{ "data": [ { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Italian ( or \"lingua italiana\" ) is a Romance language. It is the second-closest to Latin in terms of vocabulary after Sardinian. Italian is an official language in Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City, and Istria (in Slovenia and Croatia). It used to have official status in Albania, Malta and Monaco, where it is still widely spoken, as well as in former Italian East Africa and Italian North Africa regions where it plays a significant role in various sectors. Italian is spoken by large expatriate communities in the Americas and by small minorities in places such as Crimea, France (especially in Corsica), Belgium, Montenegro and Tunisia. Many speakers are native bilinguals of both standardized Italian and other regional languages.", "qas": [ { "id": "49129", "question": "what is the name of the latin in terms of vocabulary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "Sardinian" } ] }, { "id": "49130", "question": "where is italian used to have official status ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 284, "text": "Albania, Malta and Monaco" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Italian is a major European language, being one of the official languages of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe and one of the working languages of the Council of Europe. It is the third most widely spoken first language in the European Union with 65 million native speakers (13% of the EU population) and it is spoken as a second language by 14 million EU citizens (3%). Including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries (such as Switzerland and Albania) and on other continents, the total number of speakers is around 85 million.", "qas": [ { "id": "49131", "question": "how many native speakers live in the european union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "65 million" } ] }, { "id": "49132", "question": "what percentage of the eu population is spoken in the european union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "13%" } ] }, { "id": "49133", "question": "how many eu citizens are in the european union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 364, "text": "14 million EU citizens" } ] }, { "id": "49134", "question": "how many speakers are in the italian speakers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 547, "text": "85 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Italian is the main working language of the Holy See, serving as the lingua franca in the Roman Catholic hierarchy as well as the official language of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Italian is known as the \"language of music\" because of its use in musical terminology and opera. Its influence is also widespread in the arts and in the luxury goods market. Italian has been reported as the fourth or fifth most frequently taught foreign language in the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "49135", "question": "what is the main working language of the holy see ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Italian" } ] }, { "id": "49136", "question": "what is italian the main working language of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "the Holy See" } ] }, { "id": "49137", "question": "what is the official language of the holy see ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "Sovereign Military Order of Malta" } ] }, { "id": "49138", "question": "what is the `` language of music '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "musical terminology and opera" } ] }, { "id": "49139", "question": "what is the most frequently taught foreign language in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 393, "text": "the fourth or fifth" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Italian was adopted by the state after the Unification of Italy and is based on Tuscan, which beforehand was a language spoken mostly by the upper class of Florentine society. Its development was also influenced by other Italian languages and to some minor extent, by the Germanic languages of the post-Roman invaders. Unlike most other Romance languages, Italian retains Latin's contrast between short and long consonants. As in most Romance languages, stress is distinctive.", "qas": [ { "id": "49140", "question": "what was italian adopted by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Unification of Italy" } ] }, { "id": "49141", "question": "where was italian based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "Tuscan" } ] }, { "id": "49142", "question": "who spoken tuscan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "the upper class of Florentine society" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The standard Italian language has a poetic and literary origin in the writings of Tuscan writers of the 12th century, and, even though the grammar and core lexicon are basically unchanged from those used in Florence in the 13th century, the modern standard of the language was largely shaped by relatively recent events. However, Italian as a language used in Italy and some surrounding regions has a longer history. In fact the earliest surviving texts that can definitely be called Italian (or more accurately, vernacular, as distinct from its predecessor Vulgar Latin) are legal formulae known as the Placiti Cassinesi from the Province of Benevento that date from 960\u2013963, although the Veronese Riddle contains a late form of Vulgar Latin that can be seen as a very early Italian dialect. What would come to be thought of as Italian was first formalized in the early 14th century through the works of Tuscan writer Dante Alighieri, written in his native Florentine. Dante's epic poems, known collectively as the \"Commedia,\" to which another Tuscan poet Giovanni Boccaccio later affixed the title \"Divina\", were read throughout Italy and his written dialect became the \"canonical standard\" that all educated Italians could understand. Dante is still credited with standardizing the Italian language, and thus the dialect of Florence became the basis for what would become the official language of Italy.", "qas": [ { "id": "49143", "question": "what are the earliest surviving texts that can be called italian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 604, "text": "Placiti Cassinesi" } ] }, { "id": "49144", "question": "what years do the earliest texts that can be called italian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 668, "text": "960\u2013963" } ] }, { "id": "49145", "question": "who was the works of tuscan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 919, "text": "Dante Alighieri" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Italian often was an official language of the various Italian states predating unification, slowly replacing Latin, even when ruled by foreign powers (such as the Spanish in the Kingdom of Naples, or the Austrians in the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia), even though the masses spoke primarily vernacular languages and dialects. Italian was also one of the many recognised languages in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.", "qas": [ { "id": "49146", "question": "what ruled italian often ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "foreign powers" } ] }, { "id": "49147", "question": "in what kingdom did foreign powers come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 221, "text": "Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia" } ] }, { "id": "49148", "question": "in which empire was italian one recognised ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 386, "text": "Austro-Hungarian Empire" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Italy has always had a distinctive dialect for each city, because the cities, until recently, were thought of as city-states. Those dialects now have considerable variety. As Tuscan-derived Italian came to be used throughout Italy, features of local speech were naturally adopted, producing various versions of Regional Italian. The most characteristic differences, for instance, between Roman Italian and Milanese Italian are the gemination of initial consonants and the pronunciation of stressed \"e\", and of \"s\" in some cases: e.g. \"va bene\" \"all right\": is pronounced by a Roman (and by any standard-speaker), by a Milanese (and by any speaker whose native dialect lies to the north of La Spezia\u2013Rimini Line); \"a casa\" \"at home\" is for Roman and standard, for Milanese and generally northern.", "qas": [ { "id": "49149", "question": "what language did italian versions use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 311, "text": "Regional Italian" } ] }, { "id": "49150", "question": "what are the most characteristic of initial consonants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 388, "text": "Roman Italian and Milanese Italian" } ] }, { "id": "49151", "question": "what is the most characteristic of `` e '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 618, "text": "Milanese" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In contrast to the Gallo-Italic languages of northern Italy, the Italo-Dalmatian Neapolitan language and its dialects were largely unaffected by the Franco-Occitan influences introduced to Italy, mainly by bards from France, during the Middle Ages but, after the Norman conquest of southern Italy, Sicily became the first Italian land to adopt Occitan lyric moods (and words) in poetry. Even in the case of Northern Italian languages, however, scholars are careful not to overstate the effects of outsiders on the natural indigenous developments of the languages.", "qas": [ { "id": "49152", "question": "what is the name of the language that was introduced to italy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Italo-Dalmatian Neapolitan language" } ] }, { "id": "49153", "question": "what influences introduced the italo-dalmatian neapolitan language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "Franco-Occitan" } ] }, { "id": "49154", "question": "what was the name of the language that was used to adopt occitan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "bards" } ] }, { "id": "49155", "question": "what was sicily 's first italian land ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 344, "text": "Occitan lyric moods" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The economic might and relatively advanced development of Tuscany at the time (Late Middle Ages) gave its language weight, though the Venetian language remained widespread in medieval Italian commercial life, and Ligurian (or Genoese) remained in use in maritime trade alongside the Mediterranean. The increasing political and cultural relevance of Florence during the periods of the rise of the \"Banco Medici\", Humanism, and the Renaissance made its dialect, or rather a refined version of it, a standard in the arts.", "qas": [ { "id": "49156", "question": "when did the economic development of tuscany occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "Late Middle Ages" } ] }, { "id": "49157", "question": "what was the name of the language in maritime trade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "Ligurian" } ] }, { "id": "49158", "question": "where did ligurian live ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "maritime trade alongside the Mediterranean" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Starting with the Renaissance, Italian became the language used in the courts of every state in the peninsula. The rediscovery of Dante's \"De vulgari eloquentia\" and a renewed interest in linguistics in the 16th century, sparked a debate that raged throughout Italy concerning the criteria that should govern the establishment of a modern Italian literary and spoken language. Scholars divided into three factions:", "qas": [ { "id": "49159", "question": "what language was used in the renaissance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Italian" } ] }, { "id": "49160", "question": "what was dante 's nickname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "De vulgari eloquentia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A fourth faction claimed the best Italian was the one that the papal court adopted, which was a mix of Florentine and the dialect of Rome. Eventually, Bembo's ideas prevailed, and the foundation of the Accademia della Crusca in Florence (1582\u20131583), the official legislative body of the Italian language led to publication of Agnolo Monosini's Latin tome \"Floris italicae linguae libri novem\" in 1604 followed by the first Italian dictionary in 1612.", "qas": [ { "id": "49161", "question": "what was the span of the florence language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "1582\u20131583" } ] }, { "id": "49162", "question": "when was the first italian dictionary created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 445, "text": "1612" } ] } ] }, { "context": "An important event that helped the diffusion of Italian was the conquest and occupation of Italy by Napoleon in the early 19th century (who was himself of Italian-Corsican descent). This conquest propelled the unification of Italy some decades after, and pushed the Italian language into a lingua franca used not only among clerks, nobility and functionaries in the Italian courts but also in the bourgeoisie.", "qas": [ { "id": "49163", "question": "when did the occupation of italy begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "early 19th century" } ] }, { "id": "49164", "question": "what was the name of the descent that napoleon was himself of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "Italian-Corsican descent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Italian literature's first modern novel, \"I Promessi Sposi\" (\"The Betrothed\"), by Alessandro Manzoni, further defined the standard by \"rinsing\" his Milanese \"in the waters of the Arno\" (Florence's river), as he states in the Preface to his 1840 edition.", "qas": [ { "id": "49165", "question": "who wrote ` the betrothed '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "Alessandro Manzoni" } ] }, { "id": "49166", "question": "in what year did italian states become a edition of the betrothed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 240, "text": "1840" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After unification a huge number of civil servants and soldiers recruited from all over the country introduced many more words and idioms from their home languages (\"ciao\" is derived from Venetian word \"s-cia[v]o\" (\"slave\"), \"panettone\" comes from Lombard word \"panetton\" etc.). Only 2.5% of Italy's population could speak the Italian standardized language properly when the nation unified in 1861.", "qas": [ { "id": "49167", "question": "what was idioms from their home ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "ciao" } ] }, { "id": "49168", "question": "what percentage of italy 's population was unified in 1861 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 283, "text": "2.5%" } ] }, { "id": "49169", "question": "when did the nation unified the italian standardized language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 392, "text": "1861" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Italian is a Romance language, and is therefore a descendant of Vulgar Latin. Standard Italian is based on Tuscan, especially its Florentine dialect, and is therefore an Italo-Dalmatian language, to which Sicilian and the extinct Dalmatian also belong, among a few others.", "qas": [ { "id": "49170", "question": "what language does italian have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "Vulgar Latin" } ] }, { "id": "49171", "question": "where is standard italian based ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "Tuscan" } ] }, { "id": "49172", "question": "what type of language is sicilian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "Italo-Dalmatian language" } ] }, { "id": "49173", "question": "what are the italo-dalmatian language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "Sicilian and the extinct Dalmatian" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Unlike most other Romance languages, Italian retains Latin's contrast between short and long consonants. As in most Romance languages, stress is distinctive. In particular, among the Romance languages, Italian is the closest to Latin in terms of vocabulary. Lexical similarity is 89% with French, 88% with Catalan, 85% with Sardinian, 82% with Spanish and Portuguese, 78% with Rhaeto-Romance, and 77% with Romanian.", "qas": [ { "id": "49174", "question": "what language is the closest to latin in terms of vocabulary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "Italian" } ] }, { "id": "49175", "question": "what percentage of catalan is lexical ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "89%" } ] }, { "id": "49176", "question": "what percentage of catalan is lexical ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "88%" } ] }, { "id": "49177", "question": "what percentage of catalan 's population is romanian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 397, "text": "77%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "One study analyzing the degree of differentiation of Romance languages in comparison to Latin (comparing phonology, inflection, discourse, syntax, vocabulary, and intonation) estimated that among the languages analyzed the distance between Italian and Latin is only higher than that between Sardinian and Latin.", "qas": [ { "id": "49178", "question": "what are the estimated languages analyzed between italian and latin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 291, "text": "Sardinian and Latin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Italian is an official language of Italy and San Marino and is spoken fluently by the majority of the countries' populations. Italian is official, together with French, German and Romansch in Switzerland, with most of the 0.5 million speakers concentrated in the south of the country, in the cantons of Ticino and southern Graub\u00fcnden (predominately in Italian Grigioni). Italian is the third most spoken language in Switzerland (after German and French), and its use has modestly declined since the 1970s. Italian is also used in administration and official documents in Vatican City.", "qas": [ { "id": "49179", "question": "what is italian an official language of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "Italy and San Marino" } ] }, { "id": "49180", "question": "what is the official name of the italian official ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "French, German and Romansch" } ] }, { "id": "49181", "question": "how many speakers are in switzerland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "0.5 million" } ] }, { "id": "49182", "question": "what cantons are in switzerland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 303, "text": "Ticino and southern Graub\u00fcnden" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Italian is widely spoken in Malta, where nearly two-thirds of the population can speak it fluently. Italian served as Malta's official language until 1934, while it is also recognized as an official language in Istria County, Croatia and Slovenian Istria, where there are significant and historic Italian populations.", "qas": [ { "id": "49183", "question": "in what year did malta become a official language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "1934" } ] }, { "id": "49184", "question": "where is italian populations recognized ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "Istria County, Croatia and Slovenian Istria" } ] } ] }, { "context": "It is used as the official language of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, a Roman Catholic chivalric order which, while not a nation per se, is still recognized as a sovereign subject of international law.", "qas": [ { "id": "49185", "question": "what is the name of the roman catholic chivalric order ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Sovereign Military Order of Malta" } ] }, { "id": "49186", "question": "what is the official language of malta ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "Roman Catholic chivalric order" } ] }, { "id": "49187", "question": "what is the nation still recognized as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "a sovereign subject of international law" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Italian is also spoken by a minority in Monaco and France (especially in the southeast region of the country).", "qas": [ { "id": "49188", "question": "where is italian spoken ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Monaco and France" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Due to heavy Italian influence during the Italian colonial period, Italian is still understood by some in former colonies. Although it was the primary language since colonial rule, Italian greatly declined under the rule of Muammar Gaddafi, who expelled the Italian Libyan population and made Arabic the sole official language of the country. Nevertheless, Italian is sometimes used in economic sectors in Libya. In Eritrea, Italian is at times used in commerce and the capital city Asmara still has one Italian-language school. Italian was also introduced to Somalia through colonialism and was the sole official language of administration and education during the colonial period but fell out of use after government, educational and economic infrastructure were destroyed in the Somali Civil War. Italian is still understood by some elderly and other people. The official languages of the Somali Republic are Somali (Maay and Maxaatiri) and Arabic. The second languages of the Transitional Federal Government are English.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "49189", "question": "who was the rule of the italian libyan population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "Muammar Gaddafi" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although over 17 million Americans are of Italian descent, only a little over one million people in the United States speak Italian at home. Nevertheless, an Italian language media market does exist in the country.", "qas": [ { "id": "49190", "question": "how many americans are of italian descent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "17 million" } ] }, { "id": "49191", "question": "how many people attend italian at home ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "a little over one million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Canada, Italian is the second most spoken non-official language when varieties of Chinese are not grouped together, with over 660,000 speakers (or about 2.1% of the population) according to the 2006 Census.", "qas": [ { "id": "49192", "question": "what is the second most spoken non-official language in canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "Italian" } ] }, { "id": "49193", "question": "how many speakers are in canada in 2006 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "660,000" } ] }, { "id": "49194", "question": "what percentage of the population is italian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "2.1%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Australia, Italian is the second most spoken foreign language after Chinese, with 1.4% of the population speaking it as their home language.", "qas": [ { "id": "49195", "question": "what is the second most spoken foreign language in australia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "Italian" } ] }, { "id": "49196", "question": "what percentage of the population of italian is italian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "1.4%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Italian immigrants to South America have also brought a presence of the language to that continent. Italian is the second most spoken language in Argentina after the official language of Spanish, with over 1 million (mainly of the older generation) speaking it at home, and Italian has also influenced the dialect of Spanish spoken in Argentina and Uruguay, mostly in phonology, as well as the Portuguese prosody of the Brazilian state of S\u00e3o Paulo which itself has 15 million Italian descendants. This form of Spanish is known as Rioplatense Spanish. Italian bilingual speakers can be found in the Southeast of Brazil as well as in the South. The Venetian language, specifically the V\u00e8neto or Talian dialect, is spoken by over 700,000 people in the southern states.\nIn 2009, the Brazilian city of Serafina Corr\u00eaa, in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, gave Talian joint official status, alongside Portuguese.\nSmaller Italian-speaking minorities on the continent are also found in Venezuela, Paraguay and Ecuador.", "qas": [ { "id": "49197", "question": "how many italian descendants are in argentina ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "1 million" } ] }, { "id": "49198", "question": "where is italian spoken ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 368, "text": "phonology" } ] }, { "id": "49199", "question": "how many italian descendants does s\u00e3o paulo have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 466, "text": "15 million" } ] }, { "id": "49200", "question": "what is the spanish form of spanish ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 531, "text": "Rioplatense Spanish" } ] }, { "id": "49201", "question": "how many people are in the southern states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 728, "text": "700,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Costa Rica, Central America, Italian is one of the most important immigration communities languages, after English. It is spoken in the southern area of the country in cities like San Vito and other communities of Coto Brus, near the south borderline with Panama.", "qas": [ { "id": "49202", "question": "what is the name of the country that is spoken in the southern area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "San Vito" } ] }, { "id": "49203", "question": "what is the name of the communities that italian is spoken in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "Coto Brus" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Italian is widely taught in many schools around the world, but rarely as the first foreign language. Italian is the fourth most frequently taught foreign language in the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "49204", "question": "what is the fourth most frequently taught foreign language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "Italian" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, every year there are more than 200,000 foreign students who study the Italian language; they are distributed among the 90 Institutes of Italian Culture that are located around the world, or in the 179 Italian schools located abroad, or in the 111 Italian lecturer sections belonging to foreign schools where Italian is taught as a language of culture.", "qas": [ { "id": "49205", "question": "what is the name of the ministry that study the italian language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs" } ] }, { "id": "49206", "question": "how many foreign students study the italian language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "200,000" } ] }, { "id": "49207", "question": "how many institutes of italian culture are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "90" } ] }, { "id": "49208", "question": "how many italian schools are in the italian language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "179" } ] }, { "id": "49209", "question": "how many italian lecturer sections are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "111" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the United States, Italian is the fourth most taught foreign language after Spanish, French, and German, in that order (or the fifth if American Sign Language is considered). In central-east Europe Italian is first in Montenegro, second in Austria, Croatia, Slovenia, and Ukraine after English, and third in Hungary, Romania and Russia after English and German. But throughout the world, Italian is the fifth most taught foreign language, after English, French, German, and Spanish.", "qas": [ { "id": "49210", "question": "what is the fourth most taught foreign language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "Italian" } ] }, { "id": "49211", "question": "what language is italian most taught after ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "Spanish, French, and German" } ] }, { "id": "49212", "question": "what is the most taught foreign language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "the fifth if American Sign Language" } ] }, { "id": "49213", "question": "where is europe italian located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 243, "text": "Austria, Croatia, Slovenia, and Ukraine" } ] }, { "id": "49214", "question": "in which countries is europe first in europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 311, "text": "Hungary, Romania and Russia" } ] }, { "id": "49215", "question": "in what two countries are romania and russia first in europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 345, "text": "English and German" } ] }, { "id": "49216", "question": "what is the fifth most taught foreign language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 391, "text": "Italian" } ] }, { "id": "49217", "question": "what are the fifth most taught foreign language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 448, "text": "English, French, German, and Spanish" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the European Union statistics, Italian is spoken as a native language by 13% of the EU population, or 65 million people, mainly in Italy. In the EU, it is spoken as a second language by 3% of the EU population, or 14 million people. Among EU states, the percentage of people able to speak Italian well enough to have a conversation is 66% in Malta, 15% in Slovenia, 14% in Croatia, 8% in Austria, 5% in France and Luxembourg, and 4% in the former West Germany, Greece, Cyprus, and Romania. Italian is also one of the national languages of Switzerland, which is not a part of the European Union. The Italian language is well-known and studied in Albania, another non-EU member, due to its historical ties and geographical proximity to Italy and to the diffusion of Italian television in the country.", "qas": [ { "id": "49218", "question": "what percentage of the eu population is italian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "13%" } ] }, { "id": "49219", "question": "how many people live in italian italian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "65 million" } ] }, { "id": "49220", "question": "what percentage of the eu is italian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "3%" } ] }, { "id": "49221", "question": "how many people live in the eu ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "14 million" } ] }, { "id": "49222", "question": "what is the percentage of people able to speak italian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 338, "text": "66%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From the late nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century, thousands of Italians settled in Argentina, Uruguay, southern Brazil, and Venezuela, where they formed a physical and cultural presence.", "qas": [ { "id": "49223", "question": "where did thousands of italians settled in the late nineteenth century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "Argentina, Uruguay, southern Brazil, and Venezuela" } ] }, { "id": "49224", "question": "what did venezuela , uruguay , and southern brazil form ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "physical and cultural presence" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In some cases, colonies were established where variants of regional languages of Italy were used, and some continue to use this regional language. Examples are Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, where Talian is used, and the town of Chipilo near Puebla, Mexico; each continues to use a derived form of Venetian dating back to the nineteenth century. Another example is Cocoliche, an Italian\u2013Spanish pidgin once spoken in Argentina and especially in Buenos Aires, and Lunfardo.", "qas": [ { "id": "49225", "question": "where is the town of brazil located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "Chipilo near Puebla, Mexico" } ] }, { "id": "49226", "question": "where are the spanish pidgin spoken ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 441, "text": "Buenos Aires, and Lunfardo" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Rioplatense Spanish, and particularly the speech of the city of Buenos Aires, has intonation patterns that resemble those of Italian languages, because Argentina has had a continuous large influx of Italian settlers since the second half of the nineteenth century: initially primarily from northern Italy; then, since the beginning of the twentieth century, mostly from southern Italy.", "qas": [ { "id": "49227", "question": "what is the speech of the city of buenos aires ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Rioplatense Spanish" } ] }, { "id": "49228", "question": "what is the speech of the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "Buenos Aires" } ] }, { "id": "49229", "question": "where is argentina 's speech located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "northern Italy" } ] }, { "id": "49230", "question": "where is the twentieth century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 370, "text": "southern Italy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Starting in late medieval times in much of Europe and the Mediterranean, Latin was replaced as the primary commercial language by Italian language variants (especially Tuscan and Venetian). These variants were consolidated during the Renaissance with the strength of Italy and the rise of humanism and the arts.", "qas": [ { "id": "49231", "question": "where was latin replaced in late medieval times ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Europe and the Mediterranean" } ] }, { "id": "49232", "question": "what was the primary commercial language in europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "Italian language variants" } ] }, { "id": "49233", "question": "who were the italian language variants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "Tuscan and Venetian" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During that period, Italy held artistic sway over the rest of Europe. It was the norm for all educated gentlemen to make the Grand Tour, visiting Italy to see its great historical monuments and works of art. It thus became expected to learn at least some Italian. In England, while the classical languages Latin and Greek were the first to be learned, Italian became the second most common modern language after French, a position it held until the late eighteenth century, when it tended to be replaced by German. John Milton, for instance, wrote some of his early poetry in Italian.", "qas": [ { "id": "49234", "question": "what was the second most common language in england ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 352, "text": "Italian" } ] }, { "id": "49235", "question": "who wrote some of his early poetry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 515, "text": "John Milton" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Within the Catholic church, Italian is known by a large part of the ecclesiastical hierarchy, and is used in substitution for Latin in some official documents. The primacy of Italian as a language in the Vatican City indicates use, not only within the Holy See, but throughout the world wherever an episcopal seat is present.", "qas": [ { "id": "49236", "question": "what language is known as a large part of the catholic church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "Italian" } ] }, { "id": "49237", "question": "what is italian known for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "the ecclesiastical hierarchy" } ] }, { "id": "49238", "question": "the primacy of italian as a language in the vatican is not within what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "the Holy See" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Throughout Italy, regional variations of Standard Italian, called Regional Italian, are spoken. In Italy, almost all Romance languages spoken as the vernacular\u2014other than standard Italian and distantly-related, non-Romance languages spoken in border regions or among immigrant communities\u2014are often imprecisely called \"Italian dialects\", even though they are quite different, with some belonging to different branches of the Romance language family. The only exceptions to this are Sardinian, Ladin and Friulian, which are officially recognized as distinct regional languages by the law. On the other hand, Corsican (a language spoken in France on the island of Corsica) is closely related to Tuscan, from which Standard Italian derives and evolved.", "qas": [ { "id": "49239", "question": "what language is spoken in italy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "Regional Italian" } ] }, { "id": "49240", "question": "what are romance languages spoken in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "Italian dialects" } ] }, { "id": "49241", "question": "what are officially recognized as distinct regional languages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 482, "text": "Sardinian, Ladin and Friulian" } ] }, { "id": "49242", "question": "what is closely related to tuscan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 607, "text": "Corsican" } ] }, { "id": "49243", "question": "what is corsican a language closely related to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 693, "text": "Tuscan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Regional differences can be recognized by various factors: the openness of vowels, the length of the consonants, and influence of the local language (for example, in informal situations the contraction ' replaces ' in the area of Rome for the infinitive \"to go\"; and \"\" is what Venetians say for the infinitive \"to go\").", "qas": [ { "id": "49244", "question": "what can be recognized by the regional differences in rome ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "the openness of vowels, the length of the consonants, and influence of the local language" } ] }, { "id": "49245", "question": "what is an example of a local language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "informal situations the contraction ' replaces ' in the area of Rome for the infinitive \"to go\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Italian has a seven-vowel system, consisting of , as well as 23 consonants. Compared with most other Romance languages, Italian phonology is conservative, preserving many words nearly unchanged from Vulgar Latin. Some examples:", "qas": [ { "id": "49246", "question": "how many consonants are in the italian system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "23" } ] }, { "id": "49247", "question": "what language does italian phonology focus from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "Vulgar Latin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The conservativeness of Italian phonology is partly explained by its origin. Italian stems from a literary language that is derived from the 13th-century speech of the city of Florence in the region of Tuscany, and has changed little in the last 700 years or so. Furthermore, the Tuscan dialect is the most conservative of all Italian dialects, radically different from the Gallo-Italian languages less than 100 miles to the north (across the La Spezia\u2013Rimini Line).", "qas": [ { "id": "49248", "question": "from what speech is italian stems derived ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "13th-century" } ] }, { "id": "49249", "question": "how long has the italian stems changed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "700 years" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The following are some of the conservative phonological features of Italian, as compared with the common Western Romance languages (French, Spanish, Portuguese, Galician, Catalan). Some of these features are also present in Romanian.", "qas": [ { "id": "49250", "question": "what is the common name for french , spanish , and galician ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "Western Romance languages" } ] }, { "id": "49251", "question": "what are some of the common western romance languages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "French, Spanish, Portuguese, Galician, Catalan)" } ] }, { "id": "49252", "question": "where are some of the features of these features ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "Romanian" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Compared with most other Romance languages, Italian has a large number of inconsistent outcomes, where the same underlying sound produces different results in different words, e.g. > \"lasciare\" and \"lassare\", > \"cacciare\" and \"cazzare\", > \"sdrucciolare\", \"druzzolare\" and \"ruzzolare\", > \"regina\" and \"reina\", > and , > and . Although in all these examples the second form has fallen out of usage, the dimorphism is thought to reflect the several-hundred-year period during which Italian developed as a literary language divorced from any native-speaking population, with an origin in 12th/13th-century Tuscan but with many words borrowed from languages farther to the north, with different sound outcomes. (The La Spezia\u2013Rimini Line, the most important isogloss in the entire Romance-language area, passes only about 20 miles to the north of Florence.)", "qas": [ { "id": "49253", "question": "what is the origin of italian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 584, "text": "12th/13th-century Tuscan" } ] }, { "id": "49254", "question": "how much does the most important isogloss in the entire romance-language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 817, "text": "20 miles" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Standard Italian also differs in some respects from most nearby Italian languages:", "qas": [] }, { "context": "The Italian alphabet is typically considered to consist of 21 letters. The letters j, k, w, x, y are traditionally excluded, though they appear in loanwords such as \"jeans\", \"whisky\", \"taxi\", \"xenofobo\", \"xilofono\". The letter has become common in standard Italian with the prefix \"extra-\", although \"(e)stra-\" is traditionally used; it is also common to use of the Latin particle \"ex(-)\" to mean \"former(ly)\" as in: \"la mia ex\" (\"my ex-girlfriend\"), \"Ex-Jugoslavia\" (\"Former Yugoslavia\"). The letter appears in the first name \"Jacopo\" and in some Italian place-names, such as Bajardo, Bojano, Joppolo, Jerzu, Jesolo, Jesi, Ajaccio, among others, and in \"Mar Jonio\", an alternative spelling of \"Mar Ionio\" (the Ionian Sea). The letter may appear in dialectal words, but its use is discouraged in contemporary standard Italian. Letters used in Foreign words can be replaced with phonetically equivalent native Italian letters and digraphs: , , or for ; or for (including in the standard prefix \"kilo-\"); , or for ; , , , or for ; and or for .", "qas": [ { "id": "49255", "question": "how many letters does the italian alphabet have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "21 letters" } ] }, { "id": "49256", "question": "what has the letter become common in standard italian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "extra-" } ] }, { "id": "49257", "question": "what is the first name for the letter ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 528, "text": "Jacopo" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Italian has geminate, or double, consonants, which are distinguished by length and intensity. Length is distinctive for all consonants except for , , , , which are always geminate, and , which is always single.\nGeminate plosives and affricates are realized as lengthened closures. Geminate fricatives, nasals, and are realized as lengthened continuants. There is only one vibrant phoneme but the actual pronunciation depends on context and regional accent. Generally one can find a flap consonant in unstressed position whereas is more common in stressed syllables, but there may be exceptions. Especially people from the Northern part of Italy (Parma, Aosta Valley, South Tyrol) may pronounce as , , or .", "qas": [ { "id": "49258", "question": "what is the italian word for italian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 12, "text": "geminate" } ] }, { "id": "49259", "question": "how are consonants distinguished ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "length and intensity" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Of special interest to the linguistic study of Italian is the \"gorgia toscana\", or \"Tuscan Throat\", the weakening or lenition of certain intervocalic consonants in the Tuscan language.", "qas": [ { "id": "49260", "question": "what is the linguistic study of italian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "gorgia toscana" } ] }, { "id": "49261", "question": "what is another name for the `` gorgia toscana '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "Tuscan Throat" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The voiced postalveolar fricative is only present in loanwords: for example, \"garage\" .", "qas": [ { "id": "49262", "question": "where is the voiced postalveolar fricative ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "loanwords" } ] }, { "id": "49263", "question": "what is another term for loanwords ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "garage" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Italian phonotactics do not usually permit verbs and polysyllabic nouns to end with consonants, excepting poetry and song, so foreign words may receive extra terminal vowel sounds.", "qas": [ { "id": "49264", "question": "what do foreign words receive ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "extra terminal vowel sounds" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are two genders (masculine and feminine), however there is a number of nouns that change their gender from the singular to plural, having a masculine singular and a feminine plural, and thus are sometimes considered neuter (those are derived from neuter Latin nouns). An instance of neuter gender also exists in pronouns of the third person singular.", "qas": [ { "id": "49265", "question": "what is a number of nouns that are sometimes considered neuter ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "change their gender from the singular to plural, having a masculine singular and a feminine plural" } ] }, { "id": "49266", "question": "what is derived from neuter latin nouns ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "neuter" } ] }, { "id": "49267", "question": "what are neuter and neuter derived from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "neuter Latin nouns" } ] }, { "id": "49268", "question": "what is an example of a neuter gender ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 318, "text": "pronouns of the third person singular" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The order of words in the phrase is relatively free compared to most European languages. The position of the verb in the phrase is highly mobile. Word order has a lesser grammatical function in Italian than in English. Adjectives are sometimes placed before their noun and sometimes after. Subject nouns generally come before the verb. Italian is a null-subject language, subjective pronouns are usually dropped, their presence implied by verbal inflections. Noun objects come after the verb, as do pronoun objects after imperative verbs and infinitives, but otherwise pronoun objects come before the verb.", "qas": [ { "id": "49269", "question": "when are adjectives sometimes placed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "before their noun and sometimes after" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are numerous contractions of prepositions with subsequent articles. There are numerous productive suffixes for diminutive, augmentative, pejorative, attenuating etc., which are also used to create neologisms. There are 27 pronouns, grouped in clitic and tonic pronouns.", "qas": [ { "id": "49270", "question": "what types of neologisms are used to create neologisms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "diminutive, augmentative, pejorative, attenuating etc" } ] }, { "id": "49271", "question": "what are the neologisms used to create ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "neologisms" } ] }, { "id": "49272", "question": "how many pronouns are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "27" } ] }, { "id": "49273", "question": "what types of pronouns are grouped ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "clitic and tonic pronouns" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are three regular sets of verbal conjugations, and various verbs are irregularly conjugated. Within each of these sets of conjugations, there are four simple (one-word) verbal conjugations by person/number in the indicative mood (present tense; past tense with imperfective aspect, past tense with perfective aspect, and future tense), two simple conjugations in the subjunctive mood (present tense and past tense), one simple conjugation in the conditional mood, and one simple conjugation in the imperative mood. Corresponding to each of the simple conjugations, there is a compound conjugation involving a simple conjugation of \"to be\" or \"to have\" followed by a past participle. \"To have\" is used to form compound conjugation when the verb is transitive (\"Hai detto\", \"hai fatto\": you have said, you have made), while \"to be\" is used when the verb is intransitive (\"Sei andato\", \"sei stato\": you have gone, you have been). \"To be\" may be used with transitive verbs, but in such a case it makes the verb passive (\"Sei detto\", \"Sei fatto\": you are said, you are made). This rule is not absolute, and some exceptions do exist.", "qas": [ { "id": "49274", "question": "how many regular sets of verbal conjugations are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "49275", "question": "how many simple conjugation are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "four" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There is a recording of Dante's Divine Comedy read by Lino Pertile available online.", "qas": [ { "id": "49276", "question": "what is there a recording of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "Dante's Divine Comedy" } ] }, { "id": "49277", "question": "who read dante 's divine comedy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "Lino Pertile" } ] } ] } ], "title": "Italian language" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA which is made up of nucleotides and is the molecular unit of heredity. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as gene\u2013environment interactions. Some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye colour or number of limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life.", "qas": [ { "id": "49278", "question": "what is the gene a gene made up of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "nucleotides" } ] }, { "id": "49279", "question": "what is the transmission of genes to an organism 's offspring ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits" } ] }, { "id": "49280", "question": "what are most biological traits ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 265, "text": "polygenes" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotype traits. Colloquial usage of the term \"having a gene\" (e.g., \"good genes,\" \"hair colour gene\") typically refers to having a different allele of the gene. Genes evolve due to natural selection or survival of the fittest of the alleles.", "qas": [ { "id": "49281", "question": "what is another term for mutations in the population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "alleles" } ] }, { "id": "49282", "question": "what is colloquial usage ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "\"having a gene" } ] }, { "id": "49283", "question": "what is another term for `` good genes '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "hair colour gene" } ] }, { "id": "49284", "question": "what does the term `` having a gene colour '' mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "having a different allele of the gene" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered. For example, regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions, and coding regions can be split into several exons. Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding RNAs. Therefore, a broad, modern working definition of a gene is any discrete locus of heritable, genomic sequence which affect an organism's traits by being expressed as a functional product or by regulation of gene expression.", "qas": [ { "id": "49285", "question": "what do some viruses store their genome in rna instead of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "functional non-coding RNAs" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822\u20131884). From 1857 to 1864, he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants, tracking distinct traits from parent to offspring. He described these mathematically as 2\u00a0combinations where n is the number of differing characteristics in the original peas. Although he did not use the term \"gene\", he explained his results in terms of discrete inherited units that give rise to observable physical characteristics. This description prefigured the distinction between genotype (the genetic material of an organism) and phenotype (the visible traits of that organism). Mendel was also the first to demonstrate independent assortment, the distinction between dominant and recessive traits, the distinction between a heterozygote and homozygote, and the phenomenon of discontinuous inheritance.", "qas": [ { "id": "49286", "question": "who suggested the existence of discrete inheritable units ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Gregor Mendel" } ] }, { "id": "49287", "question": "when was the existence of discrete inheritable units ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "1822\u20131884" } ] }, { "id": "49288", "question": "how many common edible pea plants does mendel have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "8000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Prior to Mendel's work, the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance, which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilisation process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring. Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed pangenesis, from Greek pan (\"all, whole\") and genesis (\"birth\") / genos (\"origin\"). Darwin used the term \"gemmule\" to describe hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction. ", "qas": [ { "id": "49289", "question": "what was the dominant theory of heredity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "blending inheritance" } ] }, { "id": "49290", "question": "who developed a theory of inheritance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "Charles Darwin" } ] }, { "id": "49291", "question": "what was charles darwin 's nickname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "pangenesis" } ] }, { "id": "49292", "question": "what did darwin call greek pan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 337, "text": "all, whole\") and genesis (\"birth\") / genos" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Mendel's work went largely unnoticed after its first publication in 1866, but was rediscovered in the late 19th century by Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak, who (claimed to have) reached similar conclusions in their own research. Specifically, in 1889, Hugo de Vries published his book \"Intracellular Pangenesis\", in which he postulated that different characters have individual hereditary carriers and that inheritance of specific traits in organisms comes in particles. De Vries called these units \"pangenes\" (\"Pangens\" in German), after Darwin's 1868 pangenesis theory.", "qas": [ { "id": "49293", "question": "in what year did mendel 's work become first publication ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "1866" } ] }, { "id": "49294", "question": "who reached the mendel 's work in the late 19th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak" } ] }, { "id": "49295", "question": "in what year was hugo de vries published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "1889" } ] }, { "id": "49296", "question": "who published his book `` intracellular pangenesis '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "Hugo de Vries" } ] }, { "id": "49297", "question": "what was the name of hugo de vries published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "Intracellular Pangenesis" } ] }, { "id": "49298", "question": "what is another name for de vries units ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 521, "text": "pangenes" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sixteen years later, in 1905, the word \"genetics\" was first used by William Bateson, while Eduard Strasburger, amongst others, still used the term pangene for the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity. In 1909 the Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen shortened the name to \"gene\". ", "qas": [ { "id": "49299", "question": "when was the word `` genetics '' first used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "1905" } ] }, { "id": "49300", "question": "who first used the word `` genetics '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "William Bateson" } ] }, { "id": "49301", "question": "who used the word `` genetics '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "Eduard Strasburger" } ] }, { "id": "49302", "question": "when was the danish botanist shortened ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "1909" } ] }, { "id": "49303", "question": "who shortened the name to `` gene '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "Wilhelm Johannsen" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Advances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s. The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins using X-ray crystallography, which led James D. Watson and Francis Crick to publish a model of the double-stranded DNA molecule whose paired nucleotide bases indicated a compelling hypothesis for the mechanism of genetic replication. ", "qas": [ { "id": "49304", "question": "what is shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "Deoxyribonucleic acid" } ] }, { "id": "49305", "question": "who studied x-ray crystallography ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins" } ] }, { "id": "49306", "question": "who led the x-ray crystallography using x-ray crystallography ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 330, "text": "James D. Watson and Francis Crick" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Collectively, this body of research established the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that proteins are translated from RNA, which is transcribed from DNA. This dogma has since been shown to have exceptions, such as reverse transcription in retroviruses. The modern study of genetics at the level of DNA is known as molecular genetics.", "qas": [ { "id": "49307", "question": "what is the central dogma of research that proteins ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "molecular biology" } ] }, { "id": "49308", "question": "what language is transcribed from dna ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "RNA" } ] }, { "id": "49309", "question": "what is rna transcribed from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "DNA" } ] }, { "id": "49310", "question": "what is the name of the exceptions that has been shown to have been shown to be shown to be shown to be shown to be shown to be shown to be shown to be shown to have been shown to be shown to be shown to have been shown to be shown to be shown ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "reverse transcription in retroviruses" } ] }, { "id": "49311", "question": "what is the modern study of genetics at the level of dna known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 331, "text": "molecular genetics" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein. The subsequent development of chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine laboratory tool. An automated version of the Sanger method was used in early phases of the Human Genome Project.", "qas": [ { "id": "49312", "question": "in what year was the first to determine the sequence of a gene for a gene for bacteriophage ms2 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1972" } ] }, { "id": "49313", "question": "who were the first to determine the sequence of a gene for bacteriophage ms2 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Walter Fiers" } ] }, { "id": "49314", "question": "where was the first to determine the sequence of a gene for bacteriophage ms2 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "University of Ghent" } ] }, { "id": "49315", "question": "what was the first sequence of a gene for a gene ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein" } ] }, { "id": "49316", "question": "in what year did the development of chain-termination dna sequencing occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "1977" } ] }, { "id": "49317", "question": "who improved the efficiency of sequencing sequencing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "Frederick Sanger" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The theories developed in the 1930s and 1940s to integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern evolutionary synthesis, a term introduced by Julian Huxley. Evolutionary biologists subsequently refined this concept, such as George C. Williams' gene-centric view of evolution. He proposed an evolutionary concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection with the definition: \"that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency.\" In this view, the molecular gene \"transcribes\" as a unit, and the evolutionary gene \"inherits\" as a unit. Related ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution were popularized by Richard Dawkins.", "qas": [ { "id": "49318", "question": "when were the theories developed to integrate molecular genetics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "1930s and 1940s" } ] }, { "id": "49319", "question": "what did the modern evolutionary synthesis integrate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "Darwinian evolution" } ] }, { "id": "49320", "question": "what are the theories developed in the 1930s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "modern evolutionary synthesis" } ] }, { "id": "49321", "question": "who introduced the modern evolutionary synthesis ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "Julian Huxley" } ] }, { "id": "49322", "question": "what was the name of the view of evolution of evolution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "George C. Williams" } ] }, { "id": "49323", "question": "who popularized ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 660, "text": "Richard Dawkins" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.", "qas": [ { "id": "49324", "question": "how many types of nucleotide subunits does dna have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "49325", "question": "what type of sugar is dna composed of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "a five-carbon sugar" } ] }, { "id": "49326", "question": "what are some of the four bases ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Two chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside, and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine. The specificity of base pairing occurs because adenine and thymine align to form two hydrogen bonds, whereas cytosine and guanine form three hydrogen bonds. The two strands in a double helix must therefore be complementary, with their sequence of bases matching such that the adenines of one strand are paired with the thymines of the other strand, and so on.", "qas": [ { "id": "49327", "question": "what is the dna double helix of dna twist around ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside" } ] }, { "id": "49328", "question": "what is the name of the base of the bases ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine" } ] }, { "id": "49329", "question": "what are the specificity of base pairing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "adenine and thymine align" } ] }, { "id": "49330", "question": "what are the specificity of base pairing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 336, "text": "cytosine and guanine form three hydrogen bonds" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Due to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases, DNA strands have directionality. One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3'\u00a0end of the molecule. The other end contains an exposed phosphate group; this is the 5'\u00a0end. The two strands of a double-helix run in opposite directions. Nucleic acid synthesis, including DNA replication and transcription occurs in the 5'\u21923'\u00a0direction, because new nucleotides are added via a dehydration reaction that uses the exposed 3'\u00a0hydroxyl as a nucleophile.", "qas": [ { "id": "49331", "question": "what is the hydroxyl group on a dna polymer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "deoxyribose" } ] }, { "id": "49332", "question": "what is the hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose group called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "the 3'\u00a0end of the molecule" } ] }, { "id": "49333", "question": "what is the exposed to an exposed phosphate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 291, "text": "5'\u00a0end" } ] }, { "id": "49334", "question": "what synthesis occurs in the 5 ' \u2192 3 ' direction ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 361, "text": "Nucleic acid synthesis" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine. RNA molecules are less stable than DNA and are typically single-stranded. Genes that encode proteins are composed of a series of three-nucleotide sequences called codons, which serve as the \"words\" in the genetic \"language\". The genetic code specifies the correspondence during protein translation between codons and amino acids. The genetic code is nearly the same for all known organisms.", "qas": [ { "id": "49335", "question": "the expression of genes encoded in dna begins by what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "transcribing the gene into RNA" } ] }, { "id": "49336", "question": "the gene into rna is a second type of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "nucleic acid" } ] }, { "id": "49337", "question": "what does the monomers of genes encoded rather than ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "deoxyribose" } ] }, { "id": "49338", "question": "what do genes that encode proteins are composed of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 427, "text": "codons" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded. The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus. Each locus contains one allele of a gene; however, members of a population may have different alleles at the locus, each with a slightly different gene sequence.", "qas": [ { "id": "49339", "question": "what is the total complement of genes in an organism known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "its genome" } ] }, { "id": "49340", "question": "how can the total complement of genes be stored ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "one or more chromosomes" } ] }, { "id": "49341", "question": "what is the region of the chromosome of the chromosome called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "its locus" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The majority of eukaryotic genes are stored on a set of large, linear chromosomes. The chromosomes are packed within the nucleus in complex with storage proteins called histones to form a unit called a nucleosome. DNA packaged and condensed in this way is called chromatin. The manner in which DNA is stored on the histones, as well as chemical modifications of the histone itself, regulate whether a particular region of DNA is accessible for gene expression. In addition to genes, eukaryotic chromosomes contain sequences involved in ensuring that the DNA is copied without degradation of end regions and sorted into daughter cells during cell division: replication origins, telomeres and the centromere. Replication origins are the sequence regions where DNA replication is initiated to make two copies of the chromosome. Telomeres are long stretches of repetitive sequence that cap the ends of the linear chromosomes and prevent degradation of coding and regulatory regions during DNA replication. The length of the telomeres decreases each time the genome is replicated and has been implicated in the aging process. The centromere is required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division.", "qas": [ { "id": "49342", "question": "what are the majority of eukaryotic genes stored on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "linear chromosomes" } ] }, { "id": "49343", "question": "what are packed within the nucleus in complex with storage proteins called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "histones" } ] }, { "id": "49344", "question": "what is the unit of the chromosomes called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "nucleosome" } ] }, { "id": "49345", "question": "what is dna packaged and condensed in this era called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "chromatin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes. Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer.\nWhereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as \"junk DNA\". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up barely 2% of the human genome, about 80% of the bases in the genome may be expressed, so the term \"junk DNA\" may be a misnomer.", "qas": [ { "id": "49346", "question": "what type of chromosome do prokaryotes store ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "circular chromosome" } ] }, { "id": "49347", "question": "what is the term used to describe a chromosome of dna ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": "plasmids" } ] }, { "id": "49348", "question": "what is another name for dna dna ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 997, "text": "junk DNA" } ] }, { "id": "49349", "question": "what percentage of the human genome is protein-coding dna ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1096, "text": "2%" } ] }, { "id": "49350", "question": "what percentage of the bases may be expressed in the genome ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1126, "text": "80%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The structure of a gene consists of many elements of which the actual protein coding sequence is often only a small part. These include DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA.", "qas": [ { "id": "49351", "question": "what is the structure of a protein coding sequence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "a small part" } ] }, { "id": "49352", "question": "what are dna regions not transcribed as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "untranslated regions of the RNA" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Firstly, flanking the open reading frame, all genes contain a regulatory sequence that is required for their expression. In order to be expressed, genes require a promoter sequence. The promoter is recognized and bound by transcription factors and RNA polymerase to initiate transcription. A gene can have more than one promoter, resulting in messenger RNAs (mRNA) that differ in how far they extend in the 5'\u00a0end. Promoter regions have a consensus sequence, however highly transcribed genes have \"strong\" promoter sequences that bind the transcription machinery well, whereas others have \"weak\" promoters that bind poorly and initiate transcription less frequently. Eukaryotic promoter regions are much more complex and difficult to identify than prokaryotic promoters.", "qas": [ { "id": "49353", "question": "what is the promoter recognized by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "transcription factors and RNA polymerase" } ] }, { "id": "49354", "question": "when do a gene have more than one promoter ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 407, "text": "5'\u00a0end" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Additionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame. These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (and bound transcription factor) become close to the RNA polymerase binding site. For example, enhancers increase transcription by binding an activator protein which then helps to recruit the RNA polymerase to the promoter; conversely silencers bind repressor proteins and make the DNA less available for RNA polymerase.", "qas": [ { "id": "49355", "question": "what are the regulatory regions of genes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame" } ] }, { "id": "49356", "question": "the regulatory sequence -lrb- bound transcription factor -rrb- become close to what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "the RNA polymerase binding site" } ] }, { "id": "49357", "question": "what causes enhancers increase transcription ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 355, "text": "binding an activator protein" } ] }, { "id": "49358", "question": "what make the dna less available for rna polymerase ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 448, "text": "conversely silencers bind repressor proteins" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The transcribed pre-mRNA contains untranslated regions at both ends which contain a ribosome binding site, terminator and start and stop codons. In addition, most eukaryotic open reading frames contain untranslated introns which are removed before the exons are translated. The sequences at the ends of the introns, dictate the splice sites to generate the final mature mRNA which encodes the protein or RNA product.", "qas": [ { "id": "49359", "question": "what is the ribosome binding site ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "terminator and start and stop codons" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many prokaryotic genes are organized into operons, with multiple protein-coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit. The genes in an operon are transcribed as a continuous messenger RNA, referred to as a polycistronic mRNA. The term cistron in this context is equivalent to gene. The transcription of an operon\u2019s mRNA is often controlled by a repressor that can occur in an active or inactive state depending on the presence of certain specific metabolites. When active, the repressor binds to a DNA sequence at the beginning of the operon, called the operator region, and represses transcription of the operon; when the repressor is inactive transcription of the operon can occur (see e.g. Lac operon). The products of operon genes typically have related functions and are involved in the same regulatory network.", "qas": [ { "id": "49360", "question": "what are many prokaryotic genes organized into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "operons" } ] }, { "id": "49361", "question": "the genes in an operon are transcribed as what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "a continuous messenger RNA" } ] }, { "id": "49362", "question": "what are the genes in an operon rna referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "polycistronic mRNA" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Defining exactly what section of a DNA sequence comprises a gene is difficult. Regulatory regions of a gene such as enhancers do not necessarily have to be close to the coding sequence on the linear molecule because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into proximity. Similarly, a gene's introns can be much larger than its exons. Regulatory regions can even be on entirely different chromosomes and operate \"in trans\" to allow regulatory regions on one chromosome to come in contact with target genes on another chromosome.", "qas": [ { "id": "49363", "question": "why are regulatory regions of a gene close to the coding sequence on the linear molecule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into proximity" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Early work in molecular genetics suggested the concept that one gene makes one protein. This concept (originally called the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis) emerged from an influential 1941 paper by George Beadle and Edward Tatum on experiments with mutants of the fungus Neurospora crassa. Norman Horowitz, an early colleague on the \"Neurospora\" research, reminisced in 2004 that \u201cthese experiments founded the science of what Beadle and Tatum called \"biochemical genetics\". In actuality they proved to be the opening gun in what became molecular genetics and all the developments that have followed from that.\u201d The one gene-one protein concept has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in short section across the genome whose mRNAs are concatenated by trans-splicing.", "qas": [ { "id": "49364", "question": "what does early work in molecular genetics suggest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "one gene makes one protein" } ] }, { "id": "49365", "question": "what was the name of the concept that emerged in 1941 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "one gene-one enzyme hypothesis" } ] }, { "id": "49366", "question": "who emerged in 1941 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "George Beadle and Edward Tatum" } ] }, { "id": "49367", "question": "who was the early colleague of biochemical genetics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "Norman Horowitz" } ] }, { "id": "49368", "question": "what was the name of norman 's colleague ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 334, "text": "Neurospora" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A broad operational definition is sometimes used to encompass the complexity of these diverse phenomena, where a gene is defined as a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products. This definition categorizes genes by their functional products (proteins or RNA) rather than their specific DNA loci, with regulatory elements classified as \"gene-associated\" regions.", "qas": [ { "id": "49369", "question": "what is a gene defined as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products" } ] }, { "id": "49370", "question": "what are regulatory elements classified as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 391, "text": "gene-associated\" regions" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In all organisms, two steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies. First, the gene's DNA is \"transcribed\" to messenger RNA (mRNA). Second, that mRNA is \"translated\" to protein. RNA-coding genes must still go through the first step, but are not translated into protein. The process of producing a biologically functional molecule of either RNA or protein is called gene expression, and the resulting molecule is called a gene product.", "qas": [ { "id": "49371", "question": "what do two steps do in all organisms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies" } ] }, { "id": "49372", "question": "what is the process of producing a biologically functional molecule of either rna or protein is called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 424, "text": "gene expression" } ] }, { "id": "49373", "question": "what is the process of producing a biologically functional molecule of either rna or protein is called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 478, "text": "a gene product" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein through the genetic code. Sets of three nucleotides, known as codons, each correspond to a specific amino acid. The principle that three sequential bases of DNA code for each amino acid was demonstrated in 1961 using frameshift mutations in the rIIB gene of bacteriophage T4 (see Crick, Brenner et al. experiment). ", "qas": [ { "id": "49374", "question": "what are three nucleotides known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "codons" } ] }, { "id": "49375", "question": "when was the principle that three sequential bases of dna code of dna code of dna code demonstrated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 293, "text": "1961" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Additionally, a \"start codon\", and three \"stop codons\" indicate the beginning and end of the protein coding region. There are 64\u00a0possible codons (four possible nucleotides at each of three positions, hence 4\u00a0possible codons) and only 20\u00a0standard amino acids; hence the code is redundant and multiple codons can specify the same amino acid. The correspondence between codons and amino acids is nearly universal among all known living organisms.", "qas": [ { "id": "49376", "question": "how many possible codons are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "64" } ] }, { "id": "49377", "question": "how many amino acids are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "20\u00a0standard amino acids" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Transcription produces a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA, whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed. The mRNA acts as an intermediate between the DNA gene and its final protein product. The gene's DNA is used as a template to generate a complementary mRNA. The mRNA matches the sequence of the gene's DNA coding strand because it is synthesised as the complement of the template strand. Transcription is performed by an enzyme called an RNA polymerase, which reads the template strand in the 3' to 5'\u00a0direction and synthesizes the RNA from 5' to 3'. To initiate transcription, the polymerase first recognizes and binds a promoter region of the gene. Thus, a major mechanism of gene regulation is the blocking or sequestering the promoter region, either by tight binding by repressor molecules that physically block the polymerase, or by organizing the DNA so that the promoter region is not accessible.", "qas": [ { "id": "49378", "question": "what is the rna molecule called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "messenger RNA" } ] }, { "id": "49379", "question": "what does mrna mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "an intermediate between the DNA gene and its final protein product" } ] }, { "id": "49380", "question": "what is transcription performed by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 496, "text": "an RNA polymerase" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm; for very long transcripts, translation may begin at the 5'\u00a0end of the RNA while the 3'\u00a0end is still being transcribed. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, where the cell's DNA is stored. The RNA molecule produced by the polymerase is known as the primary transcript and undergoes post-transcriptional modifications before being exported to the cytoplasm for translation. One of the modifications performed is the splicing of introns which are sequences in the transcribed region that do not encode protein. Alternative splicing mechanisms can result in mature transcripts from the same gene having different sequences and thus coding for different proteins. This is a major form of regulation in eukaryotic cells and also occurs in some prokaryotes.", "qas": [ { "id": "49381", "question": "where does transcription occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "cytoplasm" } ] }, { "id": "49382", "question": "when does transcription begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "5'\u00a0end of the RNA" } ] }, { "id": "49383", "question": "what is still being transcribed .", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "3'\u00a0end" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Translation is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein. Translation is carried out by ribosomes, large complexes of RNA and protein responsible for carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain by the formation of peptide bonds. The genetic code is read three nucleotides at a time, in units called codons, via interactions with specialized RNA molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA). Each tRNA has three unpaired bases known as the anticodon that are complementary to the codon it reads on the mRNA. The tRNA is also covalently attached to the amino acid specified by the complementary codon. When the tRNA binds to its complementary codon in an mRNA strand, the ribosome attaches its amino acid cargo to the new polypeptide chain, which is synthesized from amino terminus to carboxyl terminus. During and after synthesis, most new proteins must fold to their active three-dimensional structure before they can carry out their cellular functions.", "qas": [ { "id": "49384", "question": "what is the process by which a mature mrna molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Translation" } ] }, { "id": "49385", "question": "how is translation carried out ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "ribosomes" } ] }, { "id": "49386", "question": "what are the genetic code read three nucleotides called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "codons" } ] }, { "id": "49387", "question": "what is the term for trna ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 463, "text": "transfer RNA" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Genes are regulated so that they are expressed only when the product is needed, since expression draws on limited resources. A cell regulates its gene expression depending on its external environment (e.g. available nutrients, temperature and other stresses), its internal environment (e.g. cell division cycle, metabolism, infection status), and its specific role if in a multicellular organism. Gene expression can be regulated at any step: from transcriptional initiation, to RNA processing, to post-translational modification of the protein. The regulation of lactose metabolism genes in \"E. coli\" (\"lac\" operon) was the first such mechanism to be described in 1961.", "qas": [ { "id": "49388", "question": "what are some external environment ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "available nutrients, temperature and other stresses" } ] }, { "id": "49389", "question": "what are some of the internal environment ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 291, "text": "cell division cycle, metabolism, infection status" } ] }, { "id": "49390", "question": "when was the first mechanism to be described ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 665, "text": "1961" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A typical protein-coding gene is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product. In other cases, the RNA molecules are the actual functional products, as in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA. Some RNAs known as ribozymes are capable of enzymatic function, and microRNA has a regulatory role. The DNA sequences from which such RNAs are transcribed are known as non-coding RNA genes.", "qas": [ { "id": "49391", "question": "what is a typical protein-coding gene copied into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product" } ] }, { "id": "49392", "question": "what synthesis are the rna molecules ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA" } ] }, { "id": "49393", "question": "what is capable of enzymatic function ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "ribozymes" } ] }, { "id": "49394", "question": "what are ribozymes capable of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "enzymatic function" } ] }, { "id": "49395", "question": "what are dna sequences from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 416, "text": "non-coding RNA genes" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some viruses store their entire genomes in the form of RNA, and contain no DNA at all. Because they use RNA to store genes, their cellular hosts may synthesize their proteins as soon as they are infected and without the delay in waiting for transcription. On the other hand, RNA retroviruses, such as HIV, require the reverse transcription of their genome from RNA into DNA before their proteins can be synthesized. RNA-mediated epigenetic inheritance has also been observed in plants and very rarely in animals.", "qas": [ { "id": "49396", "question": "who require the reverse transcription ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "RNA retroviruses" } ] }, { "id": "49397", "question": "what is another name for rna retroviruses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 301, "text": "HIV" } ] }, { "id": "49398", "question": "what has been observed in plants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 416, "text": "RNA-mediated epigenetic inheritance" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Organisms inherit their genes from their parents. Asexual organisms simply inherit a complete copy of their parent's genome. Sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome because they inherit one complete set from each parent.", "qas": [ { "id": "49399", "question": "do organisms inherit their genes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Organisms inherit their genes from their parents" } ] }, { "id": "49400", "question": "what do asexual organisms do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "inherit a complete copy of their parent's genome" } ] }, { "id": "49401", "question": "how many copies do sexual organisms have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "two copies of each chromosome because they inherit one complete set from each parent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to Mendelian inheritance, variations in an organism's phenotype (observable physical and behavioral characteristics) are due in part to variations in its genotype (particular set of genes). Each gene specifies a particular trait with different sequence of a gene (alleles) giving rise to different phenotypes. Most eukaryotic organisms (such as the pea plants Mendel worked on) have two alleles for each trait, one inherited from each parent.", "qas": [ { "id": "49402", "question": "what type of inheritance are variations in an organism 's phenotype ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "Mendelian inheritance" } ] }, { "id": "49403", "question": "what are variations in an organism 's phenotype ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "observable physical and behavioral characteristics" } ] }, { "id": "49404", "question": "what are variations in part of an organism called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "variations in its genotype" } ] }, { "id": "49405", "question": "what does each gene mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "alleles" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Alleles at a locus may be dominant or recessive; dominant alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotypes when paired with any other allele for the same trait, whereas recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype only when paired with another copy of the same allele. For example, if the allele specifying tall stems in pea plants is dominant over the allele specifying short stems, then pea plants that inherit one tall allele from one parent and one short allele from the other parent will also have tall stems. Mendel's work demonstrated that alleles assort independently in the production of gametes, or germ cells, ensuring variation in the next generation. Although Mendelian inheritance remains a good model for many traits determined by single genes (including a number of well-known genetic disorders) it does not include the physical processes of DNA replication and cell division.", "qas": [ { "id": "49406", "question": "how do alleles be dominant ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "dominant alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotypes when paired with any other allele for the same trait" } ] }, { "id": "49407", "question": "what do dominant alleles give ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype only when paired with another copy of the same allele" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The growth, development, and reproduction of organisms relies on cell division, or the process by which a single cell divides into two usually identical daughter cells. This requires first making a duplicate copy of every gene in the genome in a process called DNA replication. The copies are made by specialized enzymes known as DNA polymerases, which \"read\" one strand of the double-helical DNA, known as the template strand, and synthesize a new complementary strand. Because the DNA double helix is held together by base pairing, the sequence of one strand completely specifies the sequence of its complement; hence only one strand needs to be read by the enzyme to produce a faithful copy. The process of DNA replication is semiconservative; that is, the copy of the genome inherited by each daughter cell contains one original and one newly synthesized strand of DNA.", "qas": [ { "id": "49408", "question": "what is the process of cell division ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "a single cell divides into two usually identical daughter cells" } ] }, { "id": "49409", "question": "what is the first copy of every gene in the genome called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "DNA replication" } ] }, { "id": "49410", "question": "what are the specialized enzymes known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 330, "text": "DNA polymerases" } ] }, { "id": "49411", "question": "what is the process of dna replication ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 729, "text": "semiconservative" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The rate of DNA replication in living cells was first measured as the rate of phage T4 DNA elongation in phage-infected \"E. coli\" and found to be impressively rapid. During the period of exponential DNA increase at 37 \u00b0C, the rate of elongation was 749 nucleotides per second.", "qas": [ { "id": "49412", "question": "what is the rate of exponential dna increase in exponential dna ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "37 \u00b0C" } ] }, { "id": "49413", "question": "what was the rate of exponential dna increase at 37 \u00b0c ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "749 nucleotides per second" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After DNA replication is complete, the cell must physically separate the two copies of the genome and divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells. In prokaryotes\u00a0(bacteria and archaea) this usually occurs via a relatively simple process called binary fission, in which each circular genome attaches to the cell membrane and is separated into the daughter cells as the membrane invaginates to split the cytoplasm into two membrane-bound portions. Binary fission is extremely fast compared to the rates of cell division in eukaryotes. Eukaryotic cell division is a more complex process known as the cell cycle; DNA replication occurs during a phase of this cycle known as S phase, whereas the process of segregating chromosomes and splitting the cytoplasm occurs during M phase.", "qas": [ { "id": "49414", "question": "what is the simple process of each circular genome ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "binary fission" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for molecular inheritance, and the link between the classical and molecular pictures of genes. Organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents because the cells of the offspring contain copies of the genes in their parents' cells. In asexually reproducing organisms, the offspring will be a genetic copy or clone of the parent organism. In sexually reproducing organisms, a specialized form of cell division called meiosis produces cells called gametes or germ cells that are haploid, or contain only one copy of each gene. The gametes produced by females are called eggs or ova, and those produced by males are called sperm. Two gametes fuse to form a diploid fertilized egg, a single cell that has two sets of genes, with one copy of each gene from the mother and one from the father.", "qas": [ { "id": "49415", "question": "do organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "Organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents because the cells of the offspring contain copies of the genes in their parents' cells" } ] }, { "id": "49416", "question": "what happens to the offspring in asexually ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 381, "text": "the offspring will be a genetic copy or clone of the parent organism" } ] }, { "id": "49417", "question": "what are a specialized form of cell division ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 559, "text": "gametes or germ cells" } ] }, { "id": "49418", "question": "what are gametes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 681, "text": "eggs or ova" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the process of meiotic cell division, an event called genetic recombination or \"crossing-over\" can sometimes occur, in which a length of DNA on one chromatid is swapped with a length of DNA on the corresponding homologous non-sister chromatid. This can result in reassortment of otherwise linked alleles. The Mendelian principle of independent assortment asserts that each of a parent's two genes for each trait will sort independently into gametes; which allele an organism inherits for one trait is unrelated to which allele it inherits for another trait. This is in fact only true for genes that do not reside on the same chromosome, or are located very far from one another on the same chromosome. The closer two genes lie on the same chromosome, the more closely they will be associated in gametes and the more often they will appear together; genes that are very close are essentially never separated because it is extremely unlikely that a crossover point will occur between them. This is known as genetic linkage.", "qas": [ { "id": "49419", "question": "what are the event that can sometimes occur in the process of dna ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "genetic recombination or \"crossing-over" } ] }, { "id": "49420", "question": "what is a length of genetic recombination ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "a length of DNA on the corresponding homologous non-sister chromatid" } ] }, { "id": "49421", "question": "what is the mendelian principle of independent assortment ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 383, "text": "a parent's two genes for each trait will sort independently into gametes" } ] }, { "id": "49422", "question": "what does gametes mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 463, "text": "allele an organism inherits for one trait is unrelated to which allele it inherits for another trait" } ] }, { "id": "49423", "question": "what is the linkage called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1012, "text": "genetic linkage" } ] } ] }, { "context": "DNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate, however errors (mutations) do occur. The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10 per nucleotide per replication, whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10. This means that each generation, each human genome accumulates 1\u20132 new mutations. Small mutations can be caused by DNA replication and the aftermath of DNA damage and include point mutations in which a single base is altered and frameshift mutations in which a single base is inserted or deleted. Either of these mutations can change the gene by missense (change a codon to encode a different amino acid) or nonsense (a premature stop codon). Larger mutations can be caused by errors in recombination to cause chromosomal abnormalities including the duplication, deletion, rearrangement or inversion of large sections of a chromosome. Additionally, DNA repair mechanisms can introduce mutational errors when repairing physical damage to the molecule. The repair, even with mutation, is more important to survival than restoring an exact copy, for example when repairing double-strand breaks.", "qas": [ { "id": "49424", "question": "what is the error rate in eukaryotic cells ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "10 per nucleotide per replication" } ] }, { "id": "49425", "question": "mutations can change the gene by what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 581, "text": "missense" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population it is called polymorphic. Most different alleles are functionally equivalent, however some alleles can give rise to different phenotypic traits. A gene's most common allele is called the wild type, and rare alleles are called mutants. The genetic variation in relative frequencies of different alleles in a population is due to both natural selection and genetic drift. The wild-type allele is not necessarily the ancestor of less common alleles, nor is it necessarily fitter.", "qas": [ { "id": "49426", "question": "what is multiple different alleles for a gene called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "polymorphic" } ] }, { "id": "49427", "question": "what are most different alleles ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "some alleles can give rise to different phenotypic traits" } ] }, { "id": "49428", "question": "what is a gene 's most common allele ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "the wild type" } ] }, { "id": "49429", "question": "what are rare alleles called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "mutants" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most mutations within genes are neutral, having no effect on the organism's phenotype (silent mutations). Some mutations do not change the amino acid sequence because multiple codons encode the same amino acid (synonymous mutations). Other mutations can be neutral if they lead to amino acid sequence changes, but the protein still functions similarly with the new amino acid (e.g. conservative mutations). Many mutations, however, are deleterious or even lethal, and are removed from populations by natural selection. Genetic disorders are the result of deleterious mutations and can be due to spontaneous mutation in the affected individual, or can be inherited. Finally, a small fraction of mutations are beneficial, improving the organism's fitness and are extremely important for evolution, since their directional selection leads to adaptive evolution.", "qas": [ { "id": "49430", "question": "what are silent mutations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "having no effect on the organism's phenotype" } ] }, { "id": "49431", "question": "why do mutations not change the amino acid ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "multiple codons encode the same amino acid" } ] }, { "id": "49432", "question": "how can mutations be neutral ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 265, "text": "if they lead to amino acid sequence changes" } ] }, { "id": "49433", "question": "what are genetic disorders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 555, "text": "deleterious mutations and can be due to spontaneous mutation in the affected individual" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Genes with a most recent common ancestor, and thus a shared evolutionary ancestry, are known as homologs. These genes appear either from gene duplication within an organism's genome, where they are known as paralogous genes, or are the result of divergence of the genes after a speciation event, where they are known as orthologous genes, and often perform the same or similar functions in related organisms. It is often assumed that the functions of orthologous genes are more similar than those of paralogous genes, although the difference is minimal.", "qas": [ { "id": "49434", "question": "what are a shared evolutionary ancestry called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "homologs" } ] }, { "id": "49435", "question": "what do these genes appear from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "gene duplication within an organism's genome" } ] }, { "id": "49436", "question": "what are these genes appear as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "paralogous genes" } ] }, { "id": "49437", "question": "what are the genes after a speciation event called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 320, "text": "orthologous genes" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The relationship between genes can be measured by comparing the sequence alignment of their DNA. The degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes is called conserved sequence. Most changes to a gene's sequence do not affect its function and so genes accumulate mutations over time by neutral molecular evolution. Additionally, any selection on a gene will cause its sequence to diverge at a different rate. Genes under stabilizing selection are constrained and so change more slowly whereas genes under directional selection change sequence more rapidly. The sequence differences between genes can be used for phylogenetic analyses to study how those genes have evolved and how the organisms they come from are related.", "qas": [ { "id": "49438", "question": "what can the relationship between genes be measured by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "comparing the sequence alignment of their DNA" } ] }, { "id": "49439", "question": "what is the degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "conserved sequence" } ] }, { "id": "49440", "question": "what do most changes to a gene do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "a gene's sequence do not affect its function and so genes accumulate mutations over time by neutral molecular evolution" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The most common source of new genes in eukaryotic lineages is gene duplication, which creates copy number variation of an existing gene in the genome. The resulting genes (paralogs) may then diverge in sequence and in function. Sets of genes formed in this way comprise a gene family. Gene duplications and losses within a family are common and represent a major source of evolutionary biodiversity. Sometimes, gene duplication may result in a nonfunctional copy of a gene, or a functional copy may be subject to mutations that result in loss of function; such nonfunctional genes are called pseudogenes.", "qas": [ { "id": "49441", "question": "what is the most common source of new genes in eukaryotic lineages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "gene duplication" } ] }, { "id": "49442", "question": "what is the most common source of new genes in eukaryotic lineages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "creates copy number variation of an existing gene in the genome" } ] }, { "id": "49443", "question": "what is another term for the resulting genes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "paralogs" } ] }, { "id": "49444", "question": "what are nonfunctional genes called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 592, "text": "pseudogenes" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"Orphan\" genes, whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes, are less common than gene duplicates. Estimates of the number of genes with no homologs outside humans range from 18 to 60. Two primary sources of orphan protein-coding genes are gene duplication followed by extremely rapid sequence change, such that the original relationship is undetectable by sequence comparisons, and de novo conversion of a previously non-coding sequence into a protein-coding gene. De novo genes are typically shorter and simpler in structure than most eukaryotic genes, with few if any introns. Over long evolutionary time periods, de novo gene birth may be responsible for a significant fraction of taxonomically-restricted gene families.", "qas": [ { "id": "49445", "question": "what is the range of the number of genes with no homologs outside humans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "18 to 60" } ] }, { "id": "49446", "question": "what may be responsible for a significant fraction of taxonomically-restricted gene families ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 626, "text": "de novo gene birth" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Horizontal gene transfer refers to the transfer of genetic material through a mechanism other than reproduction. This mechanism is a common source of new genes in prokaryotes, sometimes thought to contribute more to genetic variation than gene duplication. It is a common means of spreading antibiotic resistance, virulence, and adaptive metabolic functions. Although horizontal gene transfer is rare in eukaryotes, likely examples have been identified of protist and alga genomes containing genes of bacterial origin.", "qas": [ { "id": "49447", "question": "what does horizontal gene transfer refers to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "genetic material through a mechanism other than reproduction" } ] }, { "id": "49448", "question": "what is a common source of new genes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "prokaryotes" } ] }, { "id": "49449", "question": "what are the common means of antibiotic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "spreading antibiotic resistance, virulence, and adaptive metabolic functions" } ] }, { "id": "49450", "question": "where is horizontal gene transfer rare ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 404, "text": "eukaryotes" } ] }, { "id": "49451", "question": "what are horizontal gene transfer rare in eukaryotes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 456, "text": "protist and alga genomes" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The genome is the total genetic material of an organism and includes both the genes and non-coding sequences.", "qas": [ { "id": "49452", "question": "what is the genome genome ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "total genetic material of an organism and includes both the genes and non-coding sequences" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The genome size, and the number of genes it encodes varies widely between organisms. The smallest genomes occur in viruses (which can have as few as 2 protein-coding genes), and viroids (which act as a single non-coding RNA gene). Conversely, plants can have extremely large genomes, with rice containing >46,000 protein-coding genes. The total number of protein-coding genes (the Earth's proteome) is estimated to be 5\u00a0million sequences.", "qas": [ { "id": "49453", "question": "what is another term for the smallest genomes of viruses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "2 protein-coding genes" } ] }, { "id": "49454", "question": "what is a single non-coding rna gene ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "viroids" } ] }, { "id": "49455", "question": "what do rice containing rice containing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": ">46,000 protein-coding genes" } ] }, { "id": "49456", "question": "how many sequences does the total number of protein-coding genes have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 418, "text": "5\u00a0million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although the number of base-pairs of DNA in the human genome has been known since the 1960s, the estimated number of genes has changed over time as definitions of genes, and methods of detecting them have been refined. Initial theoretical predictions of the number of human genes were as high as 2,000,000. Early experimental measures indicated there to be 50,000\u2013100,000 \"transcribed\" genes (expressed sequence tags). Subsequently, the sequencing in the Human Genome Project indicated that many of these transcripts were alternative variants of the same genes, and the total number of protein-coding genes was revised down to ~20,000 with 13 genes encoded on the mitochondrial genome. Of the human genome, only 1\u20132% consists of protein-coding genes, with the remainder being 'noncoding' DNA such as introns, retrotransposons, and noncoding RNAs. Every multicellular organism has all its genes in each cell of its body but not every gene functions in every cell .", "qas": [ { "id": "49457", "question": "when was the number of base-pairs of dna in the human genome known ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "the 1960s" } ] }, { "id": "49458", "question": "in what year were initial theoretical predictions of the number of human genes high ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "2,000,000" } ] }, { "id": "49459", "question": "what was early about early measures ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 357, "text": "50,000\u2013100,000 \"transcribed\" genes (expressed sequence tags" } ] }, { "id": "49460", "question": "what percentage of the human genome consists of protein-coding genes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 712, "text": "1\u20132%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Essential genes are the set of genes thought to be critical for an organism's survival. This definition assumes the abundant availability of all relevant nutrients and the absence of environmental stress. Only a small portion of an organism's genes are essential. In bacteria, an estimated 250\u2013400 genes are essential for \"Escherichia coli\" and \"Bacillus subtilis\", which is less than 10% of their genes. Half of these genes are orthologs in both organisms and are largely involved in protein synthesis. In the budding yeast \"Saccharomyces cerevisiae\" the number of essential genes is slightly higher, at 1000 genes (~20% of their genes). Although the number is more difficult to measure in higher eukaryotes, mice and humans are estimated to have around 2000 essential genes (~10% of their genes). The synthetic organism, \"Syn 3\", has a minimal genome of 473 essential genes and quasi-essential genes (necessary for fast growth), although 149 have unknown function.", "qas": [ { "id": "49461", "question": "how many genes are essential for escherichia coli ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "250\u2013400" } ] }, { "id": "49462", "question": "what percentage of their genes are less than escherichia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 385, "text": "10%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Essential genes include Housekeeping genes (critical for basic cell functions) as well as genes that are expressed at different times in the organisms development or life cycle. Housekeeping genes are used as experimental controls when analysing gene expression, since they are constitutively expressed at a relatively constant level.", "qas": [ { "id": "49463", "question": "what are critical for basic cell functions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "Housekeeping genes" } ] }, { "id": "49464", "question": "what are housekeeping genes used as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "experimental controls" } ] }, { "id": "49465", "question": "what are housekeeping genes used for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "analysing gene expression" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Gene nomenclature has been established by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol (short-form abbreviation), which can be accessed through a database maintained by HGNC. Symbols are chosen to be unique, and each gene has only one symbol (although approved symbols sometimes change). Symbols are preferably kept consistent with other members of a gene family and with homologs in other species, particularly the mouse due to its role as a common model organism.", "qas": [ { "id": "49466", "question": "who established gene nomenclature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee" } ] }, { "id": "49467", "question": "what is the name of the symbol that can be accessed by the hugo gene nomenclature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "short-form abbreviation" } ] }, { "id": "49468", "question": "what is the database maintained by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "HGNC" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Genetic engineering is the modification of an organism's genome through biotechnology. Since the 1970s, a variety of techniques have been developed to specifically add, remove and edit genes in an organism. Recently developed genome engineering techniques use engineered nuclease enzymes to create targeted DNA repair in a chromosome to either disrupt or edit a gene when the break is repaired. The related term synthetic biology is sometimes used to refer to extensive genetic engineering of an organism.", "qas": [ { "id": "49469", "question": "what is the modification of an organism 's genome through biotechnology .", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Genetic engineering" } ] }, { "id": "49470", "question": "what is genetic engineering ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "modification of an organism's genome through biotechnology" } ] }, { "id": "49471", "question": "what is the related term for synthetic biology ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 460, "text": "extensive genetic engineering of an organism" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Genetic engineering is now a routine research tool with model organisms. For example, genes are easily added to bacteria and lineages of knockout mice with a specific gene's function disrupted are used to investigate that gene's function. Many organisms have been genetically modified for applications in agriculture, industrial biotechnology, and medicine.", "qas": [ { "id": "49472", "question": "what is a routine research tool with model organisms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Genetic engineering" } ] }, { "id": "49473", "question": "what is the genetic engineering tool with genetic engineering ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "model organisms" } ] }, { "id": "49474", "question": "where are organisms genetically modified ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": "agriculture, industrial biotechnology, and medicine" } ] } ] }, { "context": "For multicellular organisms, typically the embryo is engineered which grows into the adult genetically modified organism. However, the genomes of cells in an adult organism can be edited using gene therapy techniques to treat genetic diseases.", "qas": [ { "id": "49475", "question": "how is the embryo engineered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "grows into the adult genetically modified organism" } ] }, { "id": "49476", "question": "what can the genomes of cells in an adult organism be edited using ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "gene therapy techniques to treat genetic diseases" } ] } ] }, { "context": " \u2013 A molecular biology textbook available free online through NCBI Bookshelf.", "qas": [ { "id": "49477", "question": "what is the name of the free online textbook ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "NCBI Bookshelf" } ] } ] } ], "title": "Gene" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States fought from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America. The Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U.S. history.", "qas": [ { "id": "49478", "question": "when did the american civil war end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "1861 to 1865" } ] }, { "id": "49479", "question": "how many southern states grouped together ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "eleven" } ] }, { "id": "49480", "question": "what is the name of the union that the union faced secessionists in eleven southern states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "the Confederate States of America" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Among the 34 U.S. states in January 1861, seven Southern slave states individually declared their secession from the U.S. and formed the Confederate States of America. War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U.S. fortress Fort Sumter. The \"Confederacy\" grew to include eleven states; it claimed two more states and several western territories. The Confederacy was never diplomatically recognized by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the \"Union\" or the \"North\". The war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the collapse of Confederate government in spring 1865.", "qas": [ { "id": "49481", "question": "when did seven southern slave states individually their secession ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "January 1861" } ] }, { "id": "49482", "question": "how many southern slave states individually their secession in january 1861 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "seven" } ] }, { "id": "49483", "question": "when did war war begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "April 1861" } ] }, { "id": "49484", "question": "what was the name of the fortress attacked by confederates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "Fort Sumter" } ] }, { "id": "49485", "question": "how many states did the confederacy have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 288, "text": "eleven" } ] }, { "id": "49486", "question": "what were the names of the border that slavery was legal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 537, "text": "\"Union\" or the \"North\"" } ] }, { "id": "49487", "question": "in what year did confederate government collapse ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 677, "text": "1865" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The war had its origin in the factious issue of slavery, especially the extension of slavery into the western territories. Four years of intense combat left 620,000 to 750,000 soldiers dead, a higher number than the American military deaths of World War I and World War II combined, and destroyed much of the South's infrastructure. The Confederacy collapsed and slavery was abolished in the entire country. The Reconstruction Era (1863\u20131877) overlapped and followed the war, with its fitful process of restoring national unity, strengthening the national government, and granting civil rights to the freed slaves.", "qas": [ { "id": "49488", "question": "what did the four years of intense combat combat ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "620,000 to 750,000 soldiers dead" } ] }, { "id": "49489", "question": "when was the reconstruction era ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 432, "text": "1863\u20131877" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 1860 presidential election, Republicans, led by Abraham Lincoln, supported banning slavery in all the U.S. territories, something the Southern states viewed as a violation of their constitutional rights and as being part of a plan to eventually abolish slavery. The three pro-Union candidates received an overwhelming 82% majority of the votes among Republican Lincoln in the north, Democrat Douglas nationally and Constitutional Unionist Bell in the border states. The Republican Party, dominant in the North, secured a plurality of the popular votes and a majority of the electoral votes, so Lincoln was elected the first Republican president.", "qas": [ { "id": "49490", "question": "who led the 1860 presidential election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "Abraham Lincoln" } ] }, { "id": "49491", "question": "what was the southern states viewed as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "a violation of their constitutional rights" } ] }, { "id": "49492", "question": "what percentage of lincoln 's votes did bell get ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 325, "text": "82%" } ] }, { "id": "49493", "question": "what was the name of the votes in the border of bell ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 422, "text": "Constitutional Unionist Bell" } ] } ] }, { "context": "But before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, a total of 49 percent. The first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, and South Carolina cast Electoral College votes without a popular vote for president. Of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession.", "qas": [ { "id": "49494", "question": "how many slave states formed the confederacy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "seven" } ] }, { "id": "49495", "question": "what percentage of slaves did the first six to declare secession ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "49 percent" } ] }, { "id": "49496", "question": "what was the percentage of louisiana in georgia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 356, "text": "51%" } ] }, { "id": "49497", "question": "how much did the first seven with state legislatures resolve ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 379, "text": "55%" } ] }, { "id": "49498", "question": "how much of alabama was alabama ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 402, "text": "46%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession. Outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincoln's March 4, 1861 inaugural address declared his administration would not initiate civil war. Speaking directly to \"the Southern States,\" he reaffirmed, \"I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so.