{ "data": [ { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Moscow ( or ; ) is the capital and most populous city of the Russian Federation, with 12.2 million residents within the city limits and 16.8 million within the urban area. Moscow has the status of a Russian federal city.", "qas": [ { "id": "51814", "question": "which city is the capital of the russian federation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Moscow" } ] }, { "id": "51815", "question": "how many residents are in the russian federation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "12.2 million" } ] }, { "id": "51816", "question": "what is the capital of the russian federation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "16.8 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Russia and Eastern Europe, as well as the largest city entirely on the European continent. By broader definitions Moscow is among the world's largest cities, being the 14th largest metro area, the 18th largest agglomeration, the 15th largest urban area, and the 11th largest by population within city limits worldwide. According to Forbes 2013, Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world by Mercer and has one of the world's largest urban economies, being ranked as an alpha global city according to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world according to the MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index. Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity and metropolis on Earth. It is home to the Ostankino Tower, the tallest free standing structure in Europe; the Federation Tower, the tallest skyscraper in Europe; and the Moscow International Business Center. By its territorial expansion on July 1, 2012 southwest into the Moscow Oblast, the area of the capital more than doubled, going from , and it gained an additional population of 233,000 people.", "qas": [ { "id": "51817", "question": "what is the alpha global city in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 604, "text": "Globalization and World Cities Research Network" } ] }, { "id": "51818", "question": "what is the tallest free standing structure in europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 878, "text": "Ostankino Tower" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia, making it the world's most populated inland city. The city is well known for its architecture, particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil's Cathedral with its brightly colored domes. With over 40 percent of its territory covered by greenery, it is one of the greenest capitals and major cities in Europe and the world, having the largest forest in an urban area within its borders\u2014more than any other major city\u2014even before its expansion in 2012.", "qas": [ { "id": "51819", "question": "where is moscow situated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "Moskva River" } ] }, { "id": "51820", "question": "where is moscow located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Central Federal District of European Russia" } ] }, { "id": "51821", "question": "what is the name of the historic cathedral in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "Saint Basil's Cathedral" } ] }, { "id": "51822", "question": "what percentage of moscow 's territory covered by moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "over 40 percent" } ] }, { "id": "51823", "question": "who covered moscow 's territory ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 336, "text": "greenery" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The city has served as the capital of a progression of states, from the medieval Grand Duchy of Moscow and the subsequent Tsardom of Russia to the Russian Empire to the Soviet Union and the contemporary Russian Federation. Moscow is considered the center of Russian culture, having served as the home of Russian artists, scientists and sports figures and because of the presence of museums, academic and political institutions and theaters.", "qas": [ { "id": "51824", "question": "which grand duchy has the capital of russia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "Grand Duchy of Moscow" } ] }, { "id": "51825", "question": "what two countries did the russian empire border to the russian empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "the Soviet Union and the contemporary Russian Federation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow is the seat of power of the Government of Russia, being the site of the Moscow Kremlin, a medieval city-fortress that is today the residence for work of the President of Russia. The Moscow Kremlin and Red Square are also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament (the State Duma and the Federation Council) also sit in the city.", "qas": [ { "id": "51826", "question": "what is the name of the kremlin that is today ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "the Moscow Kremlin" } ] }, { "id": "51827", "question": "what are the world heritage sites in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "Moscow Kremlin and Red Square" } ] }, { "id": "51828", "question": "what are the chambers of the russian parliament ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "State Duma and the Federation Council" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The city is served by a transit network, which includes four international airports, nine railway terminals, numerous trams, a monorail system and one of the deepest underground rapid transit systems in the world, the Moscow Metro, the fourth-largest in the world and largest outside of Asia in terms of passenger numbers, and the busiest in Europe. It is recognized as one of the city's landmarks due to the rich architecture of its 200 stations.", "qas": [ { "id": "51829", "question": "how many international airports are in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "51830", "question": "how many railway terminals are in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "nine" } ] }, { "id": "51831", "question": "what is the name of the deepest network in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "Moscow Metro" } ] }, { "id": "51832", "question": "how many stations are in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 434, "text": "200" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow has acquired a number of epithets, most referring to its size and preeminent status within the nation: The Third Rome (), The Whitestone One (), The First Throne (), The Forty Forties (), and The Hero City (). In old Russian the word \"\" (\"forty\") also meant a church administrative district, which consisted of about forty churches. The demonym for a Moscow resident is \"\" (\"moskvich\") for male or \"\u043a\u0430\" (\"moskvichka\") for female, rendered in English as \"Muscovite\".", "qas": [ { "id": "51833", "question": "what is the name of the first throne ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "The Third Rome" } ] }, { "id": "51834", "question": "what is the name of the first throne ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "The Whitestone One" } ] }, { "id": "51835", "question": "what is the name of the first throne ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "The Hero City" } ] }, { "id": "51836", "question": "what was the word for old russian the word `` church administrative district '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "forty" } ] }, { "id": "51837", "question": "what is the name of the moscow resident ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 378, "text": "\" (\"moskvich\") for male or \"\u043a\u0430\"" } ] }, { "id": "51838", "question": "what is the english word for a moscow resident ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 461, "text": "Muscovite" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The name of the city is thought to be derived from the name of the Moskva River. There have been proposed several theories of the origin of the name of the river. The most linguistically well-grounded and widely accepted is from the Proto-Balto-Slavic root *\"m\u016dzg\"-/\"muzg\"- from the Proto-Indo-European *\"meu\"- \"wet\", so the name \"Moskva\" might signify a river at a wetland or a marsh. Its cognates include , \"muzga\" \"pool, puddle\", and \"to wash\", \"to drown\", \"to dip, immerse\". There exist as well similar place names in Poland like Mozgawa.", "qas": [ { "id": "51839", "question": "what river is the city thought to be derived from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Moskva River" } ] }, { "id": "51840", "question": "where is the most linguistically well-grounded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic" } ] }, { "id": "51841", "question": "what is the name of the name used to describe the name `` moskva '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 283, "text": "Proto-Indo-European *\"meu\"- \"wet\"" } ] }, { "id": "51842", "question": "what is the name of the names that is used in poland in poland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 534, "text": "Mozgawa" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The original Old Russian form of the name is reconstructed as *, *\"Mosky\", hence it was one of a few Slavic \"\u016b\"-stem nouns. As with other nouns of that declension, it had been undergoing a morphological transformation at the early stage of the development of the language, as a result the first written mentions in the 12th century were , \"Moskov\u012d\" (accusative case), , \"Moskvi\" (locative case), , \"Moskve/Moskv\u011b\" (genitive case). From the latter forms came the modern Russian name , \"Moskva\", which is a result of morphological generalization with the numerous Slavic \"\u0101\"-stem nouns.", "qas": [ { "id": "51843", "question": "what is the original old russian form of the name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "*, *\"Mosky\"" } ] }, { "id": "51844", "question": "what was the accusative called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 340, "text": "Moskov\u012d" } ] }, { "id": "51845", "question": "what is the name of the modern russian name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 485, "text": "Moskva" } ] } ] }, { "context": "However, the form \"Moskov\u012d\" has left some traces in many other languages, such as , , , , , , , , etc. In a similar manner the Latin name \"Moscovia\" has been formed, later it became a colloquial name for Russia used in Western Europe in the 16th\u201317th centuries. From it as well came English \"Muscovy\".", "qas": [ { "id": "51846", "question": "what is the name of the form of the form of other languages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 19, "text": "Moskov\u012d" } ] }, { "id": "51847", "question": "what is the latin name for russia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Moscovia" } ] }, { "id": "51848", "question": "in what century did russia use russia 's name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "16th\u201317th centuries" } ] }, { "id": "51849", "question": "what was the nickname given to the form of english ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "Muscovy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Various other theories (of Celtic, Iranian, Caucasic, Finno-Ugrian origin), having little or no scientific ground, are now largely rejected by contemporary linguists.", "qas": [ { "id": "51850", "question": "what are some theories that are rejected by contemporary linguists ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "Celtic, Iranian, Caucasic, Finno-Ugrian origin" } ] }, { "id": "51851", "question": "who rejected other theories ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "contemporary linguists" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There has been as well a na\u00efve scholastic etymology that connected the name of Mosoch, a son of Japheth, with the name of the city, so that it was thought that the biblical figure was a forefather of Russians as well as other Slavs. The surface similarity of the name \"Russia\" with \"Rosh\", an obscure biblical tribe or country, which is mentioned alongside with Mosoch in Ezekiel (38:2\u20133, 39:1), strengthened up such etymologies.", "qas": [ { "id": "51852", "question": "what was the son of the city called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "Mosoch" } ] }, { "id": "51853", "question": "what was the son of the city called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "Japheth" } ] }, { "id": "51854", "question": "what is the name of the obscure biblical tribe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 283, "text": "Rosh" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The oldest evidence of humans on the territory of Moscow dates from the Neolithic (Schukinskaya site on the Moscow River). Within the modern bounds of the city other late evidence was discovered (the burial ground of the Fatyanovskaya culture, the site of the Iron Age settlement of the Dyakovo culture), on the territory of the Kremlin, Sparrow Hills, Setun River and Kuntsevskiy forest park, etc.", "qas": [ { "id": "51855", "question": "where does the oldest evidence of humans on the territory of moscow begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "the Neolithic" } ] }, { "id": "51856", "question": "what park was discovered in the kremlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 338, "text": "Sparrow Hills, Setun River and Kuntsevskiy forest park" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 9th century, the Oka River was part of the Volga trade route, and the upper Volga watershed became an area of contact between the indigenous Uralic peoples such as the Merya and the expanding Volga Bulgars (particularly the second son of Khan Kubrat who expanded the borders of the Old Great Bulgaria), Germanic (Varangians) and Slavic peoples.", "qas": [ { "id": "51857", "question": "what river was part of the volga trade route ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "Oka River" } ] }, { "id": "51858", "question": "what was the second son of volga ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "Volga Bulgars" } ] }, { "id": "51859", "question": "who was the second son of volga ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "Khan Kubrat" } ] }, { "id": "51860", "question": "what was the borders of volga ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 289, "text": "Old Great Bulgaria" } ] }, { "id": "51861", "question": "what two peoples were the second son of volga ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 310, "text": "Germanic (Varangians) and Slavic peoples" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The earliest East Slavic tribes recorded as having expanded to the upper Volga in the 9th to 10th centuries are the Vyatichi and Krivichi.