into Chinese. As a result, these terms are virtually indistinguishable from native Chinese words: indeed, there is some dispute over some of these terms as to whether the Japanese or Chinese coined them first. As a result of this loaning, Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese share a corpus of linguistic terms describing modern terminology, paralleling the similar corpus of terms built from Greco-Latin and shared among European languages.", "qas": [ { "id": "46762", "question": "what was the name of the japanese meant to be narrowed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 420, "text": "j\u012bngj\u00ec" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1991 there were 2,000 foreign learners taking China's official Chinese Proficiency Test (also known as HSK, comparable to the English Cambridge Certificate), while in 2005, the number of candidates had risen sharply to 117,660. By 2010, 750,000 people had taken the Chinese Proficiency Test.", "qas": [ { "id": "46763", "question": "how many foreign learners taking china 's official chinese proficiency ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 19, "text": "2,000" } ] }, { "id": "46764", "question": "what did foreign learners become in 1991 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "China's official Chinese Proficiency Test" } ] }, { "id": "46765", "question": "what was the name of china 's official chinese proficiency test ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "HSK" } ] }, { "id": "46766", "question": "what was the name of the chinese proficiency test ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "English Cambridge Certificate" } ] }, { "id": "46767", "question": "in what year did the number of candidates take place in china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "2005" } ] }, { "id": "46768", "question": "what was the number of candidates in china in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "117,660" } ] }, { "id": "46769", "question": "how many people had taken the chinese proficiency test ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 240, "text": "750,000" } ] }, { "id": "46770", "question": "what did 750,000 people taken by by 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "Chinese Proficiency Test" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\n", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Chinese language" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States.", "qas": [ { "id": "46771", "question": "what is the lower chamber of the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "United States House of Representatives" } ] }, { "id": "46772", "question": "what is the united states house of representatives ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "the lower chamber of the United States Congress" } ] }, { "id": "46773", "question": "who composes the legislature of the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "the Senate" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. The House is composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts which are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census, with each district entitled one representative. Since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435. As of the 2010 Census, the largest delegation is that of California, with fifty-three representatives; the smallest is shared by seven states: Alaska, Delaware, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming, each with a single representative.", "qas": [ { "id": "46774", "question": "who established the composition and powers of the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Article One of the United States Constitution" } ] }, { "id": "46775", "question": "in what year did the house of the house begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 355, "text": "1789" } ] }, { "id": "46776", "question": "where is the total number of voting representatives fixed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 466, "text": "435" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as , which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. In addition to this basic power, the House has certain exclusive powers of which include the power to initiate all bills related to revenue, the impeachment of federal officers, who are sent to trial in the Senate, and in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for President, the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office, with two votes given to each state for that purpose.", "qas": [ { "id": "46777", "question": "what is the house charged with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "the passage of federal legislation" } ] }, { "id": "46778", "question": "what are the exclusive powers of the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "the power to initiate all bills related to revenue, the impeachment of federal officers" } ] }, { "id": "46779", "question": "what does the duty of federal officers have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 454, "text": "the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He and other floor leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences, depending on whichever party has more voting members. The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol.", "qas": [ { "id": "46780", "question": "what is the presiding officer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "the Speaker of the House" } ] }, { "id": "46781", "question": "who is the speaker of the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "the members thereof and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party" } ] }, { "id": "46782", "question": "who chosen the floor leaders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences" } ] }, { "id": "46783", "question": "what type of party has the republican conferences ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "whichever party has more voting members" } ] }, { "id": "46784", "question": "where does the house originate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "south wing of the United States Capitol" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a unicameral body in which each state was equally represented, and in which each state had a veto over most action. After eight years of a more limited confederal government under the Articles, numerous political leaders, such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, initiated the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which received the Confederation Congress's sanction to \"amend the Articles of Confederation\". All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates.", "qas": [ { "id": "46785", "question": "who initiated the constitutional convention in 1787 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": "James Madison and Alexander Hamilton" } ] }, { "id": "46786", "question": "when was the constitutional convention initiated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 386, "text": "1787" } ] }, { "id": "46787", "question": "what did the constitutional convention in 1787 represent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 407, "text": "the Confederation Congress's sanction to \"amend the Articles of Confederation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. Edmund Randolph's Virginia Plan called for a bicameral Congress: the lower house would be \"of the people\", elected directly by the people of the United States and representing public opinion, and a more deliberative upper house that would represent the individual states, and would be less susceptible to variations of mass sentiment, would be elected by the lower house.", "qas": [ { "id": "46788", "question": "who called for a bicameral congress : the lower house would be `` of the people '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Edmund Randolph's Virginia Plan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The House is referred to as the lower house, with the Senate being the upper house, although the United States Constitution does not use that terminology. Both houses' approval is necessary for the passage of legislation. The Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, which called for a unicameral Congress with equal representation for the states.", "qas": [ { "id": "46789", "question": "what is the house referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "the lower house" } ] }, { "id": "46790", "question": "what is the senate referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "the Senate being the upper house" } ] }, { "id": "46791", "question": "what is the upper house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "the United States Constitution does not use that terminology" } ] }, { "id": "46792", "question": "what are some of the delegates from the virginia plan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania" } ] }, { "id": "46793", "question": "what was the name of the plan that called for a unicameral congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 433, "text": "New Jersey Plan" } ] }, { "id": "46794", "question": "what was the new jersey plan called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 467, "text": "a unicameral Congress with equal representation for the states" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Eventually, the Convention reached the Connecticut Compromise, or the Great Compromise, under which one house of Congress (the House of Representatives) would provide representation proportional to each state's population, whereas the other (the Senate) would provide equal representation amongst the states. The Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states (nine out of the 13) in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4, 1789. The House began work on April 1, 1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time.", "qas": [ { "id": "46795", "question": "what did the convention reached ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "Connecticut Compromise, or the Great Compromise" } ] }, { "id": "46796", "question": "what would the house of congress provide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "provide representation proportional to each state's population" } ] }, { "id": "46797", "question": "what did the senate do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "the Senate) would provide equal representation amongst the states" } ] }, { "id": "46798", "question": "when was the constitution ratified ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 397, "text": "1788" } ] }, { "id": "46799", "question": "when was the implementation of the constitution set ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 438, "text": "March 4, 1789" } ] }, { "id": "46800", "question": "when did the house begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 477, "text": "April 1, 1789" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives. However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed.\nRegional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery. One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican\u2013American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War (1861\u20131865), which began soon after several southern states attempted to secede from the Union. The war culminated in the South's defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the Senate did not have the balance of power between North and South during the war.", "qas": [ { "id": "46801", "question": "what was the name of the senate that sought to ban slavery ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 520, "text": "Wilmot Proviso" } ] }, { "id": "46802", "question": "when did the civil war end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 686, "text": "1861\u20131865" } ] }, { "id": "46803", "question": "who resigned in the beginning of the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 892, "text": "Andrew Johnson" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Union's victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877; the ensuing era, known as the Gilded Age, was marked by sharp political divisions in the electorate. The Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times.", "qas": [ { "id": "46804", "question": "what party did the civil war have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Republican Party" } ] }, { "id": "46805", "question": "when did the reconstruction period end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 237, "text": "1877" } ] }, { "id": "46806", "question": "what was the ensuing era called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "Gilded Age" } ] }, { "id": "46807", "question": "what was the gilded age marked by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 299, "text": "sharp political divisions in the electorate" } ] }, { "id": "46808", "question": "who held majorities in the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 344, "text": "The Democratic and the Republican Party" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw a dramatic increase in the power of the Speaker of the House. The rise of the Speaker's influence began in the 1890s, during tenure of Republican Thomas Brackett Reed. \"Czar Reed\", as he was nicknamed, attempted to put into effect his view that \"The best system is to have one party govern and the other party watch.\" The leadership structure of the House also developed during approximately the same period, with the positions of Majority Leader and Minority Leader being created in 1899. While the Minority Leader was the head of the minority party, the Majority Leader remained subordinate to the Speaker. The Speakership reached its zenith during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon, 1903 to 1911. The powers of the Speaker included chairmanship of the influential Rules Committee and the ability to appoint members of other House committees. These powers, however, were curtailed in the \"Revolution of 1910\" because of the efforts of Democrats and dissatisfied Republicans who opposed Cannon's arguably heavy-handed tactics.\nThomas Brackett Reed, occasionally ridiculed as \"Czar Reed\", was a U.S. Representative from Maine, and Speaker of the House from 1889 to 1891 and from 1895 to 1899.", "qas": [ { "id": "46809", "question": "who was the tenure of the speaker of the speaker ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "Thomas Brackett Reed" } ] }, { "id": "46810", "question": "when was the positions of majority leader and minority leader created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 532, "text": "1899" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Democratic Party dominated the House of Representatives during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933\u20131945), often winning over two-thirds of the seats. Both Democrats and Republicans were in power at various times during the next decade. The Democratic Party maintained control of the House from 1955 until 1995. In the mid-1970s, there were major reforms of the House, strengthening the power of sub-committees at the expense of committee chairs and allowing party leaders to nominate committee chairs. These actions were taken to undermine the seniority system, and to reduce the ability of a small number of senior members to obstruct legislation they did not favor. There was also a shift from the 1990s to greater control of the legislative program by the majority party; the power of party leaders (especially the Speaker) grew considerably.", "qas": [ { "id": "46811", "question": "who dominated the house of representatives ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" } ] }, { "id": "46812", "question": "when did roosevelt die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "1933\u20131945" } ] }, { "id": "46813", "question": "when did the democratic party maintained control of the house from 1955 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 333, "text": "1995" } ] }, { "id": "46814", "question": "what did these actions reduce ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 637, "text": "senior members to obstruct legislation they did not favor" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Republicans took control of the House in 1995, under the leadership of Speaker Newt Gingrich. Gingrich attempted to pass a major legislative program, the Contract with America on which the House Republicans had been elected, and made major reforms of the House, notably reducing the tenure of committee chairs to three two-year terms. Many elements of the Contract did not pass Congress, were vetoed by President Bill Clinton, or were substantially altered in negotiations with Clinton. The Republicans held on to the House until 2006, when the Democrats won control and Nancy Pelosi was subsequently elected by the House as the first female Speaker. The Republicans retook the House in 2011, the largest shift of power since the 1930s.", "qas": [ { "id": "46815", "question": "when did newt gingrich leave the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "1995" } ] }, { "id": "46816", "question": "who took over the house in 1995 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "Speaker Newt Gingrich" } ] }, { "id": "46817", "question": "how many terms did the tenure of committee chairs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 317, "text": "three two-year terms" } ] }, { "id": "46818", "question": "who vetoed many elements of the contract ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 407, "text": "President Bill Clinton" } ] }, { "id": "46819", "question": "in what year did the republicans retook the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 691, "text": "2011" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Under Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution, seats in the House of Representatives are apportioned among the states by population, as determined by the census conducted every ten years. Each state, however, is entitled to at least one Representative.", "qas": [ { "id": "46820", "question": "what is the name of the section of the constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "Section 2 of the Constitution" } ] }, { "id": "46821", "question": "how long are the seats in the house of representatives ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "the census conducted every ten years" } ] }, { "id": "46822", "question": "how many representative is each state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "at least one Representative" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The only constitutional rule relating to the size of the House states: \"The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative.\" Congress regularly increased the size of the House to account for population growth until it fixed the number of voting House members at 435 in 1911. The number was temporarily increased to 437 in 1959 upon the admission of Alaska and Hawaii (seating one representative from each of those states without changing existing apportionment), and returned to 435 four years later, after the reapportionment consequent to the 1960 census.", "qas": [ { "id": "46823", "question": "what is the only constitutional rule of the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand" } ] }, { "id": "46824", "question": "what was the name of the population of the house house members ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 343, "text": "435" } ] }, { "id": "46825", "question": "what was the number of number of number of hawaii in 1959 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 396, "text": "437" } ] }, { "id": "46826", "question": "in what year was the number of number temporarily increased in alaska ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 403, "text": "1959" } ] }, { "id": "46827", "question": "what two countries were increased in 1959 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 430, "text": "Alaska and Hawaii" } ] }, { "id": "46828", "question": "how many years did the number of years of alaska take in 1959 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 560, "text": "435 four years" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Constitution does not provide for the representation of the District of Columbia or of territories. The District of Columbia and the territories of Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands are each represented by one non-voting delegate. Puerto Rico elects a Resident Commissioner, but other than having a four-year term, the Resident Commissioner's role is identical to the delegates from the other territories. The five Delegates and Resident Commissioner may participate in debates; prior to 2011, they were also allowed to vote in committees and the Committee of the Whole when their votes would not be decisive.", "qas": [ { "id": "46829", "question": "what are the virgin islands each represented by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "one non-voting delegate" } ] }, { "id": "46830", "question": "what is the commissioner of puerto rico ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 382, "text": "Resident Commissioner's role is identical to the delegates from the other territories" } ] }, { "id": "46831", "question": "what may participate in debates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 469, "text": "The five Delegates and Resident Commissioner" } ] } ] }, { "context": "States that are entitled to more than one Representative are divided into single-member districts. This has been a federal statutory requirement since 1967. Prior to that law, general ticket representation was used by some states.", "qas": [ { "id": "46832", "question": "states that are entitled to more than one representative are divided into what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "single-member districts" } ] }, { "id": "46833", "question": "in what year did statutory requirement become a federal requirement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "1967" } ] } ] }, { "context": "States typically redraw district boundaries after each census, though they may do so at other times, such as the 2003 Texas redistricting. Each state determines its own district boundaries, either through legislation or through non-partisan panels. \"Malapportionment\" is unconstitutional and districts must be approximately equal in population (see \"Wesberry v. Sanders\"). Additionally, Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibits redistricting plans that are intended to, or have the effect of, discriminating against racial or language minority voters. Aside from malapportionment and discrimination against racial or language minorities, federal courts have allowed state legislatures to engage in gerrymandering for the benefit of political parties or incumbents. In a 1984 case, \"Davis v. Bandemer,\" the Supreme Court held that gerrymandered districts could be struck down on the basis of the Equal Protection Clause, but the Court did not articulate a standard for when districts are impermissibly gerrymandered. However, the court overruled Davis in 2004 in \"Vieth v. Jubelirer,\" and Court precedent currently holds gerrymandering to be a political question. According to calculations made by Burt Neuborne using criteria set forth by the American Political Science Association, about 40 seats, less than 10% of the House membership, are chosen through a genuinely contested electoral process, given bipartisan gerrymandering.", "qas": [ { "id": "46834", "question": "what was the name of the supreme court held in 1984 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 794, "text": "Davis v. Bandemer" } ] }, { "id": "46835", "question": "how much of the house membership is chosen by the american political science association ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1321, "text": "10%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for representatives. Each representative must: (1) be at least twenty-five years old; (2) have been a citizen of the United States for the past seven years; and (3) be (at the time of the election) an inhabitant of the state they represent. Members are not required to live in the district they represent, but they traditionally do. The age and citizenship qualifications for representatives are less than those for senators. The constitutional requirements of Article I, Section 2 for election to Congress are the maximum requirements that can be imposed on a candidate. Therefore, Article I, Section 5, which permits each House to be the judge of the qualifications of its own members does not permit either House to establish additional qualifications. Likewise a State could not establish additional qualifications.", "qas": [ { "id": "46836", "question": "how many qualifications does article i , section 2 of the constitution sets ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "46837", "question": "what is the representative of each representative ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "twenty-five years old" } ] }, { "id": "46838", "question": "what is each representative of the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "a citizen of the United States for the past seven years" } ] }, { "id": "46839", "question": "what is the representative of the representative of the state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 265, "text": "an inhabitant of the state they represent" } ] }, { "id": "46840", "question": "what do article i , section 5 , section 5 , section 5 , section 5 , section 5 , section 5 , which permits each house to be ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 703, "text": "the judge of the qualifications of its own members does not permit either House to establish additional qualifications" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Disqualification: under the Fourteenth Amendment, a federal or state officer who takes the requisite oath to support the Constitution, but later engages in rebellion or aids the enemies of the United States, is disqualified from becoming a representative. This post\u2013Civil War provision was intended to prevent those who sided with the Confederacy from serving. However, disqualified individuals may serve if they gain the consent of two-thirds of both houses of Congress.", "qas": [ { "id": "46841", "question": "what is the federal or state officer who takes the requisite oath ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Disqualification" } ] }, { "id": "46842", "question": "what is disqualification ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "a federal or state officer who takes the requisite oath to support the Constitution" } ] }, { "id": "46843", "question": "where did the fourteenth amendment take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "rebellion or aids the enemies of the United States" } ] }, { "id": "46844", "question": "what was the civil war intended to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "prevent those who sided with the Confederacy from serving" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Elections for representatives are held in every even-numbered year, on Election Day the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. By law, Representatives must be elected from single-member districts. After a census is taken (in a year ending in 0), the year ending in 2 is the first year in which elections for U.S. House districts are based on that census (with the Congress based on those districts starting its term on the following Jan. 3).", "qas": [ { "id": "46845", "question": "when did the elections of elections begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "Election Day the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November" } ] }, { "id": "46846", "question": "representatives must be elected from what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "single-member districts" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In most states, major party candidates for each district are nominated in partisan primary elections, typically held in spring to late summer. In some states, the Republican and Democratic parties choose their respective candidates for each district in their political conventions in spring or early summer, which often use unanimous voice votes to reflect either confidence in the incumbent or the result of bargaining in earlier private discussions. Exceptions can result in so-called floor fight\u2014convention votes by delegates, with outcomes that can be hard to predict. Especially if a convention is closely divided, a losing candidate may contend further by meeting the conditions for a primary election.", "qas": [ { "id": "46847", "question": "where are major party candidates nominated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "partisan primary elections" } ] }, { "id": "46848", "question": "what do the republican and democratic parties choose to reflect voice votes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "the Republican and Democratic parties choose their respective candidates for each district in their political conventions in spring or early summer" } ] }, { "id": "46849", "question": "what do the republican and democratic parties use in spring or early summer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "unanimous voice votes to reflect either confidence in the incumbent or the result of bargaining in earlier private discussions" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The courts generally do not consider ballot access rules for independent and third party candidates to be additional qualifications for holding office and there are no federal regulations regarding ballot access. As a result, the process to gain ballot access varies greatly from state to state, and, in the case of a third party may be affected by results of previous years' elections.", "qas": [ { "id": "46850", "question": "what do the courts do", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "do not consider ballot access rules for independent and third party candidates to be additional qualifications for holding office and there are no federal regulations regarding ballot access" } ] }, { "id": "46851", "question": "what is a result of the process of a third party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "the process to gain ballot access varies greatly from state to state" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1967, the United States Congress passed the Uniform Congressional District Act, which requires almost all representatives be elected from single-member-districts, Following the Wesberry v. Sanders decision, Congress was motivated by fears that courts would impose at-large plurality districts on states that did not redistrict to comply with the new mandates for districts roughly equal in population, and Congress also sought to prevent attempts by southern states to use such voting systems to dilute the vote of racial minorities. Several states have used multi-member districts in the past, although only two states (Hawaii and Maine) used multi-member districts in 1967. Hawaii and Maine were made exempt from the Uniform Congressional District Act, and are free to use multi-member districts, although neither state chooses to do so.", "qas": [ { "id": "46852", "question": "when was the uniform congressional district act passed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1967" } ] }, { "id": "46853", "question": "what act did the united states use in 1967 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "Uniform Congressional District Act" } ] }, { "id": "46854", "question": "who motivated the uniform congressional district act ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "Wesberry v. Sanders" } ] }, { "id": "46855", "question": "in what year were the multi-member districts used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 673, "text": "1967" } ] }, { "id": "46856", "question": "where were hawaii and maine made exempt from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 722, "text": "Uniform Congressional District Act" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Louisiana is unique in that it holds an all-party \"primary election\" on the general Election Day with a subsequent runoff election between the top two finishers (regardless of party) if no candidate received a majority in the primary. The states of Washington and California now use a similar (though not identical) system to that used by Louisiana. Seats vacated during a term are filled through special elections, unless the vacancy occurs closer to the next general election date than a pre-established deadline. The term of a member chosen in a special election usually begins the next day, or as soon as the results are certified.", "qas": [ { "id": "46857", "question": "what does louisiana have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "an all-party \"primary election\"" } ] }, { "id": "46858", "question": "what election does louisiana have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "the general Election Day with a subsequent runoff election between the top two finishers" } ] }, { "id": "46859", "question": "why does louisiana have a primary election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "if no candidate received a majority in the primary" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Additionally, Washington D.C. and the five inhabited U.S. territories each elect a non-voting delegate. With the exception of the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico, each representative and delegate serves for a two-year term. They have a voice on the floor, but cannot vote there. They have a voice and a vote on their committees.", "qas": [ { "id": "46860", "question": "what is the name of the non-voting delegate in washington ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "Washington D.C. and the five inhabited U.S. territories each elect a non-voting delegate" } ] }, { "id": "46861", "question": "who serves for a two-year term ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico" } ] }, { "id": "46862", "question": "how long is the representative of the commissioner of puerto rico ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "a two-year term" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Representatives and Delegates serve for two-year terms, while the Resident Commissioner serves for four years. The Constitution permits the House to expel a member with a two-thirds vote. In the history of the United States, only five members have been expelled from the House; in 1861, three were removed for supporting the Confederate states' secession: John Bullock Clark (D-MO), John William Reid (D-MO), and Henry Cornelius Burnett (D-KY). Michael Myers (D-PA) was expelled after his criminal conviction for accepting bribes in 1980, and James Traficant (D-OH) was expelled in 2002 following his conviction for corruption. The House also has the power to formally censure or reprimand its members; censure or reprimand of a member requires only a simple majority, and does not remove that member from office.", "qas": [ { "id": "46863", "question": "how long does the resident commissioner commissioner last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "four years" } ] }, { "id": "46864", "question": "how many members have been expelled from the house of the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "five" } ] }, { "id": "46865", "question": "in what year did john william reid die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "1861" } ] }, { "id": "46866", "question": "what was the name of the only members of the confederate states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 413, "text": "Henry Cornelius Burnett" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As a check on the regional, popular, and rapidly changing politics of the House, the Senate has several distinct powers. For example, the \"advice and consent\" powers (such as the power to approve treaties) are a sole Senate privilege. The House, however, has the exclusive power to initiate bills for raising revenue, to impeach officials, and to choose the President in the event that a presidential candidate fails to get a majority of the Electoral College votes. The Senate and House are further differentiated by term lengths and the number of districts represented: the Senate has longer terms of six years, fewer members (currently one hundred, two for each state), and (in all but seven delegations) larger constituencies per member. The Senate is informally referred to as the \"upper\" house, and the House of Representatives as the \"lower\" house.", "qas": [ { "id": "46867", "question": "what are the power to approve treaties ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "the \"advice and consent\" powers" } ] }, { "id": "46868", "question": "what is the `` advice and consent '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "the power to approve treaties) are a sole Senate privilege" } ] }, { "id": "46869", "question": "what does the house have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "the exclusive power to initiate bills for raising revenue, to impeach officials, and to choose the President in the event that a presidential candidate fails to get a majority of the Electoral College votes" } ] }, { "id": "46870", "question": "how many delegations of districts are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 689, "text": "seven delegations) larger constituencies per member" } ] }, { "id": "46871", "question": "what is the senate referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 782, "text": "the \"upper\" house, and the House of Representatives as the \"lower\" house" } ] } ] }, { "context": ", the annual salary of each Representative is $174,000. The Speaker of the House and the Majority and Minority Leaders earn more: $223,500 for the Speaker and $193,400 for their party leaders (the same as Senate leaders). A cost-of-living-adjustment (COLA) increase takes effect annually unless Congress votes to not accept it. Congress sets members' salaries; however, the Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits a change in salary (but not COLA) from taking effect until after the next election of the whole House. Representatives are eligible for retirement benefits after serving for five years. Outside pay is limited to 15% of congressional pay, and certain types of income involving a fiduciary responsibility or personal endorsement are prohibited.", "qas": [ { "id": "46872", "question": "what is the annual salary of each representative ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "$174,000" } ] }, { "id": "46873", "question": "how much did the speaker of the house and the majority and majority and majority and minority leaders earn for the speaker ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "$223,500" } ] }, { "id": "46874", "question": "how much did the speaker of the house leaders cost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "$193,400" } ] }, { "id": "46875", "question": "what happens to the speaker of the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "increase takes effect annually unless Congress votes to not accept it" } ] }, { "id": "46876", "question": "how long are representatives of representatives eligible for retirement benefits ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 617, "text": "five years" } ] }, { "id": "46877", "question": "what percentage of congressional pay is outside of pay ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 655, "text": "15%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Representatives use the prefix \"The Honorable\" before their names. A member of the House is referred to as a \"Representative\", \"Congressman\", or \"Congresswoman\". While Senators are members of Congress, the terms \"Congressman\" and \"Congresswoman\" are not generally used by them.", "qas": [ { "id": "46878", "question": "what do representatives call the prefix ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "The Honorable\" before their names" } ] }, { "id": "46879", "question": "what is the member of the house referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "a \"Representative\", \"Congressman\", or \"Congresswoman\"" } ] }, { "id": "46880", "question": "what are not used by senators ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "the terms \"Congressman\" and \"Congresswoman\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "All members of Congress are automatically (without the option of withdrawal) enrolled in the Federal Employees Retirement System, a pension system also used for federal civil servants. They become eligible to receive benefits after five years of service (two and one-half terms in the House). The FERS is composed of three elements:", "qas": [ { "id": "46881", "question": "what is the name of the system that all members of congress are used for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "Federal Employees Retirement System" } ] }, { "id": "46882", "question": "what do the federal employees retirement system used for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "federal civil servants" } ] }, { "id": "46883", "question": "how many terms of service are there in the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 255, "text": "two and one-half" } ] }, { "id": "46884", "question": "how many elements are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 317, "text": "three elements" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nMembers of Congress may retire with full benefits at age 62 after five years of service, at age 50 after twenty years of service, and at any age after twenty-five years of service. They may retire with reduced benefits at ages 55 to 59 after five years of service. Depending on birth year, they may receive a reduced pension after ten years of service if they are between 55 years and 57 years of age.", "qas": [ { "id": "46885", "question": "members of congress may retire with how many years ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "62" } ] }, { "id": "46886", "question": "members of congress may retire with how many years ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "50" } ] }, { "id": "46887", "question": "how long do members of congress retire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "55 to 59 after five years" } ] }, { "id": "46888", "question": "how long are members of congress between 55 service and congress of congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 373, "text": "55 years and 57 years" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Members of Congress are permitted to deduct up to $3,000 of living expenses per year incurred while living away from their district or home state.", "qas": [ { "id": "46889", "question": "what are members of congress permitted to deduct ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "$3,000 of living expenses per year incurred while living away from their district or home state" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Prior to 2014, members of Congress and their staff had access to essentially the same health benefits as federal civil servants; they could voluntarily enroll in the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program (FEHBP), an employer-sponsored health insurance program, and were eligible to participate in other programs, such as the Federal Flexible Spending Account Program (FSAFEDS).", "qas": [ { "id": "46890", "question": "in what year did members of congress and their staff participate in the federal employees ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "2014" } ] }, { "id": "46891", "question": "prior to 2014 , what did members of the staff access to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "Congress and their staff had access to essentially the same health benefits as federal civil servants" } ] }, { "id": "46892", "question": "what did members of congress voluntarily enroll in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "Federal Employees Health Benefits Program" } ] }, { "id": "46893", "question": "what type of program did the federal flexible health benefits program ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "an employer-sponsored health insurance program" } ] }, { "id": "46894", "question": "what is the name of the program that were eligible to participate in the federal employees ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 329, "text": "Federal Flexible Spending Account Program" } ] } ] }, { "context": "However, Section 1312(d)(3)(D) of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) provided that the only health plans that the federal government can make available to members of Congress and certain congressional staff are those created under the ACA or offered through a health care exchange. The Office of Personnel Management promulgated a final rule to comply with Section 1312(d)(3)(D). Under the rule, effective January 1, 2014, members and designated staff are no longer able to purchase FEHBP plans as active employees. However, if members enroll in a health plan offered through a Small Business Health Options Program (SHOP) exchange, they remain eligible for an employer contribution toward coverage, and members and designated staff who are eligible for retirement may enroll in a FEHBP plan upon retirement.", "qas": [ { "id": "46895", "question": "what provided that the only health plans that the federal government can make available to members of congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Section 1312(d)(3)(D) of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act" } ] }, { "id": "46896", "question": "what did members of members enroll through ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 596, "text": "Small Business Health Options Program" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The ACA and the final rule do not affect members' or staffers' eligibility for Medicare benefits. The ACA and the final rule also do not affect members' and staffers' eligibility for other health benefits related to federal employment, so current members and staff are eligible to participate in FSAFEDS (which has three options within the program), the Federal Employees Dental and Vision Insurance Program, and the Federal Long Term Care Insurance Program.", "qas": [ { "id": "46897", "question": "what is the final rule of the final rule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The ACA and the final rule do not affect members' or staffers' eligibility for Medicare benefits" } ] }, { "id": "46898", "question": "what does the final rule of members and staff have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "The ACA and the final rule also do not affect members' and staffers' eligibility for other health benefits related to federal employment" } ] }, { "id": "46899", "question": "where are current members and staff eligible to participate in the program ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "FSAFEDS" } ] }, { "id": "46900", "question": "what is the name of the federal employees that do not affect members ' eligibility ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 354, "text": "Federal Employees Dental and Vision Insurance Program" } ] }, { "id": "46901", "question": "what is the name of the term for the federal employees that do not affect members ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 417, "text": "Federal Long Term Care Insurance Program" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There is an Office of the Attending Physician at the U.S. Capitol, which current members may seek health care from for an annual fee. The attending physician provides routine exams, consultations, and certain diagnostics, and may write prescriptions (although it does not dispense them). The office does not provide vision or dental care.", "qas": [ { "id": "46902", "question": "what is the office of the capitol ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 12, "text": "Office of the Attending Physician" } ] }, { "id": "46903", "question": "where is the physician office located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "U.S. Capitol" } ] }, { "id": "46904", "question": "what are the attending physician ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "routine exams, consultations, and certain diagnostics" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Current members (but not their dependents, and not former members) may also receive medical and emergency dental care at military treatment facilities. There is no charge for outpatient care if it is provided in the National Capital Region, but members are billed at full reimbursement rates (set by the Department of Defense) for inpatient care. (Outside the National Capital Region, charges are at full reimbursement rates for both inpatient and outpatient care).", "qas": [ { "id": "46905", "question": "what are two members of current members ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "not their dependents, and not former members" } ] }, { "id": "46906", "question": "what do current members of current members receive ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "medical and emergency dental care at military treatment facilities" } ] }, { "id": "46907", "question": "where is there no charge for outpatient care ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "National Capital Region" } ] }, { "id": "46908", "question": "what are members of members billed billed at ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "full reimbursement rates" } ] }, { "id": "46909", "question": "what are charges of charges at the national capital region ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "full reimbursement rates for both inpatient and outpatient care" } ] } ] }, { "context": "House members are eligible for a Member's Representational Allowance (MRA) to support them in their official and representational duties to their district. The MRA is calculated based on three components: one for personnel, one for official office expenses and one for official or franked mail. The personnel allowance is the same for all members; the office and mail allowances vary based on the members' district's distance from Washington, D.C., the cost of office space in the member's district, and the number of non-business addresses in their district. These three components are used to calculate a single MRA that can fund any expense\u2014even though each component is calculated individually, the franking allowance can be used to pay for personnel expenses if the member so chooses. In 2011 this allowance averaged $1.4 million per member, and ranged from $1.35 to $1.67 million.", "qas": [ { "id": "46910", "question": "what are house members eligible to support ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "Representational Allowance" } ] }, { "id": "46911", "question": "how much money did this allowance cost in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 822, "text": "$1.4 million" } ] }, { "id": "46912", "question": "how much did the allowance cost in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 872, "text": "$1.67 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Personnel allowance was $944,671 per member in 2010. Each member may employ no more than 18 permanent employees. Members' employees' salary is capped at $168,411 as of 2009.", "qas": [ { "id": "46913", "question": "what was the personnel allowance in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "$944,671 per member" } ] }, { "id": "46914", "question": "how many permanent employees does the member of each year have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "no more than 18 permanent employees" } ] }, { "id": "46915", "question": "what is the salary ' salary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "$168,411" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Each member-elect and one staffer can be paid for one round trip between their home in their congressional district and Washington, D.C. for organization caucuses.", "qas": [ { "id": "46916", "question": "what is the staffer and one staffer and one staffer trip for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "one round trip between their home in their congressional district and Washington, D.C. for organization caucuses" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The party with a majority of seats in the House is known as the majority party. The next-largest party is the minority party. The Speaker, committee chairs, and some other officials are generally from the majority party; they have counterparts (for instance, the \"ranking members\" of committees) in the minority party.\nThe Constitution provides that the House may choose its own Speaker. Although not explicitly required by the Constitution, every Speaker has been a member of the House. The Constitution does not specify the duties and powers of the Speaker, which are instead regulated by the rules and customs of the House. Speakers have a role both as a leader of the House and the leader of their party (which need not be the majority party; theoretically, a member of the minority party could be elected as Speaker with the support of a fraction of members of the majority party). Under the Presidential Succession Act (1947), the Speaker is second in the line of presidential succession behind the Vice President.", "qas": [ { "id": "46917", "question": "what is the majority of seats in the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "the majority party" } ] }, { "id": "46918", "question": "what is the next-largest party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "the minority party" } ] }, { "id": "46919", "question": "what does the constitution provide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 350, "text": "the House may choose its own Speaker" } ] }, { "id": "46920", "question": "when was the presidential succession act passed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 926, "text": "1947" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Speaker is the presiding officer of the House but does not preside over every debate. Instead, he delegates the responsibility of presiding to other members in most cases. The presiding officer sits in a chair in the front of the House chamber. The powers of the presiding officer are extensive; one important power is that of controlling the order in which members of the House speak. No member may make a speech or a motion unless he or she has first been recognized by the presiding officer. Moreover, the presiding officer may rule on a \"point of order\" (a member's objection that a rule has been breached); the decision is subject to appeal to the whole House.", "qas": [ { "id": "46921", "question": "what is the speaker of the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 15, "text": "the presiding officer of the House but does not preside over every debate" } ] }, { "id": "46922", "question": "what did the speaker do to the responsibility of presiding members ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "he delegates the responsibility of presiding to other members in most cases" } ] }, { "id": "46923", "question": "where does the presiding officer live ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "a chair in the front of the House chamber" } ] }, { "id": "46924", "question": "what is the important power of the presiding officer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 331, "text": "controlling the order in which members of the House speak" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Speakers serve as chairs of their party's steering committee, which is responsible for assigning party members to other House committees. The Speaker chooses the chairmen of standing committees, appoints most of the members of the Rules Committee, appoints all members of conference committees, and determines which committees consider bills.", "qas": [ { "id": "46925", "question": "what is responsible for assigning party members ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "chairs of their party's steering committee" } ] }, { "id": "46926", "question": "what is the steering committee responsible for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "assigning party members to other House committees" } ] }, { "id": "46927", "question": "who appoints most of the members of the rules committee ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "The Speaker chooses the chairmen of standing committees" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Each party elects a floor leader, who is known as the Majority Leader or Minority Leader. The Minority Leader heads his party in the House, and the Majority Leader is his party's second-highest-ranking official, behind the Speaker. Party leaders decide what legislation members of their party should either support or oppose.", "qas": [ { "id": "46928", "question": "what is the name of the floor leader ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "Majority Leader or Minority Leader" } ] }, { "id": "46929", "question": "who is the minority leader official ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "The Minority Leader heads his party in the House, and the Majority Leader" } ] }, { "id": "46930", "question": "what is the majority of the majority leader of the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "his party's second-highest-ranking official" } ] }, { "id": "46931", "question": "what did party leaders say about their party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "legislation members of their party should either support or oppose" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Each party also elects a whip, who works to ensure that the party's members vote as the party leadership desires. The current majority whip in the House of Representatives is Steve Scalise, who is a member of the Republican Party. The current minority whip is Steny Hoyer, who is a member of the Democratic Party. The whip is supported by chief deputy whips.", "qas": [ { "id": "46932", "question": "what does each party ensure ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "the party's members vote as the party leadership desires" } ] }, { "id": "46933", "question": "who is the current majority whip in the house of representatives ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "Steve Scalise" } ] }, { "id": "46934", "question": "who is steve scalise ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "Republican Party" } ] }, { "id": "46935", "question": "who is the current minority whip ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "Steny Hoyer" } ] }, { "id": "46936", "question": "who supported the whip ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 339, "text": "chief deputy whips" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 112th Congress, the Democratic Party has an additional Assistant Minority Leader, Jim Clyburn, who ranks between the whips and the caucus/conference chair.", "qas": [ { "id": "46937", "question": "who is the assistant minority leader ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Jim Clyburn" } ] }, { "id": "46938", "question": "where does jim clyburn live ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "the whips and the caucus/conference chair" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After the whips, the next ranking official in the House party's leadership is the Party Conference Chair (styled as the Republican Conference Chair and Democratic Caucus Chair).", "qas": [ { "id": "46939", "question": "what is the next ranking in the house party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "the Party Conference Chair" } ] }, { "id": "46940", "question": "what is the name of the chair chair ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "Republican Conference Chair and Democratic Caucus Chair" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After the Conference Chair, there are differences between each party's subsequent leadership ranks. After the Democratic Caucus Chair is the Campaign Committee Chair (Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee), then the co-chairs of the Steering Committee. For the Republicans it is the Chair of the House Republican Policy Committee, followed by the Campaign Committee Chairman (styled as the National Republican Congressional Committee).", "qas": [ { "id": "46941", "question": "what are the differences between the conference and the conference ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "differences between each party's subsequent leadership ranks" } ] }, { "id": "46942", "question": "what is the democratic caucus chair ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "Campaign Committee Chair (Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee" } ] }, { "id": "46943", "question": "what is the name of the democratic congressional campaign ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "the co-chairs of the Steering Committee" } ] }, { "id": "46944", "question": "what is the name of the republicans it 's committee ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "the Chair of the House Republican Policy Committee" } ] }, { "id": "46945", "question": "who followed the house republican policy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 349, "text": "the Campaign Committee Chairman" } ] }, { "id": "46946", "question": "who is the chairman of the campaign ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 392, "text": "the National Republican Congressional Committee" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The chairs of House committees, particularly influential standing committees such as Appropriations, Ways and Means, and Rules, are powerful but not officially part of House leadership hierarchy. Until the post of Majority Leader was created, the Chair of Ways and Means was the \"de facto\" majority leader.", "qas": [ { "id": "46947", "question": "what are some influential committees ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "Appropriations, Ways and Means, and Rules" } ] }, { "id": "46948", "question": "what is the house committees not part of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "House leadership hierarchy" } ] }, { "id": "46949", "question": "what was the `` de facto '' majority leader ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 243, "text": "the Chair of Ways and Means" } ] }, { "id": "46950", "question": "what was the chair of majority leader created by the post ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "de facto\" majority leader" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When the Presidency and Senate are controlled by a different party from the one controlling the House, the Speaker can become the \"de facto\" \"leader of the opposition\". Some notable examples include Tip O'Neill in the 1980s, Newt Gingrich in the 1990s, and John Boehner and Paul Ryan in the 2010s. Since the Speaker is a partisan officer with substantial power to control the business of the House, the position is often used for partisan advantage.", "qas": [ { "id": "46951", "question": "what is the speaker of the speaker of the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "de facto\" \"leader of the opposition" } ] }, { "id": "46952", "question": "what was the name of the notable examples of newt gingrich ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "Tip O'Neill" } ] }, { "id": "46953", "question": "who were two of the tip o'neill in the 2010s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "John Boehner and Paul Ryan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the Speaker normally takes a low profile and defers to the President. For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a \"de facto\" \"leader of the opposition\", often more so than the Senate Minority Leader, due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership.", "qas": [ { "id": "46954", "question": "what two factors are controlled by the speaker of congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "the Presidency and both Houses of Congress" } ] }, { "id": "46955", "question": "how many party party are controlled by the presidency ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "one party" } ] }, { "id": "46956", "question": "what is the speaker of the speaker ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "the Speaker normally takes a low profile and defers to the President" } ] }, { "id": "46957", "question": "what can the house minority leader play ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "\"de facto\" \"leader of the opposition" } ] }, { "id": "46958", "question": "who can play the role of a `` leader of the opposition '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 293, "text": "Senate Minority Leader" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The House is also served by several officials who are not members. The House's chief officer is the Clerk, who maintains public records, prepares documents, and oversees junior officials, including pages, until the junior position's discontinuation in 2011. The Clerk also presides over the House at the beginning of each new Congress pending the election of a Speaker. Another officer is the Chief Administrative Officer, responsible for the day-to-day administrative support to the House of Representatives. This includes everything from payroll to foodservice.", "qas": [ { "id": "46959", "question": "who oversees junior officials ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "the Clerk" } ] }, { "id": "46960", "question": "when did the junior position begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "2011" } ] }, { "id": "46961", "question": "who is responsible for the day-to-day administrative support to the house of representatives ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 393, "text": "Chief Administrative Officer" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The position of Chief Administrative Officer (CAO) was created by the 104th Congress following the 1994 mid-term elections, replacing the positions of Doorkeeper and Director of Non-Legislative and Financial Services (created by the previous congress to administer the non-partisan functions of the House). The CAO also assumed some of the responsibilities of the House Information Services, which previously had been controlled directly by the Committee on House Administration, then headed by Representative Charlie Rose of North Carolina, along with the House \"Folding Room\".", "qas": [ { "id": "46962", "question": "what was the name of the position that was created by the cao congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 16, "text": "Chief Administrative Officer" } ] }, { "id": "46963", "question": "who created the position of chief administrative officer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "104th Congress" } ] }, { "id": "46964", "question": "when was the position of chief administrative officer created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "1994 mid-term elections" } ] }, { "id": "46965", "question": "what positions were created by the previous congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "Doorkeeper and Director of Non-Legislative and Financial Services" } ] }, { "id": "46966", "question": "what did the cao also assumed some of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 364, "text": "House Information Services" } ] }, { "id": "46967", "question": "who headed the responsibilities of house information ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 495, "text": "Representative Charlie Rose of North Carolina" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Chaplain leads the House in prayer at the opening of the day. There is also a Sergeant at Arms, who as the House's chief law enforcement officer maintains order and security on House premises. Finally, routine police work is handled by the United States Capitol Police, which is supervised by the Capitol Police Board, a body to which the Sergeant at Arms belongs.", "qas": [ { "id": "46968", "question": "who handled police work ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "United States Capitol Police" } ] }, { "id": "46969", "question": "who supervised the police work ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 301, "text": "Capitol Police Board" } ] }, { "id": "46970", "question": "what is the capitol of capitol ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 339, "text": "the Sergeant at Arms belongs" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Like the Senate, the House of Representatives meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. At one end of the chamber of the House is a rostrum from which the Speaker, Speaker Pro Tempore, or (when in the Committee of the Whole) the Chair presides. The lower tier of the rostrum is used by clerks and other officials. Members' seats are arranged in the chamber in a semicircular pattern facing the rostrum and are divided by a wide central aisle. By tradition, Democrats sit on the left of the center aisle, while Republicans sit on the right, facing the presiding officer's chair. Sittings are normally held on weekdays; meetings on Saturdays and Sundays are rare. Sittings of the House are generally open to the public; visitors must obtain a House Gallery pass from a congressional office. Sittings are broadcast live on television and have been streamed live on C-SPAN since March 19, 1979, and on \"HouseLive\", the official streaming service operated by the Clerk, since the early 2010s.", "qas": [ { "id": "46971", "question": "who is the speaker of the chair ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "Speaker Pro Tempore" } ] }, { "id": "46972", "question": "what is the speaker of the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "Committee of the Whole) the Chair presides" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The procedure of the House depends not only on the rules, but also on a variety of customs, precedents, and traditions. In many cases, the House waives some of its stricter rules (including time limits on debates) by unanimous consent. A member may block a unanimous consent agreement; in practice, objections are rare. The presiding officer, the Speaker of the House enforces the rules of the House, and may warn members who deviate from them. The Speaker uses a gavel to maintain order. The box in which legislation is placed to be considered by the House is called the hopper.", "qas": [ { "id": "46973", "question": "what are the variety of the house of the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "customs, precedents, and traditions" } ] }, { "id": "46974", "question": "what are the stricter rules of stricter rules ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "unanimous consent" } ] }, { "id": "46975", "question": "what is a member of a member of a member ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "A member may block a unanimous consent agreement" } ] }, { "id": "46976", "question": "what is the presiding officer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 343, "text": "the Speaker of the House enforces the rules of the House" } ] }, { "id": "46977", "question": "what is the box in the house called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 572, "text": "hopper" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In one of its first resolutions, the U.S. House of Representatives established the Office of the Sergeant at Arms. In an American tradition adopted from English custom in 1789 by the first Speaker of the House, Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania, the Mace of the United States House of Representatives is used to open all sessions of the House. It is also used during the inaugural ceremonies for all Presidents of the United States. For daily sessions of the House, the sergeant at Arms carries the mace in front of the Speaker in procession to the rostrum. It is placed on a green marble pedestal to the Speaker's right. When the House is in committee, the mace is moved to a pedestal next to the desk of the Sergeant at Arms.", "qas": [ { "id": "46978", "question": "what did the u.s. house of representatives establish ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "Office of the Sergeant at Arms" } ] }, { "id": "46979", "question": "in what year was english custom adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "1789" } ] }, { "id": "46980", "question": "who is the first speaker of the house of representatives ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania" } ] }, { "id": "46981", "question": "what is used to open all sessions of the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "Mace of the United States House of Representatives" } ] }, { "id": "46982", "question": "what is the purpose of the united states house of representatives ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 315, "text": "open all sessions of the House" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Constitution provides that a majority of the House constitutes a quorum to do business. Under the rules and customs of the House, a quorum is always assumed present unless a quorum call explicitly demonstrates otherwise. House rules prevent a member from making a point of order that a quorum is not present unless a question is being voted on. The presiding officer does not accept a point of order of no quorum during general debate, or when a question is not before the House.", "qas": [ { "id": "46983", "question": "what does the constitution provide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "a majority of the House constitutes a quorum to do business" } ] }, { "id": "46984", "question": "what is a quorum and customs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "a quorum is always assumed present unless a quorum call explicitly demonstrates otherwise" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During debates, a member may speak only if called upon by the presiding officer. The presiding officer decides which members to recognize, and can therefore control the course of debate. All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer, using the words \"Mr. Speaker\" or \"Madam Speaker\". Only the presiding officer may be directly addressed in speeches; other members must be referred to in the third person. In most cases, members do not refer to each other only by name, but also by state, using forms such as \"the gentleman from Virginia\", \"the distinguished gentlewoman from California\", or \"my distinguished friend from Alabama\". Unlike the practice in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, members refer to each other as friends regardless of whether they are members of the same party.", "qas": [ { "id": "46985", "question": "who may speak a member of a debates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "the presiding officer" } ] }, { "id": "46986", "question": "what are the names of the words that all speeches must be addressed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "Mr. Speaker\" or \"Madam Speaker" } ] }, { "id": "46987", "question": "what is the name of the state that members do not refer to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 518, "text": "\"the gentleman from Virginia\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are 448 permanent seats on the House Floor and four tables, two on each side. These tables are occupied by members of the committee that have brought a bill to the floor for consideration and by the respective party leadership. Members address the House from microphones at any table or \"the well,\" the area immediately in front of the rostrum.", "qas": [ { "id": "46988", "question": "how many permanent seats are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "448" } ] }, { "id": "46989", "question": "what are the seats of the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "House Floor and four tables" } ] }, { "id": "46990", "question": "who occupied the committee ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "members of the committee that have brought a bill to the floor for consideration and by the respective party leadership" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Per the constitution, the House determines the rules according to which it passes legislation. The rules are in principle open to change with each new Congress, but in practice each new session amends a standing set of rules built up over the history of the body in an early resolution published for public inspection. Before legislation reaches the floor of the House, the Rules Committee normally passes a rule to govern debate on that measure (which then must be passed by the full House before it becomes effective). For instance, the committee determines if amendments to the bill are permitted. An \"open rule\" permits all germane amendments, but a \"closed rule\" restricts or even prohibits amendment. Debate on a bill is generally restricted to one hour, equally divided between the majority and minority parties. Each side is led during the debate by a \"floor manager\", who allocates debate time to members who wish to speak. On contentious matters, many members may wish to speak; thus, a member may receive as little as one minute, or even thirty seconds, to make his/her point.", "qas": [ { "id": "46991", "question": "what is the house per constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "the House determines the rules according to which it passes legislation" } ] }, { "id": "46992", "question": "what are the rules of the rules of the body ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "principle open to change with each new Congress" } ] }, { "id": "46993", "question": "what does the rules of the house do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 370, "text": "the Rules Committee normally passes a rule to govern debate on that measure" } ] }, { "id": "46994", "question": "what is the committee determines by the committee ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 535, "text": "the committee determines if amendments to the bill are permitted" } ] }, { "id": "46995", "question": "what is the `` open rule '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 655, "text": "closed rule\" restricts or even prohibits amendment" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When debate concludes, the motion in question is put to a vote. In many cases, the House votes by voice vote; the presiding officer puts the question, and members respond either \"yea\" or \"aye\" (in favor of the motion) or \"nay\" or \"no\" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote. A member may however challenge the presiding officer's assessment and \"request the yeas and nays\" or \"request a recorded vote\". The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one-fifth of the members present. In practice, however, members of congress second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy. Some votes are always recorded, such as those on the annual budget.", "qas": [ { "id": "46996", "question": "what is the name of the vote that the house votes puts the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "voice vote" } ] }, { "id": "46997", "question": "what are the members of the presiding officer called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "\"yea\" or \"aye\"" } ] }, { "id": "46998", "question": "what are the two members of the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 221, "text": "\"nay\" or \"no\"" } ] }, { "id": "46999", "question": "what does the member of the presiding officer 's assessment mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 395, "text": "request the yeas and nays\" or \"request a recorded vote\"" } ] }, { "id": "47000", "question": "what is the request of the request of the request of a capacitor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 505, "text": "one-fifth of the members present" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A recorded vote may be taken in one of three different ways. One is electronically. Members use a personal identification card to record their votes at 46 voting stations in the chamber. Votes are usually held in this way. A second mode of recorded vote is by teller. Members hand in colored cards to indicate their votes: green for \"yea\", red for \"nay\", and orange for \"present\" (i.e., to abstain). Teller votes are normally held only when electronic voting breaks down. Finally, the House may conduct a roll call vote. The Clerk reads the list of members of the House, each of whom announces their vote when their name is called. This procedure is only used rarely (such as for the election of a Speaker) because of the time consumed by calling over four hundred names.", "qas": [ { "id": "47001", "question": "how many different ways can a recorded vote be found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "47002", "question": "how many voting stations are there in the chamber ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "46" } ] }, { "id": "47003", "question": "what is a second mode of recorded vote ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "teller" } ] }, { "id": "47004", "question": "what are votes normally held only when ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 441, "text": "electronic voting breaks down" } ] }, { "id": "47005", "question": "how many names did the time of the time of the time of the time of the time of a capacitor use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 747, "text": "over four hundred names" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Voting traditionally lasts for, at most, fifteen minutes, but it may be extended if the leadership needs to \"whip\" more members into alignment. The 2003 vote on the prescription drug benefit was open for three hours, from 3:00 to 6:00\u00a0a.m., to receive four additional votes, three of which were necessary to pass the legislation. The 2005 vote on the Central American Free Trade Agreement was open for one hour, from 11:00\u00a0p.m. to midnight. An October 2005 vote on facilitating refinery construction was kept open for forty minutes.", "qas": [ { "id": "47006", "question": "when was the 2003 vote open ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "3:00 to 6:00\u00a0a.m." } ] } ] }, { "context": "Presiding officers may vote like other members. They may not, however, vote twice in the event of a tie; rather, a tie vote defeats the motion.", "qas": [ { "id": "47007", "question": "what is a tie ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "a tie vote defeats the motion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The House uses committees and their subcommittees for a variety of purposes, including the review of bills and the oversight of the executive branch. The appointment of committee members is formally made by the whole House, but the choice of members is actually made by the political parties. Generally, each party honors the preferences of individual members, giving priority on the basis of seniority. Historically, membership on committees has been in rough proportion to the party's strength in the House as a whole, with two exceptions: on the Rules Committee, the majority party fills nine of the thirteen seats; and on the Ethics Committee, each party has an equal number of seats. However, when party control in the House is closely divided, extra seats on committees are sometimes allocated to the majority party. In the 109th Congress, for example, the Republicans controlled about 53% of the House as a whole, but had 54% of the Appropriations Committee members, 55% of the members on the Energy and Commerce Committee, 58% of the members on the Judiciary Committee, and 69% of the members on the Rules Committee.", "qas": [ { "id": "47008", "question": "the appointment of committee members is formally made by what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "the whole House" } ] }, { "id": "47009", "question": "what percentage of the house was the republicans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 892, "text": "53%" } ] }, { "id": "47010", "question": "what percentage of the appropriations committee members members of the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 929, "text": "54%" } ] }, { "id": "47011", "question": "what percentage of the members on the energy committee were on the energy and commerce committee ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 974, "text": "55%" } ] }, { "id": "47012", "question": "what percentage of the members on the judiciary committee were on the judiciary committee ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1031, "text": "58%" } ] }, { "id": "47013", "question": "what percentage of the members on the rules committee were on the rules committee ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1082, "text": "69%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The largest committee of the House is the Committee of the Whole, which, as its name suggests, consists of all members of the House. The Committee meets in the House chamber; it may consider and amend bills, but may not grant them final passage. Generally, the debate procedures of the Committee of the Whole are more flexible than those of the House itself. One advantage of the Committee of the Whole is its ability to include otherwise non-voting members of Congress.", "qas": [ { "id": "47014", "question": "what is the largest committee of the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "the Committee of the Whole" } ] }, { "id": "47015", "question": "what does the largest committee of the house consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "all members of the House" } ] }, { "id": "47016", "question": "what is the advantage of the committee of the committee ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 429, "text": "otherwise non-voting members of Congress" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most committee work is performed by twenty standing committees, each of which has jurisdiction over a specific set of issues, such as Agriculture or Foreign Affairs. Each standing committee considers, amends, and reports bills that fall under its jurisdiction. Committees have extensive powers with regard to bills; they may block legislation from reaching the floor of the House. Standing committees also oversee the departments and agencies of the executive branch. In discharging their duties, standing committees have the power to hold hearings and to subpoena witnesses and evidence.", "qas": [ { "id": "47017", "question": "who performed most committee work ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "twenty standing committees" } ] }, { "id": "47018", "question": "what are some of the issues that has jurisdiction over a specific set of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "Agriculture or Foreign Affairs" } ] }, { "id": "47019", "question": "what is the standing committee ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "Each standing committee considers, amends, and reports bills that fall under its jurisdiction" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The House also has one permanent committee that is not a standing committee, the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and from time to time may establish committees that are temporary and advisory in nature, such as the Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming. This latter committee, created in the 110th Congress and reauthorized for the 111th, has no jurisdiction over legislation and must be chartered anew at the start of every Congress. The House also appoints members to serve on joint committees, which include members of the Senate and House. Some joint committees oversee independent government bodies; for instance, the Joint Committee on the Library oversees the Library of Congress. Other joint committees serve to make advisory reports; for example, there exists a Joint Committee on Taxation. Bills and nominees are not referred to joint committees. Hence, the power of joint committees is considerably lower than those of standing committees.", "qas": [ { "id": "47020", "question": "what is the standing committee of the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence" } ] }, { "id": "47021", "question": "what is the name of the committee that is temporary in nature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming" } ] }, { "id": "47022", "question": "what is the committee created in the 110th congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 376, "text": "no jurisdiction over legislation and must be chartered anew at the start of every Congress" } ] }, { "id": "47023", "question": "what is the name of the joint committee ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 652, "text": "the Joint Committee on the Library oversees the Library of Congress" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Each House committee and subcommittee is led by a chairman (always a member of the majority party). From 1910 to the 1970s, committee chairs were powerful. Woodrow Wilson in his classic study, suggested:Power is nowhere concentrated; it is rather deliberately and of set policy scattered amongst many small chiefs. It is divided up, as it were, into forty-seven seigniories, in each of which a Standing Committee is the court-baron and its chairman lord-proprietor. These petty barons, some of them not a little powerful, but none of them within the reach of the full powers of rule, may at will exercise almost despotic sway within their own shires, and may sometimes threaten to convulse even the realm itself.", "qas": [ { "id": "47024", "question": "who suggested that power is nowhere ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "Woodrow Wilson" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From 1910 to 1975 committee and subcommittee chairmanship was determined purely by seniority; congressmembers sometimes had to wait 30 years to get one, but their chairship was independent of party leadership. The rules were changed in 1975 to permit party caucuses to elect chairs, shifting power upward to the party leaders. In 1995, Republicans under Newt Gingrich set a limit of three two-year terms for committee chairs. The chair's powers are extensive; they control the committee/subcommittee agenda, and may prevent the committee from dealing with a bill. The senior member of the minority party is known as the Ranking Member. In some committees like Appropriations, partisan disputes are few.", "qas": [ { "id": "47025", "question": "in what year was subcommittee and subcommittee determined ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "1975" } ] }, { "id": "47026", "question": "who determined subcommittee committee and subcommittee chairmanship ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "seniority" } ] }, { "id": "47027", "question": "how long did subcommittee wait to wait from 1975 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "30 years to get one" } ] }, { "id": "47028", "question": "when were the rules changed to permit party caucuses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "1975" } ] }, { "id": "47029", "question": "what were the rules of the rules in 1975 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "permit party caucuses to elect chairs, shifting power upward to the party leaders" } ] }, { "id": "47030", "question": "in what year did newt gingrich begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 330, "text": "1995" } ] }, { "id": "47031", "question": "what was the limit for newt gingrich ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 383, "text": "three two-year terms for committee chairs" } ] }, { "id": "47032", "question": "what did newt gingrich do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 460, "text": "they control the committee/subcommittee agenda" } ] }, { "id": "47033", "question": "what is the senior member of the minority party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 616, "text": "the Ranking Member" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most bills may be introduced in either House of Congress. However, the Constitution states, \"All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives\". As a result of the Origination Clause, the Senate cannot initiate bills imposing taxes. This provision barring the Senate from introducing revenue bills is based on the practice of the British Parliament, in which only the House of Commons may originate such measures. Furthermore, congressional tradition holds that the House of Representatives originates appropriation bills.", "qas": [ { "id": "47034", "question": "where can most bills be introduced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "House of Congress" } ] }, { "id": "47035", "question": "what is the constitution states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives" } ] }, { "id": "47036", "question": "what can not initiate bills imposing taxes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "Origination Clause" } ] }, { "id": "47037", "question": "what happens to the senate 's senate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "the Senate cannot initiate bills imposing taxes" } ] }, { "id": "47038", "question": "what is the senate based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 338, "text": "the practice of the British Parliament" } ] }, { "id": "47039", "question": "what does congressional tradition say about the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 490, "text": "the House of Representatives originates appropriation bills" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although it cannot originate revenue bills, the Senate retains the power to amend or reject them. Woodrow Wilson wrote the following about appropriations bills: \n[T]he constitutional prerogative of the House has been held to apply to all the general appropriations bills, and the Senate's right to amend these has been allowed the widest possible scope. The upper house may add to them what it pleases; may go altogether outside of their original provisions and tack to them entirely new features of legislation, altering not only the amounts but even the objects of expenditure, and making out of the materials sent them by the popular chamber measures of an almost totally new character.", "qas": [ { "id": "47040", "question": "what does the senate do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "the Senate retains the power to amend or reject them" } ] }, { "id": "47041", "question": "who wrote the widest possible scope ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "Woodrow Wilson" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The approval of the Senate and the House of Representatives is required for a bill to become law. Both Houses must pass the same version of the bill; if there are differences, they may be resolved by a conference committee, which includes members of both bodies. For the stages through which bills pass in the Senate, see Act of Congress.", "qas": [ { "id": "47042", "question": "what is required for a bill to become law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The approval of the Senate and the House of Representatives" } ] }, { "id": "47043", "question": "what is the approval of the senate required for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "a bill to become law" } ] }, { "id": "47044", "question": "what may pass the same version of the bill ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "a conference committee" } ] }, { "id": "47045", "question": "what does the senate use in the senate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "Act of Congress" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The President may veto a bill passed by the House and Senate. If he does, the bill does not become law unless each House, by a two-thirds vote, votes to override the veto.", "qas": [ { "id": "47046", "question": "what does the president do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "veto a bill passed by the House and Senate" } ] }, { "id": "47047", "question": "why is the bill not law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "the bill does not become law unless each House" } ] }, { "id": "47048", "question": "what does the bill not become law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "a two-thirds vote, votes to override the veto" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Constitution provides that the Senate's \"advice and consent\" is necessary for the President to make appointments and to ratify treaties. Thus, with its potential to frustrate Presidential appointments, the Senate is more powerful than the House.", "qas": [ { "id": "47049", "question": "what is necessary to make appointments and to ratify treaties ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "the Senate's \"advice and consent" } ] }, { "id": "47050", "question": "what is the senate 's advice ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "necessary for the President to make appointments and to ratify treaties" } ] }, { "id": "47051", "question": "what is the senate 's senate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "the Senate is more powerful than the House" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Constitution empowers the House of Representatives to impeach federal officials for \"Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors\" and empowers the Senate to try such impeachments. The House may approve \"articles of impeachment\" by a simple majority vote; however, a two-thirds vote is required for conviction in the Senate. A convicted official is automatically removed from office and may be disqualified from holding future office under the United States. No further punishment is permitted during the impeachment proceedings; however, the party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law.", "qas": [ { "id": "47052", "question": "what did the constitution impeach federal officials for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors\" and empowers the Senate to try such impeachments" } ] }, { "id": "47053", "question": "what does the house approve `` articles of impeachment '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "a simple majority vote" } ] }, { "id": "47054", "question": "what is the vote of the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "a two-thirds vote is required for conviction in the Senate" } ] }, { "id": "47055", "question": "what is a convicted of a convicted official official ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 364, "text": "automatically removed from office and may be disqualified from holding future office under the United States" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the history of the United States, the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials, of whom seven were convicted. (Another, Richard Nixon, resigned after the House Judiciary Committee passed articles of impeachment but before a formal impeachment vote by the full House.) Only two Presidents of the United States have ever been impeached: Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998. Both trials ended in acquittal; in Johnson's case, the Senate fell one vote short of the two-thirds majority required for conviction.", "qas": [ { "id": "47056", "question": "what is the house of the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials" } ] }, { "id": "47057", "question": "who resigned in the house judiciary committee ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Richard Nixon" } ] }, { "id": "47058", "question": "who was impeached in 1868 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 354, "text": "Andrew Johnson" } ] }, { "id": "47059", "question": "when did andrew johnson die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 372, "text": "1868" } ] }, { "id": "47060", "question": "who impeached andrew johnson ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 381, "text": "Bill Clinton" } ] }, { "id": "47061", "question": "when did andrew johnson die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 397, "text": "1998" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Under the Twelfth Amendment, the House has the power to elect the President if no presidential candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College. The Twelfth Amendment requires the House to choose from the three candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes. The Constitution provides that \"the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote.\" It is rare for no presidential candidate to receive a majority of electoral votes. In the history of the United States, the House has only had to choose a President twice. In 1800, which was before the adoption of the Twelfth Amendment, it elected Thomas Jefferson over Aaron Burr. In 1824, it elected John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson and William H. Crawford. If no presidential candidate receives a majority of the electoral votes, the Senate elects the Vice President from the two candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes.", "qas": [ { "id": "47062", "question": "what does the house elect ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "elect the President if no presidential candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College" } ] }, { "id": "47063", "question": "what does the twelfth amendment do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "the House to choose from the three candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes" } ] }, { "id": "47064", "question": "what does the constitution provides ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 313, "text": "\"the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote" } ] }, { "id": "47065", "question": "what is the constitution rare for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 418, "text": "no presidential candidate to receive a majority of electoral votes" } ] }, { "id": "47066", "question": "in what year was thomas jefferson elected over aaron ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 578, "text": "1800" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] } ], "title": "United States House of Representatives" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Bulgaria (; , tr. '), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (, tr. ', ), is a country in southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, and the Black Sea to the east. With a territory of , Bulgaria is Europe's 16th-largest country.", "qas": [ { "id": "47067", "question": "what was the official name of the republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "the Republic of Bulgaria" } ] }, { "id": "47068", "question": "what is the name of the country that borders the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, and the Black Sea to the east" } ] }, { "id": "47069", "question": "what is the territory of bulgaria ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 288, "text": "16th-largest country" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Organised prehistoric cultures began developing on current Bulgarian lands during the Neolithic period. Its ancient history saw the presence of the Thracians, Greeks and Romans. The emergence of a unified Bulgarian state dates back to the establishment of the First Bulgarian Empire in 681 AD, which dominated most of the Balkans and functioned as a cultural hub for Slavs during the Middle Ages. With the downfall of the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1396, its territories came under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877\u201378 led to the formation of the Third Bulgarian State. The following years saw several conflicts with its neighbours, which prompted Bulgaria to align with Germany in both world wars. In 1946 it became a one-party socialist state as part of the Soviet-led Eastern Bloc. In December 1989 the ruling Communist Party allowed multi-party elections, which subsequently led to Bulgaria's transition into a democracy and a market-based economy.", "qas": [ { "id": "47070", "question": "who were the thracians , thracians , thracians , and thracians history ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "Greeks and Romans" } ] }, { "id": "47071", "question": "the emergence of a unified bulgarian state dates back to what empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "First Bulgarian Empire" } ] }, { "id": "47072", "question": "when was the first bulgarian empire dates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "681 AD" } ] }, { "id": "47073", "question": "where was the second bulgarian empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 449, "text": "1396" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bulgaria's population of 7.4 million people is predominantly urbanised and mainly concentrated in the administrative centres of its 28 provinces. Most commercial and cultural activities are centred on the capital and largest city, Sofia. The strongest sectors of the economy are heavy industry, power engineering, and agriculture, all of which rely on local natural resources.", "qas": [ { "id": "47074", "question": "what is the population of bulgaria ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "7.4 million" } ] }, { "id": "47075", "question": "how many provinces does bulgaria have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "28 provinces" } ] }, { "id": "47076", "question": "what is the largest city in the capital ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "Sofia" } ] }, { "id": "47077", "question": "what are the strongest sectors in the economy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 295, "text": "power engineering, and agriculture" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The country's current political structure dates to the adoption of a democratic constitution in 1991. Bulgaria is a unitary parliamentary republic with a high degree of political, administrative, and economic centralisation. It is a member of the European Union, NATO, and the Council of Europe; a founding state of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE); and has taken a seat at the UN Security Council three times.", "qas": [ { "id": "47078", "question": "in what year was the country 's current political structure dates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "1991" } ] }, { "id": "47079", "question": "what are the high degree of bulgaria ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "political, administrative, and economic centralisation" } ] }, { "id": "47080", "question": "who is bulgaria 's member of the organization ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 243, "text": "the European Union, NATO, and the Council of Europe" } ] }, { "id": "47081", "question": "what does osce stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 320, "text": "Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe" } ] }, { "id": "47082", "question": "what is the name of the times that has taken a seat at the un ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 409, "text": "UN Security Council three times" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Human activity in the lands of modern Bulgaria can be traced back to the Paleolithic. Animal bones incised with man-made markings from Kozarnika cave are assumed to be the earliest examples of symbolic behaviour in humans. Organised prehistoric societies in Bulgarian lands include the Neolithic Hamangia culture, Vin\u010da culture and the eneolithic Varna culture (fifth millennium BC). The latter is credited with inventing gold working and exploitation. Some of these first gold smelters produced the coins, weapons and jewellery of the Varna Necropolis treasure, the oldest in the world with an approximate age of over 6,000 years. This site also offers insights for understanding the social hierarchy of the earliest European societies.", "qas": [ { "id": "47083", "question": "human activity can be traced back to what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "the Paleolithic" } ] }, { "id": "47084", "question": "what is the earliest examples of symbolic behaviour ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "Kozarnika cave" } ] }, { "id": "47085", "question": "what was the name of the culture in bulgarian lands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "Neolithic Hamangia culture" } ] }, { "id": "47086", "question": "how long is the oldest gold in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 614, "text": "over 6,000 years" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thracians, one of the three primary ancestral groups of modern Bulgarians, began appearing in the region during the Iron Age. In the late 6th century BC, the Persians conquered most of present-day Bulgaria. and kept it until 479 BC. With influence from the Persians, the bulk of the Thracian tribes were united in the Odrysian kingdom in the 470s BC by king Teres, but were later subjugated by Alexander the Great and by the Romans in 46 AD. After the division of the Roman Empire in the 5th century the area fell under Byzantine control. By this time, Christianity had already spread in the region. A small Gothic community in Nicopolis ad Istrum produced the first Germanic language book in the 4th century, the Wulfila Bible. The first Christian monastery in Europe was established around the same time by Saint Athanasius in central Bulgaria. From the 6th century the easternmost South Slavs gradually settled in the region, assimilating the Hellenised or Romanised Thracians.", "qas": [ { "id": "47087", "question": "what was one of the three primary ancestral groups of modern bulgarians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Thracians" } ] }, { "id": "47088", "question": "thracians , one of the three primary ancestral groups of modern bulgarians began appearing in what age ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Iron Age" } ] }, { "id": "47089", "question": "in what year did bulgaria 's bulgaria and bulgaria end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "479 BC" } ] }, { "id": "47090", "question": "when was the odrysian kingdom ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 342, "text": "470s BC" } ] }, { "id": "47091", "question": "who were the odrysian kingdom in the odrysian kingdom ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 353, "text": "king Teres" } ] }, { "id": "47092", "question": "in what year did alexander the great and by the romans become united ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 435, "text": "46 AD" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 680 Bulgar tribes under the leadership of Asparukh moved south across the Danube and settled in the area between the lower Danube and the Balkan, establishing their capital at Pliska. A peace treaty with Byzantium in 681 marked the beginning of the First Bulgarian Empire. The Bulgars gradually mixed up with the local population, adopting a common language on the basis of the local Slavic dialect.", "qas": [ { "id": "47093", "question": "in what year did the tribes lose south across the danube ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "680" } ] }, { "id": "47094", "question": "where was the capital of the danube and the balkan capital ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "Pliska" } ] }, { "id": "47095", "question": "where was the beginning of the first bulgarian empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "681" } ] }, { "id": "47096", "question": "a peace treaty with byzantium in 681 marked the beginning of what empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "First Bulgarian Empire" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Succeeding rulers strengthened the Bulgarian state throughout the 8th and 9th centuries. Krum doubled the country's territory, killed Byzantine emperor Nicephorus I in the Battle of Pliska, and introduced the first written code of law. Paganism was abolished in favour of Eastern Orthodox Christianity under Boris I in 864. This conversion was followed by a Byzantine recognition of the Bulgarian church and the adoption of the Cyrillic alphabet developed at Preslav which strengthened central authority and helped fuse the Slavs and Bulgars into a unified people. A subsequent cultural golden age began during the 34-year rule of Simeon the Great, who also achieved the largest territorial expansion of the state.", "qas": [ { "id": "47097", "question": "during what time did rulers of the bulgarian state strengthened the bulgarian state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "8th and 9th centuries" } ] }, { "id": "47098", "question": "who was killed in the battle of pliska ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "Nicephorus I" } ] }, { "id": "47099", "question": "in what battle was the first written code of law killed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "Battle of Pliska" } ] }, { "id": "47100", "question": "what was paganism abolished in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "Eastern Orthodox Christianity" } ] }, { "id": "47101", "question": "where was paganism abolished ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "864" } ] }, { "id": "47102", "question": "who achieved the largest territorial expansion of the state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 631, "text": "Simeon the Great" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Wars with Magyars and Pechenegs and the spread of the Bogomil heresy weakened Bulgaria after Simeon's death. Consecutive Rus' and Byzantine invasions resulted in the seizure of the capital Preslav by the Byzantine army in 971. Under Samuil, Bulgaria briefly recovered from these attacks, but this rise ended when Byzantine emperor Basil II defeated the Bulgarian army at Klyuch in 1014. Samuil died shortly after the battle, and by 1018 the Byzantines had ended the First Bulgarian Empire.", "qas": [ { "id": "47103", "question": "what was the capital of consecutive rus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "Preslav" } ] }, { "id": "47104", "question": "in what year did the byzantine army rule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "971" } ] }, { "id": "47105", "question": "who defeated the bulgarian army ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 331, "text": "Basil II" } ] }, { "id": "47106", "question": "where did byzantine emperor basil the bulgarian army ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 381, "text": "1014" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After his conquest of Bulgaria, Basil II prevented revolts and discontent by retaining the rule of the local nobility and by relieving the newly conquered lands of the obligation to pay taxes in gold, allowing them to be paid in kind instead. He also allowed the Bulgarian Patriarchate to retain its autocephalous status and all its dioceses, but reduced it to an archbishopric. After his death Byzantine domestic policies changed and a series of unsuccessful rebellions broke out, the largest being led by Peter Delyan. In 1185 Asen dynasty nobles Ivan Asen I and Peter IV organised a major uprising which resulted in the re-establishment of the Bulgarian state. Ivan Asen and Peter laid the foundations of the Second Bulgarian Empire with Tarnovo as the capital.", "qas": [ { "id": "47107", "question": "who led the rebellions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 507, "text": "Peter Delyan" } ] }, { "id": "47108", "question": "in what year did peter iv and peter iv die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 524, "text": "1185" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Kaloyan, the third of the Asen monarchs, extended his dominion to Belgrade and Ohrid. He acknowledged the spiritual supremacy of the pope and received a royal crown from a papal legate. The empire reached its zenith under Ivan Asen II (1218\u20131241), when commerce and culture flourished. The strong economic and religious influence of Tarnovo made it a \"Third Rome\", unlike the already declining Constantinople.", "qas": [ { "id": "47109", "question": "what was the name of the third monarchs who extended his dominion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Kaloyan" } ] }, { "id": "47110", "question": "where did the third of the monarchs go to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "Belgrade and Ohrid" } ] }, { "id": "47111", "question": "who reached the empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "Ivan Asen II" } ] }, { "id": "47112", "question": "what was the name of the ivan empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "1218\u20131241" } ] }, { "id": "47113", "question": "what was the name of the economic influence of rome ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 352, "text": "Third Rome" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The country's military and economic might declined after the Asen dynasty ended in 1257, facing internal conflicts, constant Byzantine and Hungarian attacks and Mongol domination. By the end of the 14th century, factional divisions between the feudal landlords and the spread of Bogomilism had caused the Second Bulgarian Empire to split into three tsardoms\u2014Vidin, Tarnovo and Karvuna\u2014and several semi-independent principalities that fought each other, along with Byzantines, Hungarians, Serbs, Venetians and Genoese. By the late 14th century the Ottoman Turks had started their conquest of Bulgaria and had taken most towns and fortresses south of the Balkan mountains.", "qas": [ { "id": "47114", "question": "what dynasty ended the country 's military ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Asen dynasty" } ] }, { "id": "47115", "question": "in what year did the military and economic attacks end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "1257" } ] }, { "id": "47116", "question": "what were the internal conflicts in the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "Byzantine and Hungarian attacks and Mongol domination" } ] }, { "id": "47117", "question": "what were the second bulgarian empire to split ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 358, "text": "Vidin, Tarnovo and Karvuna" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Tarnovo was captured by the Ottomans after a three-month siege in 1393. After the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396 brought about the fall of the Vidin Tsardom, the Ottomans conquered all Bulgarian lands south of the Danube. The nobility was eliminated and the peasantry was enserfed to Ottoman masters, with much of the educated clergy fleeing to other countries. Under the Ottoman system, Christians were considered an inferior class of people. Thus, Bulgarians, like other Christians, were subjected to heavy taxes and a small portion of the Bulgarian populace experienced partial or complete Islamisation, and their culture was suppressed. Ottoman authorities established the Rum Millet, a religious administrative community which governed all Orthodox Christians regardless of their ethnicity. Most of the local population gradually lost its distinct national consciousness, identifying as Christians. However, the clergy remaining in some isolated monasteries kept it alive, and that helped it to survive as in some rural, remote areas, as well as in the militant Catholic community in the northwestern part of the country.", "qas": [ { "id": "47118", "question": "when was the ottomans captured ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "1393" } ] }, { "id": "47119", "question": "where was the battle of the vidin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "1396" } ] }, { "id": "47120", "question": "what was the name of the ottomans that conquered all bulgarian lands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "Vidin Tsardom" } ] }, { "id": "47121", "question": "what was the name of the millet established by ottoman authorities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 674, "text": "Rum Millet" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Several Bulgarian revolts erupted throughout the nearly five centuries of Ottoman rule, most notably the Habsburg-backed Tarnovo uprisings in 1598 and in 1686, the Chiprovtsi Uprising in 1688 and Karposh's Rebellion in 1689. In the 18th century, the Enlightenment in Western Europe provided influence for the initiation of a movement known as the National awakening of Bulgaria. It restored national consciousness and became a key factor in the liberation struggle, resulting in the 1876 April Uprising. Up to 30,000 Bulgarians were killed as Ottoman authorities put down the rebellion. The massacres prompted the Great Powers to take action. They convened the Constantinople Conference in 1876, but their decisions were rejected by the Ottomans. This allowed the Russian Empire to seek a solution by force without risking military confrontation with other Great Powers, as had happened in the Crimean War. In 1877 Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire and defeated its forces with the help of Bulgarian volunteers.", "qas": [ { "id": "47122", "question": "in what year did the ottoman rule begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "1598" } ] }, { "id": "47123", "question": "where was the uprising in 1688 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "1686" } ] }, { "id": "47124", "question": "in what year was the uprising uprising ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "1688" } ] }, { "id": "47125", "question": "when was the uprising in 1686 's rebellion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "1689" } ] }, { "id": "47126", "question": "when was the constantinople conference convened ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 690, "text": "1876" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Treaty of San Stefano was signed on 3 March 1878 by Russia and the Ottoman Empire, and included a provision to set up an autonomous Bulgarian principality roughly on the territories of the Second Bulgarian Empire. The other Great Powers immediately rejected the treaty out of fear that such a large country in the Balkans might threaten their interests. It was superseded by the subsequent Treaty of Berlin, signed on 13 July, provided for a much smaller state comprising Moesia and the region of Sofia, leaving large populations of Bulgarians outside the new country. This played a significant role in forming Bulgaria's militaristic approach to foreign affairs during the first half of the 20th century.", "qas": [ { "id": "47127", "question": "what was signed on 3 march 1878 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Treaty of San Stefano" } ] }, { "id": "47128", "question": "when was the treaty of san stefano signed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "3 March 1878" } ] }, { "id": "47129", "question": "who signed the treaty of san stefano ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Russia and the Ottoman Empire" } ] }, { "id": "47130", "question": "the treaty of san stefano was signed on what territories ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "Second Bulgarian Empire" } ] }, { "id": "47131", "question": "what treaty superseded the great powers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 394, "text": "Treaty of Berlin" } ] }, { "id": "47132", "question": "when was the treaty of berlin signed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 422, "text": "13 July" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Bulgarian principality won a war against Serbia and incorporated the semi-autonomous Ottoman territory of Eastern Rumelia in 1885, proclaiming itself an independent state on 5 October 1908. In the years following independence, Bulgaria increasingly militarised and was often referred to as \"the Balkan Prussia\".", "qas": [ { "id": "47133", "question": "in what year did the ottoman territory win a war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "1885" } ] }, { "id": "47134", "question": "when did the bulgarian principality occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "5 October 1908" } ] }, { "id": "47135", "question": "what was the nickname given to the independence of prussia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 295, "text": "the Balkan Prussia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Between 1912 and 1918, Bulgaria became involved in three consecutive conflicts\u2014two Balkan Wars and World War I. After a disastrous defeat in the Second Balkan War, Bulgaria again found itself fighting on the losing side as a result of its alliance with the Central Powers in World War I. Despite fielding more than a quarter of its population in a 1,200,000-strong army and achieving several decisive victories, at Doiran and Dobrich, the country capitulated in 1918. The war resulted in significant territorial losses, and a total of 87,500 soldiers killed. More than 253,000 refugees immigrated to Bulgaria from 1912 to 1929 due to the effects of these wars, placing additional strain on the already ruined national economy.", "qas": [ { "id": "47136", "question": "how many consecutive conflicts did bulgaria have in 1918 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "47137", "question": "what was the name of the country that the country capitulated in 1918 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 415, "text": "Doiran and Dobrich" } ] }, { "id": "47138", "question": "in what year did the country capitulated the country 's population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 462, "text": "1918" } ] }, { "id": "47139", "question": "how many soldiers were killed in the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 535, "text": "87,500" } ] }, { "id": "47140", "question": "how many refugees immigrated to bulgaria in 1912 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 569, "text": "253,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The political unrest resulting from these losses led to the establishment of a royal authoritarian dictatorship by Tsar Boris III (1918\u20131943). Bulgaria entered World War II in 1941 as a member of the Axis but declined to participate in Operation Barbarossa and saved its Jewish population from deportation to concentration camps. The sudden death of Boris III in the summer of 1943 pushed the country into political turmoil as the war turned against Germany and the communist guerrilla movement gained momentum. The government of Bogdan Filov subsequently failed to achieve peace with the Allies. Bulgaria did not comply with Soviet demands to expel German forces from its territory, resulting in a declaration of war and an invasion by the USSR in September 1944. The communist-dominated Fatherland Front took power, ended participation in the Axis and joined the Allied side until the war ended.\nThe left-wing uprising of 9 September 1944 led to the abolition of monarchic rule, but it was not until 1946 that a one-party people's republic was established. It became a part of the Soviet sphere of influence under the leadership of Georgi Dimitrov (1946\u20131949), who laid the foundations for a rapidly industrialising Stalinist state which was also highly repressive with thousands of dissidents executed. By the mid-1950s standards of living rose significantly, while political repressions were lessened. By the 1980s both national and per capita GDPs quadrupled, but the economy remained prone to debt spikes, the most severe taking place in 1960, 1977 and 1980. The Soviet-style planned economy saw some market-oriented policies emerging on an experimental level under Todor Zhivkov (1954\u20131989). His daughter Lyudmila bolstered national pride by promoting Bulgarian heritage, culture and arts worldwide. In an attempt to erase the identity of the ethnic Turk minority, an assimilation campaign was launched in 1984 which included closing mosques and forcing ethnic Turks to adopt Slavic names. These policies (combined with the end of communist rule in 1989) resulted in the emigration of some 300,000 ethnic Turks to Turkey.", "qas": [ { "id": "47141", "question": "who led the political authoritarian dictatorship ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "Tsar Boris III" } ] }, { "id": "47142", "question": "in what year did bulgaria join world war ii ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "1941" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Under the influence of the collapsing of the Eastern Bloc, on 10 November 1989 the Communist Party gave up its political monopoly, Zhivkov resigned, and Bulgaria embarked on a transition to a parliamentary democracy. The first free elections in June 1990 were won by the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP, the freshly renamed Communist Party). A new constitution that provided for a relatively weak elected president and for a prime minister accountable to the legislature was adopted in July 1991. The new system initially failed to improve living standards or create economic growth\u2014the average quality of life and economic performance remained lower than under communism well into the early 2000s. A 1997 reform package restored economic growth, but living standards continued to suffer. After 2001 economic, political and geopolitical conditions improved greatly, and Bulgaria achieved high Human Development status. It became a member of NATO in 2004 and participated in the War in Afghanistan. After several years of reforms it joined the European Union in 2007 despite continued concerns about government corruption.", "qas": [ { "id": "47143", "question": "when did the communist party of the eastern bloc begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "10 November 1989" } ] }, { "id": "47144", "question": "who won the first free elections in june 1990 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "Bulgarian Socialist Party" } ] }, { "id": "47145", "question": "when was the new constitution adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 485, "text": "July 1991" } ] }, { "id": "47146", "question": "when did bulgaria become a member of nato ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 948, "text": "2004" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bulgaria occupies a portion of the eastern Balkan peninsula, bordering five countries\u2014Greece and Turkey to the south, Macedonia and Serbia to the west, and Romania to the north. The land borders have a total length of , and the coastline has a length of . Its total area of ranks it as the world's 105th-largest country. Bulgaria's geographic coordinates are 43\u00b0 N 25\u00b0 E.", "qas": [ { "id": "47147", "question": "how many countries does bulgaria have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "five" } ] }, { "id": "47148", "question": "what countries does bulgaria have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "Greece and Turkey to the south, Macedonia and Serbia to the west, and Romania to the north" } ] }, { "id": "47149", "question": "what is the total area of bulgaria ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "105th-largest country" } ] }, { "id": "47150", "question": "what is bulgaria 's geographic coordinates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 359, "text": "43\u00b0 N 25\u00b0 E." } ] } ] }, { "context": "The most notable topographical features are the Danubian Plain, the Balkan Mountains, the Thracian Plain, and the Rhodope Mountains. The southern edge of the Danubian Plain slopes upward into the foothills of the Balkans, while the Danube defines the border with Romania. The Thracian Plain is roughly triangular, beginning southeast of Sofia and broadening as it reaches the Black Sea coast.", "qas": [ { "id": "47151", "question": "what are the most notable topographical features ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "the Balkan Mountains, the Thracian Plain, and the Rhodope Mountains" } ] }, { "id": "47152", "question": "what slopes slopes slopes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "Danubian Plain" } ] }, { "id": "47153", "question": "what is the thracian plain of the thracian plain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "triangular" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Balkan mountains run laterally through the middle of the country. The mountainous southwest of the country has two alpine ranges\u2014Rila and Pirin, which border the lower but more extensive Rhodope Mountains to the east. Bulgaria is home to the highest point of the Balkan peninsula, Musala, at and its lowest point is sea level. Plains occupy about one-third of the territory, while plateaus and hills occupy 41 per cent. The country has a dense network of about 540 rivers, most of which are relatively small and with low water levels. The longest river located solely in Bulgarian territory, the Iskar, has a length of . Other major rivers include the Struma and the Maritsa in the south.", "qas": [ { "id": "47154", "question": "what are the two alpine ranges ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Rila and Pirin" } ] }, { "id": "47155", "question": "what is the highest point of the balkan peninsula ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "Musala" } ] }, { "id": "47156", "question": "what was the percentage of the territory and hills occupy by plateaus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 411, "text": "41 per cent" } ] }, { "id": "47157", "question": "how many rivers does the country have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 465, "text": "540" } ] }, { "id": "47158", "question": "what is the name of the longest river located in the longest river ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 600, "text": "Iskar" } ] }, { "id": "47159", "question": "what are two major rivers in the south ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 656, "text": "Struma and the Maritsa" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bulgaria adopted the Kyoto Protocol and achieved the protocol's objectives by reducing carbon dioxide emissions from 1990 to 2009 by 30 percent. However, pollution from factories and metallurgy works and severe deforestation continue to cause major problems to the health and welfare of the population. In 2013, air pollution in Bulgaria was more severe than any other European country. Urban areas are particularly affected by energy production from coal-based powerplants and automobile traffic, while pesticide usage in the agriculture and antiquated industrial sewage systems produce extensive soil and water pollution with chemicals and detergents. Bulgaria is home to Maritsa Iztok-2, a lignite-fired power station causing the highest damage costs to health and the environment in the entire European Union according to the European Environment Agency. It is the only EU member which does not recycle municipal waste, although an electronic waste recycling plant opened in June 2010. The situation has improved in recent years, and several government-funded programs have been put into place in an attempt to reduce pollution levels. According to Yale University's 2012 Environmental Performance Index, Bulgaria is a \"modest performer\" in protecting the environment. Over 75% of surface rivers meet the standards for good quality. An improvement of water quality began in 1998 and has maintained a sustainable trend of moderate improvement.", "qas": [ { "id": "47160", "question": "what was the name of the protocol adopted by bulgaria ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "Kyoto Protocol" } ] }, { "id": "47161", "question": "what percentage of the kyoto protocol was adopted by the kyoto protocol ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "30 percent" } ] }, { "id": "47162", "question": "what is the name of the power station in bulgaria ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 674, "text": "Maritsa Iztok-2" } ] }, { "id": "47163", "question": "what percentage of surface rivers meet the standards ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1278, "text": "75%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The interaction of climatic, hydrological, geological and topographical conditions have produced a relatively wide variety of plant and animal species.\nBulgaria is one of the countries with highest biodiversity in Europe.\nBulgaria's biodiversity is conserved in three national parks, 11 nature parks and 16 biosphere reserves. Nearly 35 per cent of its land area consists of forests, where some of the oldest trees in the world, such as Baikushev's pine and the Granit oak, grow. Most of the plant and animal life is central European, although representatives of Arctic and alpine species are present at high altitudes. Its flora encompass more than 3,800 species of which 170 are endemic and 150 are considered endangered. A checklist of larger fungi of Bulgaria reported that more than 1,500 species occur in the country. Animal species include owls, rock partridges, wallcreepers and brown bears. The Eurasian lynx and the eastern imperial eagle have small, but growing populations.", "qas": [ { "id": "47164", "question": "how many national parks does bulgaria have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "47165", "question": "how many species of flora are considered to be endangered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 650, "text": "3,800" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1998, the Bulgarian government approved the National Biological Diversity Conservation Strategy, a comprehensive programme seeking the preservation of local ecosystems, protection of endangered species and conservation of genetic resources. Bulgaria has some of the largest Natura 2000 areas in Europe covering 33.8% of its territory.", "qas": [ { "id": "47166", "question": "in what year was the national biological diversity conservation strategy approved ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1998" } ] }, { "id": "47167", "question": "what was approved in 1998 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "National Biological Diversity Conservation Strategy" } ] }, { "id": "47168", "question": "what percentage of its territory is bulgaria ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 314, "text": "33.8%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bulgaria is a parliamentary democracy in which the most powerful executive position is that of prime minister. The political system has three branches\u2014legislative, executive and judicial, with universal suffrage for citizens at least 18 years old. The Constitution of Bulgaria provides also possibilities of direct democracy. Elections are supervised by an independent Central Election Commission that includes members from all major political parties. Parties must register with the commission prior to participating in a national election. Normally, the prime minister-elect is the leader of the party receiving the most votes in parliamentary elections, although this is not always the case.", "qas": [ { "id": "47169", "question": "what is the most powerful executive position in bulgaria ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "prime minister" } ] }, { "id": "47170", "question": "how many branches does the political system have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "47171", "question": "what are the three branches of the political system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "legislative, executive and judicial" } ] }, { "id": "47172", "question": "how long is the political system of the political system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "18 years old" } ] }, { "id": "47173", "question": "what provides direct democracy of direct democracy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "The Constitution of Bulgaria" } ] }, { "id": "47174", "question": "what supervised elections ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 354, "text": "an independent Central Election Commission" } ] }, { "id": "47175", "question": "what do parties register with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 480, "text": "the commission prior to participating in a national election" } ] }, { "id": "47176", "question": "who is the leader of the party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 552, "text": "the prime minister-elect" } ] }, { "id": "47177", "question": "what is the prime minister-elect ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 580, "text": "the leader of the party receiving the most votes in parliamentary elections" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Political parties gather in the National Assembly, which consists of 240 deputies elected to four-year terms by direct popular vote. The National Assembly has the power to enact laws, approve the budget, schedule presidential elections, select and dismiss the Prime Minister and other ministers, declare war, deploy troops abroad, and ratify international treaties and agreements. The president serves as the head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and has the authority to return a bill for further debate, although the parliament can override the presidential veto by a simple majority vote of all members of parliament.", "qas": [ { "id": "47178", "question": "what does the national assembly of the national assembly consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "240 deputies elected to four-year terms by direct popular vote" } ] }, { "id": "47179", "question": "what do the national assembly enact ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "approve the budget, schedule presidential elections, select and dismiss the Prime Minister and other ministers, declare war, deploy troops abroad, and ratify international treaties and agreements" } ] }, { "id": "47180", "question": "what is the name of the president serves as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 405, "text": "the head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces" } ] } ] }, { "context": "GERB-backed Rosen Plevneliev is the elected President of Bulgaria after the presidential elections in 2011 in which he received 52.5 per cent of the votes on the second round against 47.5 per cent for his then-Socialist Party opponent Ivaylo Kalfin.", "qas": [ { "id": "47181", "question": "who is the elected president of bulgaria ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 12, "text": "Rosen Plevneliev" } ] }, { "id": "47182", "question": "what percentage of votes did the president of bulgaria receive in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "52.5" } ] }, { "id": "47183", "question": "what was the president of bulgaria in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "47.5 per cent" } ] }, { "id": "47184", "question": "who was the opponent of the presidential elections in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 235, "text": "Ivaylo Kalfin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Until February 2013 GERB had 117 seats in the National Assembly, ruling as a minority government without support from the other political parties in the parliament. The government resigned on 20 February 2013 after nationwide protests caused by high costs of utilities, low living standards and the failure of the democratic system. The protest wave was marked by self-immolations, spontaneous demonstrations and a strong sentiment against political parties. As a consequence, the Parliament was dissolved and a new provisional government was set up by the President. The subsequent snap elections in May 2013 elections resulted in a narrow GERB win. However, with no support from the other three political parties that entered the parliament, on 24 May, GERB leader Borisov returned the president's mandate to try and form a government. The Bulgarian Socialist Party nominated ex-Finance Minister Plamen Oresharski for the post of Prime Minister in May 2013. Only two weeks after its initial formation the Oresharski government came under opposition criticism and had to deal with large-scale protests some with more than 11 000 participants. The government survived five votes of no-confidence before voluntarily resigning on 23 July 2014. On 6 August, a caretaker government led by Georgi Bliznashki was sworn into office and the Oresharski government was officially dissolved.", "qas": [ { "id": "47185", "question": "how many seats did the national assembly have in the national assembly ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "117" } ] }, { "id": "47186", "question": "when did the government resign ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "20 February 2013" } ] }, { "id": "47187", "question": "who was the bulgarian socialist party in may 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 898, "text": "Plamen Oresharski" } ] }, { "id": "47188", "question": "how many participants did the government have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1123, "text": "11 000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A new round of parliamentary elections on 5 October 2014 again resulted in a GERB victory with around a third of the vote. A total of eight parties won seats, the first time since the beginning of democratic elections in 1990 that more than seven parties entered parliament. After being tasked by President Rosen Plevneliev to form a government, Borisov's GERB formed a coalition and members of the parties in the Reformist Bloc (Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria (DSB), Union of Democratic Forces (SDS), Bulgaria for Citizens Movement (DBG) and Bulgarian Agrarian National Union (BZNS)) were chosen for Minister positions. The vice chairman of the Alternative for Bulgarian Revival party Ivaylo Kalfin was voted for Depute Prime Minister and Minister of Labor and Social Policy.", "qas": [ { "id": "47189", "question": "when did a new round of parliamentary elections occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "5 October 2014" } ] }, { "id": "47190", "question": "how many parties won seats in 1990 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "eight" } ] }, { "id": "47191", "question": "how many parties entered parliament in 1990 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "seven" } ] }, { "id": "47192", "question": "who tasked with the government to form a government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "President Rosen Plevneliev" } ] }, { "id": "47193", "question": "what was chosen for minister positions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 544, "text": "Bulgarian Agrarian National Union" } ] }, { "id": "47194", "question": "who was the vice chairman of the alternative for labor and social policy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 687, "text": "Ivaylo Kalfin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bulgaria has a typical civil law legal system. The judiciary is overseen by the Ministry of Justice. The Supreme Administrative Court and Supreme Court of Cassation are the highest courts of appeal and oversee the application of laws in subordinate courts. The Supreme Judicial Council manages the system and appoints judges. Bulgaria's judiciary, along with other institutions, remains one of Europe's most corrupt and inefficient.", "qas": [ { "id": "47195", "question": "what does bulgaria have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 15, "text": "typical civil law legal system" } ] }, { "id": "47196", "question": "who overseen the judiciary judiciary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "the Ministry of Justice" } ] }, { "id": "47197", "question": "what are the highest courts of appeal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "The Supreme Administrative Court and Supreme Court of Cassation" } ] }, { "id": "47198", "question": "what is the supreme administrative court ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "the highest courts of appeal and oversee the application of laws in subordinate courts" } ] }, { "id": "47199", "question": "what is the supreme judicial council ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "The Supreme Judicial Council manages the system and appoints judges" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Law enforcement is carried out by organisations mainly subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior. The National Police Service (NPS) combats general crime, maintains public order and supports the operations of other law enforcement agencies. NPS fields 27,000 police officers in its local and national sections. The Ministry of Interior also heads the Border Police Service and the National Gendarmerie\u2014a specialised branch for anti-terrorist activity, crisis management and riot control. Counterintelligence and national security are the responsibility of the State Agency for National Security, established in 2008.", "qas": [ { "id": "47200", "question": "where is law enforcement carried out ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "Ministry of the Interior" } ] }, { "id": "47201", "question": "how many police officers are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "27,000" } ] }, { "id": "47202", "question": "what did the ministry of interior also heads ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 353, "text": "Border Police Service and the National Gendarmerie" } ] }, { "id": "47203", "question": "when was the state agency established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 613, "text": "2008" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bulgaria is a unitary state. Since the 1880s, the number of territorial management units has varied from seven to 26. Between 1987 and 1999 the administrative structure consisted of nine provinces (\"oblasti\", singular \"oblast\"). A new administrative structure was adopted in parallel with the decentralisation of the economic system. It includes 27 provinces and a metropolitan capital province (Sofia-Grad). All areas take their names from their respective capital cities. The provinces subdivide into 264 municipalities.", "qas": [ { "id": "47204", "question": "when was the number of territorial management units varied ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "1880s" } ] }, { "id": "47205", "question": "how long has the number of territorial management units varied ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "seven to 26" } ] }, { "id": "47206", "question": "how many provinces are in the new administrative structure ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 346, "text": "27" } ] }, { "id": "47207", "question": "how many municipalities are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 503, "text": "264" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Municipalities are run by mayors, who are elected to four-year terms, and by directly elected municipal councils. Bulgaria is a highly centralised state, where the national Council of Ministers directly appoints regional governors and all provinces and municipalities are heavily dependent on it for funding.", "qas": [ { "id": "47208", "question": "who are municipalities run by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "mayors" } ] }, { "id": "47209", "question": "how many terms are mayors elected to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "four-year terms" } ] }, { "id": "47210", "question": "how are municipalities run ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "directly elected municipal councils" } ] }, { "id": "47211", "question": "what is the national council of ministers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "the national Council of Ministers directly appoints regional governors" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bulgaria became a member of the United Nations in 1955 and since 1966 has been a non-permanent member of the Security Council three times, most recently from 2002 to 2003. Bulgaria was also among the founding nations of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) in 1975. It joined NATO on 29 March 2004, signed the European Union Treaty of Accession on 25 April 2005, and became a full member of the European Union on 1 January 2007. Polls carried out seven years after the country's accession to the EU found only 15% of Bulgarians felt they had personally benefited from membership, with almost 40% of the population saying they would not bother to vote in the 2014 EU elections. Euro-Atlantic integration became a priority for the country since the fall of Communism, although the Communist leadership also had aspirations of leaving the Warsaw Pact and joining the European Communities by 1987.", "qas": [ { "id": "47212", "question": "in what year did bulgaria become a member of the united nations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "1955" } ] }, { "id": "47213", "question": "when did the security council three times become most recently ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "2002 to 2003" } ] }, { "id": "47214", "question": "when did bulgaria join nato ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 311, "text": "29 March 2004" } ] }, { "id": "47215", "question": "when was the european union treaty signed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 375, "text": "25 April 2005" } ] }, { "id": "47216", "question": "when did bulgaria become a full member of the european union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 440, "text": "1 January 2007" } ] }, { "id": "47217", "question": "what percentage of bulgarians did the eu give to the eu ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 537, "text": "15%" } ] }, { "id": "47218", "question": "what percentage of the population would not vote in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 619, "text": "40%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bulgaria's relationship with its neighbours since 1990 has generally been good. The country also plays an important role in promoting regional security. Bulgaria has an active tripartite economic and diplomatic collaboration with Romania and Greece, maintains strong relations with EU members, the United States, and Russia, and continues to improve its traditionally good ties with China and Vietnam. The HIV trial in Libya, which followed after the imprisonment of several Bulgarian nurses in Benghazi in 1998, had a significant impact on relations between Bulgaria, the European Union, and Libya. It resulted in the release of the nurses by Muammar Gaddafi's government, which was granted a contract to receive a nuclear reactor and weapons supplies from France in exchange.", "qas": [ { "id": "47219", "question": "in what year was bulgaria 's relationship with its neighbours bulgaria ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "1990" } ] }, { "id": "47220", "question": "which two countries have strong relations with eu members ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "Romania and Greece" } ] }, { "id": "47221", "question": "what countries does bulgaria have strong relations with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 294, "text": "the United States, and Russia" } ] }, { "id": "47222", "question": "in what year did the bulgarian nurses occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 507, "text": "1998" } ] }, { "id": "47223", "question": "who was granted a contract to receive a nuclear reactor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 644, "text": "Muammar Gaddafi's government" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bulgaria hosted six KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft and 200 support personnel for the war effort in Afghanistan in 2001, which was the first stationing of foreign forces on its territory since World War II. International military relations were further expanded in April 2006, when Bulgaria and the United States signed a defence cooperation agreement providing for the usage of Bezmer and Graf Ignatievo air bases, the Novo Selo training range, and a logistics centre in Aytos as joint military training facilities. The same year \"Foreign Policy\" magazine listed Bezmer Air Base as one of the six most important overseas facilities used by the USAF due to its proximity to the Middle East. A total of 756 troops are deployed abroad as part of various UN and NATO missions. Historically, Bulgaria deployed significant numbers of military and civilian advisors in Soviet-allied countries, such as Nicaragua and Libya (more than 9,000 personnel).", "qas": [ { "id": "47224", "question": "how many support personnel did bulgaria have in 2001 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "200" } ] }, { "id": "47225", "question": "in what year did the bulgaria war begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "2001" } ] }, { "id": "47226", "question": "in what war did the bulgaria war effort take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "World War II" } ] }, { "id": "47227", "question": "when were international military relations further expanded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "April 2006" } ] }, { "id": "47228", "question": "how many troops are deployed in nato ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 699, "text": "756" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Domestic defence is the responsibility of the all-volunteer military of Bulgaria, consisting of land forces, navy and air force. The land forces consist of two mechanised brigades and eight independent regiments and battalions; the air force operates 106 aircraft and air defence systems in six air bases, and the navy operates a variety of ships, helicopters and coastal defence measures. Following a series of reductions beginning in 1990, the number of active troops contracted from 152,000 in 1988 to about 32,000 in the 2000s, supplemented in 2010 by a reserve force of 302,500 soldiers and officers and 34,000 paramilitary servicemen. The inventory is mostly of Soviet origin, such as MiG-29 fighters, SA-10 Grumble SAMs and SS-21 Scarab short-range ballistic missiles. , the government planned to spend $1.4 billion for the deployment of new fighter jets, communications systems and cyber warfare capabilities. Total military spending in 2009 cost $819\u00a0million.", "qas": [ { "id": "47229", "question": "what are some of the bulgaria of bulgaria ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "land forces, navy and air force" } ] }, { "id": "47230", "question": "how many independent regiments does the land forces have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "eight" } ] }, { "id": "47231", "question": "how many aircraft does the air force operate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "106" } ] }, { "id": "47232", "question": "in what year did the series of reductions beginning in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 436, "text": "1990" } ] }, { "id": "47233", "question": "what was the number of active troops in 1988 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 486, "text": "152,000" } ] }, { "id": "47234", "question": "how much did the government spend for the deployment of new fighter jets ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 810, "text": "$1.4 billion" } ] }, { "id": "47235", "question": "what was the cost of total military spending in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 955, "text": "$819" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bulgaria has an emerging market economy in the upper middle income range, where the private sector accounts for more than 80 per cent of GDP. From a largely agricultural country with a predominantly rural population in 1948, by the 1980s Bulgaria had transformed into an industrial economy with scientific and technological research at the top of its budgetary expenditure priorities. The loss of COMECON markets in 1990 and the subsequent \"shock therapy\" of the planned system caused a steep decline in industrial and agricultural production, ultimately followed by an economic collapse in 1997. The economy largely recovered during a period of rapid growth several years later, but the average salary remains one of the lowest in the EU at 952 leva (\u20ac488) per month in March 2016. More than a fifth of the labour force are employed on a minimum wage of \u20ac1 per hour. Wages, however, account for only half of the total household income, owing to the substantial informal economy which amounts to almost 32% of GDP. Bulgarian PPS GDP per capita stood at 47 per cent of the EU average in 2014 according to Eurostat data, while the cost of living was 48 per cent of the average. The currency is the lev, which is pegged to the euro at a rate of 1.95583 lev\u0430 for 1 euro. Bulgaria is not part of the eurozone and has abandoned its plans to adopt the euro.", "qas": [ { "id": "47236", "question": "what percentage of gdp does bulgaria have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "80 per cent" } ] }, { "id": "47237", "question": "in what year did the agricultural country become a rural population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "1948" } ] }, { "id": "47238", "question": "what is the minimum wage of the labour force ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 855, "text": "\u20ac1 per hour" } ] }, { "id": "47239", "question": "what percentage of gdp is wages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1003, "text": "32%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Economic indicators have worsened amid the financial crisis of 2007\u20132008. After several consecutive years of high growth, GDP contracted 5.5 per cent in 2009 and unemployment remains above 12 per cent. Industrial output declined 10 per cent, mining by 31 per cent, and ferrous and metal production marked a 60 per cent drop. Positive growth was restored in 2010, although investments and consumption continue to decline steadily due to rising unemployment. The same year, intercompany debt exceeded \u20ac51 billion, meaning that 60 per cent of all Bulgarian companies were mutually indebted. By 2012, it had increased to \u20ac83 billion, or 227 per cent of GDP. The government implemented strict austerity measures with IMF and EU encouragement to some positive fiscal results, but the social consequences of these measures have been \"catastrophic\" according to the International Trade Union Confederation. Corruption remains another obstacle to economic growth. Bulgaria is one of the most corrupt European Union members and ranks 75th in the Corruption Perceptions Index. Weak law enforcement and overall low capacity of civil service remain as challenges in curbing corruption. However, fighting against corruption has become the focus of the government because of the EU accession, and several anti-corruption programs have been undertaken by different government agencies.\nEconomic activities are fostered by the lowest personal and corporate income tax rates in the EU, and the second-lowest public debt of all member states at 16.5 per cent of GDP in 2012. In 2013, GDP (PPP) was estimated at $119.6\u00a0billion, with a per capita value of $16,518. Sofia and the surrounding Yugozapaden planning area are the most developed region of the country with a per capita PPS GDP of $27,282 in 2011. Bulgaria is a net receiver of funds from the EU. The absolute amount of received funds was \u20ac589 million in 2009.", "qas": [ { "id": "47240", "question": "in what year did the economic crisis occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "2007\u20132008" } ] }, { "id": "47241", "question": "what was the gdp of high growth in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "5.5 per cent" } ] }, { "id": "47242", "question": "what was the unemployment rate in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "12 per cent" } ] }, { "id": "47243", "question": "what was the drop rate of industrial output ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "60 per cent drop" } ] }, { "id": "47244", "question": "how much did the debt debt in the same year ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 499, "text": "\u20ac51 billion" } ] }, { "id": "47245", "question": "what was the absolute amount of received funds in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1878, "text": "\u20ac589 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The labour force is 2.45\u00a0million people, of whom 7.1 per cent are employed in agriculture, 35.2 per cent are employed in industry and 57.7 per cent are employed in the services sector. Extraction of metals and minerals, production of chemicals, machinery and vehicle components, petroleum refining and steel are among the major industrial activities. Mining and its related industries employ a total of 120,000 people and generate about five per cent of the country's GDP. Bulgaria is Europe's sixth-largest coal producer. Local deposits of coal, iron, copper and lead are vital for the manufacturing and energy sectors. Almost all top export items of Bulgaria are industrial commodities such as oil products, copper products and pharmaceuticals. Bulgaria is also a net exporter of agricultural and food products, of which two-thirds go to OECD countries. It is the largest global producer of perfumery essential oils such as lavender and rose oil. Agriculture has declined significantly in the past two decades. Production in 2008 amounted to only 66 per cent of that between 1999 and 2001, while cereal and vegetable yields have dropped by nearly 40 per cent since 1990. Of the services sector, tourism is the most significant contributor to economic growth. In recent years, Bulgaria has emerged as a travelling destination with its inexpensive resorts and beaches outside the reach of the tourist industry. Lonely Planet ranked it among its top 10 destinations for 2011. Most of the visitors are British, Romanian, German and Russian. The capital Sofia, the medieval capital Veliko Tarnovo, coastal resorts Golden Sands and Sunny Beach and winter resorts Bansko, Pamporovo and Borovets are some of the locations most visited by tourists.", "qas": [ { "id": "47246", "question": "how many people are in the labour force ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "2.45\u00a0million" } ] }, { "id": "47247", "question": "what percentage of people are employed in the services sector ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "57.7 per cent" } ] }, { "id": "47248", "question": "how many people are in the mining industries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 403, "text": "120,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bulgaria spends 0.25 per cent of GDP on scientific research, thus having one of the lowest R&D budgets in Europe. Chronic underinvestment in research since 1990 forced many scientific professionals to leave the country. As a result, Bulgaria scores low in terms of innovation, competitiveness and high-value added exports. Principal areas of research and development are energy, nanotechnology, archaeology and medicine. The Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS) is the leading scientific establishment and employs most Bulgarian researchers in its numerous institutes. It has been active in the field of space science with RADOM-7 radiation monitoring experiments on the International Space Station and Chandrayaan-1, and domestically developed space greenhouses on the Mir space station. Bulgaria became the sixth country in the world to have an astronaut in space with Georgi Ivanov's flight on Soyuz 33 in 1979. Bulgaria is an active member of CERN and has contributed to its activities with nearly 200 scientists since its accession in 1999.", "qas": [ { "id": "47249", "question": "what percentage of gdp is bulgaria ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 16, "text": "0.25 per cent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 1980s Bulgaria was known as the \"Silicon Valley of the Eastern Bloc\" because of its large-scale computing technology exports to COMECON states. The ICT sector generates 10 per cent of GDP and employs the third-largest contingent of ICT specialists in the world. A National Centre for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) operates the only supercomputer in Southeastern Europe. The Bulgarian Academy of Sciences is planning to buy another supercomputer in 2015 which will be used together with Hi-Tech SME's.", "qas": [ { "id": "47250", "question": "what was the bulgaria known as in the 1980s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Silicon Valley of the Eastern Bloc" } ] }, { "id": "47251", "question": "what is the ict sector ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "10 per cent of GDP" } ] }, { "id": "47252", "question": "what will the bulgarian academy of sciences be used with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 498, "text": "Hi-Tech SME's" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Internet usage has increased rapidly since 2000\u2014the number of users grew from 430,000 to 3.4\u00a0million (48 per cent penetration rate) in 2010. Telephone services are widely available, and a central digital trunk line connects most regions. More than 90 per cent of fixed lines are served by the Bulgarian Telecommunications Company (BTC), while mobile services are provided by three operators\u2014Mtel, Telenor and Vivacom.", "qas": [ { "id": "47253", "question": "when did internet usage begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "2000\u2014the" } ] }, { "id": "47254", "question": "who served more than 90 per cent of fixed lines ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 293, "text": "Bulgarian Telecommunications Company" } ] }, { "id": "47255", "question": "what are the three operators of mobile services ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 391, "text": "Mtel, Telenor and Vivacom" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the organization Mensa Bulgarians are second in the world in test results for intelligence and Bulgarian students have the second highest results on SAT. According to Mensa tests conducted in 2004, the most clever woman (among the smartest people) is determined Bulgarian Daniela Simidchieva who achieves IQ of 200.", "qas": [ { "id": "47256", "question": "when did the most clever woman begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "2004" } ] }, { "id": "47257", "question": "what is the name of the most clever woman that achieves iq of 200 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "Bulgarian Daniela Simidchieva" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bulgaria's strategic geographic location and well-developed energy sector make it a key European energy centre despite its lack of significant fossil fuel deposits. Nearly 34 percent of its electricity is produced by the nuclear power station at Kozloduy and public opinion strongly supports nuclear energy development. The rapid expansion of alternative energy sources such as wind and solar power stations make Bulgaria one of the fastest-growing wind energy producers in the world. The country aims to produce 16 percent of its electricity from renewable energy sources by 2020.", "qas": [ { "id": "47258", "question": "what percentage of electricity is produced by the nuclear power station ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "Nearly 34 percent" } ] }, { "id": "47259", "question": "what percentage of electricity from renewable energy sources does the country produce ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 513, "text": "16 percent" } ] }, { "id": "47260", "question": "when does the country produce 16 percent of its electricity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 576, "text": "2020" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The national road network has a total length of , of which are paved, but nearly half fall into the lowest international rating for paved roads. Railroads are a major mode of freight transportation, although highways carry a progressively larger share of freight. Bulgaria has of railway track and currently a total of 81\u00a0km of high-speed lines are in operation. Rail links are available with Romania, Turkey, Greece, and Serbia, and express trains serve direct routes to Kiev, Minsk, Moscow and Saint Petersburg. Sofia and Plovdiv are the country's air travel hubs, while Varna and Burgas are the principal maritime trade ports. Varna is also scheduled to be the first station on EU territory to receive natural gas through the South Stream pipeline.", "qas": [ { "id": "47261", "question": "how many high-speed lines are in bulgaria ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "81" } ] }, { "id": "47262", "question": "who are rail links available with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 393, "text": "Romania, Turkey, Greece, and Serbia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The population of Bulgaria is 7,364,570 people according to the 2011 national census. The majority of the population, or 72.5 per cent, reside in urban areas; approximately one-sixth of the total population is concentrated in Sofia. Bulgarians are the main ethnic group and comprise 84.8 per cent of the population. Turkish and Roma minorities comprise 8.8 and 4.9 per cent, respectively; some 40 smaller minorities comprise 0.7 per cent, and 0.8 per cent do not self-identify with an ethnic group.", "qas": [ { "id": "47263", "question": "what is the population of bulgaria ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "7,364,570" } ] }, { "id": "47264", "question": "what is the majority of the population in urban areas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "72.5 per cent" } ] }, { "id": "47265", "question": "what percentage of the population is the main ethnic group ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 283, "text": "84.8 per cent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "All ethnic groups speak Bulgarian, either as a first or as a second language. Bulgarian is the only language with official status and native for 85.2 per cent of the population. The oldest written Slavic language, Bulgarian is distinguishable from the other languages in this group through certain grammatical peculiarities such as the lack of noun cases and infinitives, and a suffixed definite article.", "qas": [ { "id": "47266", "question": "what is the only language with official status ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "Bulgarian" } ] }, { "id": "47267", "question": "what percentage of the population is bulgarian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "85.2 per cent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Government estimates from 2003 put the literacy rate at 98.6 per cent, with no significant difference between the sexes. Educational standards have been traditionally high, although still far from European benchmarks and in continuing deterioration for the past decade. Bulgarian students were among the highest-scoring in the world in terms of reading in 2001, performing better than their Canadian and German counterparts; by 2006, scores in reading, math and science had deteriorated. State expenditures for education are far below the European Union average. The Ministry of Education, Youth and Science partially funds public schools, colleges and universities, sets criteria for textbooks and oversees the publishing process. The State provides free education in primary and secondary public schools. The educational process spans through 12 grades, where grades one through eight are primary and nine through twelve are secondary level. High schools can be technical, vocational, general or specialised in a certain discipline, while higher education consists of a 4-year bachelor degree and a 1-year master's degree.\nThe Constitution of Bulgaria defines it as a secular state with guaranteed religious freedom, but designates Orthodoxy as a \"traditional\" religion. The Bulgarian Orthodox Church gained autocephalous status in 927 AD, and currently has 12 dioceses and over 2,000 priests. More than three-quarters of Bulgarians subscribe to Eastern Orthodoxy. Sunni Muslims are the second-largest community and constitute 10 per cent of the religious makeup, although a majority of them do not pray and find the use of Islamic veils in schools unacceptable. Less than three per cent are affiliated with other religions, 11.8 per cent do not self-identify with a religion and 21.8 per cent refused to state their beliefs.", "qas": [ { "id": "47268", "question": "what was the literacy rate in 2003 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "98.6 per cent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bulgaria has a universal healthcare system financed by taxes and contributions. The National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) pays a gradually increasing portion of the costs of primary healthcare. Projected healthcare expenditures for 2013 amount to 4.1 per cent of GDP. The number of doctors is above the EU average with 181 physicians per 100,000 people, but distribution by fields of practice is uneven, there is a severe shortage of nurses and other medical personnel, and the quality of most medical facilities is poor. Personnel shortages in some fields are so severe that patients resort to seeking treatment in neighboring countries. Bulgaria ranks 113th globally by average life expectancy, which stands at 73.6 years for both genders. The primary causes of death are similar to those in other industrialised countries, mainly cardiovascular diseases, neoplasms and respiratory diseases.", "qas": [ { "id": "47269", "question": "what financed bulgaria healthcare system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "taxes and contributions" } ] }, { "id": "47270", "question": "what fund pays a gradually increasing portion of the costs of primary healthcare ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "National Health Insurance Fund" } ] }, { "id": "47271", "question": "what was the gdp of healthcare expenditures for 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "4.1 per cent" } ] }, { "id": "47272", "question": "what is the number of doctors above the eu ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "181 physicians per 100,000 people" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bulgaria is in a state of demographic crisis. It has had negative population growth since the early 1990s, when the economic collapse caused a long-lasting emigration wave. Some 937,000 to 1,200,000 people\u2014mostly young adults\u2014left the country by 2005. The total fertility rate (TFR) was estimated in 2013 at 1.43 children born/woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1. A third of all households consist of only one person and 75.5 per cent of families do not have children under the age of 16. Consequently, population growth and birth rates are among the lowest in the world while death rates are among the highest. The majority of children are born to unmarried women (of all births 57.4 per cent were outside marriage in 2012).", "qas": [ { "id": "47273", "question": "how many people were in the country in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "1,200,000" } ] }, { "id": "47274", "question": "how many children lived in the fertility rate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "1.43" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Traditional Bulgarian culture contains mainly Thracian, Slavic and Bulgar heritage, along with Greek, Roman, Ottoman, Persian and Celtic influences. Nine historical and natural objects have been inscribed in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the Madara Rider, the Thracian tombs in Sveshtari and Kazanlak, the Boyana Church, the Rila Monastery, the Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo, Pirin National Park, Sreburna Nature Reserve and the ancient city of Nesebar. Nestinarstvo, a ritual fire-dance of Thracian origin, is included in the list of UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. Fire is an essential element of Bulgarian folklore, used to banish evil spirits and diseases. Bulgarian folklore personifies illnesses as witches and has a wide range of creatures, including lamya, samodiva (veela) and karakondzhul. Some of the customs and rituals against these spirits have survived and are still practised, most notably the kukeri and survakari. Martenitsa is also widely celebrated.", "qas": [ { "id": "47275", "question": "what types of heritage contains traditional bulgarian culture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Thracian, Slavic and Bulgar heritage" } ] }, { "id": "47276", "question": "along with slavic and slavic and slavic and slavic and slavic and slavic and slavic and slavic and slavic and bulgar , what are some other influences ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "Greek, Roman, Ottoman, Persian and Celtic influences" } ] }, { "id": "47277", "question": "what is the name of the unesco world heritage sites ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "Madara Rider" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Slavic culture was centred in both the First and Second Bulgarian Empires during much of the Middle Ages. The Preslav, Ohrid and Tarnovo literary schools exerted considerable cultural influence over the Eastern Orthodox world. Many languages in Eastern Europe and Asia use Cyrillic script, which originated in the Preslav Literary School around the 9th century. The medieval advancement in the arts and letters ended with the Ottoman conquest when many masterpieces were destroyed, and artistic activities did not re-emerge until the National Revival in the 19th century. After the Liberation, Bulgarian literature quickly adopted European literary styles such as Romanticism and Symbolism. Since the beginning of the 20th century, several Bulgarian authors, such as Ivan Vazov, Pencho Slaveykov, Peyo Yavorov, Yordan Radichkov and Tzvetan Todorov have gained prominence. In 1981 Bulgarian-born writer Elias Canetti was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.", "qas": [ { "id": "47278", "question": "slavic culture was centred in what empires ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "First and Second Bulgarian Empires" } ] }, { "id": "47279", "question": "which literary schools exerted considerable cultural influence over the eastern orthodox world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Preslav, Ohrid and Tarnovo" } ] }, { "id": "47280", "question": "where is cyrillic script located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 314, "text": "Preslav Literary School" } ] }, { "id": "47281", "question": "what were the european literary styles of european literary styles ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 664, "text": "Romanticism and Symbolism" } ] }, { "id": "47282", "question": "when was the nobel prize in literature awarded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 875, "text": "1981" } ] }, { "id": "47283", "question": "who was awarded the nobel prize in literature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 902, "text": "Elias Canetti" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bulgarian folk music is by far the most extensive traditional art and has slowly developed throughout the ages as a fusion of Eastern and Western influences. It contains Far Eastern, Oriental, medieval Eastern Orthodox and standard Western European tonalities and modes. The music has a distinctive sound and uses a wide range of traditional instruments, such as gadulka, gaida (bagpipe), kaval and tupan. One of its most distinguishing features is \"extended rhythmical time\", which has no equivalent in the rest of European music. The State Television Female Vocal Choir is the most famous performing folk ensemble, and received a Grammy Award in 1990. Bulgaria's written musical composition can be traced back to the early Middle Ages and the works of Yoan Kukuzel (c. 1280\u20131360). Classical music, opera and ballet are represented by composers Emanuil Manolov, Pancho Vladigerov and Georgi Atanasov and singers Ghena Dimitrova, Boris Hristov and Nikolay Gyaurov. Bulgarian performers have gained popularity in several other genres like progressive rock (FSB), electropop (Mira Aroyo) and jazz (Milcho Leviev).", "qas": [ { "id": "47284", "question": "what is the most famous performing folk ensemble in 1990 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 536, "text": "State Television Female Vocal Choir" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The religious visual arts heritage includes frescoes, murals and icons, many produced by the medieval Tarnovo Artistic School. Vladimir Dimitrov, Nikolay Diulgheroff and Christo are some of the most famous modern Bulgarian artists. Film industry remains weak: in 2010, Bulgaria produced three feature films and two documentaries with public funding. Cultural events are advertised in the largest media outlets, including the Bulgarian National Radio, and daily newspapers \"Dneven Trud\", \"Dnevnik\" and \"24 Chasa\".", "qas": [ { "id": "47285", "question": "what school produced the religious visual arts heritage ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "Tarnovo Artistic School" } ] }, { "id": "47286", "question": "what are the most famous modern bulgarian artists ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "Nikolay Diulgheroff and Christo" } ] }, { "id": "47287", "question": "in what year did the film of film industry begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "2010" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While major sections of Bulgaria's media are controlled by state entities, including Bulgarian National Television, the Bulgarian National Radio, and the Bulgarian Telegraph Agency, reporting is generally deemed to be unbiased by direct government interference, although there is no specific legislation to maintain this. Written media has no legal restrictions, \nand a large number of private television and radio stations also exist. Despite this, traditional Bulgarian media outlets are experiencing negative economic and political pressures, and instances of self-censorship have emerged. Meanwhile, internet media is growing in popularity due to its lack of censorship and the diversity of content and opinions it presents.", "qas": [ { "id": "47288", "question": "who controlled major sections of bulgaria ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "state entities" } ] }, { "id": "47289", "question": "what are the names of the state that is generally deemed to be unbiased by direct government interference ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "Bulgarian National Television, the Bulgarian National Radio, and the Bulgarian Telegraph Agency" } ] }, { "id": "47290", "question": "what is the reporting for the reporting of the bulgarian telegraph ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "direct government interference" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bulgarian cuisine is similar to those of other Balkan countries and demonstrates a strong Turkish and Greek influence. Yogurt, lukanka, banitsa, shopska salad, lyutenitsa and kozunak are among the best-known local foods. Oriental dishes such as moussaka, gyuvech, and baklava are also present. Meat consumption is lower than the European average, given a notable preference for a large variety of salads. Rakia is a traditional fruit brandy which was consumed in Bulgaria as early as the 14th century. Bulgarian wine is known for its Traminer, Muskat and Mavrud types, of which up to 200,000 tonnes are produced annually. Until 1989, Bulgaria was the world's second-largest wine exporter.", "qas": [ { "id": "47291", "question": "what type of influence is bulgarian cuisine similar to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "Turkish and Greek influence" } ] }, { "id": "47292", "question": "what are some examples of oriental dishes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "moussaka, gyuvech, and baklava" } ] }, { "id": "47293", "question": "what is bulgarian wine known for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 534, "text": "Traminer, Muskat and Mavrud types" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bulgaria performs well in sports such as wrestling, weight-lifting, boxing, gymnastics, volleyball, football and tennis. The country fields one of the leading men's volleyball teams, ranked sixth in the world according to the 2013 FIVB rankings. Football is by far the most popular sport. Some famous players are AS Monaco forward Dimitar Berbatov and Hristo Stoichkov, winner of the Golden Boot and the Golden Ball and the most successful Bulgarian player of all time. Prominent domestic clubs include PFC CSKA Sofia and PFC Levski Sofia. The best performance of the national team at FIFA World Cup finals came in 1994, when it advanced to the semi-finals by defeating consecutively Greece, Argentina, Mexico and Germany, finishing fourth. Bulgaria has participated in most Olympic competitions since its first appearance at the 1896 games, when it was represented by Charles Champaud. The country has won a total of 218 medals: 52 gold, 86 silver, and 80 bronze, which puts it in 24th place in the all-time ranking.", "qas": [ { "id": "47294", "question": "what are some of the prominent domestic clubs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 503, "text": "PFC CSKA Sofia and PFC Levski Sofia" } ] }, { "id": "47295", "question": "when did the best performance of the national team at fifa world cup finals occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 615, "text": "1994" } ] }, { "id": "47296", "question": "who represented the first olympic competitions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 869, "text": "Charles Champaud" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Stefka Kostadinova is the reigning world record holder in the women's high jump at 2.09 m, which she jumped during the 1987 World Championships in Athletics in Rome. Her world record is one of the oldest in modern athletics. Altogether Kostadinova set seven world records - three outdoors and four indoors. She also holds the women's world record for having jumped over 2.00 m 197 times.", "qas": [ { "id": "47297", "question": "who is the reigning world record holder in rome ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Stefka Kostadinova" } ] }, { "id": "47298", "question": "what is the high world record in rome ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "2.09 m" } ] }, { "id": "47299", "question": "what is the world 's world record record ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 370, "text": "2.00 m 197 times" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Yordanka Donkova is a former hurdling athlete, notable for winning an Olympic gold medal and bronze medal as well as 9 medals at European indoor and outdoor championships. Donkova set four 100 m hurdles world records in 1986. Her fifth world record, a time of 12.21 set in 1988, stood until 2016.", "qas": [ { "id": "47300", "question": "who is a former hurdling athlete ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Yordanka Donkova" } ] }, { "id": "47301", "question": "how many medals does the hurdling athlete have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "9" } ] }, { "id": "47302", "question": "how many world records was set in 1986 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "four 100 m" } ] }, { "id": "47303", "question": "what was the name of the fifth world record set in 1988 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "12.21" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Petar Stoychev is a long distance marathon swimmer who set a new swimming world record for crossing the English Channel in 2007.", "qas": [ { "id": "47304", "question": "who is the long distance marathon in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Petar Stoychev" } ] }, { "id": "47305", "question": "in what year did the new swimming world record for crossing a new swimming world record ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "2007" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Maria Gigova and Maria Petrova have each held a record of three world-titles in rhythmic gymnastics.", "qas": [ { "id": "47306", "question": "who has each record of three world-titles in rhythmic gymnastics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Maria Gigova and Maria Petrova" } ] }, { "id": "47307", "question": "how many rhythmic gymnastics are in rhythmic gymnastics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "three" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Kaloyan Mahlyanov (\u041a\u0430\u043b\u043e\u044f\u043d \u041c\u0430\u0445\u043b\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432), known as Koto\u014dsh\u016b Katsunori is a former professional sumo wrestler who became the first European to earn the title ozeki in Japan.", "qas": [ { "id": "47308", "question": "who became the first european to earn the title ozeki ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Kaloyan Mahlyanov" } ] }, { "id": "47309", "question": "what is the first european to earn the title ozeki ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Koto\u014dsh\u016b Katsunori" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Veselin Topalov became FIDE World Chess Champion by winning the FIDE World Chess Championship 2005. He lost his title in the World Chess Championship 2006 against Vladimir Kramnik.", "qas": [ { "id": "47310", "question": "who became fide world chess champion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Veselin Topalov" } ] }, { "id": "47311", "question": "what was the name of the champion in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "FIDE World Chess Champion" } ] }, { "id": "47312", "question": "what was the name of the chess champion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "FIDE World Chess Championship 2005" } ] }, { "id": "47313", "question": "what was the name of the championship that led to vladimir kramnik ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "World Chess Championship 2006" } ] }, { "id": "47314", "question": "who lost the world chess championship ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "Vladimir Kramnik" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bulgaria national volleyball team has regularly featured in the Top 10, and has earned silver medals at the 1980 Summer Olympics, the 1970 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship and the 1951 European Championship, as well as numerous bronze medals, including at the 2007 World Cup in Japan.", "qas": [ { "id": "47315", "question": "where is bulgaria national volleyball team featured ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "Top 10" } ] }, { "id": "47316", "question": "when did the bulgaria national volleyball team earned silver medals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "1980" } ] }, { "id": "47317", "question": "what is the name of the bulgaria national volleyball team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "the 1970 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship and the 1951 European Championship" } ] } ] } ], "title": "Bulgaria" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press. It is a department of the University of Oxford and is governed by a group of 15 academics appointed by the vice-chancellor known as the delegates of the press. They are headed by the secretary to the delegates, who serves as OUP's chief executive and as its major representative on other university bodies. Oxford University has used a similar system to oversee OUP since the 17th century.", "qas": [ { "id": "47318", "question": "what is the largest university press in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Oxford University Press" } ] }, { "id": "47319", "question": "what is the second oldest university in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "Cambridge University Press" } ] }, { "id": "47320", "question": "what is the department of the oxford university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "University of Oxford" } ] }, { "id": "47321", "question": "how many academics are in the oxford university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "15" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The university became involved in the print trade around 1480, and grew into a major printer of Bibles, prayer books, and scholarly works. OUP took on the project that became the \"Oxford English Dictionary\" in the late 19th century, and expanded to meet the ever-rising costs of the work. As a result, the last hundred years has seen Oxford publish children's books, school text books, music, journals, the World's Classics series, and a best-selling range of English language teaching texts to match its academic and religious titles. Moves into international markets led to OUP opening its own offices outside the United Kingdom, beginning with New York City in 1896. With the advent of computer technology and increasingly harsh trading conditions, the Press's printing house at Oxford was closed in 1989, and its former paper mill at Wolvercote was demolished in 2004. By contracting out its printing and binding operations, the modern OUP publishes some 6,000 new titles around the world each year. As part of a charitable organization, OUP is committed to major financial support of its parent university, and furthers the university's aims of excellence in scholarship, research, and education through its publishing activities.", "qas": [ { "id": "47322", "question": "in what year did the university of the marshall islands become popular ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "1480" } ] }, { "id": "47323", "question": "what was the name of the dictionary that became on the project ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "Oxford English Dictionary" } ] }, { "id": "47324", "question": "in what year did the new york city begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 664, "text": "1896" } ] }, { "id": "47325", "question": "when was the printing house house closed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 803, "text": "1989" } ] } ] }, { "context": "OUP was first exempted from United States corporation tax in 1972 and from United Kingdom corporation tax in 1978. As a department of a charity, OUP is exempt from income tax and corporate tax in most countries, but may pay sales and other commercial taxes on its products. The OUP today transfers 30% of its annual surplus to the rest of the university, with a commitment to a minimum transfer of \u00a312 million per annum. OUP is the largest university press in the world by the number of publications, publishing more than 6,000 new books every year and employing nearly 6,000 people. OUP publishes many reference, professional, and academic works including the \"Oxford English Dictionary\", the \"Concise Oxford English Dictionary\", the Oxford World's Classics, the \"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\", and the \"Concise Dictionary of National Biography\". A number of its most important titles are now available electronically in a package called \"Oxford Reference Online\", and are offered free to holders of a reader's card or other subscribing institutions (e.g. universities, colleges, etc.) worldwide.", "qas": [ { "id": "47326", "question": "in what year was united states first exempted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "1972" } ] }, { "id": "47327", "question": "in what year was united states corporation tax tax tax tax tax tax tax tax tax tax in 1972 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "1978" } ] }, { "id": "47328", "question": "what percentage of the surplus to the rest of the university is today ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "30%" } ] }, { "id": "47329", "question": "what is the minimum transfer of the university of the university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 398, "text": "\u00a312 million per annum" } ] }, { "id": "47330", "question": "what is the name of the package that are available electronically in a package ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 951, "text": "Oxford Reference Online" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Books published by Oxford have International Standard Book Numbers that begin with 0-19, making the Press one of a tiny number of publishers who have two-digit identification numbers in the ISBN system. By internal agreement, the first digit of the individual edition number (following 0-19-) can indicate a particular originating division, for example: 3 for music (before ISMNs were defined); 5 for the New York office; 8 for Clarendon Press publications.