\" After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed and both sides prepared for war. The Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on \"King Cotton\" that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America.", "qas": [ { "id": "49499", "question": "what was the name of the democratic president that rejected secession ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "Outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan" } ] }, { "id": "49500", "question": "in what year was lincoln 's administration declared his civil war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "1861" } ] }, { "id": "49501", "question": "what did the confederates of european countries intervene on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 773, "text": "King Cotton" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hostilities began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter. While in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, battle was inconclusive in 1861\u201362. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention. Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, and seized New Orleans. The 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lee's Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg. Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grant's command of all Union armies in 1864. Inflicting an ever-tightening naval blockade of Confederate ports, the Union marshaled the resources and manpower to attack the Confederacy from all directions, leading to the fall of Atlanta to William T. Sherman and his march to the sea. The last significant battles raged around the Siege of Petersburg. Lee's escape attempt ended with his surrender at Appomattox Court House, on April 9, 1865. While the military war was coming to an end, the political reintegration of the nation was to take another 12 years of the Reconstruction Era.", "qas": [ { "id": "49502", "question": "on what date did hostilities begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "April 12, 1861" } ] }, { "id": "49503", "question": "where did confederate forces fired ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "Fort Sumter" } ] }, { "id": "49504", "question": "when was battle inconclusive inconclusive ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "1861\u201362" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The American Civil War was one of the earliest true industrial wars. Railroads, the telegraph, steamships, and mass-produced weapons were employed extensively. The mobilization of civilian factories, mines, shipyards, banks, transportation and food supplies all foreshadowed the impact of industrialization in World War I. It remains the deadliest war in American history. From 1861 to 1865, it has been traditionally estimated that about 620,000 died but recent scholarship argues that 750,000 soldiers died, along with an undetermined number of civilians. By one estimate, the war claimed the lives of 10 percent of all Northern males 20\u201345 years old, and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18\u201340.", "qas": [ { "id": "49505", "question": "who died in 1861 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 439, "text": "620,000" } ] }, { "id": "49506", "question": "how many soldiers died in the scholarship ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 487, "text": "750,000" } ] }, { "id": "49507", "question": "how old was the southern white males in the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 702, "text": "18\u201340" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The causes of the Civil War were complex and have been controversial since the war began. James C. Bradford wrote that the issue has been further complicated by historical revisionists, who have tried to offer a variety of reasons for the war. Slavery was the central source of escalating political tension in the 1850s. The Republican Party was determined to prevent any spread of slavery, and many Southern leaders had threatened secession if the Republican candidate, Lincoln, won the 1860 election. After Lincoln won without carrying a single Southern state, many Southern whites felt that disunion had become their only option, because they thought that they were losing representation, which would hamper their ability to promote pro-slavery acts and policies.", "qas": [ { "id": "49508", "question": "who wrote that the issue has been complicated by historical revisionists ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "James C. Bradford" } ] }, { "id": "49509", "question": "who did james c. bradford say about the issue of the issue of the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "historical revisionists" } ] }, { "id": "49510", "question": "what was the central source of slavery ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "escalating political tension in the 1850s" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Contemporary actors, the Union and Confederate leadership and fighting soldiers on both sides believed that slavery caused the Civil War. Union men mainly believed the war was to emancipate the slaves. Confederates fought to protect southern society, and slavery as an integral part of it. From the anti-slavery perspective, the issue was primarily about whether the system of slavery was an anachronistic evil that was incompatible with Republicanism in the United States. The strategy of the anti-slavery forces was containment\u2014to stop the expansion and thus put slavery on a path to gradual extinction. The slave-holding interests in the South denounced this strategy as infringing upon their Constitutional rights. Southern whites believed that the emancipation of slaves would destroy the South's economy, due to the large amount of capital invested in slaves and fears of integrating the ex-slave black population.", "qas": [ { "id": "49511", "question": "along with fighting and fighting , who were the two actors in the civil war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "the Union and Confederate leadership" } ] }, { "id": "49512", "question": "what did union men want to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "emancipate the slaves" } ] }, { "id": "49513", "question": "what was the strategy of the anti-slavery forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 518, "text": "containment" } ] }, { "id": "49514", "question": "what was the name of the interests of the south denounced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 674, "text": "infringing upon their Constitutional rights" } ] }, { "id": "49515", "question": "what did southern whites believe about slaves ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 753, "text": "emancipation of slaves would destroy the South's economy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Slavery was illegal in the North, having been outlawed in the late 18th and early 19th century. It was fading in the border states and in Southern cities, but was expanding in the highly profitable cotton districts of the South and Southwest. Subsequent writers on the American Civil War looked to several factors explaining the geographic divide, including sectionalism, protectionism, and state's rights.", "qas": [ { "id": "49516", "question": "when was slavery outlawed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "late 18th and early 19th century" } ] }, { "id": "49517", "question": "in what two decades did the cotton districts take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "South and Southwest" } ] }, { "id": "49518", "question": "what war looked to several factors explaining the geographic divide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "American Civil War" } ] }, { "id": "49519", "question": "what were some factors that explaining the geographic divide divide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 358, "text": "sectionalism, protectionism, and state's rights" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sectionalism refers to the different economies, social structure, customs and political values of the North and South. It increased steadily between 1800 and 1860 as the North, which phased slavery out of existence, industrialized, urbanized, and built prosperous farms, while the deep South concentrated on plantation agriculture based on slave labor, together with subsistence farming for poor freedmen. In the 1840s and 50s, the issue of accepting slavery (in the guise of rejecting slave-owning bishops and missionaries) split the nation's largest religious denominations (the Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian churches) into separate Northern and Southern denominations.", "qas": [ { "id": "49520", "question": "what is the different economies of social structure ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "customs and political values of the North and South" } ] }, { "id": "49521", "question": "when did the north , which phased slavery out of existence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "1800 and 1860" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Historians have debated whether economic differences between the industrial Northeast and the agricultural South helped cause the war. Most historians now disagree with the economic determinism of historian Charles A. Beard in the 1920s and emphasize that Northern and Southern economies were largely complementary. While socially different, the sections economically benefited each other.", "qas": [ { "id": "49522", "question": "who disagree with the economic determinism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "Charles A. Beard" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Historically, southern slave-holding states, because of their low cost manual labor, had little perceived need for mechanization, and supported having the right to sell cotton and purchase manufactured goods from any nation. Northern states, which had heavily invested in their still-nascent manufacturing, could not compete with the full-fledged industries of Europe in offering high prices for cotton imported from the South and low prices for manufactured exports in return. Thus, northern manufacturing interests supported tariffs and protectionism while southern planters demanded free trade.", "qas": [ { "id": "49523", "question": "what type of states had little perceived need to sell cotton ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "southern slave-holding states" } ] }, { "id": "49524", "question": "why did southern slave-holding states need to sell cotton ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "their low cost manual labor" } ] }, { "id": "49525", "question": "what happened to tariffs 's protectionism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 559, "text": "southern planters demanded free trade" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Democrats in Congress, controlled by Southerners, wrote the tariff laws in the 1830s, 1840s, and 1850s, and kept reducing rates so that the 1857 rates were the lowest since 1816. The Whigs and Republicans complained because they favored high tariffs to stimulate industrial growth, and Republicans called for an increase in tariffs in the 1860 election. The increases were only enacted in 1861 after Southerners resigned their seats in Congress. The tariff issue was and is sometimes cited\u2013long after the war\u2013by Lost Cause historians and neo-Confederate apologists. In 1860\u201361 none of the groups that proposed compromises to head off secession raised the tariff issue. Pamphleteers North and South rarely mentioned the tariff, and when some did, for instance, Matthew Fontaine Maury and John Lothrop Motley, they were generally writing for a foreign audience.", "qas": [ { "id": "49526", "question": "who wrote the tariff laws ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Southerners" } ] }, { "id": "49527", "question": "what year did the tariff laws begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "1857" } ] }, { "id": "49528", "question": "when was the tariff laws the lowest since the 1830s , 1840s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "1816" } ] }, { "id": "49529", "question": "in what year did the increases of the increases occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 393, "text": "1861" } ] }, { "id": "49530", "question": "when did the groups that proposed compromises to head off secession ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 573, "text": "1860\u201361" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The South argued that each state had the right to secede\u2014leave the Union\u2014at any time, that the Constitution was a \"compact\" or agreement among the states. Northerners (including President Buchanan) rejected that notion as opposed to the will of the Founding Fathers who said they were setting up a perpetual union. Historian James McPherson writes concerning states' rights and other non-slavery explanations:", "qas": [ { "id": "49531", "question": "what was the right to secede ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "the Constitution was a \"compact\" or agreement among the states" } ] }, { "id": "49532", "question": "what was the name of the president that rejected the founding fathers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "Northerners" } ] }, { "id": "49533", "question": "what was the name of the president that rejected the founding fathers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "President Buchanan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Between 1803 and 1854, the United States achieved a vast expansion of territory through purchase, negotiation, and conquest. At first, the new states carved out of these territories entering the union were apportioned equally between slave and free states. It was over territories west of the Mississippi that the proslavery and antislavery forces collided.", "qas": [ { "id": "49534", "question": "between what years did the united states expansion a expansion of territory through purchase , negotiation , and conquest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 8, "text": "1803 and 1854" } ] }, { "id": "49535", "question": "what did the united states expansion a expansion of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "purchase, negotiation, and conquest" } ] }, { "id": "49536", "question": "what were the new states carved between ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "slave and free states" } ] }, { "id": "49537", "question": "what was the name of the forces that collided in the mississippi mississippi ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 310, "text": "the proslavery and antislavery forces collided" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With the conquest of northern Mexico west to California in 1848, slaveholding interests looked forward to expanding into these lands and perhaps Cuba and Central America as well. \nNorthern \"free soil\" interests vigorously sought to curtail any further expansion of slave territory. The Compromise of 1850 over California balanced a free soil state with stronger fugitive slave laws for a political settlement after four years of strife in the 1840s. But the states admitted following California were all free: Minnesota (1858), Oregon (1859) and Kansas (1861). In the southern states the question of the territorial expansion of slavery westward again became explosive. Both the South and the North drew the same conclusion: \"The power to decide the question of slavery for the territories was the power to determine the future of slavery itself.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "49538", "question": "in what year did the conquest of northern mexico take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "1848" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By 1860, four doctrines had emerged to answer the question of federal control in the territories, and they all claimed they were sanctioned by the Constitution, implicitly or explicitly. The first of these \"conservative\" theories, represented by the Constitutional Union Party, argued that the Missouri Compromise apportionment of territory north for free soil and south for slavery should become a Constitutional mandate. The Crittenden Compromise of 1860 was an expression of this view.", "qas": [ { "id": "49539", "question": "in what year was the question of federal control in the territories emerged ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1860" } ] }, { "id": "49540", "question": "how many doctrines were there in 1860 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "the Constitution, implicitly or explicitly" } ] }, { "id": "49541", "question": "who represented the first conservative theories ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "the Constitutional Union Party" } ] }, { "id": "49542", "question": "what was the expression of this view ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 427, "text": "Crittenden Compromise of 1860" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The second doctrine of Congressional preeminence, championed by Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party, insisted that the Constitution did not bind legislators to a policy of balance\u2014that slavery could be excluded in a territory as it was done in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 at the discretion of Congress, thus Congress could restrict human bondage, but never establish it. The Wilmot Proviso announced this position in 1846.", "qas": [ { "id": "49543", "question": "who championed the congressional preeminence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party" } ] }, { "id": "49544", "question": "when was the constitution done to the constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "Northwest Ordinance of 1787" } ] }, { "id": "49545", "question": "who announced the position in 1846 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 384, "text": "Wilmot Proviso" } ] }, { "id": "49546", "question": "in what year was the position of the position announced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 426, "text": "1846" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Senator Stephen A. Douglas proclaimed the doctrine of territorial or \"popular\" sovereignty \u2013 which asserted that the settlers in a territory had the same rights as states in the Union to establish or disestablish slavery as a purely local matter. The Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act of 1854 legislated this doctrine. In Kansas Territory, years of pro and anti-slavery violence and political conflict erupted; the congressional House of Representatives voted to admit Kansas as a free state in early 1860, but its admission in the Senate was delayed until January 1861, after the 1860 elections when southern senators began to leave.", "qas": [ { "id": "49547", "question": "who proclaimed the doctrine of territorial or `` popular '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 8, "text": "Stephen A. Douglas" } ] }, { "id": "49548", "question": "what was the name of the act that legislated this doctrine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act of 1854" } ] }, { "id": "49549", "question": "when was the senate delayed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 543, "text": "January 1861" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The fourth theory was advocated by Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis, one of state sovereignty (\"states' rights\"), also known as the \"Calhoun doctrine\", named after the South Carolinian political theorist and statesman John C. Calhoun. Rejecting the arguments for federal authority or self-government, state sovereignty would empower states to promote the expansion of slavery as part of the Federal Union under the U.S. Constitution. \"States' rights\" was an ideology formulated and applied as a means of advancing slave state interests through federal authority. As historian Thomas L. Krannawitter points out, the \"Southern demand for federal slave protection represented a demand for an unprecedented expansion of federal power.\" These four doctrines comprised the major ideologies presented to the American public on the matters of slavery, the territories and the U.S. Constitution prior to the 1860 presidential election.", "qas": [ { "id": "49550", "question": "who advocated the fourth theory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis" } ] }, { "id": "49551", "question": "what was the name of the fourth theory of state sovereignty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "Calhoun doctrine" } ] }, { "id": "49552", "question": "who was the calhoun doctrine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 221, "text": "John C. Calhoun" } ] }, { "id": "49553", "question": "who is the historian of the southern demand for federal slave protection ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 579, "text": "Thomas L. Krannawitter" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Beginning in the American Revolution and accelerating after the War of 1812, the people of the United States grew in their sense of country as an important example to the world of a national republic of political liberty and personal rights. Previous regional independence movements such as the Greek revolt in the Ottoman Empire, division and redivision in the Latin American political map, and the British-French Crimean triumph leading to an interest in redrawing Europe along cultural differences, all conspired to make for a time of upheaval and uncertainty about the basis of the nation-state. In the world of 19th century self-made Americans, growing in prosperity, population and expanding westward, \"freedom\" could mean personal liberty or property rights. The unresolved difference would cause failure\u2014first in their political institutions, then in their civil life together.", "qas": [ { "id": "49554", "question": "in what year did the people of the united states become an important example of the world of a national republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "1812" } ] }, { "id": "49555", "question": "what was the name of the regional independence of the ottoman empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "British-French Crimean triumph" } ] }, { "id": "49556", "question": "what did the population of 19th century provide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 708, "text": "\"freedom\" could mean personal liberty or property rights" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Nationalism was a powerful force in the early 19th century, with famous spokesmen such as Andrew Jackson and Daniel Webster. While practically all Northerners supported the Union, Southerners were split between those loyal to the entire United States (called \"unionists\") and those loyal primarily to the southern region and then the Confederacy. C. Vann Woodward said of the latter group,", "qas": [ { "id": "49557", "question": "when was nationalism a powerful force ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "early 19th century" } ] }, { "id": "49558", "question": "which famous famous famous famous famous nationalism were in the early 19th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "Andrew Jackson and Daniel Webster" } ] }, { "id": "49559", "question": "what was the name of the entire united states called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "unionists" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Perceived insults to Southern collective honor included the enormous popularity of \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\" (1852) and the actions of abolitionist John Brown in trying to incite a slave rebellion in 1859.", "qas": [ { "id": "49560", "question": "what was the 1852 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "Uncle Tom's Cabin" } ] }, { "id": "49561", "question": "in what year was uncle tom 's cabin 's cabin 's released ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "1852" } ] }, { "id": "49562", "question": "who was the abolitionist of the slave rebellion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "John Brown" } ] }, { "id": "49563", "question": "when was john brown 's slave rebellion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "1859" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While the South moved toward a Southern nationalism, leaders in the North were also becoming more nationally minded, and rejected any notion of splitting the Union. The Republican national electoral platform of 1860 warned that Republicans regarded disunion as treason and would not tolerate it: \"We denounce those threats of disunion\u00a0... as denying the vital principles of a free government, and as an avowal of contemplated treason, which it is the imperative duty of an indignant people sternly to rebuke and forever silence.\" The South ignored the warnings: Southerners did not realize how ardently the North would fight to hold the Union together.", "qas": [ { "id": "49564", "question": "what did the leaders of the south nationalism rejected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "splitting the Union" } ] }, { "id": "49565", "question": "in what year did the republican national electoral platform begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "1860" } ] }, { "id": "49566", "question": "what is the imperative duty of contemplated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 470, "text": "an indignant people sternly to rebuke and forever silence" } ] }, { "id": "49567", "question": "what was the south ignored the ignored ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 562, "text": "Southerners did not realize how ardently the North would fight to hold the Union together" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The election of Abraham Lincoln in November 1860 was the final trigger for secession. Efforts at compromise, including the \"Corwin Amendment\" and the \"Crittenden Compromise\", failed.\nSouthern leaders feared that Lincoln would stop the expansion of slavery and put it on a course toward extinction. The slave states, which had already become a minority in the House of Representatives, were now facing a future as a perpetual minority in the Senate and Electoral College against an increasingly powerful North. Before Lincoln took office in March 1861, seven slave states had declared their secession and joined to form the Confederacy.", "qas": [ { "id": "49568", "question": "who was the final trigger for secession ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 16, "text": "Abraham Lincoln" } ] }, { "id": "49569", "question": "when was the final trigger for secession ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "November 1860" } ] }, { "id": "49570", "question": "when did lincoln become office before lincoln ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 540, "text": "March 1861" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The election of Lincoln caused the legislature of South Carolina to call a state convention to consider secession. Prior to the war, South Carolina did more than any other Southern state to advance the notion that a state had the right to nullify federal laws and, even, secede from the United States. The convention summoned unanimously voted to secede on December 20, 1860 and adopted the \"Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union\". It argued for states' rights for slave owners in the South, but contained a complaint about states' rights in the North in the form of opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act, claiming that Northern states were not fulfilling their federal obligations under the Constitution. The \"cotton states\" of Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed suit, seceding in January and February 1861.", "qas": [ { "id": "49571", "question": "what did south carolina advance to advance the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "a state had the right to nullify federal laws" } ] }, { "id": "49572", "question": "when did the convention summoned unanimously ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 357, "text": "December 20, 1860" } ] }, { "id": "49573", "question": "what was the name of the declaration of the convention ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 392, "text": "Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina" } ] }, { "id": "49574", "question": "what was the name of the act that the complaint contained in opposition to the constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 663, "text": "Fugitive Slave Act" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Among the ordinances of secession passed by the individual states, those of three\u2014Texas, Alabama, and Virginia\u2014specifically mentioned the plight of the 'slaveholding states' at the hands of northern abolitionists. The rest make no mention of the slavery issue, and are often brief announcements of the dissolution of ties by the legislatures. However, at least four states\u2014South Carolina, Mississippi, Georgia, and Texas also passed lengthy and detailed explanations of their causes for secession, all of which laid the blame squarely on the movement to abolish slavery and that movement's influence over the politics of the northern states. The southern states believed slaveholding was a constitutional right because of the Fugitive slave clause of the Constitution.", "qas": [ { "id": "49575", "question": "what countries were mentioned in the ordinances ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "Texas, Alabama, and Virginia" } ] }, { "id": "49576", "question": "what does the individual of secession passed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "the plight of the 'slaveholding states' at the hands of northern abolitionists" } ] }, { "id": "49577", "question": "how many states did south carolina have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 361, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "49578", "question": "which countries were passed in least explanations of their causes for secession ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 373, "text": "South Carolina, Mississippi, Georgia, and Texas" } ] }, { "id": "49579", "question": "why did the southern states believe slaveholding was a constitutional right ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 726, "text": "Fugitive slave clause of the Constitution" } ] } ] }, { "context": "These states agreed to form a new federal government, the Confederate States of America, on February 4, 1861. They took control of federal forts and other properties within their boundaries with little resistance from outgoing President James Buchanan, whose term ended on March 4, 1861. Buchanan said that the Dred Scott decision was proof that the South had no reason for secession, and that the Union \"...\u00a0was intended to be perpetual,\" but that, \"The power by force of arms to compel a State to remain in the Union,\" was not among the \"...\u00a0enumerated powers granted to Congress.\" One quarter of the U.S. Army\u2014the entire garrison in Texas\u2014was surrendered in February 1861 to state forces by its commanding general, David E. Twiggs, who then joined the Confederacy.", "qas": [ { "id": "49580", "question": "when did the confederate states of america begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "February 4, 1861" } ] }, { "id": "49581", "question": "who was the president of president in 1861 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 237, "text": "James Buchanan" } ] }, { "id": "49582", "question": "when did president james buchanan die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "March 4, 1861" } ] }, { "id": "49583", "question": "when was the entire garrison in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 661, "text": "February 1861" } ] }, { "id": "49584", "question": "who joined the confederacy in 1861 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 718, "text": "David E. Twiggs" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As Southerners resigned their seats in the Senate and the House, Republicans were able to pass bills for projects that had been blocked by Southern Senators before the war, including the Morrill Tariff, land grant colleges (the Morill Act), a Homestead Act, a transcontinental railroad (the Pacific Railway Acts), the National Banking Act and the authorization of United States Notes by the Legal Tender Act of 1862. The Revenue Act of 1861 introduced the income tax to help finance the war.", "qas": [ { "id": "49585", "question": "who blocked bills for projects ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Southern Senators" } ] }, { "id": "49586", "question": "what was the name of the homestead act ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 291, "text": "Pacific Railway Acts" } ] }, { "id": "49587", "question": "what was the name of the act that notes the national banking act ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 391, "text": "Legal Tender Act of 1862" } ] }, { "id": "49588", "question": "when was the income tax to help finance the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 436, "text": "1861" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On December 18, 1860, the Crittenden Compromise was proposed to re-establish the Missouri Compromise line by constitutionally banning slavery in territories to the north of the line while guaranteeing it to the south. The adoption of this compromise likely would have prevented the secession of every southern state apart from South Carolina, but Lincoln and the Republicans rejected it. It was then proposed to hold a national referendum on the compromise. The Republicans again rejected the idea, although a majority of both Northerners and Southerners would have voted in favor of it. A pre-war February Peace Conference of 1861 met in Washington, proposing a solution similar to that of the Crittenden compromise, it was rejected by Congress. The Republicans proposed an alternative compromise to not interfere with slavery where it existed but the South regarded it as insufficient. Nonetheless, the remaining eight slave states rejected pleas to join the Confederacy following a two-to-one no-vote in Virginia's First Secessionist Convention on April 4, 1861.", "qas": [ { "id": "49589", "question": "on what date was the missouri compromise to re-establish slavery ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "December 18, 1860" } ] }, { "id": "49590", "question": "what was proposed to re-establish the missouri compromise by constitutionally banning slavery ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "Crittenden Compromise" } ] }, { "id": "49591", "question": "how did the missouri compromise the missouri compromise ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "constitutionally banning slavery in territories to the north of the line while guaranteeing it to the south" } ] }, { "id": "49592", "question": "what was the date of washington university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 598, "text": "February Peace Conference of 1861" } ] }, { "id": "49593", "question": "when did virginia 's first secessionist convention occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1051, "text": "April 4, 1861" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as President. In his inaugural address, he argued that the Constitution was a \"more perfect union\" than the earlier Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, that it was a binding contract, and called any secession \"legally void\". He had no intent to invade Southern states, nor did he intend to end slavery where it existed, but said that he would use force to maintain possession of Federal property. The government would make no move to recover post offices, and if resisted, mail delivery would end at state lines. Where popular conditions did not allow peaceful enforcement of Federal law, U.S. Marshals and Judges would be withdrawn. No mention was made of bullion lost from U.S. mints in Louisiana, Georgia and North Carolina. In Lincoln's inaugural address, he stated that it would be U.S. policy to only collect import duties at its ports; there could be no serious injury to the South to justify armed revolution during his administration. His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union, famously calling on \"the mystic chords of memory\" binding the two regions.", "qas": [ { "id": "49594", "question": "when was lincoln sworn ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "March 4, 1861" } ] }, { "id": "49595", "question": "who was sworn in as president on march 4 , 1861 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "Abraham Lincoln" } ] }, { "id": "49596", "question": "what did lincoln call the constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "any secession \"legally void\"" } ] }, { "id": "49597", "question": "where were no mention of bullion lost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 747, "text": "Louisiana, Georgia and North Carolina" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The South sent delegations to Washington and offered to pay for the federal properties and enter into a peace treaty with the United States. Lincoln rejected any negotiations with Confederate agents because he claimed the Confederacy was not a legitimate government, and that making any treaty with it would be tantamount to recognition of it as a sovereign government. Secretary of State William Seward who at that time saw himself as the real governor or \"prime minister\" behind the throne of the inexperienced Lincoln, engaged in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed. President Lincoln was determined to hold all remaining Union-occupied forts in the Confederacy, Fort Monroe in Virginia, in Florida, Fort Pickens, Fort Jefferson, and Fort Taylor, and in the cockpit of secession, Charleston, South Carolina's Fort Sumter.", "qas": [ { "id": "49598", "question": "who saw himself as the real governor of lincoln ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 370, "text": "Secretary of State William Seward" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Fort Sumter was located in the middle of the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, where the U.S. fort's garrison had withdrawn to avoid incidents with local militias in the streets of the city. Unlike Buchanan, who allowed commanders to relinquish possession to avoid bloodshed, Lincoln required Maj. Anderson to hold on until fired upon. Jefferson Davis ordered the surrender of the fort. Anderson gave a conditional reply that the Confederate government rejected, and Davis ordered P. G. T. Beauregard to attack the fort before a relief expedition could arrive. Troops under Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12\u201313, forcing its capitulation.", "qas": [ { "id": "49599", "question": "where was fort 's garrison located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "South Carolina" } ] }, { "id": "49600", "question": "who ordered the surrender of the fort ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 340, "text": "Jefferson Davis" } ] }, { "id": "49601", "question": "who did davis attack in the fort government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 485, "text": "P. G. T. Beauregard" } ] }, { "id": "49602", "question": "on what date did troops arrive in fort fort ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 614, "text": "April 12\u201313" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The attack on Fort Sumter rallied the North to the defense of American nationalism. Historian Allan Nevins says:", "qas": [ { "id": "49603", "question": "where was the attack on the defense of american nationalism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "Fort Sumter" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Lincoln called on all the states to send forces to recapture the fort and other federal properties. He cited presidential powers given by the Militia Acts of 1792. With the scale of the rebellion apparently small so far, Lincoln called for only 75,000 volunteers for 90\u00a0days. The governor of Massachusetts had state regiments on trains headed south the next day. In western Missouri, local secessionists seized Liberty Arsenal. On May 3, 1861, Lincoln called for an additional 42,000 volunteers for a period of three years.", "qas": [ { "id": "49604", "question": "what was the name of lincoln 's presidential powers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "the Militia Acts of 1792" } ] }, { "id": "49605", "question": "how many volunteers did lincoln use in the rebellion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "75,000 volunteers for 90\u00a0days" } ] }, { "id": "49606", "question": "what was the name of arsenal 's local secessionists ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 411, "text": "Liberty Arsenal" } ] }, { "id": "49607", "question": "how many volunteers did lincoln use in 1861 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 477, "text": "42,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Four states in the middle and upper South had repeatedly rejected Confederate overtures, but now Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina refused to send forces against their neighbors, declared their secession, and joined the Confederacy. To reward Virginia, the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond. ", "qas": [ { "id": "49608", "question": "which countries were rejected in the middle and upper south ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina" } ] }, { "id": "49609", "question": "where was the confederate capital moved to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "Richmond" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Maryland, Delaware, Missouri, and Kentucky were slave states that were opposed to both secession and coercing the South. They were later joined by West Virginia, which separated from Virginia and became a new state.", "qas": [ { "id": "49610", "question": "which three countries were opposed to both secession and secession ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Maryland, Delaware, Missouri, and Kentucky" } ] }, { "id": "49611", "question": "what were the slave states opposed to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "both secession and coercing the South" } ] }, { "id": "49612", "question": "what country joined virginia and virginia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "West Virginia" } ] }, { "id": "49613", "question": "where did west virginia separated from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "Virginia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Maryland had numerous anti-Lincoln officials who tolerated anti-army rioting in Baltimore and the burning of bridges, both aimed at hindering the passage of troops to the South. Maryland's legislature voted overwhelmingly (53\u201313) to stay in the Union, but also rejected hostilities with its southern neighbors, voting to close Maryland's rail lines to prevent them from being used for war. Lincoln responded by establishing martial law, and unilaterally suspending habeas corpus, in Maryland, along with sending in militia units from the North. Lincoln rapidly took control of Maryland and the District of Columbia, by seizing many prominent figures, including arresting 1/3 of the members of the Maryland General Assembly on the day it reconvened. All were held without trial, ignoring a ruling by the Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Roger Taney, a Maryland native, that only Congress (and not the president) could suspend habeas corpus (Ex parte Merryman). Indeed, federal troops imprisoned a prominent Baltimore newspaper editor, Frank Key Howard, Francis Scott Key's grandson, after he criticized Lincoln in an editorial for ignoring the Supreme Court Chief Justice's ruling.", "qas": [ { "id": "49614", "question": "what was the age of maryland 's legislature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "53\u201313" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Missouri, an elected convention on secession voted decisively to remain within the Union. When pro-Confederate Governor Claiborne F. Jackson called out the state militia, it was attacked by federal forces under General Nathaniel Lyon, who chased the governor and the rest of the State Guard to the southwestern corner of the state. (\"See also: Missouri secession\"). In the resulting vacuum, the convention on secession reconvened and took power as the Unionist provisional government of Missouri.", "qas": [ { "id": "49615", "question": "who was the governor of the union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "Claiborne F. Jackson" } ] }, { "id": "49616", "question": "who attacked the union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "General Nathaniel Lyon" } ] }, { "id": "49617", "question": "what did the convention on secession become ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 451, "text": "the Unionist provisional government of Missouri" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Kentucky did not secede; for a time, it declared itself neutral. When Confederate forces entered the state in September 1861, neutrality ended and the state reaffirmed its Union status, while trying to maintain slavery. During a brief invasion by Confederate forces, Confederate sympathizers organized a secession convention, inaugurated a governor, and gained recognition from the Confederacy. The rebel government soon went into exile and never controlled Kentucky.", "qas": [ { "id": "49618", "question": "when did confederate forces arrive in the state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "September 1861" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After Virginia's secession, a Unionist government in Wheeling asked 48 counties to vote on an ordinance to create a new state on October 24, 1861. A voter turnout of 34 percent approved the statehood bill (96 percent approving). The inclusion of 24 secessionist counties in the state and the ensuing guerrilla war engaged about 40,000 Federal troops for much of the war. Congress admitted West Virginia to the Union on June 20, 1863. West Virginia provided about 20,000\u201322,000 soldiers to both the Confederacy and the Union.", "qas": [ { "id": "49619", "question": "how many counties were asked to vote on virginia 's secession ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "48" } ] }, { "id": "49620", "question": "when was virginia 's secession ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "October 24, 1861" } ] }, { "id": "49621", "question": "what percentage of the statehood bill approved the statehood bill ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "34 percent" } ] }, { "id": "49622", "question": "how many federal troops did the guerrilla war have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "40,000" } ] }, { "id": "49623", "question": "on what date did congress of the union take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 419, "text": "June 20, 1863" } ] }, { "id": "49624", "question": "how many soldiers did west virginia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 463, "text": "20,000\u201322,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A Unionist secession attempt occurred in East Tennessee, but was suppressed by the Confederacy, which arrested over 3,000 men suspected of being loyal to the Union. They were held without trial.", "qas": [ { "id": "49625", "question": "where did the secession of the confederacy begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "East Tennessee" } ] }, { "id": "49626", "question": "who suppressed 3,000 men suspected to the union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "the Confederacy" } ] }, { "id": "49627", "question": "how many men did the confederacy arrested ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "over 3,000 men suspected of being loyal to the Union" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Civil War was a contest marked by the ferocity and frequency of battle. Over four years, 237 named battles were fought, as were many more minor actions and skirmishes, which were often characterized by their bitter intensity and high casualties. In his book \"The American Civil War\", John Keegan writes that \"The American Civil War was to prove one of the most ferocious wars ever fought\". Without geographic objectives, the only target for each side was the enemy's soldier.", "qas": [ { "id": "49628", "question": "what was the name of the battles that were fought in four years ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "237" } ] }, { "id": "49629", "question": "what were the minor actions and skirmishes often characterized by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "their bitter intensity and high casualties" } ] }, { "id": "49630", "question": "what did john keegan say was to prove one of the most ferocious wars ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 313, "text": "The American Civil War" } ] }, { "id": "49631", "question": "what was the only target for each side of each side ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 459, "text": "the enemy's soldier" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As the first seven states began organizing a Confederacy in Montgomery, the entire U.S. army numbered 16,000. However, Northern governors had begun to mobilize their militias. The Confederate Congress authorized the new nation up to 100,000 troops sent by governors as early as February. By May, Jefferson Davis was pushing for 100,000 men under arms for one year or the duration, and that was answered in kind by the U.S. Congress.", "qas": [ { "id": "49632", "question": "when did the first seven states began ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "Montgomery" } ] }, { "id": "49633", "question": "how many confederacy did the first seven states began ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "16,000" } ] }, { "id": "49634", "question": "how many troops did the confederate congress have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "100,000" } ] }, { "id": "49635", "question": "how many men was jefferson davis pushing for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "100,000 men under arms for one year or the duration" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the first year of the war, both sides had far more volunteers than they could effectively train and equip. After the initial enthusiasm faded, reliance on the cohort of young men who came of age every year and wanted to join was not enough. Both sides used a draft law\u2014conscription\u2014as a device to encourage or force volunteering; relatively few were actually drafted and served. The Confederacy passed a draft law in April 1862 for young men aged 18 to 35; overseers of slaves, government officials, and clergymen were exempt. The U.S. Congress followed in July, authorizing a militia draft within a state when it could not meet its quota with volunteers. European immigrants joined the Union Army in large numbers, including 177,000 born in Germany and 144,000 born in Ireland.\nWhen the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect in January 1863, ex-slaves were energetically recruited by the states, and used to meet the state quotas. States and local communities offered higher and higher cash bonuses for white volunteers. Congress tightened the law in March 1863. Men selected in the draft could provide substitutes or, until mid-1864, pay commutation money. Many eligibles pooled their money to cover the cost of anyone drafted. Families used the substitute provision to select which man should go into the army and which should stay home. There was much evasion and overt resistance to the draft, especially in Catholic areas. The great draft riot in New York City in July 1863 involved Irish immigrants who had been signed up as citizens to swell the vote of the city's Democratic political machine, not realizing it made them liable for the draft. Of the 168,649 men procured for the Union through the draft, 117,986 were substitutes, leaving only 50,663 who had their personal services conscripted.", "qas": [ { "id": "49636", "question": "when did the confederacy passed a draft ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 420, "text": "April 1862" } ] }, { "id": "49637", "question": "what was the span of the draft ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 450, "text": "18 to 35" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In both the North and South, the draft laws were highly unpopular. In the North, some 120,000 men evaded conscription, many of them fleeing to Canada, and another 280,000 soldiers deserted during the war. At least 100,000 Southerners deserted, or about 10 percent. In the South, many men deserted temporarily to take care of their distressed families, then returned to their units. In the North, \"bounty jumpers\" enlisted to get the generous bonus, deserted, then went back to a second recruiting station under a different name to sign up again for a second bonus; 141 were caught and executed.\nFrom a tiny frontier force in 1860, the Union and Confederate armies had grown into the \"largest and most efficient armies in the world\" within a few years. European observers at the time dismissed them as amateur and unprofessional, but British historian John Keegan's assessment is that each outmatched the French, Prussian and Russian armies of the time, and but for the Atlantic, would have threatened any of them with defeat.", "qas": [ { "id": "49638", "question": "how many men evaded conscription in the north ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "120,000" } ] }, { "id": "49639", "question": "how many soldiers died in the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "280,000" } ] }, { "id": "49640", "question": "how many southerners deserted in the bronx ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "100,000" } ] }, { "id": "49641", "question": "how much of the bronx 's population is deserted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "10 percent" } ] }, { "id": "49642", "question": "in what year did the union and confederate armies force into the `` largest and most efficient armies '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 625, "text": "1860" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Perman and Taylor (2010) say that historians are of two minds on why millions of men seemed so eager to fight, suffer and die over four years:", "qas": [ { "id": "49643", "question": "who say that historians are of two minds ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Perman and Taylor" } ] }, { "id": "49644", "question": "how many men are of historians in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "why millions of men seemed so eager to fight, suffer and die over four years" } ] } ] }, { "context": "At the start of the civil war, a system of paroles operated. Captives agreed not to fight until they were officially exchanged. Meanwhile, they were held in camps run by their own army where they were paid but not allowed to perform any military duties. The system of exchanges collapsed in 1863 when the Confederacy refused to exchange black prisoners. After that, about 56,000 of the 409,000 POWs died in prisons during the war, accounting for nearly 10 percent of the conflict's fatalities.", "qas": [ { "id": "49645", "question": "in what year did the system of exchanges take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 291, "text": "1863" } ] }, { "id": "49646", "question": "how many of the conflict in the war died ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 372, "text": "56,000" } ] }, { "id": "49647", "question": "what percentage of the conflict 's fatalities did the pows of the conflict have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 453, "text": "10 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The small U.S. Navy of 1861 was rapidly enlarged to 6,000 officers and 45,000 men in 1865, with 671 vessels, having a tonnage of 510,396. Its mission was to blockade Confederate ports, take control of the river system, defend against Confederate raiders on the high seas, and be ready for a possible war with the British Royal Navy. Meanwhile, the main riverine war was fought in the West, where a series of major rivers gave access to the Confederate heartland, if the U.S. Navy could take control. In the East, the Navy supplied and moved army forces about, and occasionally shelled Confederate installations.", "qas": [ { "id": "49648", "question": "how many officers were in the small u.s. navy of 1861 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "6,000" } ] }, { "id": "49649", "question": "how many men died in the small u.s. navy of 1861 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "45,000" } ] }, { "id": "49650", "question": "in what year was the small u.s. navy enlarged ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "1865" } ] }, { "id": "49651", "question": "how many vessels were there in 1861 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "671" } ] }, { "id": "49652", "question": "what was the tonnage of the small u.s. navy of 1861 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "510,396" } ] }, { "id": "49653", "question": "who was ready to blockade confederate ports ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 313, "text": "British Royal Navy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By early 1861, General Winfield Scott had devised the Anaconda Plan to win the war with as little bloodshed as possible. Scott argued that a Union blockade of the main ports would weaken the Confederate economy. Lincoln adopted parts of the plan, but he overruled Scott's caution about 90-day volunteers. Public opinion, however, demanded an immediate attack by the army to capture Richmond.", "qas": [ { "id": "49654", "question": "in what year did general scott scott scott scott scott scott scott scott scott scott scott scott scott scott scott scott scott scott scott scott scott scott scott scott scott scott scott scott scott scott scott scott ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "1861" } ] }, { "id": "49655", "question": "who devised the anaconda plan to win the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 15, "text": "General Winfield Scott" } ] }, { "id": "49656", "question": "what was the name of the plan that general scott scott scott had to win the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "Anaconda Plan" } ] }, { "id": "49657", "question": "what did scott argued that a union blockade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "weaken the Confederate economy" } ] }, { "id": "49658", "question": "what did lincoln 's caution about ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "90-day volunteers" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In April 1861, Lincoln announced the Union blockade of all Southern ports; commercial ships could not get insurance and regular traffic ended. The South blundered in embargoing cotton exports in 1861 before the blockade was effective; by the time they realized the mistake, it was too late. \"King Cotton\" was dead, as the South could export less than 10 percent of its cotton. The blockade shut down the ten Confederate seaports with railheads that moved almost all the cotton, especially New Orleans, Mobile, and Charleston. By June 1861, warships were stationed off the principal Southern ports, and a year later nearly 300 ships were in service.", "qas": [ { "id": "49659", "question": "when did lincoln announce the blockade of all southern ports ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "April 1861" } ] }, { "id": "49660", "question": "in what year was the blockade exports ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "1861" } ] }, { "id": "49661", "question": "what was the name of the south could export less than 10 percent of its cotton ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "King Cotton" } ] }, { "id": "49662", "question": "how many ships were in service in june 1861 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 622, "text": "300" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Civil War occurred during the early stages of the industrial revolution and subsequently many naval innovations emerged during this time, most notably the advent of the ironclad warship. It began when the Confederacy, knowing they had to meet or match the Union's naval superiority, responded to the Union blockade by building or converting more than 130 vessels, including twenty-six ironclads and floating batteries. Only half of these saw active service. Many were equipped with ram bows, creating \"ram fever\" among Union squadrons wherever they threatened. But in the face of overwhelming Union superiority and the Union's own ironclad warships, they were unsuccessful.", "qas": [ { "id": "49663", "question": "how many vessels did the civil war have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 355, "text": "130" } ] }, { "id": "49664", "question": "what were the two vessels in the civil war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 378, "text": "twenty-six ironclads and floating batteries" } ] }, { "id": "49665", "question": "what were many ram equipped with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 486, "text": "ram bows" } ] }, { "id": "49666", "question": "what was the name of the union that threatened ram bows ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 506, "text": "ram fever" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Confederacy experimented with a submarine, which did not work well, and with building an ironclad ship, the CSS \"Virginia\", which was based on rebuilding a sunken Union ship, the \"Merrimack\". On its first foray on March 8, 1862, the \"Virginia\" decimated the Union's wooden fleet, but the next day the first Union ironclad, the USS \"Monitor\", arrived to challenge it. The Battle of the Ironclads was a draw, but it marks the worldwide transition to ironclad warships.", "qas": [ { "id": "49667", "question": "what was the name of the ironclad ship ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "the CSS \"Virginia\"" } ] }, { "id": "49668", "question": "what was the name of the ironclad ship ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "Merrimack" } ] }, { "id": "49669", "question": "when did the uss `` monitor '' take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "March 8, 1862" } ] }, { "id": "49670", "question": "what was the first union ironclad ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 327, "text": "the USS \"Monitor\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "British investors built small, fast, steam-driven blockade runners that traded arms and luxuries brought in from Britain through Bermuda, Cuba, and the Bahamas in return for high-priced cotton. The ships were so small that only a small amount of cotton went out. When the Union Navy seized a blockade runner, the ship and cargo were condemned as a Prize of war and sold, with the proceeds given to the Navy sailors; the captured crewmen were mostly British and they were simply released. The Southern economy nearly collapsed during the war. There were multiple reasons for this: the severe deterioration of food supplies, especially in cities, the failure of Southern railroads, the loss of control of the main rivers, foraging by Northern armies, and the seizure of animals and crops by Confederate armies. Most historians agree that the blockade was a major factor in ruining the Confederate economy, however, Wise argues that the blockade runners provided just enough of a lifeline to allow Lee to continue fighting for additional months, thanks to fresh supplies of 400,000 rifles, lead, blankets, and boots that the homefront economy could no longer supply.", "qas": [ { "id": "49671", "question": "where did british investors come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "Bermuda, Cuba, and the Bahamas" } ] }, { "id": "49672", "question": "what type of cotton was built in return to bermuda ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "high-priced cotton" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Surdam argues that the blockade was a powerful weapon that eventually ruined the Southern economy, at the cost of few lives in combat. Practically, the entire Confederate cotton crop was useless (although it was sold to Union traders), costing the Confederacy its main source of income. Critical imports were scarce and the coastal trade was largely ended as well. The measure of the blockade's success was not the few ships that slipped through, but the thousands that never tried it. Merchant ships owned in Europe could not get insurance and were too slow to evade the blockade; they simply stopped calling at Confederate ports.", "qas": [ { "id": "49673", "question": "what happened to the cotton crop crop ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "useless" } ] } ] }, { "context": "To fight an offensive war, the Confederacy purchased ships from Britain, converted them to warships, and raided American merchant ships in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Insurance rates skyrocketed and the American flag virtually disappeared from international waters. However, the same ships were reflagged with European flags and continued unmolested. After the war, the U.S. demanded that Britain pay for the damage done, and Britain paid the U.S. $15 million in 1871.", "qas": [ { "id": "49674", "question": "where did the confederacy lose ships from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "Atlantic and Pacific oceans" } ] }, { "id": "49675", "question": "how much did britain spend in 1871 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 453, "text": "$15 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 1862 Union strategy called for simultaneous advances along four axes:", "qas": [ { "id": "49676", "question": "in what year was the union strategy called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "1862" } ] }, { "id": "49677", "question": "what was the strategy of the 1862 union strategy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "simultaneous advances along four axes" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nUlysses Grant used river transport and Andrew Foote's gunboats of the Western Flotilla to threaten the Confederacy's \"Gibraltar of the West\" at Columbus, Kentucky. Though rebuffed at Belmont, Grant cut off Columbus. The Confederates, lacking their own gunboats, were forced to retreat and the Union took control of western Kentucky in March 1862.", "qas": [ { "id": "49678", "question": "who wrote the gunboats of the western flotilla ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Andrew Foote" } ] }, { "id": "49679", "question": "what did ulysses threaten to threaten the confederacy 's gibraltar ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "Gibraltar of the West" } ] }, { "id": "49680", "question": "what did rebuffed do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "Belmont, Grant cut off Columbus" } ] }, { "id": "49681", "question": "when did the union take control of western kentucky ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 336, "text": "March 1862" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Naval forces assisted Grant in the long, complex Vicksburg Campaign that resulted in the Confederates surrendering at Vicksburg, Mississippi in July 1863, and in full Union control of the Mississippi River soon after.", "qas": [ { "id": "49682", "question": "where did the confederates of naval forces take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "Vicksburg, Mississippi" } ] }, { "id": "49683", "question": "when did naval forces arrive in mississippi ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "July 1863" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In one of the first highly visible battles, a march by Union troops under the command of Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell on the Confederate forces near Washington was repulsed.", "qas": [ { "id": "49684", "question": "who was the command of the confederate forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "Irvin McDowell" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan took command of the Union Army of the Potomac on July 26 (he was briefly general-in-chief of all the Union armies, but was subsequently relieved of that post in favor of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck), and the war began in earnest in 1862. Upon the strong urging of President Lincoln to begin offensive operations, McClellan attacked Virginia in the spring of 1862 by way of the peninsula between the York River and James River, southeast of Richmond. Although McClellan's army reached the gates of Richmond in the Peninsula Campaign, Johnston halted his advance at the Battle of Seven Pines, then General Robert E. Lee and top subordinates James Longstreet and Stonewall Jackson defeated McClellan in the Seven Days Battles and forced his retreat. The Northern Virginia Campaign, which included the Second Battle of Bull Run, ended in yet another victory for the South. McClellan resisted General-in-Chief Halleck's orders to send reinforcements to John Pope's Union Army of Virginia, which made it easier for Lee's Confederates to defeat twice the number of combined enemy troops.", "qas": [ { "id": "49685", "question": "on what date did the union army of the union take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "July 26" } ] }, { "id": "49686", "question": "who was relieved in favor of the union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "Gen. Henry W. Halleck" } ] }, { "id": "49687", "question": "when did the war begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "1862" } ] }, { "id": "49688", "question": "in what year did lincoln invade virginia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 387, "text": "1862" } ] }, { "id": "49689", "question": "who defeated the battle of seven pines ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 625, "text": "General Robert E. Lee" } ] }, { "id": "49690", "question": "who did john orders send reinforcements to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 977, "text": "John Pope's Union Army of Virginia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Emboldened by Second Bull Run, the Confederacy made its first invasion of the North. General Lee led 45,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River into Maryland on September 5. Lincoln then restored Pope's troops to McClellan. McClellan and Lee fought at the Battle of Antietam near Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 17, 1862, the bloodiest single day in United States military history. Lee's army, checked at last, returned to Virginia before McClellan could destroy it. Antietam is considered a Union victory because it halted Lee's invasion of the North and provided an opportunity for Lincoln to announce his Emancipation Proclamation.", "qas": [ { "id": "49691", "question": "what run its first invasion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "Second Bull Run" } ] }, { "id": "49692", "question": "how many men were led to the army of northern virginia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "45,000" } ] }, { "id": "49693", "question": "on what date did general lee of the army of northern virginia begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "September 5" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When the cautious McClellan failed to follow up on Antietam, he was replaced by Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside. Burnside was soon defeated at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13, 1862, when more than 12,000 Union soldiers were killed or wounded during repeated futile frontal assaults against Marye's Heights. After the battle, Burnside was replaced by Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker.", "qas": [ { "id": "49694", "question": "what was the name of the failed to follow the failed to follow up up of the failed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "Antietam" } ] }, { "id": "49695", "question": "at what battle was burnside defeated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "Battle of Fredericksburg" } ] }, { "id": "49696", "question": "when was the battle of fredericksburg ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "December 13, 1862" } ] }, { "id": "49697", "question": "how many union soldiers were killed in the battle of fredericksburg ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "12,000" } ] }, { "id": "49698", "question": "who replaced burnside burnside ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 362, "text": "Gen. Joseph Hooker" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hooker, too, proved unable to defeat Lee's army; despite outnumbering the Confederates by more than two to one, he was humiliated in the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863. Gen. Stonewall Jackson was shot in the arm by accidental friendly fire during the battle and subsequently died of complications. Gen. Hooker was replaced by Maj. Gen. George Meade during Lee's second invasion of the North, in June. Meade defeated Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg (July 1 to 3, 1863). This was the bloodiest battle of the war, and has been called the war's turning point. Pickett's Charge on July 3 is often considered the high-water mark of the Confederacy because it signaled the collapse of serious Confederate threats of victory. Lee's army suffered 28,000 casualties (versus Meade's 23,000). However, Lincoln was angry that Meade failed to intercept Lee's retreat, and after Meade's inconclusive fall campaign, Lincoln turned to the Western Theater for new leadership. At the same time, the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg surrendered, giving the Union control of the Mississippi River, permanently isolating the western Confederacy, and producing the new leader Lincoln needed, Ulysses S. Grant.", "qas": [ { "id": "49699", "question": "in what battle was lee humiliated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "Battle of Chancellorsville" } ] }, { "id": "49700", "question": "when was the battle of chancellorsville ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "May 1863" } ] }, { "id": "49701", "question": "who replaced gen. hooker in the north ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 344, "text": "George Meade" } ] }, { "id": "49702", "question": "how many casualties did lee 's army have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 746, "text": "28,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While the Confederate forces had numerous successes in the Eastern Theater, they were defeated many times in the West. They were driven from Missouri early in the war as a result of the Battle of Pea Ridge. Leonidas Polk's invasion of Columbus, Kentucky ended Kentucky's policy of neutrality and turned that state against the Confederacy. Nashville and central Tennessee fell to the Union early in 1862, leading to attrition of local food supplies and livestock and a breakdown in social organization.", "qas": [ { "id": "49703", "question": "what was the result of the battle of the confederate war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "Battle of Pea Ridge" } ] }, { "id": "49704", "question": "in what year did nashville and central tennessee join the union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 398, "text": "1862" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Mississippi was opened to Union traffic to the southern border of Tennessee with the taking of Island No. 10 and New Madrid, Missouri, and then Memphis, Tennessee. In April 1862, the Union Navy captured New Orleans, which allowed Union forces to begin moving up the Mississippi. Only the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, prevented Union control of the entire river.", "qas": [ { "id": "49705", "question": "what country did the union invade in 1862 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "New Orleans" } ] }, { "id": "49706", "question": "where was the fortress located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "Vicksburg, Mississippi" } ] } ] }, { "context": "General Braxton Bragg's second Confederate invasion of Kentucky ended with a meaningless victory over Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell at the Battle of Perryville, although Bragg was forced to end his attempt at invading Kentucky and retreat due to lack of support for the Confederacy in that state. Bragg was narrowly defeated by Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans at the Battle of Stones River in Tennessee.", "qas": [ { "id": "49707", "question": "who was the second confederate invasion of kentucky ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "General Braxton Bragg" } ] }, { "id": "49708", "question": "who was the battle of kentucky ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "Don Carlos Buell" } ] }, { "id": "49709", "question": "where did don don carlos buell ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "Battle of Perryville" } ] }, { "id": "49710", "question": "who defeated bragg at the battle of stones ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 335, "text": "William Rosecrans" } ] }, { "id": "49711", "question": "at what battle was bragg defeated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 360, "text": "Battle of Stones River" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The one clear Confederate victory in the West was the Battle of Chickamauga. Bragg, reinforced by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet's corps (from Lee's army in the east), defeated Rosecrans, despite the heroic defensive stand of Maj. Gen. George Henry Thomas. Rosecrans retreated to Chattanooga, which Bragg then besieged.", "qas": [ { "id": "49712", "question": "what was the confederate victory in the west ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "Battle of Chickamauga" } ] }, { "id": "49713", "question": "what was the name of the defeated by bragg james longstreet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "Rosecrans" } ] }, { "id": "49714", "question": "who was the heroic defensive stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "George Henry Thomas" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Union's key strategist and tactician in the West was Ulysses S. Grant, who won victories at Forts Henry and Donelson (by which the Union seized control of the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers); the Battle of Shiloh; and the Battle of Vicksburg, which cemented Union control of the Mississippi River and is considered one of the turning points of the war. Grant marched to the relief of Rosecrans and defeated Bragg at the Third Battle of Chattanooga, driving Confederate forces out of Tennessee and opening a route to Atlanta and the heart of the Confederacy.", "qas": [ { "id": "49715", "question": "who won the union 's key strategist ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Ulysses S. Grant" } ] }, { "id": "49716", "question": "where did the union 's key strategist move victories ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "Forts Henry and Donelson" } ] }, { "id": "49717", "question": "which rivers did the union lose control of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers" } ] }, { "id": "49718", "question": "what was the battle of the mississippi river called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "Battle of Vicksburg" } ] }, { "id": "49719", "question": "what river did the battle of vicksburg take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 284, "text": "Mississippi River" } ] }, { "id": "49720", "question": "what was the name of the battle that defeated bragg ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 425, "text": "Third Battle of Chattanooga" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Extensive guerrilla warfare characterized the trans-Mississippi region, as the Confederacy lacked the troops and the logistics to support regular armies that could challenge Union control. Roving Confederate bands such as Quantrill's Raiders terrorized the countryside, striking both military installations and civilian settlements. The \"Sons of Liberty\" and \"Order of the American Knights\" attacked pro-Union people, elected officeholders, and unarmed uniformed soldiers. These partisans could not be entirely driven out of the state of Missouri until an entire regular Union infantry division was engaged.", "qas": [ { "id": "49721", "question": "what confederate bands terrorized the countryside ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "Quantrill's Raiders" } ] }, { "id": "49722", "question": "what was the name of the `` order of the american knights '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 338, "text": "Sons of Liberty" } ] }, { "id": "49723", "question": "what was the title of the `` sons of liberty '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 360, "text": "Order of the American Knights" } ] }, { "id": "49724", "question": "who were the `` sons of liberty '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "pro-Union people, elected officeholders, and unarmed uniformed soldiers" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By 1864, these violent activities harmed the nationwide anti-war movement organizing against the re-election of Lincoln. Missouri not only stayed in the Union, Lincoln took 70 percent of the vote for re-election.", "qas": [ { "id": "49725", "question": "when did the nationwide anti-war movement occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1864" } ] }, { "id": "49726", "question": "what percentage of the vote did lincoln receive for re-election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "70 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Numerous small-scale military actions south and west of Missouri sought to control Indian Territory and New Mexico Territory for the Union. The Union repulsed Confederate incursions into New Mexico in 1862, and the exiled Arizona government withdrew into Texas. In the Indian Territory, civil war broke out within tribes. About 12,000 Indian warriors fought for the Confederacy, and smaller numbers for the Union. The most prominent Cherokee was Brigadier General Stand Watie, the last Confederate general to surrender.", "qas": [ { "id": "49727", "question": "what did numerous small-scale military actions control ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "Indian Territory and New Mexico Territory for the Union" } ] }, { "id": "49728", "question": "when did the union repulsed confederate incursions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "1862" } ] }, { "id": "49729", "question": "how many indian warriors fought for the confederacy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "12,000" } ] }, { "id": "49730", "question": "who was the last confederate general to surrender ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 446, "text": "Brigadier General Stand Watie" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After the fall of Vicksburg in July 1863, General Kirby Smith in Texas was informed by Jefferson Davis that he could expect no further help from east of the Mississippi River. Although he lacked resources to beat Union armies, he built up a formidable arsenal at Tyler, along with his own Kirby Smithdom economy, a virtual \"independent fiefdom\" in Texas, including railroad construction and international smuggling. The Union in turn did not directly engage him. Its 1864 Red River Campaign to take Shreveport, Louisiana was a failure and Texas remained in Confederate hands throughout the war.", "qas": [ { "id": "49731", "question": "when was general kirby smith in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "July 1863" } ] }, { "id": "49732", "question": "what was the name of the general general in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "General Kirby Smith" } ] }, { "id": "49733", "question": "who informed general kirby smith in texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "Jefferson Davis" } ] }, { "id": "49734", "question": "what was the economy of tyler kirby smith ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 289, "text": "Kirby Smithdom" } ] } ] }, { "context": "At the beginning of 1864, Lincoln made Grant commander of all Union armies. Grant made his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac, and put Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in command of most of the western armies. Grant understood the concept of total war and believed, along with Lincoln and Sherman, that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base would end the war. This was total war not in killing civilians but rather in taking provisions and forage and destroying homes, farms, and railroads, that Grant said \"would otherwise have gone to the support of secession and rebellion. This policy I believe exercised a material influence in hastening the end.\" Grant devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the entire Confederacy from multiple directions. Generals George Meade and Benjamin Butler were ordered to move against Lee near Richmond, General Franz Sigel (and later Philip Sheridan) were to attack the Shenandoah Valley, General Sherman was to capture Atlanta and march to the sea (the Atlantic Ocean), Generals George Crook and William W. Averell were to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia, and Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks was to capture Mobile, Alabama.", "qas": [ { "id": "49735", "question": "when did lincoln make commander of all union armies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "1864" } ] }, { "id": "49736", "question": "who was the western armies of the western armies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman" } ] }, { "id": "49737", "question": "who did the total war lead to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "Lincoln and Sherman" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Grant's army set out on the Overland Campaign with the goal of drawing Lee into a defense of Richmond, where they would attempt to pin down and destroy the Confederate army. The Union army first attempted to maneuver past Lee and fought several battles, notably at the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor. These battles resulted in heavy losses on both sides, and forced Lee's Confederates to fall back repeatedly. An attempt to outflank Lee from the south failed under Butler, who was trapped inside the Bermuda Hundred river bend. Each battle resulted in setbacks for the Union that mirrored what they had suffered under prior generals, though unlike those prior generals, Grant fought on rather than retreat. Grant was tenacious and kept pressing Lee's Army of Northern Virginia back to Richmond. While Lee was preparing for an attack on Richmond, Grant unexpectedly turned south to cross the James River and began the protracted Siege of Petersburg, where the two armies engaged in trench warfare for over nine months.", "qas": [ { "id": "49738", "question": "what did the army attempt to attempt to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "pin down and destroy the Confederate army" } ] }, { "id": "49739", "question": "what were the names of the battles that fought in the union army ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "Wilderness, Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor" } ] }, { "id": "49740", "question": "what did lee fall to fall back repeatedly ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 377, "text": "Lee's Confederates" } ] }, { "id": "49741", "question": "where was the south failed trapped ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 511, "text": "Bermuda Hundred river bend" } ] }, { "id": "49742", "question": "what was the name of the siege of petersburg ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 939, "text": "Siege of Petersburg" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Grant finally found a commander, General Philip Sheridan, aggressive enough to prevail in the Valley Campaigns of 1864. Sheridan was initially repelled at the Battle of New Market by former U.S. Vice President and Confederate Gen. John C. Breckinridge. The Battle of New Market was the Confederacy's last major victory of the war. After redoubling his efforts, Sheridan defeated Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early in a series of battles, including a final decisive defeat at the Battle of Cedar Creek. Sheridan then proceeded to destroy the agricultural base of the Shenandoah Valley, a strategy similar to the tactics Sherman later employed in Georgia.", "qas": [ { "id": "49743", "question": "who was found in the valley campaigns ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "General Philip Sheridan" } ] }, { "id": "49744", "question": "at what battle was sheridan repelled ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "Battle of New Market" } ] }, { "id": "49745", "question": "who was the former president of new market ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "John C. Breckinridge" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Meanwhile, Sherman maneuvered from Chattanooga to Atlanta, defeating Confederate Generals Joseph E. Johnston and John Bell Hood along the way. The fall of Atlanta on September 2, 1864, guaranteed the reelection of Lincoln as president. Hood left the Atlanta area to swing around and menace Sherman's supply lines and invade Tennessee in the Franklin-Nashville Campaign. Union Maj. Gen. John Schofield defeated Hood at the Battle of Franklin, and George H. Thomas dealt Hood a massive defeat at the Battle of Nashville, effectively destroying Hood's army.", "qas": [ { "id": "49746", "question": "who did sherman invade to atlanta ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Confederate Generals Joseph E. Johnston and John Bell Hood" } ] }, { "id": "49747", "question": "when did the fall of atlanta occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "September 2, 1864" } ] }, { "id": "49748", "question": "in what campaign did hood supply tennessee ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 341, "text": "Franklin-Nashville Campaign" } ] }, { "id": "49749", "question": "at what battle did george h. thomas thomas thomas thomas defeat ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 498, "text": "Battle of Nashville" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Leaving Atlanta, and his base of supplies, Sherman's army marched with an unknown destination, laying waste to about 20 percent of the farms in Georgia in his \"March to the Sea\". He reached the Atlantic Ocean at Savannah, Georgia in December 1864. Sherman's army was followed by thousands of freed slaves; there were no major battles along the March. Sherman turned north through South Carolina and North Carolina to approach the Confederate Virginia lines from the south, increasing the pressure on Lee's army.", "qas": [ { "id": "49750", "question": "what percentage of the farms did sherman get in georgia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "20 percent" } ] }, { "id": "49751", "question": "what was the 20 percent of the farms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "March to the Sea" } ] }, { "id": "49752", "question": "where did he visit the atlantic ocean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "Savannah, Georgia" } ] }, { "id": "49753", "question": "when did the atlantic states take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "December 1864" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Lee's army, thinned by desertion and casualties, was now much smaller than Grant's. One last Confederate attempt to break the Union hold on Petersburg failed at the decisive Battle of Five Forks (sometimes called \"the Waterloo of the Confederacy\") on April 1. This meant that the Union now controlled the entire perimeter surrounding Richmond-Petersburg, completely cutting it off from the Confederacy. Realizing that the capital was now lost, Lee decided to evacuate his army. The Confederate capital fell to the Union XXV Corps, composed of black troops. The remaining Confederate units fled west after a defeat at Sayler's Creek.", "qas": [ { "id": "49754", "question": "what was the name of the battle of the union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "Battle of Five Forks" } ] }, { "id": "49755", "question": "what was the battle of five forks sometimes called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "\"the Waterloo of the Confederacy" } ] }, { "id": "49756", "question": "when was the battle of five forks called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "April 1" } ] }, { "id": "49757", "question": "who was the confederate capital of the confederate capital ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 514, "text": "Union XXV Corps" } ] }, { "id": "49758", "question": "where did confederate units move west ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 617, "text": "Sayler's Creek" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Initially, Lee did not intend to surrender, but planned to regroup at the village of Appomattox Court House, where supplies were to be waiting, and then continue the war. Grant chased Lee and got in front of him, so that when Lee's army reached Appomattox Court House, they were surrounded. After an initial battle, Lee decided that the fight was now hopeless, and surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia on April 9, 1865, at the McLean House. In an untraditional gesture and as a sign of Grant's respect and anticipation of peacefully restoring Confederate states to the Union, Lee was permitted to keep his sword and his horse, Traveller. On April 14, 1865, President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth, a Southern sympathizer. Lincoln died early the next morning, and Andrew Johnson became the president. Meanwhile, Confederate forces across the South surrendered as news of Lee's surrender reached them. On April 26, 1865, General Joseph E. Johnston surrendered nearly 90,000 men of the Army of Tennessee to Major General William T. Sherman at the Bennett Place near present-day Durham, North Carolina. It proved to be the largest surrender of Confederate forces, effectively bringing the war to an end. President Johnson officially declared a virtual end to the insurrection on May 9, 1865; President Jefferson Davis was captured the following day. On June 2, Kirby Smith officially surrendered his troops in the Trans-Mississippi Department. On June 23, Cherokee leader Stand Watie became the last Confederate General to surrender his forces.", "qas": [ { "id": "49759", "question": "what village did lee want to surrender ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "Appomattox Court House" } ] }, { "id": "49760", "question": "what was the name of lee 's army that was surrounded by lee 's army ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "Appomattox Court House" } ] }, { "id": "49761", "question": "who shot lincoln ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 692, "text": "John Wilkes Booth" } ] }, { "id": "49762", "question": "who became the president of lincoln ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 776, "text": "Andrew Johnson" } ] }, { "id": "49763", "question": "who became the last confederate general to surrender ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1481, "text": "Stand Watie" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Though the Confederacy hoped that Britain and France would join them against the Union, this was never likely, and so they instead tried to bring Britain and France in as mediators. The Union, under Lincoln and Secretary of State William H. Seward worked to block this, and threatened war if any country officially recognized the existence of the Confederate States of America. In 1861, Southerners voluntarily embargoed cotton shipments, hoping to start an economic depression in Europe that would force Britain to enter the war to get cotton, but this did not work. Worse, Europe developed other cotton suppliers, which they found superior, hindering the South's recovery after the war.", "qas": [ { "id": "49764", "question": "who did the confederacy want to bring against the union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "Britain and France" } ] }, { "id": "49765", "question": "what was the name of the confederacy that the confederacy hoped to bring britain and france ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "mediators" } ] }, { "id": "49766", "question": "who worked to block the existence of the confederate states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "Lincoln and Secretary of State William H. Seward" } ] }, { "id": "49767", "question": "in what year did cotton start to start an economic depression ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 381, "text": "1861" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Cotton diplomacy proved a failure as Europe had a surplus of cotton, while the 1860\u201362 crop failures in Europe made the North's grain exports of critical importance. It also helped to turn European opinion further away from the Confederacy. It was said that \"King Corn was more powerful than King Cotton\", as U.S. grain went from a quarter of the British import trade to almost half. When Britain did face a cotton shortage, it was temporary, being replaced by increased cultivation in Egypt and India. Meanwhile, the war created employment for arms makers, ironworkers, and British ships to transport weapons.", "qas": [ { "id": "49768", "question": "what did europe have a surplus of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "cotton" } ] }, { "id": "49769", "question": "in what year was the north 's grain exports ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "1860\u201362" } ] }, { "id": "49770", "question": "what was king corn more powerful than ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "King Cotton" } ] }, { "id": "49771", "question": "where was king corn replaced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 486, "text": "Egypt and India" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Lincoln's foreign policy was deficient in 1861 in terms of appealing to European public opinion. Diplomats had to explain that United States was not committed to the ending of slavery, but instead they repeated legalistic arguments about the unconstitutionality of secession. Confederate spokesman, on the other hand, were much more successful by ignoring slavery and instead focusing on their struggle for liberty, their commitment to free trade, and the essential role of cotton in the European economy. In addition, the European aristocracy (the dominant factor in every major country) was \"absolutely gleeful in pronouncing the American debacle as proof that the entire experiment in popular government had failed. European government leaders welcomed the fragmentation of the ascendant American Republic.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "49772", "question": "when was lincoln 's foreign policy deficient ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "1861" } ] } ] }, { "context": "U.S. minister to Britain Charles Francis Adams proved particularly adept and convinced Britain not to boldly challenge the blockade. The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial shipbuilders in Britain (CSS \"Alabama\", CSS \"Shenandoah\", CSS \"Tennessee\", CSS \"Tallahassee\", CSS \"Florida\", and some others). The most famous, the CSS \"Alabama\", did considerable damage and led to serious postwar disputes. However, public opinion against slavery created a political liability for politicians in Britain, where the antislavery movement was powerful.", "qas": [ { "id": "49773", "question": "who convinced britain to boldly challenge the blockade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "Charles Francis Adams" } ] }, { "id": "49774", "question": "what is the name of the most famous css ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 336, "text": "the CSS \"Alabama\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "War loomed in late 1861 between the U.S. and Britain over the \"Trent\" affair, involving the U.S. Navy's boarding of the British ship \"Trent\" and seizure of two Confederate diplomats. However, London and Washington were able to smooth over the problem after Lincoln released the two. In 1862, the British considered mediation between North and South\u2013 though even such an offer would have risked war with the U.S. British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston reportedly read \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\" three times when deciding on this.", "qas": [ { "id": "49775", "question": "in what year did war loomed affair ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 19, "text": "1861" } ] }, { "id": "49776", "question": "what two countries loomed war loomed in 1861 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "U.S. and Britain over the \"Trent\" affair" } ] }, { "id": "49777", "question": "what did the `` trent '' affair represent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "U.S. Navy's boarding of the British ship \"Trent\" and seizure of two Confederate diplomats" } ] }, { "id": "49778", "question": "when did the british considered mediation between north and south ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "1862" } ] }, { "id": "49779", "question": "who read uncle tom 's cabin war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 407, "text": "U.S. British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston" } ] }, { "id": "49780", "question": "what was the name of the british prime minister ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 468, "text": "Uncle Tom's Cabin\" three times" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Union victory in the Battle of Antietam caused them to delay this decision. The Emancipation Proclamation over time would reinforce the political liability of supporting the Confederacy. Despite sympathy for the Confederacy, France's own seizure of Mexico ultimately deterred them from war with the Union. Confederate offers late in the war to end slavery in return for diplomatic recognition were not seriously considered by London or Paris. After 1863, the Polish revolt against Russia further distracted the European powers, and ensured that they would remain neutral.", "qas": [ { "id": "49781", "question": "who caused the union to delay this decision ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "Battle of Antietam" } ] }, { "id": "49782", "question": "what did the emancipation proclamation over the confederacy do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "reinforce the political liability of supporting the Confederacy" } ] }, { "id": "49783", "question": "what two countries were not seriously considered to end slavery in the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 430, "text": "London or Paris" } ] }, { "id": "49784", "question": "when did the polish revolt end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 453, "text": "1863" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The causes of the war, the reasons for its outcome, and even the name of the war itself are subjects of lingering contention today. The North and West grew rich while the once-rich South became poor for a century. The national political power of the slaveowners and rich southerners ended. Historians are less sure about the results of the postwar Reconstruction, especially regarding the second class citizenship of the Freedmen and their poverty.", "qas": [ { "id": "49785", "question": "what is the main class of the postwar reconstruction citizenship ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 385, "text": "the second class citizenship of the Freedmen and their poverty" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Historians have debated whether the Confederacy could have won the war. Most scholars, such as James McPherson, argue that Confederate victory was at least possible. McPherson argues that the North's advantage in population and resources made Northern victory likely but not guaranteed. He also argues that if the Confederacy had fought using unconventional tactics, they would have more easily been able to hold out long enough to exhaust the Union.", "qas": [ { "id": "49786", "question": "who argue that confederate victory was at least possible ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "James McPherson" } ] }, { "id": "49787", "question": "what did the confederacy have more easily able to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 408, "text": "hold out long enough to exhaust the Union" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Confederates did not need to invade and hold enemy territory to win, but only needed to fight a defensive war to convince the North that the cost of winning was too high. The North needed to conquer and hold vast stretches of enemy territory and defeat Confederate armies to win. Lincoln was not a military dictator, and could only continue to fight the war as long as the American public supported a continuation of the war. The Confederacy sought to win independence by out-lasting Lincoln; however, after Atlanta fell and Lincoln defeated McClellan in the election of 1864, all hope for a political victory for the South ended. At that point, Lincoln had secured the support of the Republicans, War Democrats, the border states, emancipated slaves, and the neutrality of Britain and France. By defeating the Democrats and McClellan, he also defeated the Copperheads and their peace platform.", "qas": [ { "id": "49788", "question": "in what year did lincoln attack independence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 571, "text": "1864" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many scholars argue that the Union held an insurmountable long-term advantage over the Confederacy in industrial strength and population. Confederate actions, they argue, only delayed defeat. Civil War historian Shelby Foote expressed this view succinctly: \"I think that the North fought that war with one hand behind its back\u00a0... If there had been more Southern victories, and a lot more, the North simply would have brought that other hand out from behind its back. I don't think the South ever had a chance to win that War.