\nThe Moskva River was incorporated as part of Rostov-Suzdal into the Kievan Rus in the 11th century. By AD 1100, a minor settlement had appeared on the mouth of the Neglinnaya River.", "qas": [ { "id": "51862", "question": "what are the earliest east slavic tribes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Vyatichi and Krivichi" } ] }, { "id": "51863", "question": "what river was incorporated as part of the kievan rus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "The Moskva River" } ] }, { "id": "51864", "question": "what was the part of the kievan rus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "Rostov-Suzdal" } ] }, { "id": "51865", "question": "a minor settlement had appeared on the mouth of what river ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 303, "text": "Neglinnaya River" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The first known reference to Moscow dates from 1147 as a meeting place of Yuri Dolgoruky and Sviatoslav Olgovich. At the time it was a minor town on the western border of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality.", "qas": [ { "id": "51866", "question": "what was the first known reference to moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "1147" } ] }, { "id": "51867", "question": "who was the first known reference to moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "Yuri Dolgoruky and Sviatoslav Olgovich" } ] }, { "id": "51868", "question": "the first known reference to moscow was a minor town on what border ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "Vladimir-Suzdal Principality" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1156, Knjaz Yury Dolgoruky fortified the town with a timber fence and a moat. In the course of the Mongol invasion of Rus, the Mongols under Batu Khan burned the city to the ground and killed its inhabitants.", "qas": [ { "id": "51869", "question": "in what year was the town with a moat and a moat fence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1156" } ] }, { "id": "51870", "question": "who fortified the town with a timber fence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Knjaz Yury Dolgoruky" } ] }, { "id": "51871", "question": "who burned the mongol invasion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "Batu Khan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The timber fort \"na Moskv\u011b\" \"on the Moscow river\" was inherited by Daniel, the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky, in the 1260s, at the time considered the least valuable of his father's possessions.\nDaniel was still a child at the time, and the big fort was governed by \"tiuns\" (deputies), appointed by Daniel's paternal uncle, Yaroslav of Tver.", "qas": [ { "id": "51872", "question": "who inherited the `` na moskv\u011b '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Daniel" } ] }, { "id": "51873", "question": "who was daniel the youngest son of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "Alexander Nevsky" } ] }, { "id": "51874", "question": "where was the youngest son of alexander inherited ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "1260s" } ] }, { "id": "51875", "question": "who was the big fort uncle , yaroslav 's paternal uncle ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "tiuns" } ] }, { "id": "51876", "question": "who was daniel 's paternal uncle ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 327, "text": "Yaroslav of Tver" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Daniel came of age in the 1270s and became involved in the power struggles of the principality with lasting success, siding with his brother Dmitry in his bid for the rule of Novgorod. From 1283 he acted as the ruler of an independent principality alongside Dmitry, who became Grand Duke of Vladimir.\nDaniel has been credited with founding the first Moscow monasteries, dedicated to the Lord's Epiphany and to Saint Daniel.", "qas": [ { "id": "51877", "question": "where did daniel come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "1270s" } ] }, { "id": "51878", "question": "who was the brother of the bid for the rule of novgorod ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "Dmitry" } ] }, { "id": "51879", "question": "what was the name of the grand duke of vladimir ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "1283" } ] }, { "id": "51880", "question": "who was the grand duke of vladimir ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "Dmitry" } ] }, { "id": "51881", "question": "who was the ruler of vladimir ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "Grand Duke of Vladimir" } ] }, { "id": "51882", "question": "who was the first moscow monasteries dedicated to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 383, "text": "the Lord's Epiphany and to Saint Daniel" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Daniel I ruled Moscow as Grand Duke until 1303 and established it as a prosperous city which would eclipse its parent principality of Vladimir by the 1320s.", "qas": [ { "id": "51883", "question": "what was daniel i 's nickname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "Grand Duke" } ] }, { "id": "51884", "question": "when did daniel i die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "1303" } ] }, { "id": "51885", "question": "who was the principality of vladimir i ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "the 1320s" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On the right bank of the Moskva River, at a distance of from the Kremlin, not later than in 1282, Daniel founded the first monastery with the wooden church of St. Daniel-Stylite. Now it is the Danilov Monastery. Daniel died in 1303, at the age of 42. Before his death he became a monk and, according to his will, was buried in the cemetery of the St. Daniel Monastery.", "qas": [ { "id": "51886", "question": "what river was the first monastery with the kremlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "Moskva River" } ] }, { "id": "51887", "question": "in what year was the first monastery with the kremlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "1282" } ] }, { "id": "51888", "question": "daniel founded the first monastery with what church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "St. Daniel-Stylite" } ] }, { "id": "51889", "question": "what is the monastery called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "Danilov Monastery" } ] }, { "id": "51890", "question": "where did daniel die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "1303" } ] }, { "id": "51891", "question": "where was daniel buried ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 347, "text": "St. Daniel Monastery" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow was stable and prosperous for many years and attracted a large numbers of refugees from across Russia. The Rurikids maintained large landholdings by practicing primogeniture, whereby all land was passed to the eldest sons, rather than dividing it up among all sons. By 1304, Yury of Moscow contested with Mikhail of Tver for the throne of the principality of Vladimir. Ivan I eventually defeated Tver to become the sole collector of taxes for the Mongol rulers, making Moscow the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal. By paying high tribute, Ivan won an important concession from the Khan.", "qas": [ { "id": "51892", "question": "what was the name of the landholdings that maintained large landholdings ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "practicing primogeniture" } ] }, { "id": "51893", "question": "who was the leader of 1304 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 312, "text": "Mikhail of Tver" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While Khan of the Golden Horde initially attempted to limit Moscow's influence, when the growth of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania began to threaten all of Russia, the Khan strengthened Moscow to counterbalance Lithuania, allowing it to become one of the most powerful cities in Russia. In 1380, prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow led a united Russian army to an important victory over the Mongols in the Battle of Kulikovo. Afterwards, Moscow took the leading role in liberating Russia from Mongol domination. In 1480, Ivan III had finally broken the Russians free from Tatar control, and Moscow became the capital of an empire that would eventually encompass all of Russia and Siberia, and parts of many other lands.", "qas": [ { "id": "51894", "question": "in what year did prince dmitry become a important victory in the battle of kulikovo ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "1380" } ] }, { "id": "51895", "question": "who led the russian russian army ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 300, "text": "Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow" } ] }, { "id": "51896", "question": "in what battle did prince dmitry become important ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 399, "text": "Battle of Kulikovo" } ] }, { "id": "51897", "question": "in what year did ivan iii broken the russians free from russia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 508, "text": "1480" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1462 Ivan III, known as Ivan the Great (1440\u20131505) became Grand Prince of Moscow (then part of the medieval Muscovy state). He began fighting the Tatars, enlarged the territory of Muscovy, and enriched his capital city. By 1500 it had a population of 100,000 and was one of the largest cities in the world. He conquered the far larger principality of Novgorod to the north, which had been allied to the hostile Lithuanians. Thus he enlarged the territory sevenfold, from . He took control of the ancient \"Novgorod Chronicle\" and made it a propaganda vehicle for his regime.", "qas": [ { "id": "51898", "question": "what was ivan iii 's nickname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "Ivan the Great" } ] }, { "id": "51899", "question": "when did ivan iii die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "1440\u20131505" } ] }, { "id": "51900", "question": "what was the name of ivan the great state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Grand Prince of Moscow" } ] }, { "id": "51901", "question": "what was the name of the territory that the tatars enlarged ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "Muscovy" } ] }, { "id": "51902", "question": "what was the population of the city in 1500 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "100,000" } ] }, { "id": "51903", "question": "what was the name of the ancient ancient `` novgorod '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 508, "text": "Novgorod Chronicle" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The original Moscow Kremlin was built during the 14th century. It was reconstructed by Ivan, who in the 1480s invited architects from Renaissance Italy, such as Petrus Antonius Solarius, who designed the new Kremlin wall and its towers, and Marco Ruffo who designed the new palace for the prince. The Kremlin walls as they now appear are those designed by Solarius, completed in 1495. The Kremlin's Great Bell Tower was built in 1505\u201308 and augmented to its present height in 1600.", "qas": [ { "id": "51904", "question": "when was the moscow kremlin built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "14th century" } ] }, { "id": "51905", "question": "how old was ivan ivan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "1480s" } ] }, { "id": "51906", "question": "who designed the kremlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Petrus Antonius Solarius" } ] }, { "id": "51907", "question": "who designed the new palace ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "Marco Ruffo" } ] }, { "id": "51908", "question": "who designed the kremlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 356, "text": "Solarius" } ] }, { "id": "51909", "question": "where was the kremlin completed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 379, "text": "1495" } ] }, { "id": "51910", "question": "when was the great bell tower built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 429, "text": "1505\u201308" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A trading settlement, or \"posad\", grew up to the east of the Kremlin, in the area known as \"Zaradye\" (\u0417\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\u044c\u0435). In the time of Ivan III, the Red Square, originally named the Hollow Field (\u041f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435) appeared.", "qas": [ { "id": "51911", "question": "what is another name for a trading settlement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "posad" } ] }, { "id": "51912", "question": "what was the area known as in the kremlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "Zaradye" } ] }, { "id": "51913", "question": "what was the red square originally known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "Hollow Field" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1508\u20131516, the Italian architect Aleviz Fryazin (Novy) arranged for the construction of a moat in front of the eastern wall, which would connect the Moskva and Neglinnaya and be filled in with water from Neglinnaya. This moat, known as the Alevizov moat and having a length of , width of , and a depth of was lined with limestone and, in 1533, fenced on both sides with low, cogged-brick