\nThe Oxford University Press Museum is located on Great Clarendon Street, Oxford. Visits must be booked in advance and are led by a member of the archive staff. Displays include a 19th-century printing press, the OUP buildings, and the printing and history of the \"Oxford Almanack\", \"Alice in Wonderland\" and the \"Oxford English Dictionary\".", "qas": [ { "id": "47331", "question": "what do oxford books begin with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "0-19" } ] }, { "id": "47332", "question": "where is the oxford university press museum located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 507, "text": "Great Clarendon Street, Oxford" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The first printer associated with Oxford University was Theoderic Rood. A business associate of William Caxton, Rood seems to have brought his own wooden printing press to Oxford from Cologne as a speculative venture, and to have worked in the city between around 1480 and 1483. The first book printed in Oxford, in 1478, an edition of Rufinus's \"Expositio in symbolum apostolorum\", was printed by another, anonymous, printer. Famously, this was mis-dated in Roman numerals as \"1468\", thus apparently pre-dating Caxton. Rood's printing included John Ankywyll's \"Compendium totius grammaticae,\" which set new standards for teaching of Latin grammar.", "qas": [ { "id": "47333", "question": "what was the first printer associated with oxford university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Theoderic Rood" } ] }, { "id": "47334", "question": "who was the business of the business press ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "William Caxton" } ] }, { "id": "47335", "question": "in what years did oxford have worked in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "1480 and 1483" } ] }, { "id": "47336", "question": "where was the first book printed in oxford ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 316, "text": "1478" } ] }, { "id": "47337", "question": "what was the name of roman numerals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 478, "text": "1468" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After Rood, printing connected with the university remained sporadic for over half a century. Records or surviving work are few, and Oxford did not put its printing on a firm footing until the 1580s; this followed the efforts of Cambridge University, which had obtained a licence for its press in 1534. In response to constraints on printing outside London imposed by the Crown and the Stationers' Company, Oxford petitioned Elizabeth I for the formal right to operate a press at the university. The chancellor, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, pleaded Oxford's case. Some royal assent was obtained, since the printer Joseph Barnes began work, and a decree of Star Chamber noted the legal existence of a press at \"the universitie of Oxforde\" in 1586.", "qas": [ { "id": "47338", "question": "what university was the efforts of oxford ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "Cambridge University" } ] }, { "id": "47339", "question": "in what year did the cambridge university of cambridge begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "1534" } ] }, { "id": "47340", "question": "who is the chancellor of the chancellor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 512, "text": "Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester" } ] }, { "id": "47341", "question": "who began the work of royal assent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 619, "text": "Joseph Barnes" } ] }, { "id": "47342", "question": "in what year did the star chamber begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 746, "text": "1586" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Oxford's chancellor, Archbishop William Laud, consolidated the legal status of the university's printing in the 1630s. Laud envisaged a unified press of world repute. Oxford would establish it on university property, govern its operations, employ its staff, determine its printed work, and benefit from its proceeds. To that end, he petitioned Charles I for rights that would enable Oxford to compete with the Stationers' Company and the King's Printer, and obtained a succession of royal grants to aid it. These were brought together in Oxford's \"Great Charter\" in 1636, which gave the university the right to print \"all manner of books\". Laud also obtained the \"privilege\" from the Crown of printing the King James or Authorized Version of Scripture at Oxford. This \"privilege\" created substantial returns in the next 250 years, although initially it was held in abeyance. The Stationers' Company was deeply alarmed by the threat to its trade and lost little time in establishing a \"Covenant of Forbearance\" with Oxford. Under this, the Stationers paid an annual rent for the university not to exercise its full printing rights\u00a0\u2013 money Oxford used to purchase new printing equipment for smaller purposes.", "qas": [ { "id": "47343", "question": "who was oxford 's chancellor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "Archbishop William Laud" } ] }, { "id": "47344", "question": "who did charles i enable oxford to compete with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 410, "text": "Stationers' Company and the King's Printer" } ] }, { "id": "47345", "question": "in what year did oxford 's `` great charter '' take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 566, "text": "1636" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Laud also made progress with internal organization of the Press. Besides establishing the system of Delegates, he created the wide-ranging supervisory post of \"Architypographus\": an academic who would have responsibility for every function of the business, from print shop management to proofreading. The post was more an ideal than a workable reality, but it survived (mostly as a sinecure) in the loosely structured Press until the 18th century. In practice, Oxford's Warehouse-Keeper dealt with sales, accounting, and the hiring and firing of print shop staff.", "qas": [ { "id": "47346", "question": "what did the press made progress with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "internal organization of the Press" } ] }, { "id": "47347", "question": "what was the supervisory post called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "Architypographus" } ] }, { "id": "47348", "question": "when was the post survived ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 430, "text": "the 18th century" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Laud's plans, however, hit terrible obstacles, both personal and political. Falling foul of political intrigue, he was executed in 1645, by which time the English Civil War had broken out. Oxford became a Royalist stronghold during the conflict, and many printers in the city concentrated on producing political pamphlets or sermons. Some outstanding mathematical and Orientalist works emerged at this time\u00a0\u2013 notably, texts edited by Edward Pococke, the Regius Professor of Hebrew\u00a0\u2013 but no university press on Laud's model was possible before the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660.", "qas": [ { "id": "47349", "question": "when was the english civil war executed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "1645" } ] }, { "id": "47350", "question": "who edited the texts of hebrew ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 434, "text": "Edward Pococke" } ] }, { "id": "47351", "question": "in what year was the restoration of the monarchy possible ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 578, "text": "1660" } ] } ] }, { "context": "It was finally established by the vice-chancellor, John Fell, Dean of Christ Church, Bishop of Oxford, and Secretary to the Delegates. Fell regarded Laud as a martyr, and was determined to honour his vision of the Press. Using the provisions of the Great Charter, Fell persuaded Oxford to refuse any further payments from the Stationers and drew all printers working for the university onto one set of premises. This business was set up in the cellars of the new Sheldonian Theatre, where Fell installed printing presses in 1668, making it the university's first central print shop. A type foundry was added when Fell acquired a large stock of typographical punches and matrices from the Dutch Republic\u00a0\u2013 the so-called \"Fell Types\". He also induced two Dutch typefounders, Harman Harmanz and Peter de Walpergen, to work in Oxford for the Press. Finally, defying the Stationers' demands, Fell personally leased the right to print from the university in 1672, in partnership with Thomas Yate, Principal of Brasenose, and Sir Leoline Jenkins, Principal of Jesus College.", "qas": [ { "id": "47352", "question": "where was the first central print shop located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 463, "text": "Sheldonian Theatre" } ] }, { "id": "47353", "question": "in what year was the installed printing presses installed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 524, "text": "1668" } ] }, { "id": "47354", "question": "in what year did the stationers ' demands print print from the university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 952, "text": "1672" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Fell's scheme was ambitious. Besides plans for academic and religious works, in 1674 he began to print a broadsheet calendar, known as the \"Oxford Almanack\". Early editions featured symbolic views of Oxford, but in 1766 these gave way to realistic studies of the city or university. The \"Almanacks\" have been produced annually without interruption from Fell's time to the present day.", "qas": [ { "id": "47355", "question": "when did he begin to print a broadsheet calendar ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "1674" } ] }, { "id": "47356", "question": "what was the broadsheet calendar called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "Oxford Almanack" } ] }, { "id": "47357", "question": "in what year did the early editions of the city or university begin to realistic studies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "1766" } ] }, { "id": "47358", "question": "what have been produced annually without interruption from the present day ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 288, "text": "Almanacks" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Following the start of this work, Fell drew up the first formal programme for the university's printing. Dating from 1675, this document envisaged hundreds of works, including the Bible in Greek, editions of the Coptic Gospels and works of the Church Fathers, texts in Arabic and Syriac, comprehensive editions of classical philosophy, poetry, and mathematics, a wide range of medieval scholarship, and also \"a history of insects, more perfect than any yet Extant.\" Though few of these proposed titles appeared during Fell's life, bible printing remained at the forefront of his mind. A full variant Greek text of Scripture proved impossible, but in 1675 Oxford printed a quarto King James edition, carrying Fell's own textual changes and spellings. This work only provoked further conflict with the Stationers' Company. In retaliation, Fell leased the university's bible printing to three rogue Stationers, Moses Pitt, Peter Parker, and Thomas Guy, whose sharp commercial instincts proved vital to fomenting Oxford's bible trade. Their involvement, however, led to a protracted legal battle between Oxford and the Stationers, and the litigation dragged on for the rest of Fell's life. He died in 1686.", "qas": [ { "id": "47359", "question": "in what year was the bible document envisaged ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "1675" } ] }, { "id": "47360", "question": "where did he die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1197, "text": "1686" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Yate and Jenkins predeceased Fell, leaving him with no obvious heir to oversee the print shop. As a result, his will left the partners' stock and lease in trust to Oxford University, and charged them with keeping together \"my founding Materialls of the Press.\" Fell's main trustee was the Delegate Henry Aldrich, Dean of Christ Church, who took a keen interest in the decorative work of Oxford's books. He and his colleagues presided over the end of Parker and Guy's lease, and a new arrangement in 1691 whereby the Stationers leased the whole of Oxford's printing privilege, including its unsold scholarly stock. Despite violent opposition from some printers in the Sheldonian, this ended the friction between Oxford and the Stationers, and marked the effective start of a stable university printing business.", "qas": [ { "id": "47361", "question": "which predeceased fell to oversee the print shop ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Yate and Jenkins" } ] }, { "id": "47362", "question": "what university did the university of the press left the trust to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "Oxford University" } ] }, { "id": "47363", "question": "what was the founding of the oxford university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 235, "text": "Materialls of the Press" } ] }, { "id": "47364", "question": "who was the dean of christ church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 289, "text": "Delegate Henry Aldrich" } ] }, { "id": "47365", "question": "in what year did the stationers leased ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 499, "text": "1691" } ] }, { "id": "47366", "question": "which two countries did the effective start of a stable university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 711, "text": "Oxford and the Stationers" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1713, Aldrich also oversaw the Press moving to the Clarendon Building. This was named in honour of Oxford University's Chancellor, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon. Oxford lore maintained its construction was funded by proceeds from his book \"The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England\" (1702\u201304). In fact, most of the money came from Oxford's new bible printer John Baskett\u00a0\u2013 and the Vice-Chancellor William Delaune defaulted with much of the proceeds from Clarendon's work. In any event, the result was Nicholas Hawksmoor's beautiful but impractical structure beside the Sheldonian in Broad Street. The Press worked here until 1830, with its operations split into the so-called \"Learned Side\" and \"Bible Side\" in different wings of the building.", "qas": [ { "id": "47367", "question": "in what year did aldrich also leave the press ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1713" } ] }, { "id": "47368", "question": "where did aldrich also move to in 1713 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "Clarendon Building" } ] }, { "id": "47369", "question": "who was oxford university 's chancellor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon" } ] }, { "id": "47370", "question": "what years did the history of the rebellion occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": "1702\u201304" } ] }, { "id": "47371", "question": "who wrote the beautiful but impractical ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 522, "text": "Nicholas Hawksmoor" } ] }, { "id": "47372", "question": "in what year did the press begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 646, "text": "1830" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Generally speaking, the early 18th century marked a lull in the Press's expansion. It suffered from the absence of any figure comparable to Fell, and its history was marked by ineffectual or fractious individuals such as the Architypographus and antiquary Thomas Hearne, and the flawed project of Baskett's first bible, a gorgeously designed volume strewn with misprints, and known as the Vinegar Bible after a glaring typographical error in St. Luke. Other printing during this period included Richard Allestree's contemplative texts, and Thomas Hanmer's 6-volume edition of Shakespeare, (1743\u20134). In retrospect, these proved relatively minor triumphs. They were products of a university press that had come to embody increasing muddle, decay, and corrupt practice, and relied increasingly on leasing of its bible and prayer book work to survive.", "qas": [ { "id": "47373", "question": "who was the history of history in the 18th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "Thomas Hearne" } ] }, { "id": "47374", "question": "what was the name of the first bible project ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 389, "text": "Vinegar Bible" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The business was rescued by the intervention of a single Delegate, William Blackstone. Disgusted by the chaotic state of the Press, and antagonized by the Vice-Chancellor George Huddesford, Blackstone subjected the print shop to close scrutiny, but his findings on its confused organization and sly procedures met with only \"gloomy and contemptuous silence\" from his colleagues, or \"at best with a languid indifference.\" In disgust, Blackstone forced the university to confront its responsibilities by publishing a lengthy letter he had written to Huddesford's successor, Thomas Randolph in May 1757. Here, Blackstone characterized the Press as an inbred institution that had given up all pretence of serving scholarship, \"languishing in a lazy obscurity ... a nest of imposing mechanics.\" To cure this disgraceful state of affairs, Blackstone called for sweeping reforms that would firmly set out the Delegates' powers and obligations, officially record their deliberations and accounting, and put the print shop on an efficient footing. Nonetheless, Randolph ignored this document, and it was not until Blackstone threatened legal action that changes began. The university had moved to adopt all of Blackstone's reforms by 1760.", "qas": [ { "id": "47375", "question": "who rescued the business business ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "William Blackstone" } ] }, { "id": "47376", "question": "who antagonized the press ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "George Huddesford" } ] }, { "id": "47377", "question": "who was the successor to 1757 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 572, "text": "Thomas Randolph" } ] }, { "id": "47378", "question": "when did thomas randolph die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 591, "text": "May 1757" } ] }, { "id": "47379", "question": "when was the university of blackstone moved to blackstone ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1225, "text": "1760" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By the late 18th century, the Press had become more focused. Early copyright law had begun to undercut the Stationers, and the university took pains to lease out its bible work to experienced printers. When the American War of Independence deprived Oxford of a valuable market for its bibles, this lease became too risky a proposition, and the Delegates were forced to offer shares in the Press to those who could take \"the care and trouble of managing the trade for our mutual advantage.\" Forty-eight shares were issued, with the university holding a controlling interest. At the same time, classical scholarship revived, with works by Jeremiah Markland and Peter Elmsley, as well as early 19th-century texts edited by a growing number of academics from mainland Europe\u00a0\u2013 perhaps the most prominent being August Immanuel Bekker and Karl Wilhelm Dindorf. Both prepared editions at the invitation of the Greek scholar Thomas Gaisford, who served as a Delegate for 50 years. During his time, the growing Press established distributors in London, and employed the bookseller Joseph Parker in Turl Street for the same purposes in Oxford. Parker also came to hold shares in the Press itself.", "qas": [ { "id": "47380", "question": "who revived classical scholarship ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 637, "text": "Jeremiah Markland and Peter Elmsley" } ] }, { "id": "47381", "question": "who served as a delegate for 50 years ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 917, "text": "Thomas Gaisford" } ] }, { "id": "47382", "question": "who employed the same purposes in oxford ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1072, "text": "Joseph Parker" } ] } ] }, { "context": "This expansion pushed the Press out of the Clarendon building. In 1825 the Delegates bought land in Walton Street. Buildings were constructed from plans drawn up by Daniel Robertson and Edward Blore, and the Press moved into them in 1830. This site remains the main office of OUP in the 21st century, at the corner of Walton Street and Great Clarendon Street, northwest of Oxford city centre.", "qas": [ { "id": "47383", "question": "when did the delegates bought land in walton street ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "1825" } ] }, { "id": "47384", "question": "where did the delegates bought land ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "Walton Street" } ] }, { "id": "47385", "question": "who constructed the buildings in 1830 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "Daniel Robertson and Edward Blore" } ] }, { "id": "47386", "question": "when did the press move into them ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "1830" } ] }, { "id": "47387", "question": "what street is located in the 21st century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 318, "text": "Walton Street and Great Clarendon Street" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Press now entered an era of enormous change. In 1830, it was still a joint stock printing business in an academic backwater, offering learned works to a relatively small readership of scholars and clerics. The Press was the product of \"a society of shy hypochondriacs,\" as one historian put it. Its trade relied on mass sales of cheap bibles, and its Delegates were typified by Gaisford or Martin Routh. They were long-serving classicists, presiding over a learned business that printed 5 or 10 titles each year, such as Liddell and Scott's \"Greek-English Lexicon\" (1843), and they displayed little or no desire to expand its trade. Steam power for printing must have seemed an unsettling departure in the 1830s.", "qas": [ { "id": "47388", "question": "in what year was the press still a joint stock printing business ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "1830" } ] }, { "id": "47389", "question": "who typified the delegates on mass sales ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 382, "text": "Gaisford or Martin Routh" } ] }, { "id": "47390", "question": "when was scott 's `` greek-english lexicon '' released ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 570, "text": "1843" } ] } ] }, { "context": "At this time, Thomas Combe joined the Press and became the university's Printer until his death in 1872. Combe was a better business man than most Delegates, but still no innovator: he failed to grasp the huge commercial potential of India paper, which grew into one of Oxford's most profitable trade secrets in later years. Even so, Combe earned a fortune through his shares in the business and the acquisition and renovation of the bankrupt paper mill at Wolvercote. He funded schooling at the Press and the endowment of St. Barnabas Church in Oxford. Combe's wealth also extended to becoming the first patron of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, and he and his wife Martha bought most of the group's early work, including \"The Light of the World\" by William Holman Hunt. Combe showed little interest, however, in producing fine printed work at the Press. The most well-known text associated with his print shop was the flawed first edition of \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", printed by Oxford at the expense of its author Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) in 1865.", "qas": [ { "id": "47391", "question": "who joined the press in 1872 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "Thomas Combe" } ] }, { "id": "47392", "question": "when did thomas combe become the printer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "1872" } ] }, { "id": "47393", "question": "who bought the light of the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 751, "text": "William Holman Hunt" } ] } ] }, { "context": "It took the 1850 Royal Commission on the workings of the university and a new Secretary, Bartholomew Price, to shake up the Press. Appointed in 1868, Price had already recommended to the university that the Press needed an efficient executive officer to exercise \"vigilant superintendence\" of the business, including its dealings with Alexander Macmillan, who became the publisher for Oxford's printing in 1863 and in 1866 helped Price to create the Clarendon Press series of cheap, elementary schoolbooks\u00a0\u2013 perhaps the first time that Oxford used the Clarendon imprint. Under Price, the Press began to take on its modern shape. By 1865 the Delegacy had ceased to be 'perpetual,' and evolved into five perpetual and five junior posts filled by appointment from the university, with the Vice Chancellor a Delegate ex officio: a hothouse for factionalism that Price deftly tended and controlled. The university bought back shares as their holders retired or died. Accounts' supervision passed to the newly created Finance Committee in 1867. Major new lines of work began. To give one example, in 1875, the Delegates approved the series \"Sacred Books of the East\" under the editorship of Friedrich Max M\u00fcller, bringing a vast range of religious thought to a wider readership.", "qas": [ { "id": "47394", "question": "in what year did bartholomew price become a royal commission ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 12, "text": "1850" } ] }, { "id": "47395", "question": "what was the name of the new secretary of the university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Bartholomew Price" } ] }, { "id": "47396", "question": "in what year was price appointed to the university of the business ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "1868" } ] }, { "id": "47397", "question": "who was the publisher of oxford 's printing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 335, "text": "Alexander Macmillan" } ] }, { "id": "47398", "question": "in what year did alexander macmillan become the publisher for oxford 's printing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 406, "text": "1863" } ] }, { "id": "47399", "question": "when did the delegates approved the series of sacred books ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1094, "text": "1875" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Equally, Price moved OUP towards publishing in its own right. The Press had ended its relationship with Parker's in 1863 and in 1870 bought a small London bindery for some bible work. Macmillan's contract ended in 1880, and wasn't renewed. By this time, Oxford also had a London warehouse for bible stock in Paternoster Row, and in 1880 its manager Henry Frowde (1841\u20131927) was given the formal title of Publisher to the University. Frowde came from the book trade, not the university, and remained an enigma to many. One obituary in Oxford's staff magazine \"The Clarendonian\" admitted, \"Very few of us here in Oxford had any personal knowledge of him.\" Despite that, Frowde became vital to OUP's growth, adding new lines of books to the business, presiding over the massive publication of the Revised Version of the New Testament in 1881 and playing a key role in setting up the Press's first office outside Britain, in New York City in 1896.", "qas": [ { "id": "47400", "question": "in what year did parker 's press end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "1863" } ] }, { "id": "47401", "question": "in what year did parker 's work for some bible work ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "1870" } ] }, { "id": "47402", "question": "when did macmillan end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "1880" } ] }, { "id": "47403", "question": "where was oxford warehouse located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "Paternoster Row" } ] }, { "id": "47404", "question": "who was the manager of oxford in 1880 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 349, "text": "Henry Frowde" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Price transformed OUP. In 1884, the year he retired as Secretary, the Delegates bought back the last shares in the business. The Press was now owned wholly by the university, with its own paper mill, print shop, bindery, and warehouse. Its output had increased to include school books and modern scholarly texts such as James Clerk Maxwell's \"A Treatise on Electricity & Magnetism\" (1873), which proved fundamental to Einstein's thought. Simply put, without abandoning its traditions or quality of work, Price began to turn OUP into an alert, modern publisher. In 1879, he also took on the publication that led that process to its conclusion: the huge project that became the \"Oxford English Dictionary\" (OED).", "qas": [ { "id": "47405", "question": "in what year did the delegates bought back the last shares ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "1884" } ] }, { "id": "47406", "question": "when did the oxford english dictionary become the `` oxford english dictionary '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 564, "text": "1879" } ] }, { "id": "47407", "question": "what was the name of the huge project that led to the huge project ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 677, "text": "Oxford English Dictionary" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Offered to Oxford by James Murray and the Philological Society, the \"New English Dictionary\" was a grand academic and patriotic undertaking. Lengthy negotiations led to a formal contract. Murray was to edit a work estimated to take 10 years and to cost approximately \u00a39,000. Both figures were wildly optimistic. The Dictionary began to appear in print in 1884, but the first edition was not completed until 1928, 13 years after Murray's death, at a cost of around \u00a3375,000. This vast financial burden and its implications landed on Price's successors.", "qas": [ { "id": "47408", "question": "who offered the `` new english dictionary '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "James Murray and the Philological Society" } ] }, { "id": "47409", "question": "what was the grand academic and patriotic undertaking ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "New English Dictionary" } ] }, { "id": "47410", "question": "how long was murray to edit a work ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "10 years" } ] }, { "id": "47411", "question": "how much did murray pay to cost 10 years ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "\u00a39,000" } ] }, { "id": "47412", "question": "in what year did the dictionary begin to appear in print print until 1928 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 355, "text": "1884" } ] }, { "id": "47413", "question": "what was the cost of murray 's death ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 464, "text": "\u00a3375,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The next Secretary struggled to address this problem. Philip Lyttelton Gell was appointed by the Vice-Chancellor Benjamin Jowett in 1884. Despite his education at Balliol and a background in London publishing, Gell found the operations of the Press incomprehensible. The Delegates began to work around him, and the university finally dismissed Gell in 1897. The Assistant Secretary, Charles Cannan, took over with little fuss and even less affection for his predecessor: \"Gell was always here, but I cannot make out what he did.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "47414", "question": "who was the vice-chancellor benjamin in 1884 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "Philip Lyttelton Gell" } ] }, { "id": "47415", "question": "who appointed philip lyttelton ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "Vice-Chancellor Benjamin Jowett" } ] }, { "id": "47416", "question": "when was philip lyttelton appointed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "1884" } ] }, { "id": "47417", "question": "who was the assistant secretary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 383, "text": "Charles Cannan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Cannan had little opportunity for public wit in his new role. An acutely gifted classicist, he came to the head of a business that was successful in traditional terms but now moved into uncharted terrain. By themselves, specialist academic works and the undependable bible trade could not meet the rising costs of the Dictionary and Press contributions to the University Chest. To meet these demands, OUP needed much more revenue. Cannan set out to obtain it. Outflanking university politics and inertia, he made Frowde and the London office the financial engine for the whole business. Frowde steered Oxford rapidly into popular literature, acquiring the World's Classics in 1906. The same year saw him enter into a so-called \"joint venture\" with Hodder & Stoughton to help with the publication of children's literature and medical books. Cannan insured continuity to these efforts by appointing his Oxford prot\u00e9g\u00e9, the Assistant Secretary Humphrey S. Milford, to be Frowde's assistant. Milford became Publisher when Frowde retired in 1913, and ruled over the lucrative London business and the branch offices that reported to it until his own retirement in 1945. Given the financial health of the Press, Cannan ceased to regard scholarly books or even the Dictionary as impossible liabilities. \"I do not think the University can produce enough books to ruin us,\" he remarked.", "qas": [ { "id": "47418", "question": "what is the name of the chest trade trade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 360, "text": "University Chest" } ] } ] }, { "context": "His efforts were helped by the efficiency of the print shop. Horace Hart was appointed as Controller of the Press at the same time as Gell, but proved far more effective than the Secretary. With extraordinary energy and professionalism, he improved and enlarged Oxford's printing resources, and developed \"Hart's Rules\" as the first style guide for Oxford's proofreaders. Subsequently, these became standard in print shops worldwide. In addition, he suggested the idea for the Clarendon Press Institute, a social club for staff in Walton Street. When the Institute opened in 1891, the Press had 540 employees eligible to join it, including apprentices. Finally, Hart's general interest in printing led to him cataloguing the \"Fell Types\", then using them in a series of Tudor and Stuart facsimile volumes for the Press, before ill health led to his death in 1915. By then, OUP had moved from being a parochial printer into a wide-ranging, university-owned publishing house with a growing international presence.", "qas": [ { "id": "47419", "question": "who was appointed as controller of the press ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Horace Hart" } ] }, { "id": "47420", "question": "what was horace appointed as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "Controller of the Press" } ] }, { "id": "47421", "question": "what was horace appointed as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "Gell" } ] }, { "id": "47422", "question": "what was the name of the first style guide for oxford ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "Hart's Rules" } ] }, { "id": "47423", "question": "what was the name of the social club for staff in walton street ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 477, "text": "Clarendon Press Institute" } ] }, { "id": "47424", "question": "where was the social club institute located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 531, "text": "Walton Street" } ] }, { "id": "47425", "question": "when did the institute open ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 575, "text": "1891" } ] }, { "id": "47426", "question": "how many employees did the press have in 1891 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 595, "text": "540" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Frowde had no doubt that the Press's business in London could be very largely increased and was appointed on contract with a commission on sales. Seven years later, as Publisher to the University, Frowde was using his own name as an imprint as well as 'Oxford University Press'. This style persisted till recent times, with two kinds of imprints emanating from the Press's London offices. The last man known as 'Publisher to the University' was John Gilbert Newton Brown, known to his colleagues as 'Bruno'. The distinctions implied by the imprints were subtle but important. Books that London issued on commission (paid for by their authors or by some learned body) were styled 'Henry Frowde', or 'Humphrey Milford' with no mention of OUP, as if the Publisher were issuing them himself, while books that the Publisher issued under the rubric of the university bore the imprint 'Oxford University Press'. Both these categories were mostly handled by London, while Oxford (in practice the Secretary) looked after the Clarendon Press books. Commission books were intended as cash cows to fund the London Business's overheads, since the Press did not lay aside any resources for this purpose. Nevertheless, Frowde was especially careful to see that all commission books he published met with the Delegates' approval. This was not an uncommon arrangement for scholarly or antiquarian presses.", "qas": [ { "id": "47427", "question": "what was the name of the press that was using publisher to the university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "Oxford University Press" } ] }, { "id": "47428", "question": "who was the last man known as ` bruno ' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 445, "text": "John Gilbert Newton Brown" } ] }, { "id": "47429", "question": "who was london 's commission ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 680, "text": "Henry Frowde" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Price quickly primed Frowde for the imminent publication jointly with Cambridge University Press of the Revised Version of the Bible, which promised to be a 'bestseller' on a scale that would require the employment of all the Press's resources to keep up with the demand. This was to be a complete retranslation of the text of the Bible from the oldest original Greek and Hebrew versions, superseding the Authorized Version of 1611. Frowde's agency was set up just in time, for the Revised Version, published on 17 May 1881, sold a million copies before publication and at a breakneck rate thenceforth, though overproduction ultimately made a dent in the profits. Though Frowde was by no means an Oxford man and had no social pretensions of being one, he was a sound businessman who was able to strike the magic balance between caution and enterprise. From quite early on he had ideas of advancing the Press's overseas trade, at first in Europe and increasingly in America, Canada, India, and Africa. He was more or less singlehandedly responsible for setting up the American Branch as well as depots in Edinburgh, Toronto, and Melbourne. Frowde dealt with most of the logistics for books carrying the OUP imprint, including handling authors, binding, dispatching, and advertising, and only editorial work and the printing itself were carried out at or supervised from Oxford.", "qas": [ { "id": "47430", "question": "what was the name of the version of the bible ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 405, "text": "Authorized Version of 1611" } ] }, { "id": "47431", "question": "when was the revised version published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 512, "text": "17 May 1881" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Frowde regularly remitted money back to Oxford, but he privately felt that the business was undercapitalized and would pretty soon become a serious drain on the university's resources unless put on a sound commercial footing. He himself was authorized to invest money up to a limit in the business but was prevented from doing so by family troubles. Hence his interest in overseas sales, for by the 1880s and 1890s there was money to be made in India, while the European book market was in the doldrums. But Frowde's distance from the Press's decision-making meant he was incapable of influencing policy unless a Delegate spoke for him. Most of the time Frowde did whatever he could within the mandate given him by the Delegates. In 1905, when applying for a pension, he wrote to J. R. Magrath, the then Vice Chancellor, that during the seven years when he had served as manager of the Bible Warehouse the sales of the London Business had averaged about \u00a320,000 and the profits \u00a31,887 per year. By 1905, under his management as Publisher, the sales had risen to upwards of \u00a3200,000 per year and the profits in that 29 years of service averaged \u00a38,242 per year.", "qas": [ { "id": "47432", "question": "who was the vice chancellor of the bible ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 780, "text": "J. R. Magrath" } ] }, { "id": "47433", "question": "how much did the vice chancellor of the bible cost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 954, "text": "\u00a320,000" } ] }, { "id": "47434", "question": "how much did the sales of the sales publisher cost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1073, "text": "\u00a3200,000 per year" } ] }, { "id": "47435", "question": "how much money did the profits of service sales increase in 1905 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1144, "text": "\u00a38,242 per year" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Price, trying in his own way to modernize the Press against the resistance of its own historical inertia, had become overworked and by 1883 was so exhausted as to want to retire. Benjamin Jowett had become vice chancellor of the university in 1882. Impatient of the endless committees that would no doubt attend the appointment of a successor to Price, Jowett extracted what could be interpreted as permission from the delegates and headhunted Philip Lyttelton Gell, a former student acolyte of his, to be the next secretary to the delegates. Gell was making a name for himself at the publishing firm of Cassell, Petter and Galpin, a firm regarded as scandalously commercial by the delegates. Gell himself was a patrician who was unhappy with his work, where he saw himself as catering to the taste of \"one class: the lower middle\", and he grasped at the chance of working with the kind of texts and readerships OUP attracted.", "qas": [ { "id": "47436", "question": "what year was price to retire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "1883" } ] }, { "id": "47437", "question": "who had become vice chancellor of the university in 1882 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "Benjamin Jowett" } ] }, { "id": "47438", "question": "when did benjamin jowett become vice chancellor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 243, "text": "1882" } ] }, { "id": "47439", "question": "who was the next secretary of the delegates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 444, "text": "Philip Lyttelton Gell" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Jowett promised Gell golden opportunities, little of which he actually had the authority to deliver. He timed Gell's appointment to coincide with both the Long Vacation (from June to September) and the death of Mark Pattison, so potential opposition was prevented from attending the crucial meetings. Jowett knew the primary reason why Gell would attract hostility was that he had never worked for the Press nor been a delegate, and he had sullied himself in the city with raw commerce. His fears were borne out. Gell immediately proposed a thorough modernising of the Press with a marked lack of tact, and earned himself enduring enemies. Nevertheless, he was able to do a lot in tandem with Frowde, and expanded the publishing programmes and the reach of OUP until about 1898. Then his health broke down under the impossible work conditions he was being forced to endure by the Delegates' non-cooperation. The delegates then served him with a notice of termination of service that violated his contract. However, he was persuaded not to file suit and to go quietly.", "qas": [ { "id": "47440", "question": "when did the long vacation occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "June to September" } ] }, { "id": "47441", "question": "what was the name of the death of the death of the meetings ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "Mark Pattison" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Charles Cannan, who had been instrumental in Gell's removal, succeeded Gell in 1898, and Humphrey S. Milford, his younger colleague, effectively succeeded Frowde in 1907. Both were Oxford men who knew the system inside out, and the close collaboration with which they worked was a function of their shared background and worldview. Cannan was known for terrifying silences, and Milford had an uncanny ability, testified to by Amen House employees, to 'disappear' in a room rather like a Cheshire cat, from which obscurity he would suddenly address his subordinates and make them jump. Whatever their reasons for their style of working, both Cannan and Milford had a very hardnosed view of what needed to be done, and they proceeded to do it. Indeed, Frowde knew within a few weeks of Milford's entering the London office in [1904] that he would be replaced. Milford, however, always treated Frowde with courtesy, and Frowde remained in an advisory capacity till 1913. Milford rapidly teamed up with J. E. Hodder Williams of Hodder and Stoughton, setting up what was known as the Joint Account for the issue of a wide range of books in education, science, medicine and also fiction. Milford began putting in practice a number of initiatives, including the foundations of most of the Press's global branches.", "qas": [ { "id": "47442", "question": "who was the leader of the removal of humphrey removal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Charles Cannan" } ] }, { "id": "47443", "question": "when did charles cannan die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "1898" } ] }, { "id": "47444", "question": "who was the colleague of the younger colleague ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Humphrey S. Milford" } ] }, { "id": "47445", "question": "in what year did charles s. humphrey removal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "1907" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Milford took responsibility for overseas trade almost at once, and by 1906 he was making plans to send a traveller to India and the Far East jointly with Hodder and Stoughton. N. Graydon (first name unknown) was the first such traveller in 1907, and again in 1908 when he represented OUP exclusively in India, the Straits and the Far East. A.H. Cobb replaced him in 1909, and in 1910 Cobb functioned as a travelling manager semi-permanently stationed in India. In 1911, E. V. Rieu went out to East Asia via the Trans-Siberian Railway, had several adventures in China and Russia, then came south to India and spent most of the year meeting educationists and officials all over India. In 1912, he arrived again in Bombay, now known as Mumbai. There he rented an office in the dockside area and set up the first overseas Branch.", "qas": [ { "id": "47446", "question": "what year was he making plans to send a traveller to india ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "1906" } ] }, { "id": "47447", "question": "what were the far east jointly with india ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "Hodder and Stoughton" } ] }, { "id": "47448", "question": "what was the name of the first traveller name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "N. Graydon" } ] }, { "id": "47449", "question": "in what year was the first name of traveller name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 240, "text": "1907" } ] }, { "id": "47450", "question": "in what year did the first name of india begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "1908" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1914, Europe was plunged into turmoil. The first effects of the war were paper shortages and losses and disturbances in shipping, then quickly a dire lack of hands as the staff were called up and went to serve on the field. Many of the staff including two of the pioneers of the Indian branch were killed in action. Curiously, sales through the years 1914 to 1917 were good and it was only towards the end of the war that conditions really began pinching.", "qas": [ { "id": "47451", "question": "when was europe plunged into turmoil ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1914" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Rather than bringing relief from shortages, the 1920s saw skyrocketing prices of both materials and labour. Paper especially was hard to come by, and had to be imported from South America through trading companies. Economies and markets slowly recovered as the 1920s progressed. In 1928, the Press's imprint read 'London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Leipzig, Toronto, Melbourne, Cape Town, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras and Shanghai'. Not all of these were full-fledged branches: in Leipzig there was a depot run by H. Bohun Beet, and in Canada and Australia there were small, functional depots in the cities and an army of educational representatives penetrating the rural fastnesses to sell the Press's stock as well as books published by firms whose agencies were held by the Press, very often including fiction and light reading. In India, the Branch depots in Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta were imposing establishments with sizable stock inventories, for the Presidencies themselves were large markets, and the educational representatives there dealt mostly with upcountry trade. The Depression of 1929 dried profits from the Americas to a trickle, and India became 'the one bright spot' in an otherwise dismal picture. Bombay was the nodal point for distribution to the Africas and onward sale to Australasia, and people who trained at the three major depots moved later on to pioneer branches in Africa and South East Asia.", "qas": [ { "id": "47452", "question": "in what year was the press read ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "1928" } ] }, { "id": "47453", "question": "who run the depot in leipzig ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 503, "text": "H. Bohun Beet" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Press's experience of World War II was similar to World War I except that Milford was now close to retirement and 'hated to see the young men go'. The London blitz this time was much more intense and the London Business was shifted temporarily to Oxford. Milford, now extremely unwell and reeling under a series of personal bereavements, was prevailed upon to stay till the end of the war and keep the business going. As before, everything was in short supply, but the U-boat threat made shipping doubly uncertain, and the letterbooks are full of doleful records of consignments lost at sea. Occasionally an author, too, would be reported missing or dead, as well as staff who were now scattered over the battlefields of the globe. DORA, the Defence of the Realm Act, required the surrender of all nonessential metal for the manufacture of armaments, and many valuable electrotype plates were melted down by government order.", "qas": [ { "id": "47454", "question": "who was the london blitz shifted to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "Oxford" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With the end of the war Milford's place was taken by Geoffrey Cumberlege. This period saw consolidation in the face of the breakup of the Empire and the post-war reorganization of the Commonwealth. In tandem with institutions like the British Council, OUP began to reposition itself in the education market. Ng\u0169g\u0129 wa Thiong'o in his book \"Moving the Centre: The Struggle for Cultural Freedom\" records how the Oxford Readers for Africa with their heavily Anglo-centric worldview struck him as a child in Kenya. The Press has evolved since then to be one of the largest players in a globally expanding scholarly and reference book market.", "qas": [ { "id": "47455", "question": "who taken the end of the war milford ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "Geoffrey Cumberlege" } ] }, { "id": "47456", "question": "who wrote `` moving the centre : the struggle for cultural freedom '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "Ng\u0169g\u0129 wa Thiong'o" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When OUP arrived on Indian shores, it was preceded by the immense prestige of the \"Sacred Books of the East\", edited by Friedrich Max M\u00fcller, which had at last reached completion in 50 ponderous volumes. While actual purchase of this series was beyond the means of most Indians, libraries usually had a set, generously provided by the government of India, available on open reference shelves, and the books had been widely discussed in the Indian press. Although there had been plenty of criticism of them, the general feeling was that Max M\u00fcller had done India a favour by popularising ancient Asian (Persian, Arabic, Indian and Sinic) philosophy in the West. This prior reputation was useful, but the Indian Branch was not primarily in Bombay to sell Indological books, which OUP knew already sold well only in America. It was there to serve the vast educational market created by the rapidly expanding school and college network in British India. In spite of disruptions caused by war, it won a crucial contract to print textbooks for the Central Provinces in 1915 and this helped to stabilize its fortunes in this difficult phase. E. V. Rieu could not longer delay his callup and was drafted in 1917, the management then being under his wife Nellie Rieu, a former editor for the \"Athenaeum\" 'with the assistance of her two British babies.' It was too late to have important electrotype and stereotype plates shipped to India from Oxford, and the Oxford printing house itself was overburdened with government printing orders as the empire's propaganda machine got to work. At one point non-governmental composition at Oxford was reduced to 32 pages a week.", "qas": [ { "id": "47457", "question": "what was the name of the books that preceded the east shores of the east shores ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "Sacred Books of the East" } ] }, { "id": "47458", "question": "who edited the `` sacred books '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "Friedrich Max M\u00fcller" } ] }, { "id": "47459", "question": "how many volumes did friedrich max m\u00fcller ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "50" } ] }, { "id": "47460", "question": "who had done the general feeling of india ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 536, "text": "Max M\u00fcller" } ] }, { "id": "47461", "question": "who was the wife 's wife ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1246, "text": "Nellie Rieu" } ] }, { "id": "47462", "question": "how long was oxford reduced to oxford ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1643, "text": "32 pages a week" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By 1919 Rieu was very ill and had to be brought home. He was replaced by Geoffrey Cumberlege and Noel Carrington. Noel was the brother of Dora Carrington, the artist, and even got her to illustrate his \"Stories Retold\" edition of \"Don Quixote\" for the Indian market. Their father Charles Carrington had been a railway engineer in India in the nineteenth century. Noel Carrington's unpublished memoir of his six years in India is in the Oriental and India Office Collections of the British Library. By 1915 there were makeshift depots at Madras and Calcutta. In 1920, Noel Carrington went to Calcutta to set up a proper branch. There he became friendly with Edward Thompson who involved him in the abortive scheme to produce the 'Oxford Book of Bengali Verse'. In Madras, there was never a formal branch in the same sense as Bombay and Calcutta, as the management of the depot there seems to have rested in the hands of two local academics.", "qas": [ { "id": "47463", "question": "who replaced he ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "Geoffrey Cumberlege and Noel Carrington" } ] }, { "id": "47464", "question": "who was the brother of the indian market ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "Dora Carrington" } ] }, { "id": "47465", "question": "who was the father of india in the nineteenth century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "Charles Carrington" } ] } ] }, { "context": "OUP's interaction with this area was part of their mission to India, since many of their travellers took in East and South East Asia on their way out to or back from India. Graydon on his first trip in 1907 had travelled the 'Straits Settlements' (largely the Federated Malay States and Singapore), China, and Japan, but was not able to do much. In 1909, A. H. Cobb visited teachers and booksellers in Shanghai, and found that the main competition there was cheap books from America, often straight reprints of British books. The copyright situation at the time, subsequent to the Chace Act of 1891, was such that American publishers could publish such books with impunity although they were considered contraband in all British territories. To secure copyright in both territories publishers had to arrange for simultaneous publication, an endless logistical headache in this age of steamships. Prior publication in any one territory forfeited copyright protection in the other.", "qas": [ { "id": "47466", "question": "where did many of their travellers come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "East and South East Asia" } ] }, { "id": "47467", "question": "when was the first trip settlements ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "1907" } ] }, { "id": "47468", "question": "in what year did a. h. cobb visited teachers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 349, "text": "1909" } ] }, { "id": "47469", "question": "who visited teachers in 1909 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 355, "text": "A. H. Cobb" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Cobb mandated Henzell & Co. of Shanghai (which seems to have been run by a professor) to represent OUP in that city. The Press had problems with Henzell, who were irregular with correspondence. They also traded with Edward Evans, another Shanghai bookseller. Milford observed, 'we ought to do much more in China than we are doing' and authorized Cobb in 1910 to find a replacement for Henzell as their representative to the educational authorities. That replacement was to be Miss M. Verne McNeely, a redoubtable lady who was a member of the Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge, and also ran a bookshop. She looked after the affairs of the Press very capably and occasionally sent Milford boxes of complimentary cigars. Her association with OUP seems to date from 1910, although she did not have exclusive agency for OUP's books. Bibles were the major item of trade in China, unlike India where educational books topped the lists, even if Oxford's lavishly produced and expensive Bible editions were not very competitive beside cheap American ones.", "qas": [ { "id": "47470", "question": "what seems to have been run by a professor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "Henzell & Co. of Shanghai" } ] }, { "id": "47471", "question": "what was the name of the press that the press had problems with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "Henzell" } ] }, { "id": "47472", "question": "who was the press traded with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "Edward Evans" } ] }, { "id": "47473", "question": "who was a member of the society for the propagation of christian knowledge ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 476, "text": "Miss M. Verne McNeely" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 1920s, once the Indian Branch was up and running, it became the custom for staff members going out or returning to take a tour of East and South East Asia. Milford's nephew R. Christopher Bradby went out in 1928. He returned to Britain just in time, for on 18 October 1931, the Japanese invaded Manchuria. Miss M. Verne McNeely wrote a letter of protest to the League of Nations and one of despair to Milford, who tried to comfort her. Japan was a much less well-known market to OUP, and a small volume of trade was carried out largely through intermediaries. The Maruzen company was by far the largest customer, and had a special arrangement regarding terms. Other business was routed through H. L. Griffiths, a professional publishers' representative based in Sannomiya, Kobe. Griffiths travelled for the Press to major Japanese schools and bookshops and took a 10 percent commission. Edmund Blunden had been briefly at the University of Tokyo and put the Press in touch with the university booksellers, Fukumoto Stroin. One important acquisition did come from Japan, however: A. S. Hornby's \"Advanced Learner's Dictionary\". It also publishes textbooks for the primary and secondary education curriculum in Hong Kong. The Chinese-language teaching titles are published with the brand Keys Press (\u555f\u601d\u51fa\u7248\u793e).", "qas": [ { "id": "47474", "question": "who was the nephew of nephew in 1928 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "R. Christopher Bradby" } ] }, { "id": "47475", "question": "when did christopher christopher christopher die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "1928" } ] }, { "id": "47476", "question": "when did the japanese attack manchuria ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "18 October 1931" } ] }, { "id": "47477", "question": "who was the professional publishers of a professional publishers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 701, "text": "H. L. Griffiths" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The North American branch was established in 1896 at 91 Fifth Avenue in New York City to facilitate the sale of Oxford Bibles in the United States. Subsequently, it took over marketing of all books of its parent from Macmillan. This office grew in sales between 1928 and 1936, eventually becoming one of the leading University Presses in the United States. It is focused on scholarly and reference books, Bibles, and college and medical textbooks. In the 1990s, this office moved from 200 Madison Avenue (a building it shared with Putnam Publishing) to 198 Madison Avenue, which was the former B. Altman and Company headquarters.", "qas": [ { "id": "47478", "question": "when was the north american branch established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "1896" } ] }, { "id": "47479", "question": "where was the north american branch established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "91 Fifth Avenue" } ] }, { "id": "47480", "question": "what was the name of the sale of the north american branch ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "Oxford Bibles" } ] }, { "id": "47481", "question": "when did the office of the united states begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "1928 and 1936" } ] }, { "id": "47482", "question": "where did the office move to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 485, "text": "200 Madison Avenue" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In December 1909 Cobb returned and rendered his accounts for his Asia trip that year. Cobb then proposed to Milford that the Press join a combination of firms to send commercial travellers around South America, to which Milford in principle agreed. Cobb obtained the services of a man called Steer (first name unknown) to travel through Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Chile and possibly other countries as well, with Cobb to be responsible for Steer. Hodder & Stoughton opted out of this venture, but OUP went ahead and contributed to it.", "qas": [ { "id": "47483", "question": "in what year did cobb return to his trip for his trip for his trip ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 12, "text": "1909" } ] }, { "id": "47484", "question": "what is the name of the man that obtained the services unknown to travel through argentina ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "Steer" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Steer's trip was a disaster, and Milford remarked gloomily that it 'bid fair to be the most costly and least productive on record' of all traveller's trips. Steer returned before he had covered more than half of his itinerary, and on returning failed to have his customs payments refunded, with the result that a hefty sum of \u00a3210 was lost to the Press. The Press was obliged to disburse 80 percent of the value of the books he had carried as 'incidental expenses', so even if they had got substantial orders they would still have made a loss. Few orders did in fact come out of the trip, and when Steer's box of samples returned, the London office found that they had not been opened further down than the second layer.", "qas": [ { "id": "47485", "question": "how much did steer pay to the press ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 326, "text": "\u00a3210" } ] }, { "id": "47486", "question": "what percentage of the books was carried as incidental ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 388, "text": "80 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some trade with East Africa passed through Bombay.", "qas": [ { "id": "47487", "question": "where did some trade with east africa come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Bombay" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Following a period of acting mostly as a distribution agent for OUP titles published in the UK, in the 1960s OUP Southern Africa started publishing local authors, for the general reader, but also for schools and universities. Its territory includes Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland and Namibia, as well as South Africa, the biggest market of the five.", "qas": [ { "id": "47488", "question": "in what part of africa was the uk published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "the 1960s OUP Southern Africa" } ] }, { "id": "47489", "question": "what are some of the biggest market of the territory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland and Namibia" } ] }, { "id": "47490", "question": "where is the biggest market in africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "South Africa" } ] } ] }, { "context": "OUP Southern Africa is now one of the three biggest educational publishers in South Africa, and focuses its attention on publishing textbooks, dictionaries, atlases and supplementary material for schools, and textbooks for universities. Its author base is overwhelmingly local, and in 2008 it entered into a partnership with the university to support scholarships for South Africans studying postgraduate degrees.", "qas": [ { "id": "47491", "question": "in what year did the university of africa take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "2008" } ] }, { "id": "47492", "question": "what did southern africa support scholarships for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 368, "text": "South Africans studying postgraduate degrees" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Prior to the twentieth century, the Press at Oxford had occasionally printed a piece of music or a book relating to musicology. It had also published \"The Yattendon Hymnal\" in 1899 and, more significantly, the first edition of \"The English Hymnal\" in 1906, under the editorship of Percy Dearmer and the then largely unknown Ralph Vaughan Williams. Sir William Henry Hadow's multi-volume \"Oxford History of Music\" had appeared between 1901 and 1905. Such musical publishing enterprises, however, were rare: \"In nineteenth-century Oxford the idea that music might in any sense be educational would not have been entertained\", and few of the Delegates or former Publishers were themselves musical or had extensive music backgrounds.", "qas": [ { "id": "47493", "question": "what was the name of the first edition of `` the english hymnal '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "The Yattendon Hymnal" } ] }, { "id": "47494", "question": "in what year was the `` the english '' published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "1899" } ] }, { "id": "47495", "question": "what was the name of the first edition of the english ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "The English Hymnal" } ] }, { "id": "47496", "question": "when was the first edition of `` the english hymnal '' published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "1906" } ] }, { "id": "47497", "question": "who was the first edition of the english hymnal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "Ralph Vaughan Williams" } ] }, { "id": "47498", "question": "who wrote the `` oxford history of music '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 348, "text": "Sir William Henry Hadow" } ] }, { "id": "47499", "question": "when did sir william henry hadow appeared ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 434, "text": "1901 and 1905" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the London office, however, Milford had musical taste, and had connections particularly with the world of church and cathedral musicians. In 1921, Milford hired Hubert J. Foss, originally as an assistant to Educational Manager V. H. Collins. In that work, Foss showed energy and imagination. However, as Sutcliffe says, Foss, a modest composer and gifted pianist, \"was not particularly interested in education; he was passionately interested in music.\" When shortly thereafter Foss brought to Milford a scheme for publishing a group of essays by well-known musicians on composers whose works were frequently played on the radio, Milford may have thought of it as less music-related than education-related. There is no clear record of the thought process whereby the Press would enter into the publishing of music for performance. Foss's presence, and his knowledge, ability, enthusiasm, and imagination may well have been the catalyst bringing hitherto unconnected activities together in Milford's mind, as another new venture similar to the establishment of the overseas branches.", "qas": [ { "id": "47500", "question": "when did hubert j. foss die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "1921" } ] }, { "id": "47501", "question": "who was hired in 1921 in 1921 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "Hubert J. Foss" } ] }, { "id": "47502", "question": "what was hubert j. foss originally an assistant to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "Educational Manager V. H. Collins" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Milford may not have fully understood what he was undertaking. A fiftieth anniversary pamphlet published by the Music Department in 1973 says that OUP had \"no knowledge of the music trade, no representative to sell to music shops, and\u2212\u2212it seems\u2212\u2212no awareness that sheet music was in any way a different commodity from books.\" However intentionally or intuitively, Milford took three steps that launched OUP on a major operation. He bought the Anglo-French Music Company and all its facilities, connections, and resources. He hired Norman Peterkin, a moderately well-known musician, as full-time sales manager for music. And in 1923 he established as a separate division the Music Department, with its own offices in Amen House and with Foss as first Musical Editor. Then, other than general support, Milford left Foss largely to his own devices.", "qas": [ { "id": "47503", "question": "when was the music department pamphlet published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "1973" } ] }, { "id": "47504", "question": "who was the moderately well-known musician ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 531, "text": "Norman Peterkin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Foss responded with incredible energy. He worked to establish \"the largest possible list in the shortest possible time,\", adding titles at the rate of over 200 a year; eight years later there were 1750 titles in the catalogue. In the year of the department's establishment, Foss began a series of inexpensive but well edited and printed choral pieces under the series title \"Oxford Choral Songs\". This series, under the general editorship of W. G. Whittaker, was OUP's first commitment to the publishing of music for performance, rather than in book form or for study. The series plan was expanded by adding the similarly inexpensive but high-quality \"Oxford Church Music\" and \"Tudor Church Music\" (taken over from the Carnegie UK Trust); all these series continue today. The scheme of contributed essays Foss had originally brought to Milford appeared in 1927 as the \"Heritage of Music\" (two more volumes would appear over the next thirty years). Percy Scholes's \"Listener's Guide to Music\" (originally published in 1919) was similarly brought into the new department as the first of a series of books on music appreciation for the listening public. Scholes's continuing work for OUP, designed to match the growth of broadcast and recorded music, plus his other work in journalistic music criticism, would be later comprehensively organized and summarized in the \"Oxford Companion to Music\".", "qas": [ { "id": "47505", "question": "in what year was the largest possible list of the shortest possible list ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "1750" } ] }, { "id": "47506", "question": "what was the name of the series of songs that printed choral pieces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 375, "text": "Oxford Choral Songs" } ] }, { "id": "47507", "question": "who was the general editorship of the publishing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 442, "text": "W. G. Whittaker" } ] }, { "id": "47508", "question": "when was the `` heritage of music '' appeared ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 856, "text": "1927" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Perhaps most importantly, Foss seemed to have a knack for finding new composers of what he regarded as distinctively English music, which had broad appeal to the public. This concentration provided OUP two mutually reinforcing benefits: a niche in music publishing unoccupied by potential competitors, and a branch of music performance and composition that the English themselves had largely neglected. Hinnells proposes that the early Music Department's \"mixture of scholarship and cultural nationalism\" in an area of music with largely unknown commercial prospects was driven by its sense of cultural philanthropy (given the Press's academic background) and a desire to promote \"national music outside the German mainstream.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "47509", "question": "what was the name of the new composers that had broad appeal to the public ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "distinctively English music" } ] }, { "id": "47510", "question": "what did the early music department 's `` mixture of scholarship '' cause ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 594, "text": "cultural philanthropy" } ] }, { "id": "47511", "question": "what did the early music department desire to promote ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 681, "text": "national music outside the German mainstream" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In consequence, Foss actively promoted the performance and sought publication of music by Ralph Vaughan Williams, William Walton, Constant Lambert, Alan Rawsthorne, Peter Warlock (Philip Heseltine), Edmund Rubbra and other English composers. In what the Press called \"the most durable gentleman's agreement in the history of modern music,\" Foss guaranteed the publication of any music that Vaughan Williams would care to offer them. In addition, Foss worked to secure OUP's rights not only to music publication and live performance, but the \"mechanical\" rights to recording and broadcast. It was not at all clear at the time how significant these would become. Indeed, Foss, OUP, and a number of composers at first declined to join or support the Performing Right Society, fearing that its fees would discourage performance in the new media. Later years would show that, to the contrary, these forms of music would prove more lucrative than the traditional venues of music publishing.", "qas": [ { "id": "47512", "question": "who did the most durable gentleman have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 390, "text": "Vaughan Williams" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thus it was not until 1939 that the Music Department showed its first profitable year. By then, the economic pressures of the Depression as well as the in-house pressure to reduce expenditures, and possibly the academic background of the parent body in Oxford, combined to make OUP's primary musical business that of publishing works intended for formal musical education and for music appreciation\u2212\u2212again the influence of broadcast and recording. This matched well with an increased demand for materials to support music education in British schools, a result of governmental reforms of education during the 1930s. The Press did not cease to search out and publish new musicians and their music, but the tenor of the business had changed. Foss, suffering personal health problems, chafing under economic constraints plus (as the war years drew on) shortages in paper, and disliking intensely the move of all the London operations to Oxford to avoid The Blitz, resigned his position in 1941, to be succeeded by Peterkin.", "qas": [ { "id": "47513", "question": "in what year did the music department of music begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "1939" } ] }, { "id": "47514", "question": "in what year did the london operations begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 986, "text": "1941" } ] } ] }, { "context": "OUP came to be known as \"The Clarendon Press\" when printing moved from the Sheldonian Theatre to the Clarendon Building in Broad Street in 1713. The name continued to be used when OUP moved to its present site in Oxford in 1830. The label \"Clarendon Press\" took on a new meaning when OUP began publishing books through its London office in the early 20th century. To distinguish the two offices, London books were labelled \"Oxford University Press\" publications, while those from Oxford were labelled \"Clarendon Press\" books. This labelling ceased in the 1970s, when the London office of OUP closed. Today, OUP reserves \"Clarendon Press\" as an imprint for Oxford publications of particular academic importance.", "qas": [ { "id": "47515", "question": "what was the name of the printing press that printing moved to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "The Clarendon Press" } ] }, { "id": "47516", "question": "where did printing printing move ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "Sheldonian Theatre" } ] }, { "id": "47517", "question": "in what year did the printing building begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "1713" } ] }, { "id": "47518", "question": "in what year did the name oup begin to be used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "1830" } ] }, { "id": "47519", "question": "what was the name of the label that took place in london ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 240, "text": "Clarendon Press" } ] }, { "id": "47520", "question": "what was the name of the oxford books that were from oxford books ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 502, "text": "Clarendon Press\" books" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] }, { "context": "\nOUP as Oxford Journals has also been a major publisher of academic journals, both in the sciences and the humanities; it publishes over 200 journals on behalf of learned societies around the world. It has been noted as one of the first university presses to publish an open access journal (\"Nucleic Acids Research\"), and probably the first to introduce Hybrid open access journals, offering \"optional open access\" to authors to allow all readers online access to their paper without charge. The \"Oxford Open\" model applies to the majority of their journals. The OUP is a member of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association.", "qas": [ { "id": "47521", "question": "what is the name of the major publisher of academic journals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 8, "text": "Oxford Journals" } ] }, { "id": "47522", "question": "what is the name of the major publisher of academic journals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "200" } ] }, { "id": "47523", "question": "what does the first university presses to publish ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "Nucleic Acids Research" } ] }, { "id": "47524", "question": "what is the member of the oup association ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 586, "text": "Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Printer to the University Horace Hart.\nIt has lent its name to the Oxford comma.", "qas": [ { "id": "47525", "question": "who was the university of the marshall islands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "Horace Hart" } ] }, { "id": "47526", "question": "who has the horace to lent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "the Oxford comma" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since 2001, Oxford University Press has financially supported the Clarendon bursary, a University of Oxford graduate scholarship scheme.", "qas": [ { "id": "47527", "question": "in what year did oxford university press scheme begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 6, "text": "2001" } ] }, { "id": "47528", "question": "what is the name of the university of oxford university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "Clarendon bursary" } ] }, { "id": "47529", "question": "what is the name of the university of oxford university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "University of Oxford graduate scholarship scheme" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Oxford University Press" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Colombia ( or ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia (), is a transcontinental country largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America. Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama, to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and Peru. It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic and Haiti. It is a unitary, constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The territory of what is now Colombia was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples including the Muisca, the Quimbaya and the Tairona.", "qas": [ { "id": "47530", "question": "who is the republic of colombia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Colombia" } ] }, { "id": "47531", "question": "what is the name of the republic that is located in south america ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "the Republic of Colombia" } ] }, { "id": "47532", "question": "what two countries does panama have a border to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and Peru" } ] }, { "id": "47533", "question": "how many departments does colombia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 474, "text": "thirty-two departments" } ] }, { "id": "47534", "question": "what two indigenous peoples was colombia originally inhabited by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 605, "text": "the Quimbaya and the Tairona" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Spanish arrived in 1499 and initiated a period of conquest and colonization ultimately creating the Viceroyalty of New Granada, with its capital at Bogot\u00e1. Independence from Spain was won in 1819, but by 1830 the \"Gran Colombia\" Federation was dissolved. What is now Colombia and Panama emerged as the Republic of New Granada. The new nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation (1858), and then the United States of Colombia (1863), before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886. Panama seceded in 1903. Since the 1960s the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict, which escalated in the 1990s but then decreased from 2005 onward. Colombia is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse countries in the world, and thereby possesses a rich cultural heritage. Cultural diversity has also been influenced by Colombia's varied geography, and the imposing landscape of the country has resulted in the development of very strong regional identities. The urban centres are mostly located in the highlands of the Andes mountains.", "qas": [ { "id": "47535", "question": "what year did the spanish arrive ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "1499" } ] }, { "id": "47536", "question": "when was independence won ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "1819" } ] }, { "id": "47537", "question": "when was the `` gran colombia '' federation dissolved ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "1830" } ] }, { "id": "47538", "question": "what was the name of federalism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 382, "text": "Granadine Confederation" } ] }, { "id": "47539", "question": "in what year did the new nation take over federalism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 407, "text": "1858" } ] }, { "id": "47540", "question": "when was the republic of colombia declared with federalism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 517, "text": "1886" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Colombian territory also encompasses Amazon rainforest, tropical grassland and both Caribbean and Pacific coastlines. Ecologically, it is one of the world's 17 megadiverse countries, and the most densely biodiverse of these per square kilometer. Colombia is a middle power and a regional actor with the fourth-largest economy in Latin America, is part of the CIVETS group of six leading emerging markets and is an accessing member to the OECD. Colombia has a diversified economy with macroeconomic stability and favorable growth prospects in the long run.", "qas": [ { "id": "47541", "question": "what are two types of colombian territory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "tropical grassland and both Caribbean and Pacific coastlines" } ] }, { "id": "47542", "question": "how many countries does colombian have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "17" } ] }, { "id": "47543", "question": "how many leading emerging markets are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 375, "text": "six" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The name \"Colombia\" is derived from the last name of Christopher Columbus (, ). It was conceived by the Venezuelan revolutionary Francisco de Miranda as a reference to all the New World, but especially to those portions under Spanish and Portuguese rule. The name was later adopted by the Republic of Colombia of 1819, formed from the territories of the old Viceroyalty of New Granada (modern-day Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador, and northwest Brazil).", "qas": [ { "id": "47544", "question": "who is the name of the name `` colombia '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "Christopher Columbus" } ] }, { "id": "47545", "question": "who conceived the name of colombia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "Francisco de Miranda" } ] }, { "id": "47546", "question": "what rule did the name `` colombia '' come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "Spanish and Portuguese rule" } ] }, { "id": "47547", "question": "who adopted the name of the old viceroyalty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "the Republic of Colombia of 1819" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When Venezuela, Ecuador and Cundinamarca came to exist as independent states, the former Department of Cundinamarca adopted the name \"Republic of New Granada\". New Granada officially changed its name in 1858 to the Granadine Confederation. In 1863 the name was again changed, this time to United States of Colombia, before finally adopting its present name \u2013 the Republic of Colombia \u2013 in 1886.", "qas": [ { "id": "47548", "question": "which former states came to exist as independent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 5, "text": "Venezuela, Ecuador and Cundinamarca" } ] }, { "id": "47549", "question": "what was the name of the former department of cundinamarca ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "Republic of New Granada" } ] }, { "id": "47550", "question": "in what year did new granada begin its name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "1858" } ] }, { "id": "47551", "question": "what was the name of the confederation that new granada changed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "Granadine Confederation" } ] }, { "id": "47552", "question": "when was the name of the name changed to the name of the name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 243, "text": "1863" } ] }, { "id": "47553", "question": "when was the republic of colombia changed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 389, "text": "1886" } ] } ] }, { "context": "To refer to this country, the Colombian government uses the terms \"Colombia\" and \"Rep\u00fablica de Colombia\".", "qas": [ { "id": "47554", "question": "what are the names of the colombian government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "the terms \"Colombia\" and \"Rep\u00fablica de Colombia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Owing to its location, the present territory of Colombia was a corridor of early human migration from Mesoamerica and the Caribbean to the Andes and Amazon. The oldest archaeological finds are from the Pubenza and El Totumo sites in the Magdalena Valley 100\u00a0km southwest of Bogot\u00e1. These sites date from the Paleoindian period (18,000\u20138000\u00a0BCE). At Puerto Hormiga and other sites, traces from the Archaic Period (~8000\u20132000\u00a0BCE) have been found. Vestiges indicate that there was also early occupation in the regions of El Abra and Tequendama in Cundinamarca. The oldest pottery discovered in the Americas, found at San Jacinto, dates to 5000\u20134000\u00a0BCE.\nAboriginal people inhabited the territory that is now Colombia by 10,500\u00a0BCE. Nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes at the El Abra and Tequendama sites near present-day Bogot\u00e1 traded with one another and with other cultures from the Magdalena River Valley. Between 5000 and 1000\u00a0BCE, hunter-gatherer tribes transitioned to agrarian societies; fixed settlements were established, and pottery appeared. Beginning in the 1st millennium BCE, groups of Amerindians including the Muisca, Quimbaya, and Tairona developed the political system of \"cacicazgos\" with a pyramidal structure of power headed by caciques. The Muisca inhabited mainly the area of what is now the Departments of Boyac\u00e1 and Cundinamarca high plateau (\"Altiplano Cundiboyacense\") where they formed the Muisca Confederation. They farmed maize, potato, quinoa and cotton, and traded gold, emeralds, blankets, ceramic handicrafts, coca and salt with neighboring nations. The Taironas inhabited northern Colombia in the isolated Andes mountain range of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. The Quimbayas inhabited regions of the Cauca River Valley between the Occidental and Central cordilleras. Most of the Amerindians practiced agriculture and the social structure of each indigenous community was different. Some groups of indigenous people such as the Caribs lived in a state of permanent war, but others had less bellicose attitudes. The Incas expanded their empire onto the southwest part of the country.", "qas": [ { "id": "47555", "question": "where are the oldest archaeological finds ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "Pubenza and El Totumo" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Alonso de Ojeda (who had sailed with Columbus) reached the Guajira Peninsula in 1499. Spanish explorers, led by Rodrigo de Bastidas, made the first exploration of the Caribbean littoral in 1500. Christopher Columbus navigated near the Caribbean in 1502. In 1508, Vasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa accompanied an expedition to the territory through the region of Gulf of Urab\u00e1 and they founded the town of Santa Mar\u00eda la Antigua del Dari\u00e9n in 1510, the first stable settlement on the continent. ", "qas": [ { "id": "47556", "question": "who reached the peninsula in 1499 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Alonso de Ojeda" } ] }, { "id": "47557", "question": "where did alonso de ojeda -lrb- ojeda ojeda ojeda -lrb- ojeda -lrb- ojeda ojeda -lrb- ojeda -lrb- ojeda ojeda -lrb- ojeda -lrb- ojeda -lrb- ojeda -lrb- ojeda -lrb- ojeda ojeda -lrb- columbus -rrb- reached ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Guajira Peninsula" } ] }, { "id": "47558", "question": "in what year did alonso de ojeda ojeda the peninsula occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "1499" } ] }, { "id": "47559", "question": "who led spanish explorers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "Rodrigo de Bastidas" } ] }, { "id": "47560", "question": "when did christopher columbus die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "1502" } ] }, { "id": "47561", "question": "who accompanied an expedition to the territory through the region of gulf of urab\u00e1 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "Vasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa" } ] }, { "id": "47562", "question": "where was the first stable settlement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 430, "text": "1510" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Santa Marta was founded in 1525, and Cartagena in 1533. Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Jim\u00e9nez de Quesada led an expedition to the interior in April, 1536, and christened the districts through which he passed \"New Kingdom of Granada\". In August, 1538, he founded provisionally its capital near the Muisca cacicazgo of Bacat\u00e1, and named it \"Santa Fe\". The name soon acquired a suffix and was called Santa Fe de Bogot\u00e1. Two other notable journeys by early conquistadors to the interior took place in the same period. Sebasti\u00e1n de Belalc\u00e1zar, conqueror of Quito, traveled north and founded Cali, in 1536, and Popay\u00e1n, in 1537; from 1536 to 1539, German conquistador Nikolaus Federmann crossed the Llanos Orientales and went over the Cordillera Oriental in a search for El Dorado, the \"city of gold\". The legend and the gold would play a pivotal role in luring the Spanish and other Europeans to New Granada during the 16th and 17th centuries.", "qas": [ { "id": "47563", "question": "when was santa marta founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "1525" } ] }, { "id": "47564", "question": "where was santa marta founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "1533" } ] }, { "id": "47565", "question": "who led the expedition to the interior of granada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Gonzalo Jim\u00e9nez de Quesada" } ] }, { "id": "47566", "question": "what was the name of the suffix soon acquired ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 396, "text": "Santa Fe de Bogot\u00e1" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1542, the region of New Granada, along with all other Spanish possessions in South America, became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, with its capital at Lima. In 1547, New Granada became the Captaincy-General of New Granada within the viceroyalty.", "qas": [ { "id": "47567", "question": "in what year was the region of new granada became part of the viceroyalty of peru ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1542" } ] }, { "id": "47568", "question": "what city was the region of peru in 1542 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "New Granada" } ] }, { "id": "47569", "question": "where was the capital of peru ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "Lima" } ] }, { "id": "47570", "question": "in what year was new granada within the viceroyalty of new granada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "1547" } ] }, { "id": "47571", "question": "what city became the captaincy-general of new granada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "New Granada" } ] }, { "id": "47572", "question": "what did new granada become in 1547 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "Captaincy-General of New Granada" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1549, the Royal Audiencia was created by a royal decree, and New Granada was ruled by the Royal Audience of Santa Fe de Bogot\u00e1, which at that time comprised the provinces of Santa Marta, Rio de San Juan, Popay\u00e1n, Guayana and Cartagena. But important decisions were taken from the colony to Spain by the Council of the Indies.", "qas": [ { "id": "47573", "question": "when was the royal audiencia created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1549" } ] }, { "id": "47574", "question": "who was ruled by the royal audience of santa fe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "New Granada" } ] }, { "id": "47575", "question": "who ruled the royal audiencia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "Royal Audience of Santa Fe de Bogot\u00e1" } ] }, { "id": "47576", "question": "who taken important decisions to spain in spain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "the Council of the Indies" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Indigenous groups were loyal only to their own communities and for this reason the conquistadors made frequent alliances with different groups of indigenous peoples, these alliances would be key to defeating other groups of Amerindians. Indigenous peoples in New Granada experienced a decline in population due to conquest as well as Eurasian diseases, such as smallpox, to which they had no immunity. With the risk that the land was deserted, the Spanish Crown sold properties to the governors, conquerors and their descendants creating large farms and possession of mines.", "qas": [ { "id": "47577", "question": "in what city did indigenous peoples of indigenous peoples come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "New Granada" } ] }, { "id": "47578", "question": "what did the indigenous peoples in new granada in new granada cause a decline in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 334, "text": "Eurasian diseases" } ] }, { "id": "47579", "question": "what was the name of the indigenous peoples that had no immunity in eurasian diseases ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 361, "text": "smallpox" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 16th century, Europeans began to bring slaves from Africa. The Spanish empire didn't engage in the slave trade directly, the Spanish empire relied on the asiento system, awarding merchants (mostly from other countries) the license to trade enslaved people to their colonies and the majority of these traders were Portuguese, French, English and Dutch. Also there were people who defended human rights and freedom of oppressed peoples. The indigenous peoples could not be enslaved because they were legally subjects of the Spanish Crown and to protect the indigenous peoples, several forms of land ownership and regulation were established: \"resguardos\", \"encomiendas\" and \"haciendas\". Repopulation was achieved by allowing colonization by farmers and their families who came from Spain.", "qas": [ { "id": "47580", "question": "what were the majority of the traders that the spanish empire did not have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 320, "text": "Portuguese, French, English and Dutch" } ] }, { "id": "47581", "question": "what was the name of the indigenous peoples established by the indigenous peoples ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 648, "text": "resguardos" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1717 the Viceroyalty of New Granada was originally created, and then it was temporarily removed, to finally be reestablished in 1739. The Viceroyalty had Santa F\u00e9 de Bogot\u00e1 as its capital. This Viceroyalty included some other provinces of northwestern South America which had previously been under the jurisdiction of the Viceroyalties of New Spain or Peru and correspond mainly to today's Venezuela, Ecuador and Panama. So, Bogot\u00e1 became one of the principal administrative centers of the Spanish possessions in the New World, along with Lima and Mexico City, though it remained somewhat backward compared to those two cities in several economic and logistical ways.", "qas": [ { "id": "47582", "question": "when was the viceroyalty of new granada created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1717" } ] }, { "id": "47583", "question": "where was the viceroyalty of new granada created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "1739" } ] }, { "id": "47584", "question": "who was the viceroyalty of the viceroyalty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "Santa F\u00e9 de Bogot\u00e1" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After Great Britain declared war on Spain in 1739, Cartagena quickly became the British forces\u2019 top target but an upset Spanish victory during the War of Jenkins\u2019 Ear, a war with Great Britain for economic control of the Caribbean cemented Spanish dominance in the Caribbean until the Seven Years\u2019 War.", "qas": [ { "id": "47585", "question": "when did britain declare war on spain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "1739" } ] }, { "id": "47586", "question": "during what war did great britain become top target ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "War of Jenkins\u2019 Ear" } ] }, { "id": "47587", "question": "how long did the war last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "Seven Years\u2019 War" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 18th-century priest, botanist and mathematician Jos\u00e9 Celestino Mutis was delegated by Viceroy Antonio Caballero y G\u00f3ngora to conduct an inventory of the nature of the New Granada. Started in 1783, this became known as the Royal Botanical Expedition to New Granada which classified plants, wildlife and founded the first astronomical observatory in the city of Santa Fe de Bogot\u00e1. In July 1801 the Prussian scientist Alexander von Humboldt reached Santa Fe de Bogot\u00e1 where he met with Mutis. In addition, historical figures in the process of independence in New Granada emerged from the expedition as the astronomer Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas, the scientist Francisco Antonio Zea, the zoologist Jorge Tadeo Lozano and the painter Salvador Rizo.", "qas": [ { "id": "47588", "question": "who was the mathematician of the priest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "Jos\u00e9 Celestino Mutis" } ] }, { "id": "47589", "question": "who delegated the priest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "Viceroy Antonio Caballero y G\u00f3ngora" } ] }, { "id": "47590", "question": "when did the royal botanical expedition begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "1783" } ] }, { "id": "47591", "question": "what was the name of the expedition that classified plants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "Royal Botanical Expedition" } ] }, { "id": "47592", "question": "who was the prussian scientist in 1801 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 420, "text": "Alexander von Humboldt" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since the beginning of the periods of conquest and colonization, there were several rebel movements against Spanish rule, but most were either crushed or remained too weak to change the overall situation. The last one that sought outright independence from Spain sprang up around 1810, following the independence of St. Domingue (present-day Haiti) in 1804, which provided some support to the eventual leaders of this rebellion: Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar and Francisco de Paula Santander.", "qas": [ { "id": "47593", "question": "when did the last one that sought outright independence from spain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "1810" } ] }, { "id": "47594", "question": "what was the name of the independence in 1804 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 316, "text": "St. Domingue" } ] }, { "id": "47595", "question": "in what year did the leaders of the rebellion occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 352, "text": "1804" } ] }, { "id": "47596", "question": "who were the leaders of the rebellion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 429, "text": "Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar and Francisco de Paula Santander" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A movement was initiated by Antonio Nari\u00f1o, who opposed Spanish centralism and led the opposition against the viceroyalty. Cartagena became independent in November 1811. Took place the formation of two independent governments which fought a civil war \u2013 a period known as the Foolish Fatherland. In 1811 the United Provinces of New Granada were proclaimed, headed by Camilo Torres Tenorio. Despite the successes of the rebellion, the emergence of two distinct ideological currents among the liberators (federalism and centralism) gave rise to an internal clash which contributed to the reconquest of territory by the Spanish. The viceroyalty was restored under the command of Juan S\u00e1mano, whose regime punished those who participated in the uprisings. The retribution stoked renewed rebellion, which, combined with a weakened Spain, made possible a successful rebellion led by the Venezuelan-born Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, who finally proclaimed independence in 1819. The pro-Spanish resistance was defeated in 1822 in the present territory of Colombia and in 1823 in Venezuela.", "qas": [ { "id": "47597", "question": "who initiated the movement of the viceroyalty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "Antonio Nari\u00f1o" } ] }, { "id": "47598", "question": "when did cartagena become independent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "November 1811" } ] }, { "id": "47599", "question": "who proclaimed the united provinces of new granada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 366, "text": "Camilo Torres Tenorio" } ] }, { "id": "47600", "question": "who restored the viceroyalty of the viceroyalty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 675, "text": "Juan S\u00e1mano" } ] }, { "id": "47601", "question": "who led the retribution stoked renewed rebellion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 896, "text": "Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar" } ] }, { "id": "47602", "question": "in what year was the resistance of colombia and colombia and venezuela defeated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 999, "text": "1822" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The territory of the Viceroyalty of New Granada became the Republic of Colombia, organized as a union of the current territories of Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Venezuela, parts of Guyana and Brazil and north of Mara\u00f1\u00f3n River. The Congress of C\u00facuta in 1821 adopted a constitution for the new Republic. Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar became the first President of Colombia, and Francisco de Paula Santander was made Vice President. However, the new republic was unstable and three countries emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (New Granada, Ecuador and Venezuela).", "qas": [ { "id": "47603", "question": "when was the constitution adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "1821" } ] }, { "id": "47604", "question": "who became the first president of colombia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 301, "text": "Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar" } ] }, { "id": "47605", "question": "in what year did the new republic begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 518, "text": "1830" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Colombia was the first constitutional government in South America, and the Liberal and Conservative parties, founded in 1848 and 1849 respectively, are two of the oldest surviving political parties in the Americas. Slavery was abolished in the country in 1851.", "qas": [ { "id": "47606", "question": "what two parties are founded in 1848 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "Liberal and Conservative parties" } ] }, { "id": "47607", "question": "when was the liberal and conservative parties founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "1848 and 1849" } ] }, { "id": "47608", "question": "in what year was slavery abolished ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 255, "text": "1851" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Internal political and territorial divisions led to the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1830. The so-called \"Department of Cundinamarca\" adopted the name \"New Granada\", which it kept until 1858 when it became the \"Confederaci\u00f3n Granadina\" (Granadine Confederation). After a two-year civil war in 1863, the \"United States of Colombia\" was created, lasting until 1886, when the country finally became known as the Republic of Colombia. Internal divisions remained between the bipartisan political forces, occasionally igniting very bloody civil wars, the most significant being the Thousand Days' War (1899\u20131902).", "qas": [ { "id": "47609", "question": "in what year did the dissolution of gran colombia occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "1830" } ] }, { "id": "47610", "question": "what was the name of the name `` new granada '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Department of Cundinamarca" } ] }, { "id": "47611", "question": "what was the `` department of cundinamarca '' called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "New Granada" } ] }, { "id": "47612", "question": "when was the new granada of the new granada adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "1858" } ] }, { "id": "47613", "question": "what was the name of the `` new granada '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "Confederaci\u00f3n Granadina" } ] }, { "id": "47614", "question": "when was the `` united states of colombia '' created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "1863" } ] }, { "id": "47615", "question": "when was the `` united states of colombia '' created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 361, "text": "1886" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The United States of America's intentions to influence the area (especially the Panama Canal construction and control) led to the separation of the Department of Panama in 1903 and the establishment of it as a nation. The United States paid Colombia $25,000,000 in 1921, seven years after completion of the canal, for redress of President Roosevelt's role in the creation of Panama, and Colombia recognized Panama under the terms of the Thomson\u2013Urrutia Treaty. Colombia was engulfed in the war with Peru over a territorial dispute involving the Amazonas department and its capital Leticia.", "qas": [ { "id": "47616", "question": "what area led to the separation of the department of panama ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "Panama Canal construction and control" } ] }, { "id": "47617", "question": "when was the separation of the department of panama led ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "1903" } ] }, { "id": "47618", "question": "what was paid in 1921 in 1921 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "Colombia $25,000,000" } ] }, { "id": "47619", "question": "in what year did the united states declare colombia $ 25,000,000 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 265, "text": "1921" } ] }, { "id": "47620", "question": "what was the name of the treaty that colombia recognized panama ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 437, "text": "Thomson\u2013Urrutia Treaty" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Soon after, Colombia achieved some degree of political stability, which was interrupted by a bloody conflict that took place between the late 1940s and the early 1950s, a period known as \"La Violencia\" (\"The Violence\"). Its cause was mainly mounting tensions between the two leading political parties, which subsequently ignited after the assassination of the Liberal presidential candidate Jorge Eli\u00e9cer Gait\u00e1n on 9 April 1948. The ensuing riots in Bogot\u00e1, known as El Bogotazo, spread throughout the country and claimed the lives of at least 180,000 Colombians.", "qas": [ { "id": "47621", "question": "what was the name of the period that was known as `` the violence '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "La Violencia" } ] }, { "id": "47622", "question": "who was the liberal presidential candidate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 391, "text": "Jorge Eli\u00e9cer Gait\u00e1n" } ] }, { "id": "47623", "question": "when did the two leading political parties come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 415, "text": "9 April 1948" } ] }, { "id": "47624", "question": "what was the riots in bogot\u00e1 called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 467, "text": "El Bogotazo" } ] }, { "id": "47625", "question": "how many colombians did the riots have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 544, "text": "180,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Colombia entered the Korean War when Laureano G\u00f3mez was elected as President. It was the only Latin American country to join the war in a direct military role as an ally of the United States. Particularly important was the resistance of the Colombian troops at Old Baldy.", "qas": [ { "id": "47626", "question": "who was the president of the korean war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Laureano G\u00f3mez" } ] }, { "id": "47627", "question": "why did the latin american country join the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "an ally of the United States" } ] }, { "id": "47628", "question": "where was the colombian troops located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "Old Baldy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From 1953 to 1964 the violence between the two political parties decreased first when Gustavo Rojas deposed the President of Colombia in a coup d'\u00e9tat and negotiated with the guerrillas, and then under the military junta of General Gabriel Par\u00eds Gordillo.", "qas": [ { "id": "47629", "question": "who deposed the president of colombia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "Gustavo Rojas" } ] }, { "id": "47630", "question": "who was the military leader of colombia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "General Gabriel Par\u00eds Gordillo" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After Rojas' deposition, the Colombian Conservative Party and Colombian Liberal Party agreed to create the \"National Front\", a coalition which would jointly govern the country. Under the deal, the presidency would alternate between conservatives and liberals every 4 years for 16 years; the two parties would have parity in all other elective offices. The National Front ended \"La Violencia\", and National Front administrations attempted to institute far-reaching social and economic reforms in cooperation with the Alliance for Progress. In the end, the contradictions between each successive Liberal and Conservative administration made the results decidedly mixed. Despite the progress in certain sectors, many social and political problems continued, and guerrilla groups were formally created such as the FARC, ELN, EPL, MAQL, PRT, CRS and M-19 to fight the government and political apparatus.", "qas": [ { "id": "47631", "question": "who agreed to create the `` national front '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "Colombian Conservative Party and Colombian Liberal Party" } ] }, { "id": "47632", "question": "what did the colombian conservative party create ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "National Front" } ] }, { "id": "47633", "question": "what did the `` national front '' do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "a coalition which would jointly govern the country" } ] }, { "id": "47634", "question": "how many years did the presidency take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "the presidency would alternate between conservatives and liberals every 4 years for 16 years" } ] }, { "id": "47635", "question": "what was the name of the national front of the national front ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 378, "text": "La Violencia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since the 1960s, the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict between the government forces, left-wing guerrilla groups and right-wing paramilitaries. The conflict escalated in the 1990s, mainly in remote rural areas. Since the beginning of the armed conflict, human rights defenders have staged heroic acts that shows us the importance of standing up against injustice and fight for the respect for human rights, despite staggering opposition. Five out of the seven guerrilla groups decided to demobilize after peace\nnegotiations in 1989\u20131994.", "qas": [ { "id": "47636", "question": "when did the conflict between the conflict and the conflict end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "1990s" } ] }, { "id": "47637", "question": "where were the conflict in the 1990s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "remote rural areas" } ] }, { "id": "47638", "question": "when did the seven guerrilla groups decided ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 562, "text": "1989\u20131994" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The United States has been heavily involved in the conflict since its beginnings, when in the early 1960s the U.S. government encouraged the Colombian military to attack leftist militias in rural Colombia. This was part of the U.S. fight against communism.", "qas": [ { "id": "47639", "question": "what did the u.s. government attack the colombian military to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "attack leftist militias in rural Colombia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 4 July 1991, a new Constitution was promulgated. The changes generated by the new constitution are viewed as positive by Colombian society.", "qas": [ { "id": "47640", "question": "when was the new constitution promulgated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "4 July 1991" } ] }, { "id": "47641", "question": "who viewed the new constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "Colombian society" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The administration of President \u00c1lvaro Uribe (2002\u201310), adopted the democratic security policy which included an integrated counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency campaign. The Government economic plan also promoted confidence in investors.", "qas": [ { "id": "47642", "question": "who adopted the democratic security policy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "President \u00c1lvaro Uribe" } ] }, { "id": "47643", "question": "what was the span of the democratic security policy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "2002\u201310" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As part of a controversial peace process the AUC (right-wing paramilitaries) as a formal organization had ceased to function. In February 2008, millions of Colombians demonstrated against FARC and other outlawed groups.", "qas": [ { "id": "47644", "question": "what is the name of the formal organization that ceased to function the peace process ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "right-wing paramilitaries" } ] }, { "id": "47645", "question": "in what month and year did millions of colombians demonstrated against outlawed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "February 2008" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2012 the administration of President Juan Manuel Santos (2010\u2013present), began a dialogue in Havana, Cuba between the Government of Colombia and guerrilla of FARC-EP with the aim to find a political solution to the armed conflict. After almost four years of peace negotiations, the Colombian state and the FARC announced consensus on a 6-point plan towards peace and reconciliation. The Government also began a process of assistance and reparation for victims of conflict.", "qas": [ { "id": "47646", "question": "in what year did the administration of president juan die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2012" } ] }, { "id": "47647", "question": "who was the president of cuba in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "President Juan Manuel Santos" } ] }, { "id": "47648", "question": "when did juan manuel santos die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "2010\u2013present" } ] }, { "id": "47649", "question": "what was the name of the guerrilla of colombia 's guerrilla of cuba ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "FARC-EP" } ] }, { "id": "47650", "question": "what did the colombian state and the farc plan on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 336, "text": "a 6-point plan towards peace and reconciliation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The first peace accord was submitted to voters in a national referendum and was rejected with 50.2% voting against it and 49.8% voting in favor, on a 37.4% turnout. In October 2016, President Santos was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his resolute efforts to bring the country's more than 50-year-long war to an end. Santos renegotiated the accord and subsequently the Colombian government and the FARC on November 24 signed a revised peace deal, which the Colombian congress approved.", "qas": [ { "id": "47651", "question": "how much voting was rejected by the first peace accord ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "50.2%" } ] }, { "id": "47652", "question": "what was the voting accord in favor of the first peace accord ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "49.8%" } ] }, { "id": "47653", "question": "what was the turnout of the first peace accord ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "37.4%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Colombia shows modest progress in the struggle to defend human rights, as expressed by HRW. In terms of international relations, Colombia has moved from a period of tension and animosity with Venezuela, towards a positive outlook and a spirit of cooperation. Colombia has also won a seat on the Security Council of the UN.", "qas": [ { "id": "47654", "question": "colombia shows modest progress in the struggle to what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "HRW" } ] }, { "id": "47655", "question": "colombia has won a seat on what council ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 295, "text": "Security Council of the UN" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The geography of Colombia is characterized by its six main natural regions that present their own unique characteristics, from the Andes mountain range region shared with Ecuador and Venezuela; the Pacific coastal region shared with Panama and Ecuador; the Caribbean coastal region shared with Venezuela and Panama; the \"Llanos\" (plains) shared with Venezuela; the Amazon Rainforest region shared with Venezuela, Brazil, Peru and Ecuador; to the insular area, comprising islands in both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.", "qas": [ { "id": "47656", "question": "how many main natural regions are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "six" } ] }, { "id": "47657", "question": "what is the name of the two natural regions of the andes mountain range ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "Ecuador and Venezuela" } ] }, { "id": "47658", "question": "who are the pacific coastal region shared with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "Panama and Ecuador" } ] }, { "id": "47659", "question": "what is another name for plains ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 321, "text": "Llanos" } ] }, { "id": "47660", "question": "what are the names of the rainforest that the rainforest region shared with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 402, "text": "Venezuela, Brazil, Peru and Ecuador" } ] }, { "id": "47661", "question": "where is the insular area located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 491, "text": "Atlantic and Pacific oceans" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Colombia is bordered to the northwest by Panama; to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; it established its maritime boundaries with neighboring countries through seven agreements on the Caribbean Sea and three on the Pacific Ocean. It lies between latitudes 12\u00b0N and 4\u00b0S, and longitudes 67\u00b0 and 79\u00b0W.", "qas": [ { "id": "47662", "question": "who borders colombia to the northwest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Panama" } ] }, { "id": "47663", "question": "which two countries did panama border to the east ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "Venezuela and Brazil" } ] }, { "id": "47664", "question": "which two countries did colombia and brazil belong to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "Ecuador and Peru" } ] }, { "id": "47665", "question": "how many agreements did colombia and peru have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "seven" } ] }, { "id": "47666", "question": "where did colombia and peru 's maritime boundaries occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "Caribbean Sea and three on the Pacific Ocean" } ] }, { "id": "47667", "question": "what latitudes does colombia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "12\u00b0N and 4\u00b0S" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Part of the Ring of Fire, a region of the world subject to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, Colombia is dominated by the Andes (which contain the majority of the country's urban centres). Beyond the Colombian Massif (in the south-western departments of Cauca and Nari\u00f1o) these are divided into three branches known as \"cordilleras\" (mountain ranges): the Cordillera Occidental, running adjacent to the Pacific coast and including the city of Cali; the Cordillera Central, running between the Cauca and Magdalena River valleys (to the west and east respectively) and including the cities of Medell\u00edn, Manizales, Pereira and Armenia; and the Cordillera Oriental, extending north east to the Guajira Peninsula and including Bogot\u00e1, Bucaramanga and C\u00facuta.", "qas": [ { "id": "47668", "question": "what is the region of the world subject to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 12, "text": "Ring of Fire" } ] }, { "id": "47669", "question": "what contain the majority of the country 's urban centres ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "the Andes" } ] }, { "id": "47670", "question": "what is another name for the mountain ranges ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "cordilleras" } ] }, { "id": "47671", "question": "what two river valleys are located in the west ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 495, "text": "Cauca and Magdalena River valleys" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Peaks in the Cordillera Occidental exceed , and in the Cordillera Central and Cordillera Oriental they reach . At , Bogot\u00e1 is the highest city of its size in the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "47672", "question": "where do peaks reach the peaks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "Cordillera Central and Cordillera Oriental" } ] }, { "id": "47673", "question": "where is the highest city of its size ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Bogot\u00e1" } ] } ] }, { "context": "East of the Andes lies the savanna of the \"Llanos\", part of the Orinoco River basin, and, in the far south east, the jungle of the Amazon rainforest. Together these lowlands comprise over half Colombia's territory, but they contain less than 6% of the population. To the north the Caribbean coast, home to 21.9% of the population and the location of the major port cities of Barranquilla and Cartagena, generally consists of low-lying plains, but it also contains the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range, which includes the country's tallest peaks (Pico Crist\u00f3bal Col\u00f3n and Pico Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar), and the La Guajira Desert. By contrast the narrow and discontinuous Pacific coastal lowlands, backed by the Serran\u00eda de Baud\u00f3 mountains, are sparsely populated and covered in dense vegetation. The principal Pacific port is Buenaventura.", "qas": [ { "id": "47674", "question": "what does east of the andes represent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Llanos" } ] }, { "id": "47675", "question": "east of the andes lies part of what basin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "Orinoco River basin" } ] }, { "id": "47676", "question": "what percentage of the population of the population does half of the population have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "6%" } ] }, { "id": "47677", "question": "what percentage of the population is north the caribbean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "21.9%" } ] }, { "id": "47678", "question": "what is the country 's tallest peaks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 468, "text": "Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range" } ] }, { "id": "47679", "question": "what mountains backed the pacific coastal lowlands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 711, "text": "Serran\u00eda de Baud\u00f3 mountains" } ] }, { "id": "47680", "question": "what is the principal pacific port ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 826, "text": "Buenaventura" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The main rivers of Colombia are Magdalena, Cauca, Guaviare, Atrato, Meta, Putumayo and Caquet\u00e1. Colombia has four main drainage systems: the Pacific drain, the Caribbean drain, the Orinoco Basin and the Amazon Basin. The Orinoco and Amazon Rivers mark limits with Colombia to Venezuela and Peru respectively.", "qas": [ { "id": "47681", "question": "what are the main rivers of colombia colombia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "Magdalena, Cauca, Guaviare, Atrato, Meta, Putumayo and Caquet\u00e1" } ] }, { "id": "47682", "question": "how many main drainage systems does colombia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "47683", "question": "what are the four main drainage of the caribbean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "Orinoco Basin and the Amazon Basin" } ] }, { "id": "47684", "question": "what rivers mark limits with colombia to venezuela ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "The Orinoco and Amazon Rivers" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Protected areas and the \"National Park System\" cover an area of about and account for 12.77% of the Colombian territory. Compared to neighboring countries, rates of deforestation in Colombia are still relatively low. Colombia is the sixth country in the world by magnitude of total renewable freshwater supply, and still has large reserves of freshwater.", "qas": [ { "id": "47685", "question": "what is the name of the system that cover the area of the colombian territory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "National Park System" } ] }, { "id": "47686", "question": "what percentage of the colombian territory is protected by the national park system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "12.77%" } ] }, { "id": "47687", "question": "what is the magnitude of colombia colombia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 276, "text": "total renewable freshwater supply" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Colombians customarily describe their country in terms of the climatic zones. Below in elevation is the tierra caliente (hot land), where temperatures are above . About 82.5% of the country's total area lies in the tierra caliente.", "qas": [ { "id": "47688", "question": "what is hot land ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "tierra caliente" } ] }, { "id": "47689", "question": "what percentage of the country 's total area is in the tierra caliente ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "82.5%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The majority of the population can be found in the tierra templada (temperate land, between ), where temperatures vary between and the tierra fr\u00eda (cold land, ). In the tierra fr\u00eda mean temperatures range between . Beyond the tierra fr\u00eda lie the alpine conditions of the forested zone and then the treeless grasslands of the p\u00e1ramos. Above , where temperatures are below freezing, is the tierra helada, a zone of permanent snow and ice.\nColombia is one of the megadiverse countries in biodiversity, ranking first in bird species. As for plants, the country has between 40,000 and 45,000 plant species, equivalent to 10 or 20% of total global species, this is even more remarkable given that Colombia is considered a country of intermediate size. Colombia is the second most biodiverse country in the world, lagging only after Brazil which is approximately 7 times bigger.", "qas": [ { "id": "47690", "question": "where is the majority of the population found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "tierra templada" } ] }, { "id": "47691", "question": "how many plant species does the country have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 569, "text": "40,000 and 45,000" } ] }, { "id": "47692", "question": "how many times does brazil have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 856, "text": "7 times bigger" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Colombia is the country in the planet more characterized by a high biodiversity, with the highest rate of species by area unit worldwide and it has the largest number of endemisms (species that are not found naturally anywhere else) of any country. About 10% of the species of the Earth live in Colombia, including over 1,900 species of bird, more than in Europe and North America combined, Colombia has 10% of the world\u2019s mammals species, 14% of the amphibian species and 18% of the bird species of the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "47693", "question": "what is the largest number of species in colombia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "endemisms" } ] }, { "id": "47694", "question": "what percentage of the earth live in colombia live ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 255, "text": "10%" } ] }, { "id": "47695", "question": "what species of bird live in colombia and north america ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 320, "text": "1,900" } ] }, { "id": "47696", "question": "how much of the world 's mammals are in colombia and north america ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 404, "text": "10%" } ] }, { "id": "47697", "question": "what percentage of the amphibian species and 18 % of the world live in colombia species ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 440, "text": "14%" } ] }, { "id": "47698", "question": "what percentage of the bird species of the world live in colombia species ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 473, "text": "18%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Colombia has about 2,000 species of marine fish and is the second most diverse country in freshwater fish. Colombia is the country with more endemic species of butterflies, number 1 in terms of orchid species and approximately 7,000 species of beetles. Colombia is second in the number of amphibian species and is the third most diverse country in reptiles and palms. There are about 2,900 species of mollusks and according to estimates there are about 300,000 species of invertebrates in the country. In Colombia there are 32 terrestrial biomes and 314 types of ecosystems.", "qas": [ { "id": "47699", "question": "how many species of marine fish does colombia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 19, "text": "2,000" } ] }, { "id": "47700", "question": "what is the more endemic species of beetles ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "butterflies" } ] }, { "id": "47701", "question": "how many species of beetles are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "7,000" } ] }, { "id": "47702", "question": "how many species of mollusks are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 384, "text": "2,900" } ] }, { "id": "47703", "question": "how many species of invertebrates are there in the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 453, "text": "300,000" } ] }, { "id": "47704", "question": "how many terrestrial types of ecosystems are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 524, "text": "32" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The government of Colombia takes place within the framework of a presidential participatory democratic republic as established in the Constitution of 1991. In accordance with the principle of separation of powers, government is divided into three branches: the executive branch, the legislative branch and the judicial branch.", "qas": [ { "id": "47705", "question": "the government of colombia takes place within what framework ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "a presidential participatory democratic republic" } ] }, { "id": "47706", "question": "when was the government of colombia established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "the Constitution of 1991" } ] }, { "id": "47707", "question": "how many branches of separation of powers is government divided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "47708", "question": "what are the three branches of separation of powers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "the executive branch, the legislative branch and the judicial branch" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As the head of the executive branch, the President of Colombia serves as both head of state and head of government, followed by the Vice President and the Council of Ministers. The president is elected by popular vote to serve four-year term (In 2015 the Colombia\u2019s Congress approved the repeal of a 2004 constitutional amendment that eliminated the one-term limit for presidents). At the provincial level executive power is vested in department governors, municipal mayors and local administrators for smaller administrative subdivisions, such as \"corregimientos\" or \"comunas\". All regional elections are held one year and five months after the presidential election.", "qas": [ { "id": "47709", "question": "who followed the president of colombia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "the Vice President and the Council of Ministers" } ] }, { "id": "47710", "question": "what is the president elected for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "popular vote to serve four-year term" } ] }, { "id": "47711", "question": "in what year did the colombia 's congress serve the constitutional amendment ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 300, "text": "2004" } ] }, { "id": "47712", "question": "what are the names of the smaller administrative subdivisions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 548, "text": "\"corregimientos\" or \"comunas\"" } ] }, { "id": "47713", "question": "how long are all regional elections in the presidential election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 611, "text": "one year and five months" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The legislative branch of government is represented nationally by the Congress, a bicameral institution comprising a 166-seat Chamber of Representatives and a 102-seat Senate. The Senate is elected nationally and the Chamber of Representatives is elected in electoral districts. Members of both houses are elected to serve four-year terms two months before the president, also by popular vote.", "qas": [ { "id": "47714", "question": "who represented the legislative branch of government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "the Congress" } ] }, { "id": "47715", "question": "what does the bicameral institution consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "166-seat Chamber of Representatives and a 102-seat Senate" } ] }, { "id": "47716", "question": "where is the chamber of representatives elected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "electoral districts" } ] }, { "id": "47717", "question": "how long are the members of both houses of both houses elected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "four-year terms two months" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The judicial branch is headed by four high courts, consisting of the Supreme Court which deals with penal and civil matters, the Council of State, which has special responsibility for administrative law and also provides legal advice to the executive, the Constitutional Court, responsible for assuring the integrity of the Colombian constitution, and the Superior Council of Judicature, responsible for auditing the judicial branch. Colombia operates a system of civil law, which since 2005 has been applied through an adversarial system.", "qas": [ { "id": "47718", "question": "how many courts are in the judicial branch ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "four high courts" } ] }, { "id": "47719", "question": "what are the supreme court deals with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "penal and civil matters" } ] }, { "id": "47720", "question": "who has special responsibility for administrative law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "the Council of State" } ] }, { "id": "47721", "question": "what is the name of the court responsible for assuring the integrity of the colombian constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "the Constitutional Court" } ] }, { "id": "47722", "question": "who is responsible for auditing the judicial branch of the judicial branch ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 356, "text": "Superior Council of Judicature" } ] }, { "id": "47723", "question": "what is the superior council of the colombian constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 404, "text": "auditing the judicial branch" } ] }, { "id": "47724", "question": "in what year did colombia colombia begin a civil law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 487, "text": "2005" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Despite a number of controversies, the democratic security policy has ensured that former President Uribe remained popular among Colombian people, with his approval rating peaking at 76%, according to a poll in 2009. However, having served two terms, he was constitutionally barred from seeking re-election in 2010. In the run-off elections on 20 June 2010 the former Minister of defense Juan Manuel Santos won with 69% of the vote against the second most popular candidate, Antanas Mockus. A second round was required since no candidate received over the 50% winning threshold of votes. Santos won nearly 51% of the vote in second-round elections on 15 June 2014, beating right-wing rival \u00d3scar Iv\u00e1n Zuluaga, who won 45%. His term as Colombia's president runs for four years beginning 7 August 2014.", "qas": [ { "id": "47725", "question": "what was the rating of the democratic security policy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "76%" } ] }, { "id": "47726", "question": "when was the run-off elections ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 344, "text": "20 June 2010" } ] }, { "id": "47727", "question": "what percentage of the vote against the second most popular candidate in the run-off elections ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 416, "text": "69%" } ] }, { "id": "47728", "question": "what was the second most popular candidate in the run-off elections ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 475, "text": "Antanas Mockus" } ] }, { "id": "47729", "question": "what percentage of votes did a second round of votes increase ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 556, "text": "50%" } ] }, { "id": "47730", "question": "what percentage of the vote in elections was won by june 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 606, "text": "51%" } ] }, { "id": "47731", "question": "when did colombia 's president begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 786, "text": "7 August 2014" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The foreign affairs of Colombia are headed by the President, as head of state, and managed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Colombia has diplomatic missions in all continents.", "qas": [ { "id": "47732", "question": "who headed the foreign affairs of colombia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "the President" } ] }, { "id": "47733", "question": "who managed the foreign affairs of colombia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "the Minister of Foreign Affairs" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Colombia was one of the 4 founding members of the Pacific Alliance, which is a political, economic and co-operative integration mechanism that promotes the free circulation of goods, services, capital and persons between the members, as well as a common stock exchange and joint embassies in several countries. Colombia is also a member of the United Nations, the Organization of American States, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the Union of South American Nations and the Andean Community of Nations.", "qas": [ { "id": "47734", "question": "how many founding members did colombia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "4" } ] }, { "id": "47735", "question": "colombia was one of the 4 founding members of what alliance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Pacific Alliance" } ] }, { "id": "47736", "question": "what type of mechanism promotes the free circulation of the pacific alliance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "economic and co-operative integration mechanism" } ] }, { "id": "47737", "question": "who is the union of south american nations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 397, "text": "the Organization of Ibero-American States" } ] }, { "id": "47738", "question": "what are the organization of american states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 440, "text": "the Union of South American Nations and the Andean Community of Nations" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The executive branch of government is responsible for managing the defense of Colombia, with the President commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The Ministry of Defence exercises day-to-day control of the military and the Colombian National Police. Colombia has 466,713 active military personnel. And in 2014 3.1% of the country's GDP went towards military expenditure, placing it 18th in the world. Colombia's armed forces are the largest in Latin America, and it is the second largest spender on its military after Brazil.", "qas": [ { "id": "47739", "question": "the ministry of defence exercises day-to-day control of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "Colombian National Police" } ] }, { "id": "47740", "question": "how many military personnel does colombia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "466,713" } ] }, { "id": "47741", "question": "what percentage of the gdp went towards military expenditure ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 311, "text": "3.1%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Colombian military is divided into three branches: the National Army of Colombia; the Colombian Air Force; and the Colombian Navy. The National Police functions as a gendarmerie, operating independently from the military as the law enforcement agency for the entire country. Each of these operates with their own intelligence apparatus separate from the national intelligence agency (ANIC, in Spanish).", "qas": [ { "id": "47742", "question": "how many branches are in the colombian military ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "47743", "question": "who is the colombian military divided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "the National Army of Colombia" } ] }, { "id": "47744", "question": "what are the three branches of the colombian military ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "the Colombian Air Force; and the Colombian Navy" } ] }, { "id": "47745", "question": "what is the national police functions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "the law enforcement agency for the entire country" } ] }, { "id": "47746", "question": "what is the intelligence apparatus separate from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 354, "text": "the national intelligence agency" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The National Army is formed by divisions, brigades, special brigades and special units; the Colombian Navy by the Naval Infantry, the Naval Force of the Caribbean, the Naval Force of the Pacific, the Naval Force of the South, the Naval Force of the East, Colombia Coast Guards, Naval Aviation and the Specific Command of San Andres y Providencia; and the Air Force by 15 air units. The National Police has a presence in all municipalities.", "qas": [ { "id": "47747", "question": "what is the national army formed by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "divisions, brigades, special brigades and special units" } ] }, { "id": "47748", "question": "how many air units are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 368, "text": "15 air units" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Colombia is divided into 32 departments and one capital district, which is treated as a department (Bogot\u00e1 also serves as the capital of the department of Cundinamarca). Departments are subdivided into municipalities, each of which is assigned a municipal seat, and municipalities are in turn subdivided into \"corregimientos\" in rural areas and into \"comunas\" in urban areas. Each department has a local government with a governor and assembly directly elected to four-year terms, and each municipality is headed by a mayor and council. There is a popularly elected local administrative board in each of the \"corregimientos\" or \"comunas\".", "qas": [ { "id": "47749", "question": "how many departments is colombia divided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "32" } ] }, { "id": "47750", "question": "what is the capital of colombia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "Cundinamarca" } ] }, { "id": "47751", "question": "what are municipalities in rural areas turn subdivided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 310, "text": "corregimientos" } ] }, { "id": "47752", "question": "what is another term for urban areas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 351, "text": "comunas" } ] }, { "id": "47753", "question": "how many terms does each governor have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 464, "text": "four-year terms" } ] }, { "id": "47754", "question": "who headed each municipality ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 516, "text": "a mayor and council" } ] }, { "id": "47755", "question": "what is the name of the local administrative board ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 608, "text": "\"corregimientos\" or \"comunas\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In addition to the capital four other cities have been designated districts (in effect special municipalities), on the basis of special distinguishing features. These are Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta and Buenaventura. Some departments have local administrative subdivisions, where towns have a large concentration of population and municipalities are near each other (for example in Antioquia and Cundinamarca). Where departments have a low population (for example Amazonas, Vaup\u00e9s and Vichada), special administrative divisions are employed, such as \"department \"corregimientos\"\", which are a hybrid of a municipality and a \"corregimiento\".", "qas": [ { "id": "47756", "question": "what are the names of the are three examples of barranquilla ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta and Buenaventura" } ] }, { "id": "47757", "question": "what is the name of the low population that has a low population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 560, "text": "department \"corregimientos\"" } ] }, { "id": "47758", "question": "what is another term for department `` corregimientos '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 634, "text": "corregimiento" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Historically an agrarian economy, Colombia urbanised rapidly in the 20th century, by the end of which just 17% of the workforce were employed in agriculture, generating just 6.1% of GDP; 21% of the workforce were employed in industry and 62% in services, responsible for 37.3% and 56.6% of GDP respectively.", "qas": [ { "id": "47759", "question": "what percentage of the workforce were employed in agriculture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "17%" } ] }, { "id": "47760", "question": "what percentage of gdp was employed in agriculture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "6.1%" } ] }, { "id": "47761", "question": "what percentage of the population were employed in industry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "21%" } ] }, { "id": "47762", "question": "what percentage of the population was employed in services in the 20th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "62%" } ] }, { "id": "47763", "question": "what percentage of gdp was respectively in agriculture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "56.6%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Colombia's market economy grew steadily in the latter part of the 20th century, with gross domestic product (GDP) increasing at an average rate of over 4% per year between 1970 and 1998. The country suffered a recession in 1999 (the first full year of negative growth since the Great Depression), and the recovery from that recession was long and painful. However, in recent years growth has been impressive, reaching 6.9% in 2007, one of the highest rates of growth in Latin America. According to International Monetary Fund estimates, in 2012 Colombia's GDP (PPP) was US$500\u00a0billion (28th in the world and third in South America).", "qas": [ { "id": "47764", "question": "in what year did the country lose a recession ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "1999" } ] }, { "id": "47765", "question": "what percentage of growth in 2007 has been impressive in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 418, "text": "6.9%" } ] }, { "id": "47766", "question": "how much was colombia 's gdp in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 570, "text": "US$500\u00a0billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Total government expenditures account for 28.3 percent of the domestic economy. Public debt equals 32 percent of gross domestic product. A strong fiscal climate was reaffirmed by a boost in bond ratings. Annual inflation closed 2015 at 6.77% YoY (vs. 3.66% YoY in 2014). The average national unemployment rate in 2015 was 8.9%, although the informality is the biggest problem facing the labour market (the income of formal workers climbed 24.8% in 5 years while labor incomes of informal workers rose only 9%). Colombia has Free trade Zone (FTZ), such as Zona Franca del Pacifico, located in the Valle del Cauca, one of the most striking areas for foreign investment.", "qas": [ { "id": "47767", "question": "what percentage of the domestic economy is total ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "28.3 percent" } ] }, { "id": "47768", "question": "what percentage of gross domestic product is public ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "32 percent" } ] }, { "id": "47769", "question": "what percentage of inflation was closed in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "6.77%" } ] }, { "id": "47770", "question": "what was the average national unemployment rate in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "8.9%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Colombia is also known as an important global source of emeralds, and over 70% of cut flowers imported by the United States are Colombian. Non-traditional exports have boosted the growth of Colombian foreign sales as well as the diversification of destinations of export thanks to new free trade agreements. Principal trading partners are the United States, China, the European Union and some Latin American countries.", "qas": [ { "id": "47771", "question": "colombia is also known as what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "emeralds" } ] }, { "id": "47772", "question": "what percentage of cut flowers imported by the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "70%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The electricity production in Colombia comes mainly from renewable energy sources. 70.35% is obtained from the hydroelectric generation. Colombia's commitment to renewable energy was recognized in the 2014 \"Global Green Economy Index (GGEI)\", ranking among the top 10 nations in the world in terms of greening efficiency sectors.", "qas": [ { "id": "47773", "question": "where does the electricity production originate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "renewable energy sources" } ] }, { "id": "47774", "question": "what percent is obtained from the hydroelectric generation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "70.35%" } ] }, { "id": "47775", "question": "what was colombia 's commitment to renewable energy called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "Global Green Economy Index" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The financial sector has grown favorably due to good liquidity in the economy, the growth of credit and in general to the positive performance of the Colombian economy. The Colombian Stock Exchange through the Latin American Integrated Market (MILA) offers a regional market to trade equities. Colombia is now one of only three economies with a perfect score on the strength of legal rights index, according to the World Bank.", "qas": [ { "id": "47776", "question": "where is the colombian stock exchange ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "Latin American Integrated Market" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2015, the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) reported that 27.8% of the population were living below the poverty line, of which 7.9% in \"extreme poverty\". 171,000 people have been lifted out of poverty. The Government has also been developing a process of financial inclusion within the country's most vulnerable population.", "qas": [ { "id": "47777", "question": "in what year was the national administrative department of statistics below the poverty line ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2015" } ] }, { "id": "47778", "question": "what percentage of the population were living below the poverty line ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "27.8%" } ] }, { "id": "47779", "question": "what percentage of the population were living below the poverty line ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "7.9%" } ] }, { "id": "47780", "question": "how many people have been lifted out of poverty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "171,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Recent economic growth has led to a considerable increase of new millionaires, including the new entrepreneurs, Colombians with a net worth exceeding US $1\u00a0billion.", "qas": [ { "id": "47781", "question": "what was the net worth of colombians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "US $1\u00a0billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Tourism in Colombia is an important sector in the country's economy. Foreign tourist visits were predicted to have risen from 0.6\u00a0million in 2007 to 2.98\u00a0million in 2015.", "qas": [ { "id": "47782", "question": "how many foreign tourist were predicted to have risen in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "0.6\u00a0million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Colombia has more than 3,950 research groups in science and technology. iNNpulsa, a government body that promotes entrepreneurship and innovation in the country, provides grants to startups, in addition to other services it and institutions like Apps.co provide. Co-working spaces have arisen to serve as communities for startups large and small. Organizations such as the Corporation for biological research for the support of young people interested in scientific work has been successfully developed in Colombia. The International Center for Tropical Agriculture based in Colombia investigates the increasing challenge of global warming and food security.", "qas": [ { "id": "47783", "question": "how many research groups does colombia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "3,950" } ] }, { "id": "47784", "question": "what is the name of the government body that promotes entrepreneurship and innovation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "iNNpulsa" } ] }, { "id": "47785", "question": "the international center for tropical agriculture investigates the increasing challenge of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 625, "text": "global warming and food security" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Important inventions related to the medicine have been made in Colombia, such as the first external artificial pacemaker with internal electrodes, invented by the electronics engineer Jorge Reynolds Pombo, invention of great importance for those who suffer from heart failure. Also invented in Colombia were the microkeratome and keratomileusis technique, which form the fundamental basis of what now is known as LASIK (one of the most important techniques for the correction of refractive errors of vision) and the Hakim valve for the treatment of Hydrocephalus, among others. Colombia has begun to innovate in military technology for its army and other armies of the world; especially in the design and creation of personal ballistic protection products, military hardware, military robots, bombs, simulators and radar.", "qas": [ { "id": "47786", "question": "who invented the invention of great importance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "Jorge Reynolds Pombo" } ] }, { "id": "47787", "question": "what were the colombia technique invented in colombia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "microkeratome and keratomileusis technique" } ] }, { "id": "47788", "question": "what is the fundamental basis of the correction ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 413, "text": "LASIK" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some leading Colombian scientists are Joseph M. Tohme, researcher recognized for his work on the genetic diversity of food, Manuel Elkin Patarroyo who is known for his groundbreaking work on synthetic vaccines for malaria, Francisco Lopera who discovered the \"Paisa Mutation\" or a type of early-onset Alzheimer's, Rodolfo Llin\u00e1s known for his study of the intrinsic neurons properties and the theory of a syndrome that had changed the way of understanding the functioning of the brain, Jairo Quiroga Puello recognized for his studies on the characterization of synthetic substances which can be used to fight fungus, tumors, tuberculosis and even some viruses and \u00c1ngela Restrepo who established accurate diagnoses and treatments to combat the effects of a disease caused by the \"Paracoccidioides brasiliensis\", among other scientists.", "qas": [ { "id": "47789", "question": "who is the leading colombian scientists ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "Joseph M. Tohme" } ] }, { "id": "47790", "question": "who discovered the genetic diversity of food ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "Manuel Elkin Patarroyo" } ] }, { "id": "47791", "question": "what is the name of the researcher that discovered the genetic diversity of food ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "Paisa Mutation" } ] }, { "id": "47792", "question": "what is the name of the study of the intrinsic neurons ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 314, "text": "Rodolfo Llin\u00e1s" } ] }, { "id": "47793", "question": "who recognized his studies on the characterization of synthetic substances ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 486, "text": "Jairo Quiroga Puello" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Transportation in Colombia is regulated within the functions of the Ministry of Transport and entities such as the National Roads Institute (INV\u00cdAS) responsible for the Highways in Colombia (13,000\u00a0km), the Aerocivil, responsible for civil aviation and airports, the National Infrastructure Agency, in charge of concessions through public\u2013private partnerships, for the design, construction, maintenance, operation, and administration of the transport infrastructure, the General Maritime Directorate (Dimar) has the responsibility of coordinating maritime traffic control along with the Colombian Navy, among others and under the supervision of the Superintendency of Ports and Transport.", "qas": [ { "id": "47794", "question": "what is the name of the institute that the ministry of transport in colombia is regulated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "National Roads Institute" } ] }, { "id": "47795", "question": "how long is the highways in colombia highways ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "13,000\u00a0km" } ] }, { "id": "47796", "question": "what is the name of the agency that the general maritime directorate of transport infrastructure is regulated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "National Infrastructure Agency" } ] }, { "id": "47797", "question": "who has the responsibility of coordinating maritime traffic control ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 471, "text": "General Maritime Directorate" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The target of Colombia\u2019s government is to build 7,000\u00a0km of roads for the 2016\u20132020 period and reduce travel times by 30 per cent and transport costs by 20 per cent. A toll road concession programme will comprise 40 projects, and is part of a larger strategic goal to invest nearly $50bn in transport infrastructure, including: railway systems; making the Magdalena river navigable again; improving port facilities; as well as an expansion of Bogot\u00e1\u2019s airport.", "qas": [ { "id": "47798", "question": "how far is the target of colombia 's government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "7,000\u00a0km" } ] }, { "id": "47799", "question": "what is the travel rate of colombia 's government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "30 per cent" } ] }, { "id": "47800", "question": "what is the percentage of roads in colombia 's government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "20 per cent" } ] }, { "id": "47801", "question": "how many projects does the toll road concession programme concession ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "40" } ] }, { "id": "47802", "question": "how much does a toll invest in transport infrastructure ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "$50bn" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With an estimated 48\u00a0million people in 2015, Colombia is the third-most populous country in Latin America, after Brazil and Mexico. It is also home to the third-largest number of Spanish speakers in the world after Mexico and the United States. At the beginning of the 20th century, Colombia's population was approximately 4\u00a0million. The birth rate remained at high levels until the early 1970s, but since then, Colombia has experienced steady declines in its fertility, mortality, and population growth rates. Colombia is projected to have a population of 50.2\u00a0million by 2020 and 55.3\u00a0million by 2050. These trends are reflected in the country's age profile. In 2005 over 30% of the population was under 15 years old, compared to just 6.3% aged 65 and over. The total fertility rate was 1.9 births per woman in 2014.", "qas": [ { "id": "47803", "question": "what was the population of colombia 's population in the 20th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "4\u00a0million" } ] }, { "id": "47804", "question": "what percentage of the population was under 15 years ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 674, "text": "30%" } ] }, { "id": "47805", "question": "what was the total fertility rate in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 789, "text": "1.9 births per woman" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The population is concentrated in the Andean highlands and along the Caribbean coast, also the population densities are generally higher in the Andean region. The nine eastern lowland departments, comprising about 54% of Colombia's area, have less than 6% of the population. Traditionally a rural society, movement to urban areas was very heavy in the mid-20th century, and Colombia is now one of the most urbanized countries in Latin America. The urban population increased from 31% of the total in 1938 to nearly 60% in 1973, and by 2014 the figure stood at 76%. The population of Bogot\u00e1 alone has increased from just over 300,000 in 1938 to approximately 8\u00a0million today. In total seventy-two cities now have populations of 100,000 or more (2015). Colombia has the world's largest populations of internally displaced persons (IDPs), estimated to be up to 4.9\u00a0million people.", "qas": [ { "id": "47806", "question": "where is the population densities located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "Andean highlands" } ] }, { "id": "47807", "question": "what percentage of colombia 's area have less than 6 % of the population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "54%" } ] }, { "id": "47808", "question": "what percentage of the population is the nine eastern lowland departments ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "6%" } ] }, { "id": "47809", "question": "what percentage of the total population was increased in 1938 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 480, "text": "31%" } ] }, { "id": "47810", "question": "what was the urban population in 1973 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 515, "text": "60%" } ] }, { "id": "47811", "question": "what was the figure of the urban population in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 560, "text": "76%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The life expectancy is 74.8 years in 2015 and infant mortality is 13.6 per thousand in 2015. In 2013, 93.6% of adults and 98.2% of youth are literate and the government spends about 4.9% of its GDP in education.", "qas": [ { "id": "47812", "question": "what is the life expectancy in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "74.8 years" } ] }, { "id": "47813", "question": "what is the life expectancy in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "13.6 per thousand" } ] }, { "id": "47814", "question": "what percentage of youth are literate in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "98.2%" } ] }, { "id": "47815", "question": "how much of the gdp of education is literate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "4.9%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Colombia is ranked third in the world in the Happy Planet Index.", "qas": [ { "id": "47816", "question": "where is colombia ranked third in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "Happy Planet Index" } ] } ] }, { "context": "More than 99.2% of Colombians speak Spanish, also called Castilian; 65 Amerindian languages, two Creole languages, the Romani language and Colombian Sign Language are also spoken in the country. English has official status in the archipelago of San Andr\u00e9s, Providencia and Santa Catalina.", "qas": [ { "id": "47817", "question": "what percentage of colombians speak spanish ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "99.2%" } ] }, { "id": "47818", "question": "what is the term for spanish colombians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Castilian" } ] }, { "id": "47819", "question": "how many amerindian languages speak spanish ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "65" } ] }, { "id": "47820", "question": "what is spoken in the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Colombian Sign Language" } ] }, { "id": "47821", "question": "where is english official status ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "San Andr\u00e9s, Providencia and Santa Catalina" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Including Spanish, a total of 101 languages are listed for Colombia in the Ethnologue database. The specific number of spoken languages varies slightly since some authors consider as different languages what others consider to be varieties or dialects of the same language. Best estimates recorded 71 languages that are spoken in-country today\u2014most of which belong to the Chibchan, Tucanoan, Bora\u2013Witoto, Guajiboan, Arawakan, Cariban, Barbacoan, and Saliban language families. There are currently about 850,000 speakers of native languages.", "qas": [ { "id": "47822", "question": "how many languages are in the ethnologue database ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "101" } ] }, { "id": "47823", "question": "how many languages are spoken by best estimates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "71" } ] }, { "id": "47824", "question": "how many speakers of native languages are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 503, "text": "850,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Colombia is ethnically diverse, its people descending from the original native inhabitants, Spanish colonists, Africans originally brought to the country as slaves, and 20th-century immigrants from Europe and the Middle East, all contributing to a diverse cultural heritage. The demographic distribution reflects a pattern that is influenced by colonial history. Whites tend to live mainly in urban centers, like Bogot\u00e1, Medell\u00edn or Cali, and the burgeoning highland cities. The populations of the major cities also include mestizos. Mestizo \"campesinos\" (people living in rural areas) also live in the Andean highlands where some Spanish conquerors mixed with the women of Amerindian chiefdoms. Mestizos include artisans and small tradesmen that have played a major part in the urban expansion of recent decades.", "qas": [ { "id": "47825", "question": "where did africans live from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "Europe and the Middle East" } ] }, { "id": "47826", "question": "who influenced the demographic distribution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 345, "text": "colonial history" } ] }, { "id": "47827", "question": "what are some of the urban centers of urban centers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 413, "text": "Bogot\u00e1, Medell\u00edn or Cali" } ] }, { "id": "47828", "question": "what are the populations of the major cities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 524, "text": "mestizos" } ] }, { "id": "47829", "question": "what is the name of the people that live in rural areas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 543, "text": "campesinos" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 2005 census reported that the \"non-ethnic population\", consisting of whites and mestizos (those of mixed white European and Amerindian ancestry), constituted 86% of the national population. 10.6% is of African ancestry. Indigenous Amerindians comprise 3.4% of the population. 0.01% of the population are Roma. An extraofficial estimate considers that the 49% of the Colombian population is Mestizo or of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry, and that approximately 37% is White, mainly of Spanish lineage, but there is also a large population of Middle East descent; among the upper class there is a considerable input of Italian and German ancestry.", "qas": [ { "id": "47830", "question": "what percentage of the national population was mestizos ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "86%" } ] }, { "id": "47831", "question": "what percentage of african ancestry is of african ancestry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "10.6%" } ] }, { "id": "47832", "question": "what percentage of the population is indigenous ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "3.4%" } ] }, { "id": "47833", "question": "what percentage of the population are roma ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "0.01%" } ] }, { "id": "47834", "question": "what percentage of the colombian population is mestizo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 359, "text": "49%" } ] }, { "id": "47835", "question": "what percentage of the colombian population is white ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 471, "text": "37%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many of the Indigenous peoples experienced a reduction in population during the Spanish rule and many others were absorbed into the mestizo population, but the remainder currently represents over eighty distinct cultures. Reserves (\"resguardos\") established for indigenous peoples occupy (27% of the country's total) and are inhabited by more than 800,000 people. Some of the largest indigenous groups are the Wayuu, the Paez, the Pastos, the Ember\u00e1 and the Zen\u00fa. The departments of La Guajira, Cauca, Nari\u00f1o, C\u00f3rdoba and Sucre have the largest indigenous populations.", "qas": [ { "id": "47836", "question": "how many distinct cultures did the indigenous peoples have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "over eighty distinct cultures" } ] }, { "id": "47837", "question": "what is another name for indigenous peoples ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "resguardos" } ] }, { "id": "47838", "question": "what percentage of the country 's total -rrb- are occupy by indigenous peoples ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 289, "text": "27%" } ] }, { "id": "47839", "question": "how many people were inhabited by indigenous peoples ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 348, "text": "800,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Organizaci\u00f3n Nacional Ind\u00edgena de Colombia (ONIC), founded at the first National Indigenous Congress in 1982, is an organization representing the indigenous peoples of Colombia. In 1991, Colombia signed and ratified the current international law concerning indigenous peoples, Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989.", "qas": [ { "id": "47840", "question": "what organization founded the first national indigenous congress in 1982 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Organizaci\u00f3n Nacional Ind\u00edgena de Colombia" } ] }, { "id": "47841", "question": "where was the first organization founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "National Indigenous Congress" } ] }, { "id": "47842", "question": "when was the first national indigenous congress founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "1982" } ] }, { "id": "47843", "question": "in what year did colombia peoples ratified the current international law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "1991" } ] }, { "id": "47844", "question": "in what year did colombia and tribal peoples ratified the current international law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "1989" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Black Africans were brought as slaves, mostly to the coastal lowlands, beginning early in the 16th century and continuing into the 19th century. Large Afro-Colombian communities are found today on the Caribbean and Pacific coasts. The population of the department of Choc\u00f3, running along the northern portion of Colombia's Pacific coast, is over 80% black. British and Jamaicans migrated mainly to the islands of San Andres and Providencia. A number of other Europeans and North Americans migrated to the country in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including people from the former USSR during and after the Second World War.", "qas": [ { "id": "47845", "question": "where are large afro-colombian communities found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "Caribbean and Pacific coasts" } ] }, { "id": "47846", "question": "what is the population of the department ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "Choc\u00f3" } ] }, { "id": "47847", "question": "what percentage of black black is black ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 346, "text": "80%" } ] }, { "id": "47848", "question": "where did british and jamaicans move to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 413, "text": "San Andres and Providencia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many immigrant communities have settled on the Caribbean coast, in particular recent immigrants from the Middle East. Barranquilla (the largest city of the Colombian Caribbean) and other Caribbean cities have the largest populations of Lebanese, Palestinian, Phoenician and other Middle Easterners. There are also important communities of Chinese, Japanese, Romanis and Jews. There is a major migration trend of Venezuelans, due to the political and economic situation in Venezuela.", "qas": [ { "id": "47849", "question": "where is the recent immigrants located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "Middle East" } ] }, { "id": "47850", "question": "what is the largest city of the colombian caribbean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "Barranquilla" } ] }, { "id": "47851", "question": "what are the largest populations of barranquilla ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "Lebanese, Palestinian, Phoenician and other Middle Easterners" } ] }, { "id": "47852", "question": "what are some communities of there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 339, "text": "Chinese, Japanese, Romanis and Jews" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) does not collect religious statistics, and accurate reports are difficult to obtain. However, based on various studies and a survey, about 90% of the population adheres to Christianity, the majority of which (70.9%) are Roman Catholic, while a significant minority (16.7%) adhere to Protestantism (primarily Evangelicalism). Some 4.7% of the population is atheist or agnostic, while 3.5% claim to believe in God but do not follow a specific religion. 1.8% of Colombians adhere to Jehovah's Witnesses and Adventism and less than 1% adhere to other religions, such as Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, Mormonism, Hinduism, Indigenous religions, Hare Krishna movement, Rastafari movement, Orthodox Catholic Church, and spiritual studies. The remaining people either did not respond or replied that they did not know. In addition to the above statistics, 35.9% of Colombians reported that they did not practice their faith actively.", "qas": [ { "id": "47853", "question": "what percentage of the population adheres to christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "90%" } ] }, { "id": "47854", "question": "what percentage of the population is roman catholic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "70.9%" } ] }, { "id": "47855", "question": "what percentage of the population adhere to protestantism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 326, "text": "16.7%" } ] }, { "id": "47856", "question": "what percentage of the population is agnostic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 390, "text": "4.7%" } ] }, { "id": "47857", "question": "what percentage of the population do not follow a specific religion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 443, "text": "3.5%" } ] }, { "id": "47858", "question": "what percentage of colombians adhere to jehovah 's witnesses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 511, "text": "1.8%" } ] }, { "id": "47859", "question": "what percentage of colombians reported that they did not practice their faith ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 903, "text": "35.9%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While Colombia remains a mostly Roman Catholic country by baptism numbers, the 1991 Colombian constitution guarantees freedom of religion and all religious faiths and churches are equally free before the law.", "qas": [ { "id": "47860", "question": "what is the roman catholic country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "baptism numbers" } ] }, { "id": "47861", "question": "what is the name of the constitution that colombia colombia remains free before ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "the 1991 Colombian constitution guarantees freedom of religion and all religious faiths" } ] }, { "id": "47862", "question": "what are the guarantees in the 1991 constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "equally free before the law" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Colombia lies at the crossroads of Latin America and the broader American continent, and as such has been hit by a wide range of cultural influences. Native American, Spanish and other European, African, American, Caribbean, and Middle Eastern influences, as well as other Latin American cultural influences, are all present in Colombia's modern culture. Urban migration, industrialization, globalization, and other political, social and economic changes have also left an impression.", "qas": [ { "id": "47863", "question": "native american , spanish and other european influences are examples of what three influences ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "African, American, Caribbean, and Middle Eastern influences" } ] }, { "id": "47864", "question": "what are urban migration ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 372, "text": "industrialization, globalization, and other political, social and economic changes" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many national symbols, both objects and themes, have arisen from Colombia's diverse cultural traditions and aim to represent what Colombia, and the Colombian people, have in common. Cultural expressions in Colombia are promoted by the government through the Ministry of Culture.", "qas": [ { "id": "47865", "question": "what do many national symbols arisen ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Colombia's diverse cultural traditions and aim to represent what Colombia, and the Colombian people" } ] }, { "id": "47866", "question": "who promoted cultural expressions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "the government through the Ministry of Culture" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Colombian literature dates back to pre-Columbian era; a notable example of the period is the epic poem known as the \"Legend of Yurupary\". In Spanish colonial times notable writers include Hernando Dom\u00ednguez Camargo and his epic poem to San Ignacio de Loyola, Juan Rodr\u00edguez Freyle (\"El Carnero\") and the nun Francisca Josefa de Castillo, representative of mysticism.", "qas": [ { "id": "47867", "question": "what is the era of colombian literature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "pre-Columbian era" } ] }, { "id": "47868", "question": "what is the epic poem known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "Legend of Yurupary" } ] }, { "id": "47869", "question": "who is the notable writers in spanish colonial times ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "Hernando Dom\u00ednguez Camargo" } ] }, { "id": "47870", "question": "who is the representative of mysticism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "Francisca Josefa de Castillo" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Post-independence literature linked to Romanticism highlighted Antonio Nari\u00f1o, Jos\u00e9 Fern\u00e1ndez Madrid, Camilo Torres Tenorio and Francisco Antonio Zea. In the second half of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century the literary genre known as \"costumbrismo\" became popular; great writers of this period were Tom\u00e1s Carrasquilla, Jorge Isaacs and Rafael Pombo (the latter of whom wrote notable works of children's literature). Within that period, authors such as Jos\u00e9 Asunci\u00f3n Silva, Jos\u00e9 Eustasio Rivera, Le\u00f3n de Greiff, Porfirio Barba-Jacob and Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Vargas Vila developed the modernist movement. In 1872, Colombia established the Colombian Academy of Language, the first Spanish language academy in the Americas. Candelario Obeso wrote the groundbreaking \"Cantos Populares de mi Tierra\" (1877), the first book of poetry by an Afro-Colombian author.", "qas": [ { "id": "47871", "question": "what was the name of the literary genre in the nineteenth century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "costumbrismo" } ] }, { "id": "47872", "question": "in what year was the colombian academy of language established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 614, "text": "1872" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Between 1939 and 1940 seven books of poetry were published under the name \"Stone and Sky\" in the city of Bogot\u00e1 that significantly impacted the country; they were edited by the poet Jorge Rojas. In the following decade, Gonzalo Arango founded the movement of \"nothingness\" in response to the violence of the time; he was influenced by nihilism, existentialism, and the thought of another great Colombian writer: Fernando Gonz\u00e1lez Ochoa. During the boom in Latin American literature, successful writers emerged, led by Nobel laureate Gabriel Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez and his magnum opus, \"One Hundred Years of Solitude\", Eduardo Caballero Calder\u00f3n, Manuel Mej\u00eda Vallejo, and \u00c1lvaro Mutis, a writer who was awarded the Cervantes Prize and the Prince of Asturias Award for Letters. Other leading contemporary authors are Fernando Vallejo (R\u00f3mulo Gallegos Prize) and Germ\u00e1n Castro Caycedo, the best-selling writer in Colombia after Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez.", "qas": [ { "id": "47873", "question": "what were seven books of poetry published under ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "Stone and Sky" } ] }, { "id": "47874", "question": "who edited the seven books of poetry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "Jorge Rojas" } ] }, { "id": "47875", "question": "who founded the movement of `` nothingness '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "Gonzalo Arango" } ] }, { "id": "47876", "question": "what was the name of the movement that was founded in response to the violence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "nothingness" } ] }, { "id": "47877", "question": "who was the great colombian writer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 412, "text": "Fernando Gonz\u00e1lez Ochoa" } ] }, { "id": "47878", "question": "who led the successful writers in latin american literature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 533, "text": "Gabriel Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Colombian art has over 3,000 years of history. Colombian artists have captured the country's changing political and cultural backdrop using a range of styles and mediums. There is archeological evidence of ceramics being produced earlier in Colombia than anywhere else in the Americas, dating as early as 3,000\u00a0BCE.", "qas": [ { "id": "47879", "question": "how many years does colombian art have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "over 3,000 years" } ] }, { "id": "47880", "question": "in what year was the americas produced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": "3,000\u00a0BCE" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The earliest examples of gold craftsmanship have been attributed to the Tumaco people of the Pacific coast and date to around 325\u00a0BCE. Roughly between 200\u00a0BCE and 800 CE, the San Agust\u00edn culture, masters of stonecutting, entered its \u201cclassical period\". They erected raised ceremonial centres, sarcophagi, and large stone monoliths depicting anthropomorphic and zoomorphhic forms out of stone.", "qas": [ { "id": "47881", "question": "when was the earliest examples of gold craftsmanship ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "325\u00a0BCE" } ] }, { "id": "47882", "question": "when did the san agust\u00edn culture begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "800 CE" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Colombian art has followed the trends of the time, so during the 16th to 18th centuries, Spanish Catholicism had a huge influence on Colombian art, and the popular baroque style was replaced with rococo when the Bourbons ascended to the Spanish crown. More recently, Colombian artists Pedro Nel G\u00f3mez and Santiago Mart\u00ednez Delgado started the Colombian Murial Movement in the 1940s, featuring the neoclassical features of Art Deco.", "qas": [ { "id": "47883", "question": "who had a huge influence on colombian art ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Spanish Catholicism" } ] }, { "id": "47884", "question": "where was the popular baroque style replaced by the bourbons ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "rococo" } ] }, { "id": "47885", "question": "who started the colombian murial movement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "Pedro Nel G\u00f3mez and Santiago Mart\u00ednez Delgado" } ] }, { "id": "47886", "question": "what movement did pedro nel begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 343, "text": "Colombian Murial Movement" } ] }, { "id": "47887", "question": "what is the name of the neoclassical features ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 422, "text": "Art Deco" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since the 1950s, the Colombian art started to have a distinctive point of view, reinventing traditional elements under the concepts of the 20th century. Examples of this are the Greiff portraits by Ignacio G\u00f3mez Jaramillo, showing what the Colombian art could do with the new techniques applied to typical Colombian themes. Carlos Correa, with his paradigmatic \u201cNaturaleza muerta en silencio\u201d (silent dead nature), combines geometrical abstraction and cubism. Alejandro Obreg\u00f3n is often considered as the father of modern Colombian painting, and one of the most influential artist in this period, due to his originality, the painting of Colombian landscapes with symbolic and expressionist use of animals, (specially the Andean condor). Fernando Botero, Omar Rayo and Oscar Murillo are some of the Colombian artists featured at the international level.\nThe Colombian sculpture from the sixteenth to 18th centuries was mostly devoted to religious depictions of ecclesiastic art, strongly influenced by the Spanish schools of sacred sculpture. During the early period of the Colombian republic, the national artists were focused in the production of sculptural portraits of politicians and public figures, in a plain neoclassicist trend. During the 20th century, the Colombian sculpture began to develop a bold and innovative work with the aim of reaching a better understanding of national sensitivity.", "qas": [ { "id": "47888", "question": "who are the portraits of the colombian art ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "Ignacio G\u00f3mez Jaramillo" } ] }, { "id": "47889", "question": "who combines geometrical abstraction and cubism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "Carlos Correa" } ] }, { "id": "47890", "question": "who is the father of modern colombian painting ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 460, "text": "Alejandro Obreg\u00f3n" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Photography in Colombia began with the arrival in the country of the Daguerreotype that was brought by the Baron Gros in 1841. The Piloto public library has Latin America\u2019s largest archive of negatives, containing 1.7\u00a0million antique photographs covering Colombia 1848 until 2005.", "qas": [ { "id": "47891", "question": "who brought photography in 1841 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "Baron Gros" } ] }, { "id": "47892", "question": "in what year did the baron gros begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "1841" } ] }, { "id": "47893", "question": "how many antique photographs are in the piloto ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "1.7\u00a0million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Colombian press has promoted the work of the cartoonists. In recent decades, fanzines, internet and independent publishers have been fundamental to the growth of the comic in Colombia.", "qas": [ { "id": "47894", "question": "what have been fundamental to the growth of the comic in colombia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "internet and independent publishers" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Throughout the times, there have been a variety of architectural styles, from those of indigenous peoples to contemporary ones, passing through colonial (military and religious), Republican, transition and modern styles.", "qas": [ { "id": "47895", "question": "what types of architectural styles are there in the times ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "military and religious" } ] }, { "id": "47896", "question": "what are some of the architectural styles of architectural styles ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "Republican, transition and modern styles" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ancient habitation areas, longhouses, crop terraces, pathways, cemeteries, hypogeums and necropolises are all part of the architectural heritage of indigenous peoples. Some prominent indigenous structures are the preceramic and ceramic archaeological site of Tequendama, Tierradentro (a park that contains the largest concentration of pre-Columbian monumental shaft tombs with side chambers), the largest collection of religious monuments and megalithic sculptures in South America, located in San Agust\u00edn, Huila. Lost city (an archaeological site with a series of terraces carved into the mountainside, a net of tiled roads and several circular plazas) and also stand out the large villages mainly built with stone, wood, cane and mud.", "qas": [ { "id": "47897", "question": "what is the largest concentration of pre-columbian monumental shaft ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "Tierradentro" } ] }, { "id": "47898", "question": "where is south america located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 494, "text": "San Agust\u00edn, Huila" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Architecture during the period of conquest and colonization is mainly derived of adapting European styles to local conditions, and Spanish influence, especially Andalusian and Extremaduran, can be easily seen. When Europeans founded cities two things were making simultaneously: the dimensioning of geometrical space (town square, street), and the location of a tangible point of orientation. The construction of forts was common throughout the Caribbean and in some cities of the interior, because of the dangers that represented the hostile indigenous groups and the pirates who roamed the seas. Churches, chapels, schools, and hospitals belonging to religious orders cause a great urban impact. Baroque architecture is used in military buildings and public spaces. Marcelino Arroyo, Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas and Domingo de Petr\u00e9s were great representatives of neo-classical architecture.", "qas": [ { "id": "47899", "question": "what are two types of architecture architecture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Andalusian and Extremaduran" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The National Capitol is a great representative of romanticism. Wood is extensively used in doors, windows, railings and ceilings during the colonization of Antioquia. The Caribbean architecture acquires a strong Arabic influence. The Teatro Col\u00f3n in Bogot\u00e1 is a lavish example of architecture from the 19th century. The quintas houses with innovations in the volumetric conception are some of the best examples of the Republican architecture; the Republican action in the city focused on the design of three types of spaces: parks with forests, small urban parks and avenues and the Gothic style was most commonly used for the design of churches.", "qas": [ { "id": "47900", "question": "what is the national capitol of the national capitol ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "romanticism" } ] }, { "id": "47901", "question": "where is the teatro col\u00f3n located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "Bogot\u00e1" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Deco style, modern neoclassicism, eclecticism folklorist and art deco ornamental resources significantly influenced the architecture of Colombia, especially during the transition period. Modernism contributed with new construction technologies and new materials (steel, reinforced concrete, glass and synthetic materials) and the topology architecture and lightened slabs system also have a great influence. The most influential architects of the modern movement were Rogelio Salmona and Fernando Mart\u00ednez Sanabria.", "qas": [ { "id": "47902", "question": "who were the most influential architects of the modern movement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 468, "text": "Rogelio Salmona and Fernando Mart\u00ednez Sanabria" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Colombian music blends European-influenced guitar and song structure with large gaita flutes and percussion instruments from the indigenous population, while its percussion structure and dance forms come from Africa. Colombia has a diverse and dynamic musical environment. Many musicians, composers, music producers and singers Colombians are recognized internationally such as Shakira, Juanes or Carlos Vives.", "qas": [ { "id": "47903", "question": "what are some musicians colombians recognized as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 378, "text": "Shakira, Juanes or Carlos Vives" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Caribbean music has many vibrant rhythms, such as cumbia (it is played by the maracas, the drums, the gaitas and guacharaca), porro (it is a monotonous but joyful rhythm), mapal\u00e9 (with its fast rhythm and constant clapping) and the \"vallenato\", which originated in the northern part of the Caribbean coast (the rhythm is mainly played by the caja, the guacharaca, and accordion).", "qas": [ { "id": "47904", "question": "what is the name of the caribbean that is played in caribbean music ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "cumbia" } ] }, { "id": "47905", "question": "what is the name of the caribbean that has many vibrant rhythms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "porro" } ] }, { "id": "47906", "question": "what is the name of the caribbean that originated in the northern part of the caribbean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "vallenato" } ] }, { "id": "47907", "question": "who played the rhythm ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 338, "text": "the caja, the guacharaca, and accordion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The music from the Pacific coast, such as the currulao is characterized by its strong use of drums (instruments such as the native marimba, the conunos, the bass drum, the side drum and the cuatro guasas or tubular rattle). An important rhythm of the south region of the Pacific coast is the contradanza (it is used in dance shows, as a result of the striking colours of the costumes). Marimba music, traditional chants and dances from the Colombia South Pacific region are on UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.", "qas": [ { "id": "47908", "question": "what is the strong use of the music from the pacific coast ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "drums" } ] }, { "id": "47909", "question": "what is the important rhythm of the south region ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "contradanza" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Important musical rhythms of the Andean Region are the danza (dance of Andean folklore arising from the transformation of the European contredance), the bambuco (it is played with guitar, tiple and mandolin, the rhythm is danced by couples), the pasillo (a rhythm inspired by the Austrian waltz and the Colombian \"danza\", the lyrics have been composed by well-known poets), the rajale\u00f1a (it is performed by people that play the queco flute, the tiple, the carangano and the drum), the sanjuanero (it originated in Tolima and Huila Departments, the rhythm is joyful and fast). Apart from these traditional rhythms, salsa music has spread throughout the country, and the city of Cali is considered by many salsa singers to be 'The New Salsa Capital of the World'.", "qas": [ { "id": "47910", "question": "what is the name of the dance of the andean region ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "danza" } ] }, { "id": "47911", "question": "what is the rhythm danced danced by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "couples" } ] }, { "id": "47912", "question": "who inspired the rhythm ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 276, "text": "the Austrian waltz and the Colombian \"danza\"" } ] }, { "id": "47913", "question": "where is the flute located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 514, "text": "Tolima and Huila Departments" } ] }, { "id": "47914", "question": "what is the name of the capital of the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 725, "text": "The New Salsa Capital of the World" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The instruments that distinguish the music of the Eastern Plains are the harp, the cuatro (a type of four-stringed guitar) and maracas. Important rhythms of this region are the joropo (a fast rhythm and there is also tapping as a result of its flamenco ancestry) and the galeron (it is heard a lot while cowboys are working).", "qas": [ { "id": "47915", "question": "what is the harp guitar called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "cuatro" } ] }, { "id": "47916", "question": "what are the harp instruments ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "four-stringed guitar) and maracas" } ] }, { "id": "47917", "question": "what is the name of the important rhythm in the region ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "joropo" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The music of the Amazon region is strongly influenced by the indigenous religious practices. Some of the musical instruments used are the manguar\u00e9 (a musical instrument of ceremonial type, consisting of a pair of large cylindrical drums), the quena (melodic instrument), the rondador, the congas, bells, and different types of flutes.", "qas": [ { "id": "47918", "question": "who influenced the music of the amazon region ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "the indigenous religious practices" } ] }, { "id": "47919", "question": "what are some of the musical instruments called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "manguar\u00e9" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The music of the Archipelago of San Andr\u00e9s, Providencia and Santa Catalina is usually accompanied by a mandolin, a tub-bass, a jawbone, a guitar and maracas. Some popular archipelago rhythms are the Schottische, the Calypso, the Polka and the Mento.", "qas": [ { "id": "47920", "question": "what is the name of the music of the archipelago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Providencia and Santa Catalina" } ] }, { "id": "47921", "question": "what are some popular archipelago ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "Schottische, the Calypso, the Polka and the Mento" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Theater was introduced in Colombia during the Spanish colonization in 1550 through zarzuela companies. Colombian theater is supported by the Ministry of Culture and a number of private and state owned organizations. The Ibero-American Theater Festival of Bogot\u00e1 is the cultural event of the highest importance in Colombia and one of the biggest theater festivals in the world. Other important theater events are: The Festival of Puppet The Fanfare (Medell\u00edn), The Manizales Theater Festival, The Caribbean Theatre Festival (Santa Marta) and The Art Festival of Popular Culture \"Cultural Invasion\" (Bogot\u00e1).", "qas": [ { "id": "47922", "question": "when was the spanish colonization ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "1550" } ] }, { "id": "47923", "question": "who supported colombian theater ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "Ministry of Culture" } ] }, { "id": "47924", "question": "what is the cultural event of the highest theater festivals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "Ibero-American Theater Festival of Bogot\u00e1" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although the Colombian cinema is young as an industry, more recently the film industry was growing with support from the Film Act passed in 2003. Many film festivals take place in Colombia, but the two most important are the Cartagena Film Festival, which is the oldest film festival in Latin America, and the Bogot\u00e1 Film Festival.", "qas": [ { "id": "47925", "question": "when was the film act passed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "2003" } ] }, { "id": "47926", "question": "what is the oldest film festival in latin america ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "Cartagena Film Festival" } ] }, { "id": "47927", "question": "what is the oldest film festival in colombia america ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 310, "text": "Bogot\u00e1 Film Festival" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some important national circulation newspapers are \"El Tiempo\" and \"El Espectador\". Television in Colombia has two privately owned TV networks and three state-owned TV networks with national coverage, as well as six regional TV networks and dozens of local TV stations. Private channels, RCN and Caracol are the highest-rated. The regional channels and regional newspapers cover a department or more and its content is made in these particular areas.", "qas": [ { "id": "47928", "question": "what are some important national circulation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "El Tiempo\" and \"El Espectador" } ] }, { "id": "47929", "question": "how many tv networks does colombia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "47930", "question": "how many regional tv networks are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "six" } ] }, { "id": "47931", "question": "what are the private channels of private channels ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 288, "text": "RCN and Caracol" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Colombia has three major national radio networks: Radiodifusora Nacional de Colombia, a state-run national radio; Caracol Radio and RCN Radio, privately owned networks with hundreds of affiliates. There are other national networks, including Cadena Super, Todelar, and Colmundo. Many hundreds of radio stations are registered with the Ministry of Information Technology and Communications.", "qas": [ { "id": "47932", "question": "how many major national radio networks does colombia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "47933", "question": "what is the name of the state-run national radio networks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Radiodifusora Nacional de Colombia" } ] }, { "id": "47934", "question": "what are the privately national radio networks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Caracol Radio and RCN Radio" } ] }, { "id": "47935", "question": "what are some of the national networks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "Cadena Super, Todelar, and Colmundo" } ] }, { "id": "47936", "question": "what are the radio stations registered with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 335, "text": "Ministry of Information Technology and Communications" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Colombia's varied cuisine is influenced by its diverse fauna and flora as well as the cultural traditions of the ethnic groups. Colombian dishes and ingredients vary widely by region. Some of the most common ingredients are: cereals such as rice and maize; tubers such as potato and cassava; assorted legumes; meats, including beef, chicken, pork and goat; fish; and seafood. Colombia cuisine also features a variety of tropical fruits such as cape gooseberry, feijoa, araz\u00e1, dragon fruit, mangostino, granadilla, papaya, guava, mora (blackberry), lulo, soursop and passionfruit.", "qas": [ { "id": "47937", "question": "what are some of the cereals ingredients ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "rice and maize" } ] }, { "id": "47938", "question": "what are some examples of ingredients ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "potato and cassava" } ] }, { "id": "47939", "question": "what are some of the meats legumes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 327, "text": "beef, chicken, pork and goat" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Among the most representative appetizers and soups are patacones (fried green plantains), sancocho de gallina (chicken soup with root vegetables) and ajiaco (potato and corn soup). Representative snacks and breads are pandebono, arepas (corn cakes), aborrajados (fried sweet plantains with cheese), torta de choclo, empanadas and almoj\u00e1banas. Representative main courses are bandeja paisa, lechona tolimense, mamona, tamales and fish dishes (such as arroz de lisa), especially in coastal regions where kibbeh, suero, coste\u00f1o cheese and carima\u00f1olas are also eaten. Representative side dishes are papas criollas al horno (roasted Andean potatoes), papas chorreadas (potatoes with cheese) and arroz con coco (coconut rice). Organic food is a current trend in big cities, although in general across the country the fruits and veggies are very natural and fresh.", "qas": [ { "id": "47940", "question": "what is the most representative of soups and soups ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "patacones" } ] }, { "id": "47941", "question": "what are the most representative of the most representative ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "fried green plantains" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Representative desserts are bu\u00f1uelos, natillas, Maria Luisa cake, bocadillo made of guayaba (guava jelly), cocadas (coconut balls), casquitos de guayaba (candied guava peels), torta de natas, obleas, flan de arequipe, rosc\u00f3n, milhoja, and the tres leches cake (a sponge cake soaked in milk, covered in whipped cream, then served with condensed milk). Typical sauces (salsas) are hogao (tomato and onion sauce) and Colombian-style aj\u00ed.", "qas": [ { "id": "47942", "question": "what was the name of the representative of representative desserts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "guayaba" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some representative beverages are coffee (Tinto), champ\u00fas, cholado, lulada, avena colombiana, sugarcane juice, aguapanela, aguardiente, hot chocolate and fresh fruit juices (often made with sugar and water or milk).", "qas": [ { "id": "47943", "question": "what are some representative beverages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "coffee" } ] }, { "id": "47944", "question": "what are coffee juices often made with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "sugar and water or milk" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Tejo is Colombia\u2019s national sport and is a team sport that involves launching projectiles to hit a target. But of all sports in Colombia, football is the most popular. Colombia was the champion of the 2001 Copa Am\u00e9rica, in which they set a new record of being undefeated, conceding no goals and winning each match. Interestingly, Colombia has been awarded \u201cmover of the year\u201d twice.", "qas": [ { "id": "47945", "question": "what is the name of the sport that involves launching projectiles ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 8, "text": "Colombia\u2019s national sport" } ] }, { "id": "47946", "question": "what is the sport sport ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "involves launching projectiles to hit a target" } ] }, { "id": "47947", "question": "what was the name of colombia 's record ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "the champion of the 2001 Copa Am\u00e9rica" } ] }, { "id": "47948", "question": "what did the 2001 copa am\u00e9rica do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "they set a new record of being undefeated, conceding no goals and winning each match" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Colombia is a mecca for roller skaters. The national team is a perennial powerhouse at the World Roller Speed Skating Championships. Colombia has traditionally been very good in cycling and a large number of Colombian cyclists have triumphed in major competitions of cycling.", "qas": [ { "id": "47949", "question": "who is colombia a mecca for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "roller skaters" } ] }, { "id": "47950", "question": "where is the national team located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "World Roller Speed Skating Championships" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In baseball, another sport rooted in the Caribbean Coast, Colombia was world amateur champion in 1947 and 1965.