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "49789", "question": "who expressed the civil war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "Shelby Foote" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A minority view among historians is that the Confederacy lost because, as E. Merton Coulter put it, \"people did not will hard enough and long enough to win.\" Marxist historian Armstead Robinson agrees, pointing to a class conflict in the Confederates army between the slave owners and the larger number of non-owners. He argues that the non-owner soldiers grew embittered about fighting to preserve slavery, and fought less enthusiastically. He attributes the major Confederate defeats in 1863 at Vicksburg and Missionary Ridge to this class conflict. However, most historians reject the argument. James M. McPherson, after reading thousands of letters written by Confederate soldiers, found strong patriotism that continued to the end; they truly believed they were fighting for freedom and liberty. Even as the Confederacy was visibly collapsing in 1864\u201365, he says most Confederate soldiers were fighting hard. Historian Gary Gallagher cites General Sherman who in early 1864 commented, \"The devils seem to have a determination that cannot but be admired.\" Despite their loss of slaves and wealth, with starvation looming, Sherman continued, \"yet I see no sign of let up\u2014some few deserters\u2014plenty tired of war, but the masses determined to fight it out.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "49790", "question": "who put the confederacy to win the confederacy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "E. Merton Coulter" } ] }, { "id": "49791", "question": "who was the marxist historian of marxist historian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "Armstead Robinson" } ] }, { "id": "49792", "question": "in what year did robinson attributes work in missionary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 489, "text": "1863" } ] }, { "id": "49793", "question": "where did robinson attributes come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 497, "text": "Vicksburg and Missionary Ridge" } ] }, { "id": "49794", "question": "who found strong patriotism that continued to the end of letters ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 598, "text": "James M. McPherson" } ] }, { "id": "49795", "question": "when was the confederacy visibly collapsing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 851, "text": "1864\u201365" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Also important were Lincoln's eloquence in rationalizing the national purpose and his skill in keeping the border states committed to the Union cause. The Emancipation Proclamation was an effective use of the President's war powers. The Confederate government failed in its attempt to get Europe involved in the war militarily, particularly Britain and France. Southern leaders needed to get European powers to help break up the blockade the Union had created around the Southern ports and cities. Lincoln's naval blockade was 95 percent effective at stopping trade goods; as a result, imports and exports to the South declined significantly. The abundance of European cotton and Britain's hostility to the institution of slavery, along with Lincoln's Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico naval blockades, severely decreased any chance that either Britain or France would enter the war.", "qas": [ { "id": "49796", "question": "what was the emancipation proclamation proclamation an effective use of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "the President's war powers" } ] }, { "id": "49797", "question": "which two countries were involved in the war militarily ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 341, "text": "Britain and France" } ] }, { "id": "49798", "question": "what was lincoln 's naval blockade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 527, "text": "95 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Historian Don Doyle has argued that the Union victory had a major impact on the course of world history. The Union victory energized popular democratic forces. A Confederate victory, on the other hand, would have meant a new birth of slavery, not freedom. Historian Fergus Bordewich, following Doyle, argues that:", "qas": [ { "id": "49799", "question": "who argued that the union victory had a major impact on the course of world history ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "Don Doyle" } ] }, { "id": "49800", "question": "which historian said that : doyle , following doyle ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "Fergus Bordewich" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The war produced at least 1,030,000 casualties (3 percent of the population), including about 620,000 soldier deaths\u2014two-thirds by disease, and 50,000 civilians. Binghamton University historian J. David Hacker believes the number of soldier deaths was approximately 750,000, 20 percent higher than traditionally estimated, and possibly as high as 850,000. The war accounted for more American deaths than in all other U.S. wars combined.", "qas": [ { "id": "49801", "question": "how many casualties did the war have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "1,030,000" } ] }, { "id": "49802", "question": "how many deaths were there in the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "620,000" } ] }, { "id": "49803", "question": "how many civilians were in the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "50,000" } ] }, { "id": "49804", "question": "who believes that the number of soldier was approximately the number of soldier ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "J. David Hacker" } ] }, { "id": "49805", "question": "what was the number of soldier deaths in j. david hacker ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "750,000, 20 percent higher" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Based on 1860 census figures, 8 percent of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6 percent in the North and 18 percent in the South. About 56,000 soldiers died in prison camps during the War. An estimated 60,000 men lost limbs in the war.", "qas": [ { "id": "49806", "question": "in what year was the census of the war based ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "1860" } ] }, { "id": "49807", "question": "what percentage of all white males were based in the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "8 percent" } ] }, { "id": "49808", "question": "how many white males were there in the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "13 to 43 died" } ] }, { "id": "49809", "question": "what percentage of white males were in the north and 18 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "6 percent" } ] }, { "id": "49810", "question": "how many soldiers died in prison camps ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "56,000" } ] }, { "id": "49811", "question": "how many men lost limbs in the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "60,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Union army dead, amounting to 15 percent of the over two million who served, was broken down as follows:", "qas": [ { "id": "49812", "question": "what percentage of the union army served in union dead ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "15 percent of the over two million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In addition there were 4,523 deaths in the Navy (2,112 in battle) and 460 in the Marines (148 in battle).", "qas": [ { "id": "49813", "question": "how many deaths were there in the navy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "4,523" } ] }, { "id": "49814", "question": "what was the name of the navy in the navy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "2,112" } ] }, { "id": "49815", "question": "how many deaths were in the marines in the marines ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "460" } ] }, { "id": "49816", "question": "how many deaths were in the marines ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "148" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Black troops made up 10 percent of the Union death toll, they amounted to 15 percent of disease deaths but less than 3 percent of those killed in battle. Losses among African Americans were high, in the last year and a half and from all reported casualties, approximately 20 percent of all African Americans enrolled in the military lost their lives during the Civil War. Notably, their mortality rate was significantly higher than white soldiers:", "qas": [ { "id": "49817", "question": "what percentage of the union death was black ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "10 percent" } ] }, { "id": "49818", "question": "what percentage of disease deaths did black troops have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "15 percent" } ] }, { "id": "49819", "question": "what percentage of african americans were lost in the civil war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "20 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While the figures of 360,000 army deaths for the Union and 260,000 for the Confederacy remained commonly cited, they are incomplete. In addition to many Confederate records being missing, partly as a result of Confederate widows not reporting deaths due to being ineligible for benefits, both armies only counted troops who died during their service, and not the tens of thousands who died of wounds or diseases after being discharged. This often happened only a few days or weeks later. Francis Amasa Walker, Superintendent of the 1870 Census, used census and Surgeon General data to estimate a minimum of 500,000 Union military deaths and 350,000 Confederate military deaths, for a total death toll of 850,000 soldiers. While Walker's estimates were originally dismissed because of the 1870 Census's undercounting, it was later found that the census was only off by 6.5%, and that the data Walker used would be roughly accurate.", "qas": [ { "id": "49820", "question": "what was the name of the army that deaths to the union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "360,000" } ] }, { "id": "49821", "question": "how many union military deaths did walker have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 607, "text": "500,000" } ] }, { "id": "49822", "question": "how many soldiers did walker have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 704, "text": "850,000" } ] }, { "id": "49823", "question": "what percentage of the census was walker found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 868, "text": "6.5%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Analyzing the number of dead by using census data to calculate the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm suggests that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000, but most likely 761,000 soldiers, died in the war. This would break down to approximately 350,000 Confederate and 411,000 Union military deaths, going by the proportion of Union to Confederate battle losses.", "qas": [ { "id": "49824", "question": "what did the death rate of fighting age ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "627,000" } ] }, { "id": "49825", "question": "what was the death of the death rate of fighting ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "888,000" } ] }, { "id": "49826", "question": "how many soldiers died in the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "761,000" } ] }, { "id": "49827", "question": "who did the union break down to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "350,000 Confederate and 411,000 Union military deaths" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Deaths among former slaves has proven much harder to estimate, due to the lack of reliable census data at the time, though they were known to be considerable, as former slaves were set free or escaped in massive numbers in an area where the Union army did not have sufficient shelter, doctors, or food for them. University of Connecticut Professor James Downs states that tens to hundreds of thousands of slaves died during the war from disease, starvation, exposure, or execution at the hands of the Confederates, and that if these deaths are counted in the war's total, the death toll would exceed 1 million.", "qas": [ { "id": "49828", "question": "how many slaves did the death toll exceed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 600, "text": "1 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Losses were far higher than during the recent defeat of Mexico, which saw roughly thirteen thousand American deaths, including fewer than two thousand killed in battle, between 1846 and 1848. One reason for the high number of battle deaths during the war was the continued use of tactics similar to those of the Napoleonic Wars at the turn of the century, such as charging. With the advent of more accurate rifled barrels, Mini\u00e9 balls and (near the end of the war for the Union army) repeating firearms such as the Spencer Repeating Rifle and the Henry Repeating Rifle, soldiers were mowed down when standing in lines in the open. This led to the adoption of trench warfare, a style of fighting that defined much of World War I.", "qas": [ { "id": "49829", "question": "how many american deaths did mexico city have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "thirteen" } ] }, { "id": "49830", "question": "in what years were the battle of mexico ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "1846 and 1848" } ] }, { "id": "49831", "question": "what did the battle of the battle deaths similar to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "the Napoleonic Wars" } ] }, { "id": "49832", "question": "what type of balls did the union have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 423, "text": "Mini\u00e9 balls" } ] }, { "id": "49833", "question": "what were the names of the soldiers that repeating firearms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 515, "text": "Spencer Repeating Rifle and the Henry Repeating Rifle" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The wealth amassed in slaves and slavery for the Confederacy's 3.5 million blacks effectively ended when Union armies arrived; they were nearly all freed by the Emancipation Proclamation. Slaves in the border states and those located in some former Confederate territory occupied before the Emancipation Proclamation were freed by state action or (on December 6, 1865) by the Thirteenth Amendment.", "qas": [ { "id": "49834", "question": "how many blacks died in the confederacy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "3.5 million" } ] }, { "id": "49835", "question": "who freed the wealth of the wealth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "the Emancipation Proclamation" } ] }, { "id": "49836", "question": "on what date were slaves freed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 351, "text": "December 6, 1865" } ] }, { "id": "49837", "question": "what amendment freed the confederate territory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 376, "text": "Thirteenth Amendment" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The war destroyed much of the wealth that had existed in the South. All accumulated investment Confederate bonds was forfeit; most banks and railroads were bankrupt. Income per person in the South dropped to less than 40 percent of that of the North, a condition that lasted until well into the 20th century. Southern influence in the U.S. federal government, previously considerable, was greatly diminished until the latter half of the 20th century. The full restoration of the Union was the work of a highly contentious postwar era known as Reconstruction.", "qas": [ { "id": "49838", "question": "what percentage of the north , dropped per person in the south ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "40 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While not all Southerners saw themselves as fighting to preserve slavery, most of the officers and over a third of the rank and file in Lee's army had close family ties to slavery. To Northerners, in contrast, the motivation was primarily to preserve the Union, not to abolish slavery. Abraham Lincoln consistently made preserving the Union the central goal of the war, though he increasingly saw slavery as a crucial issue and made ending it an additional goal. Lincoln's decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation angered both Peace Democrats (\"Copperheads\") and War Democrats, but energized most Republicans. By warning that free blacks would flood the North, Democrats made gains in the 1862 elections, but they did not gain control of Congress. The Republicans' counterargument that slavery was the mainstay of the enemy steadily gained support, with the Democrats losing decisively in the 1863 elections in the northern state of Ohio when they tried to resurrect anti-black sentiment.", "qas": [ { "id": "49839", "question": "what was the purpose of the motivation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "preserve the Union, not to abolish slavery" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Emancipation Proclamation enabled African-Americans, both free blacks and escaped slaves, to join the Union Army. About 190,000 volunteered, further enhancing the numerical advantage the Union armies enjoyed over the Confederates, who did not dare emulate the equivalent manpower source for fear of fundamentally undermining the legitimacy of slavery.", "qas": [ { "id": "49840", "question": "what was the purpose of the emancipation of the union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "join the Union Army" } ] }, { "id": "49841", "question": "about what type of volunteered was the union armies volunteered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "190,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the Civil War, sentiment concerning slaves, enslavement and emancipation in the United States was divided. In 1861, Lincoln worried that premature attempts at emancipation would mean the loss of the border states, and that \"to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game.\" Copperheads and some War Democrats opposed emancipation, although the latter eventually accepted it as part of total war needed to save the Union.", "qas": [ { "id": "49842", "question": "what two slaves were divided during the civil war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "enslavement and emancipation in the United States" } ] }, { "id": "49843", "question": "in what year did lincoln begin to lose the loss of the border ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "1861" } ] }, { "id": "49844", "question": "what did lincoln do in 1861 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "premature attempts at emancipation would mean the loss of the border states" } ] }, { "id": "49845", "question": "what did lincoln say about kentucky is the same ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game" } ] } ] }, { "context": "At first, Lincoln reversed attempts at emancipation by Secretary of War Simon Cameron and Generals John C. Fr\u00e9mont (in Missouri) and David Hunter (in South Carolina, Georgia and Florida) to keep the loyalty of the border states and the War Democrats. Lincoln warned the border states that a more radical type of emancipation would happen if his gradual plan based on compensated emancipation and voluntary colonization was rejected. But only the District of Columbia accepted Lincoln's gradual plan, which was enacted by Congress. When Lincoln told his cabinet about his proposed emancipation proclamation, Seward advised Lincoln to wait for a victory before issuing it, as to do otherwise would seem like \"our last shriek on the retreat\". Lincoln laid the groundwork for public support in an open letter published letter to abolitionist Horace Greeley's newspaper.", "qas": [ { "id": "49846", "question": "who reversed lincoln ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "Secretary of War Simon Cameron and Generals John C. Fr\u00e9mont" } ] }, { "id": "49847", "question": "along with georgia and florida , who reversed the loyalty of the border of the border ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "David Hunter" } ] }, { "id": "49848", "question": "where did david hunter live ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "South Carolina, Georgia and Florida" } ] }, { "id": "49849", "question": "who was published by lincoln ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 838, "text": "Horace Greeley's newspaper" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In September 1862, the Battle of Antietam provided this opportunity, and the subsequent War Governors' Conference added support for the proclamation. Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862, and his final Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. In his letter to Albert G. Hodges, Lincoln explained his belief that \"If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong\u00a0... And yet I have never understood that the Presidency conferred upon me an unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling\u00a0... I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "49850", "question": "in what year did the battle of antietam take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "1862" } ] }, { "id": "49851", "question": "which battle provided support for the proclamation of the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "Battle of Antietam" } ] }, { "id": "49852", "question": "when was lincoln 's preliminary emancipation proclamation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "September 22, 1862" } ] }, { "id": "49853", "question": "when was lincoln 's final emancipation proclamation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "January 1, 1863" } ] }, { "id": "49854", "question": "who was lincoln 's letter ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "Albert G. Hodges" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Lincoln's moderate approach succeeded in inducing border states, War Democrats and emancipated slaves to fight for the Union. The Union-controlled border states (Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia) and Union-controlled regions around New Orleans, Norfolk and elsewhere, were not covered by the Emancipation Proclamation. All abolished slavery on their own, except Kentucky and Delaware.", "qas": [ { "id": "49855", "question": "what did lincoln do to the union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "War Democrats and emancipated slaves to fight for the Union" } ] }, { "id": "49856", "question": "what states were not covered by kentucky , missouri and west virginia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "The Union-controlled border states" } ] }, { "id": "49857", "question": "which border were not covered by the border states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia" } ] }, { "id": "49858", "question": "who covered norfolk island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "the Emancipation Proclamation" } ] }, { "id": "49859", "question": "what two slavery were abolished by all slavery ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 386, "text": "Kentucky and Delaware" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since the Emancipation Proclamation was based on the President's war powers, it only included territory held by Confederates at the time. However, the Proclamation became a symbol of the Union's growing commitment to add emancipation to the Union's definition of liberty. The Emancipation Proclamation greatly reduced the Confederacy's hope of getting aid from Britain or France. By late 1864, Lincoln was playing a leading role in getting Congress to vote for the Thirteenth Amendment, which made emancipation universal and permanent.", "qas": [ { "id": "49860", "question": "what was the emancipation proclamation proclamation based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "President's war powers" } ] }, { "id": "49861", "question": "who held the territory held at the time proclamation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "Confederates" } ] }, { "id": "49862", "question": "what amendment made emancipation universal and permanent permanent amendment ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 465, "text": "Thirteenth Amendment" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In \"Texas v. White\", the United States Supreme Court ruled that Texas had remained a state ever since it first joined the Union, despite claims that it joined the Confederate States; the court further held that the Constitution did not permit states to unilaterally secede from the United States, and that the ordinances of secession, and all the acts of the legislatures within seceding states intended to give effect to such ordinances, were \"absolutely null\", under the constitution.", "qas": [ { "id": "49863", "question": "what was the name of the supreme court that ruled texas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Texas v. White" } ] }, { "id": "49864", "question": "what did the court decide to do to the confederate constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "the court further held that the Constitution did not permit states to unilaterally secede from the United States" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Reconstruction began during the war, with the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863 and continued until 1877. It comprised multiple complex methods to resolve the outstanding issues of the war's aftermath, the most important of which were the three \"Reconstruction Amendments\" to the Constitution, which remain in effect to the present time: the 13th (1865), the 14th (1868) and the 15th (1870). From the Union perspective, the goals of Reconstruction were to consolidate the Union victory on the battlefield by reuniting the Union; to guarantee a \"republican form of government for the ex-Confederate states; and to permanently end slavery\u2014and prevent semi-slavery status.", "qas": [ { "id": "49865", "question": "in what year did the emancipation proclamation begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "1863" } ] }, { "id": "49866", "question": "in what year did the 13th century occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 359, "text": "1865" } ] }, { "id": "49867", "question": "when was the 14th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 376, "text": "1868" } ] } ] }, { "context": "President Johnson took a lenient approach and saw the achievement of the main war goals as realized in 1865, when each ex-rebel state repudiated secession and ratified the Thirteenth Amendment. Radical Republicans demanded proof that Confederate nationalism was dead and that the slaves were truly free. They came to the fore after the 1866 elections and undid much of Johnson's work. In 1872 the \"Liberal Republicans\" argued that the war goals had been achieved and that Reconstruction should end. They ran a presidential ticket in 1872 but were decisively defeated. In 1874, Democrats, primarily Southern, took control of Congress and opposed any more reconstruction. The Compromise of 1877 closed with a national consensus that the Civil War had finally ended. With the withdrawal of federal troops, however, whites retook control of every Southern legislature; the Jim Crow period of disenfranchisement and legal segregation was about to begin.", "qas": [ { "id": "49868", "question": "in what year did president johnson die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "1865" } ] }, { "id": "49869", "question": "what amendment did president johnson ratified ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "Thirteenth Amendment" } ] }, { "id": "49870", "question": "in what year did a presidential ticket take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 533, "text": "1872" } ] }, { "id": "49871", "question": "in what year did democrats begin control of congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 571, "text": "1874" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Civil War is one of the central events in American collective memory. There are innumerable statues, commemorations, books and archival collections. The memory includes the home front, military affairs, the treatment of soldiers, both living and dead, in the war's aftermath, depictions of the war in literature and art, evaluations of heroes and villains, and considerations of the moral and political lessons of the war. The last theme includes moral evaluations of racism and slavery, heroism in combat and behind the lines, and the issues of democracy and minority rights, as well as the notion of an \"Empire of Liberty\" influencing the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "49872", "question": "along with innumerable , commemorations , commemorations , commemorations , commemorations , commemorations , commemorations , commemorations , commemorations , commemorations , commemorations , commemorations , commemorations , commemorations , commemorations , commemorations , commemorations , commemorations , commemorations , commemorations , commemorations , commemorations , commemorations , commemorations , commemorations , commemorations , commemorations , commemorations , commemorations , commemorations , and innumerable are examples of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "books and archival collections" } ] }, { "id": "49873", "question": "what is the last theme of the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 610, "text": "Empire of Liberty\" influencing the world" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Professional historians have paid much more attention to the causes of the war, than to the war itself. Military history has largely developed outside academe, leading to a proliferation of solid studies by non-scholars who are thoroughly familiar with the primary sources, pay close attention to battles and campaigns, and write for the large public readership, rather than the small scholarly community. Bruce Catton and Shelby Foote are among the best-known writers. Practically every major figure in the war, both North and South, has had a serious biographical study.\nDeeply religious Southerners saw the hand of God in history, which demonstrated His wrath at their sinfulness, or His rewards for their suffering. Historian Wilson Fallin has examined the sermons of white and black Baptist preachers after the War. Southern white preachers said:", "qas": [ { "id": "49874", "question": "who are the best-known writers of the best-known writers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 406, "text": "Bruce Catton and Shelby Foote" } ] }, { "id": "49875", "question": "where did the war take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 518, "text": "North and South" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In sharp contrast, Black preachers interpreted the Civil War as:", "qas": [ { "id": "49876", "question": "what did black preachers do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "the Civil War" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Memory of the war in the white South crystallized in the myth of the \"Lost Cause\", shaping regional identity and race relations for generations. Alan T. Nolan notes that the Lost Cause was expressly \"a rationalization, a cover-up to vindicate the name and fame\" of those in rebellion. Some claims revolve around the insignificance of slavery; some appeals highlight cultural differences between North and South; the military conflict by Confederate actors is idealized; in any case, secession was said to be lawful. Nolan argues that the adoption of the Lost Cause perspective facilitated the reunification of the North and the South while excusing the \"virulent racism\" of the 19th century, sacrificing African-American progress to a white man's reunification. He also deems the Lost Cause \"a caricature of the truth. This caricature wholly misrepresents and distorts the facts of the matter\" in every instance.", "qas": [ { "id": "49877", "question": "what was the name of the myth in the myth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "Lost Cause" } ] }, { "id": "49878", "question": "who notes that the lost cause `` a rationalization '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "Alan T. Nolan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The interpretation of the Civil War presented by Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard in \"The Rise of American Civilization\" (1927) was highly influential among historians and the general public until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. The Beards downplayed slavery, abolitionism, and issues of morality. They ignored constitutional issues of states' rights and even ignored American nationalism as the force that finally led to victory in the war. Indeed, the ferocious combat itself was passed over as merely an ephemeral event. Much more important was the calculus of class conflict. The Beards announced that the Civil War was really:", "qas": [ { "id": "49879", "question": "who presented the civil war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard" } ] }, { "id": "49880", "question": "what was the name of the civil war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "The Rise of American Civilization" } ] }, { "id": "49881", "question": "when was the rise of american civilization ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "1927" } ] }, { "id": "49882", "question": "what was the movement of the civil war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Beards themselves abandoned their interpretation by the 1940s and it became defunct among historians in the 1950s, when scholars shifted to an emphasis on slavery. However, Beardian themes still echo among Lost Cause writers.", "qas": [ { "id": "49883", "question": "when did beards themselves abandoned their interpretation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "the 1940s" } ] }, { "id": "49884", "question": "in what decade did beards become defunct ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "1950s" } ] }, { "id": "49885", "question": "what was the purpose of echo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "Lost Cause writers" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The American Civil War has been commemorated in many capacities ranging from the reenactment of battles, to statues and memorial halls erected, to films being produced, to stamps and coins with Civil War themes being issued, all of which helped to shape public memory. This varied advent occurred in greater proportions on the 100th and 150th anniversary.", "qas": [ { "id": "49886", "question": "where did the varied advent of the advent of the advent occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "the 100th and 150th anniversary" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hollywood's take on the war has been especially influential in shaping public memory, as seen in such film classics as \"Birth of a Nation\" (1915), \"Gone with the Wind\" (1939), and more recently \"Lincoln\" (2012). Ken Burns produced a notable PBS series on television titled \"The Civil War\" (1990). It was digitally remastered and re-released in 2015.", "qas": [ { "id": "49887", "question": "what was the name of film classics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "\"Birth of a Nation" } ] }, { "id": "49888", "question": "in what year did film classics become `` birth of a nation '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "1915" } ] }, { "id": "49889", "question": "what did film classics mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "Gone with the Wind" } ] }, { "id": "49890", "question": "in what year was the wind gone ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "1939" } ] }, { "id": "49891", "question": "what was the name of ken 's pbs series ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "The Civil War" } ] }, { "id": "49892", "question": "when was remastered and re-released ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 344, "text": "2015" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There were numerous technological innovations during the Civil War that had a great impact on 19th century science. The Civil War was one of the earliest and most prime example of an \"industrial war\", in which technological might is used to achieve military supremacy in a war. New inventions, such as the train and telegraph, delivered soldiers, supplies and messages in a time where horses were considered to be the fastest way to travel. It was also in this war where countries used aerial warfare, in the form of reconnaissance balloons, to a significant effect. It saw the first action involving steam-powered ironclad warships in naval warfare history. Repeating firearms such as the Henry rifle, Spencer rifle, Colt revolving rifle, Triplett & Scott carbine and others, first appeared during the Civil War; they were a revolutionary invention that would soon replace muzzle-loading and single-shot firearms in warfare, as well as the first appearances of rapid-firing weapons and machine guns such as the Agar gun and the Gatling gun.", "qas": [ { "id": "49893", "question": "when did the civil war begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "19th century science" } ] }, { "id": "49894", "question": "what was the civil war called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "industrial war" } ] }, { "id": "49895", "question": "what did countries use in the civil war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 486, "text": "aerial warfare" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nGeneral reference", "qas": [] }, { "context": "Confederacy", "qas": [] }, { "context": "Topical articles", "qas": [] }, { "context": "State articles", "qas": [] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] } ], "title": "American Civil War" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "In Unicode, a Private Use Area (PUA) is a range of code points that, by definition, will not be assigned characters by the Unicode Consortium. Currently, three private use areas are defined: one in the Basic Multilingual Plane (codice_1\u2013codice_2), and one each in, and nearly covering, planes 15 and 16 (codice_3\u2013codice_4, codice_5\u2013codice_6). The code points in these areas cannot be considered as standardized characters in Unicode itself. They are intentionally left undefined so that third parties may define their own characters without conflicting with Unicode Consortium assignments. Under the Unicode Stability Policy, the Private Use Areas will remain allocated for that purpose in all future Unicode versions.", "qas": [ { "id": "49896", "question": "what is unicode ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "Private Use Area" } ] }, { "id": "49897", "question": "who will not be assigned characters in unicode ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "Unicode Consortium" } ] }, { "id": "49898", "question": "what is the name of the plane that are defined as one of the three private use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "Basic Multilingual Plane" } ] }, { "id": "49899", "question": "third parties may define their own characters without what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 558, "text": "Unicode Consortium assignments" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Assignments to Private Use Area characters need not be \"private\" in the sense of strictly internal to an organisation; a number of assignment schemes have been published by several organisations. Such publication may include a font that supports the definition (showing the glyphs), and software making use of the private-use characters (e.g. a graphics character for a \"print document\" function). By definition, multiple private parties may assign different characters to the same code point, with the consequence that a user may see one private character from an installed font where a different one was intended.", "qas": [ { "id": "49900", "question": "what do private use area need to be ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "private" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Under the Unicode definition, code points in the Private Use Areas are assigned characters\u2014they are not noncharacters, reserved, or unassigned. Their category is \"codice_7\", and no character names are specified. No representative glyphs are provided, and character semantics are left to private agreement. Private-use characters are assigned Unicode code points whose interpretation is not specified by this standard and whose use may be determined by private agreement among cooperating users. These characters are designated for private use and do not have defined, interpretable semantics except by private agreement.\nNo charts are provided for private-use characters, as any such characters are, by their very nature, defined only outside the context of this standard.", "qas": [ { "id": "49901", "question": "what is the code points of private use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "codice_7" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the Basic Multilingual Plane (plane 0), the block titled Private Use Area has 6400 code points. Planes 15 and 16 are almost entirely assigned to two further Private Use Areas, Supplemental Private Use Area-A and Supplemental Private Use Area-B respectively.", "qas": [ { "id": "49902", "question": "what is the plane 0 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 7, "text": "Basic Multilingual Plane" } ] }, { "id": "49903", "question": "what type of area is the block titled ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "Private Use Area" } ] }, { "id": "49904", "question": "what is the block titled private use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "6400 code points" } ] }, { "id": "49905", "question": "what are almost entirely assigned to two further private use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "Planes 15 and 16" } ] }, { "id": "49906", "question": "what are some private use of private use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "Supplemental Private Use Area-A and Supplemental Private Use Area-B respectively" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In order to encode characters from planes 15 and 16 in UTF-16, a further block of the BMP is assigned to High Private Use Surrogates (U+DB80..U+DBFF, 128 code points).", "qas": [ { "id": "49907", "question": "in what year did a block of the bmp characters encode characters from planes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "UTF-16" } ] }, { "id": "49908", "question": "what is a block of the bmp assigned to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "High Private Use Surrogates" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many people and institutions have created character collections for the PUA. Some of these private use agreements are published, so other PUA implementers can aim for unused or less used code points to prevent overlaps. Several characters and scripts previously encoded in private use agreements have actually been fully encoded in Unicode, necessitating mappings from the PUA to other Unicode code points.", "qas": [ { "id": "49909", "question": "what do other pua implementers aim to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "unused or less used code points to prevent overlaps" } ] } ] }, { "context": "One of the more well-known and broadly implemented PUA agreements is maintained by the ConScript Unicode Registry (CSUR). The CSUR, which is not officially endorsed or associated with the Unicode Consortium, provides a mapping for constructed scripts, such as Klingon pIqaD and Ferengi script (Star Trek), Tengwar and Cirth (J.R.R. Tolkien's cursive and runic scripts), Alexander Melville Bell's Visible Speech, and Dr. Seuss' alphabet from \"On Beyond Zebra\". The CSUR previously encoded the undeciphered Phaistos characters, as well as the Shavian and Deseret alphabets, which have all been accepted for official encoding in Unicode.", "qas": [ { "id": "49910", "question": "what is one of the more well-known and broadly implemented ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "ConScript Unicode Registry" } ] }, { "id": "49911", "question": "what is the name of the mapping speech ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "Unicode Consortium" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Another common PUA agreement is maintained by the Medieval Unicode Font Initiative (MUFI). This project is attempting to support all of the scribal abbreviations, ligatures, precomposed characters, symbols, and alternate letterforms found in medieval texts written in the Latin alphabet. The express purpose of MUFI is to experimentally determine which characters are necessary to represent these texts, and to have those characters officially encoded in Unicode. As of Unicode version 5.1, 152 MUFI characters have been incorporated into the official Unicode encoding.", "qas": [ { "id": "49912", "question": "what is the name of the initiative that maintained the unicode agreement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Medieval Unicode Font Initiative" } ] }, { "id": "49913", "question": "what type of characters have been incorporated into the official unicode encoding ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 491, "text": "152" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some agreed-upon PUA character collections exist in part or whole because Unicode Consortium is in no hurry to encode them. Some, such as unrepresented languages, are likely to end up encoded in the future. Some unusual cases such as fictional languages are outside the usual scope of Unicode but not explicitly ruled out by the principles of Unicode, and may show up eventually (such as the Star Trek and Tolkien writing systems). In other cases, the proposed encoding violates one or more Unicode principles and hence is unlikely to ever be officially recognized by Unicode\u2014mostly where users want to directly encode alternate forms, ligatures, or base-character-plus-diacritic combinations (such as the TUNE scheme).", "qas": [ { "id": "49914", "question": "what is in no hurry to encode them ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "Unicode Consortium" } ] }, { "id": "49915", "question": "what is unicode consortium in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "no hurry to encode them" } ] }, { "id": "49916", "question": "who recognized the proposed encoding violates one or more unicode principles ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 568, "text": "Unicode" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nInformally, the range U+F000 through U+F8FF is known as Corporate Use Area.", "qas": [ { "id": "49917", "question": "what is the range of corporate use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "U+F000" } ] }, { "id": "49918", "question": "what is known as corporate use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "U+F8FF" } ] }, { "id": "49919", "question": "what is the name of the range that is known as corporate use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Corporate Use Area" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The concept of reserving specific code points for Private Use is based on similar earlier usage in other character sets. In particular, many otherwise obsolete characters in East Asian scripts continue to be used in specific names or other situations, and so some character sets for those scripts made allowance for private-use characters (such as the user-defined planes of CNS 11643, or \"gaiji\" in certain Japanese encodings). The Unicode standard references these uses under the name \"End User Character Definition\" (EUCD).", "qas": [ { "id": "49920", "question": "what is the concept of reserving specific code points based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "similar earlier usage in other character sets" } ] }, { "id": "49921", "question": "what are some character sets for those scripts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 375, "text": "CNS 11643, or \"gaiji\"" } ] }, { "id": "49922", "question": "what is the unicode standard references to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 488, "text": "End User Character Definition" } ] } ] } ], "title": "Private Use Areas" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Massachusetts ; officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the the Massachusett tribe, which once inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston. Over 80% of Massachusetts' population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution. During the 20th century, Massachusetts' economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance, and maritime trade.", "qas": [ { "id": "49923", "question": "what is the most populous state in the new england region ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Commonwealth of Massachusetts" } ] }, { "id": "49924", "question": "where is the commonwealth of massachusetts located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "New England region of the northeastern United States" } ] }, { "id": "49925", "question": "which island is located in massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "Connecticut and Rhode Island" } ] }, { "id": "49926", "question": "what two countries are in massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York" } ] }, { "id": "49927", "question": "what is the state named for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 354, "text": "Massachusett tribe" } ] }, { "id": "49928", "question": "what percentage of massachusetts 's population is greater ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 492, "text": "80%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, passengers of the \"Mayflower\". In 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America's most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, including interchangeable parts. In 1786, Shays' Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic world, originated from the pulpit of Northampton preacher Jonathan Edwards. In the late 18th century, Boston became known as the \"Cradle of Liberty\" for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution.", "qas": [ { "id": "49929", "question": "in what year was plymouth founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "1620" } ] }, { "id": "49930", "question": "what was the name of the first colony in new england ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Mayflower" } ] }, { "id": "49931", "question": "in what year did the town of salem and surrounding areas begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "1692" } ] }, { "id": "49932", "question": "when was the springfield armory founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 265, "text": "1777" } ] }, { "id": "49933", "question": "who founded the springfield armory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "General Henry Knox" } ] }, { "id": "49934", "question": "what was the name of the industrial revolution founded by general henry knox ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "Springfield Armory" } ] }, { "id": "49935", "question": "who was the protestant first great awakening ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 737, "text": "Jonathan Edwards" } ] }, { "id": "49936", "question": "what was boston called in the late 18th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 809, "text": "Cradle of Liberty" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a powerful commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, and transcendentalist movements. In the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. In 2004, Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to legally recognize same-sex marriage as a result of the decision of the state's Supreme Judicial Court. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams and Kennedy families. Harvard University in Cambridge is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States, with the largest financial endowment of any university, and whose Law School has spawned a contemporaneous majority of United States Supreme Court Justices. Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called \"the most innovative square mile on the planet\", in reference to the high concentration of entrepreneurial start-ups and quality of innovation which have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010. Both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "49937", "question": "what was massachusetts a center for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "abolitionist, temperance, and transcendentalist movements" } ] } ] }, { "context": " The Massachusetts Bay Colony was named after the indigenous population, the Massachusett, whose name can be segmented as \"mass-adchu-s-et\", where \"mass-\" is \"large\", \"-adchu-\" is \"hill\", \"-s-\" is a diminutive suffix meaning \"small\", and \"-et\" is a locative suffix, identifying it as a place. It has been translated as \"near the great hill\", \"by the blue hills\", \"at the little big hill\", or \"at the range of hills\", referring to the Blue Hills, or in particular the Great Blue Hill which is located on the boundary of Milton and Canton. Alternatively, Massachusett has been represented as \"Moswetuset\"\u2014from the name of the Moswetuset Hummock (meaning \"hill shaped like an arrowhead\") in Quincy, where Plymouth Colony commander Miles Standish, hired English military officer, and Squanto, part of the now disappeared Patuxet band of the Wampanoag peoples, met Chief Chickatawbut in 1621.", "qas": [ { "id": "49938", "question": "what is the name of the indigenous population in massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Massachusett" } ] }, { "id": "49939", "question": "the great blue hill is located on what boundary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 519, "text": "Milton and Canton" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The official name of the state is the \"Commonwealth of Massachusetts\". Colloquially, it is often referred to simply as \"the Commonwealth\". While this designation is part of the state's official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the same position and powers within the United States as other states.", "qas": [ { "id": "49940", "question": "what is the official name of the state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "Commonwealth of Massachusetts" } ] }, { "id": "49941", "question": "what is the official name of the state of the state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "\"the Commonwealth\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, these tribes were generally dependent on hunting, gathering and fishing for most of their food supply. Villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as long houses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems.", "qas": [ { "id": "49942", "question": "what were the algonquian language family ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett" } ] }, { "id": "49943", "question": "what are lodges called that were led to lodges ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 378, "text": "wigwams" } ] }, { "id": "49944", "question": "what were tribes led to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 433, "text": "male or female elders" } ] }, { "id": "49945", "question": "what were male elders called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 464, "text": "sachems" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the early 1600s, after contact had been made with Europeans, large numbers of the indigenous people in the northeast of what is now the United States were killed by virgin soil epidemics such as smallpox, measles, influenza, and perhaps leptospirosis. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans.", "qas": [ { "id": "49946", "question": "who killed smallpox , measles , influenza , and influenza ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "virgin soil epidemics" } ] }, { "id": "49947", "question": "what were the virgin soil in the northeast of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "smallpox, measles, influenza, and perhaps leptospirosis" } ] }, { "id": "49948", "question": "what percentage of the massachusetts bay was killed by smallpox and 1619 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "90%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the \"Mayflower\" at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, after the Jamestown Colony. The event known as the \"First Thanksgiving\" was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days. The Pilgrims were soon followed by other Puritans, who established the Massachusetts Bay Colony at present-day Boston in 1630.", "qas": [ { "id": "49949", "question": "when was the mayflower '' developed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "1620" } ] }, { "id": "49950", "question": "what was the name of the colony in north america ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "Jamestown Colony" } ] }, { "id": "49951", "question": "what was the name of the event celebrated by the pilgrims ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 349, "text": "First Thanksgiving" } ] }, { "id": "49952", "question": "how long did the first thanksgiving world last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 460, "text": "three days" } ] }, { "id": "49953", "question": "when was the massachusetts bay colony established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 593, "text": "1630" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Puritans, who believed the Church of England needed to be purified and experienced harassment from English authority because of their beliefs, came to Massachusetts with the goal of establishing an ideal religious society. Unlike the Plymouth colony, the bay colony was founded under a royal charter in 1629. Both religious dissent and expansionism resulted in several new colonies being founded shortly after Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay elsewhere in New England. The Massachusetts Bay banished dissenters such as Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams due to religious and political disagreements. In 1636, Williams founded the colony of Rhode Island and Hutchinson joined him there several years later. Religious intolerance continued. Among those who objected to this later in the century were the English Quaker preachers Alice and Thomas Curwen, who were publicly flogged and imprisoned in Boston in 1676.\nIn 1641, Massachusetts expanded inland significantly, acquiring the Connecticut River Valley settlement of Springfield, which had recently disputed with, and defected from its original administrators, the Connecticut Colony. This established Massachusetts' southern border in the west, though surveying problems resulted in disputed territory until 1803\u201304.", "qas": [ { "id": "49954", "question": "when was the bay colony founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "1629" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1691, the colonies of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth were united (along with present-day Maine, which had previously been divided between Massachusetts and New York) into the Province of Massachusetts Bay. Shortly after the arrival of the new province's first governor, Sir William Phips, the Salem witch trials took place, where a number of men and women were hanged for alleged witchcraft.", "qas": [ { "id": "49955", "question": "when was the colonies of massachusetts bay and plymouth bay divided ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1691" } ] }, { "id": "49956", "question": "which colonies were united states colonies in 1691 maine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth" } ] }, { "id": "49957", "question": "where was the colonies of massachusetts divided ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "Massachusetts and New York" } ] }, { "id": "49958", "question": "where was the colonies of massachusetts located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "Province of Massachusetts Bay" } ] }, { "id": "49959", "question": "who was the salem witch ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "Sir William Phips" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The most destructive earthquake yet known in New England occurred in 1755, causing considerable damage across Massachusetts.", "qas": [ { "id": "49960", "question": "where was the most destructive earthquake ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "New England" } ] }, { "id": "49961", "question": "when did the most destructive earthquake occur in new england ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "1755" } ] }, { "id": "49962", "question": "what did the most destructive earthquake do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "causing considerable damage across Massachusetts" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Massachusetts was a center of the movement for independence from Great Britain; colonists in Massachusetts had long uneasy relations with the British monarchy, including open rebellion under the Dominion of New England in the 1680s. Protests against British attempts to tax the colonies after the French and Indian War ended in 1763 led to the Boston Massacre in 1770, and the 1773 Boston Tea Party escalated tensions. In 1774, the Intolerable Acts targeted Massachusetts with punishments for the Boston Tea Party and further decreased local autonomy, increasing local dissent. Anti-Parliamentary activity by men such as Samuel Adams and John Hancock, followed by reprisals by the British government, were a primary reason for the unity of the Thirteen Colonies and the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1775.", "qas": [ { "id": "49963", "question": "where was massachusetts located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Great Britain" } ] }, { "id": "49964", "question": "in what decade was open rebellion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "1680s" } ] }, { "id": "49965", "question": "when did the boston massacre end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "1763" } ] }, { "id": "49966", "question": "when did the boston massacre occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 363, "text": "1770" } ] }, { "id": "49967", "question": "in what year did the boston tea begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 422, "text": "1774" } ] }, { "id": "49968", "question": "when was the american revolution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 809, "text": "1775" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Battles of Lexington and Concord initiated the American Revolutionary War and were fought in the eponymous Massachusetts towns. Future President George Washington took over what would become the Continental Army after the battle. His first victory was the Siege of Boston in the winter of 1775\u201376, after which the British were forced to evacuate the city. The event is still celebrated in Suffolk County as Evacuation Day. On the coast, Salem, became a center for privateering. Although the documentation is incomplete, about 1,700 Letters of Marque, issued on a per-voyage basis, were granted during the American Revolution. Nearly 800 vessels were commissioned as privateers and are credited with capturing or destroying about 600 British ships.", "qas": [ { "id": "49969", "question": "what did the battles of lexington and concord establish ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "American Revolutionary War" } ] }, { "id": "49970", "question": "what was george washington 's first victory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "Siege of Boston" } ] }, { "id": "49971", "question": "when was the siege of boston ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 293, "text": "1775\u201376" } ] }, { "id": "49972", "question": "what is the event celebrated in suffolk county ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 411, "text": "Evacuation Day" } ] }, { "id": "49973", "question": "who became a center for privateering privateering ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 441, "text": "Salem" } ] }, { "id": "49974", "question": "how many letters of marque were granted during the american revolution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 530, "text": "1,700" } ] }, { "id": "49975", "question": "how many vessels were commissioned as privateers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 637, "text": "800" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bostonian John Adams, known as the \"Atlas of Independence\", was an important figure in both the struggle for independence as well as the formation of the new United States. Adams was highly involved in the push for separation from Britain and the writing of the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780 which, in the Elizabeth Freeman and Quock Walker cases, effectively made Massachusetts the first state to have a constitution that declared universal rights and, as interpreted by Supreme Judicial Court Chief Justice William Cushing, abolished slavery. David McCullough points out that an equally important feature was its placing for the first time the courts as a co-equal branch separate from the executive. The Constitution of the Vermont Republic, adopted in 1777, represented the first partial ban on slavery. Vermont became a state in 1791, but did not fully ban slavery until 1858 with the Vermont Personal Liberty Law. The Pennsylvania Gradual Abolition Act of 1780 made Pennsylvania the first state to abolish slavery by statute. Later, Adams was active in early American foreign affairs and succeeded Washington as the second United States President. His son John Quincy Adams, also from Massachusetts, would go on to become the sixth United States President.", "qas": [ { "id": "49976", "question": "what was john adams known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "Atlas of Independence" } ] }, { "id": "49977", "question": "in what year was the writing of the massachusetts constitution passed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "1780" } ] }, { "id": "49978", "question": "who abolished adams ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 311, "text": "Elizabeth Freeman and Quock Walker" } ] }, { "id": "49979", "question": "who abolished adams ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 477, "text": "Supreme Judicial Court Chief Justice William Cushing" } ] }, { "id": "49980", "question": "when was the constitution of the vermont republic adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 761, "text": "1777" } ] }, { "id": "49981", "question": "when did vermont become a state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 839, "text": "1791" } ] }, { "id": "49982", "question": "who was adams 's son ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1167, "text": "John Quincy Adams" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From 1786 to 1787, an armed uprising, known as Shays' Rebellion led by Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays wrought havoc throughout Massachusetts, and ultimately attempted to seize the U.S. Federal Armory at Springfield. The rebellion was one of the major factors in the decision to draft a stronger national constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation. On February 6, 1788, Massachusetts became the sixth state to ratify the United States Constitution.", "qas": [ { "id": "49983", "question": "what was the armed uprising called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "Shays' Rebellion" } ] }, { "id": "49984", "question": "who was the revolutionary war in massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "Daniel Shays" } ] }, { "id": "49985", "question": "who did the armed uprising seize ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "U.S. Federal Armory at Springfield" } ] }, { "id": "49986", "question": "in what year did massachusetts ratify the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 382, "text": "1788" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1820, Maine separated from Massachusetts and entered the Union as the 23rd state as a result of the ratification of the Missouri Compromise.\nDuring the 19th century, Massachusetts became a national leader in the American Industrial Revolution, with factories around cities such as Lowell and Boston producing textiles and shoes, and factories around Springfield producing tools, paper, and textiles. The economy transformed from one based primarily on agriculture to an industrial one, initially making use of water-power and later the steam engine to power factories. Canals and railroads were used for transporting raw materials and finished goods. At first, the new industries drew labor from Yankees on nearby subsistence farms, and later relied upon immigrant labor from Europe and Canada.", "qas": [ { "id": "49987", "question": "in what year did maine separated from massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1820" } ] }, { "id": "49988", "question": "what was the 23rd state in 1820 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "Missouri Compromise" } ] }, { "id": "49989", "question": "in what revolution did massachusetts become a national leader ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "American Industrial Revolution" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the years leading up to the Civil War, Massachusetts was a center of progressivism and abolitionist activity. Horace Mann made the state's school system a national model. Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson made major contributions to American philosophy. Members of the transcendentalist movement emphasized the importance of the natural world and emotion to humanity.", "qas": [ { "id": "49990", "question": "what was massachusetts a center of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "progressivism and abolitionist activity" } ] }, { "id": "49991", "question": "who made the state 's national model a national model ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "Horace Mann" } ] }, { "id": "49992", "question": "who made major contributions to american philosophy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although significant opposition to abolitionism existed early on in Massachusetts, resulting in anti-abolitionist riots between 1835 and 1837, opposition to slavery gradually increased throughout the next few decades. Abolitionists John Brown and Sojourner Truth lived in Springfield and Northampton, respectively, while Frederick Douglass lived in Boston. The works of such abolitionists contributed to Massachusetts' actions during the Civil War. Massachusetts was the first state to recruit, train, and arm a Black regiment with White officers, the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. In 1852, Massachusetts became the first state to pass compulsory school attendance laws.", "qas": [ { "id": "49993", "question": "during what time period did opposition riots occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "1835 and 1837" } ] }, { "id": "49994", "question": "where did abolitionists john brown live ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "Springfield and Northampton" } ] }, { "id": "49995", "question": "who lived in boston in boston ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 321, "text": "Frederick Douglass" } ] }, { "id": "49996", "question": "what was the name of massachusetts 's black regiment ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 552, "text": "54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry" } ] }, { "id": "49997", "question": "in what year was massachusetts the first state to pass school attendance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 594, "text": "1852" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Alexander Graham Bell is commonly credited as the inventor of the first practical telephone. On March 10, 1876 at Boston University, he was able to communicate with his assistant Thomas A. Watson in the next room.", "qas": [ { "id": "49998", "question": "who is the inventor of the first practical telephone ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Alexander Graham Bell" } ] }, { "id": "49999", "question": "in what year was bell able to communicate with bell ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "1876" } ] }, { "id": "50000", "question": "where was bell 's 1876 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Boston University" } ] }, { "id": "50001", "question": "who was bell 's assistant assistant ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "Thomas A. Watson" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With the exodus of several manufacturing companies, the area's industrial economy began to decline during the early 20th century. By the 1920s, competition from the South and Midwest, followed by the Great Depression, led to the collapse of the three main industries in Massachusetts: textiles, shoemaking, and precision mechanics. This decline would continue into the later half of the century; between 1950 and 1979, the number of Massachusetts residents involved in textile manufacturing declined from 264,000 to 63,000. The 1969 closure of the Springfield Armory, in particular, spurred an exodus of high-paying jobs from Western Massachusetts, which suffered greatly as it de-industrialized during the last 40 years of the 20th century.", "qas": [ { "id": "50002", "question": "where did the competition come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "South and Midwest" } ] }, { "id": "50003", "question": "what event led to the collapse of the 1920s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "Great Depression" } ] }, { "id": "50004", "question": "what were the three main industries in massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "textiles, shoemaking, and precision mechanics" } ] }, { "id": "50005", "question": "where did the number of massachusetts residents come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 505, "text": "264,000 to 63,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Massachusetts manufactured 3.4 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II, ranking tenth among the 48 states. In Eastern Massachusetts, following World War II, the economy was transformed from one based on heavy industry into a service-based economy. Government contracts, private investment, and research facilities led to a new and improved industrial climate, with reduced unemployment and increased per capita income. Suburbanization flourished, and by the 1970s, the Route 128 corridor was dotted with high-technology companies who recruited graduates of the area's many elite institutions of higher education.\nThe Kennedy family was prominent in Massachusetts politics in the 20th century. Children of businessman and ambassador Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. included John F. Kennedy, who was a senator and US president before his assassination in 1963, Robert F. Kennedy, who was a senator, US attorney general, and presidential candidate before his assassination in 1968, Ted Kennedy, a senator from 1962 until his death in 2009, and Eunice Kennedy Shriver, a co-founder of the Special Olympics. In 1966, Massachusetts became the first state to popularly elect an African American to the US senate with Edward Brooke. George H. W. Bush, 41st President of the United States (1989\u20131993) was born in Milton in 1924.", "qas": [ { "id": "50006", "question": "what percentage of total military armaments produced during world war ii ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "3.4 percent" } ] }, { "id": "50007", "question": "who was ted kennedy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 888, "text": "Robert F. Kennedy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1987, the state received federal funding for the Central Artery/Tunnel Project. Commonly known as \"the Big Dig\", it was, at the time, the biggest federal highway project ever approved. The project included making the Central Artery a tunnel under downtown Boston, in addition to the re-routing of several other major highways. Often controversial, with numerous claims of graft and mismanagement, and with its initial price tag of $2.5 billion increasing to a final tally of over $15 billion, the Big Dig has nonetheless changed the face of Downtown Boston. It has connected areas that were once divided by elevated highway (much of the raised old Central Artery was replaced with the Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Greenway), and improved traffic conditions along a number of routes. Additionally, Massachusetts has had a diplomatic relationship with the Japanese prefecture of Hokkaido since 1988.", "qas": [ { "id": "50008", "question": "in what year did the state received federal funding ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1987" } ] }, { "id": "50009", "question": "what was the name of the project the state received federal funding ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "Central Artery/Tunnel Project" } ] }, { "id": "50010", "question": "what was the biggest federal highway project called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Big Dig" } ] }, { "id": "50011", "question": "what was the price tag of the project ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 434, "text": "$2.5 billion" } ] }, { "id": "50012", "question": "how much did the big dig of downtown boston cost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 483, "text": "$15 billion" } ] }, { "id": "50013", "question": "what was the name of the fitzgerald kennedy replaced by the project ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 688, "text": "Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Greenway" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On May 17, 2004, Massachusetts became the first state in the U.S. to legalize same-sex marriage after a Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruling in November 2003 determined that the exclusion of same-sex couples from the right to a civil marriage was unconstitutional. This decision was eventually superseded by the U.S. Supreme Court's affirmation of same-sex marriage in the United States in 2015.\nTwo pressure cooker bombs exploded near the finish line of the Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013 at around 2:49 pm EDT. The explosions killed three civilians and injured an estimated 264 others. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) later identified the suspects as brothers Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and Tamerlan Tsarnaev. The ensuing manhunt ended on April 19 when thousands of law enforcement officers searched a 20-block area of nearby Watertown. Dzhokhar later said that he was motivated by extremist Islamic beliefs and learned to build explosive devices from an online magazine of the al-Qaeda affiliate in Yemen.", "qas": [ { "id": "50014", "question": "how many others did the explosions lose ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 586, "text": "264" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On November 8, 2016, Massachusetts voted in favor of The Massachusetts Marijuana Legalization Initiative, also known as Question 4. It was included on the United States presidential election, 2016 ballot in Massachusetts as an indirect initiated state statute. ", "qas": [ { "id": "50015", "question": "in what year did the massachusetts marijuana legalization begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 15, "text": "2016" } ] }, { "id": "50016", "question": "what was the question of massachusetts in 2016 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "The Massachusetts Marijuana Legalization Initiative" } ] }, { "id": "50017", "question": "what was the massachusetts marijuana legalization initiative called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "Question 4" } ] }, { "id": "50018", "question": "what was the name of the election in 2016 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "the United States presidential election" } ] }, { "id": "50019", "question": "when was the ballot in massachusetts included ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "2016" } ] }, { "id": "50020", "question": "what was the name of the ballot in 2016 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "an indirect initiated state statute" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Massachusetts is the 7th smallest state in the United States. It is located in the New England region of the northeastern United States, and has an area of , 25.7% of which is water. Several large bays distinctly shape its coast. Boston is the largest city, at the inmost point of Massachusetts Bay, and the mouth of the Charles River.", "qas": [ { "id": "50021", "question": "where is massachusetts located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "New England region of the northeastern United States" } ] }, { "id": "50022", "question": "what percentage of water is water ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "25.7%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Despite its small size, Massachusetts features numerous topographically distinctive regions. The large coastal plain of the Atlantic Ocean in the eastern section of the state contains Greater Boston, along with most of the state's population, as well as the distinctive Cape Cod peninsula. To the west lies the hilly, rural region of Central Massachusetts, and beyond that, the Connecticut River Valley. Along the western border of Western Massachusetts lies the highest elevated part of the state, the Berkshire Mountains range.", "qas": [ { "id": "50023", "question": "what is the large coastal plain of the atlantic ocean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "Greater Boston" } ] }, { "id": "50024", "question": "what peninsula is located in boston ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "Cape Cod peninsula" } ] }, { "id": "50025", "question": "what is the name of the valley in connecticut ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 378, "text": "Connecticut River Valley" } ] }, { "id": "50026", "question": "what is the highest elevated part of western massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 503, "text": "Berkshire Mountains range" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The U.S. National Park Service administers a number of natural and historical sites in Massachusetts. Along with twelve national historic sites, areas, and corridors, the National Park Service also manages the Cape Cod National Seashore and the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. In addition, the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation maintains a number of parks, trails, and beaches throughout Massachusetts.", "qas": [ { "id": "50027", "question": "what service administers a number of natural and historical sites in massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "U.S. National Park Service" } ] }, { "id": "50028", "question": "what service manages the cape cod national seashore area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "National Park Service" } ] }, { "id": "50029", "question": "what is the national park service ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "Cape Cod National Seashore and the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area" } ] }, { "id": "50030", "question": "which department maintains a number of parks in massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 310, "text": "Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation" } ] }, { "id": "50031", "question": "what does the massachusetts department of conservation and recreation and recreation and recreation and recreation and recreation maintains ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 388, "text": "parks, trails, and beaches throughout Massachusetts" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The primary biome of inland Massachusetts is temperate deciduous forest.\nAlthough much of Massachusetts had been cleared for agriculture, leaving only traces of old growth forest in isolated pockets, secondary growth has regenerated in many rural areas as farms have been abandoned. Currently, forests cover around 62% of Massachusetts. The areas most affected by human development include the Greater Boston area in the east and the Springfield metropolitan area in the west, although the latter includes agricultural areas throughout the Connecticut River Valley. There are currently 219 endangered species in Massachusetts.", "qas": [ { "id": "50032", "question": "what is the primary biome of inland massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "temperate deciduous forest" } ] }, { "id": "50033", "question": "what percentage of massachusetts is forests ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 315, "text": "62%" } ] }, { "id": "50034", "question": "where is the greater boston area located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 540, "text": "Connecticut River Valley" } ] }, { "id": "50035", "question": "how many endangered species are there in massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 586, "text": "219" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A number of species are doing well in the increasingly urbanized Massachusetts. Peregrine falcons utilize office towers in larger cities as nesting areas, and the population of coyotes, whose diet may include garbage and roadkill, has been increasing in recent decades. White-tailed deer, raccoons, wild turkeys, and eastern gray squirrels are also found throughout Massachusetts. In more rural areas in the western part of Massachusetts, larger mammals such as moose and black bears have returned, largely due to reforestation following the regional decline in agriculture.", "qas": [ { "id": "50036", "question": "what is the name of the population that has been increasing in recent decades ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "coyotes" } ] }, { "id": "50037", "question": "what are the population of coyotes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "garbage and roadkill" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Massachusetts is located along the Atlantic Flyway, a major route for migratory waterfowl along the eastern coast. Lakes in central Massachusetts provide habitat for many species of fish and waterfowl, but some species such as the common loon are becoming rare. A significant population of long-tailed ducks winter off Nantucket. Small offshore islands and beaches are home to roseate terns and are important breeding areas for the locally threatened piping plover. Protected areas such as the Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge provide critical breeding habitat for shorebirds and a variety of marine wildlife including a large population of gray seals.", "qas": [ { "id": "50038", "question": "where is massachusetts located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "Atlantic Flyway" } ] }, { "id": "50039", "question": "what is the population of ducks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "long-tailed ducks winter off Nantucket" } ] }, { "id": "50040", "question": "what are the beaches of small offshore islands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 377, "text": "roseate terns" } ] }, { "id": "50041", "question": "what provide critical breeding habitat ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 494, "text": "Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Freshwater fish species in Massachusetts include bass, carp, catfish, and trout, while saltwater species such as Atlantic cod, haddock, and American lobster populate offshore waters. Other marine species include Harbor seals, the endangered North Atlantic right whales, as well as humpback whales, fin whales, minke whales, and Atlantic white-sided dolphins.", "qas": [ { "id": "50042", "question": "what are some examples of fish species in massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "bass, carp, catfish, and trout" } ] }, { "id": "50043", "question": "what are some of the saltwater species in massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "Atlantic cod, haddock, and American lobster populate offshore waters" } ] }, { "id": "50044", "question": "what is the endangered north atlantic right whales ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "Harbor seals" } ] }, { "id": "50045", "question": "what are some marine marine species ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "humpback whales, fin whales, minke whales, and Atlantic white-sided dolphins" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Massachusetts has a transitional climate between the humid continental and humid subtropical climate regimes. The warm to hot summers render the oceanic climate rare in this transition, only applying to exposed coastal areas such as on the peninsula of Barnstable County. The climate of Boston is quite representative for the commonwealth, characterized by summer highs of around and winter highs of , and is quite wet. Frosts are frequent all winter, even in coastal areas due to prevailing inland winds.", "qas": [ { "id": "50046", "question": "what is the transitional climate of massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "humid continental and humid subtropical climate regimes" } ] }, { "id": "50047", "question": "on what county is the warm to hot summers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "Barnstable County" } ] }, { "id": "50048", "question": "why are frosts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 481, "text": "prevailing inland winds" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The United States Census Bureau estimated that the population of Massachusetts was 6,794,422 on July 1, 2015, a 3.77% increase since the 2010 United States Census.", "qas": [ { "id": "50049", "question": "what was the population of massachusetts in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "6,794,422" } ] }, { "id": "50050", "question": "what percentage of the population was increase since the 2010 united states census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "3.77%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As of 2014, Massachusetts was estimated to be the third most densely populated U.S. state, with 839.4 people per square mile, behind New Jersey and Rhode Island. In 2014, Massachusetts had 1,011,811\u00a0foreign-born residents or 15% of the population.", "qas": [ { "id": "50051", "question": "how many people were in massachusetts in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "839.4 people per square mile" } ] }, { "id": "50052", "question": "what two island did massachusetts have in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "New Jersey and Rhode Island" } ] }, { "id": "50053", "question": "how many foreign-born residents were in massachusetts in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "1,011,811" } ] }, { "id": "50054", "question": "what percentage of the population was massachusetts in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "15%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most Bay State residents live within the Boston Metropolitan Area, also known as Greater Boston, which includes Boston and its proximate surroundings but also extending to Greater Lowell and to Worcester. The Springfield Metropolitan Area is also a major center of population. Demographically, the center of population of Massachusetts is located in the town of Natick.", "qas": [ { "id": "50055", "question": "where do most bay residents live ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Boston Metropolitan Area" } ] }, { "id": "50056", "question": "what is another name for boston metropolitan area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "Greater Boston" } ] }, { "id": "50057", "question": "what do greater boston residents consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "Greater Lowell and to Worcester" } ] }, { "id": "50058", "question": "what is the major center of population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "Springfield Metropolitan Area" } ] }, { "id": "50059", "question": "where is the center of population of massachusetts located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 362, "text": "Natick" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Like the rest of the northeastern United States, the population of Massachusetts has continued to grow in the past few decades. Massachusetts is the fastest growing state in New England and the 25th fastest growing state in the United States. Population growth was largely due to a relatively high quality of life and a large higher education system in the state.", "qas": [ { "id": "50060", "question": "where is massachusetts located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "New England and the 25th fastest growing state in the United States" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Foreign immigration is also a factor in the state's population growth, causing the state's population to continue to grow as of the 2010 Census (particularly in Massachusetts gateway cities where costs of living are lower). 40% of foreign immigrants were from Central or South America, according to a 2005 Census Bureau study, with many of the remainder from Asia. Many residents who have settled in Greater Springfield claim Puerto Rican descent. Many areas of Massachusetts showed relatively stable population trends between 2000 and 2010. Exurban Boston and coastal areas grew the most rapidly, while Berkshire County in far Western Massachusetts and Barnstable County on Cape Cod were the only counties to lose population as of the 2010 Census.", "qas": [ { "id": "50061", "question": "what percentage of foreign immigrants were from central or south america ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "40%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By gender, 48.4% were male and 51.6% were female in 2014. In terms of age, 79.2% were over 18 years old and 14.8% were over 65 years old.", "qas": [ { "id": "50062", "question": "what percentage of gender were male in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "48.4%" } ] }, { "id": "50063", "question": "what percentage of gender were female in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "51.6%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As of 2014, in terms of race and ethnicity, Massachusetts was 83.2% White (73.7% Non-Hispanic White), 8.8% Black or African American, 0.5% Native American and Alaska Native, 6.3% Asian American, <0.1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 2.1% from Some Other Race, and 3.1% from Two or More Races. Hispanics and Latinos of any race made up 11.2% of the population.", "qas": [ { "id": "50064", "question": "what percentage of massachusetts was white in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "83.2%" } ] }, { "id": "50065", "question": "what percentage of black or african american were black ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "8.8%" } ] }, { "id": "50066", "question": "what percentage of asian american population was massachusetts in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "6.3%" } ] }, { "id": "50067", "question": "what percentage of the population was latinos ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 347, "text": "11.2%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The state's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, has declined from 95.4% in 1970 to 73.7% in 2014. As of 2011, non-Hispanic whites were involved in 63.6% of all the births, while 36.4% of the population of Massachusetts younger than age 1 was minorities (meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white).", "qas": [ { "id": "50068", "question": "what was the most populous ethnic group in 1970 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "95.4%" } ] }, { "id": "50069", "question": "what was the most populous ethnic group in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "73.7%" } ] }, { "id": "50070", "question": "what percentage of the births was involved in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "63.6%" } ] }, { "id": "50071", "question": "what percentage of the population was minorities in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "36.4%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As late as 1795, the population of Massachusetts was nearly 95% of English ancestry. During the early and mid 19th century, immigrant groups began arriving in Massachusetts in large numbers; first from Ireland in the 1840s; today the Irish and part-Irish are the largest ancestry group in the state at nearly 25% of the total population. Others arrived later from Quebec as well as places in Europe such as Italy, Portugal, and Poland. In the early 20th century, a number of African Americans migrated to Massachusetts, although in somewhat fewer numbers than many other Northern states. Later in the 20th century, immigration from Latin America increased considerably. Over 156,000 Chinese Americans made their home in Massachusetts in 2014, and Boston hosts a growing Chinatown accommodating heavily traveled Chinese-owned bus lines to and from Chinatown, Manhattan in New York City. Massachusetts also has large Puerto Rican, Dominican, Haitian, Cape Verdean and Brazilian populations. Boston's South End and Jamaica Plain are both gay villages, as is nearby Provincetown, Massachusetts on Cape Cod.\nMassachusetts has a relatively large population of Irish descent (22.5% of the population) and also significant populations of Italians (13.5%), English (11.4%), and French (8%). Lowell is home to the second-largest Cambodian (Khmer) community of the nation. There are also several populations of Native Americans in Massachusetts, the Wampanoag tribe maintains reservations at Aquinnah on Martha's Vineyard and at Mashpee on Cape Cod - with an ongoing native language revival project underway since 1993; while the Nipmuck maintain two state-recognized reservations in the central part of the state, including one at Grafton.", "qas": [ { "id": "50072", "question": "what year was the population of massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "1795" } ] }, { "id": "50073", "question": "what percentage of english ancestry was the population of massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "95%" } ] }, { "id": "50074", "question": "what percentage of the total population was the largest ancestry in ireland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "25%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Massachusetts has avoided many forms of racial strife seen elsewhere in the US, but examples such as the successful electoral showings of the nativist (mainly anti-Catholic) Know Nothings in the 1850s, the controversial Sacco and Vanzetti executions in the 1920s, and Boston's opposition to desegregation busing in the 1970s show that the ethnic history of Massachusetts was not completely harmonious.", "qas": [ { "id": "50075", "question": "what controversial executions did massachusetts have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "Sacco and Vanzetti executions" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The most common varieties of American English spoken in Massachusetts, other than General American English, are the \"cot-caught\" distinct, rhotic, western Massachusetts dialect and the \"cot-caught\" merged, non-rhotic, eastern Massachusetts dialect (popularly known as a \"Boston accent\").", "qas": [ { "id": "50076", "question": "what is the most common varieties of american english ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "General American English" } ] }, { "id": "50077", "question": "what is another name for eastern massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "Boston accent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As of 2010, 78.93% (4,823,127) of Massachusetts residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 7.50% (458,256) spoke Spanish, 2.97% (181,437) Portuguese, 1.59% (96,690) Chinese (which includes Cantonese and Mandarin), 1.11% (67,788) French, 0.89% (54,456) French Creole, 0.72% (43,798) Italian, 0.62% (37,865) Russian, and Vietnamese was spoken as a main language by 0.58% (35,283) of the population over the age of five. In total, 21.07% (1,287,419) of Massachusetts' population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.", "qas": [ { "id": "50078", "question": "what percentage of massachusetts 's spoke english at home ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 12, "text": "78.93%" } ] }, { "id": "50079", "question": "what percentage of the population spoke spanish ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "7.50%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Massachusetts was founded and settled by the Puritans in 1620 and most people in Massachusetts today remain Christians. The descendants of the Puritans belong to many different churches; in the direct line of inheritance are the various Congregational churches, United Church of Christ and the congregations of Unitarian Universalist Association. The headquarters of the Unitarian Universalist Association, long located on Beacon Hill, is now located in South Boston. Many Puritan descendants also dispersed to other Protestant denominations. Some disaffiliated along with Roman Catholics and other Christian groups in the wake of modern secularization.", "qas": [ { "id": "50080", "question": "who settled massachusetts in 1620 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "the Puritans" } ] }, { "id": "50081", "question": "in what year was the puritans settled ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "1620" } ] }, { "id": "50082", "question": "what is another name for congregational churches ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "United Church of Christ" } ] }, { "id": "50083", "question": "who is the congregations of the puritans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 311, "text": "Unitarian Universalist Association" } ] }, { "id": "50084", "question": "what is the headquarters of the headquarters of south boston ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 371, "text": "Unitarian Universalist Association" } ] }, { "id": "50085", "question": "where is the headquarters of the headquarters located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 423, "text": "Beacon Hill" } ] }, { "id": "50086", "question": "where is the headquarters of the headquarters located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 454, "text": "South Boston" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Today, Christians make up 57% of the state's population, with Protestants making up 21% of them. Roman Catholics make up 34% and now predominate because of massive immigration from primarily Catholic countries and regions \u2013 chiefly Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Quebec, and Latin America. Both Protestant and Roman Catholic communities have been in decline since the late 20th century, due to the rise of irreligion in New England. It is the most irreligious region of the country, along with the Western United States. A significant Jewish population immigrated to the Boston and Springfield areas between 1880 and 1920. Jews currently make up 3% of the population. Mary Baker Eddy made the Boston Mother Church of Christian Science the world headquarters. Buddhists, Pagans, Hindus, Seventh-day Adventists, Muslims, and Mormons also can be found. Kripalu Center in Stockbridge, the Shaolin Meditation Temple in Springfield, and the Insight Meditation Center in Barre are examples of non-Abrahamic religious centers in Massachusetts. According to 2010 data from The Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) the largest single denominations are the Roman Catholic Church with 2,940,199 adherents; the United Church of Christ with 86,639 adherents; and the Episcopal Church with 81,999 adherents. 