walls.", "qas": [ { "id": "51914", "question": "when was the construction of a moat in front of the eastern wall ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1508\u20131516" } ] }, { "id": "51915", "question": "who arranged the construction of a moat in front ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "Aleviz Fryazin" } ] }, { "id": "51916", "question": "what did the eastern wall connect to the construction of the eastern wall ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "Moskva and Neglinnaya" } ] }, { "id": "51917", "question": "where did the eastern wall of the eastern wall come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "Neglinnaya" } ] }, { "id": "51918", "question": "what is another name for the moat ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 243, "text": "Alevizov moat" } ] }, { "id": "51919", "question": "in what year was the moat lined with limestone ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 341, "text": "1533" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 16th and 17th centuries, the three circular defenses were built: Kitay-gorod (\u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439-\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434), the White City (\u0411\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434) and the Earthen City (\u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434). However, in 1547, two fires destroyed much of the town, and in 1571 the Crimean Tatars captured Moscow, burning everything except the Kremlin. The annals record that only 30,000 of 200,000 inhabitants survived.", "qas": [ { "id": "51920", "question": "what was the three circular defenses built in the 16th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "Kitay-gorod" } ] }, { "id": "51921", "question": "in what year did the crimean tatars take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "1547" } ] }, { "id": "51922", "question": "when did the crimean tatars take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "1571" } ] }, { "id": "51923", "question": "who captured moscow in 1571 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "Crimean Tatars" } ] }, { "id": "51924", "question": "how many inhabitants were in the annals record ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 338, "text": "30,000 of 200,000 inhabitants survived" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Crimean Tatars attacked again in 1591, but this time were held back by new defense walls, built between 1584 and 1591 by a craftsman named Fyodor Kon. In 1592, an outer earth rampart with 50 towers was erected around the city, including an area on the right bank of the Moscow River. As an outermost line of defense, a chain of strongly fortified monasteries was established beyond the ramparts to the south and east, principally the Novodevichy Convent and Donskoy, Danilov, Simonov, Novospasskiy, and Andronikov monasteries, most of which now house museums. From its ramparts, the city became poetically known as \"Bielokamennaya\", the \"White-Walled\". The limits of the city as marked by the ramparts built in 1592 are now marked by the Garden Ring.", "qas": [ { "id": "51925", "question": "when did the crimean tatars attack ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "1591" } ] }, { "id": "51926", "question": "when was the crimean tatars built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "1584 and 1591" } ] }, { "id": "51927", "question": "what was the name of the new defense walls built between 1584 and 1591 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "Fyodor Kon" } ] }, { "id": "51928", "question": "when was the outer earth rampart erected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "1592" } ] }, { "id": "51929", "question": "when was the limits of the city built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 715, "text": "1592" } ] }, { "id": "51930", "question": "what are the limits of the limits of the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 742, "text": "Garden Ring" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Three square gates existed on the eastern side of the Kremlin wall, which in the 17th century, were known as: Konstantino-Eleninsky, Spassky, Nikolsky (owing their names to the icons of Constantine and Helen, the Savior and St. Nicholas which hung over them). The last two were directly opposite the Red Square, while the Konstantino-Elenensky gate was located behind Saint Basil's Cathedral.", "qas": [ { "id": "51931", "question": "which two square gates names hung in the kremlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "the Savior and St. Nicholas" } ] }, { "id": "51932", "question": "what were the last two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two two were opposite opposite opposite ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 300, "text": "Red Square" } ] }, { "id": "51933", "question": "what gate was located behind saint basil 's cathedral ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "Konstantino-Elenensky gate" } ] }, { "id": "51934", "question": "where was the konstantino-elenensky gate located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 368, "text": "Saint Basil's Cathedral" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Russian famine of 1601\u201303 killed perhaps 100,000 in Moscow.\nFrom 1610 through 1612, troops of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth occupied Moscow, as its ruler Sigismund III tried to take the Russian throne. In 1612, the people of Nizhny Novgorod and other Russian cities conducted by prince Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin rose against the Polish occupants, besieged the Kremlin, and expelled them. In 1613, the Zemsky sobor elected Michael Romanov tsar, establishing the Romanov dynasty. The 17th century was rich in popular risings, such as the liberation of Moscow from the Polish\u2013Lithuanian invaders (1612), the Salt Riot (1648), the Copper Riot (1662), and the Moscow Uprising of 1682.", "qas": [ { "id": "51935", "question": "when was the russian famine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "1601\u201303" } ] }, { "id": "51936", "question": "how many russian famine was killed in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "100,000" } ] }, { "id": "51937", "question": "who was the ruler of the polish-lithuanian commonwealth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "Sigismund III" } ] }, { "id": "51938", "question": "in what year did the people of novgorod and other russian cities expelled the kremlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "1612" } ] }, { "id": "51939", "question": "who was the elected elected dynasty in 1613 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 438, "text": "Michael Romanov tsar" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the first half of the 17th century, the population of Moscow doubled from roughly 100,000 to 200,000. It expanded beyond its ramparts in the later 17th century. By 1682, there were 692 households established north of the ramparts, by Ukrainians and Belarusians abducted from their hometowns in the course of Russo-Polish War (1654\u20131667). These new outskirts of the city came to be known as the \"Meshchanskaya sloboda\", after Ruthenian \"meshchane\" \"town people\". The term \"meshchane\" (\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u0435) acquired pejorative connotations in 18th-century Russia and today means \"petty bourgeois\" or \"narrow-minded philistine\".", "qas": [ { "id": "51940", "question": "what was the population of moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "100,000 to 200,000" } ] }, { "id": "51941", "question": "how many households were in north carolina in 1682 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "692" } ] }, { "id": "51942", "question": "what was the name of the new outskirts of the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 402, "text": "Meshchanskaya sloboda" } ] }, { "id": "51943", "question": "what was the name of the term `` petty bourgeois '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 479, "text": "meshchane" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The entire city of the late 17th century, including the slobodas which grew up outside of the city ramparts, are contained within what is today Moscow's Central Administrative Okrug.", "qas": [ { "id": "51944", "question": "what is the city of the late 17th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "Moscow's Central Administrative Okrug" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Numerous disasters befell the city. The plague epidemics ravaged Moscow in 1570\u20131571, 1592 and 1654\u20131656. The plague killed upwards of 80% of the people in 1654\u201355. Fires burned out much of the wooden city in 1626 and 1648.", "qas": [ { "id": "51945", "question": "what years did the plague of the plague take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "1570\u20131571, 1592 and 1654\u20131656" } ] }, { "id": "51946", "question": "what percentage of the people were killed in 1654 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "80%" } ] }, { "id": "51947", "question": "in what years did fires burned out of the wooden city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "1626 and 1648" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow ceased to be Russia's capital (except for a brief period from 1728 to 1732 under the influence of the Supreme Privy Council) when Peter the Great moved his government to the newly built Saint Petersburg on the Baltic coast in 1712.", "qas": [ { "id": "51948", "question": "what was the span of russia 's capital ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "1728 to 1732" } ] }, { "id": "51949", "question": "what was the name of the council that moscow ceased to be ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Supreme Privy Council" } ] }, { "id": "51950", "question": "what was the name of russia 's capital on the baltic coast ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "Saint Petersburg" } ] }, { "id": "51951", "question": "in what year did the great moved saint petersburg ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "1712" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After losing the status as capital of the empire, the population of Moscow at first decreased, from 200,000 in the 17th century to 130,000 in 1750. But after 1750, the population grew more than tenfold over the remaining duration of the Russian Empire, reaching 1.8 million by 1915.", "qas": [ { "id": "51952", "question": "what was the population of moscow 's first capital ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "200,000" } ] }, { "id": "51953", "question": "what was the population of moscow in 1750 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "130,000" } ] }, { "id": "51954", "question": "when did the population of the russian empire end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "1750" } ] }, { "id": "51955", "question": "how many russian empire died in 1915 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "1.8 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By 1700, the building of cobbled roads had begun. In November 1730, the permanent street light was introduced, and by 1867 many streets had a gaslight. In 1883, near the Prechistinskiye Gates, arc lamps were installed. In 1741 Moscow was surrounded by a barricade long, the Kamer-Kollezhskiy barrier, with 16 gates at which customs tolls were collected. Its line is traced today by a number of streets called \"val\" (\u201cramparts\u201d).\nBetween 1781\u20131804 the Mytischinskiy water-pipe (the first in Russia) was built. In 1813 a Commission for the Construction of the City of Moscow was established. It launched a great program of rebuilding, including a partial replanning of the city-center. Among many buildings constructed or reconstructed at this time were the Grand Kremlin Palace and the Kremlin Armoury, the Moscow University, the Moscow Manege (Riding School), and the Bolshoi Theatre. In 1903 the Moskvoretskaya water-supply was completed.", "qas": [ { "id": "51956", "question": "in what year did the building of roads begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1700" } ] }, { "id": "51957", "question": "in what year was the permanent street light introduced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "1730" } ] }, { "id": "51958", "question": "in what year was the permanent street light introduced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "1867" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the early 19th century, the Arch of Konstantino-Elenensky gate was paved with bricks, but the Spassky Gate was the main front gate of the Kremlin and used for royal entrances. From this gate, wooden and (following the 17th-century improvements) stone bridges stretched across the moat. Books were sold on this bridge and stone platforms were built nearby for guns \u2013 \"raskats\". The Tsar Cannon was located on the platform of the Lobnoye mesto.", "qas": [ { "id": "51959", "question": "what was paved with bricks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Arch of Konstantino-Elenensky gate" } ] }, { "id": "51960", "question": "what was the arch of konstantino-elenensky gate paved with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "bricks" } ] }, { "id": "51961", "question": "what was the main front gate of the kremlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "Spassky Gate" } ] }, { "id": "51962", "question": "what was the name of the guns that books were sold on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 370, "text": "raskats" } ] }, { "id": "51963", "question": "where was the tsar cannon located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 431, "text": "Lobnoye mesto" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The road connecting Moscow with St. Petersburg, now the M10 highway, was completed in 1746, its Moscow end following the old Tver road which had existed since the 16th century. It became known as \"Peterburskoye Schosse\" after it was paved in the 1780s. Petrovsky Palace was