\nBaseball is popular in the Caribbean, mainly in the cities Cartagena, Barranquilla and Santa Marta. Of those cities have come good players like: Orlando Cabrera, Edgar Renter\u00eda who was champion of the World Series in 1997 and 2010, and others who have played in Major League Baseball.", "qas": [ { "id": "47951", "question": "when was colombia amateur champion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "1947 and 1965" } ] }, { "id": "47952", "question": "what are the cities in the caribbean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "Cartagena, Barranquilla and Santa Marta" } ] }, { "id": "47953", "question": "where has the world series been played in 1997 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 374, "text": "Major League Baseball" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Boxing is one of the sports that more world champions has produced for Colombia.\nMotorsports also occupies an important place in the sporting preferences of Colombians; Juan Pablo Montoya is a race car driver known for winning 7 Formula One events. Colombia also has excelled in sports such as BMX, judo, shooting sport, taekwondo, wrestling, high diving and athletics, also has a long tradition in weightlifting and bowling.", "qas": [ { "id": "47954", "question": "who is a race car driver ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "Juan Pablo Montoya" } ] }, { "id": "47955", "question": "what is the race car driver ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "7 Formula One events" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Life expectancy at birth in 2000 was 70.99 years; the life expectancy increased to 74.8 years by 2015. Health standards in Colombia have improved very much since the 1980s, healthcare reforms have led to the massive improvements in the healthcare systems of the country. Although this new system has widened population coverage by the social and health security system from 21% (pre-1993) to 96% in 2012, health disparities persist, with the poor continuing to suffer less attention in their medical procedures.", "qas": [ { "id": "47956", "question": "how long was life expectancy in 2000 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "70.99 years" } ] }, { "id": "47957", "question": "how long was the life expectancy in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "74.8 years" } ] }, { "id": "47958", "question": "what is the population of the social and health security system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 374, "text": "21%" } ] }, { "id": "47959", "question": "what is the population of persist in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 392, "text": "96%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Through health tourism, many people from over the world travel from their places of residence to other countries in search of medical treatment and the attractions in the countries visited. Colombia is projected as one of Latin America\u2019s main destinations in terms of health tourism due to the quality of its health care professionals, a good number of institutions devoted to health, and an immense inventory of natural and architectural sites. Cities such as Bogot\u00e1, Cali, Medell\u00edn and Bucaramanga are the most visited in cardiology procedures, neurology, dental treatments, stem cell therapy, ENT, ophthalmology and joint replacements among others for the medical services of high quality.", "qas": [ { "id": "47960", "question": "what are some of the most visited cities in cardiology ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 461, "text": "Bogot\u00e1, Cali, Medell\u00edn and Bucaramanga" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A study conducted by \"Am\u00e9rica Econom\u00eda\" magazine ranked 22 Colombian health care institutions among the top 43 in Latin America, amounting to 51 percent of the total.", "qas": [ { "id": "47961", "question": "who conducted 22 colombian health care institutions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "Am\u00e9rica Econom\u00eda\"" } ] }, { "id": "47962", "question": "how many colombian health care institutions did a magazine have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "22" } ] }, { "id": "47963", "question": "how many colombian health care institutions were there in latin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "43" } ] }, { "id": "47964", "question": "what percentage of the total health health care in latin america was ranked in latin america ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "51 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The educational experience of many Colombian children begins with attendance at a preschool academy until age five (\"Educaci\u00f3n preescolar\"). Basic education (\"Educaci\u00f3n b\u00e1sica\") is compulsory by law. It has two stages: Primary basic education (\"Educaci\u00f3n b\u00e1sica primaria\") which goes from first to fifth grade \u2013 children from six to ten years old, and Secondary basic education (\"Educaci\u00f3n b\u00e1sica secundaria\"), which goes from sixth to ninth grade. Basic education is followed by Middle vocational education (\"Educaci\u00f3n media vocacional\") that comprises the tenth and eleventh grades. It may have different vocational training modalities or specialties (academic, technical, business, and so on.) according to the curriculum adopted by each school.", "qas": [ { "id": "47965", "question": "what is basic education followed by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 480, "text": "Middle vocational education" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After the successful completion of all the basic and middle education years, a high-school diploma is awarded. The high-school graduate is known as a \"bachiller\", because secondary basic school and middle education are traditionally considered together as a unit called \"bachillerato\" (sixth to eleventh grade). Students in their final year of middle education take the ICFES test (now renamed Saber 11) in order to gain access to higher education (\"Educaci\u00f3n superior\"). This higher education includes undergraduate professional studies, technical, technological and intermediate professional education, and post-graduate studies. Technical professional institutions of Higher Education are also opened to students holder of a qualification in Arts and Business. This qualification is usually awarded by the SENA after a two years curriculum.", "qas": [ { "id": "47966", "question": "what is the high-school graduate known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "bachiller" } ] }, { "id": "47967", "question": "what are secondary basic school and middle education called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "bachillerato" } ] }, { "id": "47968", "question": "what is the icfes test test in their final year ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 394, "text": "Saber 11" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"Bachilleres\" (high-school graduates) may enter into a professional undergraduate career program offered by a university; these programs last up to five years (or less for technical, technological and intermediate professional education, and post-graduate studies), even as much to six to seven years for some careers, such as medicine. In Colombia, there is not an institution such as college; students go directly into a career program at a university or any other educational institution to obtain a professional, technical or technological title. Once graduated from the university, people are granted a (professional, technical or technological) diploma and licensed (if required) to practice the career they have chosen. For some professional career programs, students are required to take the Saber-Pro test, in their final year of undergraduate academic education.", "qas": [ { "id": "47969", "question": "what is another name for high-school graduates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1, "text": "Bachilleres" } ] }, { "id": "47970", "question": "what types of education does a university have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "technical, technological and intermediate professional education" } ] }, { "id": "47971", "question": "how long does it take for some careers to enter into medicine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "six to seven years" } ] }, { "id": "47972", "question": "what are people granted to practice the career ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 609, "text": "professional, technical or technological) diploma and licensed" } ] }, { "id": "47973", "question": "what are students required to take in their final year ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 800, "text": "Saber-Pro test" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Public spending on education as a proportion of gross domestic product in 2013 was 4.9%. This represented 16.9% of total government expenditure. The primary and secondary gross enrolment ratios stood at 114.9% and 93% respectively. School-life expectancy was 13.5 years. A total of 93.6% of the population aged 15 and older were recorded as literate, including 98.2% of those aged 15\u201324.", "qas": [ { "id": "47974", "question": "what percentage of gross domestic product in 2013 was public ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "4.9%" } ] }, { "id": "47975", "question": "what percentage of total government expenditure were expenditure in the bronx ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "16.9%" } ] }, { "id": "47976", "question": "how long was school-life expectancy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "13.5 years" } ] }, { "id": "47977", "question": "what percentage of the population was recorded as literate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "93.6%" } ] } ] } ], "title": "Colombia" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Croatia ( ; ), officially the Republic of Croatia (, ), is a sovereign state between Central Europe, Southeast Europe, and the Mediterranean. Its capital city is Zagreb, which forms one of the country's primary subdivisions, along with its twenty counties. Croatia covers and has diverse, mostly continental and Mediterranean climates. Croatia's Adriatic Sea coast contains more than a thousand islands. The country's population is 4.28\u00a0million, most of whom are Croats, with the most common religious denomination being Roman Catholicism.", "qas": [ { "id": "47978", "question": "what is croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "the Republic of Croatia" } ] }, { "id": "47979", "question": "where is croatia located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "Central Europe, Southeast Europe, and the Mediterranean" } ] }, { "id": "47980", "question": "what is the capital of the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Zagreb" } ] }, { "id": "47981", "question": "what is the country 's population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 432, "text": "4.28\u00a0million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Croats arrived in the area of present-day Croatia during the early part of the 7th century AD. They organised the state into two duchies by the 9th century. Tomislav became the first king by 925, elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom. The Kingdom of Croatia retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries, reaching its peak during the rule of Kings Petar Kre\u0161imir IV and Dmitar Zvonimir. Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102. In 1527, faced with Ottoman conquest, the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the Croatian throne. In 1918, after World War I, Croatia was included in the unrecognized State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs which seceded from Austria-Hungary and merged into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The fascist Croatian puppet state backed by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany existed during World War II. After the war, Croatia became a founding member and a federal constituent of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, a constitutionally socialist state. On 25 June 1991 Croatia declared independence, which came wholly into effect on 8 October of the same year. The Croatian War of Independence was fought successfully during the four years following the declaration.", "qas": [ { "id": "47982", "question": "during what time period did the early part of croatia end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "7th century AD" } ] }, { "id": "47983", "question": "when did the state into two duchies end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "the 9th century" } ] }, { "id": "47984", "question": "who was the first king of a kingdom ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "925" } ] }, { "id": "47985", "question": "who retained the peak of croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 357, "text": "Kings Petar Kre\u0161imir IV and Dmitar Zvonimir" } ] }, { "id": "47986", "question": "in what year did croatia join a personal union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 451, "text": "1102" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A unitary state, Croatia is a republic governed under a parliamentary system. The International Monetary Fund classified Croatia as an emerging and developing economy, and the World Bank identified it as a high-income economy. Croatia is a member of the European Union (EU), United Nations (UN), the Council of Europe, NATO, the World Trade Organization (WTO) and a founding member of the Union for the Mediterranean. As an active participant in the UN peacekeeping forces, Croatia has contributed troops to the NATO-led mission in Afghanistan and took a non-permanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2008\u20132009 term.", "qas": [ { "id": "47987", "question": "what is croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "Croatia is a republic governed under a parliamentary system" } ] }, { "id": "47988", "question": "what are the international monetary fund ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "an emerging and developing economy, and the World Bank identified it as a high-income economy" } ] }, { "id": "47989", "question": "what does croatia stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 329, "text": "World Trade Organization" } ] }, { "id": "47990", "question": "what was the name of the term for the un security council ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 581, "text": "UN Security Council for the 2008\u20132009 term" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The service sector dominates Croatia's economy, followed by the industrial sector and agriculture. Tourism is a significant source of revenue during the summer, with Croatia ranked the 18th most popular tourist destination in the world. The state controls a part of the economy, with substantial government expenditure. The European Union is Croatia's most important trading partner. Since 2000, the Croatian government constantly invests in infrastructure, especially transport routes and facilities along the Pan-European corridors. Internal sources produce a significant portion of energy in Croatia; the rest is imported. Croatia provides a universal health care system and free primary and secondary education, while supporting culture through numerous public institutions and corporate investments in media and publishing.", "qas": [ { "id": "47991", "question": "what are the names of the sector that runs croatia 's economy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "industrial sector and agriculture" } ] }, { "id": "47992", "question": "when did the croatian government begin to invests in infrastructure ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 390, "text": "2000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The name of Croatia derives from Medieval Latin \"Cro\u0101tia\" \u2013 compare \"DUX CRUATORVM\" (\"Duke of the Croats\") attested in the Branimir inscription \u2013 itself a derivation of North-West Slavic \"*Xrovat-\", by liquid metathesis from proposed Common Slavic period \"*Xorvat-\", from proposed Proto-Slavic \"*Xarw\u0101t-\" (\"*X\u044arvat\u044a\") or \"*X\u016drvat\u016d\" (\"*x\u044arvat\u044a\").", "qas": [ { "id": "47993", "question": "what is the name of the latin name for croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "Cro\u0101tia" } ] }, { "id": "47994", "question": "what does the name `` croatia '' mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "Duke of the Croats" } ] }, { "id": "47995", "question": "where is the derivation of north-west slavic '' located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "Branimir inscription" } ] }, { "id": "47996", "question": "what is the derivation of croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "North-West Slavic \"*Xrovat-" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The origin of the name is uncertain, but is thought to be a Gothic or Indo-Aryan term assigned to a Slavic tribe. The oldest preserved record of the Croatian ethnonym *x\u044arvat\u044a is of variable stem, attested in the Ba\u0161ka tablet in style \"zv\u044an\u044amir\u044a kral\u044a xr\u044avat\u044ask\u044a\" (\"Zvonimir, Croatian king\").", "qas": [ { "id": "47997", "question": "what type of term is assigned to a slavic tribe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "Gothic or Indo-Aryan" } ] }, { "id": "47998", "question": "what is a gothic term assigned to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "a Slavic tribe" } ] }, { "id": "47999", "question": "what is the oldest preserved record of the croatian ethnonym ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "*x\u044arvat\u044a" } ] }, { "id": "48000", "question": "what is the oldest preserved record of the croatian ethnonym ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "variable stem" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The first attestation of the Latin term is attributed to a charter of Duke Trpimir from the year 852. The original is lost, and just a 1568 copy is preserved\u2014leading to doubts over the authenticity of the claim. The oldest preserved stone inscription is the 9th-century Branimir Inscription (found near Benkovac), where Duke Branimir is styled as \"Dux Cruatorvm\". The inscription is not believed to be dated accurately, but is likely to be from during the period of 879-892, during Branimir's rule.", "qas": [ { "id": "48001", "question": "who is the first attestation of the latin term ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "Duke Trpimir" } ] }, { "id": "48002", "question": "the first attestation of the latin term is attributed to what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "852" } ] }, { "id": "48003", "question": "what type of copy is preserved in the authenticity of the claim of the claim ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "1568" } ] }, { "id": "48004", "question": "what is the oldest preserved stone inscription ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "Branimir Inscription" } ] }, { "id": "48005", "question": "what is duke branimir styled as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 348, "text": "Dux Cruatorvm" } ] }, { "id": "48006", "question": "during what period is the inscription not dated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 466, "text": "879-892" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The area known as Croatia today was inhabited throughout the prehistoric period. Fossils of Neanderthals dating to the middle Palaeolithic period have been unearthed in northern Croatia, with the most famous and the best presented site in Krapina. Remnants of several Neolithic and Chalcolithic cultures were found in all regions of the country. The largest proportion of the sites is in the river valleys of northern Croatia, and the most significant cultures whose presence was discovered include Star\u010devo, Vu\u010dedol and Baden cultures. The Iron Age left traces of the early Illyrian Hallstatt culture and the Celtic La T\u00e8ne culture.", "qas": [ { "id": "48007", "question": "where is the most famous and the best presented site ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "Krapina" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Much later, the region was settled by Liburnians and Illyrians, while the first Greek colonies were established on the islands of Kor\u010dula, Hvar and Vis. In 9\u00a0AD the territory of today's Croatia became part of the Roman Empire. Emperor Diocletian built a large palace in Split when he retired in AD 305.", "qas": [ { "id": "48008", "question": "who settled the region region ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "Liburnians and Illyrians" } ] }, { "id": "48009", "question": "where were the first greek colonies established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "Kor\u010dula, Hvar and Vis" } ] }, { "id": "48010", "question": "who built a large palace in split in ad 305 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "Emperor Diocletian" } ] }, { "id": "48011", "question": "when did diocletian die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 295, "text": "AD 305" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the 5th century, one of the last Emperors of the Western Roman Empire, Julius Nepos, ruled his small empire from the palace. The period ends with Avar and Croat invasions in the first half of the 7th century and destruction of almost all Roman towns. Roman survivors retreated to more favourable sites on the coast, islands and mountains. The city of Dubrovnik was founded by such survivors from Epidaurum.", "qas": [ { "id": "48012", "question": "who was the last emperors of the western roman empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "Julius Nepos" } ] }, { "id": "48013", "question": "the period of the 7th century ends with what two factors ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "Avar and Croat invasions" } ] }, { "id": "48014", "question": "roman survivors were retreated on which mountains ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "islands and mountains" } ] }, { "id": "48015", "question": "where was the city of dubrovnik founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 403, "text": "Epidaurum" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The ethnogenesis of Croats is uncertain and there are several competing theories, \"Slavic\" and \"Iranian\" being the most frequently put forward. The most widely accepted of these, the \"Slavic\" theory, proposes migration of White Croats from the territory of White Croatia during the Migration Period. Conversely, the \"Iranian\" theory proposes Iranian origin, based on Tanais Tablets containing Greek inscription of given names \"\u03a7\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03b1\u03b8[\u03bf\u03c2]\", \"\u03a7\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2\" and \"\u03a7\u03bf\u03c1\u03cc\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2\" (Khoro\u00faathos, Khoro\u00e1thos, and Khor\u00f3athos) and their interpretation as anthroponyms of Croatian people.", "qas": [ { "id": "48016", "question": "what was the `` iranian origin '' based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 367, "text": "Tanais Tablets" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the work \"De Administrando Imperio\" written by the 10th-century Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII, the Croats had arrived in what is today Croatia in the early 7th\u00a0century; however, that claim is disputed and competing hypotheses date the event between the 6th and the 9th centuries. Eventually two dukedoms were formed\u2014Duchy of Pannonia and Duchy of Croatia, ruled by Liudewit and Borna, as attested by chronicles of Einhard starting in 818. The record represents the first document of Croatian realms, vassal states of Francia at the time.", "qas": [ { "id": "48017", "question": "who written croatia in the early 7th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII" } ] }, { "id": "48018", "question": "when did constantine vii vii die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "early 7th\u00a0century" } ] }, { "id": "48019", "question": "when did the competing hypotheses date the event that is disputed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "6th and the 9th centuries" } ] }, { "id": "48020", "question": "what were the names of the two dukedoms formed in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 333, "text": "Duchy of Pannonia and Duchy of Croatia" } ] }, { "id": "48021", "question": "who ruled duchy of pannonia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 382, "text": "Liudewit and Borna" } ] }, { "id": "48022", "question": "in what year was duchy of pannonia formed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 451, "text": "818" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Frankish overlordship ended during the reign of Mislav two decades later. According to the Constantine VII Christianization of Croats began in the 7th century, but the claim is disputed and generally Christianization is associated with the 9th century. The first native Croatian ruler recognised by the Pope was Duke Branimir, who received papal recognition from Pope John VIII on 7 June 879.", "qas": [ { "id": "48023", "question": "who began in the 7th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "Constantine VII Christianization of Croats" } ] }, { "id": "48024", "question": "what is associated with the 9th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "Christianization" } ] }, { "id": "48025", "question": "when was the claim of the claim christianization and generally christianization ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "9th century" } ] }, { "id": "48026", "question": "who was the first native croatian ruler ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 316, "text": "Duke Branimir" } ] }, { "id": "48027", "question": "who did duke branimir papal recognition from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 367, "text": "Pope John VIII" } ] }, { "id": "48028", "question": "on what date did pope john viii die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 385, "text": "7 June 879" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Tomislav was the first ruler of Croatia who was styled a king in a letter from the Pope John X, dating kingdom of Croatia to year 925. Tomislav defeated Hungarian and Bulgarian invasions, spreading the influence of Croatian kings. The medieval Croatian kingdom reached its peak in the 11th century during the reigns of Petar Kre\u0161imir IV (1058\u20131074) and Dmitar Zvonimir (1075\u20131089). When Stjepan II died in 1091 ending the Trpimirovi\u0107 dynasty, Ladislaus I of Hungary claimed the Croatian crown in name of his sister Helena, wife of King Dmitar Zvonimir. Opposition to the claim led to a war and personal union of Croatia and Hungary in 1102, ruled by Coloman.", "qas": [ { "id": "48029", "question": "who was the first ruler of croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Tomislav" } ] }, { "id": "48030", "question": "who was the first ruler of croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "Pope John X" } ] }, { "id": "48031", "question": "what was the first ruler of croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "925" } ] }, { "id": "48032", "question": "when did stjepan ii die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 406, "text": "1091" } ] } ] }, { "context": "For the next four centuries, the Kingdom of Croatia was ruled by the Sabor (parliament) and a Ban (viceroy) appointed by the king. The period saw increasing threat of Ottoman conquest and struggle against the Republic of Venice for control of coastal areas.\nThe Venetians gained control over most of Dalmatia by 1428, with exception of the city-state of Dubrovnik which became independent. Ottoman conquests led to the 1493 Battle of Krbava field and 1526 Battle of Moh\u00e1cs, both ending in decisive Ottoman victories. King Louis II died at Moh\u00e1cs, and in 1527, the Croatian Parliament met in Cetin and chose Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg as new ruler of Croatia, under the condition that he provide protection to Croatia against the Ottoman Empire while respecting its political rights. This period saw the rise of influential nobility such as the Frankopan and Zrinski families to prominence and ultimately numerous Bans from the two families.", "qas": [ { "id": "48033", "question": "who ruled the kingdom of croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "the Sabor (parliament) and a Ban" } ] }, { "id": "48034", "question": "who gained the venetians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "1428" } ] }, { "id": "48035", "question": "where did king louis ii die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 539, "text": "Moh\u00e1cs" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Following the decisive Ottoman victories, Croatia was split into civilian and military territories, with the partition formed in 1538. The military territories would become known as the Croatian Military Frontier and were under direct Imperial control. Ottoman advances in the Croatian territory continued until the 1593 Battle of Sisak, the first decisive Ottoman defeat, and stabilisation of borders.", "qas": [ { "id": "48036", "question": "when was the partition formed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "1538" } ] }, { "id": "48037", "question": "what was the name of the military territories that were under direct imperial control ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "the Croatian Military Frontier" } ] }, { "id": "48038", "question": "what battle occurred in the croatian territory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 316, "text": "1593 Battle of Sisak" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the Great Turkish War (1683\u20131698), Slavonia was regained but western Bosnia, which had been part of Croatia before the Ottoman conquest, remained outside Croatian control. The present-day border between the two countries is a remnant of this outcome. Dalmatia, the southern part of the border, was similarly defined by the Fifth and the Seventh Ottoman\u2013Venetian Wars.", "qas": [ { "id": "48039", "question": "during what war was slavonia regained ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "Great Turkish War" } ] }, { "id": "48040", "question": "during what years was the turkish war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "1683\u20131698" } ] }, { "id": "48041", "question": "what was slavonia regained but outside of the ottoman conquest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "western Bosnia" } ] }, { "id": "48042", "question": "what caused western bosnia to western bosnia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "the Ottoman conquest" } ] }, { "id": "48043", "question": "who defined the southern part of the border ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 326, "text": "the Fifth and the Seventh Ottoman\u2013Venetian Wars" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Ottoman wars instigated great demographic changes. Croats migrated towards Austria and the present-day Burgenland Croats are direct descendants of these settlers. To replace the fleeing population, the Habsburgs encouraged the Christian populations of Bosnia and Serbia to provide military service in the Croatian Military Frontier. Serb migration into this region peaked during the Great Serb Migrations of 1690 and 1737\u201339.", "qas": [ { "id": "48044", "question": "what is the name of the settlers that are direct descendants of these settlers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "Burgenland Croats" } ] }, { "id": "48045", "question": "where did the habsburgs try to provide military service ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "Croatian Military Frontier" } ] }, { "id": "48046", "question": "what is the great serb migrations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 412, "text": "1690 and 1737\u201339" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Croatian Parliament supported Emperor Charles's Pragmatic Sanction and signed their own Pragmatic Sanction in 1712. Subsequently, the emperor pledged to respect all privileges and political rights of Kingdom of Croatia and the empress Maria Theresa made significant contributions to Croatian matters.", "qas": [ { "id": "48047", "question": "what did the croatian parliament support in 1712 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "Emperor Charles's Pragmatic Sanction" } ] }, { "id": "48048", "question": "what did the croatian parliament signed in 1712 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "Pragmatic Sanction" } ] }, { "id": "48049", "question": "in what year did emperor charles 's pragmatic sanction occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "1712" } ] }, { "id": "48050", "question": "who did the emperor respect to croatian matters ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "Kingdom of Croatia and the empress Maria Theresa" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Between 1797 and 1809 the First French Empire gradually occupied the entire eastern Adriatic coastline and a substantial part of its hinterland, ending the Venetian and the Ragusan republics, establishing the Illyrian Provinces. In response the Royal Navy started the blockade of the Adriatic Sea leading to the Battle of Vis in 1811. The Illyrian Provinces were captured by the Austrians in 1813, and absorbed by the Austrian Empire following the Congress of Vienna in 1815. This led to formation of the Kingdom of Dalmatia and restoration of the Croatian Littoral to the Kingdom of Croatia, now both under the same crown.\nThe 1830s and 1840s saw romantic nationalism inspire the Croatian National Revival, a political and cultural campaign advocating the unity of all South Slavs in the empire. Its primary focus was the establishment of a standard language as a counterweight to Hungarian, along with the promotion of Croatian literature and culture. During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Croatia sided with the Austrians, Ban Josip Jela\u010di\u0107 helping defeat the Hungarian forces in 1849, and ushering a period of Germanization policy.", "qas": [ { "id": "48051", "question": "when was the first french empire occupied ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 8, "text": "1797 and 1809" } ] }, { "id": "48052", "question": "what was the name of the battle of the royal navy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "Battle of Vis" } ] }, { "id": "48053", "question": "when was the battle of vis ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 329, "text": "1811" } ] }, { "id": "48054", "question": "when were the illyrian provinces captured ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 392, "text": "1813" } ] }, { "id": "48055", "question": "when was the austrian empire absorbed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 470, "text": "1815" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By the 1860s, failure of the policy became apparent, leading to the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and creation of a personal union between the crowns of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary. The treaty left the issue of Croatia's status to Hungary, and the status was resolved by the Croatian\u2013Hungarian Settlement of 1868, when kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia were united. The Kingdom of Dalmatia remained under de facto Austrian control, while Rijeka retained the status of Corpus separatum introduced in 1779.", "qas": [ { "id": "48056", "question": "what was the name of the failure that the failure of the policy of the austrian empire was leading ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867" } ] }, { "id": "48057", "question": "what settlement resolved the status of croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 300, "text": "Croatian\u2013Hungarian Settlement of 1868" } ] }, { "id": "48058", "question": "what remained the kingdom of dalmatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 429, "text": "de facto Austrian control" } ] }, { "id": "48059", "question": "when did the kingdom of dalmatia begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 523, "text": "1779" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina following the 1878 Treaty of Berlin, the Croatian Military Frontier was abolished and the territory returned to Croatia in 1881, pursuant to provisions of the Croatian-Hungarian settlement. Renewed efforts to reform Austria-Hungary, entailing federalisation with Croatia as a federal unit, were stopped by advent of World War I.", "qas": [ { "id": "48060", "question": "in what treaty did austria-hungary and herzegovina invade bosnia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "1878 Treaty of Berlin" } ] }, { "id": "48061", "question": "what was abolished in 1881 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "the Croatian Military Frontier" } ] }, { "id": "48062", "question": "in what year did the territory of croatia take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "1881" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 29 October 1918 the Croatian Parliament (\"Sabor\") declared independence and decided to join the newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, which in turn entered into union with the Kingdom of Serbia on 4 December 1918 to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. The Croatian Parliament never ratified a decision to unite with Serbia and Montenegro. The 1921 constitution defining the country as a unitary state and abolition of Croatian Parliament and historical administrative divisions effectively ended Croatian autonomy. The new constitution was opposed by the most widely supported national political party\u2014the Croatian Peasant Party (HSS) led by Stjepan Radi\u0107.", "qas": [ { "id": "48063", "question": "when did the croatian parliament join independence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "29 October 1918" } ] }, { "id": "48064", "question": "when did the kingdom of serbia take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "4 December 1918" } ] }, { "id": "48065", "question": "what was the name of the new constitution that led the new constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 634, "text": "Croatian Peasant Party" } ] }, { "id": "48066", "question": "who led the croatian peasant party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 670, "text": "Stjepan Radi\u0107" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The political situation deteriorated further as Radi\u0107 was assassinated in the National Assembly in 1928, leading to the dictatorship of King Alexander in January 1929. The dictatorship formally ended in 1931 when the king imposed a more unitarian constitution, and changed the name of the country to Yugoslavia. The HSS, now led by Vladko Ma\u010dek, continued to advocate federalisation of Yugoslavia, resulting in the Cvetkovi\u0107\u2013Ma\u010dek Agreement of August 1939 and the autonomous Banovina of Croatia. The Yugoslav government retained control of defence, internal security, foreign affairs, trade, and transport while other matters were left to the Croatian Sabor and a crown-appointed Ban.", "qas": [ { "id": "48067", "question": "when was the national assembly assassinated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "1928" } ] }, { "id": "48068", "question": "who was the dictatorship in january 1929 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "King Alexander" } ] }, { "id": "48069", "question": "when was king alexander assassinated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "January 1929" } ] }, { "id": "48070", "question": "when did the dictatorship end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "1931" } ] }, { "id": "48071", "question": "who led the advocate of yugoslavia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 332, "text": "Vladko Ma\u010dek" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In April 1941, Yugoslavia was occupied by Germany and Italy. Following the invasion the territory, parts of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the region of Syrmia were incorporated into the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), a Nazi-backed puppet state. Parts of Dalmatia were annexed by Italy and the northern Croatian regions of Baranja and Me\u0111imurje were annexed by Hungary. The NDH regime was led by Ante Paveli\u0107 and ultranationalist Usta\u0161e. The regime introduced anti-semitic laws and conducted a campaign of ethnic cleansing and genocide against Serb and Roma inhabitants of the NDH, exemplified by the Jasenovac and Stara Gradi\u0161ka concentration camps.", "qas": [ { "id": "48072", "question": "when was yugoslavia occupied by germany ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "April 1941" } ] }, { "id": "48073", "question": "who occupied yugoslavia in 1941 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "Germany and Italy" } ] }, { "id": "48074", "question": "what parts of croatia were incorporated by the invasion of croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina" } ] }, { "id": "48075", "question": "where were syrmia incorporated into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "Independent State of Croatia" } ] }, { "id": "48076", "question": "what was the independent state of croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "Nazi-backed puppet state" } ] }, { "id": "48077", "question": "what were the northern croatian regions annexed by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 334, "text": "Baranja and Me\u0111imurje" } ] }, { "id": "48078", "question": "who led the regime ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 407, "text": "Ante Paveli\u0107 and ultranationalist Usta\u0161e" } ] } ] }, { "context": "It is estimated that out of 39,000 Jews in the country only 9,000 survived; the rest were either killed or deported to Germany, both by the local authorities and the German Army itself. Croatian and Serbian sources disagree on the exact figures.", "qas": [ { "id": "48079", "question": "how many jews are in the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "39,000" } ] }, { "id": "48080", "question": "how many jews are in the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "9,000 survived" } ] }, { "id": "48081", "question": "what happened to the rest of 39,000 jews ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "the rest were either killed or deported to Germany" } ] }, { "id": "48082", "question": "who killed the german army ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "the local authorities and the German Army itself" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Furthermore, a significant number of Serbs were killed by the Usta\u0161e on the territory of the NDH during the war. According to Midlarsky, the number of Serbs killed by the regime was at least half a million, but the figure is contradicted by Bogoljub Ko\u010dovi\u0107 and Vladimir \u017derjavi\u0107. Ko\u010dovi\u0107 estimated total number of Serbs killed throughout Yugoslav territory in various circumstances at 487,000, while \u017derjavi\u0107 put the figure at 530,000. \u017derjavi\u0107 indicated that 320,000 Serbs were killed in the NDH, including 82,000 killed among the Yugoslav Partisans, 23,000 killed as Axis collaborators, 25,000 victims of typhoid epidemic, 45,000 killed by Germans and 15,000 by Italians. Ko\u010dovi\u0107's and \u017derjavi\u0107's total Yugoslav losses are in agreement with estimates made by Mayers and Campbell of the United States Census Bureau. The number of Croats killed in the NDH is estimated to be approximately 200,000, either by the Croatian fascist regime, as members of the armed resistance, or as Axis collaborators. Several thousand of these were killed by the Chetniks; most Croatian historians place the number of Croats killed by the Chetniks on the territory of modern-day Croatia at between 3,000 and 3,500. Croatian estimates for the number of Croats killed by Chetniks in the whole of Yugoslavia range from 18,000 to 32,000 (both combatants and civilians).\nA resistance movement soon emerged. On 22 June 1941, the 1st Sisak Partisan Detachment was formed near Sisak, as the first military unit formed by a resistance movement in occupied Europe. This sparked the beginning of the Yugoslav Partisan movement, a communist multi-ethnic anti-fascist resistance group led by Josip Broz Tito. The movement grew rapidly and at the Tehran Conference in December 1943 the Partisans gained recognition from the Allies.", "qas": [ { "id": "48083", "question": "who is the figure of the figure of serbs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "Bogoljub Ko\u010dovi\u0107 and Vladimir \u017derjavi\u0107" } ] }, { "id": "48084", "question": "how many croats killed the number of croats ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 890, "text": "200,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With Allied support in logistics, equipment, training and air power, and with the assistance of Soviet troops taking part in the 1944 Belgrade Offensive, the Partisans gained control of Yugoslavia and the border regions of Italy and Austria by May 1945, during which thousands of members of the Usta\u0161e, as well as Croat refugees, were killed by the Yugoslav Partisans.", "qas": [ { "id": "48085", "question": "where did the partisans take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "logistics, equipment, training and air power" } ] }, { "id": "48086", "question": "when did the partisans leave yugoslavia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "1944" } ] }, { "id": "48087", "question": "when did the partisans leave yugoslavia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "May 1945" } ] }, { "id": "48088", "question": "who killed the partisans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 345, "text": "the Yugoslav Partisans" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The political aspirations of the Partisan movement were reflected in the State Anti-fascist Council for the National Liberation of Croatia, which developed in 1943 as the bearer of Croatian statehood and later transformed into the Parliament of Croatia in 1945, and AVNOJ\u2014its counterpart at the Yugoslav level.", "qas": [ { "id": "48089", "question": "where were the political aspirations of the partisan movement reflected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "State Anti-fascist Council for the National Liberation of Croatia" } ] }, { "id": "48090", "question": "when was the national liberation of croatia developed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "1943" } ] }, { "id": "48091", "question": "when was the parliament of croatia transformed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "1945" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After World War II, Croatia became a single-party socialist federal unit of the SFR Yugoslavia, ruled by the Communists, but enjoying a degree of autonomy within the federation. In 1967, Croatian authors and linguists published a Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Standard Language demanding greater autonomy for Croatian language. The declaration contributed to a national movement seeking greater civil rights and decentralization of the Yugoslav economy, culminating in the Croatian Spring of 1971, suppressed by Yugoslav leadership. Still, the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution gave increased autonomy to federal units, basically fulfilling a goal of the Croatian Spring, and providing a legal basis for independence of the federative constituents.", "qas": [ { "id": "48092", "question": "what federal unit did croatia become ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "SFR Yugoslavia" } ] }, { "id": "48093", "question": "who ruled croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "the Communists" } ] }, { "id": "48094", "question": "when did linguists and linguists published a declaration on the status and name of the croatian standard language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "1967" } ] }, { "id": "48095", "question": "in what year did the croatian spring take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 513, "text": "1971" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Following the death of Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito in 1980, the political situation in Yugoslavia deteriorated, with national tension fanned by the 1986 Serbian SANU Memorandum and the 1989 coups in Vojvodina, Kosovo and Montenegro. In January 1990, the Communist Party fragmented along national lines, with the Croatian faction demanding a looser federation. In the same year, the first multi-party elections were held in Croatia, with Franjo Tu\u0111man's win raising nationalist tensions further. Some of Serbs in Croatia left Sabor and declared the autonomy of areas that would soon become the unrecognised Republic of Serbian Krajina, intent on achieving independence from Croatia.", "qas": [ { "id": "48096", "question": "who was the president of yugoslavia in 1980 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "Josip Broz Tito" } ] }, { "id": "48097", "question": "in what year did josip broz die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "1980" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As tensions rose, Croatia declared independence on 25 June 1991; however, the full implementation of declaration only came into effect on 8 October 1991. In the meantime, tensions escalated into overt war when the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and various Serb paramilitary groups attacked Croatia. By the end of 1991, a high-intensity conflict fought along a wide front reduced Croatia to control of only about two-thirds of its territory. The various Serb paramilitary groups then began pursuing a campaign of killing, terror and expulsion against the non-Serb population in the rebel territories, killing hundreds of Croat civilians and forcing a further 170,000 from their homes.", "qas": [ { "id": "48098", "question": "when did croatia declare independence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "25 June 1991" } ] }, { "id": "48099", "question": "when did the full implementation of declaration only take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "8 October 1991" } ] }, { "id": "48100", "question": "who attacked croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "Yugoslav People's Army" } ] }, { "id": "48101", "question": "in what year did the high-intensity conflict end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "1991" } ] }, { "id": "48102", "question": "what did the serb paramilitary groups do to the homes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 657, "text": "170,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 15 January 1992, Croatia gained diplomatic recognition by the European Economic Community members, and subsequently the United Nations. The war effectively ended in August 1995 with a decisive victory by Croatia. This was accompanied by the exodus of about 200,000 Serbs from the rebel territories, whose lands were subsequently settled by Croat refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The remaining occupied areas were restored to Croatia pursuant to the Erdut Agreement of November 1995, with the process concluded in January 1998. Croatia became a World Trade Organization (WTO) member on 30 November 2000. The country signed a Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA) with the European Union in October 2001. Croatia became a member of NATO on 1 April 2009, and joined the European Union on 1 July 2013.", "qas": [ { "id": "48103", "question": "when did croatia join diplomatic recognition ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "15 January 1992" } ] }, { "id": "48104", "question": "who gained diplomatic recognition in 1992 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "European Economic Community members" } ] }, { "id": "48105", "question": "when did the war end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "August 1995" } ] }, { "id": "48106", "question": "how many serbs died in the rebel territories ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "200,000" } ] }, { "id": "48107", "question": "when did the process of the remaining occupied areas of croatia occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 521, "text": "January 1998" } ] }, { "id": "48108", "question": "when did croatia become a world trade organization ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 593, "text": "30 November 2000" } ] }, { "id": "48109", "question": "when did croatia become a member of nato ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 754, "text": "1 April 2009" } ] }, { "id": "48110", "question": "when did croatia join the european union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 801, "text": "1 July 2013" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Croatia is located in Central and Southeast Europe, bordering Hungary to the northeast, Serbia to the east, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the southeast, Montenegro to the southeast, the Adriatic Sea to the southwest and Slovenia to the northwest. It lies mostly between latitudes 42\u00b0 and 47\u00b0 N and longitudes 13\u00b0 and 20\u00b0 E. Part of the territory in the extreme south surrounding Dubrovnik is a practical exclave connected to the rest of the mainland by territorial waters, but separated on land by a short coastline strip belonging to Bosnia and Herzegovina around Neum.", "qas": [ { "id": "48111", "question": "where is croatia located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "Central and Southeast Europe" } ] }, { "id": "48112", "question": "what are the latitudes that croatia lies between ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 276, "text": "42\u00b0 and 47\u00b0 N" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The territory covers , consisting of of land and of water. It is the 127th largest country in the world. Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Dinaric Alps with the highest point of the Dinara peak at near the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina in the south to the shore of the Adriatic Sea which makes up its entire southwest border. Insular Croatia consists of over a thousand islands and islets varying in size, 48 of which are permanently inhabited. The largest islands are Cres and Krk, each of them having an area of around .", "qas": [ { "id": "48113", "question": "what is the largest country in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "127th" } ] }, { "id": "48114", "question": "where is the elevation of elevation located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "Dinaric Alps" } ] }, { "id": "48115", "question": "what sea is the shore of the elevation of the alps ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 283, "text": "Adriatic Sea" } ] }, { "id": "48116", "question": "how many of permanently inhabited croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 420, "text": "48" } ] }, { "id": "48117", "question": "what are the largest islands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 483, "text": "Cres and Krk" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The hilly northern parts of Hrvatsko Zagorje and the flat plains of Slavonia in the east (which is part of the Pannonian Basin) are traversed by major rivers such as Sava, Drava, Kupa and Danube. The Danube, Europe's second longest river, runs through the city of Vukovar in the extreme east and forms part of the border with Serbia. The central and southern regions near the Adriatic coastline and islands consist of low mountains and forested highlands. Natural resources found in the country in quantities significant enough for production include oil, coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, gypsum, natural asphalt, silica, mica, clays, salt and hydropower.", "qas": [ { "id": "48118", "question": "what is the northern parts of the flat plains ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "Hrvatsko Zagorje" } ] }, { "id": "48119", "question": "the flat plains is part of what basin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "the Pannonian Basin" } ] }, { "id": "48120", "question": "what are some of the major rivers of slavonia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "Sava, Drava, Kupa and Danube" } ] }, { "id": "48121", "question": "where does the danube , europe 's second river originate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "Vukovar" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Karst topography makes up about half of Croatia and is especially prominent in the Dinaric Alps. There are a number of deep caves in Croatia, 49 of which are deeper than , 14 of them deeper than and three deeper than . Croatia's most famous lakes are the Plitvice lakes, a system of 16 lakes with waterfalls connecting them over dolomite and limestone cascades. The lakes are renowned for their distinctive colours, ranging from turquoise to mint green, grey or blue.", "qas": [ { "id": "48122", "question": "in what alps is croatia especially prominent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "Dinaric Alps" } ] }, { "id": "48123", "question": "how many deep caves in croatia are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "49" } ] }, { "id": "48124", "question": "how many deep caves in croatia are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "14" } ] }, { "id": "48125", "question": "what are croatia 's most famous lakes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 255, "text": "Plitvice lakes" } ] }, { "id": "48126", "question": "how many lakes does croatia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 283, "text": "16" } ] }, { "id": "48127", "question": "what are the distinctive colours of the lakes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 442, "text": "mint green, grey or blue" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most of Croatia has a moderately warm and rainy continental climate as defined by the K\u00f6ppen climate classification. Mean monthly temperature ranges between (in January) and (in July). The coldest parts of the country are Lika and Gorski Kotar where snowy forested climate is found at elevations above . The warmest areas of Croatia are at the Adriatic coast and especially in its immediate hinterland characterised by the Mediterranean climate, as the temperature highs are moderated by the sea. Consequently, temperature peaks are more pronounced in the continental areas\u2014the lowest temperature of was recorded on 3 February 1919 in \u010cakovec, and the highest temperature of was recorded on 5 July 1950 in Karlovac.", "qas": [ { "id": "48128", "question": "what is most of the moderately warm and rainy continental climate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "K\u00f6ppen climate classification" } ] }, { "id": "48129", "question": "what are the coldest parts of the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "Lika and Gorski Kotar" } ] }, { "id": "48130", "question": "when was the lowest temperature of temperature peaks recorded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 616, "text": "3 February 1919" } ] }, { "id": "48131", "question": "when was the highest temperature of temperature recorded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 691, "text": "5 July 1950" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Mean annual precipitation ranges between and depending on geographic region and prevailing climate type. The least precipitation is recorded in the outer islands (Vis, Lastovo, Bi\u0161evo, Svetac) and in the eastern parts of Slavonia; however, in the latter case, it occurs mostly during the growing season. The maximum precipitation levels are observed on the Dinara mountain range and in Gorski kotar.", "qas": [ { "id": "48132", "question": "what are the annual precipitation ranges of precipitation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "geographic region and prevailing climate type" } ] }, { "id": "48133", "question": "where is the least precipitation in slavonia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "outer islands" } ] }, { "id": "48134", "question": "what are the outer islands in the outer islands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "Vis, Lastovo, Bi\u0161evo, Svetac" } ] }, { "id": "48135", "question": "where are the maximum precipitation levels located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 357, "text": "Dinara mountain range" } ] }, { "id": "48136", "question": "where are the maximum precipitation levels located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 386, "text": "Gorski kotar" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Prevailing winds in the interior are light to moderate northeast or southwest, and in the coastal area prevailing winds are determined by local area features. Higher wind velocities are more often recorded in cooler months along the coast, generally as bura or less frequently as sirocco. The sunniest parts of the country are the outer islands, Hvar and Kor\u010dula, where more than 2700\u00a0hours of sunshine are recorded per year, followed by the middle and southern Adriatic Sea area in general and northern Adriatic coast, all with more than 2000\u00a0hours of sunshine per year.", "qas": [ { "id": "48137", "question": "what are coastal area winds determined by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "local area features" } ] }, { "id": "48138", "question": "what is another term for higher wind velocities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "bura" } ] }, { "id": "48139", "question": "what is one way that higher wind velocities are more frequently recorded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "sirocco" } ] }, { "id": "48140", "question": "what are the outer islands in the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 346, "text": "Hvar and Kor\u010dula" } ] }, { "id": "48141", "question": "how many hours of sunshine are there in the outer islands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 380, "text": "2700" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Croatia can be subdivided between a number of ecoregions because of its climate and geomorphology. The country is consequently one of the richest in Europe in terms of biodiversity. There are four types of biogeographical regions in Croatia\u2014Mediterranean along the coast and in its immediate hinterland, Alpine in most of Lika and Gorski Kotar, Pannonian along Drava and Danube, and continental in the remaining areas. One of the most significant are karst habitats which include submerged karst, such as Zrmanja and Krka canyons and tufa barriers, as well as underground habitats.", "qas": [ { "id": "48142", "question": "how many types of regions are there in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "48143", "question": "what are some examples of submerged habitats ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 505, "text": "Zrmanja and Krka canyons and tufa barriers" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The karst geology harbours approximately 7,000 caves and pits, some of which are habitat of the only known aquatic cave vertebrate\u2014the olm. Forests are also significantly present in the country, as they cover representing 44% of Croatian land surface. Other habitat types include wetlands, grasslands, bogs, fens, scrub habitats, coastal and marine habitats.\nIn terms of phytogeography, Croatia is a part of the Boreal Kingdom and is a part of Illyrian and Central European provinces of the Circumboreal Region and the Adriatic province of the Mediterranean Region. The World Wide Fund for Nature divides Croatia between three ecoregions\u2014Pannonian mixed forests, Dinaric Mountains mixed forests and Illyrian deciduous forests.", "qas": [ { "id": "48144", "question": "how many caves and pits are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "7,000" } ] }, { "id": "48145", "question": "what is the name of the only known cave of the geology ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "aquatic cave vertebrate" } ] }, { "id": "48146", "question": "what percentage of croatian land surface surface surface surface surface surface ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "44%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are 37,000 known species in Croatia, but their actual number is estimated to be between 50,000 and 100,000. The claim is supported by nearly 400 new taxa of invertebrates discovered in Croatia in the first half of the 2000s (decade) alone. There are more than a thousand endemic species, especially in Velebit and Biokovo mountains, Adriatic islands and karst rivers. Legislation protects 1,131 species.\nThe most serious threat to species is loss and degradation of habitats. A further problem is presented by invasive alien species, especially \"Caulerpa taxifolia\" algae.", "qas": [ { "id": "48147", "question": "how many species are in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "37,000" } ] }, { "id": "48148", "question": "what are the number of species in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "50,000 and 100,000" } ] }, { "id": "48149", "question": "how many new taxa of invertebrates are discovered in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "400" } ] }, { "id": "48150", "question": "where are the thousand endemic species located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "Velebit and Biokovo mountains" } ] }, { "id": "48151", "question": "what type of species do legislation use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 395, "text": "1,131 species" } ] }, { "id": "48152", "question": "what are the invasive alien ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 552, "text": "Caulerpa taxifolia\" algae" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The invasive algae are regularly monitored and removed to protect the benthic habitat. Indigenous sorts of cultivated plants and breeds of domesticated animals are also numerous. Those include five breeds of horses, five breeds of cattle, eight breeds of sheep, two breeds of pigs and a poultry breed. Even the indigenous breeds include nine endangered or critically endangered ones.\nThere are 444 protected areas of Croatia, encompassing 9% of the country. Those include eight national parks, two strict reserves, and ten nature parks. The most famous protected area and the oldest national park in Croatia is the Plitvice Lakes National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Velebit Nature Park is a part of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme. The strict and special reserves, as well as the national and nature parks, are managed and protected by the central government, while other protected areas are managed by counties. In 2005, the National Ecological Network was set up, as the first step in preparation of the EU accession and joining of the Natura 2000 network.", "qas": [ { "id": "48153", "question": "what are the indigenous breeds ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 337, "text": "nine endangered or critically endangered ones" } ] }, { "id": "48154", "question": "what type of areas are protected by croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 394, "text": "444" } ] }, { "id": "48155", "question": "what percentage of the country are 444 protected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 439, "text": "9%" } ] }, { "id": "48156", "question": "how many national parks are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 472, "text": "eight" } ] }, { "id": "48157", "question": "what is the oldest national park in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 615, "text": "Plitvice Lakes National Park" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Republic of Croatia is a unitary state using a parliamentary system of governance. With the collapse of the ruling communist party in SFR Yugoslavia, Croatia organized its first multi-party elections and adopted its present constitution in 1990. It declared independence on 8 October 1991 leading to the break-up of Yugoslavia and the country was internationally recognised by the United Nations in 1992. Under its 1990 constitution, Croatia operated a semi-presidential system until 2000 when it switched to a parliamentary system. Government powers in Croatia are divided into legislative, executive and judiciary powers.", "qas": [ { "id": "48158", "question": "in what year was croatia adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "1990" } ] }, { "id": "48159", "question": "when did croatia declare independence on yugoslavia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "8 October 1991" } ] }, { "id": "48160", "question": "in what year did the united nations declare independence on yugoslavia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 403, "text": "1992" } ] }, { "id": "48161", "question": "what are government powers divided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 583, "text": "legislative, executive and judiciary powers" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The President of the Republic () is the head of state, directly elected to a five-year term and is limited by the Constitution to a maximum of two terms. In addition to being the commander in chief of the armed forces, the president has the procedural duty of appointing the prime minister with the consent of the parliament, and has some influence on foreign policy. The most recent presidential elections were held on 11 January 2015, when Kolinda Grabar-Kitarovi\u0107 won. She took the oath of office on 15 February 2015.\nThe government is headed by the prime minister, who has four deputy prime ministers and 17 ministers in charge of particular sectors of activity. As the executive branch, it is responsible for proposing legislation and a budget, executing the laws, and guiding the foreign and internal policies of the republic. The government is seated at Banski dvori in Zagreb. Since 22 January 2016, the prime minister of the government is Tihomir Ore\u0161kovi\u0107.", "qas": [ { "id": "48162", "question": "who is the head of state of state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The President of the Republic" } ] }, { "id": "48163", "question": "when were the most recent presidential elections held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 420, "text": "11 January 2015" } ] }, { "id": "48164", "question": "when did the prime minister become the oath of office ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 503, "text": "15 February 2015" } ] }, { "id": "48165", "question": "what is the prime minister of the government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 948, "text": "Tihomir Ore\u0161kovi\u0107" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The parliament (\"\") is a unicameral legislative body. A second chamber, the \"House of Counties\", set up in 1993 pursuant to the 1990 Constitution, was abolished in 2001. The number of Sabor members can vary from 100 to 160; they are all elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. The sessions of the Sabor take place from 15 January to 15 July, and from 15 September to 15 December. The two largest political parties in Croatia are the Croatian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party of Croatia.", "qas": [ { "id": "48166", "question": "when was the `` house of counties '' set ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "1993" } ] }, { "id": "48167", "question": "when was the house of counties abolished ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "2001" } ] }, { "id": "48168", "question": "how long can the number of members vary from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "100 to 160" } ] }, { "id": "48169", "question": "on what date did the sessions of the sessions occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 377, "text": "15 December" } ] }, { "id": "48170", "question": "what are the two largest political parties in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 443, "text": "Croatian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party of Croatia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Croatia has a civil law legal system in which law arises primarily from written statutes, with judges serving merely as implementers, and not creators of law. Its development was largely influenced by German and Austrian legal systems. Croatian law is divided into two principal areas - private and public law. By the time EU accession negotiations were completed on 30 June 2010, Croatian legislation was fully harmonised with the Community acquis. The main law in the county is the Constitution adopted on December 22, 1990.", "qas": [ { "id": "48171", "question": "what type of statutes does croatia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "written statutes" } ] }, { "id": "48172", "question": "what is the name of the judges that has a civil law legal system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "implementers" } ] }, { "id": "48173", "question": "who influenced croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "German and Austrian legal systems" } ] }, { "id": "48174", "question": "when was the eu accession negotiations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 367, "text": "30 June 2010" } ] }, { "id": "48175", "question": "when was the constitution adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 508, "text": "December 22, 1990" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The main national courts are the Constitutional Court, which oversees violations of the Constitution, and the Supreme Court, which is the highest court of appeal. In addition, there are also County, Municipal, Misdemeanor, Commercial, and Administrative courts. Cases falling within judicial jurisdiction are in the first instance decided by a single professional judge, while appeals are deliberated in mixed tribunals of professional judges. Lay magistrates also participate in trials. State's Attorney Office is the judicial body constituted of public prosecutors that is empowered to instigate prosecution of perpetrators of offences.", "qas": [ { "id": "48176", "question": "what are the main national courts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "the Constitutional Court" } ] }, { "id": "48177", "question": "what does the constitutional court do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "oversees violations of the Constitution, and the Supreme Court" } ] }, { "id": "48178", "question": "what is the supreme court ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "the highest court of appeal" } ] }, { "id": "48179", "question": "what are some of the county 's courts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "County, Municipal, Misdemeanor, Commercial, and Administrative courts" } ] }, { "id": "48180", "question": "what decided the cases of cases falling within judicial jurisdiction ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 342, "text": "a single professional judge" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Law enforcement agencies are organised under the authority of the Ministry of the Interior which consist primarily of the national police force. Croatia's security service is the Security and Intelligence Agency (SOA).", "qas": [ { "id": "48181", "question": "who consist of the national police force ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "the Ministry of the Interior" } ] }, { "id": "48182", "question": "what force does the ministry of the interior enforcement consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "the national police force" } ] }, { "id": "48183", "question": "what does croatia stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "the Security and Intelligence Agency" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Croatia was first subdivided into counties in the Middle Ages. The divisions changed over time to reflect losses of territory to Ottoman conquest and subsequent liberation of the same territory, changes of political status of Dalmatia, Dubrovnik and Istria. Traditional division of the country into counties was abolished in the 1920s, when the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and subsequent Kingdom of Yugoslavia introduced oblasts and banovinas respectively.", "qas": [ { "id": "48184", "question": "when was croatia first subdivided ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Middle Ages" } ] }, { "id": "48185", "question": "what were the political status of political status ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "Dalmatia, Dubrovnik and Istria" } ] }, { "id": "48186", "question": "when was traditional division of the country abolished ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 325, "text": "the 1920s" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Communist-ruled Croatia, as a constituent part of post-World War II Yugoslavia, abolished earlier divisions and introduced municipalities, subdividing Croatia into approximately one hundred municipalities. Counties were reintroduced in 1992 legislation, significantly altered in terms of territory relative to the pre-1920s subdivisions: In 1918, the Transleithanian part of Croatia was divided into eight counties with their seats in Bjelovar, Gospi\u0107, Ogulin, Po\u017eega, Vukovar, Vara\u017edin, Osijek and Zagreb, and the 1992 legislation established 14 counties in the same territory.", "qas": [ { "id": "48187", "question": "how many municipalities did croatia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "approximately one hundred municipalities" } ] }, { "id": "48188", "question": "in what year were counties reintroduced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "1992" } ] }, { "id": "48189", "question": "in what year was croatia divided ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 341, "text": "1918" } ] }, { "id": "48190", "question": "how many counties were divided in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "eight" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since the counties were re-established in 1992, Croatia is divided into 20 counties and the capital city of Zagreb, the latter having the authority and legal status of a county and a city at the same time. Borders of the counties changed in some instances since, with the latest revision taking place in 2006. The counties subdivide into 127 cities and 429 municipalities. Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) division of Croatia is performed in several tiers. NUTS 1 level places the entire country in a single unit, while there are three NUTS 2 regions. Those are Northwest Croatia, Central and Eastern (Pannonian) Croatia and Adriatic Croatia. The latter encompasses all the counties along the Adriatic coast. The Northwest Croatia includes the city of Zagreb, Zagreb, Krapina-Zagorje, Vara\u017edin, Koprivnica-Kri\u017eevci and Me\u0111imurje counties, and the Central and Eastern (Pannonian) Croatia includes the remaining areas\u2014Bjelovar-Bilogora, Virovitica-Podravina, Po\u017eega-Slavonia, Brod-Posavina, Osijek-Baranja, Vukovar-Syrmia, Karlovac and Sisak-Moslavina counties. Individual counties and the city of Zagreb also represent NUTS 3 level subdivision units in Croatia. The NUTS Local administrative unit divisions are two-tiered. LAU 1 divisions match the counties and the city of Zagreb in effect making those the same as NUTS 3 units, while LAU 2 subdivisions correspond to the cities and municipalities of Croatia.", "qas": [ { "id": "48191", "question": "in what year was croatia divided ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "1992" } ] }, { "id": "48192", "question": "how many counties is croatia divided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "20" } ] }, { "id": "48193", "question": "how many cities does the counties have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 338, "text": "127" } ] }, { "id": "48194", "question": "how many municipalities are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 353, "text": "429" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Croatia has established diplomatic relations with 174 countries. , Croatia maintains a network of 51 embassies, 24 consulates and eight permanent diplomatic missions abroad. Furthermore, there are 52 foreign embassies and 69 consulates in the Republic of Croatia in addition to offices of international organisations such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Organization for Migration, OSCE, World Bank, World Health Organization (WHO), International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), United Nations Development Programme, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and UNICEF. In 2009, the Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration employed 1,381 personnel and expended 648.2\u00a0million kuna (\u20ac86.4\u00a0million). Stated aims of Croatian foreign policy include enhancing relations with neighbouring countries, developing international co-operation and promotion of the Croatian economy and Croatia itself.", "qas": [ { "id": "48195", "question": "how many countries has croatia established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "174" } ] }, { "id": "48196", "question": "how many embassies embassies does croatia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "51" } ] }, { "id": "48197", "question": "how many consulates does croatia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "24" } ] }, { "id": "48198", "question": "how many permanent missions does croatia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "eight" } ] }, { "id": "48199", "question": "how many foreign embassies and 69 consulates are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "52" } ] }, { "id": "48200", "question": "how many consulates in croatia are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "69" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since 2003, Croatian foreign policy has focused on achieving the strategic goal of becoming a member state of the European Union (EU). In December 2011, Croatia completed the EU accession negotiations and signed an EU accession treaty on 9 December 2011. Croatia joined the European Union on 1 July 2013 marking the end of a process started in 2001 by signing of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement and Croatian application for the EU membership in 2003. A recurring obstacle to the negotiations was Croatia's ICTY co-operation record and Slovenian blocking of the negotiations because of Croatia\u2013Slovenia border disputes. The latter was resolved through an Arbitration Agreement of 4 November 2009, approved by national parliaments and a referendum in Slovenia.", "qas": [ { "id": "48201", "question": "what does croatian foreign policy focused on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "achieving the strategic goal of becoming a member state of the European Union" } ] }, { "id": "48202", "question": "when was the eu signed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "9 December 2011" } ] }, { "id": "48203", "question": "when did croatia join the european union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "1 July 2013" } ] }, { "id": "48204", "question": "in what year did the end of croatia begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 344, "text": "2001" } ] }, { "id": "48205", "question": "when was the referendum resolved ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 691, "text": "4 November 2009" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Another strategic Croatian foreign policy goal for the 2000s was NATO membership. Croatia was included in the Partnership for Peace in 2000, invited to NATO membership in 2008 and formally joined the alliance on 1 April 2009. Croatia became a member of the United Nations Security Council for the 2008\u20132009 term, assuming presidency in December 2008. The country is preparing to join the Schengen Area by 2017.", "qas": [ { "id": "48206", "question": "in what year was croatia included ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "2000" } ] }, { "id": "48207", "question": "in what year was croatia invited to nato ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "2008" } ] }, { "id": "48208", "question": "when did croatia join the alliance for peace ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "1 April 2009" } ] }, { "id": "48209", "question": "when did croatia become a member of the united nations security council ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "2008\u20132009" } ] }, { "id": "48210", "question": "when did croatia become a 2009 term ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 336, "text": "December 2008" } ] }, { "id": "48211", "question": "when was the schengen area preparing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 405, "text": "2017" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Croatian Armed Forces (CAF) consist of the Army, Navy and Air Force branches in addition to the Education and Training Command and Support Command. The CAF is headed by the General Staff, which reports to the Defence Minister, who in turn reports to the President of Croatia. According to the constitution, the President is commander-in-chief of the armed forces and in case of immediate threat during wartime he issues orders directly to the General Staff.", "qas": [ { "id": "48212", "question": "what does caf stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Croatian Armed Forces" } ] }, { "id": "48213", "question": "what does the caf consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "Army, Navy and Air Force branches" } ] }, { "id": "48214", "question": "what did the caf and air force branches of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "Education and Training Command and Support Command" } ] }, { "id": "48215", "question": "who headed the caf minister ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "General Staff" } ] }, { "id": "48216", "question": "who does the general staff reports to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "the Defence Minister" } ] }, { "id": "48217", "question": "according to the constitution , who did the president issues directly to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 447, "text": "General Staff" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Following the 1991\u201395 war defence spending and CAF size have been in constant decline. military spending was an estimated 2.39% of the country's GDP, which placed Croatia 64th in a ranking of all countries. Since 2005 the budget was kept below 2% of GDP, down from the record high of 11.1% in 1994. Traditionally relying on a large number of conscripts, CAF also went through a period of reforms focused on downsizing, restructuring and professionalisation in the years prior to Croatia's accession to NATO in April 2009. According to a presidential decree issued in 2006 the CAF is set to employ 18,100 active duty military personnel, 3,000 civilians and 2,000 voluntary conscripts between the ages of 18 and 30 in peacetime.", "qas": [ { "id": "48218", "question": "what percentage of the gdp was military spending ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "2.39%" } ] }, { "id": "48219", "question": "what was the budget of the budget in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "2%" } ] }, { "id": "48220", "question": "what was the record high gdp in 1994 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 284, "text": "11.1%" } ] }, { "id": "48221", "question": "what is the caf set in 2006 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 597, "text": "18,100" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Compulsory conscription was abolished in January 2008. Until 2008 military service was compulsory for men at age 18 and conscripts served six-month tours of duty, reduced in 2001 from the earlier scheme of nine-month conscription tours. Conscientious objectors could instead opt for an eight-month civilian service.", "qas": [ { "id": "48222", "question": "when was compulsory conscription abolished ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "January 2008" } ] }, { "id": "48223", "question": "at what age was military service compulsory in 2001 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "18" } ] }, { "id": "48224", "question": "in what year was the tours of men reduced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "2001" } ] }, { "id": "48225", "question": "what was the name of the scheme that reduced men in 2001 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "nine-month conscription tours" } ] }, { "id": "48226", "question": "what could conscientious objectors be opt for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "eight-month civilian service" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Croatia also has a significant military industry sector which exported around US$120 million worth of military equipment and armament in 2010. Croatian-made weapons and vehicles used by CAF include the standard sidearm HS2000 manufactured by HS Produkt and the M-84D battle tank designed by the \u0110uro \u0110akovi\u0107 factory. Uniforms and helmets worn by CAF soldiers are also locally produced and successfully marketed to other countries.", "qas": [ { "id": "48227", "question": "how much did croatia pay in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "US$120 million" } ] }, { "id": "48228", "question": "who designed the battle tank designed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 295, "text": "\u0110uro \u0110akovi\u0107 factory" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Croatia has a high-income economy. International Monetary Fund data projects that Croatian nominal GDP stands at $52\u00a0billion, or $12,405 per capita for year 2017, while purchasing power parity GDP stands at $97\u00a0billion, or $23,171 per capita. According to Eurostat data, Croatian PPS GDP per capita stood at 61% of the EU average in 2012.", "qas": [ { "id": "48229", "question": "what is the gdp of croatian nominal gdp ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "$52" } ] }, { "id": "48230", "question": "what is the gdp of croatian nominal gdp ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "$12,405" } ] }, { "id": "48231", "question": "how much does purchasing power parity gdp cost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "$97" } ] }, { "id": "48232", "question": "what is purchasing power parity gdp ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "$23,171 per capita" } ] }, { "id": "48233", "question": "what percentage of the eu average in 2012 was per capita ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "61%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Real GDP growth in 2007 was 6.0 per cent. The average net salary of a Croatian worker in February 2016 was 5,652 HRK per month, and the average gross salary was 7,735 HRK per month. As of March 2016, registered unemployment rate in Croatia was 17.2%.", "qas": [ { "id": "48234", "question": "what was real gdp growth in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "6.0 per cent" } ] }, { "id": "48235", "question": "what was the average net salary of a croatian worker ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "5,652 HRK per month" } ] }, { "id": "48236", "question": "what was the average gross salary in a croatian worker ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "7,735 HRK per month" } ] }, { "id": "48237", "question": "what was the unemployment rate in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "17.2%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2010, economic output was dominated by the service sector which accounted for 66% of GDP, followed by the industrial sector with 27.2% and agriculture accounting for 6.8% of GDP. According to 2004 data, 2.7% of the workforce were employed in agriculture, 32.8% by industry and 64.5% in services. The industrial sector is dominated by shipbuilding, food processing, pharmaceuticals, information technology, biochemical and timber industry. In 2010, Croatian exports were valued at 64.9\u00a0billion kuna (\u20ac8.65\u00a0billion) with 110.3\u00a0billion kuna (\u20ac14.7\u00a0billion) worth of imports. The largest trading partner is rest of the European Union. More than half of Croatia's trade is with other European Union member states.", "qas": [ { "id": "48238", "question": "what percentage of gdp was the economic output in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "66%" } ] }, { "id": "48239", "question": "what percentage of gdp was the industrial sector in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "27.2%" } ] }, { "id": "48240", "question": "what percentage of gdp did the industrial sector in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "6.8%" } ] }, { "id": "48241", "question": "what percentage of the workforce were employed in agriculture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "2.7%" } ] }, { "id": "48242", "question": "what percentage of services in agriculture were employed in agriculture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "64.5%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Privatization and the drive toward a market economy had barely begun under the new Croatian Government when war broke out in 1991. As a result of the war, the economic infrastructure sustained massive damage, particularly the revenue-rich tourism industry. From 1989 to 1993, the GDP fell 40.5%. The Croatian state still controls a significant part of the economy, with government expenditures accounting for as much as 40% of GDP. A backlogged judiciary system, combined with inefficient public administration, especially on issues of land ownership and corruption, are particular concerns. In 2011 the country has been ranked 66th by Transparency International with a Corruption Perceptions Index of 4.0. In June 2013, the national debt stood at 59.5% of the nation's GDP.", "qas": [ { "id": "48243", "question": "when did the new croatian government begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "1991" } ] }, { "id": "48244", "question": "what was the gdp of the gdp in 1989 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 289, "text": "40.5%" } ] }, { "id": "48245", "question": "what percentage of gdp is government expenditures accounting for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 420, "text": "40%" } ] }, { "id": "48246", "question": "what was the national debt gdp in june 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 748, "text": "59.5%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Tourism dominates the Croatian service sector and accounts for up to 20% of Croatian GDP. Annual tourist industry income for 2014 was estimated at \u20ac7.4\u00a0billion. Its positive effects are felt throughout the economy of Croatia in terms of increased business volume observed in retail business, processing industry orders and summer seasonal employment. The industry is considered an export business, because it significantly reduces the country's external trade imbalance. Since the conclusion of the Croatian War of Independence, the tourist industry has grown rapidly, recording a fourfold rise in tourist numbers, with more than 11\u00a0million tourists each year. The most numerous are tourists from Germany, Slovenia, Austria, Italy and the Czech Republic as well as Croatia itself. Length of a tourist stay in Croatia averages 4.9 days.", "qas": [ { "id": "48247", "question": "what is the percentage of croatian gdp in croatian service ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "20%" } ] }, { "id": "48248", "question": "what was annual tourist industry income for 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "\u20ac7.4\u00a0billion" } ] }, { "id": "48249", "question": "how long is the length of a tourist stay in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 826, "text": "4.9 days" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The bulk of the tourist industry is concentrated along the Adriatic Sea coast. Opatija was the first holiday resort since the middle of the 19th century. By the 1890s, it became one of the most significant European health resorts. Later a number of resorts sprang up along the coast and islands, offering services ranging from mass tourism to catering and various niche markets, the most significant being nautical tourism, as there are numerous marinas with more than 16\u00a0thousand berths, cultural tourism relying on appeal of medieval coastal cities and numerous cultural events taking place during the summer. Inland areas offer mountain resorts, agrotourism and spas. Zagreb is also a significant tourist destination, rivalling major coastal cities and resorts.", "qas": [ { "id": "48250", "question": "where is the tourist industry located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Adriatic Sea coast" } ] }, { "id": "48251", "question": "what was the first holiday resort in the 19th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "Opatija" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Croatia has unpolluted marine areas reflected through numerous nature reserves and 116 Blue Flag beaches. Croatia is ranked as the 18th most popular tourist destination in the world. About 15% of these visitors (over one million per year) are involved with naturism, an industry for which Croatia is world famous. It was also the first European country to develop commercial naturist resorts.", "qas": [ { "id": "48252", "question": "what type of beaches does croatia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "116 Blue Flag beaches" } ] }, { "id": "48253", "question": "where is croatia ranked in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "18th" } ] }, { "id": "48254", "question": "what percentage of visitors are involved in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "15%" } ] }, { "id": "48255", "question": "how long is croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "over one million per year" } ] }, { "id": "48256", "question": "what is croatia famous with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "naturism" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The highlight of Croatia's recent infrastructure developments is its rapidly developed motorway network, largely built in the late 1990s and especially in the 2000s (decade). By September 2011, Croatia had completed more than of motorways, connecting Zagreb to most other regions and following various European routes and four Pan-European corridors. The busiest motorways are the A1, connecting Zagreb to Split and the A3, passing east\u2013west through northwest Croatia and Slavonia. A widespread network of state roads in Croatia acts as motorway feeder roads while connecting all major settlements in the country. The high quality and safety levels of the Croatian motorway network were tested and confirmed by several EuroTAP and EuroTest programs.", "qas": [ { "id": "48257", "question": "how many corridors did croatia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "four Pan-European corridors" } ] }, { "id": "48258", "question": "what is the name of the widespread network in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 537, "text": "motorway feeder roads" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Croatia has an extensive rail network spanning , including of electrified railways and of double track railways. The most significant railways in Croatia are found within the Pan-European transport corridors Vb and X connecting Rijeka to Budapest and Ljubljana to Belgrade, both via Zagreb. All rail services are operated by Croatian Railways.", "qas": [ { "id": "48259", "question": "what does croatia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "electrified railways and of double track railways" } ] }, { "id": "48260", "question": "what are the most significant railways in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "Pan-European transport corridors Vb and X" } ] }, { "id": "48261", "question": "who operated all rail services ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 325, "text": "Croatian Railways" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are international airports in Zagreb, Zadar, Split, Dubrovnik, Rijeka, Osijek and Pula. The largest and busiest is Franjo Tu\u0111man Airport. As of January 2011, Croatia complies with International Civil Aviation Organization aviation safety standards and the Federal Aviation Administration upgraded it to Category 1 rating.", "qas": [ { "id": "48262", "question": "what are some international airports ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "Zagreb, Zadar, Split, Dubrovnik, Rijeka, Osijek and Pula" } ] }, { "id": "48263", "question": "what is the largest and busiest airport ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "Franjo Tu\u0111man Airport" } ] }, { "id": "48264", "question": "what did croatia complies with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "International Civil Aviation Organization aviation safety standards and the Federal Aviation Administration" } ] }, { "id": "48265", "question": "what was the aviation administration upgraded to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "Category 1 rating" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The busiest cargo seaport in Croatia is the Port of Rijeka and the busiest passenger ports are Split and Zadar. In addition to those, a large number of minor ports serve an extensive system of ferries connecting numerous islands and coastal cities in addition to ferry lines to several cities in Italy. The largest river port is Vukovar, located on the Danube, representing the nation's outlet to the Pan-European transport corridor VII.", "qas": [ { "id": "48266", "question": "what is the busiest cargo seaport in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "the Port of Rijeka" } ] }, { "id": "48267", "question": "what are the busiest cargo seaport in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "Split and Zadar" } ] }, { "id": "48268", "question": "what is the largest river port ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 329, "text": "Vukovar" } ] }, { "id": "48269", "question": "where is the largest river port located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 349, "text": "the Danube" } ] }, { "id": "48270", "question": "what is the largest river in the danube port ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 401, "text": "Pan-European transport corridor VII" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are of crude oil pipelines in Croatia, connecting the Port of Rijeka oil terminal with refineries in Rijeka and Sisak, as well as several transhipment terminals. The system has a capacity of 20\u00a0million tonnes per year. The natural gas transportation system comprises of trunk and regional natural gas pipelines, and more than 300 associated structures, connecting production rigs, the Okoli natural gas storage facility, 27 end-users and 37 distribution systems.", "qas": [ { "id": "48271", "question": "what is the name of the oil terminal in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "Port of Rijeka" } ] }, { "id": "48272", "question": "what are the refineries of oil terminal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "Rijeka and Sisak" } ] }, { "id": "48273", "question": "how much money does the system have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "20\u00a0million tonnes per year" } ] }, { "id": "48274", "question": "what does the natural gas transportation system consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 276, "text": "trunk and regional natural gas pipelines" } ] }, { "id": "48275", "question": "how many structures are in the natural gas transportation system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 332, "text": "300" } ] }, { "id": "48276", "question": "what are the natural gas storage facility ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 427, "text": "27 end-users and 37 distribution systems" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Croatian production of energy sources covers 85% of nationwide natural gas demand and 19% of oil demand. In 2008, 47.6% of Croatia's primary energy production structure comprised use of natural gas (47.7%), crude oil (18.0%), fuel wood (8.4%), hydro power (25.4%) and other renewable energy sources (0.5%). In 2009, net total electrical power production in Croatia reached 12,725\u00a0GWh and Croatia imported 28.5% of its electric power energy needs. The bulk of Croatian imports are supplied by the Kr\u0161ko Nuclear Power Plant, 50% owned by Hrvatska elektroprivreda, providing 15% of Croatia's electricity.", "qas": [ { "id": "48277", "question": "what percentage of nationwide natural gas demand is croatian production ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "85%" } ] }, { "id": "48278", "question": "what percentage of oil demand is croatian production ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "19%" } ] }, { "id": "48279", "question": "what percentage of croatia 's primary energy production structure is use of natural gas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "47.6%" } ] }, { "id": "48280", "question": "what percentage of electric power was imported by croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 405, "text": "28.5%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With its estimated population of 4,20\u00a0million in 2015, Croatia ranks 125th by population in the world. Its population density stands at 75.9 inhabitants per square kilometre. The overall life expectancy in Croatia at birth was 78 years in 2012. The total fertility rate of 1.5 children per mother, is one of the lowest in the world. Since 1991, Croatia's death rate has continuously exceeded its birth rate. Since the late 1990s, there has been a positive net migration into Croatia, reaching a level of more than 7,000 net immigrants in 2006. According to the 2013 United Nations report, 17.6% of Croatia's population were foreign-born immigrants.", "qas": [ { "id": "48281", "question": "what is croatia 's population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "125th" } ] }, { "id": "48282", "question": "where is its population density ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "75.9 inhabitants per square kilometre" } ] }, { "id": "48283", "question": "how long was the life expectancy in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "78 years" } ] }, { "id": "48284", "question": "what is the fertility rate of the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "1.5 children per mother" } ] }, { "id": "48285", "question": "what percentage of croatia 's population were foreign-born ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 589, "text": "17.6%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Croatian Bureau of Statistics forecast that the population may shrink to 3.1\u00a0million by 2051, depending on actual birth rate and the level of net migration. The population of Croatia rose steadily from 2.1\u00a0million in 1857 until 1991, when it peaked at 4.7\u00a0million, with exception of censuses taken in 1921 and 1948, i.e. following two world wars. The natural growth rate of the population is currently negative with the demographic transition completed in the 1970s. In recent years, the Croatian government has been pressured each year to add 40% to work permit quotas for foreign workers. In accordance with its immigration policy, Croatia is trying to entice emigrants to return.", "qas": [ { "id": "48286", "question": "what is the population of the croatian bureau ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "2051" } ] }, { "id": "48287", "question": "what was the population of croatia in 1857 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "2.1\u00a0million" } ] }, { "id": "48288", "question": "what percentage of the croatian government has been pressured to add quotas to foreign workers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 548, "text": "40%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The population decrease was also a result of the Croatian War of Independence. During the war, large sections of the population were displaced and emigration increased. In 1991, in predominantly Serb areas, more than 400,000 Croats and other non-Serbs were either removed from their homes by the Croatian Serb forces or fled the violence. During the final days of the war in 1995, more than 120,000 Serbs, and perhaps as many as 200,000, fled the country before arrival of Croatian forces during Operation Storm. Within a decade following the end of the war, only 117,000 Serb refugees returned out of 300,000 displaced during the entire war. Most of Croatia's remaining Serbs never lived in areas occupied in the Croatian War of Independence. Serbs have been only partially re-settled in the regions they previously inhabited while some of the settlements previously inhabited by Serbs were settled by Croat refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina, mostly from Republika Srpska.", "qas": [ { "id": "48289", "question": "in what year did the croatian serb lose the violence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "1991" } ] }, { "id": "48290", "question": "how many croats were removed in 1991 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "400,000" } ] }, { "id": "48291", "question": "how many serbs fled the war in 1995 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 391, "text": "120,000" } ] }, { "id": "48292", "question": "how many serbs died in the final days of the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 429, "text": "200,000" } ] }, { "id": "48293", "question": "how many serb refugees returned to the entire war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 564, "text": "117,000" } ] }, { "id": "48294", "question": "how many displaced during the entire war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 602, "text": "300,000" } ] }, { "id": "48295", "question": "what was the name of the croat refugees that settled serbs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 959, "text": "Republika Srpska" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Croatia is inhabited mostly by Croats (90.4%) and is ethnically the most homogeneous of the six countries of former Yugoslavia. Minority groups include Serbs (4.4%), Bosniaks, Hungarians, Italians, Slovenes, Germans, Czechs, Romani people and others (5.9%).", "qas": [ { "id": "48296", "question": "what is croatia inhabited by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Croats" } ] }, { "id": "48297", "question": "what percentage of croatia is croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "90.4%" } ] }, { "id": "48298", "question": "what percentage of serbs are serbs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "4.4%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Croatia has no official religion. Freedom of religion is a right defined by the Constitution which also defines all religious communities as equal in front of the law and separated from the state.", "qas": [ { "id": "48299", "question": "who defines all religious communities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "the Constitution" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the 2011 census, 91.36% of Croatians identify as Christian; of these, Roman Catholics make up the largest group, accounting for 86.28% of the population, after which follows Eastern Orthodoxy (4.44%), Protestantism (0.34%) and other Christianity (0.30%). Second largest religion is Islam (1.47%). 4.57% of the population describes themselves as non-religious. The majority of Croatians consider religion to be important in their daily lives.", "qas": [ { "id": "48300", "question": "what percentage of croatians identify as christian in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "91.36%" } ] }, { "id": "48301", "question": "what percentage of the population is accounting ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "86.28%" } ] }, { "id": "48302", "question": "what is the second largest religion in atlantic city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 295, "text": "Islam" } ] }, { "id": "48303", "question": "what percentage of the population describes themselves as non-religious ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 310, "text": "4.57%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Croatian is the official language of Croatia, and became the 24th official language of the European Union upon its accession in 2013. Minority languages are in official use in local government units where more than a third of population consists of national minorities or where local legislation defines so. Those languages are Czech, Hungarian, Italian, Ruthenian, Serbian and Slovakian.", "qas": [ { "id": "48304", "question": "what was the official language of croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "24th official language of the European Union" } ] }, { "id": "48305", "question": "in what year did the european union become the 24th official language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "2013" } ] }, { "id": "48306", "question": "what are the third of the population of minority languages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "national minorities or where local legislation defines so" } ] }, { "id": "48307", "question": "what are some of the languages languages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "Czech, Hungarian, Italian, Ruthenian, Serbian and Slovakian" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the 2011 Census, 95.6% of citizens of Croatia declared Croatian as their native language, 1.2% declared Serbian as their native language, while no other language is represented in Croatia by more than 0.5% of native speakers among population of Croatia. Croatian is one of the three standard varieties of the Serbo-Croatian language of the South Slavic group of languages. Croatian is written using the Latin alphabet. Croatia has three major dialects of Serbo-Croatian represented, with standard Croatian based on the Shtokavian dialect. The Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects are distinguished by their lexicon, phonology, and syntax.", "qas": [ { "id": "48308", "question": "what percentage of croatia declared croatian as their native language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "95.6%" } ] }, { "id": "48309", "question": "what percentage of croatia declared serbian as their native language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "1.2%" } ] }, { "id": "48310", "question": "how much of croatia 's language is represented by the 2011 census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "0.5%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From 1961 to 1991, the official language was Serbo-Croatian. Even during socialist rule, Croats often referred to their language as Croato-Serbian (instead of Serbo-Croatian) or as Croatian. Croatian and Serbian variants of the language were not officially recognised as different at the time, but referred to as the west and east version, and had different alphabets: the Latin alphabet and Serbian Cyrillic. Croatians are protective of their Croatian language from foreign influences, as the language was under constant change and threats imposed by previous rulers (i.e. Austrian German, Hungarian, Italian and Turkish words were changed and altered to \"Slavic\" looking/sounding ones). Efforts made to impose policies to alter Croatian into \"Serbo-Croatian\" or \"South Slavic\" language, met resistance from Croats in form of Croatian linguistic purism. Croatian replaced Latin as the official language of the Croatian government in the 19th century.", "qas": [ { "id": "48311", "question": "what was the official name of the official language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "Serbo-Croatian" } ] }, { "id": "48312", "question": "what is another term for serbo-croatian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "Croato-Serbian" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A 2011 survey revealed that 78% of Croatians claim knowledge of at least one foreign language. According to a survey ordered by the European Commission in 2005, 49% of Croatians speak English as the second language, 34% speak German, and 14% speak Italian. French and Russian are spoken by 4% each, and 2% of Croatians speak Spanish. A substantial proportion of Slovenes (59%) have a certain level of knowledge of Croatian.", "qas": [ { "id": "48313", "question": "what percentage of croatians claim knowledge of least one foreign language claim knowledge of least one foreign language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "78%" } ] }, { "id": "48314", "question": "what percentage of croatians speak english ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "49%" } ] }, { "id": "48315", "question": "what percentage of english residents speak german ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "34%" } ] }, { "id": "48316", "question": "what percentage of italian residents speak italian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "14%" } ] }, { "id": "48317", "question": "what percentage of french and russian speak spanish ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "4%" } ] }, { "id": "48318", "question": "what percentage of croatians speak spanish ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 303, "text": "2%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Literacy in Croatia stands at 99.2 per cent. A worldwide study about the quality of living in different countries published by \"Newsweek\" in August 2010 ranked the Croatian education system at 22nd, to share the position with Austria. Primary education in Croatia starts at the age of six or seven and consists of eight grades. In 2007 a law was passed to increase free, noncompulsory education until 18 years of age. Compulsory education consists of eight grades of elementary school. Secondary education is provided by gymnasiums and vocational schools. , there are 2,131 elementary schools and 713 schools providing various forms of secondary education. Primary and secondary education are also available in languages of recognised minorities in Croatia, where classes are held in Czech, Hungarian, Italian, Serbian and German languages.", "qas": [ { "id": "48319", "question": "what is the literacy in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "99.2 per cent" } ] }, { "id": "48320", "question": "where was the croatian education system published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "22nd" } ] }, { "id": "48321", "question": "what is the age of primary education in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "six or seven" } ] }, { "id": "48322", "question": "how many grades are in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 314, "text": "eight" } ] }, { "id": "48323", "question": "how many grades does compulsory education have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 451, "text": "eight" } ] }, { "id": "48324", "question": "how many elementary schools are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 568, "text": "2,131" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are 84 elementary level and 47 secondary level music and art schools, as well as 92 schools for disabled children and youth and 74 schools for adults. Nationwide leaving exams () were introduced for secondary education students in the school year 2009\u20132010. It comprises three compulsory subjects (Croatian language, mathematics, and a foreign language) and optional subjects and is a prerequisite for university education.", "qas": [ { "id": "48325", "question": "how many elementary level are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "84" } ] }, { "id": "48326", "question": "how many secondary level music are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "47" } ] }, { "id": "48327", "question": "how many schools are for disabled children ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "92" } ] }, { "id": "48328", "question": "how many schools for adults are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "74" } ] }, { "id": "48329", "question": "in what year were nationwide leaving exams introduced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "2009\u20132010" } ] }, { "id": "48330", "question": "how many compulsory subjects are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "three" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Croatia has eight universities, the University of Zagreb, University of Split, University of Rijeka, University of Osijek, University of Zadar, University of Dubrovnik, University of Pula and Dubrovnik International University.\nThe University of Zadar, the first university in Croatia, was founded in 1396 and remained active until 1807, when other institutions of higher education took over until the foundation of the renewed University of Zadar in 2002. The University of Zagreb, founded in 1669, is the oldest continuously operating university in Southeast Europe. There are also 11 polytechnics and 23 higher education institutions, of which 19 are private. In total, there are 132 institutions of higher education in Croatia, attended by more than 145\u00a0thousand students.", "qas": [ { "id": "48331", "question": "how many universities does croatia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 12, "text": "eight" } ] }, { "id": "48332", "question": "what are the university of dubrovnik ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "University of Pula and Dubrovnik International University" } ] }, { "id": "48333", "question": "where was the first university in croatia founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 301, "text": "1396" } ] }, { "id": "48334", "question": "when was the first university in croatia founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 332, "text": "1807" } ] }, { "id": "48335", "question": "when was the university of zagreb founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 494, "text": "1669" } ] }, { "id": "48336", "question": "what type of institutions are in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 683, "text": "132" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are 205 companies, government or education system institutions and non-profit organisations in Croatia pursuing scientific research and development of technology. Combined, they spent more than 3\u00a0billion kuna (\u20ac400\u00a0million) and employed 10,191 full-time research staff in 2008. Among the scientific institutes operating in Croatia, the largest is the Ru\u0111er Bo\u0161kovi\u0107 Institute in Zagreb. The Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb is a learned society promoting language, culture, arts and science from its inception in 1866. Croatia has also and two Croatians received the Nobel Prize.", "qas": [ { "id": "48337", "question": "how many companies are in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "205" } ] }, { "id": "48338", "question": "how many full-time research staff did full-time research have in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 243, "text": "10,191" } ] }, { "id": "48339", "question": "what is the largest institute in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 357, "text": "Ru\u0111er Bo\u0161kovi\u0107 Institute" } ] }, { "id": "48340", "question": "when was the croatian academy of sciences and arts and arts in zagreb promoting ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 534, "text": "1866" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Croatia has a universal health care system, whose roots can be traced back to the Hungarian-Croatian Parliament Act of 1891, providing a form of mandatory insurance of all factory workers and craftsmen. The population is covered by a basic health insurance plan provided by statute and optional insurance. In 2012, annual healthcare related expenditures reached 21.0\u00a0billion kuna (\u20ac2.8\u00a0billion). Healthcare expenditures comprise only 0.6% of private health insurance and public spending. In 2010, Croatia spent 6.9% of its GDP on healthcare.", "qas": [ { "id": "48341", "question": "what is the act of croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "Hungarian-Croatian Parliament Act of 1891" } ] }, { "id": "48342", "question": "what are the basic insurance plan provided by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "statute and optional insurance" } ] }, { "id": "48343", "question": "what percentage of private health insurance is healthcare expenditures ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 434, "text": "0.6%" } ] }, { "id": "48344", "question": "what percentage of its gdp was croatia in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 511, "text": "6.9%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Croatia ranked around the 40th in the world in life expectancy with 74 years for men and 81 years for women, and it had a low infant mortality rate of 5 per 1,000 live births.", "qas": [ { "id": "48345", "question": "where did croatia originate from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "40th" } ] }, { "id": "48346", "question": "how many years did croatia ranked around the 40th in life ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "74 years" } ] }, { "id": "48347", "question": "how many years did croatia have for women ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "81 years" } ] }, { "id": "48348", "question": "what was croatia 's low infant mortality rate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "5 per 1,000 live births" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are hundreds of healthcare institutions in Croatia, including 79 hospitals and clinics with 23,967 beds. The hospitals and clinics care for more than 700\u00a0thousand patients per year and employ 5,205 medical doctors, including 3,929 specialists. There are 6,379 private practice offices, and a total of 41,271\u00a0health workers in the country. There are 63 emergency medical service units, responding to more than a million calls. The principal cause of death in 2008 was cardiovascular disease at 43.5% for men and 57.2% for women, followed by tumours, at 29.4% for men and 21.4% for women. In 2009 only 13 Croatians had been infected with HIV/AIDS and 6 had died from the disease. In 2008 it was estimated by the WHO that 27.4% of Croatians over age of 15 are smokers. According to 2003 WHO data, 22% of the Croatian adult population is obese.", "qas": [ { "id": "48349", "question": "how many hospitals are there in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "79" } ] }, { "id": "48350", "question": "how many beds are there in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "23,967 beds" } ] }, { "id": "48351", "question": "how many private practice offices are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "6,379" } ] }, { "id": "48352", "question": "how many health workers are there in the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "41,271" } ] }, { "id": "48353", "question": "how many emergency medical service are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 355, "text": "63" } ] }, { "id": "48354", "question": "what percentage of age of 15 are smokers in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 725, "text": "27.4%" } ] }, { "id": "48355", "question": "what percentage of the croatian adult population is obese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 800, "text": "22%" } ] } ] }, { "context": " \nBecause of its geographic position, Croatia represents a blend of four different cultural spheres. It has been a crossroad of influences of the western culture and the east\u2014ever since division of the Western Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire\u2014as well as of the Mitteleuropa and the Mediterranean culture. The Illyrian movement was the most significant period of national cultural history, as the 19th-century period proved crucial in emancipation of the Croatian language and saw unprecedented developments in all fields of art and culture, giving rise to a number of historical figures.", "qas": [ { "id": "48356", "question": "how many cultural spheres does croatia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "48357", "question": "what two countries have been considered to be a part of croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "Western Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire" } ] }, { "id": "48358", "question": "what was the name of the NULL that NULL NULL ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "the Mitteleuropa and the Mediterranean culture" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Croatia is tasked with preserving the nation's cultural and natural heritage and overseeing its development. Further activities supporting development of culture are undertaken at local government level. The UNESCO's World Heritage List includes seven sites in Croatia. The country is also rich with Intangible culture and holds ten of UNESCO's World's intangible culture masterpieces, surpassing all countries in Europe except Spain which possesses an equal number of the listed items. A global cultural contribution from Croatia is the necktie, derived from the cravat originally worn by the 17th-century Croatian mercenaries in France.", "qas": [ { "id": "48359", "question": "what is the level of the level of the culture of culture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "local government level" } ] }, { "id": "48360", "question": "how many sites are in the unesco 's world heritage list ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 289, "text": "seven" } ] }, { "id": "48361", "question": "what culture is the country rich with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 343, "text": "Intangible culture" } ] }, { "id": "48362", "question": "what is a global cultural contribution from croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 581, "text": "necktie" } ] } ] }, { "context": ", Croatia has 60 professional theatres, 17 professional children's theatres and 60 amateur theatres visited by more than 1.8 million viewers per year. The professional theatres employ 1,121 artists. There are 23 professional orchestras, ensembles and choirs in the country, attracting an annual attendance of 294\u00a0thousand. There are 162 cinemas with attendance exceeding 4\u00a0million.\nCroatia has 175 museums, visited by nearly 2.2\u00a0million people in 2009. Furthermore, there are 1,731 libraries in the country, containing 24.5\u00a0million volumes, and 18 archives.", "qas": [ { "id": "48363", "question": "how many professional theatres does croatia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "60" } ] }, { "id": "48364", "question": "how many professional children does croatia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "17" } ] }, { "id": "48365", "question": "how many amateur theatres does croatia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "60" } ] }, { "id": "48366", "question": "how many viewers does croatia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "1.8 million" } ] }, { "id": "48367", "question": "how many artists does the professional theatres have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "1,121" } ] }, { "id": "48368", "question": "how many professional orchestras are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "23" } ] }, { "id": "48369", "question": "in what year was the attendance of the country 's attendance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "294" } ] }, { "id": "48370", "question": "how many cinemas cinemas are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 333, "text": "162" } ] }, { "id": "48371", "question": "how many museums does croatia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 394, "text": "175" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2009, more than 7,200 books and brochures were published, along with 2,678 magazines and 314 newspapers. There are also 146 radio stations and 21 TV stations operating in the country. In past five years, film production in Croatia produced up to five feature films and 10 to 51\u00a0short films, with an additional 76 to 112 TV films. , there are 784 amateur cultural and artistic associations and more than 10\u00a0thousand cultural, educational and artistic events held annually. The book publishing market is dominated by several major publishers and the industry's centrepiece event\u2014Interliber exhibition held annually at Zagreb Fair.", "qas": [ { "id": "48372", "question": "how many books were published in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 19, "text": "7,200" } ] }, { "id": "48373", "question": "what type of magazines were published in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "2,678" } ] }, { "id": "48374", "question": "what type of newspapers was published in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "314" } ] }, { "id": "48375", "question": "how many radio stations are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "146" } ] }, { "id": "48376", "question": "how many short films are there in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "10 to 51" } ] }, { "id": "48377", "question": "how many amateur cultural and artistic events are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 345, "text": "784" } ] }, { "id": "48378", "question": "where is the book publishing located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 619, "text": "Zagreb Fair" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Croatia has established a high level of human development and gender equality in terms of the Human Development Index. It promotes disability rights. Recognition of same-sex unions in Croatia has gradually improved over the past decade, culminating in registered civil unions in July 2014, granting same-sex couples equal inheritance rights, tax deductions and limited adoption rights. However, in December 2013 Croatians voted in favour of a constitutional referendum, backed by conservative groups, defining marriage as a \"life union of woman and man\".", "qas": [ { "id": "48379", "question": "what index has croatia established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "Human Development Index" } ] }, { "id": "48380", "question": "in what month and year did the tax deductions and limited adoption rights ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 279, "text": "July 2014" } ] }, { "id": "48381", "question": "what are some of the inheritance rights in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "granting same-sex couples equal inheritance rights, tax deductions and limited adoption rights" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Architecture in Croatia reflects influences of bordering nations. Austrian and Hungarian influence is visible in public spaces and buildings in the north and in the central regions, architecture found along coasts of Dalmatia and Istria exhibits Venetian influence. Large squares named after culture heroes, well-groomed parks, and pedestrian-only zones, are features of these orderly towns and cities, especially where large scale Baroque urban planning took place, for instance in Osijek (Tvr\u0111a), Vara\u017edin and Karlovac. Subsequent influence of the Art Nouveau was reflected in contemporary architecture. Along the coast, the architecture is Mediterranean with a strong Venetian and Renaissance influence in major urban areas exemplified in works of Giorgio da Sebenico and Niccol\u00f2 Fiorentino such as the Cathedral of St. James in \u0160ibenik.\nThe oldest preserved examples of Croatian architecture are the 9th-century churches, with the largest and the most representative among them being Donatus of Zadar.", "qas": [ { "id": "48382", "question": "what exhibits venetian influence architecture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "Dalmatia and Istria" } ] }, { "id": "48383", "question": "where are large scale baroque urban planning took place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 483, "text": "Osijek (Tvr\u0111a), Vara\u017edin and Karlovac" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Besides the architecture encompassing the oldest artworks in Croatia, there is a long history of artists in Croatia reaching to the Middle Ages. In that period the stone portal of the Trogir Cathedral was made by Radovan, representing the most important monument of Romanesque sculpture from Medieval Croatia. The Renaissance had the greatest impact on the Adriatic Sea coast since the remainder of Croatia was embroiled in the Hundred Years' Croatian\u2013Ottoman War. With the waning of the Ottoman Empire, art flourished during the Baroque and Rococo. The 19th and the 20th centuries brought about affirmation of numerous Croatian artisans, helped by several patrons of the arts such as bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer. Croatian artists of the period achieving worldwide renown were Vlaho Bukovac and Ivan Me\u0161trovi\u0107.", "qas": [ { "id": "48384", "question": "what was the name of the cathedral of the stone portal of romanesque sculpture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "Trogir Cathedral" } ] }, { "id": "48385", "question": "who made the stone portal of the trogir cathedral ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "Radovan" } ] }, { "id": "48386", "question": "where was the most important monument of romanesque sculpture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "Medieval Croatia" } ] }, { "id": "48387", "question": "when was croatia embroiled in the renaissance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 428, "text": "Hundred Years' Croatian\u2013Ottoman War" } ] }, { "id": "48388", "question": "where did art flourished in the ottoman empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 530, "text": "Baroque and Rococo" } ] }, { "id": "48389", "question": "who was the bishop of the arts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 692, "text": "Josip Juraj Strossmayer" } ] }, { "id": "48390", "question": "who were the renown artists of the period ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 780, "text": "Vlaho Bukovac and Ivan Me\u0161trovi\u0107" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Ba\u0161ka tablet, a stone inscribed with the glagolitic alphabet found on the Krk island and dated to 1100, is considered to be the oldest surviving prose in Croatian. The beginning of more vigorous development of Croatian literature is marked by the Renaissance and Marko Maruli\u0107. Besides Maruli\u0107, Renaissance playwright Marin Dr\u017ei\u0107, Baroque poet Ivan Gunduli\u0107, Croatian national revival poet Ivan Ma\u017eurani\u0107, novelist, playwright and poet August \u0160enoa, poet and writer Antun Gustav Mato\u0161, poet Antun Branko \u0160imi\u0107, expressionist and realist writer Miroslav Krle\u017ea, poet Tin Ujevi\u0107 and novelist and short story writer Ivo Andri\u0107 are often cited as the greatest figures in Croatian literature.", "qas": [ { "id": "48391", "question": "in what year was the stone inscribed with the stone inscribed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "1100" } ] }, { "id": "48392", "question": "what is the beginning of the beginning of more vigorous development of croatian literature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "Renaissance and Marko Maruli\u0107" } ] }, { "id": "48393", "question": "who was the poet national revival poet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 394, "text": "Ivan Ma\u017eurani\u0107" } ] }, { "id": "48394", "question": "who was the writer of the poet that poet tin and short story ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 470, "text": "Antun Gustav Mato\u0161" } ] }, { "id": "48395", "question": "who is the greatest figures in croatian literature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 617, "text": "Ivo Andri\u0107" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The freedom of the press and the freedom of speech are guaranteed by the constitution of Croatia. Croatia ranked 62nd in the 2010 Press Freedom Index report compiled by Reporters Without Borders. The state-owned news agency HINA runs a wire service in Croatian and English on politics, economics, society and culture.", "qas": [ { "id": "48396", "question": "who guaranteed the freedom of the press ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "the constitution of Croatia" } ] }, { "id": "48397", "question": "what was croatia ranked in the 2010 press freedom ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "62nd" } ] }, { "id": "48398", "question": "when was croatia ranked 62nd in the press ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "2010" } ] }, { "id": "48399", "question": "who compiled 62nd in the 2010 press freedom index ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "Reporters Without Borders" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Nevertheless, despite the provisions fixed in the constitution, freedoms of press and speech in Croatia have been classified as partly free since 2000 by Freedom House, the independent nongovernmental organisation that monitors press freedom worldwide.\nNamely the country has been ranked 85th (of 196 countries), and the 2011 Freedom House report noted improvement of applicable legislation reflecting Croatia's accession to the EU, yet pointed out instances of politicians' attempts to hinder investigative journalism and influence news reports contents, difficulties regarding public access to information, and that most of print media market is controlled by German-owned Europapress Holding and Austrian-owned Styria Media Group. Amnesty International reports that in 2009 in Croatia there was an increase in the number of physical attacks and murders of journalists. The incidents were mainly perpetrated against journalists investigating war crimes and organised crime.\nAs of October 2011, there are nine nationwide free-to-air DVB-T television channels, with Croatian Radiotelevision (HRT), Nova TV and RTL Televizija operating two of the channels each, and the remaining three operated by the Croatian Olympic Committee, Kapital Net d.o.o. and Author d.o.o. companies. In addition there are 21 regional or local DVB-T television channels. The HRT is also broadcasting a satellite TV channel. In 2012, there were 146 radio stations and 25 TV stations in Croatia. Cable television and IPTV networks are gaining ground in the country, as the cable TV networks already serve 450\u00a0thousand people, 10% of the total population of the country.", "qas": [ { "id": "48400", "question": "in what year was the freedoms of press and speech classified ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "2000" } ] }, { "id": "48401", "question": "what is the name of the independent organisation that monitors press freedom worldwide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "Freedom House" } ] }, { "id": "48402", "question": "what is the name of the country that has been ranked as of 196 countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 288, "text": "85th" } ] }, { "id": "48403", "question": "how many regional dvb-t television channels are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1299, "text": "21" } ] }, { "id": "48404", "question": "how many radio stations were there in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1420, "text": "146" } ] }, { "id": "48405", "question": "what percentage of the total population of the country is the cable tv ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1600, "text": "10%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are 314 newspapers and 2,678 magazines published in Croatia. The print media market is dominated by Europapress Holding and Styria Media Group who publish their flagship dailies \"Jutarnji list\", \"Ve\u010dernji list\" and \"24sata\". Other influential newspapers are \"Novi list\" and \"Slobodna Dalmacija\". In 2013, \"24sata\" was the most widely circulated daily newspaper, followed by \"Ve\u010dernji list\" and \"Jutarnji list\".", "qas": [ { "id": "48406", "question": "how many newspapers are there in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "314" } ] }, { "id": "48407", "question": "how many magazines are in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "2,678" } ] }, { "id": "48408", "question": "who dominated the print media market ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Europapress Holding and Styria Media Group" } ] }, { "id": "48409", "question": "what was the most circulated daily newspaper in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "24sata" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Croatia's film industry is small and heavily subsidised by the government, mainly through grants approved by the Ministry of Culture with films often being co-produced by HRT. Pula Film Festival, the national film awards event held annually in Pula, is the most prestigious film event featuring national and international productions. The greatest accomplishment by Croatian filmmakers was achieved by Du\u0161an Vukoti\u0107 when he won the 1961 Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film for \"Ersatz\" ().", "qas": [ { "id": "48410", "question": "who often approved the ministry of culture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "HRT" } ] }, { "id": "48411", "question": "what is the name of the national film awards ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "Pula Film Festival" } ] }, { "id": "48412", "question": "where was the national film awards held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "Pula" } ] }, { "id": "48413", "question": "who achieved the greatest accomplishment by croatian filmmakers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 402, "text": "Du\u0161an Vukoti\u0107" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Croatian traditional cuisine varies from one region to another. Dalmatia and Istria draw upon culinary influences of Italian and other Mediterranean cuisines which prominently feature various seafood, cooked vegetables and pasta, as well as condiments such as olive oil and garlic. The continental cuisine is heavily influenced by Hungarian, Austrian and Turkish culinary styles. In that area, meats, freshwater fish and vegetable dishes are predominant.", "qas": [ { "id": "48414", "question": "what draw upon culinary influences ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "Dalmatia and Istria" } ] }, { "id": "48415", "question": "what are some examples of seafood draw ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "olive oil and garlic" } ] }, { "id": "48416", "question": "who influenced the continental cuisine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 331, "text": "Hungarian, Austrian and Turkish culinary styles" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are two distinct wine-producing regions in Croatia. The continental region in the northeast of the country, especially Slavonia, is capable of producing premium wines, particularly whites. Along the north coast, Istrian and Krk wines are similar to those produced in neighbouring Italy, while further south in Dalmatia, Mediterranean-style red wines are the norm. Annual production of wine exceeds 140\u00a0million litres. Croatia was almost exclusively a wine-consuming country up until the late 18th century when a more massive production and consumption of beer started; the annual consumption of beer in 2008 was 83.3\u00a0litres per capita which placed Croatia in 15th place among the world's countries.", "qas": [ { "id": "48417", "question": "what is the name of the continental region ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "Slavonia" } ] }, { "id": "48418", "question": "how many litres of wine are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 404, "text": "140\u00a0million litres" } ] }, { "id": "48419", "question": "what was the annual consumption of beer in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 618, "text": "83.3" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are more than 400,000 active sportspeople in Croatia. Out of that number, 277,000 are members of sports associations and nearly 4,000 are members of chess and contract bridge associations. Association football is the most popular sport. The Croatian Football Federation (), with more than 118,000 registered players, is the largest sporting association in the country. The Prva HNL football league attracts the highest average attendance of any professional sports league in the country. In season 2010\u201311, it attracted 458,746 spectators.\nCroatian athletes competing at international events since Croatian independence in 1991 won 34 Olympic medals, including ten gold medals\u2014at the 2012 Summer Olympics in discus throw, trap shooting, and water polo; at the 1996 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Olympics in handball, at the 2000 Summer Olympics in weightlifting and four gold medals in alpine skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2006 Winter Olympics. In addition, Croatian athletes won 13 gold medals at world championships, including two in athletics at the World Championships in Athletics held in 2007 and 2009, one in handball at the 2003 World Men's Handball Championship, one in water polo at the 2007 World Aquatics Championships, one in rowing at the 2010 World Rowing Championships, six in alpine skiing at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships held in 2003 and 2005 and two at the World Taekwondo Championships in 2011 and 2007. Croatian athletes also won the 2005 Davis Cup.", "qas": [ { "id": "48420", "question": "how many active sportspeople are there in croatia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "400,000" } ] }, { "id": "48421", "question": "what are members of chess ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "277,000" } ] }, { "id": "48422", "question": "how many are members of chess ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "4,000" } ] }, { "id": "48423", "question": "how many players are in the croatian football federation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 295, "text": "118,000" } ] }, { "id": "48424", "question": "what was the population of the football league in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 526, "text": "458,746" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Croatia hosted several major sport competitions, including the 2009 World Men's Handball Championship, the 2007 World Table Tennis Championships, the 2000 World Rowing Championships, the 1987 Summer Universiade, the 1979 Mediterranean Games and several European Championships. The governing sports authority in the country is the Croatian Olympic Committee (), founded on 10 September 1991 and recognised by the International Olympic Committee since 17 January 1992, in time to permit the Croatian athletes to appear at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France representing the newly independent nation for the first time at the Olympic Games.", "qas": [ { "id": "48425", "question": "what was the name of the major sport competitions in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "2009 World Men's Handball Championship" } ] }, { "id": "48426", "question": "what is the name of the governing sports authority ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 330, "text": "Croatian Olympic Committee" } ] }, { "id": "48427", "question": "when was the croatian olympic committee founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 372, "text": "10 September 1991" } ] }, { "id": "48428", "question": "who recognised the croatian olympic committee ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 412, "text": "International Olympic Committee" } ] }, { "id": "48429", "question": "when was the croatian olympic committee founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 450, "text": "17 January 1992" } ] } ] } ], "title": "Croatia" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The conservation status of a group of organisms (for instance, a species) indicates whether the group still exists and how likely the group is to become extinct in the near future. Many factors are taken into account when assessing conservation status: not simply the number of individuals remaining, but the overall increase or decrease in the population over time, breeding success rates, and known threats.", "qas": [ { "id": "48430", "question": "what does the conservation status of a group do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "whether the group still exists and how likely the group is to become extinct in the near future" } ] }, { "id": "48431", "question": "what are many factors that are taken into account when assessing conservation status ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "not simply the number of individuals remaining" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the best known worldwide conservation status listing and ranking system. Species are classified by the IUCN Red List into nine groups set through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation.", "qas": [ { "id": "48432", "question": "what is the best known worldwide conservation status listing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" } ] }, { "id": "48433", "question": "what is the iucn red list of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "worldwide conservation status listing and ranking system" } ] }, { "id": "48434", "question": "who are the species classified by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "IUCN Red List" } ] }, { "id": "48435", "question": "how many groups set up the iucn red list ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "nine" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Also included are species that have gone extinct since 500 AD. When discussing the IUCN Red List, the official term \"threatened\" is a grouping of three categories: critically endangered, endangered, and vulnerable.", "qas": [ { "id": "48436", "question": "when did species begin extinct ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "500 AD" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nThe Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) aims to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. Many countries require CITES permits when importing plants and animals listed on CITES.", "qas": [ { "id": "48437", "question": "what aims to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora" } ] }, { "id": "48438", "question": "the convention on international trade and flora fauna and flora fauna and flora fauna aims to ensure what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the European Union (EU), the Birds and Habitats Directives are the legal instruments that evaluate the conservation status within the EU of species and habitats.", "qas": [ { "id": "48439", "question": "what are the legal instruments that evaluate the conservation status within the eu of species ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "the Birds and Habitats Directives" } ] }, { "id": "48440", "question": "what do the birds and habitats directives do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "evaluate the conservation status within the EU of species and habitats" } ] } ] }, { "context": "NatureServe conservation status focuses on Latin America, United States, Canada, and the Caribbean. It has been developed by scientists from NatureServe, The Nature Conservancy, and the network of natural heritage programs and data centers. It is increasingly integrated with the IUCN Red List system. Its categories for species include: \"presumed extinct\" (GX), \"possibly extinct\" (GH), \"critically imperiled\" (G1), \"imperiled\" (G2), \"vulnerable\" (G3), \"apparently secure\" (G4), and \"secure\" (G5). The system also allows ambiguous or uncertain ranks including \"inexact numeric ranks\" (e.g. G2?), and \"range ranks\" (e.g. G2G3) for when the exact rank is uncertain. NatureServe adds a qualifier for \"captive or cultivated only\" (C), which has a similar meaning to the IUCN Red List \"extinct in the wild\" (EW) status.", "qas": [ { "id": "48441", "question": "where does conservation status occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Latin America, United States, Canada, and the Caribbean" } ] }, { "id": "48442", "question": "what is the name of the scientists that developed conservation status ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "NatureServe, The Nature Conservancy" } ] }, { "id": "48443", "question": "what system is integrated with the iucn ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "IUCN Red List system" } ] }, { "id": "48444", "question": "what is another term for `` secure '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 338, "text": "\"presumed extinct" } ] }, { "id": "48445", "question": "what is another name for ambiguous ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 562, "text": "inexact numeric ranks" } ] }, { "id": "48446", "question": "what is the c that has a similar meaning of the iucn ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 698, "text": "\"captive or cultivated only" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Red Data Book of the Russian Federation is used within the Russian Federation, and also accepted in parts of Africa.", "qas": [ { "id": "48447", "question": "what is used within the russian federation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Red Data Book of the Russian Federation" } ] }, { "id": "48448", "question": "where is the red data book of the russian federation used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "the Russian Federation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Australia, the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) describes lists of threatened species, ecological communities and threatening processes. The categories resemble those of the 1994 IUCN Red List Categories & Criteria (version 2.3). Prior to the EPBC Act, a simpler classification system was used by the Endangered Species Protection Act 1992. State governments also have differing systems.", "qas": [ { "id": "48449", "question": "what describes lists of threatened species ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999" } ] }, { "id": "48450", "question": "what are threatened species in australia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "ecological communities and threatening processes" } ] }, { "id": "48451", "question": "what is the name of the version of the iucn ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "1994 IUCN Red List Categories & Criteria" } ] }, { "id": "48452", "question": "what was the simpler classification system used for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 344, "text": "Endangered Species Protection Act 1992" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Belgium, the Flemish Research Institute for Nature and Forest publishes an online set of more than 150 nature indicators in Dutch.", "qas": [ { "id": "48453", "question": "what publishes an online set of more than 150 nature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 12, "text": "the Flemish Research Institute for Nature and Forest" } ] }, { "id": "48454", "question": "how many nature indicators does the flemish research institute have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "150" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Canada, the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) is a group of experts that assesses and designates which wild species are in some danger of disappearing from Canada. Under the Species at Risk Act (SARA), it is up to the federal government, which is politically accountable, to legally protect species assessed by COSEWIC.", "qas": [ { "id": "48455", "question": "what is the act of the federal government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 221, "text": "Risk Act" } ] }, { "id": "48456", "question": "what is the name of the species that protect species assessed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 347, "text": "COSEWIC" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In China, the State, provinces and some counties have determined their key protected wildlife species. There is the China red data book.", "qas": [ { "id": "48457", "question": "what is the name of the book that is in china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "China red data book" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Finland, a large number of species are protected under the Nature Conservation Act, and through the EU Habitats Directive and EU Birds Directive.", "qas": [ { "id": "48458", "question": "what is the large number of species in finland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "Nature Conservation Act" } ] }, { "id": "48459", "question": "what are the names of the directive in finland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "EU Habitats Directive and EU Birds Directive" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Germany, the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation publishes \"red lists of endangered species\".", "qas": [ { "id": "48460", "question": "what does the federal agency call nature conservation conservation publishes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "red lists of endangered species" } ] } ] }, { "context": "India has the Wild Life Protection Act, 1972, Amended 2003 and the Biological Diversity Act, 2002.", "qas": [ { "id": "48461", "question": "when was the wild life protection act passed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "1972" } ] }, { "id": "48462", "question": "what are the wild life protection act ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Amended 2003 and the Biological Diversity Act" } ] }, { "id": "48463", "question": "when did the biological diversity act begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "2002" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Japan, the Ministry of Environment publishes a Threatened Wildlife of Japan Red Data Book.", "qas": [ { "id": "48464", "question": "what does the ministry of environment publishes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Threatened Wildlife of Japan Red Data Book" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the Netherlands, the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality publishes a list of threatened species, and conservation is enforced by the Nature Conservation Act 1998. Species are also protected through the Wild Birds and Habitats Directives.", "qas": [ { "id": "48465", "question": "what publishes a list of threatened species ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality" } ] }, { "id": "48466", "question": "what act enforced conservation quality ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "Nature Conservation Act 1998" } ] }, { "id": "48467", "question": "what are species also protected through ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "Wild Birds and Habitats Directives" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In New Zealand, the Department of Conservation publishes the New Zealand Threat Classification System lists. Under this system threatened species or subspecies are assigned one of seven categories: Nationally Critical, Nationally Endangered, Nationally Vulnerable, Serious Decline, Gradual Decline, Sparse, or Range Restricted. While the classification looks only at a national level, many species are unique to New Zealand, and species which are secure overseas are noted as such.", "qas": [ { "id": "48468", "question": "what does the department of conservation of conservation publishes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "New Zealand Threat Classification System lists" } ] }, { "id": "48469", "question": "how many categories are threatened by subspecies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "seven" } ] }, { "id": "48470", "question": "what is the classification of the classification of many species ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 412, "text": "New Zealand" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Russia, the Red Book of Russian Federation came out in 2001, it contains categories defining preservation status for different species. In it there are 8 taxa of amphibians, 21 taxa of reptiles, 128 taxa of birds, and 74 taxa of mammals, in total 231. There are also more than 30 regional red books, for example the red book of the Altaic region which came out in 1994.", "qas": [ { "id": "48471", "question": "what was the name of the book of the russian federation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 15, "text": "Red Book of Russian Federation" } ] }, { "id": "48472", "question": "when did the red book of russian federation begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "2001" } ] }, { "id": "48473", "question": "how many taxa of amphibians are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "8" } ] }, { "id": "48474", "question": "how many taxa of reptiles are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "21" } ] }, { "id": "48475", "question": "how many taxa of birds are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "128" } ] }, { "id": "48476", "question": "how many taxa of mammals are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 221, "text": "74" } ] }, { "id": "48477", "question": "what is the name of the total book of mammals in russian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "231" } ] }, { "id": "48478", "question": "how many regional red books are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "30" } ] }, { "id": "48479", "question": "when did the red book of the altaic region begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 367, "text": "1994" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In South Africa, The South African National Biodiversity Institute, established under the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004, is responsible for drawing up lists of affected species, and monitoring compliance with CITES decisions. It is envisaged that previously diverse Red lists would be more easily kept current, both technically and financially.", "qas": [ { "id": "48480", "question": "what is the name of the institute in south africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "The South African National Biodiversity Institute" } ] }, { "id": "48481", "question": "in what year was the biodiversity act established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "2004" } ] }, { "id": "48482", "question": "what is the purpose of the south african national biodiversity institute ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "drawing up lists of affected species" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Thailand, the Wild Animal Reservation and Protection Act of BE 2535 defines fifteen reserved animal species and two classes of protected species, of which hunting, breeding, possession, and trade are prohibited or restricted by law. The National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment is responsible for the regulation of these activities.", "qas": [ { "id": "48483", "question": "what is the name of the act of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "Wild Animal Reservation and Protection Act of BE 2535" } ] }, { "id": "48484", "question": "what are some classes of thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "hunting, breeding, possession, and trade are prohibited or restricted by law" } ] }, { "id": "48485", "question": "what is responsible for the regulation of these activities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "The National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Ukraine, the Ministry of Environment Protection maintains list of endangered species (divided into seven categories from \"0\" - extinct to \"VI\" - rehabilitated) and publishes it in the Red Book of Ukraine.", "qas": [ { "id": "48486", "question": "what is the name of the ministry of ukraine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 12, "text": "the Ministry of Environment Protection maintains list of endangered species" } ] }, { "id": "48487", "question": "what is the ministry of environment protection divided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "seven categories from \"0\" - extinct to \"VI\" - rehabilitated" } ] }, { "id": "48488", "question": "where does the ministry of environment protection ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "Red Book of Ukraine" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the United States of America, the Endangered Species Act created the Endangered Species List.", "qas": [ { "id": "48489", "question": "what created the endangered species list ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "the Endangered Species Act" } ] }, { "id": "48490", "question": "what is the endangered species act called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "Endangered Species List" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some consumer guides for seafood, such as Seafood Watch, divide fish and other sea creatures into three categories, analogous to conservation status categories:", "qas": [ { "id": "48491", "question": "what are some consumer guides for seafood seafood ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "Seafood Watch, divide fish and other sea creatures" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The categories do not simply reflect the imperilment of individual species, but also consider the environmental impacts of how and where they are fished, such as through bycatch or ocean bottom trawlers. Often groups of species are assessed rather than individual species (e.g. squid, prawns).", "qas": [ { "id": "48492", "question": "what are the environmental impacts of the environmental impacts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "through bycatch or ocean bottom trawlers" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Marine Conservation Society has five levels of ratings for seafood species, as displayed on their \"FishOnline\" website.", "qas": [ { "id": "48493", "question": "which society has five levels of ratings ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Marine Conservation Society" } ] }, { "id": "48494", "question": "how many levels does the marine conservation society have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "five" } ] }, { "id": "48495", "question": "what is the marine conservation society displayed on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "\"FishOnline\" website" } ] } ] } ], "title": "Conservation status" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Islam (; , ' ;) is a religion articulated by the Quran, a text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God ('), and, for the vast majority of adherents, the teachings and normative example (called the \"sunnah\", composed of accounts called \"hadith\") of Muhammad ( 570\u20138 June 632 CE). It is the world's second-largest religion and the fastest-growing major religion in the world, with over 1.7 billion followers or 23% of the global population, known as Muslims. Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion that upholds that God is one and incomparable and that the purpose of existence is to worship God. Muslims consider Muhammad to be the last prophet of God.", "qas": [ { "id": "48496", "question": "who is the verbatim word for god ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "the Quran" } ] }, { "id": "48497", "question": "what is another name for islam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "sunnah" } ] }, { "id": "48498", "question": "what is the `` sunnah '' called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 255, "text": "hadith" } ] }, { "id": "48499", "question": "when was the `` sunnah '' published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "570\u20138 June 632 CE" } ] }, { "id": "48500", "question": "how many followers are in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 403, "text": "1.7 billion" } ] }, { "id": "48501", "question": "what percentage of the global population of the world is known as muslims ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 428, "text": "23%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Muslims also believe that Islam is the original, complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. As for the Quran, Muslims consider it to be the unaltered and final revelation of God. Religious concepts and practices include the five pillars of Islam, which are obligatory acts of worship, and following Islamic law, which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, from banking and welfare to women and the environment.", "qas": [ { "id": "48502", "question": "who are some of the prophets that islam is revealed to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus" } ] }, { "id": "48503", "question": "what are the muslims consider to be ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "the unaltered and final revelation of God" } ] }, { "id": "48504", "question": "what is the name of the group that touches worship of worship and practices ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 332, "text": "the five pillars of Islam" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Islam began in the early 7th century. Originating in Mecca, it quickly spread in the Arabian Peninsula and by the 8th century the Islamic empire was extended from Iberia in the west to the Indus River in the east. The Islamic Golden Age refers to the period traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century when much of the historically Islamic world was experiencing a scientific, economic and cultural flourishing. The expansion of the Muslim world involved various caliphates and empires, traders and conversion to Islam by missionary activities.", "qas": [ { "id": "48505", "question": "where did islam move in mecca ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "Arabian Peninsula" } ] }, { "id": "48506", "question": "when was the islamic empire extended ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "8th century" } ] }, { "id": "48507", "question": "where was the islamic empire extended from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "Iberia" } ] }, { "id": "48508", "question": "where was the islamic empire extended from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "Indus River" } ] }, { "id": "48509", "question": "when was the islamic golden age ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "8th century" } ] }, { "id": "48510", "question": "what is the islamic golden age ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 394, "text": "economic and cultural flourishing" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most Muslims are of one of two denominations: Sunni (75\u201390%) or Shia (10\u201320%). About 13% of Muslims live in Indonesia, the largest Muslim-majority country, 32% in South Asia, 20% in the Middle East, and 15% in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sizable Muslim communities are also found in Europe, China, Russia, and the Americas. Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "48511", "question": "what percentage of two denominations are sunni ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "75\u201390%" } ] }, { "id": "48512", "question": "what percentage of shia 's denominations are shia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "10\u201320%" } ] }, { "id": "48513", "question": "what percentage of muslims live in indonesia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "13%" } ] }, { "id": "48514", "question": "what is the largest muslim-majority country in indonesia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "32%" } ] }, { "id": "48515", "question": "what percentage of muslims live in the middle east ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "20%" } ] }, { "id": "48516", "question": "what percentage of muslims live in sub-saharan africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "15%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Islam is a verbal noun originating from the triliteral root s-l-m which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of wholeness, submission, safeness and peace. In a religious context it means \"voluntary submission to God\". \"Isl\u0101m\" is the verbal noun of Form IV of the root, and means \"submission\" or \"surrender\". \"Muslim\", the word for an adherent of Islam, is the active participle of the same verb form, and means \"one who submits\" or \"one who surrenders\". Believers demonstrate submission to God by serving God, following his commands, and rejecting polytheism. The word sometimes has distinct connotations in its various occurrences in the Quran. In some verses, there is stress on the quality of Islam as an internal conviction: \"Whomsoever God desires to guide, He opens his heart to Islam.\" Islam, by its own inner logic, embraces every possible facet of existence, for God has\nnamed Himself al-Mu\u1e25\u012b\u1e6d, the All-Embracing.", "qas": [ { "id": "48517", "question": "what is islam 's verbal noun from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "triliteral root s-l-m" } ] }, { "id": "48518", "question": "what are islam 's large class of words ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "wholeness, submission, safeness and peace" } ] }, { "id": "48519", "question": "what does islam mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "voluntary submission to God" } ] }, { "id": "48520", "question": "what is the verbal noun of `` submission '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 268, "text": "Form IV of the root, and means \"submission\" or \"surrender\"" } ] }, { "id": "48521", "question": "what does the word `` muslim '' mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 431, "text": "\"one who submits\" or \"one who surrenders" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other verses connect \"Isl\u0101m\" and \"d\u012bn\" (usually translated as \"religion\"): \"Today, I have perfected your religion (\"d\u012bn\") for you; I have completed My blessing upon you; I have approved Islam for your religion.\" Still others describe Islam as an action of returning to God\u2014more than just a verbal affirmation of faith. In the Hadith of Gabriel, \"isl\u0101m\" is presented as one part of a triad that includes \"im\u0101n\" (faith), and \"ihs\u0101n\" (excellence), where \"isl\u0101m\" is defined theologically as Tawhid, historically by asserting that Muhammad is messenger of God, and doctrinally by mandating five basic and fundamental pillars of practice.", "qas": [ { "id": "48522", "question": "what is another term for `` religion '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "d\u012bn" } ] }, { "id": "48523", "question": "what is another term for `` d\u012bn '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "religion" } ] }, { "id": "48524", "question": "what is the part of gabriel ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 346, "text": "isl\u0101m" } ] }, { "id": "48525", "question": "what does faith stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 404, "text": "im\u0101n" } ] }, { "id": "48526", "question": "what does excellence stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 424, "text": "ihs\u0101n" } ] }, { "id": "48527", "question": "what is defined as tawhid ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 452, "text": "isl\u0101m" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Islam was historically called Muhammadanism in non-Islamic Anglophone societies. As contact between Islamic and non-Islamic societies increased, this term came to be regarded as pejorative, sometimes to the level of being a slur, and has therefore fallen out of polite use, especially since the 1950s. The term is sometimes said to be offensive or insulting because it suggests that a human being is central to Muslims' religion, and/or because it parallels the formation of \"Christianity\", and thus supposedly equates Muhammad and Jesus Christ. Some authors, however, continue to use the term \"Muhammadanism\" as a technical term for the religious system (of Islam) as opposed to the theological concept of that exists within that system.", "qas": [ { "id": "48528", "question": "what was anglophone societies called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "Muhammadanism" } ] }, { "id": "48529", "question": "who was islam 's historically called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "non-Islamic Anglophone societies" } ] }, { "id": "48530", "question": "what was the name of the term `` contact with islamic and non-islamic ? ''", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "pejorative" } ] }, { "id": "48531", "question": "who do the term `` christianity '' equates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 519, "text": "Muhammad and Jesus Christ" } ] }, { "id": "48532", "question": "what is the term for the term `` technical system '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 595, "text": "Muhammadanism" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Faith (Iman) in the Islamic creed (Aqidah) is often represented as the six articles of faith, notably spelled out in the Hadith of Gabriel.", "qas": [ { "id": "48533", "question": "where is iman often represented ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 16, "text": "the Islamic creed" } ] }, { "id": "48534", "question": "what is another name for islamic creed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "Aqidah" } ] }, { "id": "48535", "question": "how is iman represented in the islamic creed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "the six articles of faith" } ] }, { "id": "48536", "question": "where is iman in the islamic creed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "Hadith of Gabriel" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Islam is often seen as having the simplest doctrines of the major religions. Its most fundamental concept is a rigorous monotheism, called taw\u1e25\u012bd (). God is described in chapter 112 of the Quran as: \"Say, He is God, the One and Only; God, the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him\" (). Muslims repudiate polytheism and idolatry, called Shirk, and reject the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and divinity of Jesus. In Islam, God is beyond all comprehension and Muslims are not expected to visualize God. God is described and referred to by certain names or attributes, the most common being \"Al-Rahm\u0101n\", meaning \"The Compassionate\" and \"Al-Rah\u012bm\", meaning \"The Merciful\" (See Names of God in Islam).", "qas": [ { "id": "48537", "question": "what is the monotheism monotheism called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "taw\u1e25\u012bd" } ] }, { "id": "48538", "question": "what is god described in chapter of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "112" } ] }, { "id": "48539", "question": "what is another name for trinity and divinity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 387, "text": "Shirk" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Muslims believe that the creation of everything in the universe was brought into being by God's sheer command, \"'Be' and so it is,\" and that the purpose of existence is to worship God. He is viewed as a personal god who responds whenever a person in need or distress calls him. There are no intermediaries, such as clergy, to contact God who states, \"I am nearer to him than (his) jugular vein.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "48540", "question": "who brought the creation of everything in the universe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "God's sheer command" } ] }, { "id": "48541", "question": "what is the purpose of the purpose of existence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "worship God" } ] }, { "id": "48542", "question": "what is god viewed as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "a personal god who responds whenever a person in need or distress calls him" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"All\u0101h\" is the term with no plural or gender used by Muslims and Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews to reference God, while \"\" () is the term used for a deity or a god in general. Other non-Arab Muslims might use different names as much as Allah, for instance \"Tanr\u0131\" in Turkish, \"Khod\u0101\" in Persian or \" in Urdu.", "qas": [ { "id": "48543", "question": "who is the term for no plural or gender ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "Muslims and Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews to reference God" } ] }, { "id": "48544", "question": "what is the term used for the term `` god '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "a deity or a god in general" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Belief in angels is fundamental to the faith of Islam. The Arabic word for angel ( \") means \"messenger\", like its counterparts in Hebrew (\"mal\u02be\u00e1kh\") and Greek (\"angelos\"). According to the Quran, angels do not possess free will, and therefore worship and obey God in total obedience. Angels' duties include communicating revelations from God, glorifying God, recording every person's actions, and taking a person's soul at the time of death. Muslims believe that angels are made of light. They are described as \"messengers with wings\u2014two, or three, or four (pairs): He [God] adds to Creation as He pleases...\" Some scholars have emphasized a metaphorical reinterpretation of the concept of angels. Pictorial depictions of angels are generally avoided in Islamic Art, as the idea of giving form to anything immaterial is not accepted. Muslims therefore do not generally share the perceptions of angelic pictorial depictions, such as those found in Western Art.", "qas": [ { "id": "48545", "question": "what does the arabic word `` angel '' mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "angelos" } ] }, { "id": "48546", "question": "what type of art are angels avoided in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 754, "text": "Islamic Art" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Additionally, another kind of being that is sapient in Islam is called Jinn, who are believed to be invisible to humans and include Satan.", "qas": [ { "id": "48547", "question": "what is the kind of islam called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "Jinn" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Islamic holy books are the records which most Muslims believe were dictated by God to various prophets. Muslims believe that parts of the previously revealed scriptures, the \"Tawrat\" (Torah) and the \"Injil\" (Gospels), had become distorted\u2014either in interpretation, in text, or both. The Quran (literally, \"Reading\" or \"Recitation\") is viewed by Muslims as the final revelation and literal word of God and is widely regarded as the finest literary work in the Arabic language.", "qas": [ { "id": "48548", "question": "what does torah stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "Tawrat" } ] }, { "id": "48549", "question": "what does gospels stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "Injil" } ] }, { "id": "48550", "question": "what does the quran mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "\"Reading\" or \"Recitation\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Muslims believe that the verses of the Quran were revealed to Muhammad by God through the archangel Gabriel (\"Jibr\u012bl\") on many occasions between 610 CE until his death on June 8, 632. While Muhammad was alive, all of these revelations were written down by his companions (\"sahabah\"), although the prime method of transmission was orally through memorization.", "qas": [ { "id": "48551", "question": "what was the name of the quran that muslims believe the quran were revealed to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "Gabriel" } ] }, { "id": "48552", "question": "what does gabriel mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Jibr\u012bl" } ] }, { "id": "48553", "question": "when did muslims believe the quran were revealed to muhammad ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "610 CE" } ] }, { "id": "48554", "question": "what was the date of the death of the quran ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "June 8, 632" } ] }, { "id": "48555", "question": "what was muhammad 's nickname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "sahabah" } ] }, { "id": "48556", "question": "what was the prime method of transmission orally ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 345, "text": "memorization" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Quran is divided into 114 suras, or chapters, which combined, contain 6,236 \"\u0101y\u0101t\", or verses. The chronologically earlier suras, revealed at Mecca, are primarily concerned with ethical and spiritual topics. The later Medinan suras mostly discuss social and moral issues relevant to the Muslim community.", "qas": [ { "id": "48557", "question": "how many suras are in the quran ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "114" } ] }, { "id": "48558", "question": "what does the quran consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "6,236 \"\u0101y\u0101t\"" } ] }, { "id": "48559", "question": "what are the suras revealed with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "ethical and spiritual topics" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Quran is more concerned with moral guidance than legal instruction, and is considered the \"sourcebook of Islamic principles and values\". Muslim jurists consult the \"hadith\" (\"reports\"), or the written record of Prophet Muhammad's life, to both supplement the Quran and assist with its interpretation. The science of Quranic commentary and exegesis is known as \"tafsir\". The set of rules governing proper pronunciation is called \"tajwid\".", "qas": [ { "id": "48560", "question": "what is the quran 's quran called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "sourcebook of Islamic principles and values" } ] }, { "id": "48561", "question": "what is the term for muslim jurists ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "hadith" } ] }, { "id": "48562", "question": "what was the written record of the quran ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "Prophet Muhammad's life" } ] }, { "id": "48563", "question": "what is the science of quranic commentary known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 365, "text": "tafsir" } ] }, { "id": "48564", "question": "what is the set of rules governing proper pronunciation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 433, "text": "tajwid" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Muslims usually view \"the Quran\" as the original scripture as revealed in Arabic and that any translations are necessarily deficient, which are regarded only as commentaries on the Quran.", "qas": [ { "id": "48565", "question": "what is the original name of the original scripture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "the Quran\"" } ] }, { "id": "48566", "question": "what are any translations of the quran called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "commentaries on the Quran" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Muslims identify the prophets of Islam ( \"\" ) as those humans chosen by God to be his messengers. According to the Quran, the prophets were instructed by God to bring the \"will of God\" to the peoples of the nations. Muslims believe that prophets are human and not divine, though some are able to perform miracles to prove their claim. Islamic theology says that all of God's messengers preached the message of Islam\u2014submission to the will of God. The Quran mentions the names of numerous figures considered prophets in Islam, including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus, among others.", "qas": [ { "id": "48567", "question": "what do muslims believe prophets are ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "human and not divine" } ] }, { "id": "48568", "question": "who are some of the numerous figures of the quran ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 536, "text": "Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Muslims believe that God finally sent Muhammad as the last law bearing prophet (\"Seal of the Prophets\") to convey the divine message to the whole world (to sum up and to finalize the word of God). In Islam, the \"normative\" example of Muhammad's life is called the Sunnah (literally \"trodden path\"). Muslims are encouraged to emulate Muhammad's actions in their daily lives and the Sunnah is seen as crucial to guiding interpretation of the Quran. This example is preserved in traditions known as hadith, which recount his words, his actions, and his personal characteristics. Hadith Qudsi is a sub-category of hadith, regarded as verbatim words of God quoted by Muhammad but is not part of the Quran.", "qas": [ { "id": "48569", "question": "what does prophet mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "\"Seal of the Prophets" } ] }, { "id": "48570", "question": "what is the `` normative '' example of muhammad 's life ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "Sunnah" } ] }, { "id": "48571", "question": "what is the term for muhammad 's words ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 496, "text": "hadith" } ] }, { "id": "48572", "question": "what is not part of the quran ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 576, "text": "Hadith Qudsi" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A hadith involves two elements- a chain of narrators, called sanad, and the actual wording, called matn. Hadiths can be classified, by studying the narration, as \"authentic\" or \"correct\", called \"Sahih\" (), \"good\", called \"\u1e24asan\" () or \"weak\", called \"\u1e0ca\u02bb\u012bf\" () among others. Muhammad al-Bukhari collected over 300,000 hadith, but only included 2,602 distinct hadith that passed the tests that codified them as authentic into his book Sahih al-Bukhari, which is considered by many to be the most authentic source after the Quran.", "qas": [ { "id": "48573", "question": "what is the name of the chain that is used to describe two elements ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "sanad" } ] }, { "id": "48574", "question": "what is the name of the two elements used to describe the elements of a chain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "matn" } ] }, { "id": "48575", "question": "what is another term for `` good '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "\u1e24asan" } ] }, { "id": "48576", "question": "what is another term for `` weak '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "\u1e0ca\u02bb\u012bf" } ] }, { "id": "48577", "question": "how many hadith did muhammad al-bukhari ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "over 300,000 hadith" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Belief in the \"Day of Resurrection\", \"Yawm al-Qiy\u0101mah\" () is also crucial for Muslims. They believe the time of \"Qiy\u0101mah\" is preordained by God but unknown to man. The trials and tribulations preceding and during the \"Qiy\u0101mah\" are described in the Quran and the hadith, and also in the commentaries of scholars. The Quran emphasizes bodily resurrection, a break from the pre-Islamic Arabian understanding of death.", "qas": [ { "id": "48578", "question": "what is the name of the belief in the `` day of resurrection '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "Yawm al-Qiy\u0101mah" } ] }, { "id": "48579", "question": "what is the term for god that is preordained ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "Qiy\u0101mah" } ] }, { "id": "48580", "question": "what are the quran called in the quran ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "Qiy\u0101mah" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On Yawm al-Qiy\u0101mah, Muslims believe all mankind will be judged on their good and bad deeds and consigned to \"Jannah\" (paradise) or \"Jahannam\" (hell). The Qur\u02bcan in Surat al-Zalzalah describes this as, \"So whoever does an atom's weight of good will see it (99:7) and whoever does an atom's weight of evil will see it (99:8).