32% of the population identifies as having no religion.", "qas": [ { "id": "50087", "question": "what percentage of the state 's population is today ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "57%" } ] }, { "id": "50088", "question": "how much of the state 's population is protestants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "21%" } ] }, { "id": "50089", "question": "what percentage of roman catholics make up roman catholics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "34%" } ] }, { "id": "50090", "question": "what percentage of the population of the population does jews make ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 649, "text": "3%" } ] }, { "id": "50091", "question": "what percentage of the population identifies as having no religion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1304, "text": "32%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The United States Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that the Massachusetts gross state product in 2013 was US$446 billion. The per capita personal income in 2012 was $53,221, making it the third highest state in the nation. Thirteen Fortune 500 companies are located in Massachusetts, the largest of which are the Liberty Mutual Insurance Group of Boston and MassMutual Financial Services of Springfield. CNBC's list of \"Top States for Business for 2014\" has recognized Massachusetts as the 25th best state in the nation for business. According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Massachusetts had the sixth-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 6.73 percent. Boston-Logan International Airport is the busiest airport in New England, serving 33.4 million total passengers in 2015, and witnessing rapid growth in international air traffic since 2010.", "qas": [ { "id": "50092", "question": "what was the massachusetts gross state product in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "US$446 billion" } ] }, { "id": "50093", "question": "what was the per capita personal income in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "$53,221" } ] }, { "id": "50094", "question": "how many total passengers are in new england in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 805, "text": "33.4 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sectors vital to the Massachusetts economy include higher education, biotechnology, information technology, finance, health care, tourism, and defense. The Route 128 corridor and Greater Boston continue to be a major center for venture capital investment, and high technology remains an important sector. In recent years tourism has played an ever-important role in the state's economy, with Boston and Cape Cod being the leading destinations. Other popular tourist destinations include Salem, Plymouth, and the Berkshires. Massachusetts is the sixth most popular tourist destination for foreign travelers.", "qas": [ { "id": "50095", "question": "which two destinations has the leading destinations in tourism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 392, "text": "Boston and Cape Cod" } ] }, { "id": "50096", "question": "what are some popular tourist destinations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 487, "text": "Salem, Plymouth, and the Berkshires" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As of 2012, there were 7,755\u00a0farms in Massachusetts encompassing a total of , averaging apiece. Particular agricultural products of note include green house products making up more than one third of the states agricultural output, cranberries, sweet corn and apples are also large sectors of production. Massachusetts is the second-largest cranberry-producing state in the union after Wisconsin.", "qas": [ { "id": "50097", "question": "how many farms are in massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "7,755" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Massachusetts scored ninth among all other states in non-farm job growth in 2015 according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The state ranked 15th in percentage change with a two percent increase.", "qas": [ { "id": "50098", "question": "in what year did the bureau of labor statistics begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "2015" } ] }, { "id": "50099", "question": "what is the name of the bureau that massachusetts scored ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "Bureau of Labor Statistics" } ] }, { "id": "50100", "question": "what was the state ranked in percentage change with a two percent increase with a two percent increase with a two percent increase with a two percent increase with a two percent increase with a two percent increase with a two percent increase with a two percent increase with a two percent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "15th" } ] }, { "id": "50101", "question": "how much did the state ranked 15th in percentage of percentage change ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "a two percent increase" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Depending on how it is calculated, state and local tax burden in Massachusetts has been estimated among U.S. states and Washington D.C. as 21st highest (11.44% or $6,163 per year for a household with nationwide median income) or 25th highest overall with below-average corporate taxes (39th highest), above-average personal income taxes, (13th highest), above-average sales tax (18th) highest, and below-average property taxes (46th highest). In the 1970s, the Commonwealth ranked as a relatively high-tax state, gaining the pejorative nickname \"Taxachusetts\". This was followed by a round of tax limitations during the 1980s - a conservative period in American politics - including Proposition 2\u00bd.", "qas": [ { "id": "50102", "question": "how much does washington university cost per year ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "$6,163" } ] }, { "id": "50103", "question": "what was the name of the pejorative nickname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 546, "text": "Taxachusetts" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As of January 1, 2016, Massachusetts has a flat-rate personal income tax of 5.1%, after a 2002 voter referendum to eventually lower the rate to 5.0% as amended by the legislature. There is a tax exemption for income below a threshold that varies from year to year. The corporate income tax rate is 8.8%, and the short-term capital gains tax rate is 12%. An unusual provision allows filers to voluntarily pay at the pre-referendum 5.85% income tax rate, which is done by between one and two thousand taxpayers per year.", "qas": [ { "id": "50104", "question": "what is the personal income in massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "5.1%" } ] }, { "id": "50105", "question": "what was the rate of massachusetts in 2016 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "5.0%" } ] }, { "id": "50106", "question": "what is the corporate income tax rate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "8.8%" } ] }, { "id": "50107", "question": "what is the capital gains tax rate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 349, "text": "12%" } ] }, { "id": "50108", "question": "what is the income tax tax rate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 430, "text": "5.85%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The state imposes a 6.25% sales tax on retail sales of tangible personal property\u2014except for groceries, clothing (up to $175.00), and periodicals. The sales tax is charged on clothing that costs more than $175.00, for the amount exceeding $175.00. Massachusetts also charges a use tax when goods are bought from other states and the vendor does not remit Massachusetts sales tax; taxpayers report and pay this on their income tax forms or dedicated forms, though there are \"safe harbor\" amounts that can be paid without tallying up actual purchases (except for purchases over $1000). There is no inheritance tax and limited Massachusetts estate tax related to federal estate tax collection.", "qas": [ { "id": "50109", "question": "what percentage of sales tax sales does the state of retail sales have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "6.25%" } ] }, { "id": "50110", "question": "what is the clothing tax tax on retail sales ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "$175.00" } ] }, { "id": "50111", "question": "how much is the clothing tax tax tax tax tax tax tax tax ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "$175.00" } ] }, { "id": "50112", "question": "what is the amount of sales of the sales tax tax tax ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "$175.00" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Massachusetts' electricity generation market was made competitive in 1998, enabling retail customers to change suppliers without changing utility companies. In 2012, Massachusetts consumed 1374.4 trillion BTU, making it the fifth lowest state in terms of consumption of energy per capita, and 63% of that energy came from natural gas. In 2014 and 2015, Massachusetts was ranked as the most energy efficient state the United States while Boston is the most efficient city, but it had the third highest electricity prices of any state.", "qas": [ { "id": "50113", "question": "in what year was massachusetts ' electricity generation made ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "1998" } ] }, { "id": "50114", "question": "what was the fifth lowest state in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "1374.4 trillion BTU" } ] }, { "id": "50115", "question": "what percentage of energy came from natural gas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 293, "text": "63%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Massachusetts has 10 regional metropolitan planning organizations and three non-metropolitan planning organizations covering the remainder of the state; statewide planning is handled by the Massachusetts Department of Transportation.", "qas": [ { "id": "50116", "question": "how many regional metropolitan planning organizations does massachusetts have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "10" } ] }, { "id": "50117", "question": "who handled statewide planning in massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "Massachusetts Department of Transportation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Amtrak operates inter-city rail, including the high-speed Acela service to cities such as Providence, New Haven, New York City, and Washington, DC from South Station. From North Station the Amtrak Downeaster serves Portland, Maine and Brunswick, Maine.", "qas": [ { "id": "50118", "question": "what are the amtrak downeaster serves as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "Portland, Maine and Brunswick, Maine" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA), also known as \"The T\", operates public transportation in the form of subway, bus, and ferry systems in the Metro Boston area. It also operates longer distance commuter rail services throughout the larger Greater Boston area, including service to Worcester, Lowell, and Plymouth. As of the summer of 2013 the Cape Cod Regional Transit Authority in collaboration with the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority and the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT) is operating the CapeFLYER providing passenger rail service between Boston and Cape Cod.", "qas": [ { "id": "50119", "question": "what does mbta stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority" } ] }, { "id": "50120", "question": "what is the mbta called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "The T\"" } ] }, { "id": "50121", "question": "who are the service of the mbta ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 301, "text": "Worcester, Lowell, and Plymouth" } ] }, { "id": "50122", "question": "what was the name of the regional transit authority in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 363, "text": "Cape Cod Regional Transit Authority" } ] }, { "id": "50123", "question": "what is the cape cod regional transit authority in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 425, "text": "Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority and the Massachusetts Department of Transportation" } ] }, { "id": "50124", "question": "where is the cape cod regional transit authority located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 597, "text": "Boston and Cape Cod" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Fifteen other regional transit authorities provide public transportation in the form of bus services in their local communities. Two heritage railways are also in operation: the Cape Cod Central Railroad and the Berkshire Scenic Railway.", "qas": [ { "id": "50125", "question": "what are the names of the two heritage railways ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "Cape Cod Central Railroad and the Berkshire Scenic Railway" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As of 2015, a number of freight railroads were operating in Massachusetts, with CSX being the largest carrier. Massachusetts has a total of of freight trackage in operation. The Woods Hole, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Steamship Authority regulates freight and passenger ferry service to the islands of Massachusetts including Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket.", "qas": [ { "id": "50126", "question": "in what year were a number of freight railroads operating in massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 6, "text": "2015" } ] }, { "id": "50127", "question": "what is the largest carrier carrier in massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "CSX" } ] }, { "id": "50128", "question": "what woods regulates freight and passenger ferry service ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Steamship Authority" } ] }, { "id": "50129", "question": "what are the names of the steamship authority that regulates freight and passenger ferry service ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 330, "text": "Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The major airport in the state is Boston-Logan International Airport. The airport served 33.5 million passengers in 2015, up from 31.6 million in 2014, and is used by around 40 airlines with a total of 103 gates. Logan International Airport has service to numerous cities throughout the United States, as well as international service to Canada, Mexico, the Caribbean, Europe, and Asia. Logan, Hanscom Field in Bedford, and Worcester Regional Airport are operated by Massport, an independent state transportation agency. Massachusetts has approximately 42 public-use airfields, and over 200 private landing spots. Some airports receive funding from the Aeronautics Division of the Massachusetts Department of Transportation and the Federal Aviation Administration; the FAA is also the primary regulator of Massachusetts air travel.", "qas": [ { "id": "50130", "question": "what is the major airport in the state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "Boston-Logan International Airport" } ] }, { "id": "50131", "question": "how many passengers did the airport have in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "33.5 million" } ] }, { "id": "50132", "question": "how many passengers lived in the airport in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "31.6 million" } ] }, { "id": "50133", "question": "how many airlines are in the airport ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "40" } ] }, { "id": "50134", "question": "how many gates airlines are in the airport ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "103" } ] }, { "id": "50135", "question": "how many airfields are in massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 553, "text": "42" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are a total of of interstates and other highways in Massachusetts. Interstate\u00a090 (I-90, also known as the Massachusetts Turnpike), is the longest interstate in Massachusetts. The route travels generally west to east, entering Massachusetts at the New York state line in the town of West Stockbridge, and passes just north of Springfield, just south of Worcester and through Framingham before terminating near Logan International Airport in Boston. Other major interstates include I-91, which travels generally north and south along the Connecticut River; I-93, which travels north and south through central Boston, then passes through Methuen before entering New Hampshire; and I-95, which connects Providence, Rhode Island with Greater Boston, forming a partial loop concurrent with Route\u00a0128 around the more urbanized areas before continuing north along the coast into New Hampshire.", "qas": [ { "id": "50136", "question": "what is the longest interstate in massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "Massachusetts Turnpike" } ] }, { "id": "50137", "question": "what is another name for interstates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 486, "text": "I-91" } ] } ] }, { "context": "I-495 forms a wide loop around the outer edge of Greater Boston. Other major interstates in Massachusetts include I-291, I-391, I-84, I-195, I-395, I-290, and I-190. Major non-interstate highways in Massachusetts include U.S. Routes 1, 3, 6, and 20, and state routes 2, 3, 9, 24, and 128. A great majority of interstates in Massachusetts were constructed during the mid 20th century, and at times were controversial, particularly the intent to route I-95 northeastwards from Providence, Rhode Island, directly through central Boston, first proposed in 1948. Opposition to continued construction grew, and in 1970 Governor Francis W. Sargent issued a general prohibition on most further freeway construction within the I-95/Route 128 loop in the Boston area. A massive undertaking to bring I-93 underground in downtown Boston, called the Big Dig, brought the city's highway system under public scrutiny for its high cost and construction quality.", "qas": [ { "id": "50138", "question": "what type of forms forms a wide loop ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "I-495" } ] }, { "id": "50139", "question": "who issued a general prohibition on most freeway construction ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 622, "text": "Francis W. Sargent" } ] }, { "id": "50140", "question": "what is the name of the highway that brought the city 's highway ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 837, "text": "Big Dig" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Massachusetts has a long political history; earlier political structures included the Mayflower Compact of 1620, the separate Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies, and the combined colonial Province of Massachusetts. The Massachusetts Constitution was ratified in 1780 while the Revolutionary War was in progress, four years after the Articles of Confederation was drafted, and eight years before the present United States Constitution was ratified on June 21, 1788. Drafted by John Adams, the Massachusetts Constitution is currently the oldest functioning written constitution in continuous effect in the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "50141", "question": "what is the mayflower compact of massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "1620" } ] }, { "id": "50142", "question": "what are the mayflower compact of 1620 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies" } ] }, { "id": "50143", "question": "what is the name of the province of massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "Province of Massachusetts" } ] }, { "id": "50144", "question": "when was the massachusetts constitution ratified ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "1780" } ] }, { "id": "50145", "question": "when was the united states constitution ratified ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 455, "text": "June 21, 1788" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Massachusetts politics since the second half of the 20th century have generally been dominated by the Democratic Party, and the state has a reputation for being the most liberal state in the country. In 1974, Elaine Noble became the first openly lesbian or gay candidate elected to a state legislature in US history. The state housed the first openly gay member of the United States House of Representatives, Gerry Studds, in 1972 and in 2004, Massachusetts became the first state to allow same-sex marriage.", "qas": [ { "id": "50146", "question": "who dominated massachusetts in the 20th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "the Democratic Party" } ] }, { "id": "50147", "question": "in what year was the first lesbian lesbian or gay candidate elected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "1974" } ] }, { "id": "50148", "question": "who became the first lesbian or gay candidate in 1974 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "Elaine Noble" } ] }, { "id": "50149", "question": "who was the first gay member of the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 409, "text": "Gerry Studds" } ] }, { "id": "50150", "question": "in what year was the first gay member of the united states of representatives housed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 426, "text": "1972" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Government of Massachusetts is divided into three branches: Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. The governor of Massachusetts heads the executive branch; duties of the governor include signing or vetoing legislation, filling judicial and agency appointments, granting pardons, preparing an annual budget, and commanding the Massachusetts National Guard. Massachusetts governors, unlike those of most other states, are addressed as His/Her Excellency. The current governor is Charlie Baker, a Republican from Swampscott. The executive branch also includes the Executive Council, which is made up of eight elected councilors and the Lieutenant Governor seat, which is currently occupied by Karyn Polito.", "qas": [ { "id": "50151", "question": "how many branches does the government of massachusetts have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "50152", "question": "what are the three branches of massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "Executive, Legislative, and Judicial" } ] }, { "id": "50153", "question": "what was the name of the executive branch of massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 330, "text": "Massachusetts National Guard" } ] }, { "id": "50154", "question": "what is the name of massachusetts 's massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 437, "text": "His/Her Excellency" } ] }, { "id": "50155", "question": "who is the current governor of paris ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 481, "text": "Charlie Baker" } ] }, { "id": "50156", "question": "how many councilors does the executive council have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 604, "text": "eight" } ] }, { "id": "50157", "question": "who occupied the lieutenant governor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 694, "text": "Karyn Polito" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Abilities of the Council include confirming gubernatorial appointments and certifying elections. The Massachusetts House of Representatives and Massachusetts Senate comprise the legislature of Massachusetts, known as the Massachusetts General Court. The House consists of 160 members while the Senate has 40 members. Leaders of the House and Senate are chosen by the members of those bodies; the leader of the House is known as the Speaker while the leader of the Senate is known as the President. Each branch consists of several committees. Members of both bodies are elected to two-year terms.", "qas": [ { "id": "50158", "question": "who are the council of the council ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "confirming gubernatorial appointments and certifying elections" } ] }, { "id": "50159", "question": "what comprise the legislature of massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "Massachusetts House of Representatives and Massachusetts Senate" } ] }, { "id": "50160", "question": "what is the legislature of massachusetts called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 221, "text": "Massachusetts General Court" } ] }, { "id": "50161", "question": "how many members does the house have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "160" } ] }, { "id": "50162", "question": "how many members does the senate have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": "40" } ] }, { "id": "50163", "question": "who is the leader of the senate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 483, "text": "the President" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Judicial Court, which serves over a number of lower courts. The Supreme Judicial Court is made up of a chief justice and six associate justices. Judicial appointments are made by the governor and confirmed by the executive council.", "qas": [ { "id": "50164", "question": "who headed the judicial branch ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "the Supreme Judicial Court" } ] }, { "id": "50165", "question": "how many courts does the supreme judicial court have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "over a number of lower courts" } ] }, { "id": "50166", "question": "what is the supreme judicial court made up of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "a chief justice and six associate justices" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Congressional delegation from Massachusetts is entirely Democratic. Currently, the US senators are Democrats Elizabeth Warren and Ed Markey. The members of the state's delegation to the US House of Representatives are Richard Neal, Jim McGovern, Niki Tsongas, Joseph Kennedy III, Katherine Clark, Seth Moulton, Mike Capuano, Stephen Lynch, and Bill Keating.", "qas": [ { "id": "50167", "question": "what is the congressional delegation from massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "Democratic" } ] }, { "id": "50168", "question": "who are the us senators who are the us senators ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "Democrats Elizabeth Warren and Ed Markey" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Federal court cases are heard in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, and appeals are heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit. In U.S. presidential elections since 2012, Massachusetts has been allotted 11 votes in the electoral college, out of a total of 538. Like most states, Massachusetts's electoral votes are granted in a winner-take-all system.", "qas": [ { "id": "50169", "question": "where are federal court cases heard ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts" } ] }, { "id": "50170", "question": "who heard the appeals cases ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit" } ] }, { "id": "50171", "question": "how many votes did massachusetts have in the electoral college ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "11" } ] }, { "id": "50172", "question": "what was the total votes in the electoral college ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "538" } ] }, { "id": "50173", "question": "what are massachusetts 's electoral votes granted in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 382, "text": "a winner-take-all system" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Throughout the mid 20th century, Massachusetts has gradually shifted from a Republican-leaning state to one largely dominated by Democrats; the 1952 victory of John F. Kennedy over incumbent Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. is seen as a watershed moment in this transformation. His younger brother Edward M. Kennedy held that seat until his death from a brain tumor in 2009. Massachusetts has since gained a reputation as being a politically liberal state and is often used as an archetype of modern liberalism, hence the usage of the phrase \"Massachusetts liberal\".", "qas": [ { "id": "50174", "question": "in what year was john f. kennedy over incumbent cabot ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "1952" } ] }, { "id": "50175", "question": "who was henry cabot 's lodge ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "John F. Kennedy" } ] }, { "id": "50176", "question": "who is the victory of john f. kennedy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "Senator Henry Cabot Lodge" } ] }, { "id": "50177", "question": "who was john kennedy 's younger brother ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "Edward M. Kennedy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Massachusetts routinely votes for the Democratic Party, with the core concentrations in the Boston metro area, the Cape and Islands, and Western Massachusetts outside Hampden County. Pockets of Republican strength are in the central areas along the I-495 crescent, Hampden County, and communities on the south and north shores, but the state as a whole has not given its Electoral College votes to a Republican in a presidential election since Ronald Reagan carried it in 1984. Additionally, Massachusetts provided Reagan with his smallest margins of victory in both the 1980 and 1984 elections.\nAs of the 2014 election, the Democratic Party holds a significant majority over the Republican party. Only 35 of the 160 seats in the state house and 6 of the 40 seats in the state senate belong to the Republican Party.", "qas": [ { "id": "50178", "question": "what are the names of the core concentrations in the boston metro area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "the Cape and Islands, and Western Massachusetts" } ] }, { "id": "50179", "question": "what county is western massachusetts located in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "Hampden County" } ] }, { "id": "50180", "question": "who carried the republican in 1984 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 444, "text": "Ronald Reagan" } ] }, { "id": "50181", "question": "in what year did the state of massachusetts take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 472, "text": "1984" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although Republicans held the governor's office continuously from 1991 to 2007 and from 2015 onwards, they have been among the most moderate Republican leaders in the nation. In the 2004 election, the state gave Massachusetts senator John Kerry 61.9% of the vote, his best showing in any state. In 2008, President Barack Obama carried the state with 61.8% of the vote. In the 2010 special election for the U.S. Senate, Republican Scott Brown defeated Democrat Martha Coakley by a 52% to 47% margin only to lose the seat in the 2012 Senate election to Elizabeth Warren, the first female senator to represent Massachusetts.", "qas": [ { "id": "50182", "question": "what percentage of the vote in the 2004 election was john kerry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "61.9%" } ] }, { "id": "50183", "question": "what percentage of the vote in 2008 did obama receive in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 350, "text": "61.8%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A number of contemporary national political issues have been influenced by events in Massachusetts, such as the decision in 2003 by the state Supreme Judicial Court allowing same-sex marriage and a 2006 bill which mandated health insurance for all Bay Staters. In 2008, Massachusetts voters passed an initiative decriminalizing possession of small amounts of marijuana. Voters in Massachusetts also approved a ballot measure in 2012 that legalized the medical use of marijuana.", "qas": [ { "id": "50184", "question": "in what year was the decision influenced by the state supreme judicial court ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "2003" } ] }, { "id": "50185", "question": "what is the name of the decision that influenced events in 2003 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "Supreme Judicial Court allowing same-sex marriage and a 2006 bill which mandated health insurance for all Bay Staters" } ] }, { "id": "50186", "question": "in what year did massachusetts begin an initiative ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "2008" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are 50 cities and 301 towns in Massachusetts, grouped into 14 counties. The fourteen counties, moving roughly from west to east, are Berkshire, Franklin, Hampshire, Hampden, Worcester, Middlesex, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Bristol, Plymouth, Barnstable, Dukes, and Nantucket. Eleven communities which call themselves \"towns\" are, by law, cities since they have traded the town meeting form of government for a mayor-council or manager-council form.", "qas": [ { "id": "50187", "question": "how many cities are there in massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "50" } ] }, { "id": "50188", "question": "how many towns are in massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "301" } ] }, { "id": "50189", "question": "how many counties are there in massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "14 counties" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Boston is the state capital and largest city in Massachusetts. The population of the city proper is 645,966, and Greater Boston, with a population of 4,628,910, is the 10th largest metropolitan area in the nation. Other cities with a population over 100,000 include Worcester, Springfield, Lowell, and Cambridge. Plymouth is the largest municipality in the state by land area.", "qas": [ { "id": "50190", "question": "what are the population of the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "645,966, and Greater Boston" } ] }, { "id": "50191", "question": "what is the population of boston ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "4,628,910" } ] }, { "id": "50192", "question": "what is the population of other cities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "100,000" } ] }, { "id": "50193", "question": "what are some of the population of other cities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "Worcester, Springfield, Lowell, and Cambridge" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Massachusetts, along with the five other New England states, features the local governmental structure known as the New England town. In this structure, incorporated towns\u2014as opposed to townships or counties\u2014hold many of the responsibilities and powers of local government. Most of the county governments were abolished by the state of Massachusetts beginning in 1997 including Middlesex County, the largest county in the state by population. The voters of these now defunct counties elect only Sheriffs and Registers of Deeds, who are part of the state government. Other counties have been reorganized, and a few still retain county councils.", "qas": [ { "id": "50194", "question": "how many new england states are there in massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "five" } ] }, { "id": "50195", "question": "what is the local governmental structure known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "New England town" } ] }, { "id": "50196", "question": "in what year was the state of massachusetts abolished ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 363, "text": "1997" } ] }, { "id": "50197", "question": "what was the largest county in the state of massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 378, "text": "Middlesex County" } ] }, { "id": "50198", "question": "what are the names of the voters that are part of the state government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 495, "text": "Sheriffs and Registers of Deeds" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Massachusetts was the first state in North America to require municipalities to appoint a teacher or establish a grammar school with the passage of the Massachusetts Education Law of 1647, and 19th century reforms pushed by Horace Mann laid much of the groundwork for contemporary universal public education which was established in 1852. Massachusetts is home to the oldest school in continuous existence in North America (The Roxbury Latin School, founded in 1645), as well as the country's oldest public elementary school (The Mather School, founded in 1639), its oldest high school (Boston Latin School, founded in 1635), its oldest continuously operating boarding school (The Governor's Academy, founded in 1763), its oldest college (Harvard University, founded in 1636), and its oldest women's college (Mount Holyoke College, founded in 1837).", "qas": [ { "id": "50199", "question": "what company laid much of the universal public education ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "Horace Mann" } ] }, { "id": "50200", "question": "when was the universal public education established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 333, "text": "1852" } ] }, { "id": "50201", "question": "when was the latin school in north america founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 461, "text": "1645" } ] }, { "id": "50202", "question": "when was the mather school founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 556, "text": "1639" } ] }, { "id": "50203", "question": "when was boston latin school founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 619, "text": "1635" } ] }, { "id": "50204", "question": "when was the governor 's governor founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 712, "text": "1763" } ] }, { "id": "50205", "question": "when was harvard university founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 770, "text": "1636" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Massachusetts' per-student public expenditure for elementary and secondary schools was eighth in the nation in 2012, at $14,844. In 2013, Massachusetts scored highest of all the states in math and third highest in reading on the National Assessment of Educational Progress.", "qas": [ { "id": "50206", "question": "what was massachusetts 's public expenditure in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "eighth" } ] }, { "id": "50207", "question": "in what year was massachusetts eighth in the nation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "2012" } ] }, { "id": "50208", "question": "how much did massachusetts pay in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "$14,844" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Massachusetts is home to 121 institutions of higher education. Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, both located in Cambridge, consistently rank among the world's best universities. In addition to Harvard and MIT, several other Massachusetts universities currently rank in the top 50 at the national level in the widely cited rankings of \"U.S. News and World Report\": Tufts University (#27), Boston College (#30), Brandeis University (#34), Boston University (#41) and Northeastern University (#47). Massachusetts is also home to three of the top five \"U.S. News and World Report\"s best Liberal Arts Colleges: Williams College (#1), Amherst College (#2), and Wellesley College (#4). The public University of Massachusetts (nicknamed \"UMass\") features five campuses in the state, with its flagship campus in Amherst that enrolls over 25,000 students.\nMassachusetts has contributed to American arts and culture. Drawing from its Native American and Yankee roots, along with later immigrant groups, Massachusetts has produced a number of writers, artists, and musicians. A number of major museums and important historical sites are also located there, and events and festivals throughout the year celebrate the state's history and heritage.", "qas": [ { "id": "50209", "question": "how many institutions are in massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "121" } ] }, { "id": "50210", "question": "where is harvard university of technology located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "Cambridge" } ] }, { "id": "50211", "question": "how many students does the public university of massachusetts have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 857, "text": "over 25,000 students" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Massachusetts was an early center of the Transcendentalist movement, which emphasized intuition, emotion, human individuality and a deeper connection with nature. Ralph Waldo Emerson, who was born in Boston but spent much of his later life in Concord, largely created the philosophy with his 1836 work \"Nature\", and continued to be a key figure in the movement for the remainder of his life. Emerson's friend, Henry David Thoreau, who was also involved in Transcendentalism, recorded his year spent alone in a small cabin at nearby Walden Pond in the 1854 work \"Walden; or, Life in the Woods\".", "qas": [ { "id": "50212", "question": "who was born in boston ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "Ralph Waldo Emerson" } ] }, { "id": "50213", "question": "who was emerson 's friend ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 410, "text": "Henry David Thoreau" } ] }, { "id": "50214", "question": "where was henry david thoreau involved ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 456, "text": "Transcendentalism" } ] }, { "id": "50215", "question": "where was henry david thoreau recorded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 532, "text": "Walden Pond" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other famous authors and poets born or strongly associated with Massachusetts include Nathaniel Hawthorne, John Updike, Emily Dickinson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, E.E. Cummings, Sylvia Plath, H.P. Lovecraft, and Theodor Seuss Geisel, better known as \"Dr. Seuss\". Famous painters from Massachusetts include Winslow Homer and Norman Rockwell; many of the latter's works are on display at the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge.\nMassachusetts is also an important center for the performing arts. Both the Boston Symphony Orchestra and Boston Pops Orchestra are based in Massachusetts. Other orchestras in Massachusetts include the Cape Cod Symphony Orchestra in Barnstable and the Springfield Symphony Orchestra. Tanglewood, in western Massachusetts, is a music venue that is home to both the Tanglewood Music Festival and Tanglewood Jazz Festival, as well as the summer host for the Boston Symphony Orchestra.", "qas": [ { "id": "50216", "question": "what is the name of the famous famous authors of massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "Dr. Seuss" } ] }, { "id": "50217", "question": "who are some of the famous painters from massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "Winslow Homer and Norman Rockwell" } ] }, { "id": "50218", "question": "where are many of the famous painters located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 392, "text": "Norman Rockwell Museum" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other performing arts and theater organizations in Massachusetts include the Boston Ballet, the Boston Lyric Opera, and the Lenox-based Shakespeare & Company. In addition to classical and folk music, Massachusetts has produced musicians and bands spanning a number of contemporary genres, such as the classic rock band Aerosmith, the proto-punk band The Modern Lovers, the new wave band The Cars, and the alternative rock band Pixies. Film events in the state include the Boston Film Festival, the Boston International Film Festival, and a number of smaller film festivals in various cities throughout Massachusetts.\nMassachusetts is home to a large number of museums and historical sites. The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, and the DeCordova contemporary art and sculpture museum in Lincoln are all located within Massachusetts, and the Maria Mitchell Association in Nantucket includes several observatories, museums, and an aquarium. Historically themed museums and sites such as the Springfield Armory National Historic Site in Springfield, Boston's Freedom Trail and nearby Minute Man National Historical Park, both of which preserve a number of sites important during the American Revolution, the Lowell National Historical Park, which focuses on some of the earliest mills and canals of the industrial revolution in the US, the Black Heritage Trail in Boston, which includes important African-American and abolitionist sites in Boston, and the New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park all showcase various periods of Massachusetts's history.", "qas": [ { "id": "50219", "question": "what is another name for the boston lyric opera ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "the Lenox-based Shakespeare & Company" } ] }, { "id": "50220", "question": "what is the name of the band aerosmith band ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 350, "text": "The Modern Lovers" } ] }, { "id": "50221", "question": "who is the alternative rock band ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 427, "text": "Pixies" } ] }, { "id": "50222", "question": "what is the name of the park in boston ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1243, "text": "Lowell National Historical Park" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Plimoth Plantation and Old Sturbridge Village are two open-air or \"living\" museums in Massachusetts, recreating life as it was in the 17th and early 19th centuries, respectively.", "qas": [ { "id": "50223", "question": "which village are two open-air or `` living '' museums in massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Plimoth Plantation and Old Sturbridge Village" } ] }, { "id": "50224", "question": "when did two open-air or `` living '' museums occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "17th and early 19th centuries" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Boston's annual St. Patrick's Day parade and \"Harborfest\", a week-long Fourth of July celebration featuring a fireworks display and concert by the Boston Pops as well as a turnaround cruise in Boston Harbor by the USS \"Constitution\", are popular events. The New England Summer Nationals, an auto show in Worcester, draws tens of thousands of attendees every year. The Boston Marathon is also a popular event in the state drawing more than 30,000 runners and tens of thousands of spectators annually.", "qas": [ { "id": "50225", "question": "what is the name of the fourth fourth of boston ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Harborfest" } ] }, { "id": "50226", "question": "what is boston 's fireworks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Boston Pops" } ] }, { "id": "50227", "question": "where is the new england summer nationals located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 304, "text": "Worcester" } ] }, { "id": "50228", "question": "how many runners does the boston marathon have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 439, "text": "30,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Long-distance hiking trails in Massachusetts include the Appalachian Trail, the New England National Scenic Trail, the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail, the Midstate Trail, and the Bay Circuit Trail. Other outdoor recreational activities in Massachusetts include sailing and yachting, freshwater and deep-sea fishing, whale watching, downhill and cross-country skiing, and hunting.", "qas": [ { "id": "50229", "question": "what is the name of the new england national scenic trail ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Appalachian Trail" } ] }, { "id": "50230", "question": "what is the name of the trail that is located in massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "New England National Scenic Trail" } ] }, { "id": "50231", "question": "what are the new england national scenic trail ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "Metacomet-Monadnock Trail, the Midstate Trail, and the Bay Circuit Trail" } ] }, { "id": "50232", "question": "what are some outdoor recreational activities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "freshwater and deep-sea fishing, whale watching, downhill and cross-country skiing, and hunting" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are two major television media markets located in Massachusetts. The Boston/Manchester market is the fifth largest in the United States. The other market surrounds the Springfield area. WGBH-TV in Boston is a major public television station and produces national programs such as \"Nova\", \"Frontline\", and \"American Experience\".", "qas": [ { "id": "50233", "question": "where are the major television media markets located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Massachusetts" } ] }, { "id": "50234", "question": "what is the fifth largest in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "Boston/Manchester market" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"The Boston Globe\", \"Boston Herald\", \"Springfield Republican\", and the \"Worcester Telegram & Gazette\" are Massachusetts's largest daily newspapers. In addition, there are many community dailies and weeklies. There are a number of major AM and FM stations which serve Massachusetts, along with many more regional and community-based stations. Some colleges and universities also operate campus television and radio stations, and print their own newspapers.", "qas": [ { "id": "50235", "question": "what is massachusetts 's largest daily newspapers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "Worcester Telegram & Gazette" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Massachusetts generally ranks highly among states in most health and disease prevention categories. In 2014, the United Health Foundation ranked the state as third healthiest overall. Massachusetts has the most doctors per 100,000 residents, the second-lowest infant mortality rate, and the lowest percentage of uninsured residents (for both children as well as the total population). According to \"Businessweek\", commonwealth residents have an average life expectancy of 78.4 years, the fifth longest in the country. 37.2% of the population is overweight and 21.7% is obese, and Massachusetts ranks sixth highest in the percentage of residents who are considered neither obese nor overweight (41.1%). Massachusetts also ranks above average in the prevalence of binge drinking, which is the 20th highest in the country.", "qas": [ { "id": "50236", "question": "how many residents does massachusetts have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "100,000" } ] }, { "id": "50237", "question": "what is the average life expectancy in the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 472, "text": "78.4 years" } ] }, { "id": "50238", "question": "what percentage of the population is overweight ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 518, "text": "37.2%" } ] }, { "id": "50239", "question": "what percentage of the population is obese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 560, "text": "21.7%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The nation's first Marine Hospital was erected by federal order in Boston in 1799. There are currently a total of 143 hospitals in the state. According to 2015 rankings by \"US News & World Report\", Massachusetts General Hospital the hospital ranked in the top three in two specialties. Massachusetts General was founded in 1811 and serves as the largest teaching hospital for nearby Harvard University.", "qas": [ { "id": "50240", "question": "when was the nation 's first marine hospital erected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "1799" } ] }, { "id": "50241", "question": "how many hospitals are there in the state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "143" } ] }, { "id": "50242", "question": "when was massachusetts general founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "1811" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The state of Massachusetts is a center for medical education and research including Harvard's Brigham and Women's Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute as well as the New England Baptist Hospital, Tufts Medical Center, and Boston Medical Center which is the primary teaching hospital for Boston University. The University of Massachusetts Medical School is located in Worcester. The Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences has two of its three campuses in Boston and Worcester.", "qas": [ { "id": "50243", "question": "what is the name of the state of massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center" } ] }, { "id": "50244", "question": "what is the name of the state of massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "Dana-Farber Cancer Institute" } ] }, { "id": "50245", "question": "what are the primary teaching hospital in boston ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "New England Baptist Hospital, Tufts Medical Center, and Boston Medical Center" } ] }, { "id": "50246", "question": "where is boston medical center located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 331, "text": "Boston University" } ] }, { "id": "50247", "question": "where is the university of massachusetts medical school located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 411, "text": "Worcester" } ] }, { "id": "50248", "question": "where is the massachusetts college of pharmacy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 513, "text": "Boston and Worcester" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Massachusetts is home to five major league professional sports teams: seventeen-time NBA Champions Boston Celtics, eight-time World Series winners Boston Red Sox, six-time Stanley Cup winners Boston Bruins, and four-time Super Bowl winners New England Patriots. The New England Revolution is the Major League Soccer team for Massachusetts and the Boston Cannons are the Major League Lacrosse team. The Boston Breakers are the Women's Professional Soccer in Massachusetts. Massachusetts is also the home of the Cape Cod Baseball League.", "qas": [ { "id": "50249", "question": "how many major sports teams are in massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "five" } ] }, { "id": "50250", "question": "what is the name of the super bowl winners ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 240, "text": "New England Patriots" } ] }, { "id": "50251", "question": "what is the major league lacrosse team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "Major League Soccer team for Massachusetts and the Boston Cannons" } ] }, { "id": "50252", "question": "what is the name of the major league soccer team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 370, "text": "Major League Lacrosse team" } ] }, { "id": "50253", "question": "what is the boston breakers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 426, "text": "Women's Professional Soccer in Massachusetts" } ] }, { "id": "50254", "question": "what league is massachusetts the home of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 510, "text": "Cape Cod Baseball League" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the late 19th century, the Olympic sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the Western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. The Basketball Hall of Fame, is a major tourist destination in the City of Springfield and the Volleyball Hall of Fame is located in Holyoke. The American Hockey League (AHL), the NHL's development league, is headquartered in Springfield.", "qas": [ { "id": "50255", "question": "what cities were the olympic sports of basketball and volleyball invented ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "Springfield and Holyoke" } ] }, { "id": "50256", "question": "what is the major tourist destination in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "Basketball Hall of Fame" } ] }, { "id": "50257", "question": "where is the basketball hall of fame located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "City of Springfield and the Volleyball Hall of Fame" } ] }, { "id": "50258", "question": "where is the volleyball hall of fame located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 299, "text": "Holyoke" } ] }, { "id": "50259", "question": "what does ahl stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "American Hockey League" } ] }, { "id": "50260", "question": "where is the american hockey league headquartered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 392, "text": "Springfield" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Several universities in Massachusetts are notable for their collegiate athletics. The state is home to two Division 1 FBS teams, Boston College of the Atlantic Coast Conference, and FBS Independent University of Massachusetts at Amherst. FCS play includes Harvard University, which competes in the famed Ivy League, and College of the Holy Cross of the Patriot League. Boston University, Northeastern University, UMass Lowell also participate in Division I athletics. Many other Massachusetts colleges compete in lower divisions such as Division III, where MIT, Tufts University, Amherst College, Williams College, and others field competitive teams.", "qas": [ { "id": "50261", "question": "what is boston 's state home to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "two Division 1 FBS teams" } ] }, { "id": "50262", "question": "what is the name of the two division 1 fbs teams ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "Boston College of the Atlantic Coast Conference" } ] }, { "id": "50263", "question": "what is the name of the university of the patriot league ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "Harvard University" } ] }, { "id": "50264", "question": "where does harvard 's university competes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 304, "text": "Ivy League" } ] }, { "id": "50265", "question": "what is the college of the patriot league ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 320, "text": "College of the Holy Cross of the Patriot League" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Massachusetts is also the home of rowing events such as the Eastern Sprints on Lake Quinsigamond and the Head of the Charles Regatta. A number of major golf events have taken place in Massachusetts, including nine U.S. Opens and two Ryder Cups.", "qas": [ { "id": "50266", "question": "what are the rowing events ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "Eastern Sprints on Lake Quinsigamond and the Head of the Charles Regatta" } ] }, { "id": "50267", "question": "how many major golf events have taken place in massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "nine U.S. Opens and two Ryder Cups" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Massachusetts has produced several successful Olympians including Butch Johnson, Todd Richards, Albina Osipowich, Aly Raisman, and Susan Rojcewicz.", "qas": [ { "id": "50268", "question": "who are some of the successful successful olympians of massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "Butch Johnson, Todd Richards, Albina Osipowich, Aly Raisman, and Susan Rojcewicz" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Massachusetts" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide. It is a \"network of networks\" that consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and peer-to-peer networks for file sharing.", "qas": [ { "id": "50269", "question": "what is the internet networks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "Internet protocol suite" } ] }, { "id": "50270", "question": "what are the broad array of the internet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 304, "text": "electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust, fault-tolerant communication via computer networks. The primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s. The funding of the National Science Foundation Network as a new backbone in the 1980s, as well as private funding for other commercial extensions, led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies, and the merger of many networks. The linking of commercial networks and enterprises by the early 1990s marks the beginning of the transition to the modern Internet, and generated a sustained exponential growth as generations of institutional, personal, and mobile computers were connected to the network. Although the Internet was widely used by academia since the 1980s, the commercialization incorporated its services and technologies into virtually every aspect of modern life.", "qas": [ { "id": "50271", "question": "what network led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 356, "text": "National Science Foundation Network" } ] }, { "id": "50272", "question": "when did the commercialization incorporated its services ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 931, "text": "1980s" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Internet use grew rapidly in the West from the mid-1990s and from the late 1990s in the developing world. In the 20 years since 1995, Internet use has grown 100-times, measured for the period of one year, to over one third of the world population. Most traditional communications media, including telephony, radio, television, paper mail and newspapers are being reshaped or redefined by the Internet, giving birth to new services such as email, Internet telephony, Internet television music, digital newspapers, and video streaming websites. Newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging, web feeds and online news aggregators. The entertainment industry was initially the fastest growing segment on the Internet. The Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Online shopping has grown exponentially both for major retailers and small businesses and entrepreneurs, as it enables firms to extend their \"bricks and mortar\" presence to serve a larger market or even sell goods and services entirely online. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries.", "qas": [ { "id": "50273", "question": "when did internet use internet use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "1995" } ] }, { "id": "50274", "question": "what has internet use internet use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "100-times" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage; each constituent network sets its own policies. Only the overreaching definitions of the two principal name spaces in the Internet, the Internet Protocol address space and the Domain Name System (DNS), are directed by a maintainer organization, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise.", "qas": [ { "id": "50275", "question": "what is the internet corporation called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "Domain Name System" } ] }, { "id": "50276", "question": "what is the internet protocol ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 365, "text": "Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers" } ] }, { "id": "50277", "question": "what is the core of the core protocols ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 517, "text": "Internet Engineering Task Force" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The term \"Internet\", when used to refer to the specific global system of interconnected Internet Protocol (IP) networks, is a proper noun and may be written with an initial capital letter. In common use and the media, it is often not capitalized, viz. \"the internet.\" Some guides specify that the word should be capitalized when used as a noun, but not capitalized when used as an adjective. The Internet is also often referred to as \"the Net\", as a short form of \"network\". Historically, as early as 1849, the word \"internetted\" was used uncapitalized as an adjective, meaning \"interconnected\" or \"interwoven\". The designers of early computer networks used \"internet\" both as a noun and as a verb in shorthand form of internetwork or internetworking, meaning interconnecting computer networks.", "qas": [ { "id": "50278", "question": "what is the term for the term `` internet '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "Internet Protocol (IP) networks" } ] }, { "id": "50279", "question": "what is the term for the term `` internet '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "an initial capital letter" } ] }, { "id": "50280", "question": "what is the internet often referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 434, "text": "\"the Net\"" } ] }, { "id": "50281", "question": "when was the word `` interconnected '' used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 501, "text": "1849" } ] }, { "id": "50282", "question": "what word was used to describe `` interconnected '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 517, "text": "internetted" } ] }, { "id": "50283", "question": "what does the word `` internetted '' mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 578, "text": "\"interconnected\" or \"interwoven\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The terms \"Internet\" and \"World Wide Web\" are often used interchangeably in everyday speech; it is common to speak of \"\"going on the Internet\"\" when invoking a web browser to view web pages. However, the World Wide Web or \"the Web\" is only one of a large number of Internet services. The Web is a collection of interconnected documents (web pages) and other web resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. As another point of comparison, Hypertext Transfer Protocol, or HTTP, is the language used on the Web for information transfer, yet it is just one of many languages or protocols that can be used for communication on the Internet. The term \"Interweb\" is a portmanteau of \"Internet\" and \"World Wide Web\" typically used sarcastically to parody a technically unsavvy user.", "qas": [ { "id": "50284", "question": "what is often used in everyday speech ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "World Wide Web" } ] }, { "id": "50285", "question": "what is the terms `` internet '' and `` world wide '' web to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "\"going on the Internet\"" } ] }, { "id": "50286", "question": "what is the only number of internet services ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "World Wide Web or \"the Web\"" } ] }, { "id": "50287", "question": "who linked the web resources ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 383, "text": "hyperlinks and URLs" } ] }, { "id": "50288", "question": "what is http 's language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 436, "text": "Hypertext Transfer Protocol" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Early international collaborations on the ARPANET were rare. European developers were concerned with developing the X.25 networks. Notable exceptions were the Norwegian Seismic Array (NORSAR) in June 1973, followed in 1973 by Sweden with satellite links to the Tanum Earth Station and Peter T. Kirstein's research group in the United Kingdom, initially at the Institute of Computer Science, University of London and later at University College London. In December 1974, RFC 675 (\"Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program\"), by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine, used the term \"internet\" as a shorthand for \"internetworking\" and later RFCs repeated this use. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the Computer Science Network (CSNET). In 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized, which permitted worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks.\nTCP/IP network access expanded again in 1986 when the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNet) provided access to supercomputer sites in the United States for researchers, first at speeds of 56 kbit/s and later at 1.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. By 1995, the Internet was fully commercialized in the U.S. when the NSFNet was decommissioned, removing the last restrictions on use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic. The Internet rapidly expanded in Europe and Australia in the mid to late 1980s and to Asia in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The beginning of dedicated transatlantic communication between the NSFNET and networks in Europe was established with a low-speed satellite relay between Princeton University and Stockholm, Sweden in December 1988. Although other network protocols such as UUCP had global reach well before this time, this marked the beginning of the Internet as an intercontinental network.", "qas": [ { "id": "50289", "question": "what networks did european developers concerned ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "X.25 networks" } ] }, { "id": "50290", "question": "what was the name of the notable seismic array in london ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "Norwegian Seismic Array" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Slightly over a year later in March 1990, the first high-speed T1 (1.5 Mbit/s) link between the NSFNET and Europe was installed between Cornell University and CERN, allowing much more robust communications than were capable with satellites. Six months later Tim Berners-Lee would begin writing WorldWideWeb, the first web browser after two years of lobbying CERN management. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web: the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 0.9, the HyperText Markup Language (HTML), the first Web browser (which was also a HTML editor and could access Usenet newsgroups and FTP files), the first HTTP server software (later known as CERN httpd), the first web server (http://info.cern.ch), and the first Web pages that described the project itself. Public commercial use of the Internet began in mid-1989 with the connection of MCI Mail and Compuserve's email capabilities to the 500,000 users of the Internet. Just months later on January 1, 1990, PSInet launched an alternate Internet backbone for commercial use; one of the networks that would grow into the commercial Internet we know today. In 1991 the Commercial Internet eXchange was founded, allowing PSInet to communicate with the other commercial networks CERFnet and Alternet. Since 1995 the Internet has tremendously impacted culture and commerce, including the rise of near instant communication by email, instant messaging, telephony (Voice over Internet Protocol or VoIP), two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more.\nThe Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information and knowledge, commerce, entertainment and social networking. During the late 1990s, it was estimated that traffic on the public Internet grew by 100 percent per year, while the mean annual growth in the number of Internet users was thought to be between 20% and 50%. This growth is often attributed to the lack of central administration, which allows organic growth of the network, as well as the non-proprietary nature of the Internet protocols, which encourages vendor interoperability and prevents any one company from exerting too much control over the network. As of 31 March 2011, the estimated total number of Internet users was 2.095\u00a0billion (30.2% of world population). It is estimated that in 1993 the Internet carried only 1% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunication, by 2000 this figure had grown to 51%, and by 2007 more than 97% of all telecommunicated information was carried over the Internet.", "qas": [ { "id": "50291", "question": "when was the first high-speed t1 installed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "March 1990" } ] }, { "id": "50292", "question": "what was the name of the writing that tim berners-lee would begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 294, "text": "WorldWideWeb" } ] }, { "id": "50293", "question": "what percentage of information did the internet get through two-way telecommunication ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2593, "text": "1%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Internet is a global network comprising many voluntarily interconnected autonomous networks. It operates without a central governing body. The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols (IPv4 and IPv6) is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise. To maintain interoperability, the principal name spaces of the Internet are administered by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). ICANN is governed by an international board of directors drawn from across the Internet technical, business, academic, and other non-commercial communities. ICANN coordinates the assignment of unique identifiers for use on the Internet, including domain names, Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, application port numbers in the transport protocols, and many other parameters. Globally unified name spaces are essential for maintaining the global reach of the Internet. This role of ICANN distinguishes it as perhaps the only central coordinating body for the global Internet.", "qas": [ { "id": "50294", "question": "what is the core of the core protocols ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "Internet Engineering Task Force" } ] }, { "id": "50295", "question": "what are the principal name of the internet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 529, "text": "Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) allocate IP addresses:", "qas": [ { "id": "50296", "question": "what is a regional internet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) allocate IP addresses" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The National Telecommunications and Information Administration, an agency of the United States Department of Commerce, continues to have final approval over changes to the DNS root zone. The Internet Society (ISOC) was founded in 1992 with a mission to \"\"assure the open development, evolution and use of the Internet for the benefit of all people throughout the world\"\". Its members include individuals (anyone may join) as well as corporations, organizations, governments, and universities. Among other activities ISOC provides an administrative home for a number of less formally organized groups that are involved in developing and managing the Internet, including: the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Internet Architecture Board (IAB), Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), Internet Research Task Force (IRTF), and Internet Research Steering Group (IRSG). On 16 November 2005, the United Nations-sponsored World Summit on the Information Society in Tunis established the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) to discuss Internet-related issues.", "qas": [ { "id": "50297", "question": "what is the agency of the united states of commerce ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "National Telecommunications and Information Administration" } ] }, { "id": "50298", "question": "what is the agency of the national telecommunications and information administration ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "United States Department of Commerce" } ] }, { "id": "50299", "question": "when was the internet society founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "1992" } ] }, { "id": "50300", "question": "what is the internet engineering ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 834, "text": "Internet Research Steering Group" } ] }, { "id": "50301", "question": "what did the united nations-sponsored world summit establish ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 990, "text": "Internet Governance Forum" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Internet service providers establish the worldwide connectivity between individual networks at various levels of scope. End-users who only access the Internet when needed to perform a function or obtain information, represent the bottom of the routing hierarchy. At the top of the routing hierarchy are the tier 1 networks, large telecommunication companies that exchange traffic directly with each other via peering agreements. Tier 2 and lower level networks buy Internet transit from other providers to reach at least some parties on the global Internet, though they may also engage in peering. An ISP may use a single upstream provider for connectivity, or implement multihoming to achieve redundancy and load balancing. Internet exchange points are major traffic exchanges with physical connections to multiple ISPs. Large organizations, such as academic institutions, large enterprises, and governments, may perform the same function as ISPs, engaging in peering and purchasing transit on behalf of their internal networks. Research networks tend to interconnect with large subnetworks such as GEANT, GLORIAD, Internet2, and the UK's national research and education network, JANET. Both the Internet IP routing structure and hypertext links of the World Wide Web are examples of scale-free networks. Computers and routers use routing tables in their operating system to direct IP packets to the next-hop router or destination. Routing tables are maintained by manual configuration or automatically by routing protocols. End-nodes typically use a default route that points toward an ISP providing transit, while ISP routers use the Border Gateway Protocol to establish the most efficient routing across the complex connections of the global Internet.", "qas": [ { "id": "50302", "question": "what do end-users who access to the internet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "perform a function or obtain information" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Common methods of Internet access by users include dial-up with a computer modem via telephone circuits, broadband over coaxial cable, fiber optics or copper wires, Wi-Fi, satellite and cellular telephone technology (3G, 4G). The Internet may often be accessed from computers in libraries and Internet cafes. Internet access points exist in many public places such as airport halls and coffee shops. Various terms are used, such as \"public Internet kiosk\", \"public access terminal\", and \"Web payphone\". Many hotels also have public terminals, though these are usually fee-based. These terminals are widely accessed for various usages, such as ticket booking, bank deposit, or online payment. Wi-Fi provides wireless access to the Internet via local computer networks. Hotspots providing such access include Wi-Fi cafes, where users need to bring their own wireless devices such as a laptop or PDA. These services may be free to all, free to customers only, or fee-based.", "qas": [ { "id": "50303", "question": "what is the cellular telephone technology ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "3G, 4G)" } ] }, { "id": "50304", "question": "what is another name for public access ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 433, "text": "public Internet kiosk" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Grassroots efforts have led to wireless community networks. Commercial Wi-Fi services covering large city areas are in place in New York, London, Vienna, Toronto, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Chicago and Pittsburgh. The Internet can then be accessed from such places as a park bench. Apart from Wi-Fi, there have been experiments with proprietary mobile wireless networks like Ricochet, various high-speed data services over cellular phone networks, and fixed wireless services. High-end mobile phones such as smartphones in general come with Internet access through the phone network. Web browsers such as Opera are available on these advanced handsets, which can also run a wide variety of other Internet software. More mobile phones have Internet access than PCs, though this is not as widely used. An Internet access provider and protocol matrix differentiates the methods used to get online.", "qas": [ { "id": "50305", "question": "grassroots efforts have led to what networks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "wireless community networks" } ] }, { "id": "50306", "question": "what are opera browsers available on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 645, "text": "handsets" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While the hardware components in the Internet infrastructure can often be used to support other software systems, it is the design and the standardization process of the software that characterizes the Internet and provides the foundation for its scalability and success. The responsibility for the architectural design of the Internet software systems has been assumed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The IETF conducts standard-setting work groups, open to any individual, about the various aspects of Internet architecture. Resulting contributions and standards are published as \"Request for Comments\" (RFC) documents on the IETF web site. The principal methods of networking that enable the Internet are contained in specially designated RFCs that constitute the Internet Standards. Other less rigorous documents are simply informative, experimental, or historical, or document the best current practices (BCP) when implementing Internet technologies.", "qas": [ { "id": "50307", "question": "what assumed the responsibility of internet software systems ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 377, "text": "Internet Engineering Task Force" } ] }, { "id": "50308", "question": "what are contributions and standards called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 597, "text": "Request for Comments" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Internet standards describe a framework known as the Internet protocol suite. This is a model architecture that divides methods into a layered system of protocols, originally documented in RFC 1122 and RFC 1123. The layers correspond to the environment or scope in which their services operate. At the top is the application layer, space for the application-specific networking methods used in software applications. For example, a web browser program uses the client-server application model and a specific protocol of interaction between servers and clients, while many file-sharing systems use a peer-to-peer paradigm. Below this top layer, the transport layer connects applications on different hosts with a logical channel through the network with appropriate data exchange methods.", "qas": [ { "id": "50309", "question": "what is the internet standards called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Internet protocol suite" } ] }, { "id": "50310", "question": "what are the methods of a layered system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "RFC 1122 and RFC 1123" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Underlying these layers are the networking technologies that interconnect networks at their borders and exchange traffic across them. The Internet layer enables computers to identify and locate each other via Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, and routes their traffic via intermediate (transit) networks. Last, at the bottom of the architecture is the link layer, which provides logical connectivity between hosts on the same network link, such as a local area network (LAN) or a dial-up connection. The model, also known as TCP/IP, is designed to be independent of the underlying hardware used for the physical connections, which the model does not concern itself with in any detail. Other models have been developed, such as the OSI model, that attempt to be comprehensive in every aspect of communications. While many similarities exist between the models, they are not compatible in the details of description or implementation. Yet, TCP/IP protocols are usually included in the discussion of OSI networking.", "qas": [ { "id": "50311", "question": "what do the internet layer enables computers to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, and routes their traffic via intermediate (transit) networks" } ] }, { "id": "50312", "question": "what is the name of the model that is designed to be independent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 525, "text": "TCP/IP" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The most prominent component of the Internet model is the Internet Protocol (IP), which provides addressing systems, including IP addresses, for computers on the network. IP enables internetworking and, in essence, establishes the Internet itself. Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) is the initial version used on the first generation of the Internet and is still in dominant use. It was designed to address up to ~4.3\u00a0billion (10) hosts. However, the explosive growth of the Internet has led to IPv4 address exhaustion, which entered its final stage in 2011, when the global address allocation pool was exhausted. A new protocol version, IPv6, was developed in the mid-1990s, which provides vastly larger addressing capabilities and more efficient routing of Internet traffic. IPv6 is currently in growing deployment around the world, since Internet address registries (RIRs) began to urge all resource managers to plan rapid adoption and conversion.", "qas": [ { "id": "50313", "question": "what does ip stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "Internet Protocol" } ] }, { "id": "50314", "question": "what was the 10 10 hosts for 10 hosts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 414, "text": "~4.3\u00a0billion" } ] }, { "id": "50315", "question": "what was a new protocol called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 639, "text": "IPv6" } ] } ] }, { "context": "IPv6 is not directly interoperable by design with IPv4. In essence, it establishes a parallel version of the Internet not directly accessible with IPv4 software. Thus, translation facilities must exist for internetworking or nodes must have duplicate networking software for both networks. Essentially all modern computer operating systems support both versions of the Internet Protocol. Network infrastructure, however, has been lagging in this development. Aside from the complex array of physical connections that make up its infrastructure, the Internet is facilitated by bi- or multi-lateral commercial contracts, e.g., peering agreements, and by technical specifications or protocols that describe the exchange of data over the network. Indeed, the Internet is defined by its interconnections and routing policies.", "qas": [ { "id": "50316", "question": "what is the design of the design of design design ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "IPv4" } ] }, { "id": "50317", "question": "what type of software does the internet not accessible with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "IPv4 software" } ] }, { "id": "50318", "question": "what causes peering ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 576, "text": "bi- or multi-lateral commercial contracts" } ] }, { "id": "50319", "question": "what is the internet defined by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 778, "text": "its interconnections and routing policies" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Internet carries many network services, most prominently mobile apps such as social media apps, the World Wide Web, electronic mail, multiplayer online games, Internet telephony, and file sharing services.", "qas": [ { "id": "50320", "question": "what type of apps are in the internet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "social media apps" } ] }, { "id": "50321", "question": "what are the internet games ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "Internet telephony, and file sharing services" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many people use the terms \"Internet\" and \"World Wide Web\", or just the \"Web\", interchangeably, but the two terms are not synonymous. The World Wide Web is the primary application that billions of people use on the Internet, and it has changed their lives immeasurably. However, the Internet provides many other services. The Web is a global set of documents, images and other resources, logically interrelated by hyperlinks and referenced with Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs). URIs symbolically identify services, servers, and other databases, and the documents and resources that they can provide. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the main access protocol of the World Wide Web. Web services also use HTTP to allow software systems to communicate in order to share and exchange business logic and data.", "qas": [ { "id": "50322", "question": "what do many people call the terms `` internet '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "World Wide Web" } ] }, { "id": "50323", "question": "what is the primary application of billions of people ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "World Wide Web" } ] }, { "id": "50324", "question": "what does uris stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 444, "text": "Uniform Resource Identifiers" } ] }, { "id": "50325", "question": "what does http stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 603, "text": "Hypertext Transfer Protocol" } ] } ] }, { "context": "World Wide Web browser software, such as Microsoft's Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Apple's Safari, and Google Chrome, lets users navigate from one web page to another via hyperlinks embedded in the documents. These documents may also contain any combination of computer data, including graphics, sounds, text, video, multimedia and interactive content that runs while the user is interacting with the page. Client-side software can include animations, games, office applications and scientific demonstrations. Through keyword-driven Internet research using search engines like Yahoo! and Google, users worldwide have easy, instant access to a vast and diverse amount of online information. Compared to printed media, books, encyclopedias and traditional libraries, the World Wide Web has enabled the decentralization of information on a large scale.", "qas": [ { "id": "50326", "question": "what has enabled the decentralization of information on a large scale ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 782, "text": "World Wide Web" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Web has also enabled individuals and organizations to publish ideas and information to a potentially large audience online at greatly reduced expense and time delay. Publishing a web page, a blog, or building a website involves little initial cost and many cost-free services are available. However, publishing and maintaining large, professional web sites with attractive, diverse and up-to-date information is still a difficult and expensive proposition. Many individuals and some companies and groups use \"web logs\" or blogs, which are largely used as easily updatable online diaries. Some commercial organizations encourage staff to communicate advice in their areas of specialization in the hope that visitors will be impressed by the expert knowledge and free information, and be attracted to the corporation as a result.", "qas": [ { "id": "50327", "question": "what are many individuals and blogs and blogs used as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 559, "text": "easily updatable online diaries" } ] }, { "id": "50328", "question": "what will staff staff be impressed by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 740, "text": "the expert knowledge and free information" } ] } ] }, { "context": "One example of this practice is Microsoft, whose product developers publish their personal blogs in order to pique the public's interest in their work. Collections of personal web pages published by large service providers remain popular and have become increasingly sophisticated. Whereas operations such as Angelfire and GeoCities have existed since the early days of the Web, newer offerings from, for example, Facebook and Twitter currently have large followings. These operations often brand themselves as social network services rather than simply as web page hosts.", "qas": [ { "id": "50329", "question": "what is the name of the practice that developers publish their personal blogs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "Microsoft" } ] }, { "id": "50330", "question": "what are some examples of operations that have existed in the early days of the web period ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "Angelfire and GeoCities" } ] }, { "id": "50331", "question": "what are some of the large offerings that have large followings ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 414, "text": "Facebook and Twitter" } ] }, { "id": "50332", "question": "what does these operations often use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 511, "text": "social network services" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Advertising on popular web pages can be lucrative, and e-commerce or the sale of products and services directly via the Web continues to grow. Online advertising is a form of marketing and advertising which uses the Internet to deliver promotional marketing messages to consumers. It includes email marketing, search engine marketing (SEM), social media marketing, many types of display advertising (including web banner advertising), and mobile advertising. In 2011, Internet advertising revenues in the United States surpassed those of cable television and nearly exceeded those of broadcast television. Many common online advertising practices are controversial and increasingly subject to regulation.", "qas": [ { "id": "50333", "question": "in what year did internet advertising revenues in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 462, "text": "2011" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When the Web developed in the 1990s, a typical web page was stored in completed form on a web server, formatted in HTML, complete for transmission to a web browser in response to a request. Over time, the process of creating and serving web pages has become dynamic, creating a flexible design, layout, and content. Websites are often created using content management software with, initially, very little content. Contributors to these systems, who may be paid staff, members of an organization or the public, fill underlying databases with content using editing pages designed for that purpose while casual visitors view and read this content in HTML form. There may or may not be editorial, approval and security systems built into the process of taking newly entered content and making it available to the target visitors.", "qas": [ { "id": "50334", "question": "when was the web page developed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "1990s" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Email is an important communications service available on the Internet. The concept of sending electronic text messages between parties in a way analogous to mailing letters or memos predates the creation of the Internet. Pictures, documents, and other files are sent as email attachments. Emails can be cc-ed to multiple email addresses.", "qas": [ { "id": "50335", "question": "what is available on the internet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Email" } ] }, { "id": "50336", "question": "what is the concept of electronic text ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "mailing letters or memos predates the creation of the Internet" } ] }, { "id": "50337", "question": "what are the files sent as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "email attachments" } ] }, { "id": "50338", "question": "what can emails emails ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 304, "text": "cc-ed to multiple email addresses" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Internet telephony is another common communications service made possible by the creation of the Internet. VoIP stands for Voice-over-Internet Protocol, referring to the protocol that underlies all Internet communication. The idea began in the early 1990s with walkie-talkie-like voice applications for personal computers. In recent years many VoIP systems have become as easy to use and as convenient as a normal telephone. The benefit is that, as the Internet carries the voice traffic, VoIP can be free or cost much less than a traditional telephone call, especially over long distances and especially for those with always-on Internet connections such as cable or ADSL. VoIP is maturing into a competitive alternative to traditional telephone service. Interoperability between different providers has improved and the ability to call or receive a call from a traditional telephone is available. Simple, inexpensive VoIP network adapters are available that eliminate the need for a personal computer.", "qas": [ { "id": "50339", "question": "what is the protocol called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "Voice-over-Internet Protocol" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Voice quality can still vary from call to call, but is often equal to and can even exceed that of traditional calls. Remaining problems for VoIP include emergency telephone number dialing and reliability. Currently, a few VoIP providers provide an emergency service, but it is not universally available. Older traditional phones with no \"extra features\" may be line-powered only and operate during a power failure; VoIP can never do so without a backup power source for the phone equipment and the Internet access devices. VoIP has also become increasingly popular for gaming applications, as a form of communication between players. Popular VoIP clients for gaming include Ventrilo and Teamspeak. Modern video game consoles also offer VoIP chat features.", "qas": [ { "id": "50340", "question": "what are some of the remaining problems in emergency ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "emergency telephone number dialing and reliability" } ] }, { "id": "50341", "question": "what are the two gaming clients of gaming clients ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 674, "text": "Ventrilo and Teamspeak" } ] } ] }, { "context": "File sharing is an example of transferring large amounts of data across the Internet. A computer file can be emailed to customers, colleagues and friends as an attachment. It can be uploaded to a website or File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server for easy download by others. It can be put into a \"shared location\" or onto a file server for instant use by colleagues. The load of bulk downloads to many users can be eased by the use of \"mirror\" servers or peer-to-peer networks. In any of these cases, access to the file may be controlled by user authentication, the transit of the file over the Internet may be obscured by encryption, and money may change hands for access to the file. The price can be paid by the remote charging of funds from, for example, a credit card whose details are also passed\u00a0\u2013 usually fully encrypted\u00a0\u2013 across the Internet. The origin and authenticity of the file received may be checked by digital signatures or by MD5 or other message digests. These simple features of the Internet, over a worldwide basis, are changing the production, sale, and distribution of anything that can be reduced to a computer file for transmission. This includes all manner of print publications, software products, news, music, film, video, photography, graphics and the other arts. This in turn has caused seismic shifts in each of the existing industries that previously controlled the production and distribution of these products.", "qas": [ { "id": "50342", "question": "what is file sharing file ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "transferring large amounts of data across the Internet" } ] }, { "id": "50343", "question": "what does ftp stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "File Transfer Protocol" } ] }, { "id": "50344", "question": "what can the load of bulk downloads be eased by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 432, "text": "\"mirror\" servers or peer-to-peer networks" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Streaming media is the real-time delivery of digital media for the immediate consumption or enjoyment by end users. Many radio and television broadcasters provide Internet feeds of their live audio and video productions. They may also allow time-shift viewing or listening such as Preview, Classic Clips and Listen Again features. These providers have been joined by a range of pure Internet \"broadcasters\" who never had on-air licenses. This means that an Internet-connected device, such as a computer or something more specific, can be used to access on-line media in much the same way as was previously possible only with a television or radio receiver. The range of available types of content is much wider, from specialized technical webcasts to on-demand popular multimedia services. Podcasting is a variation on this theme, where\u00a0\u2013 usually audio\u00a0\u2013 material is downloaded and played back on a computer or shifted to a portable media player to be listened to on the move. These techniques using simple equipment allow anybody, with little censorship or licensing control, to broadcast audio-visual material worldwide.", "qas": [ { "id": "50345", "question": "what is the real-time delivery of digital media ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Streaming media" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Digital media streaming increases the demand for network bandwidth. For example, standard image quality needs 1 Mbit/s link speed for SD 480p, HD 720p quality requires 2.5 Mbit/s, and the top-of-the-line HDX quality needs 4.5 Mbit/s for 1080p.", "qas": [ { "id": "50346", "question": "how many link does standard image quality quality needs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "1 Mbit/s" } ] }, { "id": "50347", "question": "what is the hd 720p quality quality of standard image ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "2.5 Mbit/s" } ] }, { "id": "50348", "question": "what is the standard quality of standard image ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "4.5 Mbit/s for 1080p" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Webcams are a low-cost extension of this phenomenon. While some webcams can give full-frame-rate video, the picture either is usually small or updates slowly. Internet users can watch animals around an African waterhole, ships in the Panama Canal, traffic at a local roundabout or monitor their own premises, live and in real time. Video chat rooms and video conferencing are also popular with many uses being found for personal webcams, with and without two-way sound. YouTube was founded on 15 February 2005 and is now the leading website for free streaming video with a vast number of users. It uses a flash-based web player to stream and show video files. Registered users may upload an unlimited amount of video and build their own personal profile. YouTube claims that its users watch hundreds of millions, and upload hundreds of thousands of videos daily.\nCurrently, YouTube also uses an HTML5 player.", "qas": [ { "id": "50349", "question": "what is a low-cost extension of the phenomenon ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Webcams" } ] }, { "id": "50350", "question": "where do internet users live ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "Panama Canal" } ] }, { "id": "50351", "question": "when was youtube founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 493, "text": "15 February 2005" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Internet has enabled new forms of social interaction, activities, and social associations. This phenomenon has given rise to the scholarly study of the sociology of the Internet.", "qas": [ { "id": "50352", "question": "what has the internet enabled ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "social interaction, activities, and social associations" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Internet usage has seen tremendous growth. From 2000 to 2009, the number of Internet users globally rose from 394 million to 1.858 billion. By 2010, 22 percent of the world's population had access to computers with 1 billion Google searches every day, 300 million Internet users reading blogs, and 2 billion videos viewed daily on YouTube. In 2014 the world's Internet users surpassed 3 billion or 43.6 percent of world population, but two-thirds of the users came from richest countries, with 78.0 percent of Europe countries population using the Internet, followed by 57.4 percent of the Americas.", "qas": [ { "id": "50353", "question": "how much did the number of internet users globally ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "394 million to 1.858 billion" } ] }, { "id": "50354", "question": "how many google searches had access to computers in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "1 billion" } ] }, { "id": "50355", "question": "how many internet users were reading blogs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "300 million" } ] }, { "id": "50356", "question": "how many internet videos viewed daily on youtube ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "2 billion" } ] }, { "id": "50357", "question": "what percentage of world population is internet users ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 385, "text": "3 billion or 43.6 percent" } ] }, { "id": "50358", "question": "what percentage of the americas population was using the internet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 570, "text": "57.4 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The prevalent language for communication on the Internet has been English. This may be a result of the origin of the Internet, as well as the language's role as a lingua franca. Early computer systems were limited to the characters in the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), a subset of the Latin alphabet.", "qas": [ { "id": "50359", "question": "what does the ascii stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "Information Interchange" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After English (27%), the most requested languages on the World Wide Web are Chinese (25%), Spanish (8%), Japanese (5%), Portuguese and German (4% each), Arabic, French and Russian (3% each), and Korean (2%). By region, 42% of the world's Internet users are based in Asia, 24% in Europe, 14% in North America, 10% in Latin America and the Caribbean taken together, 6% in Africa, 3% in the Middle East and 1% in Australia/Oceania. The Internet's technologies have developed enough in recent years, especially in the use of Unicode, that good facilities are available for development and communication in the world's widely used languages. However, some glitches such as \"mojibake\" (incorrect display of some languages' characters) still remain.", "qas": [ { "id": "50360", "question": "what percentage of the population is english ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 15, "text": "27%" } ] }, { "id": "50361", "question": "what percentage of chinese languages are chinese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "25%" } ] }, { "id": "50362", "question": "what percentage of the world 's internet users are based in asia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "42%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In an American study in 2005, the percentage of men using the Internet was very slightly ahead of the percentage of women, although this difference reversed in those under 30. Men logged on more often, spent more time online, and were more likely to be broadband users, whereas women tended to make more use of opportunities to communicate (such as email). Men were more likely to use the Internet to pay bills, participate in auctions, and for recreation such as downloading music and videos. Men and women were equally likely to use the Internet for shopping and banking.\nMore recent studies indicate that in 2008, women significantly outnumbered men on most social networking sites, such as Facebook and Myspace, although the ratios varied with age. In addition, women watched more streaming content, whereas men downloaded more. In terms of blogs, men were more likely to blog in the first place; among those who blog, men were more likely to have a professional blog, whereas women were more likely to have a personal blog.", "qas": [ { "id": "50363", "question": "when was the percentage of men using the internet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "2005" } ] }, { "id": "50364", "question": "what are some social networking sites ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 694, "text": "Facebook and Myspace" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to forecasts by Euromonitor International, 44% of the world's population will be users of the Internet by 2020. Splitting by country, in 2012 Iceland, Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands, and Denmark had the highest Internet penetration by the number of users, with 93% or more of the population with access.", "qas": [ { "id": "50365", "question": "what percentage of the world 's population will be users of the internet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "44%" } ] }, { "id": "50366", "question": "when did the world 's population be users ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "2020" } ] }, { "id": "50367", "question": "what percentage of users did denmark have in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "93%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Several neologisms exist that refer to Internet users: Netizen (as in as in \"citizen of the net\") refers to those actively involved in improving online communities, the Internet in general or surrounding political affairs and rights such as free speech, Internaut refers to operators or technically highly capable users of the Internet, digital citizen refers to a person using the Internet in order to engage in society, politics, and government participation.", "qas": [ { "id": "50368", "question": "what is the term for internet users ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "Netizen" } ] }, { "id": "50369", "question": "what is the term for internet users ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "\"citizen of the net" } ] }, { "id": "50370", "question": "digital citizen refers to what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 413, "text": "society, politics, and government participation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Internet allows greater flexibility in working hours and location, especially with the spread of unmetered high-speed connections. The Internet can be accessed almost anywhere by numerous means, including through mobile Internet devices. Mobile phones, datacards, handheld game consoles and cellular routers allow users to connect to the Internet wirelessly. Within the limitations imposed by small screens and other limited facilities of such pocket-sized devices, the services of the Internet, including email and the web, may be available. Service providers may restrict the services offered and mobile data charges may be significantly higher than other access methods.", "qas": [ { "id": "50371", "question": "the internet allows greater flexibility of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "unmetered high-speed connections" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Educational material at all levels from pre-school to post-doctoral is available from websites. Examples range from CBeebies, through school and high-school revision guides and virtual universities, to access to top-end scholarly literature through the likes of Google Scholar. For distance education, help with homework and other assignments, self-guided learning, whiling away spare time, or just looking up more detail on an interesting fact, it has never been easier for people to access educational information at any level from anywhere. The Internet in general and the World Wide Web in particular are important enablers of both formal and informal education. Further, the Internet allows universities, in particular, researchers from the social and behavioral sciences, to conduct research remotely via virtual laboratories, with profound changes in reach and generalizability of findings as well as in communication between scientists and in the publication of results.", "qas": [ { "id": "50372", "question": "what is the name of the scholar that is used to access to literature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "Google Scholar" } ] }, { "id": "50373", "question": "what is the internet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 576, "text": "World Wide Web" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The low cost and nearly instantaneous sharing of ideas, knowledge, and skills have made collaborative work dramatically easier, with the help of collaborative software. Not only can a group cheaply communicate and share ideas but the wide reach of the Internet allows such groups more easily to form. An example of this is the free software movement, which has produced, among other things, Linux, Mozilla Firefox, and OpenOffice.org. Internet chat, whether using an IRC chat room, an instant messaging system, or a social networking website, allows colleagues to stay in touch in a very convenient way while working at their computers during the day. Messages can be exchanged even more quickly and conveniently than via email. These systems may allow files to be exchanged, drawings and images to be shared, or voice and video contact between team members.", "qas": [ { "id": "50374", "question": "what are the free software movement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 391, "text": "Linux, Mozilla Firefox, and OpenOffice.org" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Content management systems allow collaborating teams to work on shared sets of documents simultaneously without accidentally destroying each other's work. Business and project teams can share calendars as well as documents and other information. Such collaboration occurs in a wide variety of areas including scientific research, software development, conference planning, political activism and creative writing. Social and political collaboration is also becoming more widespread as both Internet access and computer literacy spread.", "qas": [ { "id": "50375", "question": "what do content management systems allow collaborating teams to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "shared sets of documents simultaneously without accidentally destroying each other's work" } ] }, { "id": "50376", "question": "what are the scientific research , software development , conference , and conference ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 373, "text": "political activism and creative writing" } ] }, { "id": "50377", "question": "what is becoming more widespread as both internet access ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 414, "text": "Social and political collaboration" } ] }, { "id": "50378", "question": "why is social and political collaboration widespread ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 490, "text": "Internet access and computer literacy spread" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Internet allows computer users to remotely access other computers and information stores easily from any access point. Access may be with computer security, i.e. authentication and encryption technologies, depending on the requirements. This is encouraging new ways of working from home, collaboration and information sharing in many industries. An accountant sitting at home can audit the books of a company based in another country, on a server situated in a third country that is remotely maintained by IT specialists in a fourth. These accounts could have been created by home-working bookkeepers, in other remote locations, based on information emailed to them from offices all over the world. Some of these things were possible before the widespread use of the Internet, but the cost of private leased lines would have made many of them infeasible in practice. An office worker away from their desk, perhaps on the other side of the world on a business trip or a holiday, can access their emails, access their data using cloud computing, or open a remote desktop session into their office PC using a secure virtual private network (VPN) connection on the Internet. This can give the worker complete access to all of their normal files and data, including email and other applications, while away from the office. It has been referred to among system administrators as the Virtual Private Nightmare, because it extends the secure perimeter of a corporate network into remote locations and its employees' homes.", "qas": [ { "id": "50379", "question": "what are some computer security security ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "authentication and encryption technologies" } ] }, { "id": "50380", "question": "what is the name of the system that administrators has been referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1382, "text": "Virtual Private Nightmare" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many people use the World Wide Web to access news, weather and sports reports, to plan and book vacations and to pursue their personal interests. People use chat, messaging and email to make and stay in touch with friends worldwide, sometimes in the same way as some previously had pen pals. Social networking websites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Myspace have created new ways to socialize and interact. Users of these sites are able to add a wide variety of information to pages, to pursue common interests, and to connect with others. It is also possible to find existing acquaintances, to allow communication among existing groups of people. Sites like LinkedIn foster commercial and business connections. YouTube and Flickr specialize in users' videos and photographs. While social networking sites were initially for individuals only, today they are widely used by businesses and other organizations to promote their brands, to market to their customers and to encourage posts to \"go viral\". \"Black hat\" social media techniques are also employed by some organizations, such as spam accounts and astroturfing.", "qas": [ { "id": "50381", "question": "what are some examples of social networking websites ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 327, "text": "Facebook, Twitter, and Myspace" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A risk for both individuals and organizations writing posts (especially public posts) on social networking websites, is that especially foolish or controversial posts occasionally lead to an unexpected and possibly large-scale backlash on social media from other Internet users. This is also a risk in relation to controversial \"offline\" behavior, if it is widely made known. The nature of this backlash can range widely from counter-arguments and public mockery, through insults and hate speech, to, in extreme cases, rape and death threats. The online disinhibition effect describes the tendency of many individuals to behave more stridently or offensively online than they would in person. A significant number of feminist women have been the target of various forms of harassment in response to posts they have made on social media, and Twitter in particular has been criticised in the past for not doing enough to aid victims of online abuse.", "qas": [ { "id": "50382", "question": "what is a risk of a risk for posts posts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "social networking websites" } ] }, { "id": "50383", "question": "what type of posts are lead to an unexpected backlash on social media ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "foolish or controversial posts" } ] }, { "id": "50384", "question": "what is the risk of offline ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "\"offline\" behavior" } ] }, { "id": "50385", "question": "what are the extreme cases of insults ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 519, "text": "rape and death threats" } ] }, { "id": "50386", "question": "what is the tendency of the online effect ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 601, "text": "many individuals to behave more stridently or offensively online" } ] } ] }, { "context": "For organizations, such a backlash can cause overall brand damage, especially if reported by the media. However, this is not always the case, as any brand damage in the eyes of people with an opposing opinion to that presented by the organization could sometimes be outweighed by strengthening the brand in the eyes of others. Furthermore, if an organization or individual gives in to demands that others perceive as wrong-headed, that can then provoke a counter-backlash.", "qas": [ { "id": "50387", "question": "how can the damage in the eyes be outweighed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "strengthening the brand in the eyes of others" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some websites, such as Reddit, have rules forbidding the posting of personal information of individuals (also known as doxxing), due to concerns about such postings leading to mobs of large numbers of Internet users directing harassment at the specific individuals thereby identified. In particular, the Reddit rule forbidding the posting of personal information is widely understood to imply that all identifying photos and names must be censored in Facebook screenshots posted to Reddit. However, the interpretation of this rule in relation to public Twitter posts is less clear, and in any case, like-minded people online have many other ways they can use to direct each other's attention to public social media posts they disagree with.", "qas": [ { "id": "50388", "question": "what is an example of an example of a rules that have rules of personal information ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "Reddit" } ] }, { "id": "50389", "question": "what is another name for personal information ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "doxxing" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Children also face dangers online such as cyberbullying and approaches by sexual predators, who sometimes pose as children themselves. Children may also encounter material which they may find upsetting, or material which their parents consider to be not age-appropriate. Due to naivety, they may also post personal information about themselves online, which could put them or their families at risk unless warned not to do so. Many parents choose to enable Internet filtering, and/or supervise their children's online activities, in an attempt to protect their children from inappropriate material on the Internet. The most popular social networking websites, such as Facebook and Twitter, commonly forbid users under the age of 13. However, these policies are typically trivial to circumvent by registering an account with a false birth date, and a significant number of children aged under 13 join such sites anyway. Social networking sites for younger children, which claim to provide better levels of protection for children, also exist.", "qas": [ { "id": "50390", "question": "what are some examples of dangers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "cyberbullying and approaches by sexual predators" } ] }, { "id": "50391", "question": "what do children find upsetting ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 221, "text": "their parents consider to be not age-appropriate" } ] }, { "id": "50392", "question": "why do children post personal information ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 358, "text": "could put them or their families at risk unless warned not to do so" } ] }, { "id": "50393", "question": "what do many parents choose to enable internet filtering ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 477, "text": "and/or supervise their children's online activities" } ] }, { "id": "50394", "question": "what are some popular social networking websites ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 668, "text": "Facebook and Twitter" } ] }, { "id": "50395", "question": "how old is the most popular social networking websites ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 729, "text": "13" } ] }, { "id": "50396", "question": "how many children were join in the birth date ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 892, "text": "13" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Internet has been a major outlet for leisure activity since its inception, with entertaining social experiments such as MUDs and MOOs being conducted on university servers, and humor-related Usenet groups receiving much traffic. Today, many Internet forums have sections devoted to games and funny videos. Over 6 million people use blogs or message boards as a means of communication and for the sharing of ideas. The Internet pornography and online gambling industries have taken advantage of the World Wide Web, and often provide a significant source of advertising revenue for other websites. Although many governments have attempted to restrict both industries' use of the Internet, in general, this has failed to stop their widespread popularity.", "qas": [ { "id": "50397", "question": "what are some entertaining social experiments ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "MUDs and MOOs" } ] }, { "id": "50398", "question": "how many people use blogs or message boards ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 315, "text": "6 million" } ] }, { "id": "50399", "question": "what have the internet and online industries taken advantage of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 502, "text": "World Wide Web" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Another area of leisure activity on the Internet is multiplayer gaming. This form of recreation creates communities, where people of all ages and origins enjoy the fast-paced world of multiplayer games. These range from MMORPG to first-person shooters, from role-playing video games to online gambling. While online gaming has been around since the 1970s, modern modes of online gaming began with subscription services such as GameSpy and MPlayer. Non-subscribers were limited to certain types of game play or certain games. Many people use the Internet to access and download music, movies and other works for their enjoyment and relaxation. Free and fee-based services exist for all of these activities, using centralized servers and distributed peer-to-peer technologies. Some of these sources exercise more care with respect to the original artists' copyrights than others.", "qas": [ { "id": "50400", "question": "what is the area of leisure activity on the internet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "multiplayer gaming" } ] }, { "id": "50401", "question": "when did online gaming begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 349, "text": "1970s" } ] }, { "id": "50402", "question": "what are some subscription services of online gaming ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 427, "text": "GameSpy and MPlayer" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Internet usage has been correlated to users' loneliness. Lonely people tend to use the Internet as an outlet for their feelings and to share their stories with others, such as in the \"I am lonely will anyone speak to me\" thread.", "qas": [ { "id": "50403", "question": "what has internet usage been correlated to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "loneliness" } ] }, { "id": "50404", "question": "what do lonely people use to use the internet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "I am lonely will anyone speak to me\" thread" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Cybersectarianism is a new organizational form which involves: \"highly dispersed small groups of practitioners that may remain largely anonymous within the larger social context and operate in relative secrecy, while still linked remotely to a larger network of believers who share a set of practices and texts, and often a common devotion to a particular leader. Overseas supporters provide funding and support; domestic practitioners distribute tracts, participate in acts of resistance, and share information on the internal situation with outsiders. Collectively, members and practitioners of such sects construct viable virtual communities of faith, exchanging personal testimonies and engaging in the collective study via email, on-line chat rooms, and web-based message boards.\" In particular, the British government has raised concerns about the prospect of young British Muslims being indoctrinated into Islamic extremism by material on the Internet, being persuaded to join terrorist groups such as the so-called \"Islamic State\", and then potentially committing acts of terrorism on returning to Britain after fighting in Syria or Iraq.", "qas": [ { "id": "50405", "question": "what is a new organizational form of practitioners ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Cybersectarianism" } ] }, { "id": "50406", "question": "what is the name of the terrorist state that the british government has raised ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1024, "text": "Islamic State" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Cyberslacking can become a drain on corporate resources; the average UK employee spent 57 minutes a day surfing the Web while at work, according to a 2003 study by Peninsula Business Services. Internet addiction disorder is excessive computer use that interferes with daily life. Psychologist, Nicolas Carr believe that Internet use has other effects on individuals, for instance improving skills of scan-reading and interfering with the deep thinking that leads to true creativity.", "qas": [ { "id": "50407", "question": "how many minutes does the average uk employee have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "57 minutes a day surfing the Web" } ] }, { "id": "50408", "question": "in what year was the study by peninsula business services ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "2003" } ] }, { "id": "50409", "question": "what is the name of the services in 2003 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "Peninsula Business Services" } ] }, { "id": "50410", "question": "what is internet addiction disorder ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "excessive computer use that interferes with daily life" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Electronic business (\"e-business\") encompasses business processes spanning the entire value chain: purchasing, supply chain management, marketing, sales, customer service, and business relationship. E-commerce seeks to add revenue streams using the Internet to build and enhance relationships with clients and partners. According to International Data Corporation, the size of worldwide e-commerce, when global business-to-business and -consumer transactions are combined, equate to $16 trillion for 2013. A report by Oxford Economics adds those two together to estimate the total size of the digital economy at $20.4 trillion, equivalent to roughly 13.8% of global sales.", "qas": [ { "id": "50411", "question": "how much did international data corporation pay in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 483, "text": "$16 trillion" } ] }, { "id": "50412", "question": "what is the total size of the digital economy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 612, "text": "$20.4 trillion" } ] }, { "id": "50413", "question": "what percentage of global sales of global sales does oxford get ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 650, "text": "13.8%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While much has been written of the economic advantages of Internet-enabled commerce, there is also evidence that some aspects of the Internet such as maps and location-aware services may serve to reinforce economic inequality and the digital divide. Electronic commerce may be responsible for consolidation and the decline of mom-and-pop, brick and mortar businesses resulting in increases in income inequality.", "qas": [ { "id": "50414", "question": "what is the economic advantages of the internet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "Internet-enabled commerce" } ] }, { "id": "50415", "question": "what can some aspects of the internet serve ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "reinforce economic inequality and the digital divide" } ] }, { "id": "50416", "question": "electronic commerce may be responsible for what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 326, "text": "mom-and-pop" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Author Andrew Keen, a long-time critic of the social transformations caused by the Internet, has recently focused on the economic effects of consolidation from Internet businesses. Keen cites a 2013 Institute for Local Self-Reliance report saying brick-and-mortar retailers employ 47 people for every $10 million in sales while Amazon employs only 14. Similarly, the 700-employee room rental start-up Airbnb was valued at $10 billion in 2014, about half as much as Hilton Hotels, which employs 152,000 people. And car-sharing Internet startup Uber employs 1,000 full-time employees and is valued at $18.2 billion, about the same valuation as Avis and Hertz combined, which together employ almost 60,000 people.", "qas": [ { "id": "50417", "question": "how much money does the 2013 institute cost ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 301, "text": "$10 million" } ] }, { "id": "50418", "question": "how many people are in the 2013 institute ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 348, "text": "14" } ] }, { "id": "50419", "question": "what was the room rental start-up airbnb in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 422, "text": "$10 billion" } ] }, { "id": "50420", "question": "how many people lived in hilton hotels ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 494, "text": "152,000" } ] }, { "id": "50421", "question": "how much is internet startup valued at ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 599, "text": "$18.2 billion" } ] }, { "id": "50422", "question": "how many people are in the internet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 696, "text": "60,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Telecommuting is the performance within a traditional worker and employer relationship when it is facilitated by tools such as groupware, virtual private networks, conference calling, videoconferencing, and voice over IP (VOIP) so that work may be performed from any location, most conveniently the worker's home. It can be efficient and useful for companies as it allows workers to communicate over long distances, saving significant amounts of travel time and cost. As broadband Internet connections become commonplace, more workers have adequate bandwidth at home to use these tools to link their home to their corporate intranet and internal communication networks.", "qas": [ { "id": "50423", "question": "what is the performance within a traditional worker and employer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Telecommuting" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Internet provides a particularly good venue for crowdsourcing, because individuals tend to be more open in web-based projects where they are not being physically judged or scrutinized and thus can feel more comfortable sharing.", "qas": [ { "id": "50424", "question": "what is the good venue for the internet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "crowdsourcing" } ] }, { "id": "50425", "question": "what is the internet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "they are not being physically judged or scrutinized and thus can feel more comfortable sharing" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Wikis have also been used in the academic community for sharing and dissemination of information across institutional and international boundaries. In those settings, they have been found useful for collaboration on grant writing, strategic planning, departmental documentation, and committee work. The United States Patent and Trademark Office uses a wiki to allow the public to collaborate on finding prior art relevant to examination of pending patent applications. Queens, New York has used a wiki to allow citizens to collaborate on the design and planning of a local park. The English Wikipedia has the largest user base among wikis on the World Wide Web and ranks in the top 10 among all Web sites in terms of traffic.", "qas": [ { "id": "50426", "question": "what have been used in the academic community ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Wikis" } ] }, { "id": "50427", "question": "what are the academic community used for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "sharing and dissemination of information across institutional and international boundaries" } ] }, { "id": "50428", "question": "what are some of the work that have been found on grant writing writing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "strategic planning, departmental documentation, and committee work" } ] }, { "id": "50429", "question": "what uses a wiki to allow the public to collaborate on finding prior to patent applications ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 303, "text": "United States Patent and Trademark Office" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Internet has achieved new relevance as a political tool. The presidential campaign of Howard Dean in 2004 in the United States was notable for its success in soliciting donation via the Internet. Many political groups use the Internet to achieve a new method of organizing for carrying out their mission, having given rise to Internet activism, most notably practiced by rebels in the Arab Spring. \"The New York Times\" suggested that social media websites, such as Facebook and Twitter, helped people organize the political revolutions in Egypt, by helping activists organize protests, communicate grievances, and disseminate information.", "qas": [ { "id": "50430", "question": "who was the presidential campaign in 2004 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "Howard Dean" } ] }, { "id": "50431", "question": "when was the presidential campaign of howard dean notable ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "2004" } ] }, { "id": "50432", "question": "where was the presidential campaign of howard dean in 2004 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "soliciting donation via the Internet" } ] }, { "id": "50433", "question": "what are some social media websites ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 469, "text": "Facebook and Twitter" } ] }, { "id": "50434", "question": "what did the new york times say people organize the political revolutions in egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 553, "text": "helping activists organize protests, communicate grievances, and disseminate information" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The potential of the Internet as a civic tool of communicative power was explored by Simon R. B. Berdal in his 2004 thesis: ", "qas": [ { "id": "50435", "question": "who explored the internet as a civic tool of communicative power ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "Simon R. B. Berdal" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berdal, therefore, extends the Habermasian notion of the \"public sphere\" to the Internet, and underlines the inherent global and civic nature that interwoven Internet technologies provide. To limit the growing civic potential of the Internet, Berdal also notes how \"self-protective measures\" are put in place by those threatened by it: Incidents of politically motivated Internet censorship have now been recorded in many countries, including western democracies.", "qas": [ { "id": "50436", "question": "what extends the notion of the `` public sphere '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Berdal" } ] }, { "id": "50437", "question": "what does the internet refer to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "public sphere\" to the Internet" } ] }, { "id": "50438", "question": "what is the term used to describe the civic potential of the internet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "self-protective measures" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The spread of low-cost Internet access in developing countries has opened up new possibilities for peer-to-peer charities, which allow individuals to contribute small amounts to charitable projects for other individuals. Websites, such as DonorsChoose and GlobalGiving, allow small-scale donors to direct funds to individual projects of their choice. A popular twist on Internet-based philanthropy is the use of peer-to-peer lending for charitable purposes. Kiva pioneered this concept in 2005, offering the first web-based service to publish individual loan profiles for funding. Kiva raises funds for local intermediary microfinance organizations which post stories and updates on behalf of the borrowers. Lenders can contribute as little as $25 to loans of their choice, and receive their money back as borrowers repay. Kiva falls short of being a pure peer-to-peer charity, in that loans are disbursed before being funded by lenders and borrowers do not communicate with lenders themselves.", "qas": [ { "id": "50439", "question": "what has individuals opened up new possibilities for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "peer-to-peer charities" } ] }, { "id": "50440", "question": "what are some examples of websites that allow small-scale donors to direct funds ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "DonorsChoose and GlobalGiving" } ] }, { "id": "50441", "question": "in what year did the concept of individual loan the first service ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 489, "text": "2005" } ] }, { "id": "50442", "question": "how much can little contribute to loans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 744, "text": "$25" } ] } ] }, { "context": "However, the recent spread of low-cost Internet access in developing countries has made genuine international person-to-person philanthropy increasingly feasible. In 2009, the US-based nonprofit Zidisha tapped into this trend to offer the first person-to-person microfinance platform to link lenders and borrowers across international borders without intermediaries. Members can fund loans for as little as a dollar, which the borrowers then use to develop business activities that improve their families' incomes while repaying loans to the members with interest. Borrowers access the Internet via public cybercafes, donated laptops in village schools, and even smart phones, then create their own profile pages through which they share photos and information about themselves and their businesses. As they repay their loans, borrowers continue to share updates and dialogue with lenders via their profile pages. This direct web-based connection allows members themselves to take on many of the communication and recording tasks traditionally performed by local organizations, bypassing geographic barriers and dramatically reducing the cost of microfinance services to the entrepreneurs.", "qas": [ { "id": "50443", "question": "when did the us-based nonprofit zidisha tapped ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "2009" } ] }, { "id": "50444", "question": "what does the us-based nonprofit zidisha tapped ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "link lenders and borrowers across international borders without intermediaries" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Internet resources, hardware, and software components are the target of criminal or malicious attempts to gain unauthorized control to cause interruptions, commit fraud, engage in blackmail or access private information. Such attempts include computer viruses which copy with the help of humans, computer worms which copy themselves automatically, denial of service attacks, ransomware, botnets, and spyware that reports on the activity and typing of users. Usually, these activities constitute cybercrime. Defense theorists have also speculated about the possibilities of cyber warfare using similar methods on a large scale.", "qas": [ { "id": "50445", "question": "internet resources are the target of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "criminal or malicious attempts" } ] }, { "id": "50446", "question": "what do internet resources engage in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "blackmail or access private information" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The vast majority of computer surveillance involves the monitoring of data and traffic on the Internet. In the United States for example, under the Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act, all phone calls and broadband Internet traffic (emails, web traffic, instant messaging, etc.) are required to be available for unimpeded real-time monitoring by Federal law enforcement agencies. Packet capture is the monitoring of data traffic on a computer network. Computers communicate over the Internet by breaking up messages (emails, images, videos, web pages, files, etc.) into small chunks called \"packets\", which are routed through a network of computers, until they reach their destination, where they are assembled back into a complete \"message\" again. Packet Capture Appliance intercepts these packets as they are traveling through the network, in order to examine their contents using other programs. A packet capture is an information \"gathering\" tool, but not an \"analysis\" tool. That is it gathers \"messages\" but it does not analyze them and figure out what they mean. Other programs are needed to perform traffic analysis and sift through intercepted data looking for important/useful information. Under the Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act all U.S. telecommunications providers are required to install packet sniffing technology to allow Federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies to intercept all of their customers' broadband Internet and voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) traffic.", "qas": [ { "id": "50447", "question": "what is the name of the assistance that all phone calls and broadband internet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act" } ] }, { "id": "50448", "question": "what are the real-time calls to be available for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 360, "text": "Federal law enforcement agencies" } ] }, { "id": "50449", "question": "what is the term used to describe computers communicate over the internet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 605, "text": "packets" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The large amount of data gathered from packet capturing requires surveillance software that filters and reports relevant information, such as the use of certain words or phrases, the access of certain types of web sites, or communicating via email or chat with certain parties. Agencies, such as the Information Awareness Office, NSA, GCHQ and the FBI, spend billions of dollars per year to develop, purchase, implement, and operate systems for interception and analysis of data. Similar systems are operated by Iranian secret police to identify and suppress dissidents. The required hardware and software was allegedly installed by German Siemens AG and Finnish Nokia.", "qas": [ { "id": "50450", "question": "what does the large amount of data gathered from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "filters and reports relevant information" } ] }, { "id": "50451", "question": "what are some agencies agencies to develop systems ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 300, "text": "Information Awareness Office, NSA, GCHQ and the FBI" } ] }, { "id": "50452", "question": "how are similar systems operated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 512, "text": "Iranian secret police to identify and suppress dissidents" } ] }, { "id": "50453", "question": "who installed the hardware and software ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 633, "text": "German Siemens AG and Finnish Nokia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some governments, such as those of Burma, Iran, North Korea, the Mainland China, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates restrict access to content on the Internet within their territories, especially to political and religious content, with domain name and keyword filters.", "qas": [ { "id": "50454", "question": "which countries are some of the governments that are in the internet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "Burma, Iran, North Korea, the Mainland China, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates" } ] }, { "id": "50455", "question": "what types of content did the united states have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "political and religious content" } ] }, { "id": "50456", "question": "what are some of the religious content in burma ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "domain name and keyword filters" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Norway, Denmark, Finland, and Sweden, major Internet service providers have voluntarily agreed to restrict access to sites listed by authorities. While this list of forbidden resources is supposed to contain only known child pornography sites, the content of the list is secret. Many countries, including the United States, have enacted laws against the possession or distribution of certain material, such as child pornography, via the Internet, but do not mandate filter software. Many free or commercially available software programs, called content-control software are available to users to block offensive websites on individual computers or networks, in order to limit access by children to pornographic material or depiction of violence.", "qas": [ { "id": "50457", "question": "where are major internet service providers located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "Norway, Denmark, Finland, and Sweden" } ] }, { "id": "50458", "question": "what do major internet service providers have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "voluntarily agreed to restrict access to sites listed by authorities" } ] }, { "id": "50459", "question": "what is the list of the list of the list of the list of the list of the list of the list of the list of forbidden ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "contain only known child pornography sites" } ] }, { "id": "50460", "question": "what do many countries enacted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 340, "text": "laws against the possession or distribution of certain material" } ] } ] }, { "context": "An Internet blackout or outage can be caused by local signalling interruptions. Disruptions of submarine communications cables may cause blackouts or slowdowns to large areas, such as in the 2008 submarine cable disruption. Less-developed countries are more vulnerable due to a small number of high-capacity links. Land cables are also vulnerable, as in 2011 when a woman digging for scrap metal severed most connectivity for the nation of Armenia. Internet blackouts affecting almost entire countries can be achieved by governments as a form of Internet censorship, as in the blockage of the Internet in Egypt, whereby approximately 93% of networks were without access in 2011 in an attempt to stop mobilization for anti-government protests.", "qas": [ { "id": "50461", "question": "who caused an internet blackout ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "local signalling interruptions" } ] }, { "id": "50462", "question": "what is the name of the submarine cable cables ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "2008 submarine cable disruption" } ] }, { "id": "50463", "question": "in what year did a woman digging most connectivity for armenia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 354, "text": "2011" } ] }, { "id": "50464", "question": "what percentage of networks were without access in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 634, "text": "93%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2011, researchers estimated the energy used by the Internet to be between 170 and 307 GW, less than two percent of the energy used by humanity. This estimate included the energy needed to build, operate, and periodically replace the estimated 750 million laptops, a billion smart phones and 100 million servers worldwide as well as the energy that routers, cell towers, optical switches, Wi-Fi transmitters and cloud storage devices use when transmitting Internet traffic.", "qas": [ { "id": "50465", "question": "when was the energy used by the internet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2011" } ] }, { "id": "50466", "question": "what is the energy used for the internet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "170 and 307 GW" } ] }, { "id": "50467", "question": "how many laptops did the estimate of energy operate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "750 million" } ] }, { "id": "50468", "question": "how many servers are in the 750 million laptops ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 294, "text": "100 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Internet" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "San Francisco (SF) (), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California and the only consolidated city-county in California. San Francisco is about in area. It is located on the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula. It is the smallest county in the state. It has a density of about 18,451 people per square mile (7,124 people per km), making it the most densely settled large city (population greater than 200,000) in the state of California and the second-most densely populated major city in the United States after New York City. San Francisco is the fourth-most populous city in California, after Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose, and the 13th-most populous city in the United States\u2014with a Census-estimated 2015 population of 864,816. The city and its surrounding areas are known as the San Francisco Bay Area, and are a part of the larger OMB-designated San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland combined statistical area, the fifth most populous in the nation with an estimated population of 8.7 million.", "qas": [ { "id": "50469", "question": "what is the name of the county of northern california ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "City and County of San Francisco" } ] }, { "id": "50470", "question": "where is san francisco located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 268, "text": "San Francisco Peninsula" } ] }, { "id": "50471", "question": "what is the estimated population of the san islands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1069, "text": "8.7 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "San Francisco (Spanish for Saint Francis) was founded on June 29, 1776, when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de As\u00eds named for St. Francis of Assisi a few miles away. The California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856.\nAfter three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was the port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. After the war, the confluence of returning servicemen, massive immigration, liberalizing attitudes, along with the rise of the \"hippie\" counterculture, the Sexual Revolution, the Peace Movement growing from opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War, and other factors led to the Summer of Love and the gay rights movement, cementing San Francisco as a center of liberal activism in the United States. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines.", "qas": [ { "id": "50472", "question": "when was san francisco founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "June 29, 1776" } ] }, { "id": "50473", "question": "when did san francisco become a consolidated city-county ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 403, "text": "1856" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A popular tourist destination, San Francisco is known for its cool summers, fog, steep rolling hills, eclectic mix of architecture, and landmarks, including the Golden Gate Bridge, cable cars, the former Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary, Fisherman's Wharf, and its Chinatown district. San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co., Gap Inc., Salesforce.com, Dropbox, Reddit, Square, Inc., Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, and Craigslist. It has several nicknames, including \"The City by the Bay\", \"Fog City\", \"San Fran\", and \"Frisco\", as well as older ones like \"The City that Knows How\", \"Baghdad by the Bay\", \"The Paris of the West\", or simply \"The City\". , San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings.", "qas": [ { "id": "50474", "question": "what city is known as the golden gate bridge ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "San Francisco" } ] }, { "id": "50475", "question": "what is the name of the cable bridge in san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Golden Gate Bridge" } ] }, { "id": "50476", "question": "which city is the headquarters of five major banking institutions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "San Francisco" } ] }, { "id": "50477", "question": "how many major banking institutions are there in san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "five" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The earliest archaeological evidence of human habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000\u00a0BC. The Yelamu group of the Ohlone people resided in a few small villages when an overland Spanish exploration party, led by Don Gaspar de Portol\u00e0, arrived on November 2, 1769, the first documented European visit to San Francisco Bay. Seven years later, on March 28, 1776, the Spanish established the Presidio of San Francisco, followed by a mission, Mission San Francisco de As\u00eds (Mission Dolores), established by the Spanish explorer Juan Bautista de Anza.", "qas": [ { "id": "50478", "question": "when did the earliest archaeological evidence of human habitation of the city of san francisco begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "3000\u00a0BC" } ] }, { "id": "50479", "question": "who led the spanish exploration party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "Don Gaspar de Portol\u00e0" } ] }, { "id": "50480", "question": "when did don gaspar arrive in san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 276, "text": "November 2, 1769" } ] }, { "id": "50481", "question": "when was the spanish established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 374, "text": "March 28, 1776" } ] }, { "id": "50482", "question": "who established the spanish explorer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 553, "text": "Juan Bautista de Anza" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the area became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the mission system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, near a boat anchorage around what is today Portsmouth Square. Together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7, 1846, during the Mexican\u2013American War, and Captain John B. Montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, and Mexico officially ceded the territory to the United States at the end of the war. Despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography.\nThe California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers (known as \"forty-niners\", as in \"1849\"). With their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. \nSome of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels; many were left to rot and some were sunk to establish title to the underwater lot. By 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land. Buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings.", "qas": [ { "id": "50483", "question": "in what year did spain become part of mexico city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "1821" } ] }, { "id": "50484", "question": "who erected the first independent homestead ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "Englishman William Richardson" } ] }, { "id": "50485", "question": "what was the name of the town that began to attract american settlers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 417, "text": "Yerba Buena" } ] } ] }, { "context": "California was quickly granted statehood, and the U.S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate and a fort on Alcatraz Island to secure the San Francisco Bay. Silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, and gambling.", "qas": [ { "id": "50486", "question": "what was the name of the military military built in the golden gate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "Fort Point" } ] }, { "id": "50487", "question": "where was the military military built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "Golden Gate" } ] }, { "id": "50488", "question": "where was the golden gate located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Alcatraz Island" } ] }, { "id": "50489", "question": "what was the name of the bay that the u.s. military built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "San Francisco Bay" } ] }, { "id": "50490", "question": "what was the name of the silver discoveries in 1859 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "Comstock Lode" } ] }, { "id": "50491", "question": "when was the comstock lode ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "1859" } ] }, { "id": "50492", "question": "what did the barbary coast section of town section of town gained notoriety as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 412, "text": "criminals, prostitution, and gambling" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush. Early winners were the banking industry, with the founding of Wells Fargo in 1852 and the Bank of California in 1864. Development of the Port of San Francisco and the establishment in 1869 of overland access to the eastern U.S. rail system via the newly completed Pacific Railroad (the construction of which the city only reluctantly helped support) helped make the Bay Area a center for trade. Catering to the needs and tastes of the growing population, Levi Strauss opened a dry goods business and Domingo Ghirardelli began manufacturing chocolate. Immigrant laborers made the city a polyglot culture, with Chinese Railroad Workers, drawn to \"Old Gold Mountain\", creating the city's Chinatown quarter. In 1870, Asians made up 8% of the population. The first cable cars carried San Franciscans up Clay Street in 1873. The city's sea of Victorian houses began to take shape, and civic leaders campaigned for a spacious public park, resulting in plans for Golden Gate Park. San Franciscans built schools, churches, theaters, and all the hallmarks of civic life. The Presidio developed into the most important American military installation on the Pacific coast. By 1890, San Francisco's population approached 300,000, making it the eighth-largest city in the United States at the time. Around 1901, San Francisco was a major city known for its flamboyant style, stately hotels, ostentatious mansions on Nob Hill, and a thriving arts scene. The first North American plague epidemic was the San Francisco plague of 1900\u20131904.", "qas": [ { "id": "50493", "question": "entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "Gold Rush" } ] }, { "id": "50494", "question": "what was the founding of the founding of california in 1852 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Wells Fargo" } ] }, { "id": "50495", "question": "when was the founding of wells fargo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "1852" } ] }, { "id": "50496", "question": "in what year did the bank of california take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "1864" } ] }, { "id": "50497", "question": "what is the name of the construction of the city only reluctantly ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 341, "text": "Pacific Railroad" } ] }, { "id": "50498", "question": "what percentage of the population was asians in 1870 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 805, "text": "8%" } ] }, { "id": "50499", "question": "how many san francisco population did san diego receive in 1890 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1285, "text": "300,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "At 5:12\u00a0am on April 18, 1906, a major earthquake struck San Francisco and northern California. As buildings collapsed from the shaking, ruptured gas lines ignited fires that spread across the city and burned out of control for several days. With water mains out of service, the Presidio Artillery Corps attempted to contain the inferno by dynamiting blocks of buildings to create firebreaks. More than three-quarters of the city lay in ruins, including almost all of the downtown core. Contemporary accounts reported that 498 people lost their lives, though modern estimates put the number in the several thousands. More than half of the city's population of 400,000 was left homeless. Refugees settled temporarily in makeshift tent villages in Golden Gate Park, the Presidio, on the beaches, and elsewhere. Many fled permanently to the East Bay.", "qas": [ { "id": "50500", "question": "on what date was san diego 's earthquake ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "April 18, 1906" } ] }, { "id": "50501", "question": "which two countries were struck by a major earthquake in 1906 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "San Francisco and northern California" } ] }, { "id": "50502", "question": "what was the name of the group that attempted to contain a water service ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "Presidio Artillery Corps" } ] }, { "id": "50503", "question": "how many people were lost by contemporary people lost their lives ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 522, "text": "498" } ] }, { "id": "50504", "question": "how many population was left homeless ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 659, "text": "400,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Rebuilding was rapid and performed on a grand scale. Rejecting calls to completely remake the street grid, San Franciscans opted for speed. Amadeo Giannini's Bank of Italy, later to become Bank of America, provided loans for many of those whose livelihoods had been devastated. The influential San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association or SPUR was founded in 1910 to address the quality of housing after the earthquake. The earthquake hastened development of western neighborhoods that survived the fire, including Pacific Heights, where many of the city's wealthy rebuilt their homes. In turn, the destroyed mansions of Nob Hill became grand hotels. City Hall rose again in splendid Beaux Arts style, and the city celebrated its rebirth at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in 1915.", "qas": [ { "id": "50505", "question": "what was the name of the speed that opted the street grid ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "San Franciscans" } ] }, { "id": "50506", "question": "when was the influential san francisco planning founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 371, "text": "1910" } ] }, { "id": "50507", "question": "what was the name of the grand hotels destroyed by the grand hotels ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 633, "text": "Nob Hill" } ] } ] }, { "context": "It was during this period San Francisco built some of its most important infrastructure. Civil Engineer Michael O'Shaughnessy was hired by San Francisco Mayor James Rolph as chief engineer for the city in September 1912 to supervise the construction of the Twin Peaks Reservoir, the Stockton Street Tunnel, the Twin Peaks Tunnel, the San Francisco Municipal Railway, the Auxiliary Water Supply System, and new sewers. San Francisco's streetcar system, of which the J, K, L, M, and N lines survive today, was pushed to completion by O'Shaughnessy between 1915 and 1927. It was the O'Shaughnessy Dam, Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, and Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct that would have the largest effect on San Francisco. An abundant water supply enabled San Francisco to develop into the city it has become today.\nIn ensuing years, the city solidified its standing as a financial capital; in the wake of the 1929 stock market crash, not a single San Francisco-based bank failed. Indeed, it was at the height of the Great Depression that San Francisco undertook two great civil engineering projects, simultaneously constructing the San Francisco\u2013Oakland Bay Bridge and the Golden Gate Bridge, completing them in 1936 and 1937 respectively. It was in this period that the island of Alcatraz, a former military stockade, began its service as a federal maximum security prison, housing notorious inmates such as Al Capone, and Robert Franklin Stroud, The Birdman of Alcatraz. San Francisco later celebrated its regained grandeur with a World's fair, the Golden Gate International Exposition in 1939\u201340, creating Treasure Island in the middle of the bay to house it.", "qas": [ { "id": "50508", "question": "who was the civil engineer for the construction of the twin peaks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "Michael O'Shaughnessy" } ] }, { "id": "50509", "question": "who was chief engineer for the city in september 1912 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "James Rolph" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During World War II, the Hunters Point Naval Shipyard became a hub of activity, and Fort Mason became the primary port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater of Operations. The explosion of jobs drew many people, especially African Americans from the South, to the area. After the end of the war, many military personnel returning from service abroad and civilians who had originally come to work decided to stay. The UN Charter creating the UN was drafted and signed in San Francisco in 1945 and, in 1951, the Treaty of San Francisco officially ended the war with Japan.", "qas": [ { "id": "50510", "question": "what became a hub of activity during world war ii ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "Hunters Point Naval Shipyard" } ] }, { "id": "50511", "question": "who became the primary port of embarkation for service members ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "Fort Mason" } ] }, { "id": "50512", "question": "fort mason became the primary port of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "Pacific Theater of Operations" } ] }, { "id": "50513", "question": "when was the un charter signed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 520, "text": "1945" } ] }, { "id": "50514", "question": "when did the treaty of san francisco end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 533, "text": "1951" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Urban planning projects in the 1950s and 1960s involved widespread destruction and redevelopment of west-side neighborhoods and the construction of new freeways, of which only a series of short segments were built before being halted by citizen-led opposition. The onset of containerization made San Francisco's small piers obsolete, and cargo activity moved to the larger Port of Oakland. The city began to lose industrial jobs and turned to tourism as the most important segment of its economy. The suburbs experienced rapid growth, and San Francisco underwent significant demographic change, as large segments of the white population left the city, supplanted by an increasing wave of immigration from Asia and Latin America. From 1950 to 1980, the city lost over 10 percent of its population.", "qas": [ { "id": "50515", "question": "when did urban planning projects urban planning projects ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "1950s and 1960s" } ] }, { "id": "50516", "question": "what was the name of the short segments of new freeways ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 237, "text": "citizen-led opposition" } ] }, { "id": "50517", "question": "where did cargo activity activity activity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 373, "text": "Port of Oakland" } ] }, { "id": "50518", "question": "how much of the population did the city lose in 1950 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 762, "text": "over 10 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Over this period, San Francisco became a magnet for America's counterculture. Beat Generation writers fueled the San Francisco Renaissance and centered on the North Beach neighborhood in the 1950s. Hippies flocked to Haight-Ashbury in the 1960s, reaching a peak with the 1967 Summer of Love. In 1974, the Zebra murders left at least 16 people dead. In the 1970s, the city became a center of the gay rights movement, with the emergence of The Castro as an urban gay village, the election of Harvey Milk to the Board of Supervisors, and his assassination, along with that of Mayor George Moscone, in 1978.", "qas": [ { "id": "50519", "question": "what was a magnet for america 's counterculture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "San Francisco" } ] }, { "id": "50520", "question": "what was the name of the beat generation of the beat generation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "San Francisco Renaissance" } ] }, { "id": "50521", "question": "how many people died in the zebra murders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 333, "text": "16 people dead" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bank of America completed 555 California Street in 1969 and the Transamerica Pyramid was completed in 1972, igniting a wave of \"Manhattanization\" that lasted until the late 1980s, a period of extensive high-rise development downtown. The 1980s also saw a dramatic increase in the number of homeless people in the city, an issue that remains today, despite many attempts to address it. The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake caused destruction and loss of life throughout the Bay Area. In San Francisco, the quake severely damaged structures in the Marina and South of Market districts and precipitated the demolition of the damaged Embarcadero Freeway and much of the damaged Central Freeway, allowing the city to reclaim The Embarcadero as its historic downtown waterfront and revitalizing the Hayes Valley neighborhood.", "qas": [ { "id": "50522", "question": "what was the name of the street in 1969 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "555 California Street" } ] }, { "id": "50523", "question": "when did bank of america open 555 california ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "1969" } ] }, { "id": "50524", "question": "when was the pyramid pyramid pyramid ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "1972" } ] }, { "id": "50525", "question": "what was the name of the wave of the pyramid pyramid ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "Manhattanization" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The last 20 years have seen two booms driven by the internet industry. First was the dot-com boom of the late 1990s, startup companies invigorated the San Francisco economy. Large numbers of entrepreneurs and computer application developers moved into the city, followed by marketing, design, and sales professionals, changing the social landscape as once-poorer neighborhoods became increasingly gentrified. Demand for new housing and office space ignited a second wave of high-rise development, this time in the South of Market district. By 2000, the city's population reached new highs, surpassing the previous record set in 1950. When the bubble burst in 2001, many of these companies folded and their employees were laid off. Yet high technology and entrepreneurship remain mainstays of the San Francisco economy. By the mid 2000s (decade), the social media boom had begun, with San Francisco becoming a popular location for tech offices and a popular place to live for people employed in Silicon Valley companies such as Apple and Google.", "qas": [ { "id": "50526", "question": "in what year did the record set the record of the population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 628, "text": "1950" } ] }, { "id": "50527", "question": "what two people were employed in the mid 2000s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1027, "text": "Apple and Google" } ] } ] }, { "context": "San Francisco is located on the West Coast of the United States at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula and includes significant stretches of the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay within its boundaries. Several picturesque islands\u2014Alcatraz, Treasure Island and the adjacent Yerba Buena Island, and small portions of Alameda Island, Red Rock Island, and Angel Island\u2014are part of the city. Also included are the uninhabited Farallon Islands, offshore in the Pacific Ocean. The mainland within the city limits roughly forms a \"seven-by-seven-mile square\", a common local colloquialism referring to the city's shape, though its total area, including water, is nearly .\nThere are more than 50 hills within city limits. Some neighborhoods are named after the hill on which they are situated, including Nob Hill, Potrero Hill, and Russian Hill.\nNear the geographic center of the city, southwest of the downtown area, are a series of less densely populated hills. Twin Peaks, a pair of hills forming one of the city's highest points, forms a popular overlook spot. San Francisco's tallest hill, Mount Davidson, is high and is capped with a tall cross built in 1934. Dominating this area is Sutro Tower, a large red and white radio and television transmission tower.", "qas": [ { "id": "50528", "question": "where is san francisco located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "San Francisco Peninsula" } ] }, { "id": "50529", "question": "what is the name of the island that is located in buena ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "Alcatraz, Treasure Island" } ] }, { "id": "50530", "question": "what is the name of the island that is located in buena ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 284, "text": "Yerba Buena Island" } ] }, { "id": "50531", "question": "what is the name of the uninhabited islands in the pacific ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 432, "text": "Farallon Islands" } ] }, { "id": "50532", "question": "where is the uninhabited islands located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 466, "text": "Pacific Ocean" } ] }, { "id": "50533", "question": "what is san diego 's tallest hill ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1097, "text": "Mount Davidson" } ] }, { "id": "50534", "question": "what is the large red and white radio tower ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1192, "text": "Sutro Tower" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The nearby San Andreas and Hayward Faults are responsible for much earthquake activity, although neither physically passes through the city itself. The San Andreas Fault caused the earthquakes in 1906 and 1989. Minor earthquakes occur on a regular basis. The threat of major earthquakes plays a large role in the city's infrastructure development. The city constructed an auxiliary water supply system and has repeatedly upgraded its building codes, requiring retrofits for older buildings and higher engineering standards for new construction. However, there are still thousands of smaller buildings that remain vulnerable to quake damage. USGS has released the California earthquake forecast which models earthquake occurrence in California.", "qas": [ { "id": "50535", "question": "which faults are responsible for much earthquake ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "San Andreas and Hayward Faults" } ] }, { "id": "50536", "question": "what caused the earthquakes in 1906 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "San Andreas Fault" } ] }, { "id": "50537", "question": "when did the san andreas fault the earthquakes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "1906 and 1989" } ] } ] }, { "context": "San Francisco's shoreline has grown beyond its natural limits. Entire neighborhoods such as the Marina, Mission Bay, and Hunters Point, as well as large sections of the Embarcadero, sit on areas of landfill. Treasure Island was constructed from material dredged from the bay as well as material resulting from tunneling through Yerba Buena Island during the construction of the Bay Bridge. Such land tends to be unstable during earthquakes. The resulting liquefaction causes extensive damage to property built upon it, as was evidenced in the Marina district during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Most of the city's natural watercourses, such as Islais Creek and Mission Creek, have been culverted and built over, although the Public Utilities Commission is studying proposals to daylight or restore some creeks.", "qas": [ { "id": "50538", "question": "what are some examples of entire neighborhoods ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "Marina, Mission Bay, and Hunters Point" } ] }, { "id": "50539", "question": "who was the treasure of the bay bridge ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "Yerba Buena Island" } ] }, { "id": "50540", "question": "what bridge was buena constructed from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 378, "text": "Bay Bridge" } ] }, { "id": "50541", "question": "during what earthquake was the marina district built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 575, "text": "Loma Prieta earthquake" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The historic center of San Francisco is the northeast quadrant of the city anchored by Market Street and the waterfront. It is here that the Financial District is centered, with Union Square, the principal shopping and hotel district, and the Tenderloin nearby. Cable cars carry riders up steep inclines to the summit of Nob Hill, once the home of the city's business tycoons, and down to the waterfront tourist attractions of Fisherman's Wharf, and Pier 39, where many restaurants feature Dungeness crab from a still-active fishing industry. Also in this quadrant are Russian Hill, a residential neighborhood with the famously crooked Lombard Street; North Beach, the city's Little Italy and the former center of the Beat Generation; and Telegraph Hill, which features Coit Tower. Abutting Russian Hill and North Beach is San Francisco's Chinatown, the oldest Chinatown in North America. The South of Market, which was once San Francisco's industrial core, has seen significant redevelopment following the construction of AT&T Park and an infusion of startup companies. New skyscrapers, live-work lofts, and condominiums dot the area. Further development is taking place just to the south in Mission Bay area, a former railroad yard, which now has a second campus of the University of California, San Francisco, and where the new Warrior's stadium will be built.", "qas": [ { "id": "50542", "question": "what is the name of the hill cars that carry riders up steep inclines ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 321, "text": "Nob Hill" } ] }, { "id": "50543", "question": "what is the name of the residential neighborhood with the famously crooked lombard street ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 569, "text": "Russian Hill" } ] } ] }, { "context": "West of downtown, across Van Ness Avenue, lies the large Western Addition neighborhood, which became established with a large African American population after World War II. The Western Addition is usually divided into smaller neighborhoods including Hayes Valley, the Fillmore, and Japantown, which was once the largest Japantown in North America but suffered when its Japanese American residents were forcibly removed and interned during World War II. The Western Addition survived the 1906 earthquake with its Victorians largely intact, including the famous \"Painted Ladies\", standing alongside Alamo Square. To the south, near the geographic center of the city is Haight-Ashbury, famously associated with 1960s hippie culture. The Haight is now home to some expensive boutiques and a few controversial chain stores, although it still retains some bohemian character. North of the Western Addition is Pacific Heights, an affluent neighborhood that features the homes built by wealthy San Franciscans in the wake of the 1906 earthquake. Directly north of Pacific Heights facing the waterfront is the Marina, a neighborhood popular with young professionals that was largely built on reclaimed land from the Bay.\nIn the south-east quadrant of the city is the Mission District\u2014populated in the 19th century by Californios and working-class immigrants from Germany, Ireland, Italy, and Scandinavia. In the 1910s, a wave of Central American immigrants settled in the Mission and, in the 1950s, immigrants from Mexico began to predominate. In recent years, gentrification has changed the demographics of parts of the Mission from Latino, to twenty-something professionals. Noe Valley to the southwest and Bernal Heights to the south are both increasingly popular among young families with children. East of the Mission is the Potrero Hill neighborhood, a mostly residential neighborhood that features sweeping views of downtown San Francisco. West of the Mission, the area historically known as Eureka Valley, now popularly called the Castro, was once a working-class Scandinavian and Irish area. It has become North America's first and best known gay village, and is now the center of gay life in the city. Located near the city's southern border, the Excelsior District is one of the most ethnically diverse neighborhoods in San Francisco. The predominantly African American Bayview-Hunters Point in the far southeast corner of the city is one of the poorest neighborhoods and suffers from a high rate of crime, though the area has been the focus of several revitalizing and controversial urban renewal projects.", "qas": [ { "id": "50544", "question": "where is west of downtown downtown ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "Van Ness Avenue" } ] }, { "id": "50545", "question": "after what war was west of downtown avenue established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "World War II" } ] }, { "id": "50546", "question": "what was the `` painted ladies '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 598, "text": "Alamo Square" } ] }, { "id": "50547", "question": "what is the geographic center of the city near the south ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 668, "text": "Haight-Ashbury" } ] }, { "id": "50548", "question": "what is the area historically known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1991, "text": "Eureka Valley" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The construction of the Twin Peaks Tunnel in 1918 connected southwest neighborhoods to downtown via streetcar, hastening the development of West Portal, and nearby affluent Forest Hill and St. Francis Wood. Further west, stretching all the way to the Pacific Ocean and north to Golden Gate Park lies the vast Sunset District, a large middle class area with a predominantly Asian population.\nThe northwestern quadrant of the city contains the Richmond, also a mostly middle-class neighborhood north of Golden Gate Park, home to immigrants from other parts of Asia as well as many Russian and Ukrainian immigrants. Together, these areas are known as The Avenues. These two districts are each sometimes further divided into two regions: the Outer Richmond and Outer Sunset can refer to the more western portions of their respective district and the Inner Richmond and Inner Sunset can refer to the more eastern portions.", "qas": [ { "id": "50549", "question": "what is the name of the tunnel in 1918 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "Twin Peaks Tunnel" } ] }, { "id": "50550", "question": "when was the twin peaks tunnel ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "1918" } ] }, { "id": "50551", "question": "what are the names of the twin peaks tunnel in 1918 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "Forest Hill and St. Francis Wood" } ] }, { "id": "50552", "question": "where is the sunset district located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "Golden Gate Park" } ] }, { "id": "50553", "question": "what is the large middle class area in golden gate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "Sunset District" } ] }, { "id": "50554", "question": "where is the richmond neighborhood located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 501, "text": "Golden Gate Park" } ] }, { "id": "50555", "question": "what are these areas known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 648, "text": "The Avenues" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many piers remained derelict for years until the demolition of the Embarcadero Freeway reopened the downtown waterfront, allowing for redevelopment. The centerpiece of the port, the Ferry Building, while still receiving commuter ferry traffic, has been restored and redeveloped as a gourmet marketplace. The port's other activities now focus on developing waterside assets to support recreation and tourism.", "qas": [ { "id": "50556", "question": "what reopened the downtown waterfront ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Embarcadero Freeway" } ] }, { "id": "50557", "question": "what is the centerpiece of the port of the port ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "the Ferry Building" } ] }, { "id": "50558", "question": "what type of traffic is the ferry building ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "commuter ferry traffic" } ] } ] }, { "context": "San Francisco's climate is characteristic of the warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb) of California's coast, with moist mild winters and dry summers. San Francisco's weather is strongly influenced by the cool currents of the Pacific Ocean on the west side of the city, and the water of San Francisco Bay to the north and east. This moderates temperature swings and produces a remarkably mild year-round climate with little seasonal temperature variation.\nAmong major U.S. cities, San Francisco has the coolest daily mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures for June, July, and August.\nDuring the summer, rising hot air in California's interior valleys creates a low pressure area that draws winds from the North Pacific High through the Golden Gate, which creates the city's characteristic cool winds and fog. The fog is less pronounced in eastern neighborhoods and during the late summer and early fall, which is the warmest time of the year.", "qas": [ { "id": "50559", "question": "what is the name of the bay located in san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 289, "text": "San Francisco Bay" } ] }, { "id": "50560", "question": "which city has the coolest daily mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 483, "text": "San Francisco" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Because of its sharp topography and maritime influences, San Francisco exhibits a multitude of distinct microclimates. The high hills in the geographic center of the city are responsible for a 20% variance in annual rainfall between different parts of the city. They also protect neighborhoods directly to their east from the foggy and sometimes very cold and windy conditions experienced in the Sunset District; for those who live on the eastern side of the city, San Francisco is sunnier, with an average of 260 clear days, and only 105 cloudy days per year.", "qas": [ { "id": "50561", "question": "which city exhibits a multitude of distinct microclimates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "San Francisco" } ] }, { "id": "50562", "question": "what percentage of the city are the high hills in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "20%" } ] }, { "id": "50563", "question": "where do the high hills of the city protect ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 396, "text": "Sunset District" } ] }, { "id": "50564", "question": "how long is the average of the sunset district ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 510, "text": "260 clear days" } ] }, { "id": "50565", "question": "what is the average days of the sunset district ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 535, "text": "105 cloudy days per year" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Temperatures reach or exceed on an average of only 21 and 23\u00a0days a year at downtown and San Francisco International Airport (SFO), respectively. The dry period of May to October is mild to warm, with the normal monthly mean temperature peaking in September at . The rainy period of November to April is slightly cooler, with the normal monthly mean temperature reaching its lowest in January at . On average, there are 73 rainy days a year, and annual precipitation averages . Variation in precipitation from year to year is high. Above average rain years are often associated with warm El Ni\u00f1o conditions in the Pacific while dry years often occur in cold water La Ni\u00f1a periods. In 2013 (a \"La Ni\u00f1a\" year), a record low of rainfall was recorded at downtown San Francisco, where records have been kept since 1849. Snowfall in the city is very rare, with only 10 measurable accumulations recorded since 1852, most recently in 1976 when up to fell on Twin Peaks.", "qas": [ { "id": "50566", "question": "what is the name of the airport in san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "San Francisco International Airport" } ] }, { "id": "50567", "question": "how many rainy days are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 420, "text": "73" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The highest recorded temperature at the official National Weather Service office was on July 17, 1988, and June 14, 2000. The lowest recorded temperature was on December 11, 1932. The National Weather Service provides a helpful visual aid graphing the information in the table below to display visually by month the annual typical temperatures, the past year's temperatures, and record temperatures.", "qas": [ { "id": "50568", "question": "when was the highest recorded temperature at the official national weather service office ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "July 17, 1988" } ] }, { "id": "50569", "question": "when was the highest recorded temperature at the official national weather service ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "June 14, 2000" } ] }, { "id": "50570", "question": "on what date was the lowest recorded temperature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "December 11, 1932" } ] } ] }, { "context": "San Francisco falls under the USDA 10a Plant Hardiness zone.", "qas": [ { "id": "50571", "question": "what is the name of the plant in san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "USDA 10a Plant Hardiness zone" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 2010 United States Census reported that San Francisco had a population of 805,235. With a population density of 17,160 per square mile (6,632/km), San Francisco is the second-most densely populated major American city behind only New York (among cities greater than 200,000 population).", "qas": [ { "id": "50572", "question": "what was the population of san francisco in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "805,235" } ] }, { "id": "50573", "question": "what is the population of san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "17,160 per square mile" } ] }, { "id": "50574", "question": "what is the largest american city in san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "New York" } ] } ] }, { "context": "San Francisco is the traditional focal point of the San Francisco Bay Area and forms part of the five-county San Francisco\u2013Oakland\u2013Hayward, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, a region of 4.6 million people. It is also part of the greater 12-county San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area, whose population is over 8.7 million, making it the fifth-largest in the United States as of July 1, 2015. The U.S. Census Bureau estimates San Francisco's population increased to 864,816 as of July 1, 2015.", "qas": [ { "id": "50575", "question": "how many people are in the metropolitan area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "4.6 million" } ] }, { "id": "50576", "question": "what is the population of san diego in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 334, "text": "8.7 million" } ] }, { "id": "50577", "question": "when did san diego 's population begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 402, "text": "July 1, 2015" } ] }, { "id": "50578", "question": "what was the population of san diego in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 489, "text": "864,816" } ] }, { "id": "50579", "question": "when did san diego 's population begin to 864,816 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 503, "text": "July 1, 2015" } ] } ] }, { "context": "San Francisco has a minority-majority population, as non-Hispanic whites comprise less than half of the population, 41.9%, down from 92.5% in 1940. \nAs of the 2010 census, the ethnic makeup and population of San Francisco included: 390,387 Whites (48%), 267,915 Asians (33%), 48,870 African Americans (6%), and others. There were 121,744 Hispanics or Latinos of any race (15%).", "qas": [ { "id": "50580", "question": "what percentage of the population is non-hispanic whites ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "41.9%" } ] }, { "id": "50581", "question": "what is the population of san diego in 1940 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "92.5%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2010, residents of Chinese ethnicity constituted the largest single ethnic minority group in San Francisco at 21% of the population; the other Asian groups are Filipinos (5%) and Vietnamese (2%). \nThe population of Chinese ancestry is most heavily concentrated in Chinatown, Sunset District, and Richmond District, whereas Filipinos are most concentrated in the Crocker-Amazon (which is contiguous with the Filipino community of Daly City, which has one of the highest concentrations of Filipinos in North America), as well as in SoMa. The Tenderloin District is home to a large portion of the city's Vietnamese population as well as businesses and restaurants, which is known as the city's Little Saigon.", "qas": [ { "id": "50582", "question": "in what year was the largest single ethnic minority group in san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2010" } ] }, { "id": "50583", "question": "what percentage of the population of san diego is the largest single ethnic minority group ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "21%" } ] }, { "id": "50584", "question": "what is the largest asian minority group in san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "Filipinos" } ] }, { "id": "50585", "question": "what percentage of filipinos are filipinos ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "5%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The principal Hispanic groups in the city were those of Mexican (7%) and Salvadoran (2%) ancestry. The Hispanic population is most heavily concentrated in the Mission District, Tenderloin District, and Excelsior District. The city's percentage of Hispanic residents is less than half of that of the state.\nSan Francisco's African American population has declined to 6% of the city's population. The percentage of African Americans in San Francisco is similar to that of California. The majority of the city's black population reside within the neighborhoods of Bayview-Hunters Point, and Visitacion Valley, and in the Fillmore District.\nOnly 38% of the city's residents were born in California, while 25% were born in a different U.S. state, and 36% were born outside the United States.", "qas": [ { "id": "50586", "question": "what percentage of hispanic groups were hispanic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "7%" } ] }, { "id": "50587", "question": "what percentage of hispanic groups are salvadoran ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "2%" } ] }, { "id": "50588", "question": "where is the hispanic population located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "Mission District, Tenderloin District, and Excelsior District" } ] }, { "id": "50589", "question": "what percentage of the city 's population is san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 366, "text": "6%" } ] }, { "id": "50590", "question": "what percentage of the city 's residents were born in california ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 642, "text": "38%" } ] }, { "id": "50591", "question": "what percentage of the city 's residents were born in a different u.s. state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 701, "text": "25%" } ] }, { "id": "50592", "question": "what percentage of the population were born outside of the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 746, "text": "36%" } ] } ] }, { "context": ", 55% (411,728) of San Francisco residents spoke English at home as a primary language, while 19% (140,302) spoke a variety of Chinese (mostly Taishanese and Cantonese), 12% (88,147) Spanish, 3% (25,767) Tagalog, and 2% (14,017) Russian. In total, 45% (342,693) of San Francisco's population spoke a mother language other than English.", "qas": [ { "id": "50593", "question": "what percentage of san diego 's residents spoke english at home ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2, "text": "55%" } ] }, { "id": "50594", "question": "what percentage of chinese residents spoke a variety of chinese ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "19%" } ] }, { "id": "50595", "question": "what percentage of san diego 's population is spanish ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "12%" } ] }, { "id": "50596", "question": "what percentage of san diego 's population spoke a mother language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "45%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Of all major cities in the United States, San Francisco has the second-highest percentage of residents with a college degree, behind only Seattle. Over 44% of adults have a bachelor's or higher degree. \nSan Francisco had the highest rate at 7,031 per square mile, or over 344,000 total graduates in the city's .", "qas": [ { "id": "50597", "question": "which city has the second-highest percentage of residents with a college degree ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "San Francisco" } ] }, { "id": "50598", "question": "what percentage of adults have a bachelor 's higher degree ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "44%" } ] }, { "id": "50599", "question": "what was the highest rate of san francisco ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "7,031 per square mile" } ] } ] }, { "context": "San Francisco has the highest percentage of gay and lesbian individuals of any of the 50 largest U.S. cities, at 15%. \nSan Francisco also has the highest percentage of same-sex households of any American county, with the Bay Area having a higher concentration than any other metropolitan area.\nSan Francisco ranks third of American cities in median household income with a 2007 value of $65,519. Median family income is $81,136. \nAn emigration of middle-class families has left the city with a lower proportion of children, 15%, than any other large American city.\nThe city's poverty rate is 12%, lower than the national average. \nHomelessness has been a chronic problem for San Francisco since the early 1970s. \nThe city is believed to have the highest number of homeless inhabitants per capita of any major U.S. city.", "qas": [ { "id": "50600", "question": "what is the highest percentage of gay and lesbian individuals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "15%" } ] }, { "id": "50601", "question": "what is the value of san francisco income in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 387, "text": "$65,519" } ] }, { "id": "50602", "question": "what is median family income ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 420, "text": "$81,136" } ] }, { "id": "50603", "question": "what is the poverty rate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 592, "text": "12%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are 345,811 households in the city, out of which: 133,366 households (39%) were individuals, 109,437 (32%) were opposite-sex married couples, 63,577 (18%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 21,677 (6%) were unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 10,384 (3%) were same-sex married couples or partnerships. The average household size was 2.26; the average family size was 3.11. 452,986 people (56%) lived in rental housing units, and 327,985 people (41%) lived in owner-occupied housing units.\nThe median age of the city population is 38 years.", "qas": [ { "id": "50604", "question": "how many households are in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "345,811" } ] }, { "id": "50605", "question": "what type of households were married couples ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "133,366 households" } ] }, { "id": "50606", "question": "what percentage of households were married couples ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "39%" } ] }, { "id": "50607", "question": "what was the average household size ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 358, "text": "2.26" } ] }, { "id": "50608", "question": "how long is the median age of the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 555, "text": "38 years" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Homelessness, historically, has been a major problem in the city and remains a growing problem in modern times. The homeless population is estimated to be 13,500 with 6,500 living on the streets.", "qas": [ { "id": "50609", "question": "what has been a major problem in modern times ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Homelessness" } ] }, { "id": "50610", "question": "what is the homeless population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "13,500" } ] }, { "id": "50611", "question": "what is the homeless population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "6,500" } ] } ] }, { "context": "San Francisco has a diversified service economy, with employment spread across a wide range of professional services, including financial services, tourism, and (increasingly) high technology. In 2012, approximately 25% of workers were employed in professional business services; 16% in government services; 15% in leisure and hospitality; 11% in education and health care; and 9% in financial activities. In 2013, GDP in the five-county San Francisco metropolitan area was US$388.3 billion.", "qas": [ { "id": "50612", "question": "what percentage of workers were employed in professional business services in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "25%" } ] }, { "id": "50613", "question": "in 2012 , what percentage of government services were employed in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "16%" } ] }, { "id": "50614", "question": "what percentage of workers in leisure and hospitality were employed in leisure and hospitality ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "15%" } ] }, { "id": "50615", "question": "what percentage of workers in education were in education and health care ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 340, "text": "11%" } ] }, { "id": "50616", "question": "what percentage of financial activities were employed in financial activities in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 378, "text": "9%" } ] }, { "id": "50617", "question": "what was the gdp in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 474, "text": "US$388.3 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The legacy of the California Gold Rush turned San Francisco into the principal banking and finance center of the West Coast in the early twentieth century. Montgomery Street in the Financial District became known as the \"Wall Street of the West\", home to the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, the Wells Fargo corporate headquarters, and the site of the now-defunct Pacific Coast Stock Exchange. Bank of America, a pioneer in making banking services accessible to the middle class, was founded in San Francisco and in the 1960s, built the landmark modern skyscraper at 555 California Street for its corporate headquarters. Many large financial institutions, multinational banks, and venture capital firms are based in or have regional headquarters in the city. With over 30 international financial institutions, six Fortune 500 companies, and a large support infrastructure of professional services\u2014including law, public relations, architecture and design\u2014San Francisco is designated as an Alpha(-) World City. In March 2014 it was ranked in 10th place among the top global financial centers.", "qas": [ { "id": "50618", "question": "what turned san francisco into the principal banking and finance center ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "California Gold Rush" } ] }, { "id": "50619", "question": "what was the name of the financial district of montgomery ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 221, "text": "Wall Street of the West" } ] }, { "id": "50620", "question": "what was the name of the exchange of the wall street of the west '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 370, "text": "Pacific Coast Stock Exchange" } ] }, { "id": "50621", "question": "where was the landmark modern skyscraper built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 573, "text": "555 California Street" } ] }, { "id": "50622", "question": "how many fortune companies are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 816, "text": "six Fortune 500" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Like many U.S. cities, San Francisco once had a significant manufacturing sector employing nearly 60,000 workers in 1969, but nearly all production left for cheaper locations by the 1980s. , San Francisco has seen a small resurgence in manufacturing, with more than 4,000 manufacturing jobs across 500 companies, doubling since 2011. The city's largest manufacturing employer is Anchor Brewing Company, and the largest by revenue is Timbuk2.", "qas": [ { "id": "50623", "question": "how many workers did san diego have in 1969 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "60,000" } ] }, { "id": "50624", "question": "in what year did san diego 's manufacturing sector begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "1969" } ] }, { "id": "50625", "question": "how many manufacturing jobs are there in san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "4,000" } ] }, { "id": "50626", "question": "what is the largest manufacturing employer in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 379, "text": "Anchor Brewing Company" } ] }, { "id": "50627", "question": "what is the largest manufacturing employer in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 433, "text": "Timbuk2" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Tourism is one of the city's largest private-sector industries, accounting for more than one out of seven jobs in the city. The city's frequent portrayal in music, film, and popular culture has made the city and its landmarks recognizable worldwide. It attracts the fifth-highest number of foreign tourists of any city in the United States \nand is one of the 100 most visited cities worldwide according to Euromonitor International. More than 18\u00a0million visitors arrived in San Francisco in 2014, injecting US$10.67\u00a0billion into the economy. \nWith a large hotel infrastructure and a world-class convention facility in the Moscone Center, San Francisco is a popular destination for annual conventions and conferences.", "qas": [ { "id": "50628", "question": "how many jobs does tourism have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "seven" } ] }, { "id": "50629", "question": "what is the name of the most visited cities in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 406, "text": "Euromonitor International" } ] }, { "id": "50630", "question": "how much money did san diego spend in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 507, "text": "US$10.67\u00a0billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some of the most popular tourist attractions in San Francisco noted by the Travel Channel include the Golden Gate Bridge and Alamo Square Park, which is home to the famous \"Painted Ladies\". Both of these locations were often used as landscape shots for the hit American sitcom Full House. There is also Lombard Street, known for its \"crookedness\" and beautiful views. Tourists also flood to Pier 39, which offers dining, shopping, entertainment, and beautiful views of the bay, sun-bathing seals, and the famous Alcatraz Island.", "qas": [ { "id": "50631", "question": "what are the two popular tourist attractions in san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "Golden Gate Bridge and Alamo Square Park" } ] }, { "id": "50632", "question": "what is the famous name for the golden gate bridge ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "Painted Ladies" } ] }, { "id": "50633", "question": "what was the hit american landscape shots used for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "Full House" } ] }, { "id": "50634", "question": "what is the name of the street known as for its beautiful views ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 303, "text": "Lombard Street" } ] }, { "id": "50635", "question": "what is lombard street known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 334, "text": "crookedness" } ] }, { "id": "50636", "question": "what is the name of the tourists that offers dining , shopping , and beautiful views ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 391, "text": "Pier 39" } ] }, { "id": "50637", "question": "what is the name of the famous island that tourists flood ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 512, "text": "Alcatraz Island" } ] } ] }, { "context": "San Francisco also offers tourists cultural and unique nightlife in its neighborhoods.", "qas": [ { "id": "50638", "question": "which city has tourists cultural and unique nightlife ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "San Francisco" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The port currently uses Pier 35 to handle the 60\u201380 cruise ship calls and 200,000 passengers that come to San Francisco. Itineraries from San Francisco usually include round trip cruises to Alaska and Mexico. The new Terminal Project at Pier 27 is scheduled to open 2014 as a replacement. The existing primary terminal at Pier 35 has neither the sufficient capacity to allow for the increasing size of new cruise ships nor the amenities needed for an international cruise terminal.", "qas": [ { "id": "50639", "question": "what does the port currently use to handle the 60 cruise ship ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "Pier 35" } ] }, { "id": "50640", "question": "how many passengers are in the port of the port ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "200,000" } ] }, { "id": "50641", "question": "where is the round of round located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "Alaska and Mexico" } ] }, { "id": "50642", "question": "where is the primary terminal of cruise ships located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "Pier 35" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A heightened interest in conventioneering in San Francisco, marked by the establishment of convention centers such as Yerba Buena, acted as a feeder into the local tourist economy and resulted in an increase in the hotel industry: \"In 1959, the city had fewer than thirty-three hundred first-class hotel rooms; by 1970, the number was nine thousand; and by 1999, there were more than thirty thousand.\" The commodification of the Castro District has contributed to San Francisco's tourist economy.", "qas": [ { "id": "50643", "question": "in what city did the establishment of convention centers take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "San Francisco" } ] }, { "id": "50644", "question": "who was the establishment of convention centers in san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "Yerba Buena" } ] }, { "id": "50645", "question": "in what year did the city of the hotel begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 235, "text": "1959" } ] }, { "id": "50646", "question": "how many first-class hotel did buena have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 265, "text": "thirty-three hundred" } ] }, { "id": "50647", "question": "in what year was the number of convention centers in san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 314, "text": "1970" } ] }, { "id": "50648", "question": "what was the number of convention centers in 1970 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 335, "text": "nine thousand" } ] }, { "id": "50649", "question": "in what year was the convention industry more than thirty thousand .", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 357, "text": "1999" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although the Financial District, Union Square, and Fisherman's Wharf are well-known around the world, San Francisco is also characterized by its numerous culturally rich streetscapes featuring mixed-use neighborhoods anchored around central commercial corridors to which residents and visitors alike can walk. Because of these characteristics, San Francisco is ranked the second \"most walkable\" city in the United States by Walkscore.com. Many neighborhoods feature a mix of businesses, restaurants and venues that cater to both the daily needs of local residents while also serving many visitors and tourists. Some neighborhoods are dotted with boutiques, caf\u00e9s and nightlife such as Union Street in Cow Hollow, 24th Street in Noe Valley, Valencia Street in the Mission, Grant Avenue in North Beach, and Irving Street in the Inner Sunset. This approach especially has influenced the continuing South of Market neighborhood redevelopment with businesses and neighborhood services rising alongside high-rise residences.", "qas": [ { "id": "50650", "question": "what is the name of the world 's wharf ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "San Francisco" } ] }, { "id": "50651", "question": "who ranked the second `` most walkable '' city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 424, "text": "Walkscore.com" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since the 1990s, the demand for skilled information technology workers from local startups and nearby Silicon Valley has attracted white-collar workers from all over the world and created a high standard of living in San Francisco. Many neighborhoods that were once blue-collar, middle, and lower class have been gentrifying, as many of the city's traditional business and industrial districts have experienced a renaissance driven by the redevelopment of the Embarcadero, including the neighborhoods South Beach and Mission Bay. The city's property values and household income have risen to among the highest in the nation, creating a large and upscale restaurant, retail, and entertainment scene. According to a 2014 quality of life survey of global cities, San Francisco has the highest quality of living of any U.S. city. However, due to the exceptionally high cost of living, many of the city's middle and lower-class families have been leaving the city for the outer suburbs of the Bay Area, or for California's Central Valley. By June 2, 2015, the median rent was reported to be as high as $4,225. The high cost of living is due in part to restrictive planning laws which limit new residential construction.", "qas": [ { "id": "50652", "question": "what are the names of the neighborhoods in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 501, "text": "South Beach and Mission Bay" } ] }, { "id": "50653", "question": "which city has the highest quality of living of any u.s. city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 760, "text": "San Francisco" } ] }, { "id": "50654", "question": "what was the median rent to be high as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1097, "text": "$4,225" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The international character that San Francisco has enjoyed since its founding is continued today by large numbers of immigrants from Asia and Latin America. With 39% of its residents born overseas, San Francisco has numerous neighborhoods filled with businesses and civic institutions catering to new arrivals. In particular, the arrival of many ethnic Chinese, which accelerated beginning in the 1970s, has complemented the long-established community historically based in Chinatown throughout the city and has transformed the annual Chinese New Year Parade into the largest event of its kind outside China.", "qas": [ { "id": "50655", "question": "where is the international character that san francisco enjoyed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Asia and Latin America" } ] }, { "id": "50656", "question": "what percentage of san diego 's residents are born ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "39%" } ] }, { "id": "50657", "question": "in what decade did the arrival of many ethnic chinese begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 397, "text": "1970s" } ] }, { "id": "50658", "question": "what is the name of the parade that has transformed the long-established community ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 535, "text": "Chinese New Year Parade" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With the arrival of the \"beat\" writers and artists of the 1950s and societal changes culminating in the Summer of Love in the Haight-Ashbury district during the 1960s, San Francisco became a center of liberal activism and of the counterculture that arose at that time. The Democrats and to a lesser extent the Green Party have dominated city politics since the late 1970s, after the last serious Republican challenger for city office lost the 1975 mayoral election by a narrow margin. San Francisco has not voted more than 20% for a Republican presidential or senatorial candidate since 1988. In 2007, the city expanded its Medicaid and other indigent medical programs into the \"Healthy San Francisco\" program, which subsidizes certain medical services for eligible residents.", "qas": [ { "id": "50659", "question": "in what district was the summer of love located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "Haight-Ashbury" } ] }, { "id": "50660", "question": "what city became a center of liberal activism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "San Francisco" } ] }, { "id": "50661", "question": "how much of san diego 's candidate is not more than a republican ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 523, "text": "20%" } ] }, { "id": "50662", "question": "what was the name of the program that the city expanded in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 679, "text": "Healthy San Francisco\" program" } ] } ] }, { "context": "San Francisco also has had a very active environmental community. Starting with the founding of the Sierra Club in 1892 to the establishment of the non-profit Friends of the Urban Forest in 1981, San Francisco has been at the forefront of many global discussions regarding our natural environment. The 1980 San Francisco Recycling Program was one of the earliest curbside recycling programs. The city's GoSolarSF incentive promotes solar installations and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission is rolling out the CleanPowerSF program to sell electricity from local renewable sources. SF Greasecycle is a program to recycle used cooking oil for conversion to biodiesel.", "qas": [ { "id": "50663", "question": "when was the founding of the sierra club ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "1892" } ] }, { "id": "50664", "question": "in what year was the non-profit friends of the urban forest created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "1981" } ] }, { "id": "50665", "question": "which city has been at the forefront of the urban forest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "San Francisco" } ] }, { "id": "50666", "question": "what was one of the earliest curbside recycling programs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "San Francisco Recycling Program" } ] }, { "id": "50667", "question": "who is a program to recycle oil for conversion to biodiesel oil ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 592, "text": "SF Greasecycle" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Sunset Reservoir Solar Project, completed in 2010, installed 24,000 solar panels on the roof of the reservoir. The 5-megawatt plant more than tripled the city's 2-megawatt solar generation capacity when it opened in December 2010.", "qas": [ { "id": "50668", "question": "what project installed 24,000 solar panels on the roof of the reservoir ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Sunset Reservoir Solar Project" } ] }, { "id": "50669", "question": "when was the sunset reservoir solar project completed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "2010" } ] }, { "id": "50670", "question": "how many solar panels did the sunset reservoir solar project have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "24,000" } ] }, { "id": "50671", "question": "when did the plant plant begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "December 2010" } ] } ] }, { "context": "San Francisco has long had an LGBT-friendly history. It was home to the first lesbian-rights organization in the United States, Daughters of Bilitis; the first openly gay person to run for public office in the United States, Jos\u00e9 Sarria; the first openly gay man to be elected to public office in California, Harvey Milk; the first openly lesbian judge appointed in the U.S., Mary C. Morgan; and the first transgender police commissioner, Theresa Sparks. The city's large gay population has created and sustained a politically and culturally active community over many decades, developing a powerful presence in San Francisco's civic life. One of the most popular destinations for gay tourists internationally, the city hosts San Francisco Pride, one of the largest and oldest pride parades.", "qas": [ { "id": "50672", "question": "who was the first organization in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "Daughters of Bilitis" } ] }, { "id": "50673", "question": "who was the first gay person to run for public office ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "Jos\u00e9 Sarria" } ] }, { "id": "50674", "question": "what was the name of the first gay office ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "Harvey Milk" } ] }, { "id": "50675", "question": "who was the first transgender police ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 376, "text": "Mary C. Morgan" } ] }, { "id": "50676", "question": "who was the first transgender police commissioner ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 439, "text": "Theresa Sparks" } ] }, { "id": "50677", "question": "what is the largest and oldest pride parades in san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 726, "text": "San Francisco Pride" } ] } ] }, { "context": "San Francisco Pride events have been held continuously since 1972. The events are themed and a new theme is created each year. In 2013, over 1.5 million people attended, around 500,000 more than the previous year.", "qas": [ { "id": "50678", "question": "when was san diego 's san francisco pride events held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "1972" } ] }, { "id": "50679", "question": "how many people died in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "1.5 million" } ] }, { "id": "50680", "question": "how many people died in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "500,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "San Francisco's War Memorial and Performing Arts Center hosts some of the most enduring performing-arts companies in the country. The War Memorial Opera House houses the San Francisco Opera, the second-largest opera company in North America as well as the San Francisco Ballet, while the San Francisco Symphony plays in Davies Symphony Hall.", "qas": [ { "id": "50681", "question": "what is the name of the san francisco opera company ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "War Memorial Opera House" } ] }, { "id": "50682", "question": "what is the second-largest opera company in north america ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "San Francisco Opera" } ] }, { "id": "50683", "question": "what is the second-largest opera company in north america ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "San Francisco Ballet" } ] }, { "id": "50684", "question": "where does the san francisco symphony plays ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 320, "text": "Davies Symphony Hall" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Fillmore is a music venue located in the Western Addition. It is the second incarnation of the historic venue that gained fame in the 1960s, housing the stage where now-famous musicians such as the Grateful Dead, Janis Joplin, Led Zeppelin and Jefferson Airplane first performed, fostering the San Francisco Sound.", "qas": [ { "id": "50685", "question": "where is the fillmore venue located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "Western Addition" } ] }, { "id": "50686", "question": "in what decade did the historic venue take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "1960s" } ] }, { "id": "50687", "question": "what is the name of the sound of grateful dead ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "San Francisco Sound" } ] } ] }, { "context": "San Francisco has a large number of theaters and live performance venues. Local theater companies have been noted for risk taking and innovation. The Tony Award-winning non-profit American Conservatory Theater (A.C.T.) is a member of the national League of Resident Theatres. Other local winners of the Regional Theatre Tony Award include the San Francisco Mime Troupe. \nSan Francisco theaters frequently host pre-Broadway engagements and tryout runs, and some original San Francisco productions have later moved to Broadway.", "qas": [ { "id": "50688", "question": "what is the tony award-winning non-profit ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "American Conservatory Theater" } ] }, { "id": "50689", "question": "what is the name of the tony award tony award ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 343, "text": "San Francisco Mime Troupe" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA) houses 20th century and contemporary works of art. It moved to its current building in the South of Market neighborhood in 1995 and attracted more than 600,000 visitors annually. SFMOMA closed for renovation and expansion in 2013. The museum reopened on May 14, 2016 with an addition, designed by Sn\u00f8hetta, that has doubled the museum's size.", "qas": [ { "id": "50690", "question": "when did the san francisco museum of modern art begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "1995" } ] }, { "id": "50691", "question": "how many visitors did the san francisco museum have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "600,000" } ] }, { "id": "50692", "question": "on what date did the museum reopened ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "May 14, 2016" } ] }, { "id": "50693", "question": "who designed the museum 's size ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 345, "text": "Sn\u00f8hetta" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Palace of the Legion of Honor holds primarily European antiquities and works of art at its Lincoln Park building modeled after its Parisian namesake. The de Young Museum in Golden Gate Park features American decorative pieces and anthropological holdings from Africa, Oceania and the Americas, while Asian art is housed in the Asian Art Museum. Opposite the de Young stands the California Academy of Sciences, a natural history museum that also hosts the Morrison Planetarium and Steinhart Aquarium. Located on Pier 15 on the Embarcadero, the Exploratorium is an interactive science museum. The Contemporary Jewish Museum is a non-collecting institution that hosts a broad array of temporary exhibitions. On Nob Hill, the Cable Car Museum is a working museum featuring the cable car power house, which drives the cables.", "qas": [ { "id": "50694", "question": "where is the de young museum located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "Golden Gate Park" } ] }, { "id": "50695", "question": "where is the de young museum in golden gate located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "Africa, Oceania and the Americas" } ] }, { "id": "50696", "question": "where is asian art housed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 331, "text": "Asian Art Museum" } ] }, { "id": "50697", "question": "what is opposite the de young stands of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 382, "text": "California Academy of Sciences" } ] }, { "id": "50698", "question": "what does the california academy of sciences hosts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 459, "text": "Morrison Planetarium and Steinhart Aquarium" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Major League Baseball's San Francisco Giants have played in San Francisco since moving from New York in 1958. The Giants play at AT&T Park, which opened in 2000. The Giants won World Series titles in 2010, 2012 and in 2014. The Giants have boasted such stars as Willie Mays, Willie McCovey and Barry Bonds. In 2012, San Francisco was ranked #1 in a study that examined which U.S. metro areas have produced the most Major Leaguers since 1920.", "qas": [ { "id": "50699", "question": "where did the major league baseball 's san francisco come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "New York" } ] }, { "id": "50700", "question": "in what year did new york begin to played in san francisco ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "1958" } ] }, { "id": "50701", "question": "where is the giants play ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "AT&T Park" } ] }, { "id": "50702", "question": "in what year did at&t park open ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "2000" } ] }, { "id": "50703", "question": "what was san diego 's study in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 341, "text": "#1" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL) were the longest-tenured major professional sports franchise in the city until moving in 2013. The team began play in 1946 as an All-America Football Conference (AAFC) league charter member, moved to the NFL in 1950 and into Candlestick Park in 1971. The team began playing its home games at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara in 2014, closer to the city of San Jose. The 49ers won five Super Bowl titles in the 1980s and 1990s.", "qas": [ { "id": "50704", "question": "what is the name of the major sports league in nfl ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League" } ] }, { "id": "50705", "question": "in what year did the national football league begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "2013" } ] }, { "id": "50706", "question": "in what year did the team begin play ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "1946" } ] }, { "id": "50707", "question": "what was the name of the league charter member of 1946 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "All-America Football Conference" } ] }, { "id": "50708", "question": "in what year did the football conference move to nfl ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "1950" } ] }, { "id": "50709", "question": "what was the name of the park in 1971 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "Candlestick Park" } ] }, { "id": "50710", "question": "when did candlestick park begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "1971" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The San Francisco Warriors played in the NBA from 1962-1971, before being renamed the Golden State Warriors prior to the 1971- 1972 season in an attempt to present the team as a representation of the whole state of California. The Warrior's stadium, Oracle Arena, is currently located in Oakland, California. They have won 4 championships, including their most recent in 2015.", "qas": [ { "id": "50711", "question": "where did the warriors played in the nba ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "1962-1971" } ] }, { "id": "50712", "question": "what was the name of the warriors in the san empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "Golden State Warriors" } ] }, { "id": "50713", "question": "when was the golden state warriors renamed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "1971- 1972" } ] }, { "id": "50714", "question": "what is the name of the warrior 's stadium ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "Oracle Arena" } ] }, { "id": "50715", "question": "where is the warrior 's stadium located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 288, "text": "Oakland, California" } ] }, { "id": "50716", "question": "in what year did the warriors won 4 championships ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 371, "text": "2015" } ] } ] }, { "context": "At the collegiate level, the San Francisco Dons compete in NCAA Division I. Bill Russell led the Don's basketball team to NCAA championships in 1955 and 1956. There is also the San Francisco State Gators, who compete in NCAA Division II. AT&T Park hosted the annual Fight Hunger Bowl college football game from 2002 through 2013 before it moved to Santa Clara.\nThe Bay to Breakers footrace, held annually since 1912, is best known for colorful costumes and a celebratory community spirit. The San Francisco Marathon attracts more than 21,000 participants. The Escape from Alcatraz triathlon has, since 1980, attracted 2,000 top professional and amateur triathletes for its annual race. The Olympic Club, founded in 1860, is the oldest athletic club in the United States. Its private golf course has hosted the U.S. Open on five occasions. San Francisco hosted the 2013 America's Cup yacht racing competition.", "qas": [ { "id": "50717", "question": "who led the don 's basketball team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "NCAA Division I. Bill Russell" } ] }, { "id": "50718", "question": "when did the don 's basketball team begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "1955 and 1956" } ] }, { "id": "50719", "question": "which state compete in ncaa division ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "San Francisco State Gators" } ] }, { "id": "50720", "question": "where did at&t park college move to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 348, "text": "Santa Clara" } ] }, { "id": "50721", "question": "how many participants does the san francisco marathon have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 535, "text": "21,000" } ] }, { "id": "50722", "question": "how many top professional and amateur triathletes were there in 1980 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 618, "text": "2,000" } ] }, { "id": "50723", "question": "when was the olympic club founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 715, "text": "1860" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With an ideal climate for outdoor activities, San Francisco has ample resources and opportunities for amateur and participatory sports and recreation. There are more than of bicycle paths, lanes and bike routes in the city.\nSan Francisco residents have often ranked among the fittest in the country. Golden Gate Park has miles of paved and unpaved running trails as well as a golf course and disc golf course.\nBoating, sailing, windsurfing and kitesurfing are among the popular activities on San Francisco Bay, and the city maintains a yacht harbor in the Marina District.", "qas": [ { "id": "50724", "question": "which park has miles of paved and unpaved trails ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 300, "text": "Golden Gate Park" } ] }, { "id": "50725", "question": "where is the yacht located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 492, "text": "San Francisco Bay" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Several of San Francisco's parks and nearly all of its beaches form part of the regional Golden Gate National Recreation Area, one of the most visited units of the National Park system in the United States with over 13\u00a0million visitors a year. Among the GGNRA's attractions within the city are Ocean Beach, which runs along the Pacific Ocean shoreline and is frequented by a vibrant surfing community, and Baker Beach, which is located in a cove west of the Golden Gate and part of the Presidio, a former military base. Also within the Presidio is Crissy Field, a former airfield that was restored to its natural salt marsh ecosystem. The GGNRA also administers Fort Funston, Lands End, Fort Mason, and Alcatraz. The National Park Service separately administers the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park \u2013 a fleet of historic ships and waterfront property around Aquatic Park.