built in 1776\u20131780 by Matvey Kazakov as a railway station specifically reserved for royal journeys from Saint Petersburg to Moscow, while coaches for lesser classes arrived and departed from Vsekhsvyatskoye station.", "qas": [ { "id": "51964", "question": "what highway was completed in 1746 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "M10 highway" } ] }, { "id": "51965", "question": "where was the highway completed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "1746" } ] }, { "id": "51966", "question": "what was the nickname given to the 1780s .", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "Peterburskoye Schosse" } ] }, { "id": "51967", "question": "when was petrovsky palace built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 283, "text": "1776\u20131780" } ] }, { "id": "51968", "question": "who built the palace in 1776 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "Matvey Kazakov" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812, the Moscovites were evacuated. It is suspected that the Moscow fire was principally the effect of Russian sabotage. Napoleon\u2019s \"Grande Arm\u00e9e\" was forced to retreat and was nearly annihilated by the devastating Russian winter and sporadic attacks by Russian military forces. As many as 400,000 of Napoleon's soldiers died during this time.", "qas": [ { "id": "51969", "question": "when did napoleon invade russia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "1812" } ] }, { "id": "51970", "question": "what was napoleon 's nickname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "Grande Arm\u00e9e" } ] }, { "id": "51971", "question": "how many of napoleon 's soldiers died during the time ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "400,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow State University was established in 1755. Its main building was reconstructed after the 1812 fire by Domenico Giliardi. The \"Moskovskiye Vedomosti\" newspaper appeared from 1756, originally in weekly intervals, and from 1859 as a daily newspaper.", "qas": [ { "id": "51972", "question": "when was moscow state university established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "1755" } ] }, { "id": "51973", "question": "in what year was the fire university reconstructed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "1812" } ] }, { "id": "51974", "question": "who reconstructed the 1812 fire fire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "Domenico Giliardi" } ] }, { "id": "51975", "question": "what year did the newspaper newspaper begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "1756" } ] }, { "id": "51976", "question": "what year did the daily newspaper begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "1859" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Arbat Street had been in existence since at least the 15th century, but it was developed into a prestigious area during the 18th century. It was destroyed in the fire of 1812 and was rebuilt completely in the early 19th century.", "qas": [ { "id": "51977", "question": "which street had been in existence since the 15th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Arbat Street" } ] }, { "id": "51978", "question": "when was the street street developed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "15th century" } ] }, { "id": "51979", "question": "when was the street street developed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "the 18th century" } ] }, { "id": "51980", "question": "when was the fire street destroyed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "1812" } ] }, { "id": "51981", "question": "when was the fire street rebuilt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "early 19th century" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 1830s, general Alexander Bashilov planned the first regular grid of city streets north from Petrovsky Palace. Khodynka field south of the highway was used for military training. Smolensky Rail station (forerunner of present-day Belorussky Rail Terminal) was inaugurated in 1870. Sokolniki Park, in the 18th century the home of the tsar's falconers well outside of Moscow, became contiguous with the expanding city in the later 19th century and was developed into a public municipal park in 1878. The suburban Savyolovsky Rail Terminal was built in 1902. In January 1905, the institution of the City Governor, or Mayor, was officially introduced in Moscow, and Alexander Adrianov became Moscow's first official mayor.", "qas": [ { "id": "51982", "question": "who planned the first regular grid of city streets ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "Alexander Bashilov" } ] }, { "id": "51983", "question": "where was the first regular grid of city streets located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "Petrovsky Palace" } ] }, { "id": "51984", "question": "what is the forerunner of smolensky rail ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 235, "text": "Belorussky Rail Terminal" } ] }, { "id": "51985", "question": "when was smolensky rail station inaugurated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "1870" } ] }, { "id": "51986", "question": "what park was developed in the 18th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "Sokolniki Park" } ] }, { "id": "51987", "question": "when was the suburban savyolovsky rail terminal built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 555, "text": "1902" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When Catherine II came to power in 1762, the city's filth and smell of sewage was depicted by observers as a symptom of disorderly life styles of lower-class Russians recently arrived from the farms. Elites called for improving sanitation, which became part of Catherine's plans for increasing control over social life. National political and military successes from 1812 through 1855 calmed the critics and validated efforts to produce a more enlightened and stable society. There was less talk about the smell and the poor conditions of public health. However, in the wake of Russia's failures in the Crimean War in 1855\u201356, confidence in the ability of the state to maintain order in the slums eroded, and demands for improved public health put filth back on the agenda.", "qas": [ { "id": "51988", "question": "when did catherine ii begin to power ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "1762" } ] }, { "id": "51989", "question": "when did the crimean war occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 618, "text": "1855\u201356" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Following the success of the Russian Revolution of 1917, Vladimir Lenin, fearing possible foreign invasion, moved the capital from Saint Petersburg back to Moscow on March 5, 1918. The Kremlin once again became the seat of power and the political centre of the new state.", "qas": [ { "id": "51990", "question": "when was the russian revolution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "1917" } ] }, { "id": "51991", "question": "who was the leader of the russian revolution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Vladimir Lenin" } ] }, { "id": "51992", "question": "when did vladimir lenin win the capital ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "March 5, 1918" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet State Committee of Defense and the General Staff of the Red Army were located in Moscow. In 1941, 16 divisions of the national volunteers (more than 160,000 people), 25 battalions (18,000 people) and 4 engineering regiments were formed among the Muscovites. In November 1941, German Army Group Centre was stopped at the outskirts of the city and then driven off in the course of the Battle of Moscow. Many factories were evacuated, together with much of the government, and from October 20 the city was declared to be in a state of siege. Its remaining inhabitants built and manned antitank defenses, while the city was bombarded from the air. On May 1, 1944 a medal \"For the defense of Moscow\" and in 1947 another medal \"In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow\" were instituted.", "qas": [ { "id": "51993", "question": "how many divisions of the national volunteers were formed in 1941 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "16" } ] }, { "id": "51994", "question": "on what day was the city declared to be in a state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 522, "text": "October 20" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Both German and Soviet casualties during the battle of Moscow have been a subject of debate, as various sources provide somewhat different estimates. Total casualties between 30 September 1941, and 7 January 1942, are estimated to be between 248,000 and 400,000 for the Wehrmacht and between 650,000 and 1,280,000 for the Red Army.", "qas": [ { "id": "51995", "question": "when did total casualties occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "30 September 1941" } ] }, { "id": "51996", "question": "when did the total casualties occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "7 January 1942" } ] }, { "id": "51997", "question": "what were the total casualties of the red army ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "248,000 and 400,000" } ] }, { "id": "51998", "question": "what were the two casualties in the red army ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "650,000 and 1,280,000 for the Red Army" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the postwar years, there was a serious housing crisis, solved by the invention of high-rise apartments. There are about 13,000 of these standardized and prefabricated apartment blocks, housing the majority of Moscow's population. Apartments were built and partly furnished in the factory before being raised and stacked into tall columns. The popular Soviet-era comic film \"Irony of Fate\" parodies this construction method.", "qas": [ { "id": "51999", "question": "what was the invention of the invention of the crisis ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "high-rise apartments" } ] }, { "id": "52000", "question": "how many housing housing are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "13,000" } ] }, { "id": "52001", "question": "what was the name of the comic film that the comic film was used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 381, "text": "Irony of Fate" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The city of Zelenograd was built in 1958 at from the city center to the north-west, along the Leningradskoye Shosse, and incorporated as one of Moscow's administrative ogrkugs. Moscow State University moved to its campus on Sparrow Hills in 1953.", "qas": [ { "id": "52002", "question": "when was the city of zelenograd built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "1958" } ] }, { "id": "52003", "question": "where was the city of zelenograd built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "Leningradskoye Shosse" } ] }, { "id": "52004", "question": "where was moscow state university moved ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "Sparrow Hills" } ] }, { "id": "52005", "question": "in what year did moscow state university open to sparrow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "1953" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On May 8, 1965 due to the actual 20th anniversary of the victory in World War II Moscow was awarded a title of the Hero City. In 1980 it hosted the Summer Olympic Games.", "qas": [ { "id": "52006", "question": "on what date was the hero city awarded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "May 8, 1965" } ] }, { "id": "52007", "question": "who was awarded a title of the hero city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "World War II Moscow" } ] }, { "id": "52008", "question": "what city was moscow awarded to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "Hero City" } ] }, { "id": "52009", "question": "when was the summer olympic games hosted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "1980" } ] }, { "id": "52010", "question": "what was the name of the olympic games in 1980 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "Summer Olympic Games" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The MKAD ring road was opened in 1961. It had four lanes running along the city borders. The MKAD marked the administrative boundaries of the city of Moscow until the 1980s, when outlying suburbs beyond the ring road began to be incorporated. In 1980, it hosted the Summer Olympic Games, which were boycotted by the United States and several other Western countries due to the Soviet Union's involvement in Afghanistan in late 1979. In 1991 Moscow was the scene of a coup attempt by conservators opposed to the liberal reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev.", "qas": [ { "id": "52011", "question": "when was the ring ring road opened ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "1961" } ] }, { "id": "52012", "question": "how many lanes running along the city borders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "52013", "question": "when was the summer olympic games hosted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "1980" } ] }, { "id": "52014", "question": "who was the leader of the coup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 530, "text": "Mikhail Gorbachev" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Moscow Metro opened in 1935 and immediately became the centerpiece of the transportation system. More than that it was a Stalinist device to awe and control the populace, and give them an appreciation of Soviet realist art. It became the prototype for future Soviet large-scale technologies. Lazar Kaganovich was in charge; he designed the subway so that citizens would absorb the values and ethos of Stalinist civilization as they rode. The artwork of the 13 original stations became nationally and internationally famous. For example, the Sverdlov Square subway station featured porcelain bas-reliefs depicting the daily life of the Soviet peoples, and the bas-reliefs at the Dynamo Stadium sports complex glorified sports and the physical prowess of the powerful new \"Homo Sovieticus.