\" The Qur\u02bcan lists several sins that can condemn a person to hell, such as disbelief in God ( \"\"), and dishonesty; however, the Qur\u02bcan makes it clear God will forgive the sins of those who repent if he so wills. Good deeds, such as charity, prayer and compassion towards animals, will be rewarded with entry to heaven. Muslims view heaven as a place of joy and bliss, with Qur\u02bcanic references describing its features and the physical pleasures to come. Mystical traditions in Islam place these heavenly delights in the context of an ecstatic awareness of God.", "qas": [ { "id": "48581", "question": "what is another term for mankind ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Jannah" } ] }, { "id": "48582", "question": "what is another term for mankind ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "Jahannam" } ] }, { "id": "48583", "question": "where is the atom describes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "Surat al-Zalzalah" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"Yawm al-Qiy\u0101mah\" is also identified in the Quran as \"Yawm ad-D\u012bn\" (), \"Day of Religion\"; \"as-s\u0101\u02bfah\" (), \"the Last Hour\"; and \"al-Q\u0101ri\u02bfah\" (), \"The Clatterer\".", "qas": [ { "id": "48584", "question": "what is the name of the quran that is known as `` day of religion '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "Yawm ad-D\u012bn\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The concept of divine will is referred to as \"al-qad\u0101 wa'l-qadar\" (), which literally derives from a root that means \"to measure\". Everything, good and bad, is believed to have been decreed.", "qas": [ { "id": "48585", "question": "what is the concept of divine will is referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "al-qad\u0101 wa'l-qadar" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are five basic religious acts in Islam, collectively known as 'The Pillars of Islam' (\"arkan al-Islam\"; also \"arkan ad-din\", \"pillars of religion\"), which are considered obligatory for all believers. The Quran presents them as a framework for worship and a sign of commitment to the faith. They are (1) the creed (shahadah), (2) daily prayers (salat), (3) almsgiving (zakah), (4) fasting during Ramadan, and (5) the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) at least once in a lifetime. Both Shia and Sunni sects agree on the essential details for the performance of these acts. Apart from these, Muslims also perform other religious acts. Notable among them are charity (Sadaqah) and recitation of the Quran.", "qas": [ { "id": "48586", "question": "how many basic religious acts are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "five" } ] }, { "id": "48587", "question": "what is another name for islam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "The Pillars of Islam" } ] }, { "id": "48588", "question": "what is another name for the creed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 320, "text": "shahadah" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Shahadah, which is the basic creed of Islam that must be recited under oath with the specific statement: \"\"\"\", or \"I testify that there is no god but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God.\" This testament is a foundation for all other beliefs and practices in Islam. Muslims must repeat the \"shahadah\" in prayer, and non-Muslims wishing to convert to Islam are required to recite the creed.", "qas": [ { "id": "48589", "question": "what is the basic creed of islam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Shahadah" } ] }, { "id": "48590", "question": "what is muhammad 's god ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "the messenger of God" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ritual prayers, called \u1e62al\u0101h or \u1e62al\u0101t (Arabic: ), must be performed five times a day. Salat is intended to focus the mind on God, and is seen as a personal communication with him that expresses gratitude and worship. Salat is compulsory but flexibility in the specifics is allowed depending on circumstances. The prayers are recited in the Arabic language, and consist of verses from the Quran. The prayers are done with the chest in direction of the kaaba though in the early days of Islam, they were done in direction of Jerusalem.", "qas": [ { "id": "48591", "question": "what are ritual prayers called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "\u1e62al\u0101h or \u1e62al\u0101t" } ] }, { "id": "48592", "question": "how long must ritual prayers be performed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "five times a day" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A mosque is a place of worship for Muslims, who often refer to it by its Arabic name \"masjid\". The word \"mosque\" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated to Islamic worship, although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller, privately owned mosque and the larger, \"collective\" mosque (\"masjid j\u0101mi\"'). Although the primary purpose of the mosque is to serve as a place of prayer, it is also important to the Muslim community as a place to meet and study. In Medina, Al-Masjid al-Nabawi, or the Prophet's Mosque, was also a place of refuge for the poor. Modern mosques have evolved greatly from the early designs of the 7th century, and contain a variety of architectural elements such as minarets.", "qas": [ { "id": "48593", "question": "what is the arabic name for muslims ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "masjid" } ] }, { "id": "48594", "question": "what is the place of refuge ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 514, "text": "the Prophet's Mosque" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"Zak\u0101t\" ( \"\" \"alms\") is giving a fixed portion of accumulated wealth by those who can afford it to help the poor or needy and for those employed to collect Zakat; also, for bringing hearts together, freeing captives, for those in debt (or bonded labour) and for the (stranded) traveller. It is considered a religious obligation (as opposed to voluntary charity) that the well-off owe to the needy because their wealth is seen as a \"trust from God's bounty\". Conservative estimates of annual zakat is estimated to be 15 times global humanitarian aid contributions. The amount of zakat to be paid on capital assets (e.g. money) is 2.5% (1/40) per year, for people who are not poor.", "qas": [ { "id": "48595", "question": "what is another name for wealth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1, "text": "Zak\u0101t" } ] }, { "id": "48596", "question": "what is another term for `` zak\u0101t '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "alms" } ] }, { "id": "48597", "question": "who is the wealth of wealth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "those who can afford it to help the poor or needy" } ] }, { "id": "48598", "question": "how many times is conservative estimates of annual humanitarian aid ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 516, "text": "15 times global humanitarian aid contributions" } ] }, { "id": "48599", "question": "what is the amount of zakat to be paid on capital assets ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 629, "text": "2.5%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sadaqah means optional charity which is practiced as religious duty and out of generosity. Both the Quran and the hadith have put much emphasis on spending money for the welfare of needy people, and have urged the Muslims to give more as an act of optional charity. The Quran says: Spend something (in charity) out of the substance which We have bestowed on you, before Death should come to any of you (). One of the early teachings of Muhammad was that God expects men to be generous with their wealth and not to be miserly (Quran ). Accumulating wealth without spending them to address the needs of the poor is generally prohibited and admonished. Another kind of charity in Islam is waqf which means perpetual religious endowment.", "qas": [ { "id": "48600", "question": "what is optional charity practiced as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "religious duty and out of generosity" } ] }, { "id": "48601", "question": "what have the quran and the hadith put emphasis on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "spending money for the welfare of needy people" } ] }, { "id": "48602", "question": "what is the kind of charity in islam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 686, "text": "waqf" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Fasting ( \"\") from food and drink, among other things, must be performed from dawn to dusk during the month of Ramadan. The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to God, and during it Muslims should express their gratitude for and dependence on him, atone for their past sins, and think of the needy. \"Sawm\" is not obligatory for several groups for whom it would constitute an undue burden. For others, flexibility is allowed depending on circumstances, but missed fasts usually must be made up quickly.", "qas": [ { "id": "48603", "question": "what is the fast to the needy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "a feeling of nearness to God" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The obligatory Islamic pilgrimage, called the \"\" (), has to be performed during the Islamic month of \"Dhu al-Hijjah\" in the city of Mecca. Every able-bodied Muslim who can afford it must make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his or her lifetime. Rituals of the Hajj include: spending a day and a night in the tents in the desert plain of Mina, then a day in the desert plain of Arafat praying and worshiping God, following the foot steps of Abraham; then spending a night out in the open, sleeping on the desert sand in the desert plain of Muzdalifah; then moving to Jamarat, symbolically stoning the Devil recounting Abraham's actions; then going to Mecca and walking seven times around the Kaaba which Muslims believe was built as a place of worship by Abraham; then walking seven times between Mount Safa and Mount Marwah recounting the steps of Abraham's wife, while she was looking for water for her son Ismael in the desert before Mecca developed into a settlement. Another form of pilgrimage, Umrah, can be undertaken at any time of the year.", "qas": [ { "id": "48604", "question": "what is the islamic month in mecca ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "Dhu al-Hijjah" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Muslims recite and memorize the whole or the part of the Quran as acts of virtue. Reciting the Quran in the correct manner has been described as an excellent act of worship. Pious Muslims recite the whole Quran at the month of Ramadan. In Islamic societies, any social program generally begins with the recitation of the Quran. Those who memorize the whole Quran is called \"hafiz\" who, it is said, will be able to intercede for ten people on the Last Judgment Day. Apart from this, almost every Muslim memorizes some portion of the Quran because they need to recite it during regular prayer.", "qas": [ { "id": "48605", "question": "who does the social program begin with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 299, "text": "the recitation of the Quran" } ] }, { "id": "48606", "question": "what is those who memorize the whole quran called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 374, "text": "hafiz" } ] } ] }, { "context": "For Muslim communities, family is the basic component of society, and is responsible for the wellbeing of its members. In a Muslim family, the birth of a child is attended with some religious ceremonies. Immediately after the birth, the words of Adhan is pronounced in the right ear of the child. In the seventh day, the aquiqa ceremony is performed in which an animal is sacrificed and its meat is distributed among the poor. The head of the child is also shaved, and an amount of money equaling the weight of the child's hair is donated to the poor. Apart from fulfilling the basic needs of food, shelter, and education, the parents or the elderly members of family also undertake the task of teaching moral qualities, religious knowledge, and religious practices to the children. Marriage, which serves as the foundation of a Muslim family, is a civil contract which consists of an offer and acceptance between two qualified parties in the presence of two witnesses. The groom is required to pay a bridal gift (\"mahr\") to the bride, as stipulated in the contract.\nMost families in the Islamic world are monogamous. Polyandry, a form of polygamy, where a woman takes on two or more husbands is prohibited in Islam. With Muslims coming from diverse backgrounds including 49 Muslim-majority countries, plus a strong presence as large minorities throughout the world there are many variations on Muslim Weddings. Generally in a Muslim family, a woman's sphere of operation is the home and a man's corresponding sphere is the outside world. However, in practice, this separation is not as rigid as it appears.", "qas": [ { "id": "48607", "question": "where is the words of adhan pronounced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "the right ear of the child" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Certain religious rites are performed during and after the death of a Muslim. Those near a dying man encourage him to pronounce the Shahada as Muslims want their last word to be their profession of faith. After the death, the body is bathed properly by the members of the same gender and then enshrouded in a threefold white garment called \"kafan\". Placing the body on a bier, it is first taken to a mosque where funeral prayer is offered for the dead person, and then to the graveyard for burial.", "qas": [ { "id": "48608", "question": "what is the white garment called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 341, "text": "kafan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many practices fall in the category of \"adab\", or Islamic etiquette. This includes greeting others with \"\"as-salamu `alaykum\"\" (\"peace be unto you\"), saying \"bismillah\" (\"in the name of God\") before meals, and using only the right hand for eating and drinking. Islamic hygienic practices mainly fall into the category of personal cleanliness and health. Circumcision of male offspring is also practiced in Islam. Islamic burial rituals include saying the \"Salat al-Janazah\" (\"funeral prayer\") over the bathed and enshrouded dead body, and burying it in a grave. Muslims are restricted in their diet. Prohibited foods include pork products, blood, carrion, and alcohol. All meat must come from a herbivorous animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian, with the exception of game that one has hunted or fished for oneself. Food permissible for Muslims is known as halal food.", "qas": [ { "id": "48609", "question": "what are the category of many practices in the category ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "\"adab\", or Islamic etiquette" } ] }, { "id": "48610", "question": "what is another term for `` in the name of god '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "bismillah" } ] }, { "id": "48611", "question": "what is another name for funeral prayer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 456, "text": "Salat al-Janazah" } ] }, { "id": "48612", "question": "what is food permissible for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 888, "text": "halal food" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In a Muslim society, various social service activities are performed by the members of the community. As these activities are instructed by Islamic canonical texts, a Muslim's religious life is seen incomplete if not attended by service to humanity. In fact, In Islamic tradition, the idea of social welfare has been presented as one of its principal values. The verse of the Quran is often cited to encapsulate the Islamic idea of social welfare. Similarly, duties to parents, neighbors, relatives, sick people, the old, and the minority have been defined in Islam. Respecting and obeying one's parents, and taking care of them especially in their old age have been made a religious obligation. A two-fold approach is generally prescribed with regard to the duties to the relatives: keeping rood relation with them, and offering financial help if necessary. Severing ties with them has been admonished. Regardless of a neighbor's religious identity, Islam tells the Muslims to treat their neighboring people in the best possible manners and not to cause any difficulty to them. About the orphaned children, the Quran forbids harsh and oppressive treatment to them while urging kindness and justice towards them. It also rebukes those who do not honor and feed the orphaned children (Quran ).", "qas": [ { "id": "48613", "question": "who instructed the religious life of religious life ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "Islamic canonical texts" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Quran and the sunnah of Muhammad prescribe a comprehensive body of moral guidelines for Muslims to be followed in their personal, social, political, and religious life. Proper moral conduct, good deeds, righteousness, and good character come within the sphere of the moral guidelines. In Islam, the observance of moral virtues is always associated with religious significance because it elevates the religious status of a believer and is often seen as a supererogatory act of worshipping. One typical Islamic teaching on morality is that imposing a penalty on an offender in proportion to their offense is permissible and just; but forgiving the offender is better. To go one step further by offering a favor to the offender is regarded the highest excellence. The Quran says: 'Repel (evil) with what is best' (). Thus, a Muslim is expected to act only in good manners as bad manners and deeds earn vices. The fundamental moral qualities in Islam are justice, forgiveness, righteousness, kindness, honesty, and piety. Other mostly insisted moral virtues include but not limited to charitable activities, tolerance, fulfillment of promise, modesty and humility, decency in speech, trustworthiness, patience, truthfulness, anger management, and sincerity of intention.", "qas": [ { "id": "48614", "question": "what types of life did muhammad and the quran have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "social, political, and religious life" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As a religion, Islam emphasizes the idea of having a good character as Muhammad said: 'The best among you are those who have the best manners and character' (). In Islam, justice is not only a moral virtue but also an obligation to be fulfilled under all circumstances. The Quran and the hadith describe God as being kind and merciful to His creatures, and tell people to be kind likewise. As a virtue, forgiveness is much celebrated in Islam, and is regarded as an important Muslim practice. About modesty, Muhammad is reported as saying: ' Every religion has its characteristic, and the characteristic of Islam is modesty'.", "qas": [ { "id": "48615", "question": "what is the characteristic of islam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 616, "text": "modesty" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Mainstream Islamic law does not distinguish between \"matters of church\" and \"matters of state\"; the scholars function as both jurists and theologians. Currently no government conforms to Islamic economic jurisprudence, but steps have been taken to implement some of its tenets.", "qas": [ { "id": "48616", "question": "what does no government conforms to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "Islamic economic jurisprudence" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The \"Shari\u02bbah\" (literally \"the path leading to the watering place\") is Islamic law and constitutes a system of duties that are incumbent upon a Muslim by virtue of his or her religious belief. The study of Islamic law is called \"Fiqh\", or \"Islamic jurisprudence\". The methods of jurisprudence used are known as \"usul al-fiqh\" (\"legal theory\", or \"principles of jurisprudence\"). Much of it has evolved with the objective to prevent innovation or alteration in the original religion, known as bid\u2018ah. Four fundamental evidence, codified by ash-Shafi'i, used are, in order of precedence: the Quran, the Hadith (the practice of Muhammad), the consensus of the Muslim jurists (\"ijma\"), and analogical reasoning (\"qiyas\"). Rulings over actions can be categorized as those that are obligatory (\"fardh\") recommendanded (\"mustahabb\"), permissible (\"mubah\"), not recommended (\"makrooh\") and prohibited (\"haraam\").", "qas": [ { "id": "48617", "question": "what is the term for the path that is the path leading to the watering place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 5, "text": "Shari\u02bbah" } ] }, { "id": "48618", "question": "what type of law is the `` shari\u02bbah '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "Islamic law" } ] }, { "id": "48619", "question": "what is the muslim law used for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "virtue of his or her religious belief" } ] }, { "id": "48620", "question": "what is the study of islamic law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "\"Fiqh\", or \"Islamic jurisprudence\"" } ] }, { "id": "48621", "question": "what are the methods of jurisprudence called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "usul al-fiqh" } ] }, { "id": "48622", "question": "what is the objective of islamic law known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 491, "text": "bid\u2018ah" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Quran set the rights, the responsibilities and the rules for people and for societies to adhere to. Muhammad provided an example, which is recorded in the hadith books, showing how he practically implemented those rules in a society.", "qas": [ { "id": "48623", "question": "how did muhammad 's example of books compare to muhammad ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "hadith books" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many of the Sharia laws that differ are devised through Ijtihad where there is no such ruling in the Quran or the Hadiths of Islamic prophet Muhammad regarding a similar case. As Muhammad's companions went to new areas, they were pragmatic and in some cases continued to use the same ruling as was given in that area during pre-Islamic times. If the population felt comfortable with it, it was just and they used Ijtihad to deduce that it did not conflict with the Quran or the Hadith. This made it easier for the different communities to integrate into the Islamic State and that assisted in the quick expansion of the Islamic State.", "qas": [ { "id": "48624", "question": "what are the sharia laws ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "Quran or the Hadiths of Islamic prophet Muhammad" } ] }, { "id": "48625", "question": "what did the population not conflict with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 461, "text": "the Quran or the Hadith" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Islamic law covers all aspects of life, from matters of state, like governance and foreign relations, to issues of daily living. The Quran defines \"hudud\" as the punishments for five specific crimes: unlawful intercourse, false accusation of unlawful intercourse, consumption of alcohol, theft, and highway robbery. The Quran and Sunnah also contain laws of inheritance, marriage, and restitution for injuries and murder, as well as rules for fasting, charity, and prayer. For example, the division of inheritance is specified in the Quran, which states that most of it is to pass to the immediate family, while a portion is set aside for the payment of debts and the making of bequests. The woman's share of inheritance is generally half of that of a man with the same rights of succession.", "qas": [ { "id": "48626", "question": "what does the quran call five specific crimes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "hudud" } ] }, { "id": "48627", "question": "what are the consumption of unlawful intercourse ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 279, "text": "alcohol, theft, and highway robbery" } ] }, { "id": "48628", "question": "what does the quran consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 358, "text": "inheritance, marriage, and restitution for injuries and murder" } ] }, { "id": "48629", "question": "what are the rules of the quran ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 443, "text": "fasting, charity, and prayer" } ] }, { "id": "48630", "question": "where is inheritance specified ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 530, "text": "the Quran" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Islam, like Judaism, has no clergy in the sacerdotal sense, such as priests who mediate between God and people. However, there are many terms in Islam to refer to religiously sanctioned positions of Islam. In the broadest sense, the term \"ulema\" () is used to describe the body of Muslim scholars who have completed several years of training and study of Islamic sciences. A jurist who interprets Islamic law is called a mufti () and often issues judicial opinions, called fatwas. A scholar of jurisprudence is called a faqih (). Someone who studies the science of hadith is called a muhaddith. A qadi is a judge in an Islamic court. Honorific titles given to scholars include shiekh, mullah and maulvi. Imam () is a leadership position, often used in the context of conducting Islamic worship services.", "qas": [ { "id": "48631", "question": "what is the broadest sense of muslim scholars called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "ulema" } ] }, { "id": "48632", "question": "what is the jurist who interprets islamic law called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 421, "text": "mufti" } ] }, { "id": "48633", "question": "what is the term for judicial opinions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 473, "text": "fatwas" } ] }, { "id": "48634", "question": "what is the scholar of jurisprudence called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 520, "text": "faqih" } ] }, { "id": "48635", "question": "what is the science of hadith the science of hadith the science of hadith ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 584, "text": "muhaddith" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A school of jurisprudence is referred to as a \"madhab\" (). The four major Sunni schools are the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali and sometimes \u1e92\u0101hir\u012b while the two major Shia schools are Ja'fari and Zaidi. Each differ in their methodology, called Usul al-fiqh. The following of decisions by a religious expert without necessarily examining the decision's reasoning is called taqlid. The term \"ghair muqallid\" literally refers to those who do not use taqlid and by extension do not have a madhab. The practice of an individual interpretating law with independent reasoning is called ijtihad.", "qas": [ { "id": "48636", "question": "what is the school of jurisprudence referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "madhab" } ] }, { "id": "48637", "question": "what are the two major shia schools ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "Ja'fari and Zaidi" } ] }, { "id": "48638", "question": "what is the name of the methodology that is used in their methodology ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "Usul al-fiqh" } ] }, { "id": "48639", "question": "what is the religious expert without necessarily examining ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 375, "text": "taqlid" } ] }, { "id": "48640", "question": "what is the practice of an individual interpretating law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 582, "text": "ijtihad" } ] } ] }, { "context": "To reduce the gap between the rich and the poor, Islamic economic jurisprudence encourages trade, discourages the hoarding of wealth and outlaws interest-bearing loans (usury; the term is \"riba\" in Arabic). Therefore, wealth is taxed through Zakat, but trade is not taxed. Usury, which allows the rich to get richer without sharing in the risk, is forbidden in Islam. Profit sharing and venture capital where the lender is also exposed to risk is acceptable. Hoarding of food for speculation is also discouraged.", "qas": [ { "id": "48641", "question": "what type of trade is riba 's trade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "Islamic economic jurisprudence encourages trade" } ] }, { "id": "48642", "question": "what is the term for outlaws ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "usury" } ] }, { "id": "48643", "question": "what is the term for wealth of outlaws ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "riba" } ] }, { "id": "48644", "question": "wealth is taxed through what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "Zakat" } ] }, { "id": "48645", "question": "what allows the rich to get richer without sharing in the risk ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "Usury" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Grabbing other people's land is also prohibited. The prohibition of usury has resulted in the development of Islamic banking. During the time of Muhammad, any money that went to the state, was immediately used to help the poor. Then in 634, Umar formally established the welfare state Bayt al-mal. The Bayt al-mal or the welfare state was for the Muslim and Non-Muslim poor, needy, elderly, orphans, widows, and the disabled. The Bayt al-mal ran for hundreds of years under the Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th century and continued through the Umayyad period and well into the Abbasid era. Umar also introduced Child Benefit and Pensions for the children and the elderly.", "qas": [ { "id": "48646", "question": "in what year was umar formally established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "634" } ] }, { "id": "48647", "question": "what was umar formally established in 634 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "Bayt al-mal" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Within Islamic jurisprudence, jihad is usually taken to mean military exertion against non-believer/non-Muslim/Muslim combatants. The ultimate purpose of military jihad is debated, both within the Islamic community and without. Jihad is the only form of warfare permissible in Islamic law and may be declared against illegal works, terrorists, criminal groups, rebels, apostates, and leaders or states who oppress Muslims. Most Muslims today interpret Jihad as only a defensive form of warfare. Jihad only becomes an individual duty for those vested with authority. For the rest of the populace, this happens only in the case of a general mobilization. For most Twelver Shias, offensive jihad can only be declared by a divinely appointed leader of the Muslim community, and as such is suspended since Muhammad al-Mahdi's occultation in 868 AD.", "qas": [ { "id": "48648", "question": "when was muhammad al-mahdi 's occultation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 836, "text": "868 AD" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Muslim tradition views Muhammad (c. 570 \u2013 June 8, 632) as the seal of the prophets. During the last 22 years of his life, beginning at age 40 in 610 CE, according to the earliest surviving biographies, Muhammad reported revelations that he believed to be from God, conveyed to him through the archangel Gabriel (\"Jibril\"). Muhammad's companions memorized and recorded the content of these revelations, known as the Quran.", "qas": [ { "id": "48649", "question": "at what age did muhammad in 610 ce occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "40" } ] }, { "id": "48650", "question": "in what year did the earliest biographies of revelations begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "610 CE" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During this time, Muhammad in Mecca preached to the people, imploring them to abandon polytheism and to worship one God. Although some converted to Islam, the leading Meccan authorities persecuted Muhammad and his followers. This resulted in the Migration to Abyssinia of some Muslims (to the Aksumite Empire). Many early converts to Islam were the poor and former slaves like Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi. The Meccan \u00e9lite felt that Muhammad was destabilising their social order by preaching about one God and about racial equality, and that in the process he gave ideas to the poor and to their slaves.", "qas": [ { "id": "48651", "question": "who were the former converts to islam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 377, "text": "Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After 12 years of the persecution of Muslims by the Meccans and the Meccan boycott of the Hashemites, Muhammad's relatives, Muhammad and the Muslims performed the \"Hijra\" (\"emigration\") to the city of Medina (formerly known as \"Yathrib\") in 622. There, with the Medinan converts (\"Ansar\") and the Meccan migrants (\"Muhajirun\"), Muhammad in Medina established his political and religious authority. A state was established in accordance with Islamic economic jurisprudence. The Constitution of Medina was formulated, instituting a number of rights and responsibilities for the Muslim, Jewish, Christian and pagan communities of Medina, bringing them within the fold of one community\u2014the Ummah.", "qas": [ { "id": "48652", "question": "what did muhammad 's relatives call the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "Hijra" } ] }, { "id": "48653", "question": "what was the city of medina called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "Yathrib" } ] }, { "id": "48654", "question": "when did the city of medina begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "622" } ] }, { "id": "48655", "question": "what was the state established with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 441, "text": "Islamic economic jurisprudence" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nAll the tribes signed the agreement to defend Medina from all external threats and to live in harmony amongst themselves. Within a few years, two battles took place against the Meccan forces: first, the Battle of Badr in 624 - a Muslim victory, and then a year later, when the Meccans returned to Medina, the Battle of Uhud, which ended inconclusively.", "qas": [ { "id": "48656", "question": "what was the name of the battle in 624 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "Battle of Badr" } ] }, { "id": "48657", "question": "what was the battle of badr ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "624 - a Muslim victory" } ] }, { "id": "48658", "question": "what was the battle of badr ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 310, "text": "Battle of Uhud" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Arab tribes in the rest of Arabia then formed a confederation and during the Battle of the Trench (March\u2013April 627) besieged Medina, intent on finishing off Islam. In 628, the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah was signed between Mecca and the Muslims and was broken by Mecca two years later. After the signing of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah many more people converted to Islam. At the same time, Meccan trade routes were cut off as Muhammad brought surrounding desert tribes under his control. By 629 Muhammad was victorious in the nearly bloodless conquest of Mecca, and by the time of his death in 632 (at the age of 62) he had united the tribes of Arabia into a single religious polity.", "qas": [ { "id": "48659", "question": "during what battle was medina besieged ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "Battle of the Trench" } ] }, { "id": "48660", "question": "when did the battle of the trench take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "March\u2013April 627" } ] }, { "id": "48661", "question": "where was the treaty of hudaybiyyah signed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "628" } ] }, { "id": "48662", "question": "where was muhammad death ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 590, "text": "632" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The earliest three generations of Muslims are known as the Salaf, with the companions of Muhammad being known as the Sahaba. Many of them, such as the largest narrator of hadith Abu Hureyrah, recorded and compiled what would constitute the sunnah.", "qas": [ { "id": "48663", "question": "what are the earliest generations of muslims ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "the Salaf" } ] }, { "id": "48664", "question": "what is the companions of muhammad being known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "the Sahaba" } ] }, { "id": "48665", "question": "what was the name of the largest narrator of hadith ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "Abu Hureyrah" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With Muhammad's death in 632, disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community. Abu Bakr, a companion and close friend of Muhammad, was made the first caliph. Under Abu Bakr the Muslims expanded into Syria after putting down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an episode known as the Ridda wars, or \"Wars of Apostasy\". The Quran was compiled into a single volume at this time.", "qas": [ { "id": "48666", "question": "what was the name of the death of muhammad 's death ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "632" } ] }, { "id": "48667", "question": "who was the first caliph ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "Abu Bakr" } ] }, { "id": "48668", "question": "what was the name of the episode of the rebellion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 314, "text": "Ridda wars" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Abu Bakr's death in 634 resulted in the succession of Umar ibn al-Khattab as the caliph, followed by Uthman ibn al-Affan, Ali ibn Abi Talib and Hasan ibn Ali. The first four caliphs are known in Sunni Islam as \"al-khulaf\u0101' ar-r\u0101shid\u016bn\" (\"Rightly Guided Caliphs\"). Under them, the territory under Muslim rule expanded deeply into the parts of the Persian and Byzantine territories.", "qas": [ { "id": "48669", "question": "when did abu bakr die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "634" } ] }, { "id": "48670", "question": "who was the uthman ibn al-affan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Ali ibn Abi Talib and Hasan ibn Ali" } ] }, { "id": "48671", "question": "where are the first caliphs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "Sunni Islam" } ] }, { "id": "48672", "question": "what are the first caliphs known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "al-khulaf\u0101' ar-r\u0101shid\u016bn" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When Umar was assassinated by Persians in 644, the election of Uthman as successor was met with increasing opposition. The standard copies of the Quran were also distributed throughout the Islamic State. In 656, Uthman was also killed, and Ali assumed the position of caliph. After the first civil war (the \"First Fitna\"), Ali was assassinated by Kharijites in 661. To avoid further fighting, the new caliph Hasan ibn Ali signed a peace treaty, abdicating to Mu'awiyah, beginning the Umayyad dynasty, in return that he not name his own successor. These disputes over religious and political leadership would give rise to schism in the Muslim community. The majority accepted the legitimacy of the three rulers prior to Ali, and became known as Sunnis. A minority disagreed, and believed that only Ali and some of his descendants should rule; they became known as the Shia. Mu'awiyah appointed his son, Yazid I, as successor and after Mu'awiyah's death in 680, the \"Second Fitna\" broke out, where Husayn ibn Ali was killed at the Battle of Karbala, a significant event in Shia Islam.", "qas": [ { "id": "48673", "question": "who assassinated umar ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "Persians" } ] }, { "id": "48674", "question": "when was umar assassinated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "644" } ] }, { "id": "48675", "question": "in what year was uthman killed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "656" } ] }, { "id": "48676", "question": "when was ali assassinated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 361, "text": "661" } ] }, { "id": "48677", "question": "who signed the umayyad dynasty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 408, "text": "Hasan ibn Ali" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Umayyad dynasty conquered the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula, Narbonnese Gaul and Sindh. Local populations of Jews and indigenous Christians, persecuted as religious minorities and taxed heavily to finance the Byzantine\u2013Sassanid Wars, often aided Muslims to take over their lands from the Byzantines and Persians, resulting in exceptionally speedy conquests.", "qas": [ { "id": "48678", "question": "what did the umayyad dynasty invade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "the Iberian Peninsula, Narbonnese Gaul and Sindh" } ] }, { "id": "48679", "question": "what did the local populations of jews finance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "Byzantine\u2013Sassanid Wars" } ] }, { "id": "48680", "question": "who did the local populations of jews take over ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 293, "text": "Byzantines and Persians" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The generation after the death of Muhammad but contemporaries of his companions are known as the Tabi\u2018un, followed by the Tabi\u2018 al-Tabi\u2018in. The Caliph Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz set up the influential committee, \"The Seven Fuqaha of Medina\", headed by Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr. Malik ibn Anas wrote one of the earliest books on Islamic jurisprudence, the Muwatta, as a consensus of the opinion of those jurists.", "qas": [ { "id": "48681", "question": "what are the death of muhammad but contemporaries of his companions known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "the Tabi\u2018un" } ] }, { "id": "48682", "question": "who followed the death of muhammad ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Tabi\u2018 al-Tabi\u2018in" } ] }, { "id": "48683", "question": "what was the influential committee called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "The Seven Fuqaha of Medina" } ] }, { "id": "48684", "question": "who headed the influential committee of medina ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr" } ] }, { "id": "48685", "question": "what was malik ibn anas 's nickname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 352, "text": "the Muwatta" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The descendants of Muhammad's uncle Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib rallied discontented non-Arab converts (\"mawali\"), poor Arabs, and some Shi'a against the Umayyads and overthrew them, inaugurating the Abbasid dynasty in 750.", "qas": [ { "id": "48686", "question": "who was the uncle abbas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Abd al-Muttalib" } ] }, { "id": "48687", "question": "what was the name of muhammad 's uncle converts converts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "mawali" } ] }, { "id": "48688", "question": "when was inaugurating the abbasid dynasty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "750" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During this time, the Delhi Sultanate took over northern parts of Indian subcontinent. Religious missions converted Volga Bulgaria to Islam. Many Muslims also went to China to trade, virtually dominating the import and export industry of the Song Dynasty.\nThis era is sometimes called the \"Islamic Golden Age\". Public hospitals established during this time (called Bimaristan hospitals), are considered \"the first hospitals\" in the modern sense of the word, and issued the first medical diplomas to license doctors. The Guinness World Records recognizes the University of Al Karaouine, founded in 859, as the world's oldest degree-granting university. The doctorate is argued to date back to the licenses to teach in Muslim law schools. Standards of experimental and quantification techniques, as well as the tradition of citation, were introduced. An important pioneer in this, Ibn al-Haytham is regarded as the father of the modern scientific method and often referred to as the \"world's first true scientist\". The government paid scientists the equivalent salary of professional athletes today. It is argued that the data used by Copernicus for his heliocentric conclusions was gathered and that Al-Jahiz proposed a theory of natural selection. Rumi wrote some of the finest Persian poetry and is still one of the best selling poets in America. Legal institutions introduced include the trust and charitable trust (Waqf).", "qas": [ { "id": "48689", "question": "what is another name for the era ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "Islamic Golden Age" } ] }, { "id": "48690", "question": "when was the university of al karaouine founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 597, "text": "859" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Al-Shafi'i also codified a method to determine the reliability of hadith. During the early Abbasid era, the major Sunni hadith collections were compiled by scholars such as Bukhari and Muslim while major Shia hadith collections by scholars such as Al-Kulayni and Ibn Babawayh were also compiled. The Ja'fari jurisprudence was formed from the teachings of Ja'far al-Sadiq while the four Sunni Madh'habs, the Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki and Shafi'i, were established around the teachings of Ab\u016b \u1e24an\u012bfa, Ahmad bin Hanbal, Malik ibn Anas and al-Shafi'i respectively. In the 9th century, al-Shafi'i provided a theoretical basis for Islamic law by codifying the principles of jurisprudence in his book \"ar-Ris\u0101lah\". Al-Tabari and Ibn Kathir completed the most commonly cited commentaries on the Quran, the Tafsir al-Tabari in the 9th century and the Tafsir ibn Kathir in the 14th century, respectively. Philosophers Al-Farabi and Avicenna sought to incorporate Greek principles into Islamic theology, while others like Al-Ghazali argued against them and ultimately prevailed.", "qas": [ { "id": "48691", "question": "what scholars were compiled in the early abbasid era ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "Bukhari and Muslim" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Caliphs such as Mamun al Rashid and Al-Mu'tasim made the mutazilite philosophy an official creed and imposed it upon Muslims to follow. Mu'tazila was a Greek influenced school of speculative theology called kalam, which refers to dialectic. Many orthodox Muslims rejected mutazilite doctrines and condemned their idea of the creation of the Quran. In inquisitions, Imam Hanbal refused to conform and was tortured and sent to an unlit Baghdad prison cell for nearly thirty months. The other branch of kalam was the Ash'ari school founded by Al-Ash'ari.", "qas": [ { "id": "48692", "question": "who made the mutazilite philosophy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 16, "text": "Mamun al Rashid and Al-Mu'tasim" } ] }, { "id": "48693", "question": "what was the name of the influenced school of mu ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "kalam" } ] }, { "id": "48694", "question": "what does mu mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "dialectic" } ] }, { "id": "48695", "question": "who refused to conform and was sent to an baghdad prison ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 365, "text": "Imam Hanbal" } ] }, { "id": "48696", "question": "who founded the ari school ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 540, "text": "Al-Ash'ari" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some Muslims began to question the piety of indulgence in a worldly life and emphasized poverty, humility and avoidance of sin based on renunciation of bodily desires. Ascetics such as Hasan al-Basri would inspire a movement that would evolve into Tasawwuf (Sufism). Beginning in the 13th century, Sufism underwent a transformation, largely because of efforts to legitimize and reorganize the movement by Al-Ghazali, who developed the model of the Sufi order\u2014a community of spiritual teachers and students.", "qas": [ { "id": "48697", "question": "what did the avoidance of sin based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "renunciation of bodily desires" } ] }, { "id": "48698", "question": "who would inspire a movement to evolve ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Hasan al-Basri" } ] }, { "id": "48699", "question": "who developed the model of the sufi order ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 405, "text": "Al-Ghazali" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The first Muslims states independent of a unified Muslim state emerged from the Berber Revolt (739/740-743). In 930, the Ismaili group known as the Qarmatians unsuccessfully rebelled against the Abbassids, sacked Mecca and stole the Black Stone, which was eventually retrieved. The Mongol Empire put an end to the Abbassid dynasty in 1258.", "qas": [ { "id": "48700", "question": "where did the first muslims live ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "Berber Revolt" } ] }, { "id": "48701", "question": "what was the name of the berber revolt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "739/740-743" } ] }, { "id": "48702", "question": "in what year did the ismaili of the black stone take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "930" } ] }, { "id": "48703", "question": "what was the name of the ismaili that the ismaili was retrieved against ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "Black Stone" } ] }, { "id": "48704", "question": "when did the mongol empire end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 334, "text": "1258" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Islam spread with Muslim trade networks and Sufi orders activity that extended into Sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia and the Malay archipelago. Under the Ottoman Empire, Islam spread to Southeast Europe. The Muslims in China who were descended from earlier immigration began to assimilate by adopting Chinese names and culture while Nanjing became an important center of Islamic study.", "qas": [ { "id": "48705", "question": "where did sufi orders migrate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "Sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia and the Malay archipelago" } ] }, { "id": "48706", "question": "where did islam move to under the ottoman empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "Southeast Europe" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Muslim world was generally in political decline starting the 1800s, especially relative to the non-Muslim European powers. This decline was evident culturally; while Taqi al-Din founded an observatory in Istanbul and the Jai Singh Observatory was built in the 18th century, there was not a single Muslim country with a major observatory by the twentieth century. The Reconquista, launched against Muslim principalities in Iberia, succeeded in 1492. By the 19th century the British Empire had formally ended the Mughal dynasty in India. The Ottoman Empire disintegrated after World War I and the Caliphate was abolished in 1924.", "qas": [ { "id": "48707", "question": "what was built in the 18th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "Jai Singh Observatory" } ] }, { "id": "48708", "question": "when did the reconquista rule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 447, "text": "1492" } ] }, { "id": "48709", "question": "when was the ottoman empire abolished ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 626, "text": "1924" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The majority and oldest group among Shia at that time, the Zaydis, named after the great grandson of Ali, the scholar Zayd ibn Ali, used the Hanafi jurisprudence, as did most Sunnis. The Shia Safavid dynasty rose to power in 1501 and later conquered all of Iran. The ensuing mandatory conversion of Iran to Twelver Shia Islam for the largely Sunni population also ensured the final dominance of the Twelver sect within Shiism over the Zaidi and Ismaili sects. Nader Shah, who overthrew the Safavids, attempted to improve relations with Sunnis by propagating the integration of Shiism by calling it the Jaafari Madh'hab.", "qas": [ { "id": "48710", "question": "what was the name of the oldest group among shia at ali ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "the Zaydis" } ] }, { "id": "48711", "question": "who used the hanafi jurisprudence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "Zayd ibn Ali" } ] }, { "id": "48712", "question": "when did the shia safavid dynasty end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "1501" } ] }, { "id": "48713", "question": "what was the name of the conversion of iran 's mandatory conversion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "Twelver Shia Islam" } ] }, { "id": "48714", "question": "who overthrew the safavids ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 460, "text": "Nader Shah" } ] }, { "id": "48715", "question": "what was the name of the integration that nader shah attempted to improve ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 602, "text": "Jaafari Madh'hab" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A revival movement during this period was an 18th-century Salafi movement led by Ibn Abd al-Wahhab in today's Saudi Arabia. Referred to as Wahhabi, their self designation is Muwahiddun (unitarians). Building upon earlier efforts such as those by Ibn Taymiyyah and Ibn al-Qayyim, the movement allegedly seeks to uphold monotheism and purify Islam of what they see as later innovations. Their zeal against idolatrous shrines led to the desecration of shrines around the world, including that of Muhammad and his companions in Mecca and Medina. In the 19th century, the Deobandi and Barelwi movements were initiated.", "qas": [ { "id": "48716", "question": "who led the revival movement in saudi arabia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "Ibn Abd al-Wahhab" } ] }, { "id": "48717", "question": "what is the name of the self referred to as unitarians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "Muwahiddun" } ] }, { "id": "48718", "question": "who allegedly seeks to uphold monotheism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "Ibn Taymiyyah and Ibn al-Qayyim" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Contact with industrialized nations brought Muslim populations to new areas through economic migration. Many Muslims migrated as indentured servants, from mostly India and Indonesia, to the Caribbean, forming the largest Muslim populations by percentage in the Americas. The resulting urbanization and increase in trade in sub-Saharan Africa brought Muslims to settle in new areas and spread their faith, likely doubling its Muslim population between 1869 and 1914. Muslim immigrants began arriving, many as guest workers and largely from former colonies, in several Western European nations since the 1960s.", "qas": [ { "id": "48719", "question": "where did muslims migrated as indentured servants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "India and Indonesia" } ] }, { "id": "48720", "question": "what years did the muslim population begin to settle ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 451, "text": "1869 and 1914" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are more and more new Muslim intellectuals who increasingly separate perennial Islamic beliefs from archaic cultural traditions. Liberal Islam is a movement that attempts to reconcile religious tradition with modern norms of secular governance and human rights. Its supporters say that there are multiple ways to read Islam's sacred texts, and they stress the need to leave room for \"independent thought on religious matters\".\nWomen's issues receive significant weight in the modern discourse on Islam.", "qas": [ { "id": "48721", "question": "what type of traditions are islamic beliefs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "archaic cultural traditions" } ] }, { "id": "48722", "question": "what is a movement that attempts to reconcile religious tradition ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "Liberal Islam" } ] }, { "id": "48723", "question": "what do liberal islam attempts to reconcile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "secular governance and human rights" } ] }, { "id": "48724", "question": "what do islam supporters read ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "Islam's sacred texts" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Secular powers such as the Chinese Red Guards closed many mosques and destroyed Qurans, and Communist Albania became the first country to ban the practice of every religion. About half a million Muslims were killed in Cambodia by communists who, it is argued, viewed them as their primary enemy and wished to exterminate them since they stood out and worshipped their own god. In Turkey, the military carried out coups to oust Islamist governments, and headscarves were banned in official buildings, as also happened in Tunisia.", "qas": [ { "id": "48725", "question": "what was the name of the secular group that closed many mosques ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "Chinese Red Guards" } ] }, { "id": "48726", "question": "what were the first country to ban the practice of every religion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "Qurans, and Communist Albania" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Jamal-al-Din al-Afghani, along with his acolyte Muhammad Abduh, have been credited as forerunners of the Islamic revival. Abul A'la Maududi helped influence modern political Islam. Islamist groups such as the Muslim Brotherhood advocate Islam as a comprehensive political solution, often in spite of being banned. In Iran, revolution replaced a secular regime with an Islamic state. In Turkey, the Islamist AK Party has democratically been in power for about a decade, while Islamist parties did well in elections following the Arab Spring. The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), consisting of Muslim countries, was established in 1969 after the burning of the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem.", "qas": [ { "id": "48727", "question": "who have been credited with the islamic revival ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Muhammad Abduh" } ] }, { "id": "48728", "question": "who helped influence modern political islam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Abul A'la Maududi" } ] }, { "id": "48729", "question": "when was the organisation of islamic cooperation established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 639, "text": "1969" } ] }, { "id": "48730", "question": "where was the burning of islamic cooperation established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 669, "text": "Al-Aqsa Mosque" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Piety appears to be deepening worldwide. In many places, the prevalence of the hijab is growing increasingly common and the percentage of Muslims favoring Sharia laws has increased. With religious guidance increasingly available electronically, Muslims are able to access views that are strict enough for them rather than rely on state clerics who are often seen as stooges.", "qas": [ { "id": "48731", "question": "what are clerics often seen as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 366, "text": "stooges" } ] } ] }, { "context": "It is estimated that, by 2050, the number of Muslims will nearly equal the number of Christians around the world, \u201cdriven primarily by differences in fertility rates and the size of youth populations among the world\u2019s major religions, as well as by people switching faiths.\u201d Perhaps as a sign of these changes, most experts agree that Islam is growing faster than any other faith in East and West Africa.", "qas": [ { "id": "48732", "question": "in what year was the number of muslims nearly equal the number of christians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "2050" } ] }, { "id": "48733", "question": "where is islam growing faster ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 383, "text": "East and West Africa" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The largest denomination in Islam is Sunni Islam, which makes up 75%\u201390% of all Muslims and is arguably the world's largest religious denomination. Sunni Muslims also go by the name \"Ahl as-Sunnah\" which means \"people of the tradition [of Muhammad]\". These hadiths, recounting Muhammad's words, actions, and personal characteristics, are preserved in traditions known as Al-Kutub Al-Sittah (six major books).", "qas": [ { "id": "48734", "question": "what is the largest denomination in islam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Sunni Islam" } ] }, { "id": "48735", "question": "what percentage of muslims are arguably the world 's largest religious denomination ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "75%\u201390%" } ] }, { "id": "48736", "question": "what is the name of the six major books of muhammad ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 371, "text": "Al-Kutub Al-Sittah" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sunnis believe that the first four caliphs were the rightful successors to Muhammad; since God did not specify any particular leaders to succeed him and those leaders were elected. Sunnis believe that anyone who is righteous and just could be a caliph but they have to act according to the Quran and the Hadith, the example of Muhammad and give the people their rights.", "qas": [ { "id": "48737", "question": "who did sunnis believe the first four caliphs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "the rightful successors to Muhammad" } ] }, { "id": "48738", "question": "sunnis believe that anyone who is righteous and give the people their rights according to whom ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "the Quran and the Hadith" } ] }, { "id": "48739", "question": "what do sunnis believe anyone who have to act according to the quran ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 327, "text": "Muhammad and give the people their rights" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Sunnis follow the Quran, then the Hadith. Then for legal matters not found in the Quran or the Hadith, they follow four madh'habs (schools of thought): Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki and Shafi'i, established around the teachings of Ab\u016b \u1e24an\u012bfa, Ahmad bin Hanbal, Malik ibn Anas and al-Shafi'i respectively. All four accept the validity of the others and a Muslim may choose any one that he or she finds agreeable. Ahl al-Hadith is a movement that deemphasized sources of jurisprudence outside the quran and sunnah, such as informed opinion (ra'y).", "qas": [ { "id": "48740", "question": "what are the legal matters of the quran ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "the Quran or the Hadith" } ] }, { "id": "48741", "question": "who is the movement of jurisprudence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 410, "text": "Ahl al-Hadith" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Salafi movement claim to take the first three generations of Muslims, known as the salaf, as exemplary models.\nIn the 18th century, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab led a salafi movement, referred by outsiders as Wahhabism, in modern-day Saudi Arabia.", "qas": [ { "id": "48742", "question": "what is another name for exemplary models ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "salaf" } ] }, { "id": "48743", "question": "who led outsiders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab" } ] }, { "id": "48744", "question": "what was the movement of outsiders called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "Wahhabism" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Barelvi movement, a revivalist movement of Sunni Islam with over 200 million followers, emerged as part of debate of how to redeem India from the British. The movement emphasizes primacy of Islamic law in all matters with adherence to Sufi practices and personal devotion to Muhammad and has addressed leading issues for Muslims since partition. The Deobandi movement is an Indo-Pakistani reformist movement that is much influenced by the Wahhabi movement. The Barelvi and Deobandi movements of Sunni Islam accept the validity of all four Sunni madh'habs.", "qas": [ { "id": "48745", "question": "what was the name of the revivalist movement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "Sunni Islam" } ] }, { "id": "48746", "question": "how many followers did the revivalist movement have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "200 million" } ] }, { "id": "48747", "question": "what validity of the validity of sunni islam did sunni islam have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 534, "text": "all four Sunni madh'habs" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Shia constitute 10\u201320% of Islam and are its second-largest branch.", "qas": [ { "id": "48748", "question": "what percentage of islam is the shia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "10\u201320%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While the Sunnis believe that a Caliph should be elected by the community, Shia's believe that Muhammad appointed his son-in-law, Ali ibn Abi Talib, as his successor and only certain descendants of Ali could be Imams. As a result, they believe that Ali ibn Abi Talib was the first \"Imam\" (leader), rejecting the legitimacy of the previous Muslim caliphs Abu Bakr, Uthman ibn al-Affan and Umar ibn al-Khattab. Another point of contention is the cursing of figures revered by Sunnis. However, Jafar al-Sadiq himself disapproved of people who disapproved of his great grand father Abu Bakr and Zayd ibn Ali revered Abu Bakr and Umar. More recently, Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani condemned the practice.", "qas": [ { "id": "48749", "question": "who was muhammad 's successor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "Ali ibn Abi Talib" } ] }, { "id": "48750", "question": "what was the name of the first `` imam '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "Abi Talib" } ] }, { "id": "48751", "question": "what was ali ibn abi talib 's nickname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "Imam" } ] }, { "id": "48752", "question": "who was ibn ali 's father ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 612, "text": "Abu Bakr and Umar" } ] }, { "id": "48753", "question": "who condemned the practice of the practice ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 646, "text": "Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Shia Islam has several branches, the most prominent being the Twelvers (the largest branch), Zaidis and Ismailis. Different branches accept different descendants of Ali as Imams. After the death of Imam Jafar al-Sadiq who is considered the sixth Imam by the Twelvers and the Ismaili's, the Ismailis recognized his son Isma'il ibn Jafar as his successor whereas the Twelver Shia's (Ithna Asheri) followed his other son Musa al-Kadhim as the seventh Imam. The Zaydis consider Zayd ibn Ali, the uncle of Imam Jafar al-Sadiq, as their fifth Imam, and follow a different line of succession after him.", "qas": [ { "id": "48754", "question": "what are the twelvers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "Zaidis and Ismailis" } ] }, { "id": "48755", "question": "who was the ismailis recognized by the twelvers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 318, "text": "Isma'il ibn Jafar" } ] }, { "id": "48756", "question": "who is the uncle of imam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 474, "text": "Zayd ibn Ali" } ] }, { "id": "48757", "question": "who was the uncle of ibn ali ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 501, "text": "Imam Jafar al-Sadiq" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other smaller groups include the Bohra as well as the Alawites and Alevi. Some Shia branches label other Shia branches that do not agree with their doctrine as Ghulat.", "qas": [ { "id": "48758", "question": "what are the smaller groups of the bohra ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "Alawites and Alevi" } ] }, { "id": "48759", "question": "what do some shia branches label other shia branches as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "Ghulat" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sufism, or tasawwuf (), is a mystical-ascetic approach to Islam that seeks to find a direct personal experience of God. It is not a sect of Islam and its adherents belong to the various Muslim denominations. Classical Sufi scholars have focused on the reparation of the heart and turning it away from all else but God by making use of \"intuitive and emotional faculties\" that one must be trained to use. Hasan al-Basri was inspired by the ideas of piety and condemnation of worldliness preached by Muhammad and these ideas were later further developed by Al-Ghazali. Traditional Sufis, such as Bayazid Bastami, Jalaluddin Rumi, Haji Bektash Veli, Junaid Baghdadi, and Al-Ghazali, argued for Sufism being based upon the tenets of Islam and the teachings of Muhammad.", "qas": [ { "id": "48760", "question": "what is a approach to islam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sufism" } ] }, { "id": "48761", "question": "what do classical sufi scholars focused on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 336, "text": "intuitive and emotional faculties" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sufism enjoyed a strong revival in central Asia and South Asia. Central Asia is considered to be a center of Sufism. Sufism has played a significant role in fighting against Tsars of Russia and Soviet colonization. Here, Sufis and their different orders are the main religious sources. Sufism is also strong in African countries such as Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Senegal, Chad and Niger.", "qas": [ { "id": "48762", "question": "where did the strong revival of south delhi take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "central Asia and South Asia" } ] }, { "id": "48763", "question": "what is the center of central asia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Sufism" } ] }, { "id": "48764", "question": "who has played a significant role in fighting against russia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "Tsars of Russia and Soviet colonization" } ] }, { "id": "48765", "question": "what are some african countries in african countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 337, "text": "Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Senegal, Chad and Niger" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sufi practices such as veneration of saints have faced stiff opposition from followers of Salafism and Wahhabism, who have sometimes physically attacked Sufi places of worship, leading to deterioration in Sufi\u2013Salafi relations.", "qas": [ { "id": "48766", "question": "who has sometimes attacked sufi practices ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "Salafism and Wahhabism" } ] }, { "id": "48767", "question": "where do sufi practices deterioration sufi places ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "Sufi\u2013Salafi relations" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nNon-denominational Muslims is an umbrella term that has been used for and by Muslims who do not belong to or do not self-identify with a specific Islamic denomination. Prominent figures who refused to identify with a particular Islamic denomination have included Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Recent surveys report that large proportions of Muslims in some parts of the world self-identify as \"just Muslim\", although there is little published analysis available regarding the motivations underlying this response. The Pew Research Center reports that respondents self-identifying as \"just Muslim\" make up a majority of Muslims in seven countries (and a plurality in three others), with the highest proportion in Kazakhstan at 74%. At least one in five Muslims in at least 22 countries self-identify in this way.", "qas": [ { "id": "48768", "question": "who were the jamal figures of islamic denomination ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 289, "text": "Muhammad Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah" } ] }, { "id": "48769", "question": "what is the highest proportion of muslims in kazakhstan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 762, "text": "74%" } ] }, { "id": "48770", "question": "how many muslims were self-identify in the way of 22 countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 808, "text": "22" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A comprehensive 2009 demographic study of 232 countries and territories reported that 23% of the global population, or 1.57\u00a0billion people, are Muslims. Of those, it is estimated that over 75\u201390% are Sunni and 10\u201320% are Shia with a small minority belonging to other sects. Approximately 57 countries are Muslim-majority, and Arabs account for around 20% of all Muslims worldwide. The number of Muslims worldwide increased from 200 million in 1900 to 551\u00a0million in 1970, and tripled to 1.6\u00a0billion by 2010.", "qas": [ { "id": "48771", "question": "how many countries are in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "232" } ] }, { "id": "48772", "question": "what percentage of the global population of the global population are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "23%" } ] }, { "id": "48773", "question": "how many people are there in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "1.57\u00a0billion" } ] }, { "id": "48774", "question": "what percentage of shia are shia and 10 minority belonging to other sects ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "75\u201390%" } ] }, { "id": "48775", "question": "how many countries are muslim-majority ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 288, "text": "57" } ] }, { "id": "48776", "question": "what percentage of muslims are worldwide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 351, "text": "20%" } ] }, { "id": "48777", "question": "what was the number of muslims in 1900 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 428, "text": "200 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The majority of Muslims live in Asia and Africa. Approximately 62% of the world's Muslims live in Asia, with over 683\u00a0million adherents in Indonesia, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. In the Middle East, non-Arab countries such as Turkey and Iran are the largest Muslim-majority countries; in Africa, Egypt and Nigeria have the most populous Muslim communities.", "qas": [ { "id": "48778", "question": "what percentage of the world 's muslims live in asia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "62%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most estimates indicate that the People's Republic of China has approximately 20 to 30 million Muslims (1.5% to 2% of the population). However, data provided by the San Diego State University's International Population Center to \"U.S. News & World Report\" suggests that China has 65.3\u00a0million Muslims. Islam is the second largest religion after Christianity in many European countries, and is slowly catching up to that status in the Americas, with between 2,454,000, according to Pew Forum, and approximately 7 million Muslims, according to the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR), in the United States.", "qas": [ { "id": "48779", "question": "how many muslims does the people 's republic of china have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "20 to 30 million" } ] }, { "id": "48780", "question": "what percentage of the population of china is the republic of china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "1.5% to 2%" } ] }, { "id": "48781", "question": "how many muslims does china have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "65.3\u00a0million Muslims" } ] }, { "id": "48782", "question": "how many muslims are in islam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 510, "text": "7 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the Pew Research Center, Islam is set to equal Christianity in number of adherents by the year 2050. Islam is set to grow faster than any other major world religion, reaching a total number of 2.76 billion (an increase of 73%). High fertility rates play a factor, with Islam having a rate of 3.1 compared to the world average of 2.5, and the minimum replacement level for a population at 2.1. Age also plays a role in these numbers due to the fact that Islam has the highest number of adherents under the age of 15 (34% of the total religion) of any major religion (Christianity's is 27%). Sixty percent of Muslims are between the ages of 16 and 59, while only 7% are aged 60+ (the smallest percentage of any major religion). Countries such as Nigeria and the Republic of Macedonia are expected to have Muslim majorities by 2050. In India, the Muslim population will be larger than any other country. Europe's domestic population is set to shrink as opposed to their Islamic population which is set to grow to 10% of Europe's total. According to BBC News, the rates of growth of Islam in Europe reveal that the growing number of Muslims is due primarily to immigration and higher birth rates.", "qas": [ { "id": "48783", "question": "what is the total number of islam in islam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "2.76 billion" } ] }, { "id": "48784", "question": "what percentage of islam 's religion is islam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 235, "text": "73%" } ] }, { "id": "48785", "question": "how much of the total religion is islam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 529, "text": "34%" } ] }, { "id": "48786", "question": "what percentage of religion is christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 597, "text": "27%" } ] }, { "id": "48787", "question": "what percentage of europe 's total population is opposed to europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1023, "text": "10%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The term \"Islamic culture\" could be used to mean aspects of culture that pertain to the religion, such as festivals and dress code. It is also controversially used to denote the cultural aspects of traditionally Muslim people. Finally, \"Islamic civilization\" may also refer to the aspects of the synthesized culture of the early Caliphates, including that of non-Muslims, sometimes referred to as \"Islamicate\".", "qas": [ { "id": "48788", "question": "what are some examples of islamic culture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "festivals and dress code" } ] }, { "id": "48789", "question": "what is the term for the term `` islamic culture '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "cultural aspects of traditionally Muslim people" } ] }, { "id": "48790", "question": "what is another term for non-muslims ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 398, "text": "Islamicate" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Perhaps the most important expression of Islamic architecture is that of the mosque. Varying cultures have an effect on mosque architecture. For example, North African and Spanish Islamic architecture such as the Great Mosque of Kairouan contain marble and porphyry columns from Roman and Byzantine buildings, while mosques in Indonesia often have multi-tiered roofs from local Javan styles.", "qas": [ { "id": "48791", "question": "what is the name of the islamic architecture that contain marble ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "North African and Spanish Islamic architecture" } ] }, { "id": "48792", "question": "what contain marble and porphyry columns ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "Great Mosque of Kairouan" } ] }, { "id": "48793", "question": "where are marble and porphyry columns columns from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 279, "text": "Roman and Byzantine buildings" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Islamic art encompasses the visual arts produced from the 7th century onwards by people (not necessarily Muslim) who lived within the territory that was inhabited by Muslim populations. It includes fields as varied as architecture, calligraphy, painting, and ceramics, among others.", "qas": [ { "id": "48794", "question": "when was the visual arts produced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "7th century" } ] }, { "id": "48795", "question": "who inhabited islamic art ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "Muslim populations" } ] }, { "id": "48796", "question": "what are islamic art fields varied as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "architecture, calligraphy, painting, and ceramics" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While not condemned in the Quran, making images of human beings and animals is frowned on in many Islamic cultures and connected with laws against idolatry common to all Abrahamic religions, as 'Abdullaah ibn Mas'ood reported that Muhammad said, \"Those who will be most severely punished by Allah on the Day of Resurrection will be the image-makers\" (reported by al-Bukhaari, see al-Fath, 10/382). However this rule has been interpreted in different ways by different scholars and in different historical periods, and there are examples of paintings of both animals and humans in Mughal, Persian and Turkish art. The existence of this aversion to creating images of animate beings has been used to explain the prevalence of calligraphy, tessellation and pattern as key aspects of Islamic artistic culture.", "qas": [ { "id": "48797", "question": "who reported that muhammad said `` those who will be most severely ? ''", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "Abdullaah ibn Mas'ood" } ] }, { "id": "48798", "question": "what are some of the humans that humans are examples of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 580, "text": "Mughal, Persian and Turkish art" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The formal beginning of the Muslim era was chosen, reportedly by Caliph Umar, to be the Hijra in 622 CE, which was an important turning point in Muhammad's fortunes. It is a lunar calendar with days lasting from sunset to sunset. Islamic holy days fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in different seasons in different years in the Gregorian calendar. The most important Islamic festivals are \"Eid al-Fitr\" () on the 1st of \"Shawwal\", marking the end of the fasting month \"Ramadan\", and \"Eid al-Adha\" () on the 10th of \"Dhu al-Hijjah\", coinciding with the end of the Hajj pilgrimage.", "qas": [ { "id": "48799", "question": "who chosen the formal beginning of the muslim era ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Caliph Umar" } ] }, { "id": "48800", "question": "when was the formal beginning of the muslim era ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "622 CE" } ] }, { "id": "48801", "question": "what are the most important islamic festivals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 428, "text": "Eid al-Fitr" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Criticism of Islam has existed since Islam's formative stages. Early criticism came from Christians authors, many of whom viewed Islam as a Christian heresy or a form of idolatry and often explained it in apocalyptic terms. Later there appeared criticism from the Muslim world itself, and also from Jewish writers and from ecclesiastical Christians.", "qas": [ { "id": "48802", "question": "along with jewish writers , from what type of christians did jewish writers come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "ecclesiastical Christians" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Objects of criticism include the morality of the life of Muhammad, the last law bearing prophet of Islam, both in his public and personal life, as seen in medieval Christian views on Muhammad. Issues relating to the authenticity and morality of the Quran, the Islamic holy book, are also discussed by critics. Other criticisms focus on the question of human rights in modern Islamic nations, and the treatment of women in Islamic law and practice. In wake of the recent multiculturalism trend, Islam's influence on the ability of Muslim immigrants in the West to assimilate has been criticized. In classical Islamic law, the penalty for apostasy (leaving a religion) in Islam is death. However the Quran does not stipulate that the penalty for apostasy should be death.", "qas": [ { "id": "48803", "question": "what is the name of the quran 's quran ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "the Islamic holy book" } ] }, { "id": "48804", "question": "what is the penalty for classical islamic law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 637, "text": "apostasy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\n", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Islam" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family. The term 'family' reflects the tree model of language origination in historical linguistics, which makes use of a metaphor comparing languages to people in a biological family tree, or in a subsequent modification, to species in a phylogenetic tree of evolutionary taxonomy. No actual biological relationship between speakers is implied by the metaphor.", "qas": [ { "id": "48805", "question": "who implied no biological relationship between speakers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 472, "text": "the metaphor" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Estimates of the number of living languages vary from 5,000 to 8,000, depending on the precision of one's definition of \"language\", and in particular on how one classifies dialects. The 2013 edition of Ethnologue catalogs just over 7,000 living human languages. A \"living language\" is simply one that is used as the primary form of communication of a group of people. There are also many dead and extinct languages, as well as some that are still insufficiently studied to be classified, or are even unknown outside their respective speech communities.", "qas": [ { "id": "48806", "question": "how many languages are in the number of living languages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "5,000 to 8,000" } ] }, { "id": "48807", "question": "how many human languages were there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "over 7,000 living human languages" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Membership of languages in a language family is established by comparative linguistics. Sister languages are said to have a \"genetic\" or \"genealogical\" relationship. The latter term is older, but has been revived in recent years to better distinguish the relationships between languages from the genetic relationships between people.\nThe evidence of linguistic relationship is found in observable shared characteristics that are not attributed to contact or borrowing. \nGenealogically related languages present shared retentions, that is, features of the proto-language (or reflexes of such features) that cannot be explained by chance or borrowing (convergence). Membership in a branch or group within a language family is established by shared innovations, that is, common features of those languages that are not found in the common ancestor of the entire family. For example, Germanic languages are \"Germanic\" in that they share vocabulary and grammatical features that are not believed to have been present in the Proto-Indo-European language. These features are believed to be innovations that took place in Proto-Germanic, a descendant of Proto-Indo-European that was the source of all Germanic languages.", "qas": [ { "id": "48808", "question": "what is the membership of languages in a language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "comparative linguistics" } ] }, { "id": "48809", "question": "what are sister languages said to have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "\"genetic\" or \"genealogical\" relationship" } ] }, { "id": "48810", "question": "what are germanic languages in the proto-indo-european language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 904, "text": "Germanic" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, conventionally referred to as \"branches\" of the family because the history of a language family is often represented as a tree diagram. A family is a monophyletic unit; all its members derive from a common ancestor, and all attested descendants of that ancestor are included in the family. (Thus, the term \"family\" is analogous to the biological term \"clade\".) Some taxonomists restrict the term \"family\" to a certain level, but there is little consensus in how to do so. Those who affix such labels also subdivide branches into \"groups\", and groups into \"complexes\". A top-level (largest) family is often called a \"phylum\" or \"stock\".", "qas": [ { "id": "48811", "question": "what is the history of a language called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "a tree diagram" } ] }, { "id": "48812", "question": "the term `` family '' is analogous to what biological term ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 418, "text": "clade" } ] }, { "id": "48813", "question": "what is a top-level called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 679, "text": "a \"phylum\" or \"stock\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The term \"macrofamily\" or \"superfamily\" is sometimes applied to proposed groupings of language families whose status as phylogenetic units is generally considered to be unsubstantiated by accepted historical linguistic methods.", "qas": [ { "id": "48814", "question": "what is sometimes applied to proposed groupings of language families ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "\"macrofamily\" or \"superfamily\"" } ] }, { "id": "48815", "question": "what is the term used to describe language families ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "historical linguistic methods" } ] } ] }, { "context": "For example, the Celtic, Germanic, Slavic, Romance, and Indo-Iranian language families are branches of a larger Indo-European language family. There is a remarkably similar pattern shown by the linguistic tree and the genetic tree of human ancestry \nthat was verified statistically. Languages interpreted in terms of the putative phylogenetic tree of human languages are transmitted to a great extent vertically (by ancestry) as opposed to horizontally (by spatial diffusion).", "qas": [ { "id": "48816", "question": "what are some branches of a larger indo-european language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "Celtic, Germanic, Slavic, Romance, and Indo-Iranian" } ] }, { "id": "48817", "question": "the celtic , germanic , slavic , romance , romance , romance , romance , romance , romance , romance , romance , romance , romance , romance , slavic , romance , romance , and indo-iranian are branches of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "Indo-European language family" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some closely knit language families, and many branches within larger families, take the form of dialect continua in which there are no clearcut borders that make it possible for unequivocally identifying, defining, or counting individual languages within the family. However, when the differences between the speech of different regions at the extremes of the continuum are so great that there is no mutual intelligibility between them, as occurs for Arabic, the continuum cannot meaningfully be seen as a single language. A speech variety may also be considered either a language or a dialect depending on social or political considerations. Thus, different sources give sometimes wildly different accounts of the number of languages within a family. Classifications of the Japonic family, for example, range from one language (a language isolate) to nearly twenty.", "qas": [ { "id": "48818", "question": "what does a speech usually be used for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 607, "text": "social or political considerations" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most of the world's languages are known to be related to others. Those that have no known relatives (or for which family relationships are only tentatively proposed) are called language isolates, essentially language families consisting of a single language. An example is Basque. In general, it is assumed that language isolates have relatives or had relatives at some point in their history but at a time depth too great for linguistic comparison to recover them.", "qas": [ { "id": "48819", "question": "what are language families called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "language isolates" } ] }, { "id": "48820", "question": "what is the language isolates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "language families consisting of a single language" } ] }, { "id": "48821", "question": "what is the name of the example of a example of a example of a example of an example of a example of a example of a example of a example of a example of a example of a example of a example of a tree ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "Basque" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A language isolated in its own branch within a family, such as Armenian within Indo-European, is often also called an isolate, but the meaning of \"isolate\" in such cases is usually clarified. For instance, Armenian may be referred to as an \"Indo-European isolate\". By contrast, so far as is known, the Basque language is an absolute isolate: it has not been shown to be related to any other language despite numerous attempts. A language may be said to be an isolate currently but not historically if related but now extinct relatives are attested. The Aquitanian language, spoken in Roman times, may have been an ancestor of Basque, but it could also have been a sister language to the ancestor of Basque. In the latter case, Basque and Aquitanian would form a small family together. (Ancestors are not considered to be distinct members of a family.)", "qas": [ { "id": "48822", "question": "what is the armenian word for armenian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "Indo-European" } ] }, { "id": "48823", "question": "what is the meaning of a language that is usually clarified ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "isolate" } ] }, { "id": "48824", "question": "what is armenian armenian referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "Indo-European isolate" } ] }, { "id": "48825", "question": "who would form a small family together ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 727, "text": "Basque and Aquitanian" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The common ancestor of a language family is seldom known directly since most languages have a relatively short recorded history. However, it is possible to recover many features of a proto-language by applying the comparative method, a reconstructive procedure worked out by 19th century linguist August Schleicher. This can demonstrate the validity of many of the proposed families in the list of language families. For example, the reconstructible common ancestor of the Indo-European language family is called \"Proto-Indo-European\". Proto-Indo-European is not attested by written records and so is conjectured to have been spoken before the invention of writing.", "qas": [ { "id": "48826", "question": "when did the linguist of the comparative method begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "19th century" } ] }, { "id": "48827", "question": "what was the name of the linguist of the linguist of the comparative method ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "August Schleicher" } ] }, { "id": "48828", "question": "what is the common ancestor of the indo-european language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 514, "text": "Proto-Indo-European" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sometimes, however, a proto-language \"can\" be identified with a historically known language. For instance, dialects of Old Norse are the proto-language of Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, Faroese and Icelandic. Likewise, the Appendix Probi depicts Proto-Romance, a language almost unattested because of the prestige of Classical Latin, a highly stylised literary register not representative of the speech of ordinary people.", "qas": [ { "id": "48829", "question": "what are some dialects of old norse ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, Faroese and Icelandic" } ] }, { "id": "48830", "question": "what is the name of the language that is used to describe the speech ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 243, "text": "Proto-Romance" } ] }, { "id": "48831", "question": "what language is not representative of the speech ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 314, "text": "Classical Latin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Shared innovations, acquired by borrowing or other means, are not considered genetic and have no bearing with the language family concept. It has been asserted, for example, that many of the more striking features shared by Italic languages (Latin, Oscan, Umbrian, etc.) might well be \"areal features\". However, very similar-looking alterations in the systems of long vowels in the West Germanic languages greatly postdate any possible notion of a proto-language innovation (and cannot readily be regarded as \"areal\", either, since English and continental West Germanic were not a linguistic area). In a similar vein, there are many similar unique innovations in Germanic, Baltic and Slavic that are far more likely to be areal features than traceable to a common proto-language. But legitimate uncertainty about whether shared innovations are areal features, coincidence, or inheritance from a common ancestor, leads to disagreement over the proper subdivisions of any large language family.", "qas": [ { "id": "48832", "question": "what type of languages are many of the more striking features ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "Italic languages" } ] }, { "id": "48833", "question": "what is one of the more striking features of the latin language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "areal features" } ] }, { "id": "48834", "question": "what can not readily be regarded as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 510, "text": "areal" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A sprachbund is a geographic area having several languages that feature common linguistic structures. The similarities between those languages are caused by language contact, not by chance or common origin, and are not recognized as criteria that define a language family. An example of a sprachbund would be the Indian subcontinent.", "qas": [ { "id": "48835", "question": "what is a geographic area of several languages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2, "text": "sprachbund" } ] }, { "id": "48836", "question": "what are similarities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "language contact, not by chance or common origin" } ] }, { "id": "48837", "question": "what are language contact with language contact with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "define a language family" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The concept of language families is based on the historical observation that languages develop dialects, which over time may diverge into distinct languages. However, linguistic ancestry is less clear-cut than familiar biological ancestry, in which species do not crossbreed. It is more like the evolution of microbes, with extensive lateral gene transfer: Quite distantly related languages may affect each other through language contact, which in extreme cases may lead to languages with no single ancestor, whether they be creoles or mixed languages. In addition, a number of sign languages have developed in isolation and appear to have no relatives at all. Nonetheless, such cases are relatively rare and most well-attested languages can be unambiguously classified as belonging to one language family or another, even if this family's relation to other families is not known.", "qas": [ { "id": "48838", "question": "what is linguistic ancestry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "less clear-cut than familiar biological ancestry" } ] }, { "id": "48839", "question": "what type of gene transfer may affect each other ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "extensive lateral gene transfer" } ] } ] } ], "title": "Language family" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Wikispecies is a wiki-based online project supported by the Wikimedia Foundation. Its aim is to create a comprehensive free content catalogue of all species; the project is directed at scientists, rather than at the general public. Jimmy Wales stated that editors are not required to fax in their degrees, but that submissions will have to pass muster with a technical audience. Wikispecies is available under the GNU Free Documentation License and CC BY-SA 3.0.", "qas": [ { "id": "48840", "question": "what is the name of the online project ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Wikispecies" } ] }, { "id": "48841", "question": "who supported the online project ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "Wikimedia Foundation" } ] }, { "id": "48842", "question": "what is the wikispecies available under ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 414, "text": "GNU Free Documentation License and CC BY-SA 3.0" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Started in September 2004, with biologists across the world invited to contribute, the project had grown a framework encompassing the Linnaean taxonomy with links to Wikipedia articles on individual species by April 2005.", "qas": [ { "id": "48843", "question": "when did the project begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "September 2004" } ] }, { "id": "48844", "question": "when did the project begin to wikipedia articles ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "April 2005" } ] } ] }, { "context": " co-ordinated the efforts of several people who are interested in getting involved with the project and contacted potential supporters in early summer 2004. Databases were evaluated and the administrators contacted, some of them have agreed on providing their data for Wikispecies. Mandl defined two major tasks:", "qas": [ { "id": "48845", "question": "what was the name of the 2004 2004 2004 project ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "2004" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Advantages and disadvantages were widely discussed by the wikimedia-I mailing list. The board of directors of the Wikimedia Foundation voted by 4 to 0 in favor of the establishment of a Wikispecies. The project was launched in August 2004 and is hosted at species.wikimedia.org. It was officially merged to a sister project of Wikimedia Foundation on September 14, 2004.", "qas": [ { "id": "48846", "question": "what discussed advantages and disadvantages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "wikimedia-I mailing list" } ] }, { "id": "48847", "question": "what was the board of the wikimedia foundation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "4 to 0" } ] }, { "id": "48848", "question": "when was the project launched ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "August 2004" } ] }, { "id": "48849", "question": "where was the project hosted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "species.wikimedia.org" } ] }, { "id": "48850", "question": "when was the sister project of wikimedia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 351, "text": "September 14, 2004" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\n", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Wikispecies" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A census-designated place (CDP) is a concentration of population defined by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes only. CDPs have been used in each decennial census since 1980 as the counterparts of incorporated places, such as cities, towns, and villages for the purposes of gathering and correlating statistical data. CDPs are populated areas that generally include one officially designated but currently unincorporated small community, for which the CDP is named, plus surrounding inhabited countryside of varying dimensions and, occasionally, other, smaller unincorporated communities as well. CDPs include small rural communities, colonias located along the U.S. border with Mexico, and unincorporated resort and retirement communities and their environs.", "qas": [ { "id": "48851", "question": "who is a census-designated place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes only" } ] }, { "id": "48852", "question": "in what year was cdps used in each decennial census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "1980" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The boundaries of a CDP have no legal status. Thus, they may not always correspond with the local understanding of the area or community with the same name. However, criteria established for the 2010 Census require that a CDP name \"be one that is recognized and used in daily communication by the residents of the community\" (not \"a name developed solely for planning or other purposes\") and recommend that a CDP's boundaries be mapped based on the geographic extent associated with inhabitants' regular use of the named place.", "qas": [ { "id": "48853", "question": "what is the boundaries of a cdp ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "the local understanding of the area or community with the same name" } ] }, { "id": "48854", "question": "what is the name of the census that is used in daily communication ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "the 2010 Census require that a CDP name" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Census Bureau states that census-designated places are not considered incorporated places and that it includes only census-designated places in its city population list for Hawaii because that state has no incorporated cities. In addition, census city lists from 2007 include Arlington County, Virginia's CDP in the list with the incorporated places.", "qas": [ { "id": "48855", "question": "why are the population list for hawaii ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "state has no incorporated cities" } ] }, { "id": "48856", "question": "in what year was census city lists ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "2007" } ] }, { "id": "48857", "question": "what is the name of the county lists from 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "Arlington County" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Census Bureau reported data for some unincorporated places as early as the 1850 Census, though usage continued to develop through the 1890 Census, in which, for the first time, the Census mixed unincorporated places with incorporated places in its products with \"town\" or \"village\" as its label. This made it confusing to determine which of the \"towns\" were or were not incorporated.", "qas": [ { "id": "48858", "question": "in what year did the census of the census begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "1850" } ] }, { "id": "48859", "question": "in what year did the 1850 census begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "1890" } ] }, { "id": "48860", "question": "what were the label of the census mixed in 1890 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "\"town\" or \"village\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 1900 through 1930 Censuses did not report data for unincorporated places.", "qas": [ { "id": "48861", "question": "in what year did the censuses take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "1930" } ] } ] }, { "context": "For the 1940 Census, the Census Bureau compiled a separate report of unofficial, unincorporated communities of 500 or more people. The Census Bureau officially defined this category as \"unincorporated places\" in the 1950 Census and used that term through the 1970 Census. For the 1950 Census, these types of places were identified only outside \"urbanized areas\". In 1960, the Census Bureau also identified unincorporated places inside urbanized areas (except in New England), but with a population of at least 10,000. For the 1970 Census, the population threshold for \"unincorporated places\" in urbanized areas was reduced to 5,000.", "qas": [ { "id": "48862", "question": "how many people were compiled in the 1940 census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "500 or more people" } ] }, { "id": "48863", "question": "in what year did the census of the census begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 366, "text": "1960" } ] } ] }, { "context": "For the 1980 Census, the designation was changed to \"census designated places\" and the designation was made available for places inside urbanized areas in New England. For the 1990 Census, the population threshold for CDPs in urbanized areas was reduced to 2,500. From 1950 through 1990, the Census Bureau specified other population requirements for unincorporated places or CDPs in Alaska, Puerto Rico, island areas, and Native American reservations. Minimum population criteria for CDPs were dropped with the 2000 Census.", "qas": [ { "id": "48864", "question": "what was the designation of the designation of the 1980 census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "census designated places\"" } ] }, { "id": "48865", "question": "what was the population of cdps in 1990 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "2,500" } ] }, { "id": "48866", "question": "in what year did the census of the census begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "1990" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Census Bureau's Participant Statistical Areas Program (PSAP) allows designated participants to review and suggest modifications to the boundaries for CDPs. The PSAP was to be offered to county and municipal planning agencies during 2008.", "qas": [ { "id": "48867", "question": "what program allows participants to review and suggest modifications to the boundaries for cdps ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "Participant Statistical Areas Program" } ] }, { "id": "48868", "question": "what were the agencies offered to be offered to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "county and municipal planning agencies" } ] }, { "id": "48869", "question": "when was the county and municipal planning agencies offered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "2008" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The boundaries of such places may be defined in cooperation with local or tribal officials, but are not fixed, and do not affect the status of local government or incorporation; the territories thus defined are strictly statistical entities. CDP boundaries may change from one census to the next to reflect changes in settlement patterns. Further, as statistical entities, the boundaries of the CDP may not correspond with local understanding of the area with the same name. Recognized communities may be divided into two or more CDPs while on the other hand, two or more communities may be combined into one CDP. A CDP may also cover the unincorporated part of a named community where the rest lies within an incorporated place.", "qas": [ { "id": "48870", "question": "where can the boundaries of such places be defined ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "cooperation with local or tribal officials" } ] }, { "id": "48871", "question": "what are the boundaries of the boundaries of local government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "do not affect the status of local government or incorporation" } ] }, { "id": "48872", "question": "what are the territories defined in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "statistical entities" } ] }, { "id": "48873", "question": "what is the boundaries of the cdp ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 373, "text": "the boundaries of the CDP may not correspond with local understanding of the area with the same name" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By defining an area as a CDP, that locality then appears in the same category of census data as incorporated places. This distinguishes CDPs from other census classifications, such as minor civil divisions (MCDs), which are in a separate category.", "qas": [ { "id": "48874", "question": "what is a separate category of cdps ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "minor civil divisions" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The population and demographics of the CDP are included in the data of county subdivisions containing the CDP. In no case is a CDP defined within the boundaries of what the Census Bureau regards to be an incorporated city, village or borough. However, the Census Bureau considers towns in New England states and New York as well as townships in some other states as MCDs, even though they are incorporated municipalities in those states. Thus, CDPs may be defined within New England towns or spanning the boundaries of multiple towns.", "qas": [ { "id": "48875", "question": "what is the name of the census that the census bureau considers towns in new england ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 366, "text": "MCDs" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Census-designated place" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The 2010 United States Census, (known as \"Census 2010\"), is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the reference day used for the census, was April 1, 2010. As part of a drive to increase the count's accuracy, 635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, a 9.7% increase from the 2000 Census.", "qas": [ { "id": "48876", "question": "what is the name of the 2010 united states census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "Census 2010\"" } ] }, { "id": "48877", "question": "when was the reference day of the census used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "April 1, 2010" } ] }, { "id": "48878", "question": "what type of count were hired by the count of count ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "635,000" } ] }, { "id": "48879", "question": "what was the population of the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 359, "text": "308,745,538" } ] }, { "id": "48880", "question": "what was the population of the united states in 2000 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 374, "text": "9.7%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As required by the United States Constitution, the U.S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U.S. Census was the previous census completed. Participation in the U.S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code.", "qas": [ { "id": "48881", "question": "who conducted the u.s. census since 1790 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 19, "text": "United States Constitution" } ] }, { "id": "48882", "question": "how long has the u.s. census been conducted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "10 years" } ] }, { "id": "48883", "question": "when was the u.s. census conducted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "1790" } ] }, { "id": "48884", "question": "where is participation in the u.s. census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "Title 13 of the United States Code" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On January 25, 2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, a resident of Noorvik, Alaska. Census forms were delivered by the U.S. Post Office beginning March 15, 2010. The number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million. Although the questionnaire used April 1, 2010 as the reference date as to where a person was living, an insert dated March 15, 2010 included the following printed in bold type: \"Please complete and mail back the enclosed census form today.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "48885", "question": "who was the resident of the 2010 census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "Clifton Jackson" } ] }, { "id": "48886", "question": "what was the name of the resident of the 2010 census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "Noorvik, Alaska" } ] }, { "id": "48887", "question": "when was the u.s. post office delivered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "March 15, 2010" } ] }, { "id": "48888", "question": "what was the number of forms of forms of the census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 356, "text": "134 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%. From April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called \"non-response follow-up\" (NRFU).\nIn December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, and in March 2011, complete redistricting data was delivered to states.", "qas": [ { "id": "48889", "question": "what was the national mail participation rate in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "74%" } ] }, { "id": "48890", "question": "what was the name of the operation that did not return to households in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "non-response follow-up" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Personally identifiable information will be available in 2082.", "qas": [ { "id": "48891", "question": "where can personally be available ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "2082" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Census Bureau did not use a long form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, which asked for detailed social and economic information. The 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions:\nThe form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total.", "qas": [ { "id": "48892", "question": "how many households received this form ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "six" } ] }, { "id": "48893", "question": "what did one of the households asked for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "social and economic information" } ] }, { "id": "48894", "question": "what did the 2010 census used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "a short form asking ten basic questions" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a rotating basis will receive the survey each year, and no household will receive it more than once every five years.", "qas": [ { "id": "48895", "question": "where can socioeconomic information collected to be collected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "American Community Survey" } ] }, { "id": "48896", "question": "the survey of the survey provides data about what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "1-year or 3-year cycle" } ] }, { "id": "48897", "question": "how long does it take for the survey of the survey of the community ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 291, "text": "10 years" } ] }, { "id": "48898", "question": "what is a small percentage of the population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 341, "text": "a rotating basis will receive the survey each year" } ] }, { "id": "48899", "question": "how long is the american community survey ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 397, "text": "no household will receive it more than once every five years" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In June 2009, the U.S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples. However, the final form did not contain a separate \"same-sex married couple\" option. When noting the relationship between household members, same-sex couples who are married could mark their spouses as being \"Husband or wife\", the same response given by opposite-sex married couples. An \"unmarried partner\" option was available for couples (whether same-sex or opposite-sex) who were not married.", "qas": [ { "id": "48900", "question": "when did the u.s. census bureau announce that it would count same-sex married couples ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "June 2009" } ] }, { "id": "48901", "question": "what did the u.s. census bureau announce in june 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "it would count same-sex married couples" } ] }, { "id": "48902", "question": "what was the final form of the final form of same-sex couple ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "the final form did not contain a separate \"same-sex married couple\" option" } ] }, { "id": "48903", "question": "what was the name of the relationship between household and same-sex couples ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "Husband or wife" } ] }, { "id": "48904", "question": "who given the response to the relationship between household and same-sex couples ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 347, "text": "opposite-sex married couples" } ] }, { "id": "48905", "question": "what were the couples available for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 434, "text": "whether same-sex or opposite-sex" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 2010 census cost $13 billion, approximately $42 per capita; by comparison, the 2010 census per-capita cost for China was about US$1 and for India was US$0.40. Operational costs were $5.4 billion, significantly under the $7 billion budget. In December 2010 the Government Accountability Office (GAO) noted that the cost of conducting the census has approximately doubled each decade since 1970. In a detailed 2004 report to Congress, the GAO called on the Census Bureau to address cost and design issues, and at that time, had estimated the 2010 Census cost to be $11 billion.", "qas": [ { "id": "48906", "question": "how much did the 2010 census cost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "$13 billion" } ] }, { "id": "48907", "question": "how much did the 2010 census cost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "$42 per capita" } ] }, { "id": "48908", "question": "how much did the 2010 census per-capita cost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "US$1" } ] }, { "id": "48909", "question": "what was the cost of the 2010 census per-capita cost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "US$0.40" } ] }, { "id": "48910", "question": "how much did operational costs cost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "$5.4 billion" } ] }, { "id": "48911", "question": "how much money did operational costs have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "$7 billion budget" } ] }, { "id": "48912", "question": "how much did the 2010 census cost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 567, "text": "$11 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In August 2010, Commerce Secretary Gary Locke announced that the census operational costs came in significantly under budget; of an almost $7 billion operational budget:\nLocke credited the management practices of Census Bureau director Robert Groves, citing in particular the decision to buy additional advertising in locations where responses lagged, which improved the overall response rate. The agency also has begun to rely more on questioning neighbors or other reliable third parties when a person could not be immediately reached at home, which reduced the cost of follow-up visits. Census data for about 22% of U.S. households that did not reply by mail were based on such outside interviews, Groves said.", "qas": [ { "id": "48913", "question": "who was the secretary of the census in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 16, "text": "Commerce Secretary Gary Locke" } ] }, { "id": "48914", "question": "what was the budget of locke 's operational budget ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "$7 billion" } ] }, { "id": "48915", "question": "who was the director of locke 's director ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "Robert Groves" } ] }, { "id": "48916", "question": "what does the agency rely more on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 436, "text": "questioning neighbors or other reliable third parties when a person could not be immediately reached at home" } ] }, { "id": "48917", "question": "what percentage of households were based in census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 612, "text": "22%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2005, Lockheed Martin won a six-year, $500 million contract to capture and standardize data for the census. The contract included systems, facilities, and staffing. The final value of that contract was in excess of one billion dollars Information technology was about a quarter of the projected $11.3 billion cost of the decennial census. The use of high-speed document scanning technology, such as ImageTrac scanners developed by IBML, helped Lockheed Martin complete the project on schedule and under budget.", "qas": [ { "id": "48918", "question": "who won a six-year contract ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Lockheed Martin" } ] }, { "id": "48919", "question": "how much money did martin martin win in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "$500 million" } ] }, { "id": "48920", "question": "how much was the final value of the decennial census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "$11.3 billion" } ] }, { "id": "48921", "question": "who was the project of the project on schedule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 447, "text": "Lockheed Martin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "This was the first census to use hand-held computing devices with GPS capability, although they were only used for the address canvassing operation. Enumerators (information gatherers) that had operational problems with the device understandably made negative reports. During the 2009 Senate confirmation hearings for Robert Groves, President Obama's Census Director appointee, there was much mention of contracting problems but very little criticism of the units themselves. In rural areas there was a problem with transmission of data to and from the HHC. Since the units were updated nightly with important changes and reprogramming, operator implementation of proper procedure was imperative. Dramatic dysfunction and delays were caused if the units were not put into sleep mode overnight. The Census Bureau chose to conduct the primary operation, Non-Response Follow Up (NRFU), without using the handheld computing devices.", "qas": [ { "id": "48922", "question": "what is the name of the information that had operational problems with the device ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "Enumerators" } ] }, { "id": "48923", "question": "who was the 2009 senate confirmation for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 318, "text": "Robert Groves" } ] }, { "id": "48924", "question": "who was the president of robert groves ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 333, "text": "President Obama's Census Director appointee" } ] }, { "id": "48925", "question": "what is the primary operation of the census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 852, "text": "Non-Response Follow Up" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Due to allegations surrounding previous censuses that poor people and non-whites are routinely undercounted, for the 2010 census, the Census Bureau tried to avoid that bias by enlisting tens of thousands of intermediaries, such as churches, charities and firms, to explain to people the importance of being counted.", "qas": [ { "id": "48926", "question": "what are routinely routinely undercounted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "poor people and non-whites" } ] }, { "id": "48927", "question": "what are some examples of intermediaries that bias the importance of being counted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "churches, charities and firms" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In April 2009, the Census Bureau announced that it intended to work with community organizations in an effort to count all illegal immigrants in the United States for the census.", "qas": [ { "id": "48928", "question": "when did the census bureau announce that it was intended to work with community organizations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "April 2009" } ] }, { "id": "48929", "question": "what did the census bureau say it intended to work with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "an effort to count all illegal immigrants in the United States for the census" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN) was given a contract to help publicize the importance of the census count and to encourage individuals to fill out their forms. In September 2009, after controversial undercover videos showing four ACORN staffers giving tax advice to a man and a woman posing as a prostitute, the Bureau canceled ACORN's contract. Various American celebrities, including Demi Lovato and Eva Longoria, were used in public service announcements targeting younger people to fill out census forms. Wilmer Valderrama and Rosario Dawson have helped spread census awareness among young Hispanics, a historically low participating ethnicity in the U.S. Census. Rapper Ludacris also participated in efforts to spread awareness of the 2010 Census.", "qas": [ { "id": "48930", "question": "which american celebrities were used in public service ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 420, "text": "Demi Lovato and Eva Longoria" } ] }, { "id": "48931", "question": "who participated in the 2010 census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 702, "text": "Rapper Ludacris" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Census Bureau hired about 635,000 people to find those U.S. residents who had not returned their forms by mail; as of May 28, 2010, 113 census workers had been victims of crime while conducting the census. As of June 29, there were 436 incidents involving assaults or threats against enumerators, more than double the 181 incidents in 2000; one enumerator, attempting to hand-deliver the census forms to a Hawaii County police officer, was arrested for trespassing \u2013 the officer's fellow policemen made the arrest.", "qas": [ { "id": "48932", "question": "how many people were hired by the census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "635,000" } ] }, { "id": "48933", "question": "how many census workers were victims of crime in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "113" } ] }, { "id": "48934", "question": "what type of incidents was arrested ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "436" } ] }, { "id": "48935", "question": "what was arrested ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 410, "text": "Hawaii County police officer" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some political conservatives and libertarians questioned the validity of the questions and even encouraged people to refuse to answer questions for privacy and constitutional reasons. Michele Bachmann, a conservative Republican Representative from Minnesota, stated that she would not fill out her census form other than to indicate the number of people living in her household because \"the Constitution doesn't require any information beyond that.\" Former Republican Representative and Libertarian presidential candidate Bob Barr stated that the census has become too intrusive, going beyond the mere enumeration (i.e., count) intended by the framers of the U.S. Constitution. According to political commentator Juan Williams, \"Census participation rates have been declining since 1970, and if conservatives don't participate, doubts about its accuracy and credibility may become fatal.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "48936", "question": "what was the name of the conservative republican representative that she would not fill out her census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "Michele Bachmann" } ] }, { "id": "48937", "question": "why did the constitution say people living in her census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 387, "text": "the Constitution doesn't require any information beyond" } ] }, { "id": "48938", "question": "who stated that the census has become too intrusive ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 522, "text": "Bob Barr" } ] }, { "id": "48939", "question": "who was the political commentator of census in 1970 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 713, "text": "Juan Williams" } ] }, { "id": "48940", "question": "when did juan williams 's `` census participation rates '' begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 782, "text": "1970" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As a result, the Census Bureau undertook an unprecedented advertising campaign targeted at encouraging white political conservatives to fill out their forms, in the hope of avoiding an undercount of this group. The 2010 U.S. Census was the primary sponsor at NASCAR races in Atlanta, Bristol, and Martinsville, and sponsored the No. 16 Ford Fusion driven by Greg Biffle for part of the season, because of a marketing survey that indicated most NASCAR fans lean politically conservative. It also ran an advertisement during the 2010 Super Bowl, and hired singer Marie Osmond, who is thought to have many conservative fans, to publicize the census.", "qas": [ { "id": "48941", "question": "what was the purpose of the advertising campaign ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "encouraging white political conservatives to fill out their forms" } ] }, { "id": "48942", "question": "where was the primary sponsor of the 2010 u.s. census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "Atlanta, Bristol, and Martinsville" } ] }, { "id": "48943", "question": "who sponsored the no. 16 ford fusion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 358, "text": "Greg Biffle" } ] }, { "id": "48944", "question": "who was the singer of the 2010 super bowl ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 561, "text": "Marie Osmond" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The results of the 2010 census determined the number of seats that each state receives in the United States House of Representatives starting with the 2012 elections. Consequently, this affected the number of votes each state has in the Electoral College for the 2012 presidential election.", "qas": [ { "id": "48945", "question": "where did the 2010 census occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "United States House of Representatives starting with the 2012 elections" } ] }, { "id": "48946", "question": "in what college is the state each state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 237, "text": "Electoral College for the 2012 presidential election" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Because of population changes, eighteen states had changes in their number of seats. Eight states gained at least one seat, and ten states lost at least one seat. The final result involved 12 seats being switched.\n]\nSome objected to the counting of persons who are in the United States illegally. Republican senators David Vitter and Bob Bennett tried unsuccessfully to add questions on immigration status to the census form.", "qas": [ { "id": "48947", "question": "how many states had changes in their number of seats ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "eighteen" } ] }, { "id": "48948", "question": "how many states lost at least one seat in eight states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "ten" } ] }, { "id": "48949", "question": "how many seats were switched to the final result of the census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "12" } ] }, { "id": "48950", "question": "who tried to add questions on immigration status to the census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 317, "text": "David Vitter and Bob Bennett" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Organizations such as the Prison Policy Initiative argued that the census counts of incarcerated men and women as residents of prisons, rather than of their pre-incarceration addresses, skewed political clout and resulted in misleading demographic and population data.", "qas": [ { "id": "48951", "question": "what argued that the census counts men and women as residents of prisons ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "Prison Policy Initiative" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The term \"Negro\" was used in the questionnaire as one of the options for African Americans (Question 9. What is Person (number)'s race? ... Black, African Am., or Negro) as a choice to describe one's race. Census Bureau spokesman Jack Martin explained that \"many older African-Americans identified themselves that way, and many still do. Those who identify themselves as Negroes need to be included.\" The word was also used in the 2000 Census, with over 56,000 people identifying themselves as \"Negro.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "48952", "question": "what term was used to describe the questionnaire for african americans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "Negro" } ] }, { "id": "48953", "question": "what is the term for the term `` negro '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "Question 9" } ] }, { "id": "48954", "question": "what was the name of the NULL that NULL NULL ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "Person (number)'s race? ... Black, African Am" } ] }, { "id": "48955", "question": "who explained that many older african-americans identified themselves ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "Jack Martin" } ] }, { "id": "48956", "question": "how many people were used in the 2000 census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 454, "text": "56,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 2010 census contained ten questions about age, gender, ethnicity, home ownership, and household relationships. Six of the ten questions were to be answered for each individual in the household. Federal law has provisions for fining those who refuse to complete the census form.", "qas": [ { "id": "48957", "question": "how many questions did the 2010 census have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "ten" } ] }, { "id": "48958", "question": "what were the questions of the 2010 census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "gender, ethnicity, home ownership, and household relationships" } ] }, { "id": "48959", "question": "what has federal law provisions provisions for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "fining those who refuse to complete the census form" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Detroit Mayor Dave Bing held a press conference on March 22, 2011 to announce that the city would challenge its census results. The challenge, being led by the city's planning department, cited an inconsistency as an example showing a downtown census tract which lost only 60 housing units, but 1,400 people, implying that a downtown jail or dormitory was missed in canvassing.", "qas": [ { "id": "48960", "question": "who was detroit 's mayor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "Dave Bing" } ] }, { "id": "48961", "question": "when was bing bing held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "March 22, 2011" } ] }, { "id": "48962", "question": "how many housing units did the city lose ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "60" } ] }, { "id": "48963", "question": "how many people died in the downtown census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 295, "text": "1,400" } ] } ] }, { "context": "New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg held a conference on March 27, 2011, to announce that the city would also challenge his city's census results, specifically the apparent undercounting in the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn. Bloomberg said that the numbers for Queens and Brooklyn, the two most populous boroughs, are implausible. According to the Census, they grew by only 0.1% and 1.6%, respectively, while the other boroughs grew by between 3% and 5%. He also stated that the census showed improbably high numbers of vacant housing in vital neighborhoods such as Jackson Heights, Queens.", "qas": [ { "id": "48964", "question": "when did michael bloomberg die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "March 27, 2011" } ] }, { "id": "48965", "question": "what two boroughs did michael bloomberg use in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "Queens and Brooklyn" } ] }, { "id": "48966", "question": "what was the percentage of boroughs in the census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 378, "text": "0.1% and 1.6%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The District of Columbia announced in August 2011 that it would also challenge its census results. The Mayor's Office claimed that the detailed information provided for 549 census blocks is \"nonsensical\", listing examples of census data that show housing units located in the middle of a street that do not actually exist. However, officials do not believe the city's total population will drastically change as a result of the challenge.", "qas": [ { "id": "48967", "question": "when was columbia announced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "August 2011" } ] }, { "id": "48968", "question": "what was the detailed information of the mayor 's office ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "549 census blocks" } ] }, { "id": "48969", "question": "what was the name of the detailed information provided by the mayor 's office ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "nonsensical" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A 2009 lawsuit, \"Clemons v. Department of Commerce\" (see also controversy and history of United States congressional apportionment), sought a court order for Congress to reapportion the House of Representatives with a greater number of members following the census, to rectify under- and over-representation of some states under the so-called 435 rule established by the Apportionment Act of 1911, which limits the number of U.S. Representatives to that number, meaning that some states are slightly underrepresented proportionate to their true population and that others are slightly overrepresented by the same standard. Had this occurred, it would have also affected Electoral College apportionment for the 2012\u20132020 presidential elections. After the court order was not granted, the plaintiffs appealed the case to the United States Supreme Court, and on December 13, 2010, the Supreme Court vacated and remanded with instructions to dismiss the complaint for lack of jurisdiction.", "qas": [ { "id": "48970", "question": "what was the name of the 2009 lawsuit ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "Clemons v. Department of Commerce" } ] }, { "id": "48971", "question": "what was the name of the rule established by the apportionment act ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 343, "text": "435" } ] }, { "id": "48972", "question": "what act established the 435 rule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 371, "text": "Apportionment Act of 1911" } ] }, { "id": "48973", "question": "what did the presidential elections have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 670, "text": "Electoral College apportionment for the 2012\u20132020 presidential elections" } ] }, { "id": "48974", "question": "what was not granted after the court order ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 783, "text": "the plaintiffs appealed the case to the United States Supreme Court" } ] }, { "id": "48975", "question": "when was the supreme court vacated and remanded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 859, "text": "December 13, 2010" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The state with the highest percentage rate of growth was Nevada, while the state with the largest population increase was Texas. Michigan, the 8th largest by population, was the only state to lose population (although Puerto Rico, a U.S. territory, lost population as well), and the District of Columbia saw its first gain since the 1950s. Note that the resident populations listed below do not include people living overseas. For Congressional apportionment, the sum of a state's resident population and its population of military personnel and federal contractors living overseas (but not other citizens overseas, such as missionaries or expatriate workers) is used.", "qas": [ { "id": "48976", "question": "what was the highest percentage of growth in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Nevada" } ] }, { "id": "48977", "question": "what was the largest population in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Texas" } ] }, { "id": "48978", "question": "what was the name of michigan 's first gain since the 1950s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 283, "text": "District of Columbia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "These are core metropolitan rankings versus combined statistical areas. For full list with current data, go to Metropolitan Statistics.\nMetro rankings are more pertinent to determine economic strength of an area. However, city rankings are also included below.", "qas": [ { "id": "48979", "question": "what does current data go to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "Metropolitan Statistics" } ] } ] } ], "title": "2010 United States Census" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "In the sport of association football, a defender is an outfield player whose primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring goals.", "qas": [ { "id": "48980", "question": "who is an outfield player to prevent the opposing team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "defender" } ] }, { "id": "48981", "question": "what is a defender player ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "an outfield player whose primary role" } ] }, { "id": "48982", "question": "what is the primary role of the defender team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "prevent the opposing team from scoring goals" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are four types of defenders: centre-back, sweeper, full-back, and wing-back. The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations. The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialised for certain formations.", "qas": [ { "id": "48983", "question": "how many types of defenders are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "48984", "question": "what types of defenders are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "centre-back, sweeper, full-back, and wing-back" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A centre-back (also known as a central defender or centre-half) defends in the area directly in front of the goal, and tries to prevent opposing players, particularly centre-forwards, from scoring. Centre-backs accomplish this by blocking shots, tackling, intercepting passes, contesting headers and marking forwards to discourage the opposing team from passing to them.", "qas": [ { "id": "48985", "question": "what is the name of the centre-back known as a centre-back ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "a central defender or centre-half" } ] }, { "id": "48986", "question": "what did the central defender do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "defends in the area directly in front of the goal, and tries to prevent opposing players" } ] }, { "id": "48987", "question": "what did blocking shots accomplish ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "blocking shots, tackling, intercepting passes, contesting headers and marking forwards to discourage the opposing team from passing to them" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With the ball, centre-backs are generally expected to make long and pinpoint passes to their teammates, or to kick unaimed long balls down the field. For example, a clearance is a long unaimed kick intended to move the ball as far as possible from the defender's goal.", "qas": [ { "id": "48988", "question": "what are the ball generally expected to make ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "make long and pinpoint passes to their teammates, or to kick unaimed long balls down the field" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During normal play, centre-backs are unlikely to score goals. However, when their team takes a corner kick or other set pieces centre-backs may move forward to the opponents' penalty area: if the ball is passed in the air towards a crowd of players near the goal then the heading ability of a centre-back is useful when trying to score. In this case other defenders or midfielders will temporarily move into the centre-back positions.", "qas": [ { "id": "48989", "question": "what are centre-backs unlikely to score ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "score goals" } ] }, { "id": "48990", "question": "what does the team takes on the air towards ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "a corner kick or other set pieces centre-backs may move forward to the opponents' penalty area" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the modern game, most teams employ two or three centre-backs in front of the goalkeeper. The 4\u20132\u20133\u20131, 4\u20133\u20133, and 4\u20134\u20132 formations all use two centre-backs.", "qas": [ { "id": "48991", "question": "how many teams are in the modern game ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "two or three centre-backs" } ] }, { "id": "48992", "question": "how many formations are use in the 4 world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "The 4\u20132\u20133\u20131, 4\u20133\u20133, and 4\u20134\u20132 formations" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are two main defensive strategies used by centre-backs: the zonal defence, where each centre-back covers a specific area of the pitch; and man-to-man marking, where each centre-back has the job of covering a particular opposition player.", "qas": [ { "id": "48993", "question": "what is the two main defensive strategies in the pitch ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "centre-backs" } ] }, { "id": "48994", "question": "what is the name of the main defensive strategies that covers a specific area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "the zonal defence" } ] }, { "id": "48995", "question": "what is the job of the job of the pitch ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "man-to-man marking" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The sweeper (or libero) is a more versatile centre-back who \"sweeps up\" the ball if an opponent manages to breach the defensive line. This position is rather more fluid than that of other defenders who man-mark their designated opponents. Because of this, it is sometimes referred to as \"libero\" (), which originated from the Italian name for this position \"libero da impegni di marcatura\" (i.e. \"free from man-marking tasks\"). Though sweepers may be expected to build counter-attacking moves, and as such require better ball control and passing ability than typical centre-backs, their talents are often confined to the defensive realm. For example, the catenaccio system of play, used in Italian football in the 1960s, employed a purely defensive sweeper who only \"roamed\" around the back line. The more modern libero possesses the defensive qualities of the typical libero whilst being able to expose the opposition during counterattacks. The Fundell-libero has become more popular in recent time with the sweeper transitioning to the most advanced forward in an attack. This variation on the position requires great pace and fitness. Whilst rarely seen in professional football the position has been extensively used in lower leagues. Modern libero sits behind centre-backs as a sweeper before charging through the team to join in the attack.", "qas": [ { "id": "48996", "question": "what is sweeps ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "the ball if an opponent manages to breach the defensive line" } ] }, { "id": "48997", "question": "what is the name of the position that originated in the italian name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 288, "text": "libero" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some sweepers move forward and distribute the ball up-field, while others intercept passes and get the ball off the opposition without needing to hurl themselves into tackles. If the sweeper does move up the field to distribute the ball, they will need to make a speedy recovery and run back into their position. In modern football, its usage has been fairly restricted, with few clubs in the biggest leagues using the position.", "qas": [ { "id": "48998", "question": "what do some sweepers move to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "intercept passes and get the ball off the opposition without needing to hurl themselves into tackles" } ] }, { "id": "48999", "question": "what happens to the field of the ball ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "they will need to make a speedy recovery and run back into their position" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The position is most commonly associated to have been pioneered by Franz Beckenbauer and Elias Figueroa, although they were not the first players to play this position, with earlier proponents such as Alexandru Apolzan, Ivano Blason, Velibor Vasovi\u0107 and J\u00e1n Popluh\u00e1r. Though it is rarely used in modern football, it remains a highly respected and demanding position.", "qas": [ { "id": "49000", "question": "who pioneered the position of the position ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Franz Beckenbauer and Elias Figueroa" } ] }, { "id": "49001", "question": "what are some of the proponents of the first players to play ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "Alexandru Apolzan, Ivano Blason, Velibor Vasovi\u0107 and J\u00e1n Popluh\u00e1r" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A recent and successful use of the sweeper was made by Otto Rehhagel, Greece's manager, in the 2004 European Championship. Rehhagel utilized Traianos Dellas as Greece's sweeper to great success, as Greece surprisingly became European champions.", "qas": [ { "id": "49002", "question": "who made greece 's manager ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "Otto Rehhagel" } ] }, { "id": "49003", "question": "when was greece 's manager ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "2004" } ] }, { "id": "49004", "question": "what was the name of greece 's european champions success ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "Traianos Dellas" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The full-backs (the left-back and the right-back) take up the holding wide positions and traditionally stayed in defence at all times, until a set-piece. There is one full-back on each side of the field except in defences with fewer than four players, where there may be no full-backs and instead only centre-backs.", "qas": [ { "id": "49005", "question": "what take up the holding wide positions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 16, "text": "the left-back and the right-back" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the modern game, full-backs have taken on a more attacking role than is the case traditionally, often overlapping with wingers down the flank. Wingerless formations, such as the diamond 4\u20134\u20132 formation, demand the full-back to cover considerable ground up and down the flank. Some of the responsibilities of modern full-backs include:", "qas": [ { "id": "49006", "question": "what does the modern game often overlapping with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "wingers down the flank" } ] }, { "id": "49007", "question": "how old is the diamond formation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "4\u20134\u20132" } ] }, { "id": "49008", "question": "what is the diamond 4 formation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "demand the full-back to cover considerable ground up and down the flank" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nDue to the physical and technical demands of their playing position, successful full-backs need a wide range of attributes, which make them suited for adaptation to other roles on the pitch. Many of the game's utility players, who can play in multiple positions on the pitch, are natural full-backs. A rather prominent example is the Real Madrid full-back Sergio Ramos, who has played on the flanks as a full-back and in central defence throughout his career. In the modern game, full-backs often chip in a fair share of assists with their runs down the flank when the team is on a counter-attack. The more common attributes of full-backs, however, include:", "qas": [ { "id": "49009", "question": "what are many of the game 's utility players ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "natural full-backs" } ] }, { "id": "49010", "question": "what is the name of the rather prominent example of a career ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 335, "text": "Real Madrid full-back Sergio Ramos" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nThe wing-back is a modern variation on the full-back with heavier emphasis on attack. This type of defender focuses more heavily on attack than defence, yet they must have the ability, when needed, to fall back and mark opposing players to lessen the threat of conceding a goal-scoring opportunity. Some formations have wing back players that mainly focus on defending, and some that focus more on attack.", "qas": [ { "id": "49011", "question": "why do defence fall on attack than defence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "fall back and mark opposing players to lessen the threat of conceding a goal-scoring opportunity" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the evolution of the modern game, wing-backs are the combination of wingers and full-backs. As such, it is one of the most physically demanding positions in modern football. Wing-backs are often more adventurous than full-backs and are expected to provide width, especially in teams without wingers. A wing-back needs to be of exceptional stamina, be able to provide crosses upfield and defend effectively against opponents' attacks down the flanks. A defensive midfielder is usually fielded to cover the advances of wing-backs. It can also be occupied by wingers and side midfielders in a 3-centre-back formation. Good examples are Marcelo, Dani Alves, Maicon, Marcos Alonso, Jos\u00e9 Bosingwa and recently Victor Moses of Chelsea under Antonio Conte.\n", "qas": [ { "id": "49012", "question": "what are the combination of the modern game ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "wingers and full-backs" } ] }, { "id": "49013", "question": "what does a wing-back needs to provide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 370, "text": "crosses upfield and defend effectively against opponents' attacks down the flanks" } ] }, { "id": "49014", "question": "who was the moses of chelsea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 737, "text": "Antonio Conte" } ] } ] } ], "title": "Defender (association football)" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Political divisions of the United States or administrative divisions of the United States are the various governing entities that together form the United States. The first subdivision of the United States, meaning the union of states, is the state. The admission of sovereign states into the United States, i.e., the union of states, beyond the original thirteen states, is authorized under Article IV, Section 3, of the Constitution for the United States of America. Most of the states admitted to the union after the original 13 have been formed within territories of the United States (that is, land under the sovereignty of the federal government but not part of any state) that were organized by an act or resolution of the United States Congress, subject to the Congress' plenary powers under the territorial clause of Article IV, sec. 3, of the Constitution for the United States of America.", "qas": [ { "id": "49015", "question": "what are the political divisions of the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "the various governing entities that together form the United States" } ] } ] }, { "context": "State governments within the United States may enact their own laws and prosecute crimes pursuant thereto. Member states of the United States are then typically subdivided into counties. Louisiana uses the term parish and Alaska uses the term borough for what the Census terms county-equivalents in those states.", "qas": [ { "id": "49016", "question": "what does state governments do in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "enact their own laws and prosecute crimes pursuant thereto" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Territories, except the Minor Outlying Islands, are subdivided into municipalities. Guam uses the term Village and the U.S. Virgin Islands uses the term Districts, American Samoa uses the terms district and Unorganized atolls.", "qas": [ { "id": "49017", "question": "what islands are subdivided into municipalities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "Minor Outlying Islands" } ] }, { "id": "49018", "question": "what are the minor outlying islands subdivided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "municipalities" } ] }, { "id": "49019", "question": "what are the names of the term for guam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "Village and the U.S. Virgin Islands" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While not explicitly part of the U.S.'s political divisional makeup, as Associated States, the Federated States of Micronesia and Palau are divided into states (States of Micronesia and States of Palau). The Marshall Islands is divided into atolls and islands. While Micronesia is a federation, Palau and the Marshall Islands are both unitary states.", "qas": [ { "id": "49020", "question": "what are the states that are divided into states of palau ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "Federated States of Micronesia and Palau" } ] }, { "id": "49021", "question": "what are the federated states of micronesia and palau ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "States of Micronesia and States of Palau" } ] }, { "id": "49022", "question": "what is the marshall islands divided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "atolls and islands" } ] }, { "id": "49023", "question": "what are the unitary states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 295, "text": "Palau and the Marshall Islands" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Each Indian Reservation is subdivided in various ways. For example, the Navajo Nation is subdivided into agencies and Chapter houses. While the Blackfeet Nation is subdivided into Communities.", "qas": [ { "id": "49024", "question": "what is the navajo nation subdivided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "agencies and Chapter houses" } ] }, { "id": "49025", "question": "what is the subdivided nation subdivided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "Communities" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Counties and county equivalents may be further subdivided into townships. Towns in New York, Wisconsin and New England are treated as equivalents to townships by the United States Census Bureau. Towns or townships are used as subdivisions of a county in 20 states, mostly in the Northeast and Midwest.", "qas": [ { "id": "49026", "question": "which two countries are treated as equivalents to townships by the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "Wisconsin and New England" } ] }, { "id": "49027", "question": "who treated the towns in new york ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "United States Census Bureau" } ] }, { "id": "49028", "question": "how many states are used in a county ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "20" } ] }, { "id": "49029", "question": "where are towns or townships used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 279, "text": "Northeast and Midwest" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Population centers may be organized into incorporated cities, towns, villages, and other types of municipalities. Municipalities are typically subordinate to a county government, with some exceptions. Certain cities, for example, have consolidated with their county government as consolidated city-counties. In Virginia, cities are completely independent from the county in which they would otherwise be a part. In some states, particularly in New England, towns form the primary unit of local government below the state level, in some cases eliminating the need for county government entirely.", "qas": [ { "id": "49030", "question": "what is the name of the county that have consolidated their government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "consolidated city-counties" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other divisions include the federal district, insular areas administered by the Federal government, and American Indian reservations. The Federal government also maintains exclusive jurisdiction over military installations and American embassies and consulates located in foreign countries. Other special purpose divisions exist separately from those for general governance, examples of which include conservation districts and Congressional districts.", "qas": [ { "id": "49031", "question": "who administered the federal district ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "the Federal government, and American Indian reservations" } ] }, { "id": "49032", "question": "what are some special purpose of divisions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 401, "text": "conservation districts and Congressional districts" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The primary political unit of the United States is the state. According to numerous decisions of the United States Supreme Court, the 50 individual states and the United States as a whole are each sovereign jurisdictions. The 13 original states Thirteen Colonies declared independence from the British Empire in 1776. In 1777, they established a collective government under the Articles of Confederation. The Constitution for the United States of America superseded the Articles in 1789 in the sense that it established and superimposed a consolidated political government over the confederated union of geographical states. The Constitution for the United States of America establishes the political government for the Federal government of the United States, which includes, among other things, judicial review, power to regulate citizenship, power to coin money, power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, conduct foreign policy, and to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.", "qas": [ { "id": "49033", "question": "how many individual states are in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "50" } ] }, { "id": "49034", "question": "in what year did the thirteen colonies declared independence from the british empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "1776" } ] }, { "id": "49035", "question": "in what year did the articles of confederation of confederation begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 321, "text": "1777" } ] }, { "id": "49036", "question": "in what year did the constitution for the united states take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 482, "text": "1789" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The idea of \"dual sovereignty\" or \"separate sovereigns\" is derived from the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution, which states that \"the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "49037", "question": "what is derived from the tenth amendment to the constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "dual sovereignty\" or \"separate sovereigns\"" } ] }, { "id": "49038", "question": "where is the idea of `` dual sovereignty '' derived from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution" } ] }, { "id": "49039", "question": "what does the idea of dual sovereignty to the constitution represent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "\"the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States" } ] }, { "id": "49040", "question": "what are the powers reserved to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "the States respectively, or to the people" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The United States Supreme Court in \"Texas v. White\" held that political states do not have the right to secede, though it did allow some possibility of the divisibility \"through revolution, or through consent of the States.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "49041", "question": "what is the name of the supreme court held by the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "Texas v. White" } ] }, { "id": "49042", "question": "what did the united states supreme court supreme court held in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "political states do not have the right to secede" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Four states (Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Kentucky) call themselves \"commonwealths.\" The word \"commonwealth\" in this context refers to the common \"wealth\", or welfare, of the public. The term has no legal impact.", "qas": [ { "id": "49043", "question": "what are some of the four states that call themselves ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Kentucky" } ] }, { "id": "49044", "question": "what is the name of the four states that four states call themselves ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "commonwealths" } ] }, { "id": "49045", "question": "what word refers to the common `` wealth '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "commonwealth" } ] }, { "id": "49046", "question": "what does the word commonwealth mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "the common \"wealth\", or welfare" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While state governments within the United States may enact their own laws and prosecute crimes pursuant thereto, they are not sovereign in the Westphalian sense in international law which says that each State has sovereignty over its territory and domestic affairs, to the exclusion of all external powers, on the principle of non-interference in another State's domestic affairs, and that each State (no matter how large or small) is equal in international law. Additionally, the member states of the United States do not possess international legal sovereignty, meaning that they are not recognized by other sovereign States such as, for example, France, Germany or the United Kingdom, nor do they possess full interdependence sovereignty, meaning that they cannot control movement of persons across state borders.", "qas": [ { "id": "49047", "question": "what do state governments within the united states do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "enact their own laws and prosecute crimes pursuant thereto" } ] }, { "id": "49048", "question": "what does international law believe each state has ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "each State has sovereignty over its territory and domestic affairs" } ] }, { "id": "49049", "question": "what does the state has sovereignty over ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "the exclusion of all external powers" } ] }, { "id": "49050", "question": "what is the state of all external powers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 310, "text": "the principle of non-interference in another State's domestic affairs" } ] }, { "id": "49051", "question": "what is equal in international law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 402, "text": "no matter how large or small" } ] }, { "id": "49052", "question": "what is the member of the member of the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 477, "text": "the member states of the United States do not possess international legal sovereignty" } ] }, { "id": "49053", "question": "what are some sovereign states that do not possess international legal sovereignty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 649, "text": "France, Germany or the United Kingdom" } ] }, { "id": "49054", "question": "what does full interdependence sovereignty meaning ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 755, "text": "they cannot control movement of persons across state borders" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 50 states of the United States of America are as follows (this list includes both the postal code abbreviation and the traditional abbreviation for each state):", "qas": [ { "id": "49055", "question": "how many states are in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "50" } ] }, { "id": "49056", "question": "what is the 50 states of the united states of america called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "follows" } ] }, { "id": "49057", "question": "what are the 50 states of the united states of america ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "the postal code abbreviation and the traditional abbreviation for each state" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The states are divided into smaller administrative regions, called counties in all but two states. The exceptions are Alaska where main subdivisions is the boroughs (parts of the state are not included in any borough, called the Unorganized Borough, is divided into \"census areas\"), and Louisiana (which is divided into county-equivalents that are called parishes). Counties have varying degrees of political and legal significance. In some states, mainly in New England, they are primarily used as judicial districts. In other states, counties have broad powers in housing, education, transportation and recreation.", "qas": [ { "id": "49058", "question": "what is the name of the borough of the state boroughs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "the Unorganized Borough" } ] }, { "id": "49059", "question": "what are the parishes borough divided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "census areas\"), and Louisiana" } ] }, { "id": "49060", "question": "what are counties primarily used as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 499, "text": "judicial districts" } ] }, { "id": "49061", "question": "what are some of the broad powers of counties ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 575, "text": "education, transportation and recreation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Counties may contain a number of cities, towns, villages, or hamlets, or sometimes just a part of a city. Some cities are consolidated with, and coterminous with, their counties, including Philadelphia, Honolulu, San Francisco, Nashville, and Denver\u2014that is to say, these counties consist in their entirety of a single municipality the government of which also operates as the county government. Some counties, such as Arlington County, Virginia, do not have any additional subdivisions. Some states contain independent cities that are not part of any county. New York City is coterminous with five counties.", "qas": [ { "id": "49062", "question": "what are some counties that do not have any additional subdivisions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 419, "text": "Arlington County, Virginia" } ] }, { "id": "49063", "question": "how many counties are in new york city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 594, "text": "five counties" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some townships or other minor civil divisions have governments and political power; others are simply geographic designations. Townships in many states are generally the product of the Public Land Survey System. For more information, see survey township and civil township.", "qas": [ { "id": "49064", "question": "what are some townships and political power ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "geographic designations" } ] }, { "id": "49065", "question": "what are townships in many states generally the product of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Public Land Survey System" } ] }, { "id": "49066", "question": "what types of township are see in more information ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "township and civil township" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are approximately 30,000 incorporated cities in the United States, with varying degrees of self-rule.", "qas": [ { "id": "49067", "question": "how many cities are in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "30,000" } ] }, { "id": "49068", "question": "what is the degrees of the degrees of cities in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "self-rule" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Michigan, the state universities are constitutionally autonomous jurisdictions, possessed of a special status somewhat equivalent to that of metropolitan municipality. That is, as bodies corporate, they operate as though they were municipalities, but they have autonomy from legislative and executive control. Each university has a board which is the sole legislative body for the campuses they control. These campuses are independent of all state laws, and under the sole control of the boards. The boards are responsible for all public services, e.g. policing, and fire protection. They often contract with the city they are located in for these services, but all have their own police departments.", "qas": [ { "id": "49069", "question": "what are the state universities in michigan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "constitutionally autonomous jurisdictions" } ] }, { "id": "49070", "question": "what types of control do universities have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "legislative and executive control" } ] }, { "id": "49071", "question": "what is the board of each university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 350, "text": "the sole legislative body for the campuses they control" } ] }, { "id": "49072", "question": "what are some public services that are responsible for all public services ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 556, "text": "policing, and fire protection" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The power of Congress over territorial divisions that are not part of one of the states is exclusive and universal. Once a territory becomes a state of the Union, the state must consent to any changes pertaining to the jurisdiction of that state. The only potential violation of this occurred when the legislature of Virginia declared the secession of Virginia from the United States at the start of the American Civil War and a newly formed alternative Virginia legislature, recognized by the federal government, consented to have West Virginia secede from Virginia.", "qas": [ { "id": "49073", "question": "what are the power of congress over territorial divisions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "exclusive and universal" } ] }, { "id": "49074", "question": "what is the state of the union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "the state must consent to any changes pertaining to the jurisdiction of that state" } ] }, { "id": "49075", "question": "what war did virginia join ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 404, "text": "American Civil War" } ] }, { "id": "49076", "question": "what was the name of the virginia legislature recognized by the federal government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 532, "text": "West Virginia secede from Virginia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On March 3, 1849, the last day of the 30th Congress, a bill was passed to create the U.S. Department of the Interior to take charge of the internal affairs of \"United States territory\". The Interior Department has a wide range of responsibilities (which include the regulation of territorial governments, the basic responsibilities for public lands, and other various duties).", "qas": [ { "id": "49077", "question": "when was the last day of the 30th congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "March 3, 1849" } ] }, { "id": "49078", "question": "what was the bill passed to create ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "U.S. Department of the Interior to take charge of the internal affairs of \"United States territory" } ] }, { "id": "49079", "question": "what does the interior department of responsibilities consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "the regulation of territorial governments" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In contrast to similarly named Departments in other countries, the United States Department of the Interior is not responsible for local government or for civil administration except in the cases of Indian reservations, through the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), and island dependencies, through the Office of Insular Affairs (OIA).", "qas": [ { "id": "49080", "question": "what is not responsible for local government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "United States Department of the Interior" } ] }, { "id": "49081", "question": "what is the name of the bureau that the united states department of the interior department of the interior department of the interior department of the interior department is responsible for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "Bureau of Indian Affairs" } ] }, { "id": "49082", "question": "what is the name of the office of the united states department of indian reservations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 301, "text": "Office of Insular Affairs" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A separate federal district, the District of Columbia (DC), which is under the direct authority of Congress, was formed from land ceded to the Federal Government by the states of Maryland and Virginia; however, the territory ceded by Virginia was returned to that state in 1846. The District does not form part of any state and the United States Congress exercises \"exclusive jurisdiction in all cases whatsoever\", over the city; however, the District of Columbia Home Rule Act provides for limited home rule, including an elected mayor and city council. Residents of the District can vote in presidential elections, as the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution grants the District three electors in the Electoral College.", "qas": [ { "id": "49083", "question": "what does dc stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "the District of Columbia" } ] }, { "id": "49084", "question": "which two states formed the district of columbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "Maryland and Virginia" } ] }, { "id": "49085", "question": "in what year did virginia join the territory of columbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "1846" } ] }, { "id": "49086", "question": "what provides for limited home rule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 439, "text": "the District of Columbia Home Rule Act" } ] }, { "id": "49087", "question": "what is the name of the presidential elections in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 624, "text": "Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution grants the District three electors in the Electoral College" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The insular areas of the United States are those jurisdictions that are neither a part of one of the 50 states nor the federal district. Unlike within the States, sovereignty over insular areas rests not with the local people, but in Congress. In most cases, however, Congress has granted considerable self-rule through an Organic Act, which functions as a local constitution. Insular areas are administered by the Federal Government through the Department of the Interior's Office of Insular Affairs.", "qas": [ { "id": "49088", "question": "what are the insular areas of the united states neither a part of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "one of the 50 states nor the federal district" } ] }, { "id": "49089", "question": "congress has granted considerable self-rule through what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "Organic Act" } ] }, { "id": "49090", "question": "what department administered insular areas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 446, "text": "Department of the Interior's Office of Insular Affairs" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The insular areas include a number of territories under the sovereignty of the United States and three sovereign nations in free association with the United States. Territories incorporated within the provisions of the Constitution for the United States of America are designated incorporated territories. Territories not so incorporated are designated \"unincorporated\". Territories may also be \"organized\", if granted by an Organic Act of Congress or \"unorganized\" (without direct authorization of self-government by such an act).", "qas": [ { "id": "49091", "question": "what are the insular areas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "the sovereignty of the United States and three sovereign nations in free association with the United States" } ] }, { "id": "49092", "question": "what is designated territories incorporated within ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "the Constitution for the United States of America" } ] }, { "id": "49093", "question": "what are territories not incorporated so ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 354, "text": "unincorporated" } ] }, { "id": "49094", "question": "what may granted self-government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 425, "text": "Organic Act of Congress or \"unorganized\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Northwest Ordinance grants territories the right to send a non-voting delegate to the U.S. Congress. Since the organization of the Northwest Territory in 1789, all areas not admitted to the United States as States were under the direct control of Congress as organized incorporated territories, with some political autonomy at the local level. These organized incorporated territories subsequently became states. Thirty-one of the current 50 states were organized incorporated territories before their admission to the Union. Since the admission of Hawaii to the Union in 1959, there has been a single incorporated territory, the uninhabited Palmyra Atoll (formerly part of the Hawaii Territory, but excluded from the act of admission).", "qas": [ { "id": "49095", "question": "in what year was the northwest territory under the northwest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "1789" } ] }, { "id": "49096", "question": "in what year did hawaii become a single incorporated territory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 576, "text": "1959" } ] }, { "id": "49097", "question": "what was the name of the atoll that has been part of the hawaii territory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 646, "text": "Palmyra Atoll" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The unincorporated territories of the United States and their ISO 3166-1 codes (in parentheses) are as follows:", "qas": [ { "id": "49098", "question": "what is the iso iso ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "3166-1 codes" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Along with Palmyra Atoll, the following uninhabited territories form the United States Minor Outlying Islands ():", "qas": [ { "id": "49099", "question": "along with the united states minor outlying islands , what is the main atoll in the us ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "Palmyra Atoll" } ] }, { "id": "49100", "question": "what is the name of the united states 's territories ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "United States Minor Outlying Islands" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In addition to the territories noted above, the United States administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands from July 18, 1947 until October 1, 1994. The trust territory was subsequently divided into four political entities\u2014the Northern Mariana Islands, listed above, and three freely-associated states with which the United States has entered into the Compact of Free Association (ISO 3166-1 codes in parentheses):", "qas": [ { "id": "49101", "question": "what territory did the united states support in 1947 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands" } ] }, { "id": "49102", "question": "when did the united states rule the trust territory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "July 18, 1947" } ] }, { "id": "49103", "question": "when did the united states give the trust territory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "October 1, 1994" } ] }, { "id": "49104", "question": "how many political entities were there in the northern mariana islands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "49105", "question": "what is the name of the four political islands in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "Northern Mariana Islands" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Cuba and the Philippines are two additional former unincorporated territories that are now independent countries. The United States Navy has held the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in a portion of Guant\u00e1namo Bay, Cuba, since 1898. The United States government possesses a lease to this land, which only mutual agreement or United States abandonment of the area can terminate. The present Cuban government of Ra\u00fal Castro disputes this arrangement, claiming Cuba was not truly sovereign at the time of the signing. The United States argues this point is irrelevant because Cuba apparently ratified the lease post-revolution, and with full sovereignty, when it cashed one rent check in accordance with the disputed treaty.", "qas": [ { "id": "49106", "question": "what base did the united states navy held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "Guantanamo Bay Naval Base" } ] }, { "id": "49107", "question": "where is the naval base naval base ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "Guant\u00e1namo Bay, Cuba" } ] }, { "id": "49108", "question": "in what year did the united states navy navy win the naval base ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "1898" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The United States government is part of several international disputes over the disposition of certain maritime and insular sovereignties, some of which would be considered territories. Bajo Nuevo Bank and Serranilla Bank are two such disputed claims. See International territorial disputes of the United States for more information.", "qas": [ { "id": "49109", "question": "what are the two disputed claims ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "Bajo Nuevo Bank and Serranilla Bank" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The United States also holds several other territories, districts, and possessions, notably the federal district of the District of Columbia, and several overseas insular areas, the most significant of which are American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the United States Virgin Islands. Islands gained by the United States in the war against Spain at the turn of the 20th century under the control of the federal government is considered part of the \"United States\" for purposes of law; on the other hand, the United States Supreme Court declared in a series of opinions known as the Insular Cases that the Constitution extended \"ex proprio vigore\" to the territories. However, the Court in these cases also established the doctrine of territorial incorporation. Under the same, the Constitution only applied fully in incorporated territories such as Alaska and Hawaii, whereas it only applied partially in the new unincorporated territories of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines.", "qas": [ { "id": "49110", "question": "what are some of the most significant territories in columbia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the United States Virgin Islands" } ] }, { "id": "49111", "question": "what did the united states supreme court say the constitution extended ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 658, "text": "ex proprio vigore\" to the territories" } ] }, { "id": "49112", "question": "what are the names of the territories that only applied the constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 879, "text": "Alaska and Hawaii" } ] }, { "id": "49113", "question": "the constitution only applied fully in the new unincorporated territories of what two countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 973, "text": "Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Northern Marianas Islands is a territory which are commonwealths associated with the United States. They might some day advance to statehood, or they might become independent\u2014as did the Philippines in 1946, after it was a commonwealth of the United States for many years. A territory\u2014whether \"organized\" or \"unorganized\"\u2014has significantly fewer rights in the grand scheme of things than a commonwealth (let alone a state), but it ranks at least a notch above \"possessions\" such as Wake Island, which has no permanent population and thus does not require even a simple territorial government.", "qas": [ { "id": "49114", "question": "what islands is associated with the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Northern Marianas Islands" } ] }, { "id": "49115", "question": "in what year did the northern marianas become independent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "1946" } ] } ] }, { "context": "American Indian reservations are areas of land managed by an American Indian tribe under the United States Department of the Interior's Bureau of Indian Affairs. There are about 310 Indian reservations in the United States. Tribes possess limited tribal sovereignty over the land in their reservation. As a result, laws on tribal lands may vary from the surrounding area. The tribal council, not the county or state government, generally has jurisdiction over reservations. Different reservations have different systems of government, which may or may not replicate the forms of government found outside the reservation. Most Indian reservations were established by the federal government; a limited number, mainly in the East, owe their origin to state recognition.", "qas": [ { "id": "49116", "question": "who managed american indian reservations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "American Indian tribe" } ] }, { "id": "49117", "question": "who managed american indian reservations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "United States Department of the Interior's Bureau of Indian Affairs" } ] }, { "id": "49118", "question": "how many indian reservations are in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "310" } ] }, { "id": "49119", "question": "what do tribes possess ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "tribal sovereignty over the land in their reservation" } ] }, { "id": "49120", "question": "what is the tribal council ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 392, "text": "not the county or state government" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Residents of a reservation may vote as residents of a state and are required to pay federal taxes. The special status of reservations has created both opportunities (such as gambling in states that normally disallow it) and challenges (such as the unwillingness of some companies to do business in an area where they are not certain what laws will apply to them).", "qas": [ { "id": "49121", "question": "what can a reservation vote as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "residents of a state and are required to pay federal taxes" } ] }, { "id": "49122", "question": "what are the special status of reservations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "gambling in states that normally disallow it) and challenges" } ] }, { "id": "49123", "question": "what is the special status of reservations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "the unwillingness of some companies to do business in an area where they are not certain what laws will apply to them" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In addition to general-purpose government entities legislating at the state, county, and city level, special-purpose areas may exist as well. Conservation districts are one such type of special purpose area, created for the purpose of conserving land, natural scenery, flora, and fauna.", "qas": [ { "id": "49124", "question": "what are conservation districts created for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 235, "text": "conserving land, natural scenery, flora, and fauna" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Congressional districts are another example, formed for the purpose of electing members to the United States Congress.", "qas": [ { "id": "49125", "question": "what are congressional districts formed for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "the purpose of electing members to the United States Congress" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Additionally, U.S. courts have ruled that there are smaller areas which are to be considered as fulfilling government functions, and should therefore be bound by the same restrictions placed on \"traditional\" (US-aligned) government bodies. These include homeowners associations (determined in \"Shelley v. Kraemer\", \"Loren v. Sasser\", \"Committee for a Better Twin Rivers v. Twin Rivers Homeowners' Association\"), and company-owned towns (both for employees and for consumers, decided in the USSC case \"Marsh v. Alabama\" in 1946). Many homeowners' and neighborhood associations are considered non-profit organizations, but have the ability to raise taxes or fees, fine members for infractions against association-rules, and initiate lawsuits. The question of civil rights in such communities has not yet been conclusively determined, and varies from state to state.", "qas": [ { "id": "49126", "question": "what is the name of the government that should be bound with the same restrictions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "US-aligned) government bodies" } ] }, { "id": "49127", "question": "what is another name for associations associations determined ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 294, "text": "Shelley v. Kraemer" } ] }, { "id": "49128", "question": "what is the name of the case that decided in 1946 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 501, "text": "Marsh v. Alabama" } ] } ] } ], "title": "Political divisions of the United States" } ] }