\nThere are more than 220 parks maintained by the San Francisco Recreation & Parks Department. The largest and best-known city park is Golden Gate Park, which stretches from the center of the city west to the Pacific Ocean. Once covered in native grasses and sand dunes, the park was conceived in the 1860s and was created by the extensive planting of thousands of non-native trees and plants. The large park is rich with cultural and natural attractions such as the Conservatory of Flowers, Japanese Tea Garden and San Francisco Botanical Garden. Lake Merced is a fresh-water lake surrounded by parkland and near the San Francisco Zoo, a city-owned park that houses more than 250 animal species, many of which are endangered. The only park managed by the California State Park system located principally in San Francisco, Candlestick Point was the state's first urban recreation area.", "qas": [ { "id": "50726", "question": "what is the name of the regional gate area in san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Golden Gate National Recreation Area" } ] }, { "id": "50727", "question": "how many visitors are in the national park system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "over 13\u00a0million" } ] }, { "id": "50728", "question": "what is the name of the former military base within the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 294, "text": "Ocean Beach" } ] }, { "id": "50729", "question": "what is located in a cove west of the golden gate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 406, "text": "Baker Beach" } ] }, { "id": "50730", "question": "what is the name of the former airfield ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 548, "text": "Crissy Field" } ] }, { "id": "50731", "question": "what is the largest and best-known city park in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1020, "text": "Golden Gate Park" } ] } ] }, { "context": "San Francisco\u2014officially known as the City and County of San Francisco\u2014is a consolidated city-county, a status it has held since the 1856 secession of what is now San Mateo County. It is the only such consolidation in California. The mayor is also the county executive, and the county Board of Supervisors acts as the city council. The government of San Francisco is a charter city and is constituted of two co-equal branches. The executive branch is headed by the mayor and includes other citywide elected and appointed officials as well as the civil service. The 11-member Board of Supervisors, the legislative branch, is headed by a president and is responsible for passing laws and budgets, though San Franciscans also make use of direct ballot initiatives to pass legislation.", "qas": [ { "id": "50732", "question": "what is san francisco known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "City and County of San Francisco" } ] }, { "id": "50733", "question": "in what year was the san mateo county held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "1856" } ] }, { "id": "50734", "question": "what is the 1856 secession ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "San Mateo County" } ] }, { "id": "50735", "question": "how many branches are in the government of san francisco ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 404, "text": "two co-equal branches" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The members of the Board of Supervisors are elected as representatives of specific districts within the city. Upon the death or resignation of mayor, the President of the Board of Supervisors becomes acting mayor until the full Board elects an interim replacement for the remainder of the term. In 1978, Dianne Feinstein assumed the office following the assassination of George Moscone and was later selected by the board to finish the term. In 2011, Edwin M. Lee was selected by the board to finish the term of Gavin Newsom, who resigned to take office as Lieutenant Governor of California.", "qas": [ { "id": "50736", "question": "who becomes acting mayor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "the President of the Board of Supervisors" } ] }, { "id": "50737", "question": "in what year did the board to finish the office of the office ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "1978" } ] }, { "id": "50738", "question": "who assumed the office of the office ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 304, "text": "Dianne Feinstein" } ] }, { "id": "50739", "question": "who assumed the office to finish the office in 1978 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 371, "text": "George Moscone" } ] }, { "id": "50740", "question": "who was selected by the board of california in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 451, "text": "Edwin M. Lee" } ] }, { "id": "50741", "question": "who was selected to take office as lieutenant governor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 512, "text": "Gavin Newsom" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Because of its unique city-county status, local government exercises jurisdiction over property that would otherwise be located outside of its corporation limit. San Francisco International Airport, though located in San Mateo County, is owned and operated by the City and County of San Francisco. San Francisco also has a county jail complex located in San Mateo County, in an unincorporated area adjacent to San Bruno. San Francisco was also granted a perpetual leasehold over the Hetch Hetchy Valley and watershed in Yosemite National Park by the Raker Act in 1913.", "qas": [ { "id": "50742", "question": "what airport is owned by the city of san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "San Francisco International Airport" } ] }, { "id": "50743", "question": "where is san francisco international airport located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "San Mateo County" } ] }, { "id": "50744", "question": "who operated san francisco international airport ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "City and County of San Francisco" } ] }, { "id": "50745", "question": "where is san francisco located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 354, "text": "San Mateo County" } ] }, { "id": "50746", "question": "what was the name of san francisco 's leasehold leasehold ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 483, "text": "Hetch Hetchy Valley" } ] }, { "id": "50747", "question": "in what year was the raker act granted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 563, "text": "1913" } ] } ] }, { "context": "San Francisco serves as the regional hub for many arms of the federal bureaucracy, including the U.S. Court of Appeals, the Federal Reserve Bank, and the U.S. Mint. Until decommissioning in the early 1990s, the city had major military installations at the Presidio, Treasure Island, and Hunters Point\u2014a legacy still reflected in the annual celebration of Fleet Week. The State of California uses San Francisco as the home of the state supreme court and other state agencies. Foreign governments maintain more than seventy consulates in San Francisco.", "qas": [ { "id": "50748", "question": "what are the names of the regional hub of the federal bureaucracy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "Federal Reserve Bank, and the U.S. Mint" } ] }, { "id": "50749", "question": "where were the military installations in the early 1990s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "Presidio, Treasure Island, and Hunters Point" } ] }, { "id": "50750", "question": "what was the annual celebration of military installations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 355, "text": "Fleet Week" } ] }, { "id": "50751", "question": "what is the name of the state of california ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 396, "text": "San Francisco" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The municipal budget for fiscal year 2013\u201314 was $7.9\u00a0billion. The city employs around 27,000 workers.", "qas": [ { "id": "50752", "question": "how much was the municipal budget for fiscal year ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "$7.9\u00a0billion" } ] }, { "id": "50753", "question": "how many workers does the city have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "27,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The following table includes the number of incidents reported and the rate per 1,000 persons for each type of offense.", "qas": [ { "id": "50754", "question": "how many persons for each offense does the table have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "1,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2011, 50 murders were reported, which is 6.1 per 100,000 people. There were about 134 rapes, 3,142 robberies, and about 2,139 assaults. There were about 4,469 burglaries, 25,100 thefts, and 4,210 motor vehicle thefts. The Tenderloin area has the highest crime rate in San Francisco: 70% of the city's violent crimes, and around one-fourth of the city's murders, occur in this neighborhood. The Tenderloin also sees high rates of drug abuse, gang violence, and prostitution. Another area with high crime rates is the Bayview-Hunters Point area. In the first six months of 2015 there were 25 murders compared to 14 in the first six months of 2014. However, the murder rate is still much lower than in past decades.", "qas": [ { "id": "50755", "question": "how many murders were there in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "50" } ] }, { "id": "50756", "question": "how many people were in the murders in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "6.1 per 100,000 people" } ] }, { "id": "50757", "question": "how many assaults were there in there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "2,139" } ] }, { "id": "50758", "question": "what percentage of the city 's violent crimes is violent crimes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "70%" } ] }, { "id": "50759", "question": "what is another name for high crime rates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 519, "text": "Bayview-Hunters Point area" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Several street gangs operate in the city, including MS-13, the Sure\u00f1os and Norte\u00f1os in the Mission District. African-American street gangs familiar in other cities, including the Crips, have struggled to establish footholds in San Francisco, while police and prosecutors have been accused of liberally labeling young African-American males as gang members. Criminal gangs with shotcallers in China, including Triad groups such as the Wo Hop To, have been reported active in San Francisco. In 1977, an ongoing rivalry between two Chinese gangs led to a shooting attack at the Golden Dragon restaurant in Chinatown, which left 5 people dead and 11 wounded. None of the victims in this attack were gang members. Five members of the Joe Boys gang were arrested and convicted of the crime. In 1990, a gang-related shooting killed one man and wounded six others outside a nightclub near Chinatown. In 1998, six teenagers were shot and wounded at the Chinese Playground; a 16-year-old boy was subsequently arrested.", "qas": [ { "id": "50760", "question": "what is the name of the city gangs gangs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "MS-13" } ] }, { "id": "50761", "question": "what is the name of the triad groups that have been reported in san francisco ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 434, "text": "Wo Hop To" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The city is mainly patrolled by the San Francisco Police Department. The San Francisco Sheriff's Department, BART Police (public transit only), Amtrak Police, California Highway Patrol and many other local, state, and federal agencies perform law enforcement tasks in the city. The portions of Golden Gate National Recreation Area located within the city, including the Presidio and Ocean Beach, are patrolled by the United States Park Police.", "qas": [ { "id": "50762", "question": "what organization runs the city of southampton ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "San Francisco Police Department" } ] }, { "id": "50763", "question": "what area is located in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 294, "text": "Golden Gate National Recreation Area" } ] }, { "id": "50764", "question": "what are the portions of the golden gate national recreation area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 370, "text": "Presidio and Ocean Beach" } ] }, { "id": "50765", "question": "who patrolled the portions of golden gate national recreation area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 417, "text": "United States Park Police" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The San Francisco Fire Department provides both fire suppression and emergency medical services to the city.", "qas": [ { "id": "50766", "question": "which department provides fire suppression in san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "San Francisco Fire Department" } ] }, { "id": "50767", "question": "what does the san francisco fire department offer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "fire suppression and emergency medical services" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The University of California, San Francisco is the sole campus of the University of California system entirely dedicated to graduate education in health and biomedical sciences. It is ranked among the top five medical schools in the United States and operates the UCSF Medical Center, which ranks among the top 15 hospitals in the country. UCSF is a major local employer, second in size only to the city and county government. A Mission Bay campus was opened in 2003, complementing its original facility in Parnassus Heights. It contains research space and facilities to foster biotechnology and life sciences entrepreneurship and will double the size of UCSF's research enterprise. All in all, UCSF operates more than 20 facilities across San Francisco. The University of California, Hastings College of the Law, founded in Civic Center in 1878, is the oldest law school in California and claims more judges on the state bench than any other institution.\nSan Francisco's two University of California institutions have recently formed an official affiliation in the UCSF/UC Hastings Consortium on Law, Science & Health Policy.", "qas": [ { "id": "50768", "question": "what is the name of the top medical schools in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "UCSF Medical Center" } ] }, { "id": "50769", "question": "when was a mission bay campus opened ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 462, "text": "2003" } ] }, { "id": "50770", "question": "where was a mission bay campus located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 507, "text": "Parnassus Heights" } ] }, { "id": "50771", "question": "when was hastings college of california founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 841, "text": "1878" } ] } ] }, { "context": "San Francisco State University is part of the California State University system and is located near Lake Merced. The school has approximately 30,000 students and awards undergraduate, master's and doctoral degrees in more than 100 disciplines. The City College of San Francisco, with its main facility in the Ingleside district, is one of the largest two-year community colleges in the country. It has an enrollment of about 100,000 students and offers an extensive continuing education program.", "qas": [ { "id": "50772", "question": "san francisco state university is part of what system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "California State University system" } ] }, { "id": "50773", "question": "where is the san francisco state university system located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "Lake Merced" } ] }, { "id": "50774", "question": "how many students does the school have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "30,000" } ] }, { "id": "50775", "question": "how many disciplines does the school have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "100" } ] }, { "id": "50776", "question": "where is the city college located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 310, "text": "Ingleside district" } ] }, { "id": "50777", "question": "how many students does the school have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 426, "text": "100,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Founded in 1855, the University of San Francisco, a private Jesuit university located on Lone Mountain, is the oldest institution of higher education in San Francisco and one of the oldest universities established west of the Mississippi River. Golden Gate University is a private, nonsectarian, coeducational university formed in 1901 and located in the Financial District.\nWith an enrollment of 13,000 students, the Academy of Art University is the largest institute of art and design in the nation. Founded in 1871, the San Francisco Art Institute is the oldest art school west of the Mississippi. The California College of the Arts, located north of Potrero Hill, has programs in architecture, fine arts, design, and writing. The San Francisco Conservatory of Music, the only independent music school on the West Coast, grants degrees in orchestral instruments, chamber music, composition, and conducting. The California Culinary Academy, associated with the Le Cordon Bleu program, offers programs in the culinary arts, baking and pastry arts, and hospitality and restaurant management.\nCalifornia Institute of Integral Studies, founded in 1968, offers a variety of graduate programs in its Schools of Professional Psychology & Health, and Consciousness and Transformation.", "qas": [ { "id": "50778", "question": "when was the university of san francisco founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "1855" } ] }, { "id": "50779", "question": "where is the university of san francisco located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Lone Mountain" } ] }, { "id": "50780", "question": "when was golden gate university formed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 331, "text": "1901" } ] }, { "id": "50781", "question": "how many students are in the academy of art ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 397, "text": "13,000" } ] }, { "id": "50782", "question": "when was the san francisco art institute founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 513, "text": "1871" } ] }, { "id": "50783", "question": "when was california institute of integral studies founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1145, "text": "1968" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Public schools are run by the San Francisco Unified School District as well as the State Board of Education for some charter schools. Lowell High School, the oldest public high school in the U.S. west of the Mississippi, and the smaller School of the Arts High School are two of San Francisco's magnet schools at the secondary level. Public school students attend schools based on an assignment system rather than neighborhood proximity.", "qas": [ { "id": "50784", "question": "who run public schools ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "San Francisco Unified School District" } ] }, { "id": "50785", "question": "what is the name of the board of education in san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "State Board of Education" } ] }, { "id": "50786", "question": "what is the oldest public high school in the u.s. ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "Lowell High School" } ] }, { "id": "50787", "question": "what is the name of the school of the san islands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 237, "text": "School of the Arts High School" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Just under 30% of the city's school-age population attends one of San Francisco's more than 100 private or parochial schools, compared to a 10% rate nationwide. Nearly 40 of those schools are Catholic schools managed by the Archdiocese of San Francisco.", "qas": [ { "id": "50788", "question": "what percentage of san diego 's population is one of the population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "30%" } ] }, { "id": "50789", "question": "how many private schools are there in san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "100" } ] }, { "id": "50790", "question": "what is the rate of parochial schools in san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "10% rate nationwide" } ] }, { "id": "50791", "question": "how many schools are managed by the archdiocese of san francisco ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Nearly 40" } ] }, { "id": "50792", "question": "who managed the catholic schools ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "Archdiocese of San Francisco" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The major daily newspaper in San Francisco is the \"San Francisco Chronicle\", which is currently Northern California's most widely circulated newspaper. The Chronicle is most famous for a former columnist, the late Herb Caen, whose daily musings attracted critical acclaim and represented the \"voice of San Francisco\". The \"San Francisco Examiner\", once the cornerstone of William Randolph Hearst's media empire and the home of Ambrose Bierce, declined in circulation over the years and now takes the form of a free daily tabloid, under new ownership. \"Sing Tao Daily\" claims to be the largest of several Chinese language dailies that serve the Bay Area. \"SF\u00a0Weekly\" is the city's alternative weekly newspaper. \"San Francisco Magazine\" and \"7x7\" are major glossy magazines about San Francisco. The national newsmagazine \"Mother Jones\" is also based in San Francisco.", "qas": [ { "id": "50793", "question": "what is the major daily newspaper in san francisco ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "San Francisco Chronicle" } ] }, { "id": "50794", "question": "what is the chronicle ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "Herb Caen" } ] }, { "id": "50795", "question": "who wrote the media empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 372, "text": "William Randolph Hearst" } ] }, { "id": "50796", "question": "who was the home of the san francisco examiner ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 427, "text": "Ambrose Bierce" } ] }, { "id": "50797", "question": "where is mother jones based ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 851, "text": "San Francisco" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The San Francisco Bay Area is the sixth-largest TV\u00a0market and the fourth-largest radio market in the U.S. The city's oldest radio station, KCBS (AM), began as an experimental station in San Jose in 1909, before the beginning of commercial broadcasting. KALW was the city's first FM radio station when it signed on the air in 1941. The city's first television station was KPIX, which began broadcasting in 1948.", "qas": [ { "id": "50798", "question": "what was the oldest radio station in san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "KCBS" } ] }, { "id": "50799", "question": "where did the oldest radio station begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "San Jose" } ] }, { "id": "50800", "question": "when did the oldest radio station begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "1909" } ] }, { "id": "50801", "question": "when was the first fm radio station signed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 325, "text": "1941" } ] }, { "id": "50802", "question": "what was the first television station in 1948 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 371, "text": "KPIX" } ] }, { "id": "50803", "question": "when did the first television station begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 405, "text": "1948" } ] } ] }, { "context": "All major U.S. television networks have affiliates serving the region, with most of them based in the city. CNN, MSNBC, BBC, Al Jazeera America, Russia Today, and CCTV America also have regional news bureaus in San Francisco. Bloomberg West was launched in 2011 from a studio on the Embarcadero and CNBC broadcasts from One Market Plaza since 2015. ESPN uses the local ABC studio for their broadcasting. The regional sports network, Comcast SportsNet Bay Area and its sister station Comcast SportsNet California, are both located in San Francisco. The Pac-12 Network is also based in San Francisco.", "qas": [ { "id": "50804", "question": "when was bloomberg west launched ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "2011" } ] }, { "id": "50805", "question": "what is comcast 's sister station ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 483, "text": "Comcast SportsNet California" } ] }, { "id": "50806", "question": "where is the pac-12 network located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 584, "text": "San Francisco" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Public broadcasting outlets include both a television station and a radio station, both broadcasting under the call letters KQED from a facility near the Potrero Hill neighborhood. KQED-FM is the most-listened-to National Public Radio affiliate in the country. Another local broadcaster, KPOO, is an independent, African-American owned and operated noncommercial radio station established in 1971. San Francisco\u2013based CNET and Salon.com pioneered the use of the Internet as a media outlet. Satellite channel non-commercial Link TV was launched in 1999 from San Francisco.", "qas": [ { "id": "50807", "question": "where is the radio station located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "Potrero Hill neighborhood" } ] }, { "id": "50808", "question": "what is the local broadcaster in 1971 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 288, "text": "KPOO" } ] }, { "id": "50809", "question": "when was operated noncommercial radio station established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 392, "text": "1971" } ] }, { "id": "50810", "question": "when was satellite channel tv launched ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 547, "text": "1999" } ] }, { "id": "50811", "question": "where was satellite channel launched ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 557, "text": "San Francisco" } ] } ] }, { "context": "San Francisco-based inventors made important contributions to modern media. During the 1870s, Eadweard Muybridge began recording motion photographically and invented a zoopraxiscope with which to view his recordings. These were the first motion pictures. Then in 1927, Philo Farnsworth's image dissector camera tube transmitted its first image. This was the first television.", "qas": [ { "id": "50812", "question": "who began recording motion photographically ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "Eadweard Muybridge" } ] }, { "id": "50813", "question": "when was philo farnsworth 's image camera tube transmitted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "1927" } ] }, { "id": "50814", "question": "who transmitted its first image camera tube ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "Philo Farnsworth" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Due to its unique geography, and the freeway revolts of the late 1950s, San Francisco is one of the few American cities with arterial thoroughfares instead of having numerous highways within the city.", "qas": [ { "id": "50815", "question": "what city is one of the few american cities with arterial thoroughfares ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "San Francisco" } ] }, { "id": "50816", "question": "what is the main cause of the freeway ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "arterial thoroughfares" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Interstate 80 begins at the approach to the Bay Bridge and is the only direct automobile link to the East Bay. U.S. Route 101 connects to the western terminus of Interstate 80 and provides access to the south of the city along San Francisco Bay toward Silicon Valley. Northward, the routing for U.S. 101 uses arterial streets to connect to the Golden Gate Bridge, the only direct automobile link to Marin County and the North Bay.", "qas": [ { "id": "50817", "question": "what is the only direct automobile link to the east bay bridge ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Interstate 80" } ] }, { "id": "50818", "question": "where does interstate 80 80 begins ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Bay Bridge" } ] }, { "id": "50819", "question": "u.s. route 101 connects what western terminus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Interstate 80" } ] }, { "id": "50820", "question": "where does the u.s. route 101 and western terminus travel to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "San Francisco Bay" } ] }, { "id": "50821", "question": "what is the name of the valley that runs in san francisco bay ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "Silicon Valley" } ] }, { "id": "50822", "question": "what is the only automobile link to connect arterial streets ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 344, "text": "Golden Gate Bridge" } ] } ] }, { "context": "State Route 1 also enters San Francisco from the north via the Golden Gate Bridge and bisects the city as the 19th Avenue arterial thoroughfare, joining with Interstate 280 at the city's southern border. Interstate 280 continues south from San Francisco, and also turns to the east along the southern edge of the city, terminating just south of the Bay Bridge in the South of Market neighborhood. After the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, city leaders demolished the Embarcadero Freeway and a portion of the Central Freeway, converting them into street-level boulevards.", "qas": [ { "id": "50823", "question": "what is the name of the bridge located in san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "Golden Gate Bridge" } ] }, { "id": "50824", "question": "what is the name of the city that enters san francisco ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "19th Avenue arterial thoroughfare" } ] }, { "id": "50825", "question": "what is the 19th century arterial thoroughfare joining ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "Interstate 280" } ] }, { "id": "50826", "question": "what interstate continues to the east along the southern edge of the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "Interstate 280" } ] }, { "id": "50827", "question": "where does interstate 280 occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 240, "text": "San Francisco" } ] }, { "id": "50828", "question": "what earthquake demolished the freeway ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 412, "text": "Loma Prieta earthquake" } ] } ] }, { "context": "State Route 35 enters the city from the south as Skyline Boulevard and terminates at its intersection with Highway 1. State Route 82 enters San Francisco from the south as Mission Street, and terminates shortly thereafter at its junction with 280.", "qas": [ { "id": "50829", "question": "what route enters the city from the south ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "State Route 35" } ] }, { "id": "50830", "question": "from what boulevard did state route 35 enters ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "Skyline Boulevard" } ] }, { "id": "50831", "question": "what is the name of the highway that enters the city route 35 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "Highway 1" } ] }, { "id": "50832", "question": "where did state route 82 enters ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "San Francisco" } ] }, { "id": "50833", "question": "state route 82 enters san francisco from what street ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "Mission Street" } ] }, { "id": "50834", "question": "when did state route 82 enters san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 243, "text": "280" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Western Terminus of the historic transcontinental Lincoln Highway, the first road across America, is in San Francisco's Lincoln Park.", "qas": [ { "id": "50835", "question": "what is the first road across america ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Western Terminus" } ] }, { "id": "50836", "question": "what is the first road across america ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "Lincoln Highway" } ] }, { "id": "50837", "question": "where is the first road across america ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "San Francisco's Lincoln Park" } ] } ] }, { "context": "32% of San Francisco residents use public transportation in daily commuting to work, ranking it first on the West Coast and third overall in the United States. The San Francisco Municipal Railway, known as Muni, is the primary public transit system of San Francisco. Muni is the seventh-largest transit system in the United States, with 210,848,310 rides in 2006. The system operates both a combined light rail and subway system, the Muni Metro, and a large bus network. Additionally, it runs a historic streetcar line, which runs on Market Street from Castro Street to Fisherman's Wharf. It also operates the famous cable cars, which have been designated as a National Historic Landmark and are a major tourist attraction.", "qas": [ { "id": "50838", "question": "what percentage of san francisco residents use public transportation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "32%" } ] }, { "id": "50839", "question": "what is the primary public transit system in san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "San Francisco Municipal Railway" } ] }, { "id": "50840", "question": "what is the name of the san francisco municipal railway ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Muni" } ] }, { "id": "50841", "question": "how many rides rides in 2006 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 337, "text": "210,848,310" } ] }, { "id": "50842", "question": "what have the famous cable cars been designated as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 661, "text": "National Historic Landmark" } ] } ] }, { "context": "BART, a regional Rapid Transit system, connects San Francisco with the East Bay through the underwater Transbay Tube. The line runs under Market Street to Civic Center where it turns south to the Mission District, the southern part of the city, and through northern San Mateo County, to the San Francisco International Airport, and Millbrae.\nAnother Commuter Rail system, Caltrain, runs from San Francisco along the San Francisco Peninsula to San Jose. Historically, trains operated by Southern Pacific Lines ran from San Francisco to Los Angeles, via Palo Alto and San Jose.", "qas": [ { "id": "50843", "question": "what is the name of the underwater transit system in san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "Transbay Tube" } ] }, { "id": "50844", "question": "what operated the trains of trains ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 486, "text": "Southern Pacific Lines" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Amtrak California Thruway Motorcoach runs a shuttle bus from San Francisco to its rail station across the Bay in Emeryville. Lines from Emeryville Station include the Capitol Corridor, San Joaquin, California Zephyr, and Coast Starlight. Thruway service also runs south to San Luis Obispo, California with connection to the Pacific Surfliner.", "qas": [ { "id": "50845", "question": "who runs a shuttle bus from san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Amtrak California Thruway Motorcoach" } ] }, { "id": "50846", "question": "where is the shuttle bus station located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "Emeryville" } ] }, { "id": "50847", "question": "what is the name of the service that is located in california ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "San Luis Obispo" } ] } ] }, { "context": "San Francisco Bay Ferry operates from the Ferry Building and Pier 39 to points in Oakland, Alameda, Bay Farm Island, South San Francisco, and north to Vallejo in Solano County. The Golden Gate Ferry is the other ferry operator with service between San Francisco and Marin County. Soltrans runs supplemental bus service between the Ferry Building and Vallejo.", "qas": [ { "id": "50848", "question": "where is san diego 's ferry building located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Solano County" } ] }, { "id": "50849", "question": "what is the name of the ferry ferry ferry operator ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "Golden Gate Ferry" } ] }, { "id": "50850", "question": "where is the golden gate located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "San Francisco and Marin County" } ] } ] }, { "context": "San Francisco was an early adopter of carsharing in America. The non profit City Carshare opened in 2001. Zipcar closely followed.", "qas": [ { "id": "50851", "question": "what was the name of the early adopter of america ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "San Francisco" } ] }, { "id": "50852", "question": "what profit opened in 2001 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "City Carshare" } ] }, { "id": "50853", "question": "when did the profit city carshare open ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "2001" } ] } ] }, { "context": "To accommodate the large amount of San Francisco citizens who commute to the Silicon Valley daily, companies like Google and Apple have begun to provide private bus transportation for their employees, from San Francisco locations to the tech start-up hotspot. These buses have quickly become a heated topic of debate within the city, as protesters claim they block bus lanes and delay public buses.", "qas": [ { "id": "50854", "question": "which two countries have begun to provide private bus transportation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Google and Apple" } ] }, { "id": "50855", "question": "what is the name of the san francisco citizens who begun to provide private bus transportation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 237, "text": "tech start-up hotspot" } ] }, { "id": "50856", "question": "what are some of the reasons for the buses of buses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 337, "text": "protesters claim they block bus lanes and delay public buses" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Though located south of downtown in unincorporated San Mateo County, San Francisco International Airport (SFO) is under the jurisdiction of the City and County of San Francisco. SFO is a hub for United Airlines and Virgin America. SFO is a major international gateway to Asia and Europe, with the largest international terminal in North America. In 2011, SFO was the 8th busiest airport in the U.S. and 22nd busiest in the world, handling over 40.9\u00a0million passengers.", "qas": [ { "id": "50857", "question": "what airport is under the jurisdiction of the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "San Francisco International Airport" } ] }, { "id": "50858", "question": "where is san francisco international airport located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "City and County of San Francisco" } ] }, { "id": "50859", "question": "where is a hub hub located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "United Airlines and Virgin America" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Located across the bay, Oakland International Airport is a popular, low-cost alternative to SFO. Geographically, Oakland Airport is approximately the same distance from downtown San Francisco as SFO, but due to its location across San Francisco Bay, it is greater driving distance from San Francisco.", "qas": [ { "id": "50860", "question": "what is the name of the airport in the bay ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "Oakland International Airport" } ] }, { "id": "50861", "question": "what is the name of oakland airport ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "SFO" } ] }, { "id": "50862", "question": "where is oakland airport located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "San Francisco Bay" } ] }, { "id": "50863", "question": "where is oakland airport located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "San Francisco" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Cycling is a popular mode of transportation in San Francisco. 75,000 residents commute by bicycle per day.\nBay Area Bike Share launched in August 2013 with 700 bikes in downtown San Francisco and selected cities south to San Jose. The San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency and Bay Area Air Quality Management District are responsible for the operation with management provided by Alta Bicycle Share. The system will be expanded in the future.\nPedestrian traffic is a major mode of transport. In 2015, Walk Score ranked San Francisco the second-most walkable city in the United States.", "qas": [ { "id": "50864", "question": "how many residents commute by bicycle per day ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "75,000" } ] }, { "id": "50865", "question": "how many bikes did bike share bike share in august 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "700" } ] }, { "id": "50866", "question": "what provided the operation with management with the operation with management air quality ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 388, "text": "Alta Bicycle Share" } ] } ] }, { "context": "San Francisco has significantly higher rates of pedestrian and bicyclist traffic deaths than the United States on average. In 2013, 21 pedestrians were killed in vehicle collisions, the highest since 2001, which is 2.5 deaths per 100,000 population \u2013 70% higher than the national average of 1.5 deaths per 100,000 population.", "qas": [ { "id": "50867", "question": "how many pedestrians were killed in vehicle collisions in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "21" } ] }, { "id": "50868", "question": "how many deaths were there in the vehicle since 2001 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "2.5 deaths per 100,000 population" } ] }, { "id": "50869", "question": "what percentage of vehicle collisions were higher than the national average of 1.5 deaths ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "70%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Cycling is growing in San Francisco. Annual bicycle counts conducted by the Municipal Transportation Agency (MTA) in 2010 showed the number of cyclists at 33 locations had increased 58% from the 2006 baseline counts. In 2008, the MTA estimated that about 128,000 trips were made by bicycle each day in the city, or 6% of total trips. Since 2002, improvements in cycling infrastructure in recent years, including additional bike lanes and parking racks, have made cycling in San Francisco safer and more convenient. Since 2006, San Francisco has received a Bicycle Friendly Community status of \"Gold\" from the League of American Bicyclists.", "qas": [ { "id": "50870", "question": "where is cycling located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "San Francisco" } ] }, { "id": "50871", "question": "who conducted the number of cyclists at 33 locations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "Municipal Transportation Agency" } ] }, { "id": "50872", "question": "what was the number of cyclists at 33 locations in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "58%" } ] }, { "id": "50873", "question": "how many trips were there in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 255, "text": "128,000" } ] }, { "id": "50874", "question": "what percentage of total trips were made in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 315, "text": "6%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "San Francisco participates in the Sister Cities program. A total of 41 consulates general and 23 honorary consulates have offices in the San Francisco Bay Area.", "qas": [ { "id": "50875", "question": "how many consulates general have offices in the san francisco bay ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "41" } ] }, { "id": "50876", "question": "how many consulates consulates have offices in the san francisco bay ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "23" } ] }, { "id": "50877", "question": "where is the offices of offices in san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "San Francisco Bay Area" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\n", "qas": [] } ], "title": "San Francisco" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, who serves as the focal point for the religion. It is the world's largest religion, with over 2.4\u00a0billion followers, or 33% of the global population, known as Christians. Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity whose coming as the Messiah (the Christ) was prophesied in the Old Testament.", "qas": [ { "id": "50878", "question": "who is the focal point of christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "Jesus Christ" } ] }, { "id": "50879", "question": "how many followers are in christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "2.4\u00a0billion followers" } ] }, { "id": "50880", "question": "what percentage of the global population of christianity is christians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "33%" } ] }, { "id": "50881", "question": "when did christians believe that jesus is the son of god ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 398, "text": "Old Testament" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Christianity is an Abrahamic religion that began as a Second Temple Judaic sect in the mid-1st\u00a0century. Originating in Judea, it quickly spread to Europe, Syria, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Egypt, Ethiopia, and India, and by the end of the 4th\u00a0century had become the official state church of the Roman Empire. Following the Age of Discovery, Christianity spread to the Americas, Australasia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the rest of the world through missionary work and colonization. Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization.", "qas": [ { "id": "50882", "question": "what is the name of christianity 's religion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "Second Temple Judaic sect" } ] }, { "id": "50883", "question": "in what century did christianity become the official state church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "4th\u00a0century" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Throughout its history, Christianity has weathered schisms and theological disputes that have resulted in many distinct churches and denominations. Worldwide, the three largest branches of Christianity are the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the various denominations of Protestantism. The Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches broke communion with each other in the East-West Schism of 1054; Protestantism came into existence in the Reformation of the 16th\u00a0century, splitting from the Catholic Church.\nThere are many important differences of interpretation and opinion of the Bible and sacred tradition on which Christianity is based. Because of these irreconcilable differences in theology and a lack of consensus on the core tenets of Christianity, Evangelicals, Protestants, Catholics, and Orthodox often deny that members of certain other branches are Christians.", "qas": [ { "id": "50884", "question": "what are the three largest branches of christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "the Eastern Orthodox Church" } ] }, { "id": "50885", "question": "what year did the catholic and eastern orthodox churches begin to communion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 406, "text": "1054" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Concise doctrinal statements or confessions of religious beliefs are known as creeds (from Latin \"credo\", meaning \"I believe\"). They began as baptismal formulae and were later expanded during the Christological controversies of the 4th and 5th\u00a0centuries to become statements of faith.", "qas": [ { "id": "50886", "question": "what are concise doctrinal statements or confessions of religious beliefs called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "creeds" } ] }, { "id": "50887", "question": "what was the name of the controversies that they began to become statements ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "baptismal formulae" } ] }, { "id": "50888", "question": "when did the controversies begin to become statements ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "4th and 5th\u00a0centuries" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many evangelical Protestants reject creeds as definitive statements of faith, even while agreeing with some or all of the substance of the creeds. The Baptists have been non-creedal \"in that they have not sought to establish binding authoritative confessions of faith on one another.\" Also rejecting creeds are groups with roots in the Restoration Movement, such as the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada, and the Churches of Christ.\nThe Apostles' Creed is the most widely accepted statement of the articles of Christian faith. It is used by a number of Christian denominations for both liturgical and catechetical purposes, most visibly by liturgical churches of Western Christian tradition, including the Latin Church of the Catholic Church, Lutheranism, Anglicanism, and Western Rite Orthodoxy. It is also used by Presbyterians, Methodists, and Congregationalists. This particular creed was developed between the 2nd and 9th\u00a0centuries. Its central doctrines are those of the Trinity and God the Creator. Each of the doctrines found in this creed can be traced to statements current in the apostolic period. The creed was apparently used as a summary of Christian doctrine for baptismal candidates in the churches of Rome.", "qas": [ { "id": "50889", "question": "what is the most widely accepted statement of the articles of christian faith ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 482, "text": "The Apostles' Creed" } ] }, { "id": "50890", "question": "when was this creed developed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 964, "text": "2nd and 9th\u00a0centuries" } ] }, { "id": "50891", "question": "who are the central doctrines of the doctrines ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1026, "text": "Trinity and God the Creator" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nThe Nicene Creed was formulated, largely in response to Arianism, at the Councils of Nicaea and Constantinople in 325 and 381 respectively and ratified as the universal creed of Christendom by the First Council of Ephesus in 431.", "qas": [ { "id": "50892", "question": "what was the nicene creed of ephesus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Arianism" } ] }, { "id": "50893", "question": "what was the name of the first council of the nicene creed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "325 and 381 respectively" } ] }, { "id": "50894", "question": "in what year was the universal creed of ephesus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "431" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Chalcedonian Definition, or Creed of Chalcedon, developed at the Council of Chalcedon in 451, though rejected by the Oriental Orthodox churches, taught Christ \"to be acknowledged in two natures, inconfusedly, unchangeably, indivisibly, inseparably\": one divine and one human, and that both natures, while perfect in themselves, are nevertheless also perfectly united into one person.", "qas": [ { "id": "50895", "question": "what is the name of the definition of chalcedon in chalcedon in 451 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "Creed of Chalcedon" } ] }, { "id": "50896", "question": "where was the creed of chalcedon developed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Council of Chalcedon" } ] }, { "id": "50897", "question": "in what year was the council of chalcedon developed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "451" } ] }, { "id": "50898", "question": "who rejected the council of chalcedon ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "Oriental Orthodox churches" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Athanasian Creed, received in the Western Church as having the same status as the Nicene and Chalcedonian, says: \"We worship one God in Trinity, and Trinity in Unity; neither confounding the Persons nor dividing the Substance.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "50899", "question": "what creed received in the western church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Athanasian Creed" } ] }, { "id": "50900", "question": "what are the athanasian creed called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "Nicene and Chalcedonian" } ] }, { "id": "50901", "question": "what does the athanasian creed mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "We worship one God in Trinity, and Trinity in Unity" } ] }, { "id": "50902", "question": "what does the athanasian creed do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "the Persons nor dividing the Substance" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most Christians (Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Protestant alike) accept the use of creeds, and subscribe to at least one of the creeds mentioned above.", "qas": [ { "id": "50903", "question": "which christians accept the use of creeds ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Protestant alike" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The central tenet of Christianity is the belief in Jesus as the Son of God and the Messiah (Christ). Christians believe that Jesus, as the Messiah, was anointed by God as savior of humanity, and hold that Jesus' coming was the fulfillment of messianic prophecies of the Old Testament. The Christian concept of the Messiah differs significantly from the contemporary Jewish concept. The core Christian belief is that through belief in and acceptance of the death and resurrection of Jesus, sinful humans can be reconciled to God and thereby are offered salvation and the promise of eternal life.", "qas": [ { "id": "50904", "question": "what does christ stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "Son of God and the Messiah" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While there have been many theological disputes over the nature of Jesus over the earliest centuries of Christian history, generally Christians believe that Jesus is God incarnate and \"true God and true man\" (or both fully divine and fully human). Jesus, having become fully human, suffered the pains and temptations of a mortal man, but did not sin. As fully God, he rose to life again. According to the New Testament, he rose from the dead, ascended to heaven, is seated at the right hand of the Father and will ultimately return to fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy, including the resurrection of the dead, the Last Judgment and final establishment of the Kingdom of God.", "qas": [ { "id": "50905", "question": "what do christians believe jesus believe jesus is ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "God incarnate and \"true God and true man" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the canonical gospels of Matthew and Luke, Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit and born from the Virgin Mary. Little of Jesus' childhood is recorded in the canonical gospels, although infancy gospels were popular in antiquity. In comparison, his adulthood, especially the week before his death, is well documented in the gospels contained within the New Testament, because that part of his life is believed to be most important. The biblical accounts of Jesus' ministry include: his baptism, miracles, preaching, teaching, and deeds.", "qas": [ { "id": "50906", "question": "who conceived jesus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "the Holy Spirit" } ] }, { "id": "50907", "question": "where was jesus born ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "Virgin Mary" } ] }, { "id": "50908", "question": "where is little of jesus ' childhood recorded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "canonical gospels" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Christians consider the resurrection of Jesus to be the cornerstone of their faith (see 1 Corinthians 15) and the most important event in history. Among Christian beliefs, the death and resurrection of Jesus are two core events on which much of Christian doctrine and theology is based. According to the New Testament, Jesus was crucified, died a physical death, was buried within a tomb, and rose from the dead three days later. ", "qas": [ { "id": "50909", "question": "what is the resurrection of jesus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "1 Corinthians 15" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The New Testament mentions several resurrection appearances of Jesus on different occasions to his twelve apostles and disciples, including \"more than five hundred brethren at once\", before Jesus' Ascension to heaven. Jesus' death and resurrection are commemorated by Christians in all worship services, with special emphasis during Holy Week which includes Good Friday and Easter Sunday.", "qas": [ { "id": "50910", "question": "how many brethren did jesus have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "more than five hundred" } ] }, { "id": "50911", "question": "what are the special emphasis of jesus ' death ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 358, "text": "Good Friday and Easter Sunday" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The death and resurrection of Jesus are usually considered the most important events in Christian theology, partly because they demonstrate that Jesus has power over life and death and therefore has the authority and power to give people eternal life.", "qas": [ { "id": "50912", "question": "what does the death and resurrection have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "power over life and death" } ] }, { "id": "50913", "question": "what does the death and resurrection have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "the authority and power to give people eternal life" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Christian churches accept and teach the New Testament account of the resurrection of Jesus with very few exceptions. Some modern scholars use the belief of Jesus' followers in the resurrection as a point of departure for establishing the continuity of the historical Jesus and the proclamation of the early church. Some liberal Christians do not accept a literal bodily resurrection, seeing the story as richly symbolic and spiritually nourishing myth. Arguments over death and resurrection claims occur at many religious debates and interfaith dialogues. Paul the Apostle, an early Christian convert and missionary, wrote, \"If Christ was not raised, then all our preaching is useless, and your trust in God is useless.\" ", "qas": [ { "id": "50914", "question": "what are the story of liberal christians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 404, "text": "richly symbolic and spiritually nourishing myth" } ] }, { "id": "50915", "question": "who wrote `` if christ was not raised , your trust '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 556, "text": "Paul the Apostle" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Paul the Apostle, like Jews and Roman pagans of his time, believed that sacrifice can bring about new kinship ties, purity, and eternal life. For Paul the necessary sacrifice was the death of Jesus: Gentiles who are \"Christ's\" are, like Israel, descendants of Abraham and \"heirs according to the promise\". The God who raised Jesus from the dead would also give new life to the \"mortal bodies\" of Gentile Christians, who had become with Israel the \"children of God\" and were therefore no longer \"in the flesh\". ", "qas": [ { "id": "50916", "question": "what did paul vi believe sacrifice can bring about ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "new kinship ties, purity, and eternal life" } ] }, { "id": "50917", "question": "what was the death of jesus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "Gentiles" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Modern Christian churches tend to be much more concerned with how humanity can be saved from a universal condition of sin and death than the question of how both Jews and Gentiles can be in God's family. According to both Catholic and Protestant doctrine, salvation comes by Jesus' substitutionary death and resurrection. The Catholic Church teaches that salvation does not occur without faithfulness on the part of Christians; converts must live in accordance with principles of love and ordinarily must be baptized. Martin Luther taught that baptism was necessary for salvation, but modern Lutherans and other Protestants tend to teach that salvation is a gift that comes to an individual by God's grace, sometimes defined as \"unmerited favor\", even apart from baptism.", "qas": [ { "id": "50918", "question": "what can be in god 's family family ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Jews and Gentiles" } ] }, { "id": "50919", "question": "what does salvation stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "Jesus' substitutionary death and resurrection" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Christians differ in their views on the extent to which individuals' salvation is pre-ordained by God. Reformed theology places distinctive emphasis on grace by teaching that individuals are completely incapable of self-redemption, but that sanctifying grace is irresistible. In contrast Catholics, Orthodox Christians and Arminian Protestants believe that the exercise of free will is necessary to have faith in Jesus.", "qas": [ { "id": "50920", "question": "what are individuals completely incapable of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "self-redemption" } ] }, { "id": "50921", "question": "who believe that the exercise of free will have faith in jesus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 299, "text": "Orthodox Christians and Arminian Protestants" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"Trinity\" refers to the teaching that the one God comprises three distinct, eternally co-existing persons; the \"Father\", the \"Son\" (incarnate in Jesus Christ), and the \"Holy Spirit\". Together, these three persons are sometimes called the Godhead, although there is no single term in use in Scripture to denote the unified Godhead. In the words of the Athanasian Creed, an early statement of Christian belief, \"the Father is God, the Son is God, and the Holy Spirit is God, and yet there are not three Gods but one God\". They are distinct from another: the Father has no source, the Son is begotten of the Father, and the Spirit proceeds from the Father. Though distinct, the three persons cannot be divided from one another in being or in operation. While some Christians also believe that God appeared as the Father in the Old Testament, it is agreed that he appeared as the Son in the New Testament, and will still continue to manifest as the Holy Spirit in the present. But still, God still existed as three persons in each of these times. However, traditionally there is a belief that it was the Son who appeared in the Old Testament because, for example, when the Trinity is depicted in art, the Son typically has the distinctive appearance, a cruciform halo identifying Christ, and in depictions of the Garden of Eden this looks forward to an Incarnation yet to occur. In some Early Christian sarcophagi the Logos is distinguished with a beard, \"which allows him to appear ancient, even preexistent.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "50922", "question": "what is the name of the three three persons called the unified godhead ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "Godhead" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Trinity is an essential doctrine of mainstream Christianity. From earlier than the times of the Nicene Creed, 325, Christianity advocated the triune mystery-nature of God as a normative profession of faith. According to Roger E. Olson and Christopher Hall, through prayer, meditation, study and practice, the Christian community concluded \"that God must exist as both a unity and trinity\", codifying this in ecumenical council at the end of the 4th century.\nAccording to this doctrine, God is not divided in the sense that each person has a third of the whole; rather, each person is considered to be fully God (see Perichoresis). The distinction lies in their relations, the Father being unbegotten; the Son being begotten of the Father; and the Holy Spirit proceeding from the Father and (in Western Christian theology) from the Son. Regardless of this apparent difference, the three \"persons\" are each eternal and omnipotent. Other Christian religions including Unitarian Universalism, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormonism and others do not share those views on the Trinity.", "qas": [ { "id": "50923", "question": "when was the times of the nicene creed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "325" } ] }, { "id": "50924", "question": "who concluded that god must exist as both a unity and trinity '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "Roger E. Olson and Christopher Hall" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Latin word \"trias\", from which \"trinity\" is derived, is first seen in the works of Theophilus of Antioch. He wrote of \"the Trinity of God (the Father), His Word (the Son) and His Wisdom (Holy Spirit)\". The term may have been in use before this time. Afterwards it appears in Tertullian. In the following century the word was in general use. It is found in many passages of Origen.", "qas": [ { "id": "50925", "question": "what is the latin word for `` trinity '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 16, "text": "trias" } ] }, { "id": "50926", "question": "what is the latin word for theophilus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "trinity" } ] }, { "id": "50927", "question": "what is the latin word for trinity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "Theophilus of Antioch" } ] }, { "id": "50928", "question": "what was the name of the holy spirit ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "the Son) and His Wisdom" } ] }, { "id": "50929", "question": "where does the term `` term '' come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 279, "text": "Tertullian" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"Trinitarianism\" denotes those Christians who believe in the concept of the Trinity. Almost all Christian denominations and churches hold Trinitarian beliefs. Although the words \"Trinity\" and \"Triune\" do not appear in the Bible, theologians beginning in the 3rd\u00a0century developed the term and concept to facilitate comprehension of the New Testament teachings of God as being Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Since that time, Christian theologians have been careful to emphasize that Trinity does not imply that there are three gods (the antitrinitarian heresy of hritism), nor that each hypostasis of the Trinity is one-third of an infinite God (partialism), nor that the Son and the Holy Spirit are beings created by and subordinate to the Father (Arianism). Rather, the Trinity is defined as one God in three Persons. \n\"Nontrinitarianism\" (or \"antitrinitarianism\") refers to theology that rejects the doctrine of the Trinity. Various nontrinitarian views, such as adoptionism or modalism, existed in early Christianity, leading to the disputes about Christology. Nontrinitarianism later appeared again in the Gnosticism of the Cathars in the 11th through 13th\u00a0centuries, among groups with Unitarian theology in the Protestant Reformation of the 16th\u00a0century, in the 18th-century Enlightenment, and in some groups arising during the Second Great Awakening of the 19th\u00a0century.", "qas": [ { "id": "50930", "question": "what were the teachings of god called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 376, "text": "Father, Son, and Holy Spirit" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Christianity, like other religions, has adherents whose beliefs and biblical interpretations vary. Christianity regards the biblical canon, the Old Testament and the New Testament, as the inspired word of God. The traditional view of inspiration is that God worked through human authors so that what they produced was what God wished to communicate. The Greek word referring to inspiration in is \"theopneustos\", which literally means \"God-breathed\".", "qas": [ { "id": "50931", "question": "what are the names of the biblical canon ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "Old Testament and the New Testament" } ] }, { "id": "50932", "question": "why did god communicate through human authors ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 318, "text": "what God wished to communicate" } ] }, { "id": "50933", "question": "what is the greek word for inspiration ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 397, "text": "theopneustos" } ] }, { "id": "50934", "question": "what does the greek word `` theopneustos '' mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 435, "text": "God-breathed\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some believe that divine inspiration makes our present Bibles inerrant. Others claim inerrancy for the Bible in its original manuscripts, although none of those are extant. Still others maintain that only a particular translation is inerrant, such as the King James Version. Another closely related view is Biblical infallibility or limited inerrancy, which affirms that the Bible is free of error as a guide to salvation, but may include errors on matters such as history, geography or science.", "qas": [ { "id": "50935", "question": "what is the translation of the king james version ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "inerrant" } ] }, { "id": "50936", "question": "what is the name of the translation of the king that is inerrant ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 255, "text": "King James Version" } ] }, { "id": "50937", "question": "what is a closely related view to salvation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "Biblical infallibility or limited inerrancy" } ] }, { "id": "50938", "question": "what are some examples of inerrancy or inerrancy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 465, "text": "history, geography or science" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The books of the Bible accepted by the Orthodox, Catholic and Protestant churches vary somewhat, with Jews accepting only the Hebrew Bible as canonical; there is however substantial overlap. These variations are a reflection of the range of traditions, and of the councils that have convened on the subject. Every version of the Old Testament always includes the books of the Tanakh, the canon of the Hebrew Bible. The Catholic and Orthodox canons, in addition to the Tanakh, also include the Deuterocanonical Books as part of the Old Testament. These books appear in the Septuagint, but are regarded by Protestants to be apocryphal. However, they are considered to be important historical documents which help to inform the understanding of words, grammar and syntax used in the historical period of their conception. Some versions of the Bible include a separate Apocrypha section between the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament, originally written in Koine Greek, contains 27 books which are agreed upon by all churches.", "qas": [ { "id": "50939", "question": "who vary the books of the bible ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "the Orthodox, Catholic and Protestant churches" } ] }, { "id": "50940", "question": "what canons in the old testament ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 415, "text": "The Catholic and Orthodox canons" } ] }, { "id": "50941", "question": "where was the new testament originally written ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 973, "text": "Koine Greek" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Modern scholarship has raised many issues with the Bible. While the Authorized King James Version is held to by many because of its striking English prose, in fact it was translated from the Erasmus Greek Bible which in turn \"was based on a single 12th\u00a0Century manuscript that is one of the worst manuscripts we have available to us\". Much scholarship in the past several hundred years has gone into comparing different manuscripts in order to reconstruct the original text. Another issue is that several books are considered to be forgeries. The injunction that women \"be silent and submissive\" in 1 Timothy 2 is thought by many to be a forgery by a follower of Paul, a similar phrase in 1 Corinthians 14, which is thought to be by Paul, appears in different places in different manuscripts and is thought to originally be a margin note by a copyist. Other verses in 1 Corinthians, such as 1 Corinthians 11:2\u201316 where women are instructed to wear a covering over their hair \"when they pray or prophesies\", contradict this verse.", "qas": [ { "id": "50942", "question": "what was king james version translated from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "Erasmus Greek Bible" } ] }, { "id": "50943", "question": "what are several books considered to be ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 532, "text": "forgeries" } ] }, { "id": "50944", "question": "what is the phrase for paul vi 's phrase to be a margin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 689, "text": "1 Corinthians 14" } ] }, { "id": "50945", "question": "how many women are instructed to wear a covering over their hair ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 891, "text": "1 Corinthians 11:2\u201316" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A final issue with the Bible is the way in which books were selected for inclusion in the New Testament. Other Gospels have now been recovered, such as those found near Nag Hammadi in 1945, and while some of these texts are quite different from what Christians have been used to, it should be understood that some of this newly recovered Gospel material is quite possibly contemporaneous with, or even earlier than, the New Testament Gospels. The core of the Gospel of Thomas, in particular, may date from as early as AD 50 (although some major scholars contest this early dating), and if so would provide an insight into the earliest gospel texts that underlie the canonical Gospels, texts that are mentioned in Luke 1:1\u20132. The Gospel of Thomas contains much that is familiar from the canonical Gospels\u2014verse 113, for example (\"The Father's Kingdom is spread out upon the earth, but people do not see it\"), is reminiscent of Luke 17:20\u201321\u2014and the Gospel of John, with a terminology and approach that is suggestive of what was later termed \"Gnosticism\", has recently been seen as a possible response to the Gospel of Thomas, a text that is commonly labelled \"proto-Gnostic\". Scholarship, then, is currently exploring the relationship in the Early Church between mystical speculation and experience on the one hand and the search for church order on the other, by analyzing new-found texts, by subjecting canonical texts to further scrutiny, and by an examination of the passage of New Testament texts to canonical status.", "qas": [ { "id": "50946", "question": "in what year was those found near nag ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "1945" } ] }, { "id": "50947", "question": "what is the name of the gospels that has been recovered in 1945 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 420, "text": "New Testament Gospels" } ] }, { "id": "50948", "question": "when does the core of the gospel of thomas , date date ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 518, "text": "AD 50" } ] }, { "id": "50949", "question": "where are the texts of thomas texts mentioned ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 713, "text": "Luke 1:1\u20132" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In antiquity, two schools of exegesis developed in Alexandria and Antioch. Alexandrine interpretation, exemplified by Origen, tended to read Scripture allegorically, while Antiochene interpretation adhered to the literal sense, holding that other meanings (called \"theoria\") could only be accepted if based on the literal meaning.", "qas": [ { "id": "50950", "question": "where were two schools of exegesis developed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "Alexandria and Antioch" } ] }, { "id": "50951", "question": "who exemplified scripture allegorically ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "Origen" } ] }, { "id": "50952", "question": "what was the name of the literal sense of origen ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 265, "text": "theoria" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Catholic theology distinguishes two senses of scripture: the literal and the spiritual.", "qas": [ { "id": "50953", "question": "what are the two senses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "the literal and the spiritual" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The \"literal\" sense of understanding scripture is the meaning conveyed by the words of Scripture. The \"spiritual\" sense is further subdivided into:", "qas": [ { "id": "50954", "question": "who conveyed the `` literal '' sense of understanding scripture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "the words of Scripture" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Regarding exegesis, following the rules of sound interpretation, Catholic theology holds:", "qas": [ { "id": "50955", "question": "what holds catholic theology ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Catholic theology holds" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some Protestant interpreters make use of typology.", "qas": [ { "id": "50956", "question": "some protestant interpreters make use of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "typology" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The end of things, whether the end of an individual life, the end of the age, or the end of the world, broadly speaking is Christian eschatology; the study of the destiny of humans as it is revealed in the Bible. The major issues in Christian eschatology are the Tribulation, death and the afterlife, the Rapture, the Second Coming of Jesus, Resurrection of the Dead, Heaven and Hell, Millennialism, the Last Judgment, the end of the world, and the New Heavens and New Earth.", "qas": [ { "id": "50957", "question": "what is the end of the end of the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "Christian eschatology" } ] }, { "id": "50958", "question": "what is the study of the destiny of humans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "the Bible" } ] }, { "id": "50959", "question": "along with the afterlife of the world and the afterlife , what two issues were the second coming to jesus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 449, "text": "New Heavens and New Earth" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Christians believe that the second coming of Christ will occur at the end of time after a period of severe persecution (the Great Tribulation). All who have died will be resurrected bodily from the dead for the Last Judgment. Jesus will fully establish the Kingdom of God in fulfillment of scriptural prophecies.", "qas": [ { "id": "50960", "question": "jesus will fully establish the kingdom of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "scriptural prophecies" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most Christians believe that human beings experience divine judgment and are rewarded either with eternal life or eternal damnation. This includes the general judgement at the resurrection of the dead as well as the belief (held by Roman Catholics, Orthodox and most Protestants) in a judgment particular to the individual soul upon physical death.", "qas": [ { "id": "50961", "question": "what do most christians do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "human beings experience divine judgment" } ] }, { "id": "50962", "question": "what do most christians believe human beings experience ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "eternal life or eternal damnation" } ] }, { "id": "50963", "question": "who held the general judgement at the resurrection ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "Roman Catholics, Orthodox and most Protestants" } ] }, { "id": "50964", "question": "what does the general judgement in the resurrection represent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "the individual soul upon physical death" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Roman Catholicism, those who die in a state of grace, i.e., without any mortal sin separating them from God, but are still imperfectly purified from the effects of sin, undergo purification through the intermediate state of purgatory to achieve the holiness necessary for entrance into God's presence. Those who have attained this goal are called \"saints\" (Latin \"sanctus\", \"holy\").", "qas": [ { "id": "50965", "question": "what are latin `` sanctus '' called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 351, "text": "saints" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some Christian groups, such as Seventh-day Adventists, hold to mortalism, the belief that the human soul is not naturally immortal, and is unconscious during the intermediate state between bodily death and resurrection. These Christians also hold to Annihilationism, the belief that subsequent to the final judgement, the wicked will cease to exist rather than suffer everlasting torment. Jehovah's Witnesses hold to a similar view.", "qas": [ { "id": "50966", "question": "what is the name of the christian groups that hold the human soul ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Seventh-day Adventists" } ] }, { "id": "50967", "question": "what is the belief that the belief that the human soul is not immortal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "mortalism" } ] }, { "id": "50968", "question": "where is the belief that the human soul is unconscious ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "intermediate state between bodily death and resurrection" } ] }, { "id": "50969", "question": "what is the name of the belief that subsequent to the final judgement of the final judgement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "Annihilationism" } ] }, { "id": "50970", "question": "what happens to the belief that subsequent to the final judgement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 318, "text": "the wicked will cease to exist rather than suffer everlasting torment" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Justin Martyr described 2nd-century Christian liturgy in his \"First Apology\" (c. 150) to Emperor Antoninus Pius, and his description remains relevant to the basic structure of Christian liturgical worship:And on the day called Sunday, all who live in cities or in the country gather together to one place, and the memoirs of the apostles or the writings of the prophets are read, as long as time permits; then, when the reader has ceased, the president verbally instructs, and exhorts to the imitation of these good things. Then we all rise together and pray, and, as we before said, when our prayer is ended, bread and wine and water are brought, and the president in like manner offers prayers and thanksgivings, according to his ability, and the people assent, saying Amen; and there is a distribution to each, and a participation of that over which thanks have been given, and to those who are absent a portion is sent by the deacons. And they who are well to do, and willing, give what each thinks fit; and what is collected is deposited with the president, who succours the orphans and widows and those who, through sickness or any other cause, are in want, and those who are in bonds and the strangers sojourning among us, and in a word takes care of all who are in need.Thus, as Justin described, Christians assemble for communal worship on Sunday, the day of the resurrection, though other liturgical practices often occur outside this setting. Scripture readings are drawn from the Old and New Testaments, but especially the gospel accounts. Often these are arranged on an annual cycle, using a book called a lectionary. Instruction is given based on these readings, called a sermon, or homily. There are a variety of congregational prayers, including thanksgiving, confession, and intercession, which occur throughout the service and take a variety of forms including recited, responsive, silent, or sung. The Lord's Prayer, or Our Father, is regularly prayed.\nSome groups depart from this traditional liturgical structure. A division is often made between \"High\" church services, characterized by greater solemnity and ritual, and \"Low\" services, but even within these two categories there is great diversity in forms of worship. Seventh-day Adventists meet on Saturday, while others do not meet on a weekly basis. Charismatic or Pentecostal congregations may spontaneously feel led by the Holy Spirit to action rather than follow a formal order of service, including spontaneous prayer. Quakers sit quietly until moved by the Holy Spirit to speak.", "qas": [ { "id": "50971", "question": "who described the `` first apology '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Justin Martyr" } ] }, { "id": "50972", "question": "who was the `` first apology '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Emperor Antoninus Pius" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some evangelical services resemble concerts with rock and pop music, dancing, and use of multimedia. For groups which do not recognize a priesthood distinct from ordinary believers the services are generally led by a minister, preacher, or pastor. Still others may lack any formal leaders, either in principle or by local necessity. Some churches use only a cappella music, either on principle (for example, many Churches of Christ object to the use of instruments in worship) or by tradition (as in Orthodoxy).", "qas": [ { "id": "50973", "question": "who led the priesthood distinct from ordinary believers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "a minister, preacher, or pastor" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Nearly all forms of churchmanship celebrate the Eucharist (Holy Communion), which consists of a consecrated meal. It is reenacted in accordance with Jesus' instruction at the Last Supper that his followers do in remembrance of him as when he gave his disciples bread, saying, \"This is my body\", and gave them wine saying, \"This is my blood\". Some Christian denominations practice closed communion. They offer communion to those who are already united in that denomination or sometimes individual church. Catholics restrict participation to their members who are not in a state of mortal sin. Most other churches practice open communion since they view communion as a means to unity, rather than an end, and invite all believing Christians to participate.", "qas": [ { "id": "50974", "question": "what is a eucharist ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Holy Communion" } ] }, { "id": "50975", "question": "what does the holy communion consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "a consecrated meal" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Worship can be varied for special events like baptisms or weddings in the service or significant feast days. In the early church, Christians and those yet to complete initiation would separate for the Eucharistic part of the worship. In many churches today, adults and children will separate for all or some of the service to receive age-appropriate teaching. Such children's worship is often called Sunday school or Sabbath school (Sunday schools are often held before rather than during services).", "qas": [ { "id": "50976", "question": "what can worship worship of worship ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "baptisms or weddings in the service or significant feast days" } ] }, { "id": "50977", "question": "what is one of the reasons for the service of the service ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "adults and children will separate for all or some of the service to receive age-appropriate teaching" } ] }, { "id": "50978", "question": "what is the name of the sunday school of sunday ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "Sunday school or Sabbath school" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Christian belief and practice, a \"sacrament\" is a rite, instituted by Christ, that confers grace, constituting a sacred mystery. The term is derived from the Latin word \"sacramentum\", which was used to translate the Greek word for \"mystery\". Views concerning both which rites are sacramental, and what it means for an act to be a sacrament, vary among Christian denominations and traditions.", "qas": [ { "id": "50979", "question": "what is a rite of a christian mystery called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "sacrament" } ] }, { "id": "50980", "question": "who instituted a `` sacrament '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "Christ" } ] }, { "id": "50981", "question": "what is the latin word for `` mystery '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "sacramentum" } ] }, { "id": "50982", "question": "what is the greek word for the term `` sacramentum '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 235, "text": "mystery" } ] }, { "id": "50983", "question": "what is the term for views concerning rites ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 283, "text": "sacramental" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The most conventional functional definition of a sacrament is that it is an outward sign, instituted by Christ, that conveys an inward, spiritual grace through Christ. The two most widely accepted sacraments are Baptism and the Eucharist (or Holy Communion), however, the majority of Christians also recognize five additional sacraments: Confirmation (Chrismation in the Orthodox tradition), Holy orders (ordination), Penance (or Confession), Anointing of the Sick, and Matrimony (see Christian views on marriage).", "qas": [ { "id": "50984", "question": "who instituted the most conventional functional definition ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "Christ" } ] }, { "id": "50985", "question": "what are the two most widely accepted sacraments ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "Baptism and the Eucharist (or Holy Communion" } ] }, { "id": "50986", "question": "how many additional sacraments christians are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 310, "text": "five" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Taken together, these are the Seven Sacraments as recognized by churches in the High Church tradition\u2014notably Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Independent Catholic, Old Catholic, many Anglicans, and some Lutherans. Most other denominations and traditions typically affirm only Baptism and Eucharist as sacraments, while some Protestant groups, such as the Quakers, reject sacramental theology. Christian denominations, such as Baptists, which believe these rites do not communicate grace, prefer to call Baptism and Holy Communion \"ordinances\" rather than sacraments.", "qas": [ { "id": "50987", "question": "what do most other denominations typically affirm ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "Baptism and Eucharist" } ] }, { "id": "50988", "question": "what is an example of a christian denominations that believe that rites do not communicate grace ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 447, "text": "Baptists" } ] }, { "id": "50989", "question": "what do baptists call grace ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 524, "text": "Baptism and Holy Communion \"ordinances" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In addition to this, the Church of the East has two additional sacraments in place of the traditional sacraments of Matrimony and the Anointing of the Sick. These include Holy Leaven (Melka) and the sign of the cross.", "qas": [ { "id": "50990", "question": "the church of the east east has two additional sacraments in what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Matrimony and the Anointing of the Sick" } ] }, { "id": "50991", "question": "what are the two examples of the cross ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "Holy Leaven (Melka) and the sign of the cross" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Western Christian liturgical calendars are based on the cycle of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, and Eastern Christians use analogous calendars based on the cycle of their respective rites. Calendars set aside holy days, such as solemnities which commemorate an event in the life of Jesus or Mary, the saints, periods of fasting such as Lent, and other pious events such as memoria or lesser festivals commemorating saints. Christian groups that do not follow a liturgical tradition often retain certain celebrations, such as Christmas, Easter and Pentecost: these are the celebrations of Christ's birth, resurrection and the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Church, respectively. A few denominations make no use of a liturgical calendar.", "qas": [ { "id": "50992", "question": "who are western christian liturgical calendars based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Roman Rite of the Catholic Church" } ] }, { "id": "50993", "question": "what was the name of the event that commemorate an event in the life of jesus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "solemnities" } ] }, { "id": "50994", "question": "what are some celebrations that do not follow a liturgical tradition ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 533, "text": "Christmas, Easter and Pentecost" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Christianity has not generally practiced aniconism, or the avoidance or prohibition of types of images, even if the early Jewish Christians sects, as well as some modern denominations, preferred to some extent not to use figures in their symbols, by invoking the Decalogue's prohibition of idolatry.", "qas": [ { "id": "50995", "question": "what has christianity not generally practiced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "aniconism" } ] }, { "id": "50996", "question": "what do christianity use to use figures ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "invoking the Decalogue's prohibition of idolatry" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The cross, which is today one of the most widely recognized symbols in the world, was used as a Christian symbol from the earliest times. Tertullian, in his book \"De Corona\", tells how it was already a tradition for Christians to trace repeatedly on their foreheads the sign of the cross. Although the cross was known to the early Christians, the crucifix did not appear in use until the 5th\u00a0century.", "qas": [ { "id": "50997", "question": "what was the name of the book that it was a book for christians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "De Corona" } ] }, { "id": "50998", "question": "when did the crucifix cross the crucifix cross ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 388, "text": "5th\u00a0century" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Among the symbols employed by the primitive Christians, that of the fish or Ichthys seems to have ranked first in importance. From monumental sources such as tombs it is known that the symbolic fish was familiar to Christians from the earliest times. The fish was depicted as a Christian symbol in the first decades of the 2nd\u00a0century. Its popularity among Christians was due principally, it would seem, to the famous acrostic consisting of the initial letters of five Greek words forming the word for fish (Ichthys), which words briefly but clearly described the character of Christ and the claim to worship of believers: \"Iesous Christos Theou Yios Soter\" (\u038a\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2, \u0398\u03b5\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a5\u1f31\u03cc\u03c2, \u03a3\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1), meaning, \"Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior\".", "qas": [ { "id": "50999", "question": "when was the fish depicted as a christian symbol ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "2nd\u00a0century" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other major Christian symbols include the chi-rho monogram, the dove (symbolic of the Holy Spirit), the sacrificial lamb (symbolic of Christ's sacrifice), the vine (symbolizing the necessary connectedness of the Christian with Christ) and many others. These all derive from writings found in the New Testament.", "qas": [ { "id": "51000", "question": "what is the name of the major christian symbols ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "chi-rho monogram" } ] }, { "id": "51001", "question": "what does the dove lamb do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "symbolic of the Holy Spirit" } ] }, { "id": "51002", "question": "where were the all derive from writings ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "New Testament" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Baptism is the ritual act, with the use of water, by which a person is admitted to membership of the Church. Beliefs on baptism vary among denominations. Differences occur firstly on whether the act has any spiritual significance. Some, such as the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches, as well as Lutherans and Anglicans, hold to the doctrine of baptismal regeneration, which affirms that baptism creates or strengthens a person's faith, and is intimately linked to salvation. Others view baptism as a purely symbolic act, an external public declaration of the inward change which has taken place in the person, but not as spiritually efficacious. Secondly, there are differences of opinion on the methodology of the act. These methods are: by \"immersion\"; if immersion is total, by \"submersion\"; by affusion (pouring); and by aspersion (sprinkling). Those who hold the first view may also adhere to the tradition of infant baptism; the Orthodox Churches all practice infant baptism and always baptize by total immersion repeated three times in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. The Catholic Church also practices infant baptism, usually by affusion, and utilizing the Trinitarian formula.", "qas": [ { "id": "51003", "question": "what is the ritual act ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Baptism" } ] }, { "id": "51004", "question": "what does the doctrine of baptismal regeneration mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 392, "text": "baptism creates or strengthens a person's faith" } ] }, { "id": "51005", "question": "what is another term for immersion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 748, "text": "immersion" } ] }, { "id": "51006", "question": "what is the term for immersion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 787, "text": "submersion" } ] }, { "id": "51007", "question": "what is the name of the father that orthodox churches hold ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1072, "text": "the Son and the Holy Spirit" } ] }, { "id": "51008", "question": "what does the catholic church consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1163, "text": "affusion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Jesus' teaching on prayer in the Sermon on the Mount displays a distinct lack of interest in the external aspects of prayer. A concern with the techniques of prayer is condemned as 'pagan', and instead a simple trust in God's fatherly goodness is encouraged. Elsewhere in the New Testament this same freedom of access to God is also emphasized. This confident position should be understood in light of Christian belief in the unique relationship between the believer and Christ through the indwelling of the Holy Spirit.", "qas": [ { "id": "51009", "question": "what is the concern of prayer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "'pagan'" } ] }, { "id": "51010", "question": "what is the unique relationship between the believer of christ and christ ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 504, "text": "the Holy Spirit" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In subsequent Christian traditions, certain physical gestures are emphasized, including medieval gestures such as genuflection or making the sign of the cross. Kneeling, bowing and prostrations (see also poklon) are often practiced in more traditional branches of Christianity. Frequently in Western Christianity the hands are placed palms together and forward as in the feudal commendation ceremony. At other times the older orans posture may be used, with palms up and elbows in.", "qas": [ { "id": "51011", "question": "what is an example of a cross that is making the sign of the cross ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "genuflection" } ] }, { "id": "51012", "question": "in what ceremony are the hands placed in western christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 371, "text": "feudal commendation ceremony" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"Intercessory prayer\" is prayer offered for the benefit of other people. There are many intercessory prayers recorded in the Bible, including prayers of the Apostle Peter on behalf of sick persons and by prophets of the Old Testament in favor of other people. In the Epistle of James, no distinction is made between the intercessory prayer offered by ordinary believers and the prominent Old Testament prophet Elijah. The effectiveness of prayer in Christianity derives from the power of God rather than the status of the one praying.", "qas": [ { "id": "51013", "question": "what is the name of the prophet elijah epistle ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 388, "text": "Old Testament prophet Elijah" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The ancient church, in both Eastern Christianity and Western Christianity, developed a tradition of asking for the intercession of (deceased) saints, and this remains the practice of most Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and some Anglican churches. Churches of the Protestant Reformation, however, rejected prayer to the saints, largely on the basis of the sole mediatorship of Christ. The reformer Huldrych Zwingli admitted that he had offered prayers to the saints until his reading of the Bible convinced him that this was idolatrous.", "qas": [ { "id": "51014", "question": "where were the ancient church developed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "Eastern Christianity and Western Christianity" } ] }, { "id": "51015", "question": "who was the reformer of the reformer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 419, "text": "Huldrych Zwingli" } ] }, { "id": "51016", "question": "what was the name of the bible that the bible convinced him to the saints ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 546, "text": "idolatrous" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church: \"Prayer is the raising of one's mind and heart to God or the requesting of good things from God.\" The Book of Common Prayer in the Anglican tradition is a guide which provides a set order for church services, containing set prayers, scripture readings, and hymns or sung Psalms.", "qas": [ { "id": "51017", "question": "what is the name of the church that `` prayer is the raising of one 's mind ? ''", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "Catechism of the Catholic Church" } ] }, { "id": "51018", "question": "what is the raising of one 's mind ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "Prayer" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Christianity began as a Jewish sect in the Levant of the middle east in the mid-1st\u00a0century. Other than Second Temple Judaism, the primary religious influences of early Christianity are Zoroastrianism and Gnosticism. John Bowker states that Christian ideas such as \"angels, the end of the world, a final judgment, the resurrection, and heaven and hell received form and substance from ... Zoroastrian beliefs\". Its earliest development took place under the leadership of the remaining Twelve Apostles, particularly Saint Peter, and Paul the Apostle, followed by the early bishops, whom Christians consider the successors of the Apostles.", "qas": [ { "id": "51019", "question": "what are the primary religious influences of early christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "Zoroastrianism and Gnosticism" } ] }, { "id": "51020", "question": "who were the three twelve development of the apostles ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 515, "text": "Saint Peter, and Paul the Apostle" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the Christian scriptures, Christians were from the beginning subject to persecution by some Jewish and Roman religious authorities, who disagreed with the apostles' teachings (See Split of early Christianity and Judaism). This involved punishments, including death, for Christians such as Stephen and James, son of Zebedee. Larger-scale persecutions followed at the hands of the authorities of the Roman Empire, first in the year 64, when Emperor Nero blamed them for the Great Fire of Rome. According to Church tradition, it was under Nero's persecution that early Church leaders Peter and Paul of Tarsus were each martyred in Rome.", "qas": [ { "id": "51021", "question": "who disagreed with the christian scriptures ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "Jewish and Roman religious authorities" } ] }, { "id": "51022", "question": "what are the teachings of the apostles ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "See Split of early Christianity and Judaism" } ] }, { "id": "51023", "question": "who were some of the christians that were involved in death ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "Stephen and James" } ] }, { "id": "51024", "question": "how old was the year of the roman empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 443, "text": "64" } ] }, { "id": "51025", "question": "who blamed the great fire of rome ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 452, "text": "Emperor Nero" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Further widespread persecutions of the Church occurred under nine subsequent Roman emperors, most intensely under Decius and Diocletian. From the year 150, Christian teachers began to produce theological and apologetic works aimed at defending the faith. These authors are known as the Church Fathers, and study of them is called Patristics. Notable early Fathers include Ignatius of Antioch, Polycarp, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria, and Origen. However, Armenia is considered the first nation to accept Christianity in AD 301.", "qas": [ { "id": "51026", "question": "how many roman emperors died in the church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "nine" } ] }, { "id": "51027", "question": "who were the most recent roman emperors ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Decius and Diocletian" } ] }, { "id": "51028", "question": "how many christian teachers were aimed at defending the faith ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "150" } ] }, { "id": "51029", "question": "what are authors of the church called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "the Church Fathers" } ] }, { "id": "51030", "question": "what is the name of the study of the church fathers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 330, "text": "Patristics" } ] }, { "id": "51031", "question": "when was armenia considered the first nation to accept christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 549, "text": "AD 301" } ] } ] }, { "context": "King Trdat IV made Christianity the state religion in Armenia between 301 and 314, it was not an entirely new religion in Armenia. It penetrated into the country from at least the third century, but may have been present even earlier.", "qas": [ { "id": "51032", "question": "who made christianity the state religion in armenia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "King Trdat IV" } ] }, { "id": "51033", "question": "when did king trdat become an religion in armenia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "301 and 314" } ] } ] }, { "context": "State persecution ceased in the 4th\u00a0century, when Constantine I issued an edict of toleration in 313. On 27 February 380, Emperor Theodosius I enacted a law establishing Nicene Christianity as the state church of the Roman Empire. From at least the 4th\u00a0century, Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization.", "qas": [ { "id": "51034", "question": "when did state persecution begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "4th\u00a0century" } ] }, { "id": "51035", "question": "who issued the edict of toleration ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Constantine I" } ] }, { "id": "51036", "question": "in what year did constantine i establish an edict ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "313" } ] }, { "id": "51037", "question": "when did emperor theodosius i publish nicene christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "27 February 380" } ] }, { "id": "51038", "question": "who enacted nicene christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Emperor Theodosius I" } ] }, { "id": "51039", "question": "what was the name of the law establishing by emperor theodosius i ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "Nicene Christianity" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Constantine was also instrumental in the convocation of the First Council of Nicaea in 325, which sought to address the Arian heresy and formulated the Nicene Creed, which is still used by the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodoxy, Anglican Communion, and many Protestant churches. Nicaea was the first of a series of Ecumenical (worldwide) Councils which formally defined critical elements of the theology of the Church, notably concerning Christology. The Assyrian Church of the East did not accept the third and following Ecumenical Councils, and are still separate today.", "qas": [ { "id": "51040", "question": "constantine was instrumental in what council ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "First Council of Nicaea" } ] }, { "id": "51041", "question": "when was the first council of nicaea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "325" } ] }, { "id": "51042", "question": "what did the catholic church , eastern orthodoxy , eastern orthodoxy , eastern orthodoxy , anglican communion , and many protestant churches formulated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "Nicene Creed" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The presence of Christianity in Africa began in the middle of the 1st\u00a0century in Egypt, and by the end of the 2nd\u00a0century in the region around Carthage. Mark the Evangelist started the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria in about AD 43. Important Africans who influenced the early development of Christianity includes Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria, Origen of Alexandria, Cyprian, Athanasius and Augustine of Hippo. The later rise of Islam in North Africa reduced the size and numbers of Christian congregations, leaving only the Coptic Church in Egypt, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church in the Horn of Africa, and the Nubian Church in the Sudan (Nobatia, Makuria, and Alodia).", "qas": [ { "id": "51043", "question": "in what century did the presence of christianity begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "2nd\u00a0century" } ] }, { "id": "51044", "question": "when did the coptic orthodox church begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "AD 43" } ] }, { "id": "51045", "question": "what is the name of the church in the horn of africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 562, "text": "Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In terms of prosperity and cultural life, the Byzantine Empire was one of the peaks in Christian history and Orthodox civilization, and Constantinople remained the leading city of the Christian world in size, wealth, and culture. There was a renewed interest in classical Greek philosophy, as well as an increase in literary output in vernacular Greek. Byzantine art and literature held a pre-eminent place in Europe, and the cultural impact of Byzantine art on the west during this period was enormous and of long lasting significance.", "qas": [ { "id": "51046", "question": "what was one of the peaks in christian history ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Byzantine Empire" } ] }, { "id": "51047", "question": "where did the byzantine empire come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "Christian history and Orthodox civilization" } ] }, { "id": "51048", "question": "there was a renewed interest in what type of philosophy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "classical Greek philosophy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With the decline and fall of the Roman Empire in the west, the papacy became a political player, first visible in Pope Leo's diplomatic dealings with Huns and Vandals. The church also entered into a long period of missionary activity and expansion among the various tribes. While Arianists instituted the death penalty for practicing pagans (see Massacre of Verden as example), Catholicism also spread among the Germanic peoples, the Celtic and Slavic peoples, the Hungarians, and the Baltic peoples. Christianity has been an important part of the shaping of Western civilization, at least since the 4th\u00a0century.", "qas": [ { "id": "51049", "question": "who were the diplomatic dealings of the papacy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "Huns and Vandals" } ] }, { "id": "51050", "question": "along with the hungarians , the hungarians , the baltic peoples and the baltic peoples , what other peoples spread among catholicism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 430, "text": "the Celtic and Slavic peoples" } ] }, { "id": "51051", "question": "what are the names of the germanic peoples that catholicism spread ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 461, "text": "the Hungarians, and the Baltic peoples" } ] }, { "id": "51052", "question": "when was christianity an important part of western civilization ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 600, "text": "4th\u00a0century" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Around 500, St. Benedict set out his Monastic Rule, establishing a system of regulations for the foundation and running of monasteries. Monasticism became a powerful force throughout Europe, and gave rise to many early centers of learning, most famously in Ireland, Scotland and Gaul, contributing to the Carolingian Renaissance of the 9th\u00a0century.", "qas": [ { "id": "51053", "question": "how many monasteries did st. benedict set ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 7, "text": "500" } ] }, { "id": "51054", "question": "what did st. benedict set out out of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Monastic Rule" } ] }, { "id": "51055", "question": "where did monasticism live in europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "Ireland, Scotland and Gaul" } ] }, { "id": "51056", "question": "when did monasticism become a powerful force ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": "Carolingian Renaissance of the 9th\u00a0century" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 7th\u00a0century Muslims conquered Syria (including Jerusalem), North Africa and Spain. Part of the Muslims' success was due to the exhaustion of the Byzantine empire in its decades long conflict with Persia. Beginning in the 8th\u00a0century, with the rise of Carolingian leaders, the papacy began to find greater political support in the Frankish Kingdom.", "qas": [ { "id": "51057", "question": "what two countries did muslims join in the 7th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "North Africa and Spain" } ] }, { "id": "51058", "question": "what was the cause of the part of the muslims ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "exhaustion of the Byzantine empire" } ] }, { "id": "51059", "question": "when did the papacy begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "8th\u00a0century" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Middle Ages brought about major changes within the church. Pope Gregory the Great dramatically reformed ecclesiastical structure and administration. In the early 8th\u00a0century, iconoclasm became a divisive issue, when it was sponsored by the Byzantine emperors. The Second Ecumenical Council of Nicaea (787) finally pronounced in favor of icons. In the early 10th\u00a0century, Western Christian monasticism was further rejuvenated through the leadership of the great Benedictine monastery of Cluny.", "qas": [ { "id": "51060", "question": "who sponsored iconoclasm ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "Byzantine emperors" } ] }, { "id": "51061", "question": "what was pronounced in favor of icons ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 268, "text": "Second Ecumenical Council of Nicaea" } ] }, { "id": "51062", "question": "who was further rejuvenated in the early 10th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 375, "text": "Western Christian monasticism" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hebraism, like Hellenism, has been an all-important factor in the development of Western Civilization; Judaism, as the precursor of Christianity, has indirectly had had much to do with shaping the ideals and morality of western nations since the Christian era.", "qas": [ { "id": "51063", "question": "what is the name of the hebraism that has been an all-important in the development of western civilization ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 15, "text": "Hellenism" } ] }, { "id": "51064", "question": "hebraism has been an all-important factor in which civilization ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "Western Civilization" } ] }, { "id": "51065", "question": "what is the precursor of christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "Judaism" } ] }, { "id": "51066", "question": "what era has judaism been an precursor to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "the Christian era" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the west, from the 11th\u00a0century onward, older cathedral schools developed into universities (see University of Oxford, University of Paris, and University of Bologna.) The traditional medieval universities\u2014evolved from Catholic and Protestant church schools\u2014then established specialized academic structures for properly educating greater numbers of students as professionals. Prof. Walter R\u00fcegg, editor of \"A History of the University in Europe\", reports that universities then only trained students to become clerics, lawyers, civil servants, and physicians.", "qas": [ { "id": "51067", "question": "what is the name of the university of oxford schools ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "University of Paris, and University of Bologna" } ] }, { "id": "51068", "question": "where did the traditional medieval universities come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "Catholic and Protestant church schools" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Originally teaching only theology, universities steadily added subjects including medicine, philosophy and law, becoming the direct ancestors of modern institutions of learning.\nThe university is generally regarded as an institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. Prior to the establishment of universities, European higher education took place for hundreds of years in Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools (\"Scholae monasticae\"), in which monks and nuns taught classes; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the later university at many places dates back to the 6th\u00a0century\u00a0AD.", "qas": [ { "id": "51069", "question": "what were the subjects of universities steadily added to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "medicine, philosophy and law" } ] }, { "id": "51070", "question": "what is the origin of the university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "Medieval Christian setting" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Accompanying the rise of the \"new towns\" throughout Europe, mendicant orders were founded, bringing the consecrated religious life out of the monastery and into the new urban setting. The two principal mendicant movements were the Franciscans and the Dominicans founded by St. Francis and St. Dominic respectively. Both orders made significant contributions to the development of the great universities of Europe. Another new order were the Cistercians, whose large isolated monasteries spearheaded the settlement of former wilderness areas. In this period church building and ecclesiastical architecture reached new heights, culminating in the orders of Romanesque and Gothic architecture and the building of the great European cathedrals.", "qas": [ { "id": "51071", "question": "who founded the dominicans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "St. Francis and St. Dominic" } ] }, { "id": "51072", "question": "what were the new order of former wilderness ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 437, "text": "the Cistercians" } ] }, { "id": "51073", "question": "what types of architecture did the great european cathedrals have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 655, "text": "Romanesque and Gothic architecture" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From 1095 under the pontificate of Urban II, the Crusades were launched. These were a series of military campaigns in the Holy Land and elsewhere, initiated in response to pleas from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I for aid against Turkish expansion. The Crusades ultimately failed to stifle Islamic aggression and even contributed to Christian enmity with the sacking of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade.", "qas": [ { "id": "51074", "question": "what year was the crusades launched ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 5, "text": "1095" } ] }, { "id": "51075", "question": "who was the pleas of the holy empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "Byzantine Emperor Alexios I" } ] }, { "id": "51076", "question": "what did the crusades lead to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 284, "text": "stifle Islamic aggression" } ] }, { "id": "51077", "question": "when did the crusades end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 397, "text": "Fourth Crusade" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Over a period stretching from the 7th to the 13th\u00a0century, the Christian Church underwent gradual alienation, resulting in a schism dividing it into a so-called Latin or Western Christian branch, the Roman Catholic Church, and an Eastern, largely Greek, branch, the Orthodox Church. These two churches disagree on a number of administrative, liturgical, and doctrinal issues, most notably papal primacy of jurisdiction. The Second Council of Lyon (1274) and the Council of Florence (1439) attempted to reunite the churches, but in both cases the Eastern Orthodox refused to implement the decisions and the two principal churches remain in schism to the present day. However, the Roman Catholic Church has achieved union with various smaller eastern churches.", "qas": [ { "id": "51078", "question": "what was the name of the branch of the christian church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Latin or Western Christian branch" } ] }, { "id": "51079", "question": "what was the name of the greek church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "the Orthodox Church" } ] }, { "id": "51080", "question": "what was the name of the second council of lyon ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 448, "text": "1274" } ] }, { "id": "51081", "question": "what was the name of the council of florence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 483, "text": "1439" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Beginning around 1184, following the crusade against the Cathar heresy, various institutions, broadly referred to as the Inquisition, were established with the aim of suppressing heresy and securing religious and doctrinal unity within Christianity through conversion and prosecution.", "qas": [ { "id": "51082", "question": "what was the name of the crusade that established the crusade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "1184" } ] }, { "id": "51083", "question": "what was the crusade called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "the Inquisition" } ] }, { "id": "51084", "question": "what were the aim of the crusade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "suppressing heresy and securing religious and doctrinal unity" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 15th-century Renaissance brought about a renewed interest in ancient and classical learning. Another major schism, the Reformation, resulted in the splintering of the Western Christendom into several branches. Martin Luther in 1517 protested against the sale of indulgences and soon moved on to deny several key points of Roman Catholic doctrine.", "qas": [ { "id": "51085", "question": "what was the name of the schism that ended the western christendom ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "the Reformation" } ] }, { "id": "51086", "question": "who protested against the sale of roman catholic doctrine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "Martin Luther" } ] }, { "id": "51087", "question": "when did martin luther die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "1517" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other reformers like Zwingli, Calvin, Knox and Arminius further criticized Roman Catholic teaching and worship. These challenges developed into the movement called Protestantism, which repudiated the primacy of the pope, the role of tradition, the seven sacraments, and other doctrines and practices. The Reformation in England began in 1534, when King Henry VIII had himself declared head of the Church of England. Beginning in 1536, the monasteries throughout England, Wales and Ireland were dissolved.", "qas": [ { "id": "51088", "question": "who were some of the reformers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "Zwingli, Calvin, Knox and Arminius" } ] }, { "id": "51089", "question": "what was the name of the movement that repudiated the primacy of the pope ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "Protestantism" } ] }, { "id": "51090", "question": "when did the reformation begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 337, "text": "1534" } ] }, { "id": "51091", "question": "who had himself head of the church of england ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 348, "text": "King Henry VIII" } ] }, { "id": "51092", "question": "when was the monasteries throughout england ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 429, "text": "1536" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thomas M\u00fcntzer, Andreas Karlstadt and other theologians perceived both the Roman Catholic Church and the confessions of the Magisterial Reformation as corrupted. Their activity brought about the Radical Reformation, which gave birth to various Anabaptist denominations.\nPartly in response to the Protestant Reformation, the Roman Catholic Church engaged in a substantial process of reform and renewal, known as the Counter-Reformation or Catholic Reform. The Council of Trent clarified and reasserted Roman Catholic doctrine. During the following centuries, competition between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism became deeply entangled with political struggles among European states.", "qas": [ { "id": "51093", "question": "what reformation did karlstadt belong to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "Magisterial Reformation" } ] }, { "id": "51094", "question": "what gave birth to various anabaptist denominations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "Radical Reformation" } ] }, { "id": "51095", "question": "the roman catholic church engaged in what reformation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "the Protestant Reformation" } ] }, { "id": "51096", "question": "what church engaged in a substantial process of reform ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "Roman Catholic Church" } ] }, { "id": "51097", "question": "what was the roman catholic church called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 415, "text": "Counter-Reformation or Catholic Reform" } ] }, { "id": "51098", "question": "what two groups were deeply entangled with political struggles ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 578, "text": "Roman Catholicism and Protestantism" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Meanwhile, the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus in 1492 brought about a new wave of missionary activity. Partly from missionary zeal, but under the impetus of colonial expansion by the European powers, Christianity spread to the Americas, Oceania, East Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa.", "qas": [ { "id": "51099", "question": "who brought the discovery of america in 1492 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "Christopher Columbus" } ] }, { "id": "51100", "question": "when did christopher columbus die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "1492" } ] }, { "id": "51101", "question": "where did christianity move to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "Americas, Oceania, East Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Throughout Europe, the divides caused by the Reformation led to outbreaks of religious violence and the establishment of separate state churches in Europe. Lutheranism spread into northern, central and eastern parts of present-day Germany, Livonia and Scandinavia. Anglicanism was established in England in 1534. Calvinism and its varieties (such as Presbyterianism) were introduced in Scotland, the Netherlands, Hungary, Switzerland and France. Arminianism gained followers in the Netherlands and Frisia. Ultimately, these differences led to the outbreak of conflicts in which religion played a key factor. The Thirty Years' War, the English Civil War, and the French Wars of Religion are prominent examples. These events intensified the Christian debate on persecution and toleration.", "qas": [ { "id": "51102", "question": "what are some of the eastern parts of lutheranism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "Germany, Livonia and Scandinavia" } ] }, { "id": "51103", "question": "when was anglicanism established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "1534" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the era known as the Great Divergence, when in the West the Age of Enlightenment and the Scientific revolution brought about great societal changes, Christianity was confronted with various forms of skepticism and with certain modern political ideologies such as versions of socialism and liberalism. Events ranged from mere anti-clericalism to violent outbursts against Christianity such as the Dechristianisation during the French Revolution, the Spanish Civil War, and general hostility of Marxist movements, especially the Russian Revolution.", "qas": [ { "id": "51104", "question": "what was the name of the era that brought about great societal changes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "Great Divergence" } ] }, { "id": "51105", "question": "what two political ideologies did christianity have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "socialism and liberalism" } ] }, { "id": "51106", "question": "what was the name of the war in the french revolution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 448, "text": "the Spanish Civil War" } ] }, { "id": "51107", "question": "what was the name of the revolution that general hostility of marxist movements ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 526, "text": "the Russian Revolution" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Especially pressing in Europe was the formation of nation states after the Napoleonic era. In all European countries, different Christian denominations found themselves in competition, to greater or lesser extents, with each other and with the state. Variables are the relative sizes of the denominations and the religious, political, and ideological orientation of the state. Urs Altermatt of the University of Fribourg, looking specifically at Catholicisms in Europe, identifies four models for the European nations. In traditionally Catholic countries such as Belgium, Spain, and to some extent Austria, religious and national communities are more or less identical. Cultural symbiosis and separation are found in Poland, Ireland, and Switzerland, all countries with competing denominations. Competition is found in Germany, the Netherlands, and again Switzerland, all countries with minority Catholic populations who to a greater or lesser extent did identify with the nation. Finally, separation between religion (again, specifically Catholicism) and the state is found to a great degree in France and Italy, countries where the state actively opposed itself to the authority of the Catholic Church.", "qas": [ { "id": "51108", "question": "when was the formation of nation states in europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "the Napoleonic era" } ] }, { "id": "51109", "question": "where is the university of fribourg located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 446, "text": "Catholicisms" } ] }, { "id": "51110", "question": "what are some catholic catholic countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 563, "text": "Belgium, Spain" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The combined factors of the formation of nation states and ultramontanism, especially in Germany and the Netherlands but also in England (to a much lesser extent), often forced Catholic churches, organizations, and believers to choose between the national demands of the state and the authority of the Church, specifically the papacy. This conflict came to a head in the First Vatican Council, and in Germany would lead directly to the Kulturkampf, where liberals and Protestants under the leadership of Bismarck managed to severely restrict Catholic expression and organization.", "qas": [ { "id": "51111", "question": "which two countries were the papacy of the nation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Germany and the Netherlands" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Christian commitment in Europe dropped as modernity and secularism came into their own in Europe, particularly in the Czech Republic and Estonia, while religious commitments in America have been generally high in comparison to Europe. The late 20th\u00a0century has shown the shift of Christian adherence to the Third World and southern hemisphere in general, with the western civilization no longer the chief standard bearer of Christianity.", "qas": [ { "id": "51112", "question": "where did christian commitment come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "Czech Republic and Estonia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some Europeans (including diaspora), Indigenous peoples of the Americas, and natives of other continents have revived their respective peoples' historical folk religions. Approximately 7.1 to 10% of Arabs are Christians, most prevalent in Egypt, Syria and Lebanon.", "qas": [ { "id": "51113", "question": "along with indigenous peoples of the americas , what is another name for some europeans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "diaspora" } ] }, { "id": "51114", "question": "what type of folk religions are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "historical folk religions" } ] }, { "id": "51115", "question": "what percentage of arabs are most prevalent in egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "7.1 to 10%" } ] }, { "id": "51116", "question": "where are christians most prevalent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "Egypt, Syria and Lebanon" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With around 2.4\u00a0billion adherents, split into three main branches of Catholic, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox, Christianity is the world's largest religion. The Christian share of the world's population has stood at around 33% for the last hundred years, which says that one in three persons on earth are Christians. This masks a major shift in the demographics of Christianity; large increases in the developing world have been accompanied by substantial declines in the developed world, mainly in Europe and North America. According to a 2015 Pew Research Center study, by 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion.", "qas": [ { "id": "51117", "question": "christianity is the world 's largest branches of what two main branches ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Catholic, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox" } ] }, { "id": "51118", "question": "what is the christian share of the world 's population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "33%" } ] }, { "id": "51119", "question": "where are large increases in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 500, "text": "Europe and North America" } ] }, { "id": "51120", "question": "what year was the pew research center study ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 576, "text": "2050" } ] }, { "id": "51121", "question": "how much is the christian population in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 629, "text": "3 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As a percentage of Christians, the Catholic Church and Orthodoxy (both Eastern and Oriental) are declining, while Protestants and other Christians are on the rise. The so-called \"popular Protestantism\" is one of the fastest growing religious categories in the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "51122", "question": "what christians are declining , eastern and oriental ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "the Catholic Church and Orthodoxy" } ] }, { "id": "51123", "question": "the catholic church and orthodoxy are two examples of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "Eastern and Oriental" } ] }, { "id": "51124", "question": "what is one of the fastest growing religious categories ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "popular Protestantism" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Christianity is the predominant religion in Europe, the Americas and Southern Africa. In Asia, it is the dominant religion in Georgia, Armenia, East Timor and the Philippines. However, it is declining in many areas including the Northern and Western United States, Oceania (Australia and New Zealand), northern Europe (including Great Britain, Scandinavia and other places), France, Germany, the Canadian provinces of Ontario, British Columbia, and Quebec, and parts of Asia (especially the Middle East \u2013 due to the Christian emigration, South Korea, Taiwan, and Macau).", "qas": [ { "id": "51125", "question": "what are the predominant religion in europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "the Americas and Southern Africa" } ] }, { "id": "51126", "question": "where is christianity located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "Georgia, Armenia, East Timor and the Philippines" } ] }, { "id": "51127", "question": "which areas of christianity is declining ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "Northern and Western United States, Oceania (Australia and New Zealand" } ] }, { "id": "51128", "question": "which canadian provinces are in christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 418, "text": "Ontario, British Columbia, and Quebec" } ] }, { "id": "51129", "question": "what are the names of the christian emigration ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 538, "text": "South Korea, Taiwan, and Macau" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Christian population is not decreasing in Brazil, the Southern United States and the province of Alberta, Canada, but the percentage is decreasing. In countries such as Australia and New Zealand, the Christian population are declining in both numbers and percentage.", "qas": [ { "id": "51130", "question": "what are the christian population in brazil ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "the Southern United States and the province of Alberta, Canada" } ] }, { "id": "51131", "question": "which two countries are declining in the christian population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "Australia and New Zealand" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Despite the declining numbers, Christianity remains the dominant religion in the Western World, where 70% are Christians. A 2011 Pew Research Center survey found that 76.2% of Europeans, 73.3% in Oceania, and about 86.0% in the Americas (90.0% in Latin America and 77.4% in North America) described themselves as Christians. By 2010 about 157 countries and territories in the world had Christian majorities.", "qas": [ { "id": "51132", "question": "what percentage of christians are christians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "70%" } ] }, { "id": "51133", "question": "what percentage of europeans were found in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "76.2%" } ] }, { "id": "51134", "question": "what percentage of europeans were described in the americas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "86.0%" } ] }, { "id": "51135", "question": "how many countries were in the world in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 339, "text": "157" } ] } ] }, { "context": "However, there are many charismatic movements that have become well established over large parts of the world, especially Africa, Latin America and Asia. Since 1900, primarily due to conversion, Protestantism has spread rapidly in Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America. A leading Saudi Arabian Muslim leader Sheikh Ahmad al Qatanni reported on Al Jazeera that every day 16,000 African Muslims convert to Christianity. He claimed that Islam was losing 6\u00a0million African Muslims a year to becoming Christians, St. Mary's University study estimated about 10.2 million Muslim convert to Christianity in 2015. as well a significant numbers of Muslims converts to Christianity in Afghanistan, Albania, Azerbaijan Algeria, Belgium, France, Germany, Iran, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Morocco, Russia, Tunisia, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Kosovo, and Central Asia. It is also reported that Christianity is popular among people of different backgrounds in India (mostly Hindus), and Malaysia, Mongolia, Nigeria, Vietnam, Singapore, Indonesia, China, Japan, and South Korea.", "qas": [ { "id": "51136", "question": "where has protestantism spread ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America" } ] }, { "id": "51137", "question": "how many african muslims were convert to christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 372, "text": "16,000" } ] }, { "id": "51138", "question": "how many african muslims did ahmad have in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 453, "text": "6\u00a0million" } ] }, { "id": "51139", "question": "how many muslim convert did st. mary 's university study to christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 554, "text": "10.2 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In most countries in the developed world, church attendance among people who continue to identify themselves as Christians has been falling over the last few decades. Some sources view this simply as part of a drift away from traditional membership institutions, while others link it to signs of a decline in belief in the importance of religion in general. Europe's Christian population, though in decline, still constitutes the largest geographical component of the religion. According to data from the 2012 European Social Survey, around a third of European Christians say they attend services once a month or more, Conversely about more than two-thirds of Latin American Christians and according to the World Values Survey about 90% of African Christians (in Ghana, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa and Zimbabwe) said they attended church regularly.", "qas": [ { "id": "51140", "question": "what percentage of african christians are in ghana ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 733, "text": "90%" } ] }, { "id": "51141", "question": "where are african christians attended ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 763, "text": "Ghana, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa and Zimbabwe" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Christianity, in one form or another, is the sole state religion of the following nations: Argentina (Roman Catholic), Tuvalu (Reformed), Tonga (Methodist), Norway (Lutheran), Costa Rica (Roman Catholic), Kingdom of Denmark (Lutheran), England (Anglican), Georgia (Georgian Orthodox), Greece (Greek Orthodox), Iceland (Lutheran), Liechtenstein (Roman Catholic), Malta (Roman Catholic), Monaco (Roman Catholic), and Vatican City (Roman Catholic).", "qas": [ { "id": "51142", "question": "what country is the sole state of the nations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "Argentina" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are numerous other countries, such as Cyprus, which although do not have an established church, still give official recognition and support to a specific Christian denomination.", "qas": [ { "id": "51143", "question": "what is the name of the countries that has not give official recognition ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Cyprus" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The three primary divisions of Christianity are Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism. There are other Christian groups that do not fit neatly into one of these primary categories. The Nicene Creed is \"accepted as authoritative by the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, and major Protestant churches.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "51144", "question": "what are the three primary divisions of christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism" } ] }, { "id": "51145", "question": "who is the nicene creed accepted as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, and major Protestant churches" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There is a diversity of doctrines and practices among groups calling themselves Christian. These groups are sometimes classified under denominations, though for theological reasons many groups reject this classification system. A broader distinction that is sometimes drawn is between Eastern Christianity and Western Christianity, which has its origins in the East\u2013West Schism (Great Schism) of the 11th\u00a0century.", "qas": [ { "id": "51146", "question": "what are the distinction of the origins of the 11th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "Eastern Christianity and Western Christianity" } ] }, { "id": "51147", "question": "in what part of the 11th century does the great schism occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 361, "text": "East\u2013West Schism" } ] }, { "id": "51148", "question": "when was the west schism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "11th\u00a0century" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In addition to the Lutheran and Reformed (or Calvinist) branches of the Reformation, there is Anglicanism after the English Reformation. The Anabaptist tradition was largely ostracized by the other Protestant parties at the time, but has achieved a measure of affirmation in more recent history. Adventist, Baptist, Methodist, Pentecostal and other Protestant confessions arose in the following centuries.", "qas": [ { "id": "51149", "question": "what is another term for lutheran and reformed branches ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "Calvinist" } ] }, { "id": "51150", "question": "what is the english reformation in the english reformation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "Anglicanism" } ] }, { "id": "51151", "question": "what is the name of the reformation that there is anglicanism anglicanism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "the English Reformation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As well as these modern divisions, there were many diverse Christian communities with wildly different Christologies, eschatologies, soteriologies, and cosmologies that existed alongside the \"Early Church\" which is itself a projected concept to indicate which communities were \"proto-orthodox\", in that their views would become dominate. In many ways, the first three centuries of Christianity was significantly more diverse than the modern Church.", "qas": [ { "id": "51152", "question": "what is the name of the church that is itself a projected concept of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "Early Church" } ] }, { "id": "51153", "question": "what were the `` early church '' communities called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "proto-orthodox" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Catholic Church consists of those particular Churches, headed by bishops, in communion with the Pope, the Bishop of Rome, as its highest authority in matters of faith, morality and Church governance. Like Eastern Orthodoxy, the Roman Catholic Church, through apostolic succession, traces its origins to the Christian community founded by Jesus Christ. Catholics maintain that the \"one, holy, catholic and apostolic church\" founded by Jesus subsists fully in the Roman Catholic Church, but also acknowledges other Christian churches and communities and works towards reconciliation among all Christians. The Catholic faith is detailed in the \"Catechism of the Catholic Church\".", "qas": [ { "id": "51154", "question": "who headed the catholic church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "bishops" } ] }, { "id": "51155", "question": "who is the catholic church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "the Bishop of Rome" } ] }, { "id": "51156", "question": "what matters did the catholic church have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "faith, morality and Church governance" } ] }, { "id": "51157", "question": "what is the name of the church that jesus christ .", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "the Roman Catholic Church" } ] }, { "id": "51158", "question": "who founded the christian community ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 342, "text": "Jesus Christ" } ] }, { "id": "51159", "question": "where do catholics maintain the `` one , holy and apostolic church '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 466, "text": "Roman Catholic Church" } ] }, { "id": "51160", "question": "what is the catholic faith detailed in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 646, "text": "Catechism of the Catholic Church" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 2,834 sees are grouped into 24 particular autonomous Churches (the largest of which being the Latin Church), each with its own distinct traditions regarding the liturgy and the administering the sacraments. With more than 1.1\u00a0billion baptized members, the Catholic Church is the largest Christian church and represents over half of all Christians as well as one sixth of the world's population.", "qas": [ { "id": "51161", "question": "what sees the largest autonomous churches regarding the liturgy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "2,834" } ] }, { "id": "51162", "question": "what is the largest of the latin church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "24 particular autonomous Churches" } ] }, { "id": "51163", "question": "what are the distinct traditions of the latin church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "the liturgy and the administering the sacraments" } ] }, { "id": "51164", "question": "how many baptized members are baptized by the catholic church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "1.1\u00a0billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Various smaller communities, such as the Old Catholic and Independent Catholic Churches, include the word \"Catholic\" in their title, and share much in common with Roman Catholicism, but are no longer in communion with the Holy See.", "qas": [ { "id": "51165", "question": "what are the smaller communities of catholic churches ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Old Catholic and Independent Catholic Churches" } ] }, { "id": "51166", "question": "the word `` catholic '' is share in what language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "Roman Catholicism" } ] }, { "id": "51167", "question": "what do the catholic and independent catholic churches no longer in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "the Holy See" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Eastern Orthodox Church consists of those churches in communion with the Patriarchal Sees of the East, such as the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. Like the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church also traces its heritage to the foundation of Christianity through apostolic succession and has an episcopal structure, though the autonomy of its component parts is emphasized, and most of them are national churches. A number of conflicts with Western Christianity over questions of doctrine and authority culminated in the Great Schism. Eastern Orthodoxy is the second largest single denomination in Christianity, with an estimated 225\u2013300 million adherents.\nThe Oriental Orthodox churches (also called \"Old Oriental\" churches) are those eastern churches that recognize the first three ecumenical councils\u2014Nicaea, Constantinople and Ephesus\u2014but reject the dogmatic definitions of the Council of Chalcedon and instead espouse a Miaphysite christology. The Oriental Orthodox communion consists of six groups: Syriac Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox, Ethiopian Orthodox, Eritrean Orthodox, Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (India) and Armenian Apostolic churches. These six churches, while being in communion with each other are completely independent hierarchically. These churches are generally not in communion with Eastern Orthodox Churches with whom they are in dialogue for erecting a communion.", "qas": [ { "id": "51168", "question": "what consists of the eastern orthodox church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Patriarchal Sees of the East" } ] }, { "id": "51169", "question": "what is the name of the eastern orthodox church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople" } ] }, { "id": "51170", "question": "what is the roman catholic church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "Eastern Orthodox Church" } ] }, { "id": "51171", "question": "what is the second largest denomination in christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 558, "text": "Eastern Orthodoxy" } ] }, { "id": "51172", "question": "how many adherents adherents is eastern orthodoxy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 653, "text": "225\u2013300 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 16th\u00a0century, Martin Luther, and subsequently Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin, inaugurated what has come to be called Protestantism. Luther's primary theological heirs are known as Lutherans. Zwingli and Calvin's heirs are far broader denominationally, and are broadly referred to as the Reformed tradition. The oldest Protestant groups separated from the Catholic Church in the Protestant Reformation, often followed by further divisions.", "qas": [ { "id": "51173", "question": "who inaugurated protestantism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "Martin Luther" } ] }, { "id": "51174", "question": "who were two of the protestantism in the 16th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin" } ] }, { "id": "51175", "question": "what was john calvin inaugurated to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "Protestantism" } ] }, { "id": "51176", "question": "what are luther 's primary heirs known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "Lutherans" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 18th century, for example, Methodism grew out of Anglican minister John Wesley's evangelical and revival movement. Several Pentecostal and non-denominational churches, which emphasize the cleansing power of the Holy Spirit, in turn grew out of Methodism. Because Methodists, Pentecostals, and other evangelicals stress \"accepting Jesus as your personal Lord and Savior\", which comes from Wesley's emphasis of the New Birth, they often refer to themselves as being born-again.", "qas": [ { "id": "51177", "question": "what anglican minister did methodism have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "John Wesley's evangelical and revival movement" } ] }, { "id": "51178", "question": "what did methodists do with jesus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 337, "text": "Jesus as your personal Lord and Savior" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Estimates of the total number of Protestants are very uncertain, but it seems clear that Protestantism is the second largest major group of Christians after Roman Catholicism in number of followers (although the Eastern Orthodox Church is larger than any single Protestant denomination). Often that number is put at more than 800 million, corresponding to nearly 40% of world's Christians. The majority of Protestants are members of just a handful of denominational families, i.e. Adventists, Anglicans, Baptists, Reformed (Calvinists), Lutherans, Methodists and Pentecostals. Nondenominational, evangelical, charismatic, neo-charismatic, independent and other churches are on the rise, and constitute a significant part of Protestant Christianity.", "qas": [ { "id": "51179", "question": "what is the second largest major group of christians in number of followers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Protestantism" } ] }, { "id": "51180", "question": "protestantism is the second major group of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "Roman Catholicism" } ] }, { "id": "51181", "question": "how much is number of world 's christians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 326, "text": "800 million" } ] }, { "id": "51182", "question": "what percentage of world 's christians are put by 800 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 363, "text": "40%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A special grouping are the Anglican churches descended from the Church of England and organized in the Anglican Communion. Some Anglican churches consider themselves both Protestant and Catholic. Some Anglicans consider their church a branch of the \"One Holy Catholic Church\" alongside of the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches, a concept rejected by the Roman Catholic Church and some Eastern Orthodox.", "qas": [ { "id": "51183", "question": "where do anglican churches descended from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "the Church of England" } ] }, { "id": "51184", "question": "where are anglican churches organized ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "the Anglican Communion" } ] }, { "id": "51185", "question": "what do some anglican churches consider ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "Protestant and Catholic" } ] }, { "id": "51186", "question": "what do some anglicans consider their church a branch of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "One Holy Catholic Church" } ] }, { "id": "51187", "question": "who rejected the `` one holy catholic church '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 361, "text": "the Roman Catholic Church and some Eastern Orthodox" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While Anglicans, Lutherans and the Reformed branches of Protestantism originated in the Magisterial Reformation, other Protestant groups such as the Anabaptists (mostly made-up of Amish, Mennonites, Hutterites and Schwarzenau Brethren/German Baptist groups), originated in the Radical Reformation and are distinguished by their belief in credobaptism.", "qas": [ { "id": "51188", "question": "where did the reformed branches originate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "Magisterial Reformation" } ] }, { "id": "51189", "question": "what protestant groups originated in the radical reformation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "the Anabaptists" } ] }, { "id": "51190", "question": "what are the anabaptists ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "Amish, Mennonites, Hutterites and Schwarzenau Brethren/German Baptist groups" } ] }, { "id": "51191", "question": "when did the anabaptists originate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "Radical Reformation" } ] }, { "id": "51192", "question": "where are the anabaptists distinguished by their belief ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 338, "text": "credobaptism" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some groups of individuals who hold basic Protestant tenets identify themselves simply as \"Christians\" or \"born-again Christians\". They typically distance themselves from the confessionalism and/or creedalism of other Christian communities by calling themselves \"non-denominational\" or \"evangelical\". Often founded by individual pastors, they have little affiliation with historic denominations.", "qas": [ { "id": "51193", "question": "what are some groups that hold basic protestant tenets ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "\"Christians\" or \"born-again Christians" } ] }, { "id": "51194", "question": "what are the christian communities that hold themselves from other christian communities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "non-denominational\" or \"evangelical\"" } ] }, { "id": "51195", "question": "who founded some groups ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 318, "text": "individual pastors" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Second Great Awakening, a period of religious revival that occurred in the United States during the early 1800s, saw the development of a number of unrelated churches. They generally saw themselves as restoring the original church of Jesus Christ rather than reforming one of the existing churches. A common belief held by Restorationists was that the other divisions of Christianity had introduced doctrinal defects into Christianity, which was known as the Great Apostasy. In Asia, Iglesia ni Cristo is a known restorationist religion that was established during the early 1900s.", "qas": [ { "id": "51196", "question": "what saw the development of a number of unrelated churches ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Second Great Awakening" } ] }, { "id": "51197", "question": "the original church of jesus saw themselves as what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "Jesus Christ" } ] }, { "id": "51198", "question": "who was the common belief of christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 327, "text": "Restorationists" } ] }, { "id": "51199", "question": "what was the common name for christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 463, "text": "Great Apostasy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some of the churches originating during this period are historically connected to early 19th-century camp meetings in the Midwest and Upstate New York. American Millennialism and Adventism, which arose from Evangelical Protestantism, influenced the Jehovah's Witnesses movement and, as a reaction specifically to William Miller, the Seventh-day Adventists. Others, including the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Evangelical Christian Church in Canada, Churches of Christ, and the Christian churches and churches of Christ, have their roots in the contemporaneous Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement, which was centered in Kentucky and Tennessee. Other groups originating in this time period include the Christadelphians and Latter Day Saint movement. While the churches originating in the Second Great Awakening have some superficial similarities, their doctrine and practices vary significantly.", "qas": [ { "id": "51200", "question": "where are the camp meetings located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Midwest and Upstate New York" } ] }, { "id": "51201", "question": "which jehovah 's witnesses influenced the jehovah 's witnesses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "American Millennialism and Adventism" } ] }, { "id": "51202", "question": "what did the jehovah 's witnesses focus from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "Evangelical Protestantism" } ] }, { "id": "51203", "question": "who was the seventh-day adventists ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 313, "text": "William Miller" } ] }, { "id": "51204", "question": "what was the name of the movement that was centered in kentucky and tennessee ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 570, "text": "Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement" } ] }, { "id": "51205", "question": "where was the restoration of the christian church centered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 629, "text": "Kentucky and Tennessee" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Esoteric Christians regard Christianity as a mystery religion, and profess the existence and possession of certain esoteric doctrines or practices, hidden from the public but accessible only to a narrow circle of \"enlightened\", \"initiated\", or highly educated people. Some of the esoteric Christian institutions include the Rosicrucian Fellowship, the Anthroposophical Society and the Martinism.", "qas": [ { "id": "51206", "question": "what are some of the esoteric christian institutions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "Rosicrucian Fellowship, the Anthroposophical Society and the Martinism" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Messianic Judaism (or Messianic Movement) is the name of a Christian movement comprising a number of streams, whose members may consider themselves Jewish. The movement originated in the 1960s and 1970s, and it blends elements of religious Jewish practice with evangelical Christianity. Messianic Judaism affirms Christian creeds such as the messiahship and divinity of \"Yeshua\" (the Hebrew name of Jesus) and the Triune Nature of God, while also adhering to some Jewish dietary laws and customs.", "qas": [ { "id": "51207", "question": "what is the name of the christian movement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Messianic Judaism" } ] }, { "id": "51208", "question": "what is another name for messianic judaism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "Messianic Movement" } ] }, { "id": "51209", "question": "when did the movement of the movement begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "1960s and 1970s" } ] }, { "id": "51210", "question": "what type of christianity did the movement blends ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "evangelical Christianity" } ] }, { "id": "51211", "question": "what is another name for the hebrew name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 371, "text": "Yeshua" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Western culture, throughout most of its history, has been nearly equivalent to Christian culture, and many of the population of the Western hemisphere could broadly be described as cultural Christians. The notion of \"Europe\" and the \"Western World\" has been intimately connected with the concept of \"Christianity and Christendom\" many even attribute Christianity for being the link that created a unified European identity.", "qas": [ { "id": "51212", "question": "what were many of the population of the western hemisphere described as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "cultural Christians" } ] }, { "id": "51213", "question": "what are the concept of `` europe '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 300, "text": "Christianity and Christendom" } ] }, { "id": "51214", "question": "what did the concept of `` christianity '' create ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 395, "text": "a unified European identity" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Though Western culture contained several polytheistic religions during its early years under the Greek and Roman empires, as the centralized Roman power waned, the dominance of the Catholic Church was the only consistent force in Europe. Until the Age of Enlightenment, Christian culture guided the course of philosophy, literature, art, music and science. Christian disciplines of the respective arts have subsequently developed into Christian philosophy, Christian art, Christian music, Christian literature etc.", "qas": [ { "id": "51215", "question": "what empires did western culture have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "Greek and Roman empires" } ] }, { "id": "51216", "question": "what was the only consistent force in europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "the Catholic Church" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Christianity had a significant impact on education and science and medicine as the church created the bases of the Western system of education, and was the sponsor of founding universities in the Western world as the university is generally regarded as an institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. Many clerics throughout history have made significant contributions to science and Jesuits in particular have made numerous significant contributions to the development of science. The Civilizing influence of Christianity includes social welfare, founding hospitals, economics (as the Protestant work ethic), politics, architecture, literature and family life.", "qas": [ { "id": "51217", "question": "what was the origin of christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 295, "text": "Medieval Christian setting" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Eastern Christians (particularly Nestorian Christians) contributed to the Arab Islamic Civilization during the Ummayad and the Abbasid periods by translating works of Greek philosophers to Syriac and afterwards to Arabic. They also excelled in philosophy, science, theology and medicine.", "qas": [ { "id": "51218", "question": "what type of christians contributed to the arab islamic civilization ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Eastern Christians" } ] }, { "id": "51219", "question": "who did eastern christians contributed to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "Arab Islamic Civilization" } ] }, { "id": "51220", "question": "what are some of the philosophy of eastern christians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "science, theology and medicine" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Christians have made a myriad contributions in a broad and diverse range of fields, including the sciences, arts, politics, literatures and business. According to \"100 Years of Nobel Prizes\" a review of Nobel prizes award between 1901 and 2000 reveals that (65.4%) of Nobel Prizes Laureates, have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference.", "qas": [ { "id": "51221", "question": "in what years did nobel prizes award christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "1901 and 2000" } ] }, { "id": "51222", "question": "what percentage of nobel prizes laureates identified christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "65.4%" } ] }, { "id": "51223", "question": "who have identified christianity in its religious preference ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 268, "text": "Nobel Prizes Laureates" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"Postchristianity\" is the term for the decline of Christianity, particularly in Europe, Canada, Australia and to a minor degree the Southern Cone, in the 20th and 21st\u00a0centuries, considered in terms of postmodernism. It refers to the loss of Christianity's monopoly on values and world view in historically Christian societies.", "qas": [ { "id": "51224", "question": "what is the term for postmodernism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1, "text": "Postchristianity" } ] }, { "id": "51225", "question": "what is the minor degree of postmodernism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "Southern Cone" } ] }, { "id": "51226", "question": "when did postmodernism become the southern cone ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "20th and 21st\u00a0centuries" } ] }, { "id": "51227", "question": "what is the name of the terms that the southern cone is considered in terms of christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "postmodernism" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Cultural Christians are secular people with a Christian heritage who may not believe in the religious claims of Christianity, but who retain an affinity for the popular culture, art, music, and so on related to it. Another frequent application of the term is to distinguish political groups in areas of mixed religious backgrounds.", "qas": [ { "id": "51228", "question": "what is the frequent application of political groups ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 303, "text": "mixed religious backgrounds" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Christian groups and denominations have long expressed ideals of being reconciled, and in the 20th\u00a0century, Christian ecumenism advanced in two ways. One way was greater cooperation between groups, such as the World Evangelical Alliance founded in 1846 in London or the Edinburgh Missionary Conference of Protestants in 1910, the Justice, Peace and Creation Commission of the World Council of Churches founded in 1948 by Protestant and Orthodox churches, and similar national councils like the National Council of Churches in Australia which includes Roman Catholics.", "qas": [ { "id": "51229", "question": "when was the world evangelical alliance founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "1846" } ] }, { "id": "51230", "question": "where was the world evangelical alliance founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "London or the Edinburgh Missionary Conference of Protestants" } ] }, { "id": "51231", "question": "when was the missionary conference founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 320, "text": "1910" } ] }, { "id": "51232", "question": "when was the commission of the world council of churches founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 413, "text": "1948" } ] }, { "id": "51233", "question": "who founded the world council of churches in 1948 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 421, "text": "Protestant and Orthodox churches" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The other way was institutional union with United and uniting churches, a practice that can be traced back to unions between Lutherans and Calvinists in early 19th-century Germany. Congregationalist, Methodist and Presbyterian churches united in 1925 to form the United Church of Canada, and in 1977 to form the Uniting Church in Australia. The Church of South India was formed in 1947 by the union of Anglican, Baptist, Methodist, Congregationalist, and Presbyterian churches.", "qas": [ { "id": "51234", "question": "who can be traced to in germany ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "Lutherans and Calvinists" } ] }, { "id": "51235", "question": "when was the church of south india formed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 381, "text": "1947" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The ecumenical, monastic Taiz\u00e9 Community is notable for being composed of more than one hundred brothers from Protestant and Catholic traditions. The community emphasizes the reconciliation of all denominations and its main church, located in Taiz\u00e9, Sa\u00f4ne-et-Loire, France, is named the \"Church of Reconciliation\". The community is internationally known, attracting over 100,000 young pilgrims annually.\nSteps towards reconciliation on a global level were taken in 1965 by the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches mutually revoking the excommunications that marked their Great Schism in 1054; the Anglican Roman Catholic International Commission (ARCIC) working towards full communion between those churches since 1970; and some Lutheran and Roman Catholic churches signing the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification in 1999 to address conflicts at the root of the Protestant Reformation. In 2006, the World Methodist Council, representing all Methodist denominations, adopted the declaration.", "qas": [ { "id": "51236", "question": "the ecumenical taiz\u00e9 community is notable for what two traditions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Protestant and Catholic traditions" } ] }, { "id": "51237", "question": "where is the `` church of reconciliation '' located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 243, "text": "Taiz\u00e9, Sa\u00f4ne-et-Loire" } ] }, { "id": "51238", "question": "what is france 's main church called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 288, "text": "Church of Reconciliation" } ] }, { "id": "51239", "question": "how many pilgrims are in the community ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 366, "text": "over 100,000 young pilgrims annually" } ] }, { "id": "51240", "question": "in what year were steps towards a global level of the protestant reformation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 465, "text": "1965" } ] }, { "id": "51241", "question": "in what year did the great schism take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 587, "text": "1054" } ] }, { "id": "51242", "question": "who working towards full communion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 597, "text": "Anglican Roman Catholic International Commission" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Criticism of Christianity and Christians goes back to the Apostolic Age, with the New Testament recording friction between the followers of Jesus and the Pharisees and scribes (e.g. and ). In the 2nd\u00a0century, Christianity was criticized by the Jews on various grounds, e.g. that the prophecies of the Hebrew Bible could not have been fulfilled by Jesus, given that he did not have a successful life. By the 3rd\u00a0century, criticism of Christianity had mounted, partly as a defense against it, and the 15-volume \"Adversus Christianos\" by Porphyry was written as a comprehensive attack on Christianity, in part building on the pre-Christian concepts of Plotinus.", "qas": [ { "id": "51243", "question": "criticism of christianity and christians goes back to what age ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "Apostolic Age" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By the 12th century, the Mishneh Torah (i.e., Rabbi Moses Maimonides) was criticizing Christianity on the grounds of idol worship, in that Christians attributed divinity to Jesus who had a physical body. In the 19th\u00a0century, Nietzsche began to write a series of polemics on the \"unnatural\" teachings of Christianity (e.g. sexual abstinence), and continued his criticism of Christianity to the end of his life. In the 20th\u00a0century, the philosopher Bertrand Russell expressed his criticism of Christianity in \"Why I Am Not a Christian\", formulating his rejection of Christianity in the setting of logical arguments.", "qas": [ { "id": "51244", "question": "what torah was criticizing by rabbi moses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "Mishneh Torah" } ] }, { "id": "51245", "question": "who was the mishneh torah ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Rabbi Moses Maimonides" } ] }, { "id": "51246", "question": "who expressed his criticism of christianity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 447, "text": "Bertrand Russell" } ] }, { "id": "51247", "question": "what did bertrand russell do in the 20th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 508, "text": "Why I Am Not a Christian" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Criticism of Christianity continues to date, e.g. Jewish and Muslim theologians criticize the doctrine of the Trinity held by most Christians, stating that this doctrine in effect assumes that there are three Gods, running against the basic tenet of monotheism. New Testament scholar Robert M. Price has outlined the possibility that some Bible stories are based partly on myth in \"The Christ Myth Theory and its problems\".", "qas": [ { "id": "51248", "question": "who criticize the doctrine of trinity held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Jewish and Muslim theologians" } ] }, { "id": "51249", "question": "how many gods are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "three Gods" } ] }, { "id": "51250", "question": "who has outlined the possibility of some bible stories ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 284, "text": "Robert M. Price" } ] }, { "id": "51251", "question": "what is the name of the myth that price are based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 382, "text": "The Christ Myth Theory and its problems" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Christian apologetics aims to present a rational basis for Christianity. The word \"apologetic\" comes from the Greek word \"apologeomai\", meaning \"in defense of\". Christian apologetics has taken many forms over the centuries, starting with Paul the Apostle. The philosopher Thomas Aquinas presented five arguments for God's existence in the \"Summa Theologica\", while his \"Summa contra Gentiles\" was a major apologetic work. Another famous apologist, G. K. Chesterton, wrote in the early twentieth century about the benefits of religion and, specifically, Christianity. Famous for his use of paradox, Chesterton explained that while Christianity had the most mysteries, it was the most practical religion. He pointed to the advance of Christian civilizations as proof of its practicality. The physicist and priest John Polkinghorne, in his \"Questions of Truth\" discusses the subject of religion and science, a topic that other Christian apologists such as Ravi Zacharias, John Lennox and William Lane Craig have engaged, with the latter two men opining that the inflationary Big Bang model is evidence for the existence of God.", "qas": [ { "id": "51252", "question": "what word does the word `` apologetic '' refer to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "apologeomai" } ] }, { "id": "51253", "question": "who has taken many forms of christian apologetics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "Paul the Apostle" } ] }, { "id": "51254", "question": "who presented five arguments for god ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "Thomas Aquinas" } ] }, { "id": "51255", "question": "what was the name of the existence of thomas aquinas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 340, "text": "Summa Theologica" } ] }, { "id": "51256", "question": "who wrote in the early twentieth century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 448, "text": "G. K. Chesterton" } ] }, { "id": "51257", "question": "who was the priest and priest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 811, "text": "John Polkinghorne" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Christianity" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Forwards are the players on an association football team who play nearest to the opposing team's goal, and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals.", "qas": [ { "id": "51258", "question": "what is the players on an association football team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Forwards" } ] }, { "id": "51259", "question": "what are the players on the opposing team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "an association football team who play nearest to the opposing team's goal" } ] }, { "id": "51260", "question": "what are the most responsible for the opposing team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "scoring goals" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards; for example, the common 4\u20132\u20133\u20131 formation includes one forward. Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards, or none.", "qas": [ { "id": "51261", "question": "how many forwards formations are there in modern team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "one to three forwards" } ] }, { "id": "51262", "question": "how many formation does modern team formations have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "4\u20132\u20133\u20131" } ] }, { "id": "51263", "question": "how many forwards can unconventional formations include ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "more than three forwards" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The centre-forward is often a tall player, typically known as a target man, whose main function is to score the majority of goals on behalf of the team. The player may also be used to win long balls or receive passes and retain possession of the ball as team-mates advance, to help teammates score by providing a pass ('through ball' into the box); the latter variation usually requiring quicker pace. Most modern centre-forwards operate in front of the second strikers or central attacking midfielders, and do the majority of the ball handling outside the box. The present role of centre-forward is sometimes interchangeable with that of an attacking midfielder, especially in the 4\u20133\u20131\u20132 or 4\u20131\u20132\u20131\u20132 formations. A centre-forward usually must be strong, to win key headers and 'outmuscle' defenders. The term centre-forward is taken from the early football playing formation in which there were five \"forward\" players: two outside forwards, two inside forwards, and one centre-forward.", "qas": [ { "id": "51264", "question": "what is the tall player typically known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "a target man" } ] }, { "id": "51265", "question": "what is the main function of a target ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "score the majority of goals on behalf of the team" } ] }, { "id": "51266", "question": "what can the player be used to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "win long balls or receive passes and retain possession of the ball as team-mates advance" } ] }, { "id": "51267", "question": "what do the variation usually requiring ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 388, "text": "quicker pace" } ] }, { "id": "51268", "question": "how many formations are there in the role of an attacking midfielder ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 682, "text": "4\u20133\u20131\u20132 or 4\u20131\u20132\u20131\u20132 formations" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When numbers were introduced in the 1933 English FA Cup final, one of the two centre-forwards that day wore the number nine \u2013 Everton's Dixie Dean a strong, powerful forward who had set the record for the most goals scored in a season in English football during the 1927\u201328 season. The number would then become synonymous with the centre-forward position (only worn that day because one team was numbered 1\u201311 whilst the other was numbered 12\u201322).", "qas": [ { "id": "51269", "question": "when were numbers introduced in the english fa cup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "1933 English FA Cup final" } ] }, { "id": "51270", "question": "during what time period did the everton fa cup final record in english ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "1927\u201328" } ] }, { "id": "51271", "question": "how old was the number of team at the time ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 405, "text": "1\u201311" } ] }, { "id": "51272", "question": "how old was the number of team at the time ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 440, "text": "12\u201322" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The role of a striker is rather different from that of a traditional centre-forward, although the terms centre forward and striker are used interchangeably as both play further up the field than other players and with tall and technical players like Zlatan Ibrahimovi\u0107 having qualities of both. Strikers are known for their ability to peel off defenders and to run into space via the blind side of the defender and to receive the ball in a good goalscoring position, as typified by Ronaldo and more recently Luis Su\u00e1rez and Robert Lewandowski. They are typically fast players with good ball control and dribbling abilities. More agile strikers like Michael Owen have an advantage over taller defenders due to their short burst speed. A good striker should be able to shoot confidently with both feet, possess great power and accuracy, and have the ability to pass the ball under pressure in breakaway situations. While many strikers also wear the number 9 shirt, the position is also associated with the number 10, which is frequently worn by more creative deep-lying forwards, and occasionally with numbers 7 and 11, which are often associated with wingers.", "qas": [ { "id": "51273", "question": "what is the name of the qualities that can be found in the field of a striker ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "Zlatan Ibrahimovi\u0107" } ] }, { "id": "51274", "question": "who are the two ronaldo in strikers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 508, "text": "Luis Su\u00e1rez and Robert Lewandowski" } ] }, { "id": "51275", "question": "who have an agile strikers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 649, "text": "Michael Owen" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Deep-lying forwards have a long history in the game, but the terminology to describe their playing activity has varied over the years. Originally such players were termed inside forwards, creative or deep-lying centre-forwards. More recently, two more variations of this old type of player have developed: the second, or shadow, or support, or auxiliary striker and, in what is in fact a distinct position unto its own, the Number 10, Diego Maradona who is often described as an attacking midfielder or the playmaker.", "qas": [ { "id": "51276", "question": "where were players termed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "inside forwards, creative or deep-lying centre-forwards" } ] }, { "id": "51277", "question": "what are the more variations in diego 's player ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "the second, or shadow, or support, or auxiliary striker" } ] }, { "id": "51278", "question": "what is diego maradona who is often described as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 476, "text": "an attacking midfielder or the playmaker" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The second striker position is a loosely defined and most often misapplied description of a player positioned somewhere between the out-and-out striker, whether he is a target-man or more of a poacher, and the Number 10 attacking midfielder, while possibly showing some of the characteristics of both. In fact, a coined term, the \"nine-and-a-half\", has been an attempt to become a standard in defining the position. Conceivably, a Number 10 can alternate as a second-striker provided that he is also a prolific goalscorer, otherwise a mobile forward with good technical ability (dribbling and ball control), who can both score and create opportunities for a less versatile centre-forward, is more suited. Second or support strikers do not tend to get as involved in the orchestration of attacks as the Number 10, nor do they bring as many other players into play, since they do not share the burden of responsibility, functioning predominantly as assist providers. In Italy, this role is known as a \"rifinitore\" or \"seconda punta\", whereas in Brazil, it is known as \"segundo atacante\".", "qas": [ { "id": "51279", "question": "what was the name of the term `` term term '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 331, "text": "nine-and-a-half" } ] }, { "id": "51280", "question": "what is the name of brazil 's role in brazil ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1067, "text": "segundo atacante" } ] } ] }, { "context": "An outside forward plays as the advanced forward on the right or left wing \u2013 as an outside right or outside left, typically as part of a 2\u20133\u20135 formation or one of its variants. As football tactics have largely developed, and wingers have dropped back to become midfielders, the terminology has changed and \"outside forward\" has become a historical term. Many commentators and football analysts still refer to the wing positions as \"outside right\" and \"outside left\".", "qas": [ { "id": "51281", "question": "how is an outside forward plays ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "an outside right or outside left" } ] }, { "id": "51282", "question": "how many formation does an outside of an outside forward plays ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "2\u20133\u20135" } ] }, { "id": "51283", "question": "what are the commentators and football analysts refer to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 432, "text": "outside right\" and \"outside left" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Due to these responsibilities some of the most important attributes include:", "qas": [] }, { "context": "A winger is an attacking player who is stationed in a wide position near the touchlines. They can be classified as forwards, considering their origin as the old \"outside-forward\" position, and continue to be termed as such in most parts of the world, especially in Latin and Dutch footballing cultures. However, in the British game (in which the 4\u20134\u20132 formation and its variants are most commonly used) they are usually counted as part of the midfield.", "qas": [ { "id": "51284", "question": "what is an attacking player ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2, "text": "winger" } ] }, { "id": "51285", "question": "where is an attacking player stationed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "a wide position near the touchlines" } ] }, { "id": "51286", "question": "what can be classified as the old `` outside-forward '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "forwards" } ] }, { "id": "51287", "question": "what is the name of the origin of world and dutch footballing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "the old \"outside-forward\" position" } ] }, { "id": "51288", "question": "what are some parts of the world cultures ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 265, "text": "Latin and Dutch footballing cultures" } ] }, { "id": "51289", "question": "how old is the british game ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 346, "text": "4\u20134\u20132" } ] } ] }, { "context": "It is a winger's duty to beat opposing fullbacks, deliver cut-backs or crosses from wide positions and, to a lesser extent, to beat defenders and score from close range. They are usually some of the quickest players in the team and usually have good dribbling skills as well. In their Dutch, Spanish and Portuguese usage, the defensive duties of the winger have been usually confined to pressing the opposition fullbacks when they have the ball. Otherwise, a winger will drop closer to the midfield to make himself available, should his team win back the ball.", "qas": [ { "id": "51290", "question": "what is a benefit of a lesser extent of a capacitor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "deliver cut-backs or crosses from wide positions" } ] }, { "id": "51291", "question": "what usage of dutch has been confined to the ball ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "Spanish and Portuguese usage" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In British and other northern European styles of football, the wide-midfielder is expected to track back all the way to his own corner flag should his full-back require help, and also to track back his marker, as well as tucking into the midfield when the more central players are trying to pressure the opposition for the ball, a huge responsibility for attack-oriented players, and particularly those like Joaqu\u00edn (winger/wide midfielder) or Cristiano Ronaldo (winger/second-striker/trequartista) or Ryan Giggs and John Barnes (winger/central midfielder) who lack the physical attributes of a wing-back or of a more orthodox midfield player. As these players grow older and lose their natural pace, they are frequently redeployed as Number 10s between the midfield and the forward line, where their innate ball control and improved reading of the game in the final third can serve to improve their teams' attacking options in tight spaces. An example is Internazionale's use of veteran Lu\u00eds Figo behind one or two other attackers.", "qas": [ { "id": "51292", "question": "what is the wide-midfielder flag expected to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "track back all the way to his own corner flag should his full-back require help" } ] }, { "id": "51293", "question": "what are some examples of joaqu\u00edn players ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 417, "text": "winger/wide midfielder) or Cristiano Ronaldo" } ] }, { "id": "51294", "question": "who are the cristiano ronaldo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 502, "text": "Ryan Giggs and John Barnes" } ] }, { "id": "51295", "question": "what are these players frequently redeployed as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 735, "text": "Number 10s between the midfield and the forward line" } ] }, { "id": "51296", "question": "what is an example of a example of a example of internazionale 's use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 988, "text": "Lu\u00eds Figo" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In recent years there has been a trend of playing inverted wingers \u2013 wide men stationed on the 'wrong' side of the pitch, in order to enable them to cut inside and shoot on their stronger foot and sometimes provide in-swinging crosses. This tactic was used by Frank Rijkaard, who whilst at Barcelona, moved Lionel Messi from the left flank onto the right wing, initially against the player's wishes, allowing him to cut into the centre and shoot or cross with his left foot.", "qas": [ { "id": "51297", "question": "what is the trend of playing inverted inverted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "wide men stationed on the 'wrong' side of the pitch" } ] }, { "id": "51298", "question": "why is the ` wrong ' side of the pitch ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "order to enable them to cut inside and shoot on their stronger foot and sometimes provide in-swinging crosses" } ] }, { "id": "51299", "question": "who used messi 's tactic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "Frank Rijkaard" } ] }, { "id": "51300", "question": "what did frank rijkaard moved to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "Lionel Messi from the left flank onto the right wing" } ] }, { "id": "51301", "question": "what did frank rijkaard do to the player ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "allowing him to cut into the centre and shoot or cross with his left foot" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The False 9, in some ways similar to a more advanced attacking midfielder/playmaker role, is an unconventional lone striker or centre-forward, who drops deep into midfield. The purpose of this is that it creates a problem for opposing centre-backs who can either follow him, leaving space behind them for onrushing midfielders, forwards or wingers to exploit, or leaving him to have time and space to dribble or pick out a pass.", "qas": [ { "id": "51302", "question": "what is the false lone striker ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "midfielder/playmaker role" } ] }, { "id": "51303", "question": "what is the false 9 9 9 role ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "unconventional lone striker or centre-forward" } ] }, { "id": "51304", "question": "what do opposing space follow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": "onrushing midfielders, forwards or wingers to exploit, or leaving him to have time and space to dribble or pick out a pass" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Key attributes for a False 9 are similar to those of a deep-lying striker; dribbling ability to take advantage of space between the lines, good short passing ability to link up with the midfield and vision to play through team-mates making runs from deep to goal.", "qas": [ { "id": "51305", "question": "what are key attributes similar to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "a deep-lying striker" } ] }, { "id": "51306", "question": "what happens to the advantage of space ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "good short passing ability to link up with the midfield and vision to play through team-mates making runs from deep to goal" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The first false 9 in a World Cup was Juan Peregrino Anselmo in the Uruguayan national team although he couldn't play the final match versus the Argentine national team of the 1930 FIFA World Cup because of an injury.\nMatthias Sindelar was the False 9 of the Wunderteam, the Austrian national team, in 1934. A False 9 was also utilized by the Hungarian national team during the beginning of the 1950s, with striker N\u00e1ndor Hidegkuti acting in the role.", "qas": [ { "id": "51307", "question": "who was the first false in a world cup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Juan Peregrino Anselmo" } ] }, { "id": "51308", "question": "who was the austrian national team in 1934 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "Matthias Sindelar" } ] }, { "id": "51309", "question": "what was matthias sindelar ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 243, "text": "False 9 of the Wunderteam" } ] }, { "id": "51310", "question": "when was the austrian national team the austrian national team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 301, "text": "1934" } ] }, { "id": "51311", "question": "who was the striker of the hungarian national team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 414, "text": "N\u00e1ndor Hidegkuti" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Roma under manager Luciano Spalletti used Francesco Totti, nominally a trequartista, up-front in an innovative \"4\u20136\u20130\" formation; this was met with a run of 11 consecutive victories.", "qas": [ { "id": "51312", "question": "who was the manager of francesco totti ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 19, "text": "Luciano Spalletti" } ] }, { "id": "51313", "question": "who was the manager of luciano ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "Francesco Totti" } ] }, { "id": "51314", "question": "what was the name of the manager of the manager of luciano ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "trequartista" } ] }, { "id": "51315", "question": "what was the innovative formation of francesco totti ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "\"4\u20136\u20130\" formation" } ] }, { "id": "51316", "question": "what was the run of the run of francesco 's formation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "11 consecutive victories" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Arsenal under Ars\u00e8ne Wenger utilised Robin van Persie as a False 9, often partnering with Theo Walcott who would move into the box from the flanks, in a false 4\u20132\u20133\u20131.", "qas": [ { "id": "51317", "question": "who was the leader of arsenal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "Ars\u00e8ne Wenger" } ] }, { "id": "51318", "question": "what was the name of the wenger that arsenal would have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Robin van Persie" } ] }, { "id": "51319", "question": "who was arsenal 's arsenal often ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "Theo Walcott" } ] }, { "id": "51320", "question": "how old was arsenal 's false box ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "4\u20132\u20133\u20131" } ] } ] }, { "context": "At Euro 2012, Spain manager Vicente del Bosque, although sometimes using a typical striker in Fernando Torres, used a false 9 in Cesc F\u00e0bregas in several matches, including the final. By the end of 2012, the False 9 had gone 'mainstream' with many clubs employing a version of the system. Barcelona's Lionel Messi has been an exponent of the false 9 position to much success in recent years, first under coach Pep Guardiola and later under Tito Vilanova.", "qas": [ { "id": "51321", "question": "what was the name of spain 's manager ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "Vicente del Bosque" } ] }, { "id": "51322", "question": "where was the final striker in spain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "Fernando Torres" } ] }, { "id": "51323", "question": "where was fernando torres used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "Cesc F\u00e0bregas" } ] }, { "id": "51324", "question": "who was barcelona 's exponent of barcelona ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 301, "text": "Lionel Messi" } ] }, { "id": "51325", "question": "who was the coach of barcelona ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 410, "text": "Pep Guardiola" } ] }, { "id": "51326", "question": "who was the coach of barcelona ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 440, "text": "Tito Vilanova" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A strike team is two or more strikers who work together. The history of football has been filled with many effective combinations. Three-man teams often operate in \"triangles\", giving a wealth of attacking options. Four-man packages expand options even more.", "qas": [ { "id": "51327", "question": "how many strikers team is a strike ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "two or more strikers who work together" } ] }, { "id": "51328", "question": "where do three-man teams operate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "triangles" } ] }, { "id": "51329", "question": "why do three-man teams operate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "giving a wealth of attacking options" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Strikers must also be flexible, and be able to switch roles at a moment's notice, between the first (\"advanced penetrator position\"), second (\"deep-lying manoeuvre\") and third (\"support and expansion, e.g. wings\") attacker roles.", "qas": [ { "id": "51330", "question": "what is the meaning of strikers roles ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "advanced penetrator position" } ] }, { "id": "51331", "question": "what are the names of the strikers roles ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "deep-lying manoeuvre\") and third" } ] }, { "id": "51332", "question": "what are the third roles of strikers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "support and expansion, e.g. wings\") attacker roles" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Another example was the Total Football played by the Dutch team in the 1970s, where the ability of their players, and in particular Johan Cruyff, to swap positions allowed a flexible attacking approach which opposition teams found difficult to effectively mark.\n", "qas": [ { "id": "51333", "question": "in what decade did the dutch team first appear in the dutch team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "1970s" } ] }, { "id": "51334", "question": "who allowed the dutch team to swap a flexible attacking approach ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "Johan Cruyff" } ] } ] } ], "title": "Forward (association football)" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Slovakia (; ), officially the Slovak Republic (, ), is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. Slovakia's territory spans about and is mostly mountainous. The population is over 5 million and comprises mostly ethnic Slovaks. The capital and largest city is Bratislava. The official language is Slovak, a member of the Slavic language family.", "qas": [ { "id": "51335", "question": "what is the name of the republic that slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "Slovak Republic" } ] }, { "id": "51336", "question": "where is slovakia located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "Central Europe" } ] }, { "id": "51337", "question": "what countries bordered slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south" } ] }, { "id": "51338", "question": "what is the population of the population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "5 million" } ] }, { "id": "51339", "question": "what is the largest city in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 386, "text": "Bratislava" } ] }, { "id": "51340", "question": "what is the official language of the slavic language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 423, "text": "Slovak" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Slavs arrived in the territory of present-day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries. In the 7th century, they played a significant role in the creation of Samo's Empire and in the 9th century established the Principality of Nitra. In the 10th century, the territory was integrated into the Kingdom of Hungary, which itself became part of the Habsburg Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. After World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Slovaks and Czechs established Czechoslovakia. A separate (First) Slovak Republic (1939\u20131945) existed in World War\u00a0II as a client state of Nazi Germany. In 1945, Czechoslovakia was reestablished under Communist rule as a Soviet satellite. In 1989 the Velvet Revolution ended authoritarian Communist rule in Czechoslovakia. Slovakia became an independent state on 1 January 1993 after the peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia.", "qas": [ { "id": "51341", "question": "when did the slavs arrive in slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "5th and 6th centuries" } ] }, { "id": "51342", "question": "the slavs played a significant role in what empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "Samo's Empire" } ] }, { "id": "51343", "question": "what was established in the 9th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "Principality of Nitra" } ] }, { "id": "51344", "question": "what was the territory integrated into in the 10th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 294, "text": "Kingdom of Hungary" } ] }, { "id": "51345", "question": "when did slovakia become an independent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 832, "text": "1 January 1993" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Slovakia is a high-income advanced economy with a very high Human Development Index, a very high standard of living and performs favourably in measurements of civil liberties, press freedom, internet freedom, democratic governance and peacefulness. The country maintains a combination of market economy with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. The country joined the European Union in 2004 and the Eurozone on 1 January 2009. Slovakia is also a member of the Schengen Area, NATO, the United Nations, the OECD, the WTO, CERN, the OSCE, the Council of Europe and the Visegr\u00e1d Group. Slovak economy is one of the fastest growing economies in Europe and 3rd fastest in eurozone. Its legal tender, the Euro, is the world's 2nd most traded currency. Although regional income inequality is high, 90% of citizens own their homes. In 2016 Slovak citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 165 countries and territories, ranking the Slovak passport 11th in the world. Slovakia is the world\u2019s biggest per-capita car producer with a total of 1,000,001 cars manufactured in the country in 2015 alone. The car industry represents 43 percent of Slovakia\u2019s industrial output and a quarter of its exports.", "qas": [ { "id": "51346", "question": "when did the country join the european union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 415, "text": "2004" } ] }, { "id": "51347", "question": "when did the eurozone invade the european union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 440, "text": "1 January 2009" } ] }, { "id": "51348", "question": "what percentage of citizens own their homes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 819, "text": "90%" } ] }, { "id": "51349", "question": "what percentage of slovakia 's industrial output is car ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1155, "text": "43 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Radiocarbon dating puts the oldest surviving archaeological artefacts from Slovakia \u2013 found near Nov\u00e9 Mesto nad V\u00e1hom \u2013 at 270,000\u00a0BC, in the Early Paleolithic era. These ancient tools, made by the Clactonian technique, bear witness to the ancient habitation of Slovakia.", "qas": [ { "id": "51350", "question": "what was the name of the oldest artefacts from slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "Nov\u00e9 Mesto nad V\u00e1hom" } ] }, { "id": "51351", "question": "in what year was the oldest surviving archaeological artefacts from slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "270,000" } ] }, { "id": "51352", "question": "who made bear witness to the ancient habitation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "Clactonian technique" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other stone tools from the Middle Paleolithic era (200,000 \u2013 80,000\u00a0BC) come from the Pr\u00e9v\u00f4t (Prepo\u0161tsk\u00e1) cave near Bojnice and from other nearby sites. The most important discovery from that era is a Neanderthal cranium (c. 200,000 BC), discovered near G\u00e1novce, a village in northern Slovakia.", "qas": [ { "id": "51353", "question": "when was the middle paleolithic era ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "200,000 \u2013 80,000\u00a0BC" } ] }, { "id": "51354", "question": "what is the most important discovery in northern slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "Neanderthal cranium" } ] }, { "id": "51355", "question": "when was the neanderthal cranium ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "200,000 BC" } ] }, { "id": "51356", "question": "where was a neanderthal cranium discovered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "G\u00e1novce" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Archaeologists have found prehistoric human skeletons in the region, as well as numerous objects and vestiges of the Gravettian culture, principally in the river valleys of Nitra, Hron, Ipe\u013e, V\u00e1h and as far as the city of \u017dilina, and near the foot of the Vihorlat, Inovec, and Tribe\u010d mountains, as well as in the Myjava Mountains. The most well-known finds include the oldest female statue made of mammoth-bone (22,800\u00a0BC), the famous Venus of Moravany. The statue was found in the 1940s in Moravany nad V\u00e1hom near Pie\u0161\u0165any. Numerous necklaces made of shells from Cypraca thermophile gastropods of the Tertiary period have come from the sites of Z\u00e1kovsk\u00e1, Podkovice, Hubina, and Rado\u0161ina. These findings provide the most ancient evidence of commercial exchanges carried out between the Mediterranean and Central Europe.", "qas": [ { "id": "51357", "question": "what mountains are in the foot of the river ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 255, "text": "Vihorlat, Inovec, and Tribe\u010d mountains" } ] }, { "id": "51358", "question": "where do archaeologists find prehistoric human skeletons ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 313, "text": "Myjava Mountains" } ] }, { "id": "51359", "question": "what was the oldest female statue made of the oldest female statue ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 398, "text": "mammoth-bone" } ] }, { "id": "51360", "question": "where was the statue found in the 1940s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 491, "text": "Moravany nad V\u00e1hom near Pie\u0161\u0165any" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Bronze Age in the geographical territory of modern-day Slovakia went through three stages of development, stretching from 2000 to 800\u00a0BC. Major cultural, economic, and political development can be attributed to the significant growth in production of copper, especially in central Slovakia (for example in \u0160pania Dolina) and northwest Slovakia. Copper became a stable source of prosperity for the local population.", "qas": [ { "id": "51361", "question": "when did the bronze age occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "2000 to 800\u00a0BC" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After the disappearance of the \u010cakany and Velatice cultures, the Lusatian people expanded building of strong and complex fortifications, with the large permanent buildings and administrative centres. Excavations of Lusatian hill forts document the substantial development of trade and agriculture at that period. The richness and the diversity of tombs increased considerably. The inhabitants of the area manufactured arms, shields, jewellery, dishes, and statues.", "qas": [ { "id": "51362", "question": "what are some of the inhabitants of the area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 424, "text": "shields, jewellery, dishes, and statues" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The arrival of tribes from Thrace disrupted the people of the Kalenderberg culture, who lived in the hamlets located on the plain (Sere\u010f) and in the hill forts like Molp\u00edr, near Smolenice, in the Little Carpathians. During Hallstatt times, monumental burial mounds were erected in western Slovakia, with princely equipment consisting of richly decorated vessels, ornaments and decorations. The burial rites consisted entirely of cremation. The common people were buried in flat urnfield cemeteries. A special role was given to weaving and the production of textiles. The local power of the \"Princes\" of the Hallstatt period disappeared in Slovakia during the last century before the middle of first millennium BCE, after strife between the Scytho-Thracian people and locals, resulting in abandonment of the old hill-forts. Relatively depopulated areas soon caught interest of emerging Celtic tribes, who advanced from the south towards the north, following the Slovak rivers, peacefully integrating into the remnants of the local population.", "qas": [ { "id": "51363", "question": "what was the name of the hill forts in the hill ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "Molp\u00edr" } ] }, { "id": "51364", "question": "what did the burial rites consisted of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 429, "text": "cremation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From around 500\u00a0BC, the territory of modern-day Slovakia was settled by Celts, who built powerful oppida on the sites of modern-day Bratislava and Devin. Biatecs, silver coins with inscriptions in the Latin alphabet, represent the first known use of writing in Slovakia. At the northern regions, remnants of the local population of Lusatian origin, together with Celtic and later Dacian influence, gave rise to the unique Puchov culture, with advanced crafts and iron-working, many hill-forts and fortified settlements of central type with coinage of the \"Velkobysterecky\" type (no inscriptions, with a horse on one side and a head on the other). This culture is often connected with the Celtic tribe mentioned in Roman sources as Cotini.", "qas": [ { "id": "51365", "question": "who settled slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "Celts" } ] }, { "id": "51366", "question": "what were the celts built on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "Bratislava and Devin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From 2\u00a0AD, the expanding Roman Empire established and maintained a series of outposts around and just north of the Danube, the largest of which were known as Carnuntum (whose remains are on the main road halfway between Vienna and Bratislava) and Brigetio (present-day Sz\u00f6ny at the Slovak-Hungarian border). Such Roman border settlements were built on the present area of Rusovce, currently a suburb of Bratislava. The military fort was surrounded by a civilian vicus and several farms of the villa rustica type. The name of this settlement was Gerulata. The military fort had an auxiliary cavalry unit, approximately 300 horses strong, modelled after the Cananefates. The remains of Roman buildings have also survived in Devin castle (present-day downtown Bratislava), the suburbs of Dubravka and Stupava, and Bratislava Castle Hill.\nNear the northernmost line of the Roman hinterlands, the Limes Romanus, there existed the winter camp of Laugaricio (modern-day Tren\u010d\u00edn) where the Auxiliary of Legion\u00a0II fought and prevailed in a decisive battle over the Germanic Quadi tribe in 179\u00a0AD during the Marcomannic Wars. The Kingdom of Vannius, a kingdom founded by the Germanic Suebian tribes of Quadi and Marcomanni, as well as several small Germanic and Celtic tribes, including the Osi and Cotini, existed in Western and Central Slovakia from 8\u20136\u00a0BC to 179\u00a0AD.", "qas": [ { "id": "51367", "question": "what was the name of the largest of the outposts halfway between vienna and vienna ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "Carnuntum" } ] }, { "id": "51368", "question": "where were roman border settlements built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 372, "text": "Rusovce" } ] }, { "id": "51369", "question": "what was the name of the name of the settlement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 545, "text": "Gerulata" } ] }, { "id": "51370", "question": "how many horses did the military fort unit have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 618, "text": "300" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, the Huns began to leave the Central Asian steppes. They crossed the Danube in 377\u00a0AD and occupied Pannonia, which they used for 75\u00a0years as their base for launching looting-raids into Western Europe. However, Attila's death in 453 brought about the disappearance of the Hun tribe. In 568, a Turko-Mongol tribal confederacy, the Avars, conducted its own invasion into the Middle Danube region. The Avars occupied the lowlands of the Pannonian Plain, and established an empire dominating the Carpathian Basin.", "qas": [ { "id": "51371", "question": "what did the huns leave ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Central Asian steppes" } ] }, { "id": "51372", "question": "when did the huns invade the danube ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "377\u00a0AD" } ] }, { "id": "51373", "question": "where was attila 's death ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "453" } ] }, { "id": "51374", "question": "where was the tribal confederacy conducted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 317, "text": "568" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 623, the Slavic population living in the western parts of Pannonia seceded from their empire after a revolution led by Samo, a Frankish merchant. After 626, the Avar power started a gradual decline but its reign lasted to 804.", "qas": [ { "id": "51375", "question": "in what year was the slavic population living ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "623" } ] }, { "id": "51376", "question": "who led the slavic population in the western parts of pannonia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Samo" } ] }, { "id": "51377", "question": "who was samo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "a Frankish merchant" } ] }, { "id": "51378", "question": "when did the avar power started ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "626" } ] }, { "id": "51379", "question": "when did the avar power started ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "804" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Slavic tribes settled in the territory of present-day Slovakia in the 5th century. Western Slovakia was the centre of Samo's empire in the 7th century. A Slavic state known as the Principality of Nitra arose in the 8th century and its ruler Pribina had the first known Christian church of the territory of present-day Slovakia consecrated by 828. Together with neighbouring Moravia, the principality formed the core of the Great Moravian Empire from 833. The high point of this Slavonic empire came with the arrival of Saints Cyril and Methodius in 863, during the reign of Prince Rastislav, and the territorial expansion under King Svatopluk I.", "qas": [ { "id": "51380", "question": "when did the slavic tribes arrive in slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "5th century" } ] }, { "id": "51381", "question": "who was the centre of samo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "Western Slovakia" } ] }, { "id": "51382", "question": "western slovakia was the centre of what empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Samo's empire" } ] }, { "id": "51383", "question": "when was samo 's empire the centre ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "7th century" } ] }, { "id": "51384", "question": "what was the slavic state known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "Principality of Nitra" } ] }, { "id": "51385", "question": "who was the first known christian church of the territory of present-day slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "Pribina" } ] }, { "id": "51386", "question": "who consecrated slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 346, "text": "828" } ] }, { "id": "51387", "question": "what was the core of the great moravian empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 454, "text": "833" } ] }, { "id": "51388", "question": "in what year did prince rastislav die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 553, "text": "863" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Great Moravia arose around 830 when Mojm\u00edr I unified the Slavic tribes settled north of the Danube and extended the Moravian supremacy over them. When Mojm\u00edr I endeavoured to secede from the supremacy of the king of East Francia in 846, King Louis the German deposed him and assisted Mojm\u00edr's nephew Rastislav (846\u2013870) in acquiring the throne. The new monarch pursued an independent policy: after stopping a Frankish attack in 855, he also sought to weaken influence of Frankish priests preaching in his realm. Rastislav asked the Byzantine Emperor Michael III to send teachers who would interpret Christianity in the Slavic vernacular.", "qas": [ { "id": "51389", "question": "when did great moravia arrive in the danube and the danube and danube ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "830" } ] }, { "id": "51390", "question": "who unified the slavic tribes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "Mojm\u00edr I" } ] }, { "id": "51391", "question": "when was the king of east francia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "846" } ] }, { "id": "51392", "question": "when was the frankish attack ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 428, "text": "855" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Upon Rastislav's request, two brothers, Byzantine officials and missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius came in 863. Cyril developed the first Slavic alphabet and translated the Gospel into the Old Church Slavonic language. Rastislav was also preoccupied with the security and administration of his state. Numerous fortified castles built throughout the country are dated to his reign and some of them (e.g.,\u00a0\"Dowina\", sometimes identified with Dev\u00edn Castle) are also mentioned in connection with Rastislav by Frankish chronicles.", "qas": [ { "id": "51393", "question": "what missionaries were in 863 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Saints Cyril and Methodius" } ] }, { "id": "51394", "question": "in what year did rastislav and missionaries arrive ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "863" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During Rastislav's reign, the Principality of Nitra was given to his nephew Svatopluk as an appanage. The rebellious prince allied himself with the Franks and overthrew his uncle in 870. Similarly to his predecessor, Svatopluk I (871\u2013894) assumed the title of the king (\"rex\"). During his reign, the Great Moravian Empire reached its greatest territorial extent, when not only present-day Moravia and Slovakia but also present-day northern and central Hungary, Lower Austria, Bohemia, Silesia, Lusatia, southern Poland and northern Serbia belonged to the empire, but the exact borders of his domains are still disputed by modern authors. Svatopluk also withstood attacks of the semi-nomadic Magyar tribes and the Bulgarian Empire, although sometimes it was he who hired the Magyars when waging war against East Francia.", "qas": [ { "id": "51395", "question": "what was the name of rastislav 's reign ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "Principality of Nitra" } ] }, { "id": "51396", "question": "what was the principality of rastislav ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "Svatopluk" } ] }, { "id": "51397", "question": "in what year did the prince uncle his uncle ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "870" } ] }, { "id": "51398", "question": "who assumed the title of the king ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "Svatopluk I" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 880, Pope John\u00a0VIII set up an independent ecclesiastical province in Great Moravia with Archbishop Methodius as its head. He also named the German cleric Wiching the Bishop of Nitra.", "qas": [ { "id": "51399", "question": "when was pope john viii set up ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "880" } ] }, { "id": "51400", "question": "where was pope john viii set ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "Great Moravia" } ] }, { "id": "51401", "question": "who was the head of pope john viii ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "Archbishop Methodius" } ] }, { "id": "51402", "question": "what did pope john viii call the german cleric ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "Wiching the Bishop of Nitra" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After the death of Prince Svatopluk in 894, his sons Mojm\u00edr\u00a0II (894\u2013906?) and Svatopluk\u00a0II succeeded him as the Prince of Great Moravia and the Prince of Nitra respectively. However, they started to quarrel for domination of the whole empire. Weakened by an internal conflict as well as by constant warfare with Eastern Francia, Great Moravia lost most of its peripheral territories.", "qas": [ { "id": "51403", "question": "in what year was the death of prince svatopluk ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "894" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the meantime, the semi-nomadic Magyar tribes, possibly having suffered defeat from the similarly nomadic Pechenegs, left their territories east of the Carpathian Mountains, invaded the Carpathian Basin and started to occupy the territory gradually around 896. Their armies' advance may have been promoted by continuous wars among the countries of the region whose rulers still hired them occasionally to intervene in their struggles.", "qas": [ { "id": "51404", "question": "what tribes invaded the carpathian basin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "semi-nomadic Magyar tribes" } ] }, { "id": "51405", "question": "where did the magyar tribes settle ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "Carpathian Mountains" } ] }, { "id": "51406", "question": "what basin did the magyar tribes invaded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "Carpathian Basin" } ] }, { "id": "51407", "question": "what did the magyar tribes occupy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "896" } ] } ] }, { "context": "It is not known what happened with both Mojm\u00edr\u00a0II and Svatopluk\u00a0II because they are not mentioned in written sources after 906. In three battles (4\u20135 July and 9 August 907) near Bratislava, the Magyars routed Bavarian armies. Some historians put this year as the date of the break-up of the Great Moravian Empire, due to the Hungarian conquest; other historians take the date a little bit earlier (to 902).", "qas": [ { "id": "51408", "question": "what is the name of the happened in written sources of written sources ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Mojm\u00edr\u00a0II and Svatopluk\u00a0II" } ] }, { "id": "51409", "question": "what is the written sources of written sources ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "906" } ] }, { "id": "51410", "question": "what was the date of the three battles of bavarian armies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "4\u20135 July and 9 August 907" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Great Moravia left behind a lasting legacy in Central and Eastern Europe. The Glagolitic script and its successor Cyrillic were disseminated to other Slavic countries, charting a new path in their sociocultural development. The administrative system of Great Moravia may have influenced the development of the administration of the Kingdom of Hungary.", "qas": [ { "id": "51411", "question": "where did great moravia settle ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Central and Eastern Europe" } ] }, { "id": "51412", "question": "what city has influenced the development of the kingdom of hungary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "Great Moravia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Following the disintegration of the Great Moravian Empire at the turn of the 10th century, the Hungarians annexed the territory comprising modern Slovakia. After their defeat on the Lech River they abandoned their nomadic ways; they settled in the centre of the Carpathian valley, adopted Christianity and began to build a new state \u2013 the Hungarian kingdom.", "qas": [ { "id": "51413", "question": "who annexed the territory of slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "Great Moravian Empire" } ] }, { "id": "51414", "question": "when was the great moravian empire annexed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "10th century" } ] }, { "id": "51415", "question": "what river did the hungarians defeat ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "Lech River" } ] }, { "id": "51416", "question": "what did the hungarians valley adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 289, "text": "Christianity" } ] }, { "id": "51417", "question": "what was the name of the new state adopted by the hungarians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 335, "text": "the Hungarian kingdom" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From the 11th century, when the territory inhabited by the Slavic-speaking population of Danubian Basin was incorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary, until 1918, when the Austro-Hungarian empire collapsed, the territory of modern Slovakia was an integral part of the Hungarian state. The ethnic composition became more diverse with the arrival of the Carpathian Germans in the 13th century, and the Jews in the 14th century.", "qas": [ { "id": "51418", "question": "what population was incorporated into the kingdom of hungary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Danubian Basin" } ] }, { "id": "51419", "question": "who was the territory inhabited into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "the Kingdom of Hungary" } ] }, { "id": "51420", "question": "in what year did the austro-hungarian empire collapsed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "1918" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A significant decline in the population resulted from the invasion of the Mongols in 1241 and the subsequent famine. However, in medieval times the area of the present-day Slovakia was characterised rather by burgeoning towns, construction of numerous stone castles, and the cultivation of the arts. In 1465, King Matthias Corvinus founded the Hungarian Kingdom's third university, in Pressburg (Bratislava, Pozsony), but it was closed in 1490 after his death.", "qas": [ { "id": "51421", "question": "in what year was the invasion of the mongols defeated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "1241" } ] }, { "id": "51422", "question": "what type of towns were slovakia characterised by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "burgeoning towns" } ] }, { "id": "51423", "question": "in what year was the third university 's third university 's third university 's third university , in pressburg ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 303, "text": "1465" } ] }, { "id": "51424", "question": "who founded the hungarian kingdom ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "King Matthias Corvinus" } ] }, { "id": "51425", "question": "where was the third university 's third university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 385, "text": "Pressburg" } ] }, { "id": "51426", "question": "where was the third university 's third university 's third university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 439, "text": "1490" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Before the Ottoman Empire's expansion into Hungary and the occupation of Buda in 1541, the capital of the Kingdom of Hungary (under the name of Royal Hungary) moved to Pressburg (in at that time, currently Bratislava). Pressburg became the capital city of Royal Hungary in 1536. But the Ottoman wars and frequent insurrections against the Habsburg Monarchy also inflicted a great deal of devastation, especially in the rural areas. As the Turks withdrew from Hungary in the late 17th century, the importance of the territory comprising modern Slovakia decreased, although Pressburg retained its status as the capital of Hungary until 1848, when it was transferred to Buda.", "qas": [ { "id": "51427", "question": "in what year was buda buda buda ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "1541" } ] }, { "id": "51428", "question": "where did buda in 1541 move to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "Pressburg" } ] }, { "id": "51429", "question": "when did pressburg become the capital of royal hungary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "1536" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the revolution of 1848\u201349, the Slovaks supported the Austrian Emperor, hoping for independence from the Hungarian part of the Dual Monarchy, but they failed to achieve their aim. Thereafter relations between the nationalities deteriorated (see Magyarization), culminating in the secession of Slovakia from Hungary after World War I.", "qas": [ { "id": "51430", "question": "during what years did the austrian emperor rule the austrian emperor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "1848\u201349" } ] }, { "id": "51431", "question": "who did the slovaks support during the revolution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "the Austrian Emperor" } ] }, { "id": "51432", "question": "what did the austrian emperor want to independence from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "the Hungarian part of the Dual Monarchy" } ] }, { "id": "51433", "question": "what caused the secession of slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 327, "text": "World War I." } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1918, Slovakia and the regions of Bohemia, Moravia, Czech Silesia and Carpathian Ruthenia formed a common state, Czechoslovakia, with the borders confirmed by the Treaty of Saint Germain and Treaty of Trianon. In 1919, during the chaos following the break-up of Austria-Hungary, Czechoslovakia was formed with numerous Germans and Hungarians within the newly set borders. A Slovak patriot Milan Rastislav \u0160tef\u00e1nik (1880\u20131919), who helped organise Czechoslovak regiments against Austria-Hungary during the First World War, died in a plane crash. In the peace following the World War, Czechoslovakia emerged as a sovereign European state. It provided what were at the time rather extensive rights to its minorities and remained the only democracy in this part of Europe in the interwar period.", "qas": [ { "id": "51434", "question": "in what year did slovakia and the regions of bohemia and carpathian ruthenia formed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1918" } ] }, { "id": "51435", "question": "which regions formed a common state , czechoslovakia , slovakia , and the treaty of trianon ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Bohemia, Moravia, Czech Silesia and Carpathian Ruthenia" } ] }, { "id": "51436", "question": "what country did slovakia and the regions of bohemia open ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Czechoslovakia" } ] }, { "id": "51437", "question": "what treaty confirmed czechoslovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "Treaty of Saint Germain and Treaty of Trianon" } ] }, { "id": "51438", "question": "in what year was czechoslovakia formed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "1919" } ] }, { "id": "51439", "question": "what was the name of the slovak patriot patriot ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 392, "text": "Milan Rastislav \u0160tef\u00e1nik" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the Interwar period, democratic Czechoslovakia was allied with France, and also with Romania and Yugoslavia (Little Entente); however, the Locarno Treaties of 1925 left East European security open. Both Czechs and Slovaks enjoyed a period of relative prosperity. There was progress in not only the development of the country's economy, but also culture and educational opportunities. The minority Germans came to accept their role in the new country and relations with Austria were good. Yet the Great Depression caused a sharp economic downturn, followed by political disruption and insecurity in Europe.", "qas": [ { "id": "51440", "question": "which two countries were little entente with france ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "Romania and Yugoslavia" } ] }, { "id": "51441", "question": "what year did the locarno treaties of east european security open ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "1925" } ] }, { "id": "51442", "question": "what did the locarno treaties of 1925 left during the interwar period ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "East European security open" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Thereafter Czechoslovakia came under continuous pressure from the revisionist governments of Germany and Hungary. Eventually this led to the Munich Agreement of September 1938, which allowed Nazi Germany to partially dismember the country by occupying what was called the Sudetenland, a region with a German-speaking majority and bordering Germany and Austria. The remainder of \"rump\" Czechoslovakia was renamed Czecho-Slovakia and included a greater degree of Slovak political autonomy. Southern and eastern Slovakia, however, was reclaimed by Hungary at the First Vienna Award of November 1938.", "qas": [ { "id": "51443", "question": "when was the munich agreement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "September 1938" } ] }, { "id": "51444", "question": "what was the name of the region that allowed nazi germany to partially dismember the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 268, "text": "the Sudetenland" } ] }, { "id": "51445", "question": "what were the munich agreement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 301, "text": "German-speaking majority and bordering Germany and Austria" } ] }, { "id": "51446", "question": "what was the remainder of `` rump '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 412, "text": "Czecho-Slovakia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After the Munich Agreement and its Vienna Award, Nazi Germany threatened to annexe part of Slovakia and allow the remaining regions to be partitioned by Hungary or Poland unless independence was declared. Thus, Slovakia seceded from Czecho-Slovakia in March 1939 and allied itself, as demanded by Germany, with Hitler's coalition. Secession had created the first Slovak state in history. The government of the First Slovak Republic, led by Jozef Tiso and Vojtech Tuka, was strongly influenced by Germany and gradually became a puppet regime in many respects.", "qas": [ { "id": "51447", "question": "who partitioned the remaining regions of slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "Hungary or Poland" } ] }, { "id": "51448", "question": "what was the name of the coalition slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "Czecho-Slovakia" } ] }, { "id": "51449", "question": "when did slovakia die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "March 1939" } ] }, { "id": "51450", "question": "who led the government of the first slovak republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 440, "text": "Jozef Tiso and Vojtech Tuka" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Meanwhile, the Czechoslovak government-in-exile, sought to reverse the Munich Agreement and the subsequent German occupation of Czechoslovakia, and to return the Republic to its 1937 boundaries. The government operated from London and it was ultimately considered, by those countries that recognised it, the legitimate government for Czechoslovakia throughout the Second World War.\nMost Jews were deported from the country and taken to German death camps. Thousands of Jews, however, remained to labour in Slovak work camps in Sere\u010f, Vyhne, and Nov\u00e1ky. Tiso, through the granting of presidential exceptions, has been credited with saving as many as 40,000 Jews during the war, although other estimates place the figure closer to 4,000 or even 1,000.\nNevertheless, under Tiso's government, the vast majority of Slovakia's Jewish population (between 75,000\u2013105,000 individuals) were murdered. The Slovak state paid Germany 500 RM per every deported Jew for \"retraining and accommodation\" (similar payment, but only 30 RM was paid by Croatia).", "qas": [ { "id": "51451", "question": "in what year did the munich agreement return ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "1937" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After it became clear that the Soviet Red Army was going to push the Nazis out of eastern and central Europe, an anti-Nazi resistance movement launched a fierce armed insurrection, known as the Slovak National Uprising, near the end of summer 1944. A bloody German occupation and a guerilla war followed. Germans and their local collaborators completely destroyed 93 villages and massacred thousands of civilians, often hundreds at a time. The territory of Slovakia was liberated by Soviet and Romanian forces by the end of April 1945.", "qas": [ { "id": "51452", "question": "who was going to push the nazis ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Soviet Red Army" } ] }, { "id": "51453", "question": "what was the armed insurrection called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "Slovak National Uprising" } ] }, { "id": "51454", "question": "when was the slovak national uprising ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 243, "text": "1944" } ] }, { "id": "51455", "question": "how many villages were destroyed by germans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 364, "text": "93" } ] }, { "id": "51456", "question": "who liberated slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 483, "text": "Soviet and Romanian forces" } ] }, { "id": "51457", "question": "when was slovakia liberated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 524, "text": "April 1945" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After World War\u00a0II, Czechoslovakia was reconstituted and Jozef Tiso was executed in 1947 for collaboration with the Nazis. More than 80,000 Hungarians and 32,000 Germans were forced to leave Slovakia, in a series of population transfers initiated by the Allies at the Potsdam Conference. Out of about 130,000 Carpathian Germans in Slovakia in 1938, by 1947 only some 20,000 remained.", "qas": [ { "id": "51458", "question": "what was executed in 1947 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Jozef Tiso" } ] }, { "id": "51459", "question": "when was czechoslovakia executed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "1947" } ] }, { "id": "51460", "question": "how many hungarians and germans were forced to leave slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "80,000" } ] }, { "id": "51461", "question": "how many germans lived in slovakia in 1938 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 301, "text": "130,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As a result of Yalta Conference, Czechoslovakia came under the influence and later under direct occupation of the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact, after a coup in 1948. The country was invaded by the Warsaw Pact forces (with the exception of Romania) in 1968, ending a period of liberalisation under the leadership of Alexander Dub\u010dek. In 1969 Czechoslovakia became a federation of the Czech Socialist Republic and the Slovak Socialist Republic.", "qas": [ { "id": "51462", "question": "in what year did czechoslovakia become a coup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "1948" } ] }, { "id": "51463", "question": "who invaded the country in 1968 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "Warsaw Pact forces" } ] }, { "id": "51464", "question": "when was the warsaw pact invaded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 255, "text": "1968" } ] }, { "id": "51465", "question": "who invaded the warsaw pact ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "Alexander Dub\u010dek" } ] }, { "id": "51466", "question": "what republic did czechoslovakia become a federation of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 387, "text": "Czech Socialist Republic and the Slovak Socialist Republic" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The end of Communist rule in Czechoslovakia in 1989, during the peaceful Velvet Revolution, was followed once again by the country's dissolution, this time into two successor states. The word \"socialist\" was dropped in the names of the two republics, i.e. the Slovak Socialist Republic was renamed Slovak Republic. In July 1992 Slovakia, led by Prime Minister Vladim\u00edr Me\u010diar, declared itself a sovereign state, meaning that its laws took precedence over those of the federal government. Throughout the autumn of 1992, Me\u010diar and Czech Prime Minister V\u00e1clav Klaus negotiated the details for disbanding the federation. In November the federal parliament voted to dissolve the country officially on 31 December 1992.", "qas": [ { "id": "51467", "question": "when was the end of communist rule in czechoslovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "1989" } ] }, { "id": "51468", "question": "during what revolution was the communist rule in czechoslovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "Velvet Revolution" } ] }, { "id": "51469", "question": "what was the slovak socialist republic renamed to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "Slovak Republic" } ] }, { "id": "51470", "question": "who led slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 345, "text": "Prime Minister Vladim\u00edr Me\u010diar" } ] }, { "id": "51471", "question": "who was czech 's prime minister ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 551, "text": "V\u00e1clav Klaus" } ] }, { "id": "51472", "question": "when did the federal parliament dissolve the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 697, "text": "31 December 1992" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic went their separate ways after 1 January 1993, an event sometimes called the Velvet Divorce. Slovakia has remained a close partner with the Czech Republic. Both countries co-operate with Hungary and Poland in the Visegr\u00e1d Group. Slovakia became a member of NATO on 29 March 2004 and of the European Union on 1 May 2004. On 1 January 2009, Slovakia adopted the Euro as its national currency.", "qas": [ { "id": "51473", "question": "when did the slovak republic begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "1 January 1993" } ] }, { "id": "51474", "question": "what was the event that the czech republic and the czech republic went up ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "Velvet Divorce" } ] }, { "id": "51475", "question": "where did hungary and poland travel to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "Visegr\u00e1d Group" } ] }, { "id": "51476", "question": "when did slovakia become a member of nato ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "29 March 2004" } ] }, { "id": "51477", "question": "when did slovakia become a member of nato ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 351, "text": "1 May 2004" } ] }, { "id": "51478", "question": "when did slovakia adopt the euro ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 366, "text": "1 January 2009" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Slovakia lies between latitudes 47\u00b0 and 50\u00b0 N, and longitudes 16\u00b0 and 23\u00b0 E.", "qas": [ { "id": "51479", "question": "what latitudes does slovakia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "47\u00b0 and 50\u00b0 N" } ] }, { "id": "51480", "question": "what longitudes does slovakia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "16\u00b0 and 23\u00b0" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Slovak landscape is noted primarily for its mountainous nature, with the Carpathian Mountains extending across most of the northern half of the country. Amongst these mountain ranges are the high peaks of the Fatra-Tatra Area (including Tatra Mountains, Greater Fatra and Lesser Fatra), Slovak Ore Mountains, Slovak Central Mountains or Beskids. The largest lowland is the fertile Danubian Lowland in the southwest, followed by the Eastern Slovak Lowland in the southeast.", "qas": [ { "id": "51481", "question": "what is the name of the mountains in the slovak landscape ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Carpathian Mountains" } ] }, { "id": "51482", "question": "what is the high peaks of the mountain ranges ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "Fatra-Tatra Area" } ] }, { "id": "51483", "question": "what is the largest lowland fertile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 385, "text": "Danubian Lowland" } ] }, { "id": "51484", "question": "who lowland the fertile danubian lowland in the southwest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 436, "text": "Eastern Slovak Lowland" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Tatras, with 29 peaks higher than AMSL, are the highest mountain range in the Carpathian Mountains. Tatras occupy an area of , of which the greater part lies in Slovakia. They are divided into several parts.", "qas": [ { "id": "51485", "question": "what is the highest mountain range in the carpathian mountains ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Tatras" } ] }, { "id": "51486", "question": "how many peaks are in the carpathian mountains ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "29" } ] }, { "id": "51487", "question": "where is the highest mountain range located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "Carpathian Mountains" } ] } ] }, { "context": "To the north, close to the Polish border, are the High Tatras which are a popular hiking and skiing destination and home to many scenic lakes and valleys as well as the highest point in Slovakia, the Gerlachovsk\u00fd \u0161t\u00edt at and the country's highly symbolic mountain Kriv\u00e1\u0148. To the west are the Western Tatras with their highest peak of Bystr\u00e1 at and to the east are the Belianske Tatras, smallest by area.", "qas": [ { "id": "51488", "question": "what is a popular hiking in slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "High Tatras" } ] }, { "id": "51489", "question": "what is the highest point in slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "the Gerlachovsk\u00fd \u0161t\u00edt" } ] }, { "id": "51490", "question": "what is the highest peak of the west ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 368, "text": "Belianske Tatras" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Separated from the Tatras proper by the valley of the V\u00e1h river are the Low Tatras, with their highest peak of \u010eumbier at .", "qas": [ { "id": "51491", "question": "what river is the low part of the valley ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "V\u00e1h river" } ] }, { "id": "51492", "question": "what are the valley of the valley called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "Low Tatras" } ] }, { "id": "51493", "question": "what is the highest peak of the valley ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "\u010eumbier" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Tatra mountain range is represented as one of the three hills on the coat of arms of Slovakia.", "qas": [ { "id": "51494", "question": "what is one of the three hills on the coat of arms of slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Tatra mountain range" } ] }, { "id": "51495", "question": "what is the tatra mountain range ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "one of the three hills on the coat of arms of Slovakia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are 9 national parks in Slovakia:", "qas": [ { "id": "51496", "question": "how many national parks are in slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "9" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Slovakia has hundreds of caves and caverns under its mountains, out of which 15 are open to the public. Most of the caves have stalagmites rising from the ground and stalactites hanging from above. There are currently five Slovak caves under UNESCO's World Heritage Site status. They are Dob\u0161insk\u00e1 Ice Cave, Domica, Gombasek Cave, Jasovsk\u00e1 Cave and Ochtinsk\u00e1 Aragonite Cave. Other caves open to the public include Belianska Cave, Dem\u00e4novsk\u00e1 Cave of Liberty, Dem\u00e4novsk\u00e1 Ice Cave or Bystrianska Cave", "qas": [ { "id": "51497", "question": "how many are open to slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "15" } ] }, { "id": "51498", "question": "how many slovak caves under unesco 's world heritage site are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "five" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most of the rivers stem in the Slovak mountains. Some only pass through and the others make a natural border with surrounding countries (more than ). For example, the Dunajec () to the north, the Danube () to the south or the Morava () to the West. The total length of the rivers on Slovak territory is .", "qas": [ { "id": "51499", "question": "what is the name of the danube to the north ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "Dunajec" } ] }, { "id": "51500", "question": "where does the danube originate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "the south or the Morava" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The longest river in Slovakia is the V\u00e1h (), the shortest is the \u010cierna voda. Other important and large rivers are the Myjava, the Nitra (), the Orava, the Hron (), the Horn\u00e1d (), the Slan\u00e1 (), the Ipe\u013e (, forming the border with Hungary), the Bodrog, the Laborec, the Latorica and the Ondava.", "qas": [ { "id": "51501", "question": "what is the longest river in slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "V\u00e1h" } ] }, { "id": "51502", "question": "what is the shortest river in slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "\u010cierna voda" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The biggest volume of discharge in Slovak rivers is during spring, when the snow melts from the mountains. The only exception is the Danube, whose discharge is the greatest during summer when the snow melts in the Alps. The Danube is the largest river that flows through Slovakia.", "qas": [ { "id": "51503", "question": "what is the biggest volume of discharge in slovak ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "snow melts from the mountains" } ] }, { "id": "51504", "question": "what is the greatest exception to the snow when it is the greatest during summer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "the Danube" } ] }, { "id": "51505", "question": "what is the danube during summer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "the snow melts in the Alps" } ] }, { "id": "51506", "question": "what is the largest river that flows through slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "The Danube" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are around 175 naturally formed tarns in High Tatras. With an area of and its depth of , Ve\u013ek\u00e9 Hincovo pleso is the largest and the deepest tarn in Slovakia. Other tarns in the High Tatras include \u0160trbsk\u00e9 pleso, Popradsk\u00e9 pleso, Skalnat\u00e9 pleso, Zbojn\u00edcke pleso, Velick\u00e9 pleso, \u017dabie pleso, Kriv\u00e1nske zelen\u00e9 pleso or Roh\u00e1\u010dske ples\u00e1. Other than in the High Tatras there are Vrbick\u00e9 pleso in Low Tatras, Morsk\u00e9 oko and Vinn\u00e9 jazero in Vihorlat Mountains or Jezersk\u00e9 jazero in Spi\u0161sk\u00e1 Magura.", "qas": [ { "id": "51507", "question": "how many naturally formed in high tatras ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "175" } ] }, { "id": "51508", "question": "where are there naturally formed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "High Tatras" } ] }, { "id": "51509", "question": "what is the largest and deepest tarn in slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "Ve\u013ek\u00e9 Hincovo pleso" } ] }, { "id": "51510", "question": "what is the name of the mountains that can be found in low mountains ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 479, "text": "Spi\u0161sk\u00e1 Magura" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The largest dams on the river V\u00e1h are Liptovsk\u00e1 Mara and S\u013a\u0148ava. Other well-known dams are Oravsk\u00e1 priehrada in the north, Zempl\u00ednska \u0160\u00edrava and Doma\u0161a in the east, Seneck\u00e9 jazer\u00e1, Zlat\u00e9 piesky or Zelen\u00e1 voda in the west.", "qas": [ { "id": "51511", "question": "what are the largest dams on the river ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "Liptovsk\u00e1 Mara and S\u013a\u0148ava" } ] }, { "id": "51512", "question": "what are the well-known dams in the north ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "Oravsk\u00e1 priehrada" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Slovak climate lies between the temperate and continental climate zones with relatively warm summers and cold, cloudy and humid winters. Temperature extremes are between although temperatures below are rare. The weather differs from the mountainous North to the plain South.", "qas": [ { "id": "51513", "question": "along with cold and cold climate , what is the slovak climate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "cloudy and humid winters" } ] }, { "id": "51514", "question": "where does the weather originate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 237, "text": "the mountainous North to the plain South" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The warmest region is Bratislava and Southern Slovakia where the temperatures may reach in summer, occasionally to in Hurbanovo. During night, the temperatures drop to . The daily temperatures in winter average in the range of to . During night it may be freezing, but usually not below .", "qas": [ { "id": "51515", "question": "what is the warmest region ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "Bratislava and Southern Slovakia" } ] }, { "id": "51516", "question": "what is the warmest region of the warmest region ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "Hurbanovo" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Slovakia, there are four seasons, each season (Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter) lasts three months. The dry continental air brings in the summer heat and winter frosts. In contrast, oceanic air brings rainfalls and reduces summer temperatures. In the lowlands and valleys fog is often, especially in winter.", "qas": [ { "id": "51517", "question": "how many seasons are in slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "51518", "question": "what are the three seasons in slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter" } ] }, { "id": "51519", "question": "how long does each season last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "three months" } ] }, { "id": "51520", "question": "where is the dry continental air brings ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "summer heat and winter frosts" } ] }, { "id": "51521", "question": "in what season is the lowlands in the lowlands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": "winter" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Spring starts with the 21st of March and is characterised by colder weather with average daily temperature of in the first weeks and about in May and in June. In Slovakia, the weather and climate in the spring is very unstable.", "qas": [ { "id": "51522", "question": "when does spring begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 19, "text": "the 21st of March" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Summer starts on 22 June and is usually characterised by hot weather with daily temperatures exceeding . July is the warmest month with temperatures up to about , especially in regions of southern Slovakia \u2013 in the urban area of Kom\u00e1rno, Hurbanovo or \u0160t\u00farovo. Showers or thunderstorms may occur because of the summer monsoon called Medardova kvapka (Medard drop \u2013 40 days of rain). Summer in Northern Slovakia is usually mild with temperatures around (less in the mountains).", "qas": [ { "id": "51523", "question": "when does summer begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "22 June" } ] }, { "id": "51524", "question": "what is summer usually characterised by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "hot weather with daily temperatures exceeding" } ] }, { "id": "51525", "question": "what are the urban area of southern slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "Kom\u00e1rno, Hurbanovo or \u0160t\u00farovo" } ] }, { "id": "51526", "question": "what is the summer monsoon called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 332, "text": "Medardova kvapka" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Autumn in Slovakia starts on 23 September and is mostly characterised by wet weather and wind, although the first weeks can be very warm and sunny. The average temperature in September is around , in November to . Late September and early October is a dry and sunny time of year (so-called Indian Summer).", "qas": [ { "id": "51527", "question": "when does slovakia begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "23 September" } ] }, { "id": "51528", "question": "what type of weather is autumn in slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "wet weather and wind" } ] }, { "id": "51529", "question": "what is the dry name for a dry and sunny time ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "Indian Summer" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Winter starts on 21 December with temperatures around . In December and January it is usually snowing, these are the coldest months of the year. At lower altitudes, snow does not stay the whole winter, it is changing into the thaw and frost. Winters are colder in the mountains, where the snow usually lasts until March or April and the night temperatures fall to and colder.", "qas": [ { "id": "51530", "question": "when does winter begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "21 December" } ] }, { "id": "51531", "question": "when are the snow snow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 314, "text": "March or April" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Slovakia signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 19 May 1993, and became a party to the convention on 25 August 1994. It has subsequently produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, which was received by the convention on 2 November 1998.", "qas": [ { "id": "51532", "question": "when did slovakia publish the rio convention ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "19 May 1993" } ] }, { "id": "51533", "question": "when did slovakia become a party to the convention ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "25 August 1994" } ] }, { "id": "51534", "question": "what has slovakia produced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan" } ] }, { "id": "51535", "question": "when was slovakia 's action received ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "2 November 1998" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The biodiversity of Slovakia comprises animals (such as annellids, arthropods, molluscs, nematodes and vertebrates), fungi (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota and Zygomycota), micro-organisms (including Mycetozoa), and plants.", "qas": [ { "id": "51536", "question": "what is another name for micro-organisms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "Mycetozoa" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Over 4000 species of fungi have been recorded from Slovakia. Of these, nearly 1500 are lichen-forming species Some of these fungi are undoubtedly endemic, but not enough is known to say how many. Of the lichen-forming species, about 40% have been classified as threatened in some way. About 7% are apparently extinct, 9% endangered, 17% vulnerable, and 7% rare. The conservation status of non-lichen-forming fungi in Slovakia is not well documented, but there is a red list for its larger fungi.", "qas": [ { "id": "51537", "question": "how many species of fungi have been recorded from slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 5, "text": "4000" } ] }, { "id": "51538", "question": "how many fungi are undoubtedly endemic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "1500" } ] }, { "id": "51539", "question": "what percentage of the species have been classified as threatened in some way ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "40%" } ] }, { "id": "51540", "question": "what percentage of endangered , 17 percent are apparently extinct ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 318, "text": "9%" } ] }, { "id": "51541", "question": "what percentage of vulnerable % are vulnerable ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 333, "text": "17%" } ] }, { "id": "51542", "question": "what percentage of rare % of rare % are rare ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 353, "text": "7%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Slovakia is a parliamentary democratic republic with a multi-party system. The last parliamentary elections were held on 5 March 2016 and two rounds of presidential elections took place on 15 and 29 March 2014.", "qas": [ { "id": "51543", "question": "what is slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 12, "text": "a parliamentary democratic republic with a multi-party system" } ] }, { "id": "51544", "question": "when were the last parliamentary elections held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "5 March 2016" } ] }, { "id": "51545", "question": "when did the last parliamentary elections begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "15 and 29 March 2014" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Slovak head of state is the president (currently Andrej Kiska), elected by direct popular vote for a five-year term. Most executive power lies with the head of government, the prime minister (currently Robert Fico), who is usually the leader of the winning party, but he/she needs to form a majority coalition in the parliament. The prime minister is appointed by the president. The remainder of the cabinet is appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister.", "qas": [ { "id": "51546", "question": "what is the president of state president ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "Andrej Kiska" } ] }, { "id": "51547", "question": "how is the president of state elected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "direct popular vote for a five-year term" } ] }, { "id": "51548", "question": "who is usually the leader of the winning party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "the prime minister" } ] }, { "id": "51549", "question": "who is the prime minister ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Robert Fico" } ] }, { "id": "51550", "question": "who appointed the prime minister ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 368, "text": "the president" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Slovakia's highest legislative body is the 150-seat unicameral National Council of the Slovak Republic (\"N\u00e1rodn\u00e1 rada Slovenskej republiky\"). Delegates are elected for a four-year term on the basis of proportional representation. Slovakia's highest judicial body is the Constitutional Court of Slovakia (\"\u00dastavn\u00fd s\u00fad\"), which rules on constitutional issues. The 13\u00a0members of this court are appointed by the president from a slate of candidates nominated by parliament.", "qas": [ { "id": "51551", "question": "what is slovakia 's highest legislative body ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "150-seat" } ] }, { "id": "51552", "question": "what is slovakia 's highest legislative body ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "National Council of the Slovak Republic" } ] }, { "id": "51553", "question": "what is slovakia 's highest judicial body ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "the Constitutional Court of Slovakia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Slovakia has been a member state of the European Union and NATO since 2004. As a member of the United Nations (since 1993), Slovakia was, on 10 October 2005, elected to a two-year term on the UN Security Council from 2006 to 2007. Slovakia is also a member of WTO, OECD, OSCE, and other international organisations.", "qas": [ { "id": "51554", "question": "when did slovakia become a member of the european union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "2004" } ] }, { "id": "51555", "question": "in what year was slovakia elected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "1993" } ] }, { "id": "51556", "question": "when was slovakia elected to a two-year term ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "10 October 2005" } ] }, { "id": "51557", "question": "when was the un security council elected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "2006 to 2007" } ] }, { "id": "51558", "question": "what is the member of slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "WTO, OECD, OSCE, and other international organisations" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Constitution of the Slovak Republic was ratified 1 September 1992, and became effective 1 January 1993. It was amended in September 1998 to allow direct election of the president and again in February 2001 due to EU admission requirements.\nThe civil law system is based on Austro-Hungarian codes. The legal code was modified to comply with the obligations of Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and to expunge the Marxist\u2013Leninist legal theory. Slovakia accepts the compulsory International Court of Justice jurisdiction with reservations.", "qas": [ { "id": "51559", "question": "what was ratified in 1992 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Constitution of the Slovak Republic" } ] }, { "id": "51560", "question": "when was the constitution of the slovak republic ratified ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "1 September 1992" } ] }, { "id": "51561", "question": "when did the constitution become effective ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "1 January 1993" } ] }, { "id": "51562", "question": "when was the constitution of the slovak republic amended ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "September 1998" } ] }, { "id": "51563", "question": "when did the president of the slovak republic end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "February 2001" } ] }, { "id": "51564", "question": "what is the civil law system based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "Austro-Hungarian codes" } ] }, { "id": "51565", "question": "what was the name of the theory that the osce was modified to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 440, "text": "Marxist\u2013Leninist legal theory" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The president is the head of state and the formal head of the executive, though with very limited powers. The president is elected by direct, popular vote under the two-round system for a five-year term.", "qas": [ { "id": "51566", "question": "who is the president of the executive ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "the head of state and the formal head of the executive" } ] }, { "id": "51567", "question": "how long is the president of the president ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "five-year term" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Following National Council elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the president. Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister has to receive the majority in the parliament.", "qas": [ { "id": "51568", "question": "who is usually appointed prime minister ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition" } ] }, { "id": "51569", "question": "who was the leader of the majority party or the leader ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "prime minister by the president" } ] }, { "id": "51570", "question": "what did the president of the prime minister do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "receive the majority in the parliament" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Slovakia has been a member of European Union since 2004. Slovakia has been an active participant in US- and NATO-led military actions. There is a joint Czech-Slovak peacekeeping force in Kosovo.", "qas": [ { "id": "51571", "question": "when did slovakia become a member of european union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "2004" } ] }, { "id": "51572", "question": "where has slovakia been an active participant ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "US- and NATO-led military actions" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Slovakia is a member of the United Nations and participates in its specialised agencies. It is a member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the OECD. It also is part of the Visegrad Four (Slovakia, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland), a forum for discussing areas of common concern.", "qas": [ { "id": "51573", "question": "what does osce stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "Security and Cooperation in Europe" } ] }, { "id": "51574", "question": "what are the names of slovakia 's organization ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "World Trade Organization (WTO), and the OECD" } ] }, { "id": "51575", "question": "what are the names of the forum for discussing areas of common concern ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "Slovakia, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic entered into a Customs Union upon the division of Czechoslovakia in 1993, which facilitates a relatively free flow of goods and services. Slovakia maintains diplomatic relations with 134 countries, primarily through its Ministry of Foreign Affairs. As of December 2013, Slovakia maintained 90 missions abroad, including 64 embassies, seven missions to multilateral organisations, nine consulates-general, one consular office, one Slovak Economic and Cultural Office and eight Slovak Institutes. There are 44 embassies and 35 honorary consulates in Bratislava.", "qas": [ { "id": "51576", "question": "in what year did the slovak republic and the czech republic and the czech republic and the czech republic and the czech republic and the czech republic entered into a customs union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "1993" } ] }, { "id": "51577", "question": "how many countries does slovakia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "134" } ] }, { "id": "51578", "question": "where does slovakia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "Ministry of Foreign Affairs" } ] }, { "id": "51579", "question": "how many missions did slovakia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 333, "text": "90" } ] }, { "id": "51580", "question": "how many embassies missions did slovakia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 363, "text": "64" } ] }, { "id": "51581", "question": "how many embassies and 35 consulates are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 548, "text": "44" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic number 14,000 uniformed personnel. Slovakia joined NATO in March 2004. From 2006 the army transformed into a fully professional organisation and compulsory military service was abolished.", "qas": [ { "id": "51582", "question": "how many uniformed personnel were there in the armed forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "14,000" } ] }, { "id": "51583", "question": "when did slovakia join nato ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "March 2004" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Slovak Ground Forces are made up of two active mechanised infantry brigades. The Air and Air Defence Forces comprise one wing of fighters, one wing of utility helicopters, and one SAM brigade. Training and support forces comprise a National Support Element (Multifunctional Battalion, Transport Battalion, Repair Battalion), a garrison force of the capital city Bratislava, as well as a training battalion, and various logistics and communication and information bases. Miscellaneous forces under the direct command of the General Staff include the 5th Special Forces Regiment.", "qas": [ { "id": "51584", "question": "who are made up of two active infantry brigades ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Slovak Ground Forces" } ] }, { "id": "51585", "question": "slovak ground forces are made of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "two active mechanised infantry brigades" } ] }, { "id": "51586", "question": "what comprise one wing of fighters ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "The Air and Air Defence Forces" } ] }, { "id": "51587", "question": "what was the name of the regiment of the general staff ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 549, "text": "5th Special Forces Regiment" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The US State Department in 2010 reported:", "qas": [ { "id": "51588", "question": "when was the us state department department department established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "2010" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Human rights in Slovakia are guaranteed by the Constitution of Slovakia from the year 1992 and by multiple international laws signed in Slovakia between 1948 and 2006. Slovakia excludes multiple citizenships.", "qas": [ { "id": "51589", "question": "who guaranteed human rights in slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "the Constitution of Slovakia" } ] }, { "id": "51590", "question": "in what year was slovakia guaranteed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "1992" } ] }, { "id": "51591", "question": "in what years did multiple international laws in slovakia develop ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "1948 and 2006" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As for administrative division, Slovakia is subdivided into 8 \"krajov\" (singular \u2013 \"kraj\", usually translated as \"region\"), each of which is named after its principal city. Regions have enjoyed a certain degree of autonomy since 2002. Their self-governing bodies are referred to as Self-governing (or autonomous) Regions (sg. \"samospr\u00e1vny kraj\", pl. \"samospr\u00e1vne kraje\") or Upper-Tier Territorial Units (sg. \"vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00fazemn\u00fd celok\", pl. \"vy\u0161\u0161ie \u00fazemn\u00e9 celky\", abbr. V\u00daC).", "qas": [ { "id": "51592", "question": "what is slovakia subdivided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "8 \"krajov\"" } ] }, { "id": "51593", "question": "what is another name for slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "region" } ] }, { "id": "51594", "question": "in what year has regions enjoyed a certain degree of autonomy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "2002" } ] }, { "id": "51595", "question": "what are self-governing bodies referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "Self-governing" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The \"kraje\" are subdivided into many \"okresy\" (sg. \"okres\", usually translated as districts). Slovakia currently has 79\u00a0districts.", "qas": [ { "id": "51596", "question": "what are subdivided into many `` okresy '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 5, "text": "kraje" } ] }, { "id": "51597", "question": "what are the `` kraje '' subdivided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "okresy" } ] }, { "id": "51598", "question": "what is another name for districts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "okres" } ] }, { "id": "51599", "question": "what are `` okres '' translated as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "districts" } ] }, { "id": "51600", "question": "how many districts does slovakia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "79" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The \"okresy\" are further divided into \"obc\u00ed\" (sg. \"obec\", usually translated as \"municipality\"). There are currently 2,891 obc\u00ed.", "qas": [ { "id": "51601", "question": "what is further divided into `` obc\u00ed '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 5, "text": "okresy" } ] }, { "id": "51602", "question": "what are the `` okresy '' divided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "obc\u00ed" } ] }, { "id": "51603", "question": "what is another name for municipality ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "obec" } ] }, { "id": "51604", "question": "what is another name for `` obec '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "municipality" } ] }, { "id": "51605", "question": "what are the currently currently currently currently known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "2,891 obc\u00ed" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In terms of economics and unemployment rate, the western regions are richer than eastern regions. Bratislava is the sixth richest region of the European Union and GDP per capita is about 3 times higher than in other Slovak regions.", "qas": [ { "id": "51606", "question": "what is the sixth richest region of the european union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "3 times higher" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Slovak economy is a developed, high-income economy, with the GDP per capita equalling 76% of the average of the European Union in 2014. The country used to be dubbed the \"Tatra Tiger\" before the recent global economic crisis. Slovakia successfully transformed from a centrally planned economy to a market-driven economy. Major privatisations are nearly complete, the banking sector is almost completely in private hands, and foreign investment has risen.", "qas": [ { "id": "51607", "question": "what percentage of the average of the european union is per capita ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "76%" } ] }, { "id": "51608", "question": "what was the name of the country used to be dubbed before the recent global economic crisis ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "Tatra Tiger" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Before the financial crisis of 2007\u201308, Slovakia had experienced high and sustained economic growth. In 2007, 2008 and 2010 (with GDP growth of 10.5%, 6% and 4% retrospectively), Slovakia was the fastest growing economy in the European Union. In 2011 and 2012, Slovakia was the 2nd fastest growing Eurozone member after Estonia. In 2012, more than 75% of Slovak exports went to, and more than 50% of Slovak imports came from, other European Union member states.", "qas": [ { "id": "51609", "question": "what percentage of slovakia 's gdp was slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "6% and 4%" } ] }, { "id": "51610", "question": "what percentage of slovak exports went to in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 348, "text": "75%" } ] }, { "id": "51611", "question": "what percentage of slovak imports came from , in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 393, "text": "50%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The ratio of government debt to GDP in Slovakia reached 58% by the end of 2013.", "qas": [ { "id": "51612", "question": "what was the ratio of government debt to gdp in slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "58%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Unemployment, peaking at 19% at the end of 1999, decreased to 7.5% in October 2008 according to the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. In addition to economic growth, migration of workers to other EU countries also contributed to this reduction. According to Eurostat, which uses a calculation method different from that of the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic, the unemployment rate in September 2016 is at 9.4% the seventh highest in the Eurozone.", "qas": [ { "id": "51613", "question": "what was the unemployment rate in 1999 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "19%" } ] }, { "id": "51614", "question": "what was the unemployment rate in october 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "7.5%" } ] }, { "id": "51615", "question": "what is the unemployment rate in september 2016 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 425, "text": "9.4%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Inflation dropped from an average annual rate of 12% in 2000 to just 3.3% in 2002, an election year, but it rose again in 2003\u20132004 because of rising labour costs and taxes. It reached only 1% in 2010 which is the lowest recorded rate since 1993. The rate was at 4% in 2011.", "qas": [ { "id": "51616", "question": "what was the average rate of inflation in 2000 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "12%" } ] }, { "id": "51617", "question": "what was the average rate of inflation in 2002 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "3.3%" } ] }, { "id": "51618", "question": "in what year did inflation become again ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "2003\u20132004" } ] }, { "id": "51619", "question": "what was the lowest recorded rate in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "1%" } ] }, { "id": "51620", "question": "in what year was the lowest recorded rate in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "1993" } ] }, { "id": "51621", "question": "what was the rate in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "4%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Slovakia adopted the Euro currency on 1 January 2009 as the 16th member of the Eurozone. The euro in Slovakia was approved by the European commission on 7 May 2008. The Slovak koruna was revalued on 28 May 2008 to 30.126 for 1 euro, which was also the exchange rate for the euro.", "qas": [ { "id": "51622", "question": "when did slovakia publish the euro currency ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "1 January 2009" } ] }, { "id": "51623", "question": "what was the euro currency called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "the 16th member of the Eurozone" } ] }, { "id": "51624", "question": "when was the euro approved ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "7 May 2008" } ] }, { "id": "51625", "question": "when was the slovak koruna revalued ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "28 May 2008 to 30.126 for 1 euro" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Slovakia is an attractive country for foreign investors mainly because of its low wages, low tax rates and well educated labour force. In recent years, Slovakia has been pursuing a policy of encouraging foreign investment. FDI inflow grew more than 600% from 2000 and cumulatively reached an all-time high of $17.3\u00a0billion in 2006, or around $22,000 per capita by the end of 2008.", "qas": [ { "id": "51626", "question": "what is slovakia 's low wages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "low tax rates and well educated labour force" } ] }, { "id": "51627", "question": "how much did fdi get in 2000 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "600%" } ] }, { "id": "51628", "question": "how much did fdi pay in 2006 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "$17.3" } ] }, { "id": "51629", "question": "how much did fdi spend per capita by the end of 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 342, "text": "$22,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Slovakia, along with other post-communist countries, still faces major challenges in the field of the knowledge economy. The business and public research and development expenditures are well below the EU average. The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks Slovak secondary education the 30th in the world (placing it just below the United States and just above Spain).", "qas": [ { "id": "51630", "question": "where are the business and public research and development expenditures below ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "well below the EU average" } ] }, { "id": "51631", "question": "what is slovak secondary education ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "The Programme for International Student Assessment" } ] }, { "id": "51632", "question": "what is the programme of the oecd ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "Slovak secondary education the 30th in the world" } ] }, { "id": "51633", "question": "what does the programme of the oecd do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 357, "text": "placing it just below the United States and just above Spain" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In March 2008, the Ministry of Finance announced that Slovakia's economy is developed enough to stop being an aid receiver from the World Bank. Slovakia became an aid provider at the end of 2008.", "qas": [ { "id": "51634", "question": "when was slovakia 's economy developed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "March 2008" } ] }, { "id": "51635", "question": "what was the ministry of finance announced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "enough to stop being an aid receiver from the World Bank" } ] }, { "id": "51636", "question": "when did slovakia become an aid ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "2008" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although Slovakia's GDP comes mainly from the tertiary (services) sector, the industrial sector also plays an important role within its economy. The main industry sectors are car manufacturing and electrical engineering. Since 2007, Slovakia has been the world's largest producer of cars per capita, with a total of 1,000,001 cars manufactured in the country in 2015 alone. There are currently three automobile assembly plants: Volkswagen's in Bratislava (models: Volkswagen Up, Volkswagen Touareg, Audi Q7, Porsche Cayenne), PSA Peugeot Citro\u00ebn's in Trnava (models: Peugeot 208, Citro\u00ebn C3 Picasso) and Kia Motors' \u017dilina Plant (models: Kia Cee'd, Kia Sportage, Kia Venga). In 2018, Jaguar Land Rover is set to open the country's fourth automobile assembly plant in Nitra.", "qas": [ { "id": "51637", "question": "where does slovakia 's gdp come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "the tertiary (services) sector" } ] }, { "id": "51638", "question": "how many cars did slovakia have in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 316, "text": "1,000,001" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From electrical engineering companies, Foxconn has a factory at Nitra for LCD TV manufacturing, Samsung at Galanta for computer monitors and television sets manufacturing.", "qas": [ { "id": "51639", "question": "what does samsung manufacturing samsung at ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "computer monitors and television sets manufacturing" } ] } ] }, { "context": "ESET is an IT security company from Bratislava with more than 1,000 employees worldwide at present. Their branch offices are in the United States, Ireland, United Kingdom, Argentina, the Czech Republic, Singapore and Poland.", "qas": [ { "id": "51640", "question": "how many employees does eset have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "1,000" } ] }, { "id": "51641", "question": "which countries are in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Ireland, United Kingdom, Argentina, the Czech Republic, Singapore and Poland" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bratislava's geographical position in Central Europe has long made Bratislava a crossroads for international trade traffic. Various ancient trade routes, such as the Amber Road and the Danube waterway, have crossed territory of present-day Bratislava. Today, Bratislava is the road, railway, waterway and airway hub.", "qas": [ { "id": "51642", "question": "what does central europe have a crossroads for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "international trade traffic" } ] }, { "id": "51643", "question": "what are some ancient trade routes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "Amber Road and the Danube waterway" } ] }, { "id": "51644", "question": "what are the bratislava hub ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "the road, railway, waterway and airway hub" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2012, Slovakia produced a total of 28 393 GWh of electricity while at the same time consumed 28 786 GWh. The slightly higher level of consumption than the capacity of production (- 393 GWh) meant the country was not self-sufficient in energy sourcing. Slovakia imported electricity mainly from the Czech Republic (9 961 GWh \u2013 73.6% of total import) and exported mainly to Hungary (10 231 GWh \u2013 78.2% of total export).", "qas": [ { "id": "51645", "question": "what was slovakia 's total of electricity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "28 393 GWh" } ] }, { "id": "51646", "question": "what was the name of slovakia 's electricity electricity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "28 786 GWh" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Nuclear energy accounts for 53.8% of total electricity production in Slovakia, followed by 18.1% of thermal power energy, 15.1% by hydro power energy, 2% by solar energy, 9.6% by other sources and the rest 1.4% is imported.", "qas": [ { "id": "51647", "question": "what percentage of electricity production is nuclear energy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "53.8%" } ] }, { "id": "51648", "question": "what percentage of thermal power energy is imported by nuclear energy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "18.1%" } ] }, { "id": "51649", "question": "what percentage of thermal power energy is imported by hydro power ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "15.1%" } ] }, { "id": "51650", "question": "what percentage of electricity production is imported by solar energy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "9.6%" } ] }, { "id": "51651", "question": "what percentage of electricity production is imported by nuclear energy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "1.4%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The two nuclear power-plants in Slovakia are in Jaslovsk\u00e9 Bohunice and Mochovce, each of them containing two operating reactors. Prior to the accession of Slovakia to the EU in 2004, the government agreed to turn-off the V1 block of Jaslovsk\u00e9 Bohunice power-plant, built by Soviet Union in 1978. After deactivating the last of the two reactors of the V1 block in 2008, Slovakia instantly stopped being self-dependent in energy production. Currently there is another block (V2) with two active reactors in Jaslovsk\u00e9 Bohunice. It is scheduled for decommissioning in 2025. Two new reactors are under construction in Mochovce plant. The nuclear power production in Slovakia sometimes draws attention to Austrian green-energy activists who occasionally organise protests and block the borders between the two countries.", "qas": [ { "id": "51652", "question": "where are the two nuclear power-plants in slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Jaslovsk\u00e9 Bohunice and Mochovce" } ] }, { "id": "51653", "question": "in what year was slovakia built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "2004" } ] }, { "id": "51654", "question": "when was the soviet union built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "1978" } ] }, { "id": "51655", "question": "where is two active reactors located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 505, "text": "Jaslovsk\u00e9 Bohunice" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are four main highways D1 to D4 and eight express ways R1 to R8. Most of them are still in the planning phase.", "qas": [ { "id": "51656", "question": "how many main highways are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "51657", "question": "what is the name of the main highways that are used to d4 and d4 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "R1 to R8" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The D1 motorway connects Bratislava to Trnava, Nitra, Tren\u010d\u00edn, \u017dilina and beyond, while the D2 motorway connects it to Prague, Brno and Budapest in the north-south direction. A large part of D4\u00a0motorway (an outer bypass), which should ease the pressure on Bratislava's highway system, is scheduled to open in 2020.", "qas": [ { "id": "51658", "question": "what are the d1 motorway ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "Trnava, Nitra, Tren\u010d\u00edn, \u017dilina and beyond" } ] }, { "id": "51659", "question": "what are the names of the north-south motorway ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "Prague, Brno and Budapest" } ] }, { "id": "51660", "question": "what is an outer bypass ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "D4\u00a0motorway" } ] }, { "id": "51661", "question": "when is a large part of d4 scheduled to open ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "2020" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The A6\u00a0motorway to Vienna connects Slovakia directly to the Austrian motorway system and was opened on 19 November 2007.", "qas": [ { "id": "51662", "question": "what was the name of slovakia 's system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "the Austrian motorway system" } ] }, { "id": "51663", "question": "when was slovakia opened ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "19 November 2007" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Bratislava there are currently five bridges standing over the Danube (ordered by the flow of the river): Lafranconi Bridge, Nov\u00fd Most (The New Bridge), Star\u00fd most (The Old Bridge), Most Apollo and Pr\u00edstavn\u00fd most (The Harbor Bridge).", "qas": [ { "id": "51664", "question": "how many bridges standing over the danube -lrb- ordered by the flow of the river ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "five" } ] }, { "id": "51665", "question": "what is the most apollo and pr\u00edstavn\u00fd bridge ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "The Harbor Bridge" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The city's inner network of roadways is made on the radial-circular shape. Nowadays, the city experiences a sharp increase in the road traffic, increasing pressure on the road network. There are about 200,000 registered cars in Bratislava, (approximately 2 inhabitants per car).", "qas": [ { "id": "51666", "question": "what is the city 's inner network of roadways on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "radial-circular shape" } ] }, { "id": "51667", "question": "how many registered cars are there in cars ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "200,000" } ] }, { "id": "51668", "question": "how many people are in cars ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 255, "text": "2 inhabitants per car" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bratislava's M.\u00a0R.\u00a0\u0160tef\u00e1nik Airport is the main international airport in Slovakia. It is located northeast of the city centre. It serves civil and governmental, scheduled and unscheduled domestic and international flights. The current runways support the landing of all common types of aircraft currently used. The airport has enjoyed rapidly growing passenger traffic in recent years; it served 279,028\u00a0passengers in 2000, 1,937,642 in 2006 and 2,024,142 in 2007. Smaller airports served by passenger airlines include those in Ko\u0161ice and Poprad.", "qas": [ { "id": "51669", "question": "how many passengers did the airport have in 2000 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 396, "text": "279,028" } ] }, { "id": "51670", "question": "where are passenger airlines located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 528, "text": "Ko\u0161ice and Poprad" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Port of Bratislava is one of the two international river ports in Slovakia. The port connects Bratislava to international boat traffic, especially the interconnection from the North Sea to the Black Sea via the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal.\nAdditionally, tourist lines operate from Bratislava's passenger port, including routes to Dev\u00edn, Vienna and elsewhere.", "qas": [ { "id": "51671", "question": "what is one of the two international river ports in slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Port of Bratislava" } ] }, { "id": "51672", "question": "what does the port of the port of the port depend to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "international boat traffic" } ] }, { "id": "51673", "question": "what canal is the interconnection from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "Rhine-Main-Danube Canal" } ] }, { "id": "51674", "question": "what are the routes of tourist lines ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 330, "text": "Dev\u00edn, Vienna and elsewhere" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Slovakia features natural landscapes, mountains, caves, medieval castles and towns, folk architecture, spas and ski resorts. More than 4.3 million people visited Slovakia in 2015, and the most attractive destinations are the capital of Bratislava and the High Tatras. Most visitors come from the Czech Republic (about 26%), Poland (15%) and Germany (11%).", "qas": [ { "id": "51675", "question": "how many people visited slovakia in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "4.3 million" } ] }, { "id": "51676", "question": "in what year did people visited slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "2015" } ] }, { "id": "51677", "question": "what are the most attractive destinations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "Bratislava and the High Tatras" } ] }, { "id": "51678", "question": "what percentage of the czech republic come from the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 318, "text": "26%" } ] }, { "id": "51679", "question": "what percentage of poland 's population is poland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 332, "text": "15%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Typical souvenirs from Slovakia are dolls dressed in folk costumes, ceramic objects, crystal glass, carved wooden figures, \u010drp\u00e1ks (wooden pitchers), fujaras (a folk instrument on the UNESCO list) and vala\u0161kas (a decorated folk hatchet) and above all products made from corn husks and wire, notably human figures.", "qas": [ { "id": "51680", "question": "what is the name of the folk instrument that has a folk instrument ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "\u010drp\u00e1ks" } ] }, { "id": "51681", "question": "what is the folk instrument on the unesco list ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "fujaras" } ] }, { "id": "51682", "question": "what is the decorated folk hatchet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "vala\u0161kas" } ] }, { "id": "51683", "question": "what are human figures made from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "corn husks and wire" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Souvenirs can be bought in the shops run by the state organisation \u00da\u013dUV (\"\u00dastredie \u013eudovej umeleckej v\u00fdroby\" \u2013 Centre of Folk Art Production). \"Dielo\" shop chain sells works of Slovak artists and craftsmen. These shops are mostly found in towns and cities.", "qas": [ { "id": "51684", "question": "what is the name of the state that can be bought in the shops of folk art ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "\u00da\u013dUV" } ] }, { "id": "51685", "question": "what is the name of the state that is bought in the shops of folk art ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "Centre of Folk Art Production" } ] }, { "id": "51686", "question": "where are these shops mostly found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "towns and cities" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Slovak Academy of Sciences has been the most important scientific and research institution in the country since 1953. Slovaks have made notable scientific and technical contributions during the history. The list of important scientists and their inventions include:", "qas": [ { "id": "51687", "question": "what has been the most important scientific and research institution in the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Slovak Academy of Sciences" } ] }, { "id": "51688", "question": "when was the slovak academy of sciences been the most important scientific and research institution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "1953" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the 2011 census, the majority of the inhabitants of Slovakia are Slovaks (80.7%). Hungarians are the largest ethnic minority (8.5%). Other ethnic groups include Roma (2%), Czechs (0.6%), Rusyns (0.6%) and others or unspecified (7.6%). Unofficial estimates on the Roma population are much higher, around 5.6%.", "qas": [ { "id": "51689", "question": "what is the majority of the inhabitants of slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "Slovaks" } ] }, { "id": "51690", "question": "what percentage of the inhabitants of slovakia are slovaks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "80.7%" } ] }, { "id": "51691", "question": "what percentage of hungarians are hungarians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "8.5%" } ] }, { "id": "51692", "question": "what is the percentage of ethnic groups in hyderabad ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "Roma (2%" } ] }, { "id": "51693", "question": "what is the percentage of unofficial estimates of the population of the population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 316, "text": "5.6%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2007 Slovakia was estimated to have a total fertility rate of 1.33 (i.e.,\u00a0the average woman will have 1.33\u00a0children in her lifetime), which is significantly below the replacement level and is one of the lowest rates among EU countries.", "qas": [ { "id": "51694", "question": "in what year was slovakia estimated to have a total fertility rate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2007" } ] }, { "id": "51695", "question": "what was slovakia 's fertility rate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "1.33" } ] }, { "id": "51696", "question": "how many children did the average woman have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "1.33" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The largest waves of Slovak emigration occurred in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In the 1990 US\u00a0census, 1.8\u00a0million people self-identified as having Slovak ancestry.", "qas": [ { "id": "51697", "question": "when did the largest waves of slovak emigration occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "the 19th and early 20th centuries" } ] }, { "id": "51698", "question": "how many people self-identified as having slovak ancestry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "1.8\u00a0million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The official language is Slovak, a member of the Slavic language family. Hungarian is widely spoken in the southern regions, and Rusyn is used in some parts of the Northeast. Minority languages hold co-official status in the municipalities in which the size of the minority population meets the legal threshold of 15% in two consecutive censuses.", "qas": [ { "id": "51699", "question": "what is the official language of the slavic language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "Slovak" } ] }, { "id": "51700", "question": "what is the official language of slovak ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "the Slavic language family" } ] }, { "id": "51701", "question": "what is the legal threshold of minority languages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 314, "text": "15%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Slovakia is ranked among the top EU countries regarding the knowledge of foreign languages. In 2007, 68% of the population aged from 25 to 64 years claimed to speak two or more foreign languages, finishing 2nd highest in the European Union. The best known foreign language in Slovakia is Czech. Eurostat report also shows that 98.3% of Slovak students in the upper secondary education take on two foreign languages, ranking highly over the average 60.1% in the European Union.", "qas": [ { "id": "51702", "question": "what percentage of the population claimed to speak two or more foreign languages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "68%" } ] }, { "id": "51703", "question": "how long was the population of the population in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "25 to 64 years" } ] }, { "id": "51704", "question": "what percentage of slovak students are in the upper secondary education ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 327, "text": "98.3%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The deaf community uses the Slovak Sign Language. Even though spoken Czech and Slovak are similar, the Slovak Sign language is not particularly close to Czech Sign Language.", "qas": [ { "id": "51705", "question": "what does the deaf community use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "Slovak Sign Language" } ] }, { "id": "51706", "question": "what is not close to czech sign language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "the Slovak Sign language" } ] }, { "id": "51707", "question": "what is the slovak sign language not close to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "Czech Sign Language" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Slovak constitution guarantees freedom of religion. In 2011, 62.0% of Slovaks identified themselves as Roman Catholics, 8.9% as Protestants, 3.8% as Greek Catholics, 0.9% as Orthodox, 13.4% identified themselves as atheists and 10.6% did not answer the question about their belief. In 2004, about one third of the then church members regularly attended church services. The Slovak Greek Catholic Church is an Eastern rite sui iuris Catholic Church. The pre\u2013World War\u00a0II population of the country included an estimated 90,000 Jews (1.6% of the population). After the genocidal policies of the Nazi era, only about 2,300 Jews remain today (0.04% of the population).", "qas": [ { "id": "51708", "question": "what percentage of slovaks identified themselves as roman catholics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "62.0%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2016, Slovak parliament passed a new bill that will obstruct Islam from becoming state-recognized religion by doubling the minimum followers threshold from 25,000 to 50,000. The law passed by a two-third majority at the parliament. In 2010, there were an estimated 5,000 Muslims in Slovakia representing less than 0.1% of the country's population.\nEducation in Slovakia is compulsory from age 6 to 16. The education system consists of elementary school which is divided into two parts, first grade(age 6\u201310) second grade(age 10\u201315) which is finished by taking nationwide testing called Monitor from slovak language and math. Students are then obliged to take one year in high school. They are able to pick from Gymnasium which is seen as the highest level of high-school education, specialised high school with bacalaureat and specialised highschool without bacalaureat. Schools with bacalaureat take 5 years to complete while the ones without usually take less. After finishing high school students can go to university.", "qas": [ { "id": "51709", "question": "what was the minimum followers of the minimum followers of islam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "25,000 to 50,000" } ] }, { "id": "51710", "question": "how many muslims lived in slovakia in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 268, "text": "5,000" } ] }, { "id": "51711", "question": "what percentage of the country 's population was in slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 317, "text": "0.1%" } ] }, { "id": "51712", "question": "what is the age of education in slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 396, "text": "6 to 16" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Folk tradition has rooted strongly in Slovakia and is reflected in literature, music, dance and architecture. The prime example is a Slovak national anthem, \"\"Nad Tatrou sa bl\u00fdska\"\", which is based on a melody from \"\"Kopala studienku\"\" folk song.", "qas": [ { "id": "51713", "question": "what are the literature of folk tradition ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "music, dance and architecture" } ] }, { "id": "51714", "question": "what is the prime example of the folk song ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Slovak national anthem" } ] }, { "id": "51715", "question": "what is the slovak national anthem ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "Nad Tatrou sa bl\u00fdska\"" } ] }, { "id": "51716", "question": "what is the slovak national anthem based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "Kopala studienku\"\" folk song" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Manifestation of Slovak folklore culture is the \"\"V\u00fdchodn\u00e1\"\" Folklore Festival. It is the oldest and largest nationwide festival with international participation, which takes place in V\u00fdchodn\u00e1 annually. Slovakia is usually represented by many groups but mainly by S\u013dUK (\"Slovensk\u00fd \u013eudov\u00fd umeleck\u00fd kolekt\u00edv \u2013 Slovak folk art collective\"). S\u013dUK is the largest Slovak folk art group, trying to preserve the folklore tradition.", "qas": [ { "id": "51717", "question": "what is the name of slovak folklore culture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "\"V\u00fdchodn\u00e1\"\" Folklore Festival" } ] }, { "id": "51718", "question": "how long does the oldest nationwide festival with international participation occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "V\u00fdchodn\u00e1 annually" } ] }, { "id": "51719", "question": "what is the name of the groups that slovakia is represented by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "S\u013dUK" } ] } ] }, { "context": "An example of wooden folk architecture in Slovakia can be seen in the well preserved village of Vlkol\u00ednec which has been the UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1993. The Pre\u0161ov Region preserves the world's most remarkable folk wooden churches. Most of them are protected by Slovak law as cultural heritage, but some of them are on the UNESCO list too, in Bodru\u017eal, Hervartov, Ladomirov\u00e1 and Rusk\u00e1 Bystr\u00e1.", "qas": [ { "id": "51720", "question": "what village has been the unesco world heritage site since 1993 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "Vlkol\u00ednec" } ] }, { "id": "51721", "question": "when was the unesco world heritage site been seen ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "1993" } ] }, { "id": "51722", "question": "what are some of the unesco list of the unesco list ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 353, "text": "Bodru\u017eal, Hervartov, Ladomirov\u00e1 and Rusk\u00e1 Bystr\u00e1" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The best known Slovak hero, found in many folk mythologies, is Juraj J\u00e1no\u0161\u00edk (1688\u20131713) (the Slovak equivalent of Robin Hood). The legend says he was taking from the rich and giving to the poor. J\u00e1no\u0161\u00edk's life was depicted in a list of literature works and many movies throughout the 20th century. One of the most popular is a film \"J\u00e1no\u0161\u00edk\" directed by Martin Fri\u010d in 1935.", "qas": [ { "id": "51723", "question": "what is the best known slovak hero ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "Juraj J\u00e1no\u0161\u00edk" } ] }, { "id": "51724", "question": "when was the best known slovak hero ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "1688\u20131713" } ] }, { "id": "51725", "question": "who is the slovak equivalent of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "Robin Hood" } ] }, { "id": "51726", "question": "what is one of the most popular film in 1935 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 334, "text": "J\u00e1no\u0161\u00edk" } ] }, { "id": "51727", "question": "who directed the most popular film in 1935 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 355, "text": "Martin Fri\u010d" } ] }, { "id": "51728", "question": "in what year was the film `` j\u00e1no\u0161\u00edk '' directed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 370, "text": "1935" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Visual art in Slovakia is represented through painting, drawing, printmaking, illustration, arts and crafts, sculpture, photography or conceptual art. The supreme and central gallery institution displaying Slovak art nowadays is the Slovak National Gallery, established in 1949.", "qas": [ { "id": "51729", "question": "what is the name of the supreme and central gallery institution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "Slovak National Gallery" } ] }, { "id": "51730", "question": "when was the slovak national gallery established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "1949" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Well-known sculptor of the 15th century Late Gothic era in Slovakia is the \"Master Paul of Levo\u010da\". Although his work can be found in many places (Bansk\u00e1 Bystrica, Spi\u0161sk\u00e1 Sobota or Lomni\u010dka), his most famous is a wooden altar in the Church of St. Jacob in Levo\u010da. With its height of , it is the tallest Gothic altar in the world. Well-known painters of that time are the \"Master from Okoli\u010dn\u00e9\", author of the altar in St. Elisabeth Cathedral in Ko\u0161ice, and \"Master M.S.\" of the 16th century, whose statue of Madonna can be seen in the Saint Catherine Church in Bansk\u00e1 \u0160tiavnica. The statues of Saint Catherine and Saint Barbara are in the art gallery of the Slovak Mining Museum in Bansk\u00e1 \u0160tiavnica.", "qas": [ { "id": "51731", "question": "when was the late gothic era ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "15th century" } ] }, { "id": "51732", "question": "what is the well-known gothic era in slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "Master Paul of Levo\u010da" } ] }, { "id": "51733", "question": "where is the church of st. jacob in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "Levo\u010da" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sculpture in the 19th century was dominated by a sacral sculptor Vavrinec Dunajsk\u00fd (1784\u20131833) and his son Ladislav Dunajsk\u00fd, author of J\u00e1n Holl\u00fd memorial in Dobr\u00e1 Voda. Another important sculptors were J\u00e1n Koniarek (1878\u20131952), Alajos Str\u00f3bl (1856\u20131926), J\u00e1nos Fadrusz (1858\u20131903) and Alojz Rigele (1879\u20131940).", "qas": [ { "id": "51734", "question": "who dominated the sculpture in the 19th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Vavrinec Dunajsk\u00fd" } ] }, { "id": "51735", "question": "who was the son of sculpture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "Ladislav Dunajsk\u00fd" } ] }, { "id": "51736", "question": "where was the author of sculpture in the 19th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "Dobr\u00e1 Voda" } ] }, { "id": "51737", "question": "who was the important sculptors sculptors of another city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "J\u00e1n Koniarek" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nPainters Mikul\u00e1\u0161 Galanda (1895\u20131938), Martin Benka (1888\u20131971), Janko Alexy (1894\u20131970), Milo\u0161 Alexander Bazovsk\u00fd (1899\u20131968), Gust\u00e1v Mall\u00fd (1879\u20131952) and Jan H\u00e1la (1890\u20131959) are considered to be the ones who laid foundations of the Slovak modern art in the first half of the 20th century. The inspiration of their work stems mainly from the lives of everyday people in Slovak rurals which they admired and idealised. The painters influenced by Art Nouveau, symbolism and expressionism are Zolo Palugyay (1898\u20131935), Anton Jasusch (1882\u20131965), Edmund Gwerk (1895\u20131956) or J\u00falius Jakoby (1903\u20131985). Important also is Bla\u017eej Bal\u00e1\u017e (1958).", "qas": [ { "id": "51738", "question": "what is 1958 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 620, "text": "Bla\u017eej Bal\u00e1\u017e" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some of the most distinguished Slovak artists, whose work was closely linked to modern European art streams are Koloman Sokol (1902\u20132003), who became a professor of graphic techniques at the \"Escuela de las Artes del Libro\" and at the University of Mexico City from 1937 to 1941, \u013dudov\u00edt Fulla (1902\u20131980) who received many international prices for his work and Imro Weiner-Kr\u00e1\u013e (1901\u20131978). The generation 1909 represent Cypri\u00e1n Majern\u00edk (1909\u20131945), J\u00e1n \u017delibsk\u00fd, J\u00e1n Mudroch (1909\u20131968), Ladislav \u010cemick\u00fd (1909\u20131968) and Ester M. \u0160imerov\u00e1 (1909).", "qas": [ { "id": "51739", "question": "who was the most distinguished slovak artists in mexico city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "Koloman Sokol" } ] }, { "id": "51740", "question": "when was the most distinguished slovak artists ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "1902\u20132003" } ] }, { "id": "51741", "question": "what was the generation of the 1909 represent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 422, "text": "Cypri\u00e1n Majern\u00edk" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Slovak graphic art experienced its peak during the 20th century. The most notable print-makers are Koloman Sokol (1902\u20132003), Vincent Hlo\u017en\u00edk (1919\u20131997), Alb\u00edn Brunovsk\u00fd (1935\u20131997), Jozef Jankovi\u010d (1937), Du\u0161an K\u00e1llay (1948), Vladim\u00edr Ga\u017eovi\u010d (1939), Karol Ondrei\u010dka (1944\u20132003) Bla\u017eej Bal\u00e1\u017e (1958) or the young generation of artists Katar\u00edna Vavrov\u00e1, and Matej Kr\u00e9n.", "qas": [ { "id": "51742", "question": "who was the most notable print-makers of the marshall islands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "Koloman Sokol" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Andy Warhol (1928\u20131987), a leading figure in the 20th century visual art movement known as pop art, was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as \"Andrej Varchola\" to Slovak parents Ondrej Varchola (1889\u20131942) and J\u00falia (n\u00e9e Zavack\u00e1, 1892\u20131972). A museum dedicated to him is in Medzilaborce, where his parents lived.", "qas": [ { "id": "51743", "question": "who was born in pittsburgh ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Andy Warhol" } ] }, { "id": "51744", "question": "when was andy warhol born ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "1928\u20131987" } ] }, { "id": "51745", "question": "what was the visual art movement known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "pop art" } ] }, { "id": "51746", "question": "who was the slovak art movement in pittsburgh ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "Ondrej Varchola" } ] }, { "id": "51747", "question": "where is a museum dedicated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "Medzilaborce" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Notable Slovak photographers in the 20th century are Martin Martin\u010dek (1913\u20132004) and Karol K\u00e1llay (1926\u20132012). Both Martin\u010dek and K\u00e1llay received the EFIAP (Excellence de la F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de l' Art Photographique) price in 1970.", "qas": [ { "id": "51748", "question": "who are the notable slovak photographers in the 20th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "Martin Martin\u010dek (1913\u20132004) and Karol K\u00e1llay" } ] }, { "id": "51749", "question": "when did martin photographers die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "1926\u20132012" } ] }, { "id": "51750", "question": "what was the name of the price of price in 1970 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "Excellence de la F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de l' Art Photographique" } ] }, { "id": "51751", "question": "in what year was the price of price price price introduced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "1970" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sculpture in the 20th century represent J\u00e1n Koniarek (1878\u20131952), J\u00falius B\u00e1rtfay (1888\u20131979), Tibor B\u00e1rtfay (1922) J\u00e1n Math\u00e9 (1922), Jozef Kostka (1912\u20131996), Ladislav Snopek (1919\u20132010), Rudolf Uher or Rudolf Horn\u00e1k.", "qas": [ { "id": "51752", "question": "what was the sculpture represent in the 20th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "J\u00e1n Koniarek" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nNotable Slovak artists of the 21st century include Cyril Bla\u017eo (1970), Martin Vargic and Viliam Loviska (1964)", "qas": [ { "id": "51753", "question": "what was the name of the 21st century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "Cyril Bla\u017eo" } ] }, { "id": "51754", "question": "in what year was the 21st century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "1970" } ] }, { "id": "51755", "question": "who was the 1964 artists in 1964 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "Martin Vargic and Viliam Loviska" } ] }, { "id": "51756", "question": "in what year was the 21st century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "1964" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Christian topics include: poem Proglas as a foreword to the four Gospels, partial translations of the Bible into Old Church Slavonic, \"Zakon sudnyj ljudem\".", "qas": [ { "id": "51757", "question": "who wrote a foreword to the four gospels ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "poem Proglas" } ] }, { "id": "51758", "question": "into what church was the bible partial translations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "Old Church Slavonic" } ] }, { "id": "51759", "question": "what is the name of the old church slavonic slavonic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "Zakon sudnyj ljudem\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Medieval literature, in the period from the 11th to the 15th centuries, was written in Latin, Czech and Slovakized Czech. Lyric (prayers, songs and formulas) was still controlled by the Church, while epic was concentrated on legends. Authors from this period include Johannes de Thurocz, author of the Chronica Hungarorum and Maurus, both of them Hungarians. The worldly literature also emerged and chronicles were written in this period.", "qas": [ { "id": "51760", "question": "where was medieval literature written ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "Latin, Czech and Slovakized Czech" } ] }, { "id": "51761", "question": "who controlled lyric -lrb- prayers and songs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "the Church" } ] }, { "id": "51762", "question": "who is the author of the author of the author ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "Johannes de Thurocz" } ] }, { "id": "51763", "question": "who was the author of johannes de thurocz ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "Chronica Hungarorum and Maurus" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There were two leading persons who codified the Slovak language. The first was Anton Bernol\u00e1k whose concept was based on the western Slovak dialect in 1787. It was the codification of the first ever literary language of Slovaks. The second was \u013dudov\u00edt \u0160t\u00far, whose formation of the Slovak language took principles from the central Slovak dialect in 1843.", "qas": [ { "id": "51764", "question": "what was the first concept of the western slovak dialect ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "Anton Bernol\u00e1k" } ] }, { "id": "51765", "question": "where was the first anton concept based ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "western Slovak dialect" } ] }, { "id": "51766", "question": "when was the first anton concept based ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "1787" } ] }, { "id": "51767", "question": "what was the second formation of the slovak language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "\u013dudov\u00edt \u0160t\u00far" } ] }, { "id": "51768", "question": "in what year did the central slovak dialect take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 348, "text": "1843" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Slovakia is also known for its polyhistors, of whom include Pavol Jozef \u0160af\u00e1rik, Matej Bel, J\u00e1n Koll\u00e1r, and its political revolutionaries and reformists, such Milan Rastislav \u0160tef\u00e1nik and Alexander Dub\u010dek.", "qas": [ { "id": "51769", "question": "what is the name of slovakia 's political revolutionaries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "polyhistors" } ] }, { "id": "51770", "question": "who are some of the political revolutionaries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "Pavol Jozef \u0160af\u00e1rik, Matej Bel, J\u00e1n Koll\u00e1r" } ] }, { "id": "51771", "question": "which two political revolutionaries were slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "Milan Rastislav \u0160tef\u00e1nik and Alexander Dub\u010dek" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Famous globetrotter and explorer, count M\u00f3ric Benyovszky had Slovak ancestors.", "qas": [ { "id": "51772", "question": "who had slovak ancestors ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "M\u00f3ric Benyovszky" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The most important Slovak composers have been Eugen Sucho\u0148, Mikul\u00e1\u0161 Schneider-Trnavsk\u00fd, J\u00e1n Cikker, J\u00e1n Levoslav Bella, Alexander Moyzes and Dezider Kardo\u0161, in the 21st century Vladim\u00edr God\u00e1r and Peter Machajd\u00edk.", "qas": [ { "id": "51773", "question": "who have the most important slovak composers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "Vladim\u00edr God\u00e1r and Peter Machajd\u00edk" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Popular music began to replace folk music beginning in the 1950s, when Slovakia was still part of Czechoslovakia; American jazz, R&B, and rock and roll were popular, alongside waltzes, polkas, and czardas, among other folk forms. By the end of the 1950s, radios were common household items, though only state stations were legal. Slovak popular music began as a mix of bossa nova, cool jazz, and rock, with propagandistic lyrics. Dissenters listened to ORF (Austrian Radio), Radio Luxembourg, or Slobodn\u00e1 Eur\u00f3pa (Radio Free Europe), which played more rock.", "qas": [ { "id": "51774", "question": "when did slovakia begin to replace folk music ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "1950s" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Due to Czechoslovak isolation, the domestic market was active and many original bands evolved. Slovakia had a very strong pop culture during the 1970s and 1980s. This movement brought many original bands with their own unique interpretations of modern music. The quality of socialist music was very high. Stars such as Karel Gott, Olympic, Pra\u017esk\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br (from the Czech Republic) or El\u00e1n, Modus, Tublatanka, Team (from Slovakia) and many others were highly acclaimed and many recorded their LPs in foreign languages.", "qas": [ { "id": "51775", "question": "when did slovakia have a strong pop culture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "1970s and 1980s" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After the Velvet Revolution and the declaration of the Slovak state, domestic music dramatically diversified as free enterprise encouraged the formation of new bands and the development of new genres of music. Soon, however, major labels brought pop music to Slovakia and drove many of the small companies out of business. During the 1990s, American grunge and alternative rock, and Britpop have a wide following, as well as a newfound enthusiasm for musicals.", "qas": [ { "id": "51776", "question": "what revolution encouraged the formation of new bands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "Velvet Revolution" } ] }, { "id": "51777", "question": "what was the name of the domestic music dramatically ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "free enterprise" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Peter Lipa (born 1943) is a well-known Slovak singer, composer and promoter of modern jazz. He is one of the main organisers of the \"Bratislava Jazz Days\" festival, which takes place in the capital city at the end of October each year since 1975. It is the biggest jazz venue in Slovakia.", "qas": [ { "id": "51778", "question": "who is a well-known slovak singer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Peter Lipa" } ] }, { "id": "51779", "question": "when was peter lipa born ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "1943" } ] }, { "id": "51780", "question": "what is the name of the festival that takes place in the capital city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Bratislava Jazz Days" } ] }, { "id": "51781", "question": "in what year did the `` bratislava jazz days '' begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "1975" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Martin Valihora (1976), having been awarded a scholarship on the Berklee College of Music in Boston, he established himself as a part of the New York's jazz scene. He has been playing with the world's famous Japanese jazz pianist Hiromi Uehara.", "qas": [ { "id": "51782", "question": "who was awarded a scholarship on the berklee college of music ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Martin Valihora" } ] }, { "id": "51783", "question": "in what year was martin valihora born ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "1976" } ] }, { "id": "51784", "question": "what was the name of boston 's scholarship ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Berklee College of Music" } ] }, { "id": "51785", "question": "what was the name of the scene that was established in boston ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "New York's jazz scene" } ] }, { "id": "51786", "question": "who is the japanese jazz pianist ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "Hiromi Uehara" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other notable Slovak jazz players are Laco D\u00e9czi (1938) \u2013 composer, jazz trumpeter, Mari\u00e1n Varga (1947) \u2013 composer, organ player", "qas": [ { "id": "51787", "question": "what is the name of the slovak jazz players ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "Laco D\u00e9czi" } ] }, { "id": "51788", "question": "in what year was the organ player player made ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "1938" } ] }, { "id": "51789", "question": "what is the name of the slovak jazz players ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "Mari\u00e1n Varga" } ] }, { "id": "51790", "question": "in what year was the organ player player created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "1947" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Traditional Slovak cuisine is based mainly on pork meat, poultry (chicken is the most widely eaten, followed by duck, goose, and turkey), flour, potatoes, cabbage, and milk products. It is relatively closely related to Hungarian, Czech and Austrian cuisine. On the east it is also influenced by Ukrainian and Polish cuisine. In comparison with other European countries, \"game meat\" is more accessible in Slovakia due to vast resources of forest and because hunting is relatively popular. Boar, rabbit, and venison, are generally available throughout the year. Lamb and goat are eaten but are not widely popular.", "qas": [ { "id": "51791", "question": "what is traditional slovak cuisine based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "pork meat, poultry" } ] }, { "id": "51792", "question": "what are some of the most widely eaten chicken cuisine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "duck, goose, and turkey), flour, potatoes, cabbage, and milk products" } ] }, { "id": "51793", "question": "chicken is closely related to what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "Hungarian, Czech and Austrian cuisine" } ] }, { "id": "51794", "question": "who influenced chicken ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 295, "text": "Ukrainian and Polish cuisine" } ] }, { "id": "51795", "question": "which year are generally available throughout the year ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 488, "text": "Boar, rabbit, and venison" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The traditional Slovak meals are bryndzov\u00e9 halu\u0161ky, bryndzov\u00e9 pirohy and other meals with potato dough and bryndza. Bryndza is a salty cheese made of a sheep milk, characterised by a strong taste and aroma. Bryndzov\u00e9 halu\u0161ky must be on the menu of every traditional Slovak restaurant.", "qas": [ { "id": "51796", "question": "what are the traditional slovak meals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "bryndzov\u00e9 halu\u0161ky, bryndzov\u00e9 pirohy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A typical soup is a sauerkraut soup (\"kapustnica\"). A blood sausage called \"krvavnica\", made from any and all parts of a butchered pig is also a specific slovak meal.", "qas": [ { "id": "51797", "question": "what is a typical soup of a soup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "sauerkraut soup" } ] }, { "id": "51798", "question": "what is another term for sauerkraut ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "kapustnica" } ] }, { "id": "51799", "question": "what is the blood sausage called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "krvavnica" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sport activities are practised widely in Slovakia, many of them on a professional level. Among the most popular are ice hockey, football, tennis, handball, basketball, volleyball, whitewater slalom or athletics.", "qas": [ { "id": "51800", "question": "where are sport activities practised ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Slovakia" } ] }, { "id": "51801", "question": "what are the most popular hockey hockey , ice ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "football, tennis, handball, basketball, volleyball, whitewater slalom or athletics" } ] } ] }, { "context": "One of the most popular collective sports in Slovakia is ice hockey. Slovakia became the member of IIHF on 2 February 1993 and ever since has won 4 medals in Ice Hockey World Championships, consisting of 1 gold, 2 silver and 1 bronze medal. The most recent success is a silver medal from 2012 IIHF World Championship in Helsinki. Slovak national hockey team made five appearances in the Olympic games too, ended up 4th in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. The country has 8280 registered players and is ranked 8th in the IIHF World Ranking at present. Prior to 2012, Slovak team HC Slovan Bratislava joined the Kontinental Hockey League, considered the strongest hockey league in Europe, and the second-best in the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "51802", "question": "what is one of the most popular collective sports in slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "ice hockey" } ] }, { "id": "51803", "question": "when did slovakia become the member of iihf ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "2 February 1993" } ] }, { "id": "51804", "question": "how many medals did slovakia win ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "4" } ] }, { "id": "51805", "question": "what were the ice hockey world championships ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "1 gold, 2 silver and 1 bronze medal" } ] }, { "id": "51806", "question": "how many registered players are in the iihf world ranking ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 477, "text": "8280" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Slovakia organised the 2011 IIHF World Championship in ice hockey in which the team of Finland won the gold medal. The venue took place in Bratislava and Ko\u0161ice.", "qas": [ { "id": "51807", "question": "what was the name of slovakia 's ice medal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "2011 IIHF World Championship" } ] }, { "id": "51808", "question": "what was the name of the ice hockey world championship ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "the team of Finland won the gold medal" } ] }, { "id": "51809", "question": "where did the venue take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Bratislava and Ko\u0161ice" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The most notable Slovak hockey players who played or are still playing in the National Hockey League are Stan Mikita, Peter \u0160\u0165astn\u00fd, Mari\u00e1n \u0160\u0165astn\u00fd, Anton \u0160\u0165astn\u00fd, Peter Bondra, \u017digmund P\u00e1lffy, Mari\u00e1n G\u00e1bor\u00edk, Mari\u00e1n Hossa, Pavol Demitra, Zdeno Ch\u00e1ra, Miroslav \u0160atan, \u013dubom\u00edr Vi\u0161\u0148ovsk\u00fd, Tom\u00e1\u0161 Kopeck\u00fd, Andrej Sekera or Jaroslav Hal\u00e1k.", "qas": [ { "id": "51810", "question": "where are the most notable slovak hockey players ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "National Hockey League" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Whitewater slalom is the most successful Olympic sport in modern-day Slovakia. Apart from winning many World and European Championships, Slovak canoeists collected medals in each Summer Olympic Games since their first appearance in Atlanta 1996.", "qas": [ { "id": "51811", "question": "what is the most successful olympic sport in slovakia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Whitewater slalom" } ] }, { "id": "51812", "question": "where did slovak canoeists collected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "Summer Olympic Games" } ] }, { "id": "51813", "question": "in what year did slovak begin medals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "Atlanta 1996" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Slovakia" } ] }