\" (Soviet man). The metro was touted as the symbol of the new social order\u2014a sort of Communist cathedral of engineering modernity. Soviet workers did the labor and the art work, but the main engineering designs, routes, and construction plans were handled by specialists recruited from the London Underground. The Britons called for tunneling instead of the \"cut-and-cover\" technique, the use of escalators instead of lifts, and designed the routes and the rolling stock. The paranoia of Stalin and the NKVD was evident when the secret police arrested numerous British engineers for espionage\u2014that is for gaining an in-depth knowledge of the city's physical layout. Engineers for the Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Company were given a show trial and deported in 1933, ending the role of British business in the USSR.", "qas": [ { "id": "52015", "question": "when did the moscow metro metro open ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "1935" } ] }, { "id": "52016", "question": "who was in charge of the subway ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "Lazar Kaganovich" } ] }, { "id": "52017", "question": "in what year was the trial of british business deported ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1555, "text": "1933" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When the USSR was dissolved in the same year, Moscow became the capital of the Russian Federation. Since then a market economy has emerged in Moscow, producing an explosion of Western-style retailing, services, architecture, and lifestyles.", "qas": [ { "id": "52018", "question": "who became the capital of the russian federation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Moscow" } ] }, { "id": "52019", "question": "what was moscow 's capital ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "the Russian Federation" } ] }, { "id": "52020", "question": "what are some of the explosion in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "Western-style retailing, services, architecture, and lifestyles" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The city has continued to grow during the 1990s to 2000s, its population rising from below nine to above ten million. Mason and Nigmatullina argue that Soviet-era urban-growth controls (before 1991) produced controlled and sustainable metropolitan development, typified by the greenbelt built in 1935. Since then however, there has been a dramatic growth of low-density suburban sprawl, created by a heavy demand for single-family dwellings as opposed to crowded apartments. In 1995\u20131997 the MKAD ring road was widened from the initial four to ten lanes. In December 2002 Bulvar Dmitriya Donskogo became the first Moscow Metro station that opened beyond the limits of MKAD. The Third Ring Road, intermediate between the early 19th-century Garden Ring and the Soviet era outer ring road, was completed in 2004. The greenbelt is becoming more and more fragmented, and satellite cities are appearing at the fringe. Summer dachas are being converted into year-round residences, and with the proliferation of automobiles there is heavy traffic congestion. Multiple old churches and architecture that had been demolished during Stalin era has been restored such as Cathedral of Christ the Saviour.", "qas": [ { "id": "52021", "question": "when was the greenbelt built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "1935" } ] }, { "id": "52022", "question": "who became the first moscow metro station ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 572, "text": "Bulvar Dmitriya Donskogo" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow is situated on the banks of the Moskva River, which flows for just over through the East European Plain in central Russia. 49 bridges span the river and its canals within the city's limits. The elevation of Moscow at the All-Russia Exhibition Center (VVC), where the leading Moscow weather station is situated, is . Teplostanskaya highland is the city's highest point at . The width of Moscow city (not limiting MKAD) from west to east is , and the length from north to south is .", "qas": [ { "id": "52023", "question": "what river is moscow situated on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "Moskva River" } ] }, { "id": "52024", "question": "where does the banks of the moskva river come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "East European Plain" } ] }, { "id": "52025", "question": "how many bridges of the city are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "49" } ] }, { "id": "52026", "question": "where is the leading moscow weather station located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "All-Russia Exhibition Center" } ] }, { "id": "52027", "question": "who is the highest point at the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "Teplostanskaya highland" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow serves as the reference point for the timezone used in most of European Russia, including Saint Petersburg, Belarus, and the Republic of Crimea. The areas operate in what is referred to in international standards as \"Moscow Standard Time (MSK, \u043c\u0441\u043a)\", which is 3 hours ahead of UTC, or UTC+3. Daylight saving time is no longer observed.\nMoscow has a humid continental climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification \"Dfb\") with long, cold (although average by Russian standards) winters usually lasting from mid-November through the end of March, and warm summers. Weather can fluctuate widely with temperatures ranging from in the city and in suburbs to above in the winter, and from in the summer.", "qas": [ { "id": "52028", "question": "what are some of the european russia 's european russia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "Saint Petersburg, Belarus, and the Republic of Crimea" } ] }, { "id": "52029", "question": "what is the name of the international standards of the international standards ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "Moscow Standard Time" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Typical high temperatures in the warm months of June, July and August are around a comfortable , but during heat waves (which can occur between May and September), daytime high temperatures often exceed , sometimes for a week or two at a time. In the winter, average temperatures normally drop to approximately , though almost every winter there are periods of warmth with day temperatures rising above , and periods of cooling with night temperatures falling below . These periods usually last about a week or two.", "qas": [ { "id": "52030", "question": "on what date are the high temperatures in the warm period ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "June, July and August" } ] }, { "id": "52031", "question": "when can heat waves occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "May and September" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The highest temperature ever recorded was at the VVC weather station and in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on July 29, 2010 during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat wave. Record high temperatures were recorded for January, March, April, May, July, August, November and December in 2007 \u2013 2014. The average July temperature from 1981\u20132010 is . The lowest ever recorded temperature was in January 1940. Snow, which is present for about five months a year, often begins to fall mid October, while snow cover lies in November and melts in the beginning of April.", "qas": [ { "id": "52032", "question": "when was the center of moscow and domodedovo wave recorded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "July 29, 2010" } ] }, { "id": "52033", "question": "when was the average july temperature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 356, "text": "1981\u20132010" } ] }, { "id": "52034", "question": "when was the lowest ever recorded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 415, "text": "January 1940" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On average Moscow has 1731 hours of sunshine per year, varying from a low of 8% in December to 52% from May to August. Between 2004 and 2010, the average was between 1800 and 2000 hours with a tendency to more sunshine in summer months, up to record 411 hours in July 2014, 79% of possible sunshine.", "qas": [ { "id": "52035", "question": "how many hours of sunshine does moscow have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "1731" } ] }, { "id": "52036", "question": "what is the low percentage of sunshine in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "8%" } ] }, { "id": "52037", "question": "what percentage of moscow 's sunshine per year is on may august ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "52%" } ] }, { "id": "52038", "question": "between what years was the average to more sunshine in summer months ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "1800 and 2000" } ] }, { "id": "52039", "question": "what percentage of possible sunshine was between 1800 and 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "79%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Temperatures in the centre of Moscow are often significantly higher than in the outskirts and nearby suburbs, especially in winter. For example, if the average February temperature in the north-east of Moscow is , in the suburbs it's about . The temperature difference between the centre of Moscow and nearby areas of Moscow Oblast can sometimes be more than on frosty winter nights.", "qas": [ { "id": "52040", "question": "in what season is the centre of moscow located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "winter" } ] }, { "id": "52041", "question": "what is the difference between the centre of moscow and nearby areas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 362, "text": "frosty winter nights" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Below is the 1961\u20131990 normals table. The annual temperature rose from to in the new 1981\u20132010 normals. In 2015, the average annual temperature reached a record of ", "qas": [ { "id": "52042", "question": "when was the table of the 1961 period ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "1961\u20131990 normals table" } ] }, { "id": "52043", "question": "when did the annual temperature of the annual temperature occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "1981\u20132010 normals" } ] }, { "id": "52044", "question": "in what year was the average annual temperature reached by the average temperature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "2015" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the results of the 2010 Census, the population of Moscow was 11,503,501; up from 10,382,754 recorded in the 2002 Census.", "qas": [ { "id": "52045", "question": "what was the population of moscow in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "11,503,501" } ] }, { "id": "52046", "question": "what was the population of moscow in 2002 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "10,382,754" } ] } ] }, { "context": "At the time of the official 2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city's population whose ethnicity was known (10,835,092 people) was:", "qas": [ { "id": "52047", "question": "how many people lived in the city 's population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "10,835,092" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The official population of Moscow is based on those holding \"permanent residency.\" According to Russia's Federal Migration Service, Moscow holds 1.8 million official \"guests\" who have temporary residency on the basis of visas or other documentation, giving a legal population of 13.3 million. The number of undocumented migrants, the vast majority originating from Central Asia, is estimated to be an additional 1 million people, giving a total population of about 14.3 million.", "qas": [ { "id": "52048", "question": "what is the official population of moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "permanent residency" } ] }, { "id": "52049", "question": "how many official official `` guests '' does moscow have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "1.8 million" } ] }, { "id": "52050", "question": "what is the legal population of russia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 279, "text": "13.3 million" } ] }, { "id": "52051", "question": "how many people are in the number of undocumented migrants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 412, "text": "1 million" } ] }, { "id": "52052", "question": "what is the total population of undocumented migrants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 465, "text": "14.3 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Christianity is the predominant religion in the city, of which the Russian Orthodox Church is the most popular. Moscow is Russia's capital of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, which has been the country\u2019s traditional religion and was deemed a part of Russia's \"historical heritage\" in a law passed in 1997. Other religions practiced in Moscow include Armenian Apostolicism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Catholicism, Islam, Judaism, Yazidism, Old Believers, Protestantism, and Rodnovery.", "qas": [ { "id": "52053", "question": "what is the most popular religion in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Christianity" } ] }, { "id": "52054", "question": "what is the most popular religion in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Russian Orthodox Church" } ] }, { "id": "52055", "question": "what is moscow 's capital ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "Eastern Orthodox Christianity" } ] }, { "id": "52056", "question": "in what year was russia 's `` historical heritage '' in a law passed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "1997" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Patriarch of Moscow serves as the head of the church and resides in the Danilov Monastery. Moscow was called the \"city of 40 times 40 churches\"\u2014\"\"\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0435\u0439\"\"\u2014prior to 1917. In 1918 the Bolshevik government declared Russia a secular state, which in practice meant that religion was repressed and society was to become atheistic. During the period of 1920-1930s a great number of churches in Moscow were demolished, including historical Chudov Monastery in the Kremlin, dating from the 14th century, Kazansky Cathedral on the Red Square, the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, constructed in the 19th century in memory of a victory over Napoleon's army in 1812, and many more. This continued even after the Second World War, in 1940-1970s, when persecutions against religion in the Soviet Union became less severe. Most of the surviving churches and monasteries were closed and then used as clubs, offices, factories or even warehouses. Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 many of the destroyed churches have been restored and traditional religions are once again gaining popularity. Among the churches reconstructed in the 1990s is an impressive new Cathedral of Christ the Savior which once more has become a landmark. It was built on the site of the old demolished cathedral, where there had been a huge open swimming-pool until 1994.", "qas": [ { "id": "52057", "question": "where is the patriarch of moscow located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "Danilov Monastery" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Moscow mufti council claimed that Muslims numbered around 1.5 million of 10.5 millions of the city's population in 2010. There are four mosques in the city.", "qas": [ { "id": "52058", "question": "how many 10.5 millions of 10.5 were there in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "1.5 million" } ] }, { "id": "52059", "question": "how many mosques are in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "four" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow Cathedral Mosque has been built at the site of the former one. It was officially inaugurated on September 23, 2015. The new mosque has the capacity of ten thousand worshippers. Presidents of Russia Vladimir Putin, of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan, of Palestinian territories Mahmoud Abbas and local Muslim leaders participated in the inauguration ceremony of this mosque.", "qas": [ { "id": "52060", "question": "what is the name of the mosque that has been built at the site ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Moscow Cathedral Mosque" } ] }, { "id": "52061", "question": "when was moscow cathedral mosque inaugurated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "September 23, 2015" } ] }, { "id": "52062", "question": "what is the capacity of the new mosque ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "ten thousand worshippers" } ] }, { "id": "52063", "question": "who was the vladimir of russia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow's architecture is world-renowned. Moscow is the site of Saint Basil\u2019s Cathedral, with its elegant onion domes, as well as the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the Seven Sisters. The first Kremlin was built in the middle of the 12th century.", "qas": [ { "id": "52064", "question": "who is moscow 's cathedral ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "Saint Basil\u2019s Cathedral" } ] }, { "id": "52065", "question": "what are the sisters ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the Seven Sisters" } ] }, { "id": "52066", "question": "when was the first kremlin built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "middle of the 12th century" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Medieval Moscow's design was of concentric walls and intersecting radial thoroughfares. This layout, as well as Moscow's rivers, helped shape Moscow's design in subsequent centuries.", "qas": [ { "id": "52067", "question": "what was medieval moscow 's design design ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "concentric walls and intersecting radial thoroughfares" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Kremlin was rebuilt in the 15th century. Its towers and some of its churches were built by Italian architects, lending the city some of the aura of the renaissance. From the end of the 15th century, the city was embellished by masonry structures such as monasteries, palaces, walls, towers, and churches.", "qas": [ { "id": "52068", "question": "when was the kremlin rebuilt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "the 15th century" } ] }, { "id": "52069", "question": "who built the kremlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "Italian architects" } ] }, { "id": "52070", "question": "what type of structures were monasteries from the 15th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "masonry structures" } ] }, { "id": "52071", "question": "what were some of the masonry structures ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "monasteries, palaces, walls, towers, and churches" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The city's appearance had not changed much by the 18th century. Houses were made of pine and spruce logs, with shingled roofs plastered with sod or covered by birch bark. The rebuilding of Moscow in the second half of the 18th century was necessitated not only by constant fires, but also the needs of the nobility. Much of the wooden city was replaced by buildings in the classical style.", "qas": [ { "id": "52072", "question": "when did the city 's appearance not changed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "the 18th century" } ] }, { "id": "52073", "question": "what were houses made of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "pine and spruce logs" } ] }, { "id": "52074", "question": "who covered the houses of pine and spruce ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "birch bark" } ] }, { "id": "52075", "question": "what was the rebuilding of moscow 's nobility ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "constant fires" } ] } ] }, { "context": "For much of its architectural history, Moscow was dominated by Orthodox churches. However, the overall appearance of the city changed drastically during Soviet times, especially as a result of Joseph Stalin's large-scale effort to \"modernize\" Moscow. Stalin's plans for the city included a network of broad avenues and roadways, some of them over ten lanes wide, which, while greatly simplifying movement through the city, were constructed at the expense of a great number of historical buildings and districts. Among the many casualties of Stalin's demolitions was the Sukharev Tower, a longtime city landmark, as well as mansions and commercial buildings The city's newfound status as the capital of a deeply secular nation, made religiously significant buildings especially vulnerable to demolition. Many of the city's churches, which in most cases were some of Moscow's oldest and most prominent buildings, were destroyed; some notable examples include the Kazan Cathedral and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. During the 1990s, both were rebuilt. Many smaller churches, however, were lost.", "qas": [ { "id": "52076", "question": "who dominated moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "Orthodox churches" } ] }, { "id": "52077", "question": "what was the name of the tower of stalin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 570, "text": "Sukharev Tower" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While the later Stalinist period was characterized by the curtailing of creativity and architectural innovation, the earlier post-revolutionary years saw a plethora of radical new buildings created in the city. Especially notable were the constructivist architects associated with VKHUTEMAS, responsible for such landmarks as Lenin's Mausoleum. Another prominent architect was Vladimir Shukhov, famous for Shukhov Tower, just one of many hyperboloid towers designed by Shukhov. It was built between 1919 and 1922 as a transmission tower for a Russian broadcasting company. Shukhov also left a lasting legacy to the Constructivist architecture of early Soviet Russia. He designed spacious elongated shop galleries, most notably the GUM department store on Red Square, bridged with innovative metal-and-glass vaults.\nPerhaps the most recognizable contributions of the Stalinist period are the so-called Seven Sisters, comprising seven massive skyscrapers scattered throughout the city at about an equal distance from the Kremlin. A defining feature of Moscow\u2019s skyline, their imposing form was allegedly inspired by the Manhattan Municipal Building in New York City, and their style\u2014with intricate exteriors and a large central spire\u2014has been described as Stalinist Gothic architecture. All seven towers can be seen from most high points in the city; they are among the tallest constructions in central Moscow apart from the Ostankino Tower, which, when it was completed in 1967, was the highest free-standing land structure in the world and today remains the world\u2019s seventy-second tallest, ranking among buildings such as the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, Taipei 101 in Taiwan and the CN Tower in Toronto.", "qas": [ { "id": "52078", "question": "what were the later period of radical new buildings ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "creativity and architectural innovation" } ] }, { "id": "52079", "question": "who were the constructivist architects ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "VKHUTEMAS" } ] }, { "id": "52080", "question": "what was the name of the mausoleum that the constructivist architects were responsible for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 326, "text": "Lenin's Mausoleum" } ] }, { "id": "52081", "question": "who was the architect of the architect ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 377, "text": "Vladimir Shukhov" } ] }, { "id": "52082", "question": "what was vladimir shukhov famous for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 406, "text": "Shukhov Tower" } ] }, { "id": "52083", "question": "when was a transmission tower built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 499, "text": "1919 and 1922" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although the city still has some five-story apartment buildings constructed before the mid-1960s, more recent apartment buildings are usually at least nine floors tall, and have elevators. It is estimated that Moscow has over twice as many elevators as New York City and four times as many as Chicago. Moslift, one of the city's major elevator operating companies, has about 1500 elevator mechanics on call, to release residents trapped in elevators.", "qas": [ { "id": "52084", "question": "how many floors does the city have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "nine" } ] }, { "id": "52085", "question": "what is one of the major elevator operating companies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "Moslift" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Stalinist-era buildings, mostly found in the central part of the city, are massive and usually ornamented with Socialist realism motifs that imitate classical themes. However, small churches \u2013 almost always Eastern Orthodox\u2013 found across the city provide glimpses of its past. The Old Arbat Street, a tourist street that was once the heart of a bohemian area, preserves most of its buildings from prior to the 20th century. Many buildings found off the main streets of the inner city (behind the Stalinist fa\u00e7ades of Tverskaya Street, for example) are also examples of bourgeois architecture typical of Tsarist times. Ostankino Palace, Kuskovo, Uzkoye and other large estates just outside Moscow originally belong to nobles from the Tsarist era, and some , both inside and outside the city, are open to Muscovites and tourists.", "qas": [ { "id": "52086", "question": "what type of motifs can cause classical themes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "Socialist realism motifs" } ] }, { "id": "52087", "question": "what do socialist realism do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "imitate classical themes" } ] }, { "id": "52088", "question": "what do small churches always always always always always always always ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "Eastern Orthodox\u2013" } ] }, { "id": "52089", "question": "what was the name of the tourist street that was once the heart of a bohemian area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "The Old Arbat Street" } ] }, { "id": "52090", "question": "what is the main streets of the inner city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 517, "text": "Tverskaya Street" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Attempts are being made to restore many of the city\u2019s best-kept examples of pre-Soviet architecture. These restored structures are easily spotted by their bright new colors and spotless fa\u00e7ades. There are a few examples of notable, early Soviet avant-garde work too, such as the house of the architect Konstantin Melnikov in the Arbat area. Many of these restorations were criticized for alleged disrespect of historical authenticity. Facadism is also widely practiced. Later examples of interesting Soviet architecture are usually marked by their impressive size and the semi-Modernist styles employed, such as with the Novy Arbat project, familiarly known as \"false teeth of Moscow\" and notorious for the wide-scale disruption of a historic area in central Moscow involved in the project.", "qas": [ { "id": "52091", "question": "what was the name of the architect that was the house of the architect ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "Konstantin Melnikov" } ] }, { "id": "52092", "question": "what is the name of the project that is known as `` false teeth '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 621, "text": "Novy Arbat project" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow's skyline is quickly modernizing with several new towers under construction.\nIn recent years, the city administration has been widely criticized for heavy destruction that has affected many historical buildings. As much as a third of historic Moscow has been destroyed in the past few years to make space for luxury apartments and hotels. Other historical buildings, including such landmarks as the 1930 Moskva hotel and the 1913 department store Voyentorg, have been razed and reconstructed anew, with the inevitable loss of historical value. Critics blame the government for not enforcing conservation laws: in the last 12 years more than 50 buildings with monument status were torn down, several of those dating back to the 17th century. Some critics also wonder if the money used for the reconstruction of razed buildings could not be used for the renovation of decaying structures, which include many works by architect Konstantin Melnikov and Mayakovskaya metro station.", "qas": [ { "id": "52093", "question": "what is the name of the department store in 1913 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 454, "text": "Voyentorg" } ] }, { "id": "52094", "question": "what are the two works of decaying structures ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 932, "text": "Konstantin Melnikov and Mayakovskaya metro station" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some organizations, such as Moscow Architecture Preservation Society and Save Europe's Heritage, are trying to draw the international public attention to these problems.", "qas": [ { "id": "52095", "question": "what are some organizations that are trying to draw the international public attention ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "Moscow Architecture Preservation Society and Save Europe's Heritage" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are 96 parks and 18 gardens in Moscow, including four botanical gardens. There are of green zones besides of forests. Moscow is a very green city, if compared to other cities of comparable size in Western Europe and North America; this is partly due to a history of having green \"yards\" with trees and grass, between residential buildings. There are on average of parks per person in Moscow compared with 6 for Paris, 7.5 in London and 8.6 in New York.", "qas": [ { "id": "52096", "question": "how many parks are there in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "96" } ] }, { "id": "52097", "question": "how many gardens are there in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "18" } ] }, { "id": "52098", "question": "how many botanical gardens are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "52099", "question": "how many parks are there in london ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 424, "text": "7.5" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Gorky Park (officially the Central Park of Culture and Rest named after Maxim Gorky), was founded in 1928. The main part () along the Moskva river contains estrades, children's attractions (including the \"Observation Wheel\" water ponds with boats and water bicycles), dancing, tennis courts and other sports facilities. It borders the Neskuchny Garden (), the oldest park in Moscow and a former imperial residence, created as a result of the integration of three estates in the 18th century. The Garden features the Green Theater, one of the largest open amphitheaters in Europe, able to hold up to 15 thousand people.", "qas": [ { "id": "52100", "question": "what park was founded in 1928 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Gorky Park" } ] }, { "id": "52101", "question": "who was the central park of culture in 1928 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "Maxim Gorky" } ] }, { "id": "52102", "question": "when was the central park of culture founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "1928" } ] }, { "id": "52103", "question": "what is the oldest park in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 335, "text": "Neskuchny Garden" } ] }, { "id": "52104", "question": "what theater does the garden run ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 516, "text": "Green Theater" } ] }, { "id": "52105", "question": "how many people does the green theater hold ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 599, "text": "15 thousand people" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Several parks include a section known as a \"Park of Culture and Rest\", sometimes alongside a much wilder area (this includes parks such as Izmaylovsky, Fili and Sokolniki). Some parks are designated as Forest Parks (lesopark).", "qas": [ { "id": "52106", "question": "what is another name for parks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Park of Culture and Rest" } ] }, { "id": "52107", "question": "what are some of the parks that are in a park ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Izmaylovsky, Fili and Sokolniki" } ] }, { "id": "52108", "question": "what are some parks designated as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "Forest Parks" } ] }, { "id": "52109", "question": "what is another name for forest parks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "lesopark" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Izmaylovsky Park, created in 1931, is one of the largest urban parks in the world along with Richmond Park in London. Its area of is six times greater than that of Central Park in New York.", "qas": [ { "id": "52110", "question": "what park is one of the largest urban parks in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Izmaylovsky Park" } ] }, { "id": "52111", "question": "in what year was the park park created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "1931" } ] }, { "id": "52112", "question": "what is the largest urban parks in london ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "Richmond Park" } ] }, { "id": "52113", "question": "how many times is richmond 's times in new york ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "six" } ] }, { "id": "52114", "question": "where is richmond 's six times ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "New York" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sokolniki Park, named after the falcon hunting that occurred there in the past, is one of the oldest parks in Moscow and has an area of . A central circle with a large fountain is surrounded by birch, maple and elm tree alleys. A labyrinth composed of green paths lies beyond the park's ponds.", "qas": [ { "id": "52115", "question": "what park is one of the oldest parks in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sokolniki Park" } ] }, { "id": "52116", "question": "what is the central circle with a large fountain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "birch, maple and elm tree alleys" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Losiny Ostrov National Park (\"Elk Island\" National Park), with a total area of more than , borders Sokolniki Park and was Russia's first national park. It is quite wild, and is also known as the \"city taiga\" \u2013 elk can be seen there.", "qas": [ { "id": "52117", "question": "what is russia 's first national park ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Losiny Ostrov National Park" } ] }, { "id": "52118", "question": "what is another name for russia 's first national park ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "Elk Island\" National Park" } ] }, { "id": "52119", "question": "what is russia 's first national park ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "Sokolniki Park" } ] }, { "id": "52120", "question": "what is the name of the city that can be seen as wild ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "city taiga" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Tsytsin Main Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences, founded in 1945 is the largest in Europe. It covers territory of bordering the All-Russia Exhibition Center and contains a live exhibition of more than 20 thousand species of plants from around the world, as well as a lab for scientific research. It contains a rosarium with 20 thousand rose bushes, a dendrarium, and an oak forest, with the average age of trees exceeding 100 years. There is a greenhouse taking up more than of land.", "qas": [ { "id": "52121", "question": "what is the largest garden in europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Tsytsin Main Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences" } ] }, { "id": "52122", "question": "when was the main botanical garden of academy of sciences founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "1945" } ] }, { "id": "52123", "question": "what is the name of the center of the live exhibition of plants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "All-Russia Exhibition Center" } ] }, { "id": "52124", "question": "how many species of plants are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "20 thousand" } ] }, { "id": "52125", "question": "how many rose did the rosarium have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 329, "text": "20 thousand" } ] }, { "id": "52126", "question": "how long is the average age of trees ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 427, "text": "100 years" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The All-Russian Exhibition Center (\u0412\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440), formerly known as the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (VSKhV) and later Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy (VDNKh), though officially named a \"permanent trade show\", is one of the most prominent examples of Stalinist-era monumental architecture. Among the large spans of recreational park areas are scores of elaborate pavilions, each representing either a branch of Soviet industry and science or a USSR republic. Even though during the 1990s it was, and for some part still is, misused as a gigantic shopping center (most of the pavilions are rented out for small businesses), it still retains the bulk of its architectural landmarks, including two monumental fountains (\"Stone Flower\" and \"Friendship of Nations\") and a 360 degrees panoramic cinema. In 2014 the park returned to the name Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy.", "qas": [ { "id": "52127", "question": "what is the name of the all-russian exhibition center ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "All-Union Agricultural Exhibition" } ] }, { "id": "52128", "question": "what is the all-russian exhibition center ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "Achievements of the National Economy" } ] }, { "id": "52129", "question": "what was the name of the name given to the park in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 878, "text": "Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"Lilac Park\", founded in 1958, has a permanent sculpture display and a large rosarium.", "qas": [ { "id": "52130", "question": "what is the name of the permanent sculpture display in 1958 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1, "text": "Lilac Park" } ] }, { "id": "52131", "question": "when was `` lilac park '' founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "1958" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow has always been a popular destination for tourists. Some of the more famous attractions include the city's UNESCO World Heritage Site, Moscow Kremlin and Red Square, which was built between the 14th and 17th centuries. The Church of the Ascension at Kolomenskoye, which dates from 1532, is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site and another popular attraction.", "qas": [ { "id": "52132", "question": "what are the unesco world heritage site ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "Moscow Kremlin and Red Square" } ] }, { "id": "52133", "question": "when was moscow kremlin and red square built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "14th and 17th centuries" } ] }, { "id": "52134", "question": "where is the church of the ascension located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "Kolomenskoye" } ] }, { "id": "52135", "question": "when does the church of the ascension at the church of the ascension begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 288, "text": "1532" } ] }, { "id": "52136", "question": "what is the church of the ascension at 1532 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 304, "text": "UNESCO World Heritage Site" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Near the new Tretyakov Gallery there is a sculpture garden, Museon, often called \"the graveyard of fallen monuments\" that displays statues of the former Soviet Union that were removed from their place after its dissolution.", "qas": [ { "id": "52137", "question": "near what gallery is there a sculpture garden ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "Tretyakov Gallery" } ] }, { "id": "52138", "question": "what is the sculpture garden called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "Museon" } ] }, { "id": "52139", "question": "what is the sculpture garden called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "the graveyard of fallen monuments" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other attractions include the Moscow Zoo, a zoological garden in two sections (the valleys of two streams) linked by a bridge, with nearly a thousand species and more than 6,500 specimens. Each year, the zoo attracts more than 1.2 million visitors. Many of Moscow's parks and landscaped gardens are protected natural environments.", "qas": [ { "id": "52140", "question": "what type of specimens do the moscow zoo have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "6,500" } ] }, { "id": "52141", "question": "how many visitors does the zoo have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "1.2 million" } ] }, { "id": "52142", "question": "what type of environments do many of moscow 's parks and landscaped gardens have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "natural environments" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow's road system is centered roughly on the Kremlin at the heart of the city. From there, roads generally span outwards to intersect with a sequence of circular roads (\"rings\").", "qas": [ { "id": "52143", "question": "where is moscow 's road system centered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "the Kremlin" } ] }, { "id": "52144", "question": "what is the sequence of `` rings '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "circular roads" } ] }, { "id": "52145", "question": "what is another term for circular roads ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "rings" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The first and innermost major ring, Bulvarnoye Koltso (Boulevard Ring), was built at the former location of the 16th-century city wall around what used to be called Bely Gorod (White Town). The Bulvarnoye Koltso is technically not a ring; it does not form a complete circle, but instead a horseshoe-like arc that begins at the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and ends at the Yauza River.", "qas": [ { "id": "52146", "question": "what is the first major ring in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "Bulvarnoye Koltso" } ] }, { "id": "52147", "question": "what was the name of the white town that was built in the city wall ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "Bely Gorod" } ] }, { "id": "52148", "question": "where does arc run ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 327, "text": "Cathedral of Christ the Savior" } ] }, { "id": "52149", "question": "where is the cathedral of christ located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 374, "text": "Yauza River" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The second primary ring, located outside the bell end of the Boulevard Ring, is the Sadovoye Koltso (Garden Ring). Like the Boulevard Ring, the Garden Ring follows the path of a 16th-century wall that used to encompass part of Moscow.", "qas": [ { "id": "52150", "question": "where is bell 's second primary ring located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Boulevard Ring" } ] }, { "id": "52151", "question": "what is the name of the garden ring ring ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "Sadovoye Koltso" } ] }, { "id": "52152", "question": "what type of wall does the garden ring have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "16th-century wall" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The third ring, the Third Transport Ring, was completed in 2003 as a high-speed freeway.", "qas": [ { "id": "52153", "question": "what was completed in 2003 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "Third Transport Ring" } ] }, { "id": "52154", "question": "when was the third transport ring completed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "2003" } ] }, { "id": "52155", "question": "what was the third transport ring completed in 2003 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "a high-speed freeway" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Fourth Transport Ring, another freeway, is under construction to further reduce traffic congestion.", "qas": [ { "id": "52156", "question": "what is the freeway under construction ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Fourth Transport Ring" } ] }, { "id": "52157", "question": "what is the fourth transport ring under construction ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "reduce traffic congestion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The outermost ring within Moscow is the Moscow Automobile Ring Road (often called the \"MKAD\" from the Russian \"\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0414\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430\"), which forms the approximate boundary of the city, was established in the 1950s. Outside Moscow, some of the roads encompassing the city continue to follow this circular pattern seen inside city limits.", "qas": [ { "id": "52158", "question": "what is the outermost ring within moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Moscow Automobile Ring Road" } ] }, { "id": "52159", "question": "what is another name for the moscow automobile ring ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "MKAD" } ] }, { "id": "52160", "question": "when was the moscow automobile ring established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "1950s" } ] }, { "id": "52161", "question": "where does some of the roads encompassing the circular pattern ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "Outside Moscow" } ] } ] }, { "context": "One of the most notable art museums in Moscow is the Tretyakov Gallery, which was founded by Pavel Tretyakov, a wealthy patron of the arts who donated a large private collection to the city. The Tretyakov Gallery is split into two buildings. The Old Tretyakov gallery, the original gallery in the Tretyakovskaya area on the south bank of the Moskva River, houses works in the classic Russian tradition. The works of famous pre-Revolutionary painters, such as Ilya Repin, as well as the works of early Russian icon painters can be found here. Visitors can even see rare originals by early 15th-century iconographer Andrei Rublev.\nThe New Tretyakov gallery, created in Soviet times, mainly contains the works of Soviet artists, as well as of a few contemporary paintings, but there is some overlap with the Old Tretyakov Gallery for early 20th-century art. The new gallery includes a small reconstruction of Vladimir Tatlin's famous \"Monument to the Third International\" and a mixture of other avant-garde works by artists like Kazimir Malevich and Wassily Kandinsky. Socialist realism features can also be found within the halls of the New Tretyakov Gallery.", "qas": [ { "id": "52162", "question": "what is the most notable art museums in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "Tretyakov Gallery" } ] }, { "id": "52163", "question": "who founded the tretyakov gallery ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "Pavel Tretyakov" } ] }, { "id": "52164", "question": "where is the old tretyakov gallery located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 342, "text": "Moskva River" } ] }, { "id": "52165", "question": "what is the name of the famous pre-revolutionary painters ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 459, "text": "Ilya Repin" } ] }, { "id": "52166", "question": "which early 15th-century can cause rare originals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 614, "text": "Andrei Rublev" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Another art museum in the city of Moscow is the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, which was founded by, among others, the father of Marina Tsvetaeva. The Pushkin Museum is similar to the British Museum in London in that its halls are a cross-section of exhibits on world civilisations, with many copies of ancient sculptures. However, it also hosts paintings from every major Western era; works by Claude Monet, Paul C\u00e9zanne, and Pablo Picasso are present in the museum's collection.", "qas": [ { "id": "52167", "question": "what is the art museum in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts" } ] }, { "id": "52168", "question": "who is the pushkin museum ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "Marina Tsvetaeva" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The State Historical Museum of Russia (\u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439) is a museum of Russian history located between Red Square and Manege Square in Moscow. Its exhibitions range from relics of the prehistoric tribes inhabiting present-day Russia, through priceless artworks acquired by members of the Romanov dynasty. The total number of objects in the museum's collection numbers is several million. The Polytechnical Museum, founded in 1872 is the largest technical museum in Russia, offering a wide array of historical inventions and technological achievements, including humanoid automata from the 18th century and the first Soviet computers. Its collection contains more than 160,000 items. The Borodino Panorama museum located on Kutuzov Avenue provides an opportunity for visitors to experience being on a battlefield with a 360\u00b0 diorama. It is a part of the large historical memorial commemorating the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 over Napoleon\u2019s army, that includes also the triumphal arch, erected in 1827. There is also a military history museum that includes statues, and military hardware.", "qas": [ { "id": "52169", "question": "what is the museum of russian history located in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Red Square and Manege Square" } ] }, { "id": "52170", "question": "when was the largest museum in russia founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 444, "text": "1872" } ] }, { "id": "52171", "question": "how many items does the collection of its collection have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 687, "text": "160,000" } ] }, { "id": "52172", "question": "where is the borodino panorama museum located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 742, "text": "Kutuzov Avenue" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow is the heart of the Russian performing arts, including ballet and film, with 68 museums 103 theaters, 132 cinemas and 24 concert halls. Among Moscow\u2019s theaters and ballet studios is the Bolshoi Theatre and the Malyi Theatre as well as Vakhtangov Theatre and Moscow Art Theatre.", "qas": [ { "id": "52173", "question": "how many museums are in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "68" } ] }, { "id": "52174", "question": "how many theaters does moscow have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "103" } ] }, { "id": "52175", "question": "along with 24 concert , what type of concert is the russian performing arts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "132" } ] }, { "id": "52176", "question": "how many concert halls does moscow have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "24" } ] }, { "id": "52177", "question": "what is moscow 's ballet studios ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "Bolshoi Theatre and the Malyi Theatre" } ] }, { "id": "52178", "question": "what are the names of the ballet studios ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "Vakhtangov Theatre and Moscow Art Theatre" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Moscow International Performance Arts Center, opened in 2003, also known as Moscow International House of Music, is known for its performances in classical music. It has the largest organ in Russia installed in Svetlanov Hall.", "qas": [ { "id": "52179", "question": "what is known as moscow international house of music ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Moscow International Performance Arts Center" } ] }, { "id": "52180", "question": "when was the moscow international performance arts center opened ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "2003" } ] }, { "id": "52181", "question": "what is the name of the moscow international performance arts center ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "Moscow International House of Music" } ] }, { "id": "52182", "question": "where is the moscow international performance arts center known ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "classical music" } ] }, { "id": "52183", "question": "where is the largest organ in russia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "Svetlanov Hall" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are also two large circuses in Moscow: Moscow State Circus and Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard named after Yuri Nikulin.", "qas": [ { "id": "52184", "question": "who are the two large circuses in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "Moscow State Circus and Moscow Circus" } ] }, { "id": "52185", "question": "what was the name of the boulevard in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "Tsvetnoy Boulevard" } ] }, { "id": "52186", "question": "who was the moscow state circus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "Yuri Nikulin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Memorial Museum of Astronautics under the Monument to the Conquerors of Space in the end of Cosmonauts Alley is the central memorial place for the Russian space officials.", "qas": [ { "id": "52187", "question": "what museum is the central memorial place for the russian space officials ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Memorial Museum of Astronautics" } ] }, { "id": "52188", "question": "what is the central memorial place for the russian space officials ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "Conquerors of Space" } ] }, { "id": "52189", "question": "what is the central memorial place for the russian space officials ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "Cosmonauts Alley" } ] }, { "id": "52190", "question": "who is the central memorial place for cosmonauts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "the Russian space officials" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Mosfilm studio was at the heart of many classic films, as it is responsible for both artistic and mainstream productions. However, despite the continued presence and reputation of internationally renowned Russian filmmakers, the once prolific native studios are much quieter. Rare and historical films may be seen in the Salut cinema, where films from the Museum of Cinema collection are shown regularly.", "qas": [ { "id": "52191", "question": "what is the studio responsible for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "artistic and mainstream productions" } ] }, { "id": "52192", "question": "where are films from the museum of cinema collection shown ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 325, "text": "Salut cinema" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Shchusev State Museum of Architecture is the national museum of Russian architecture by the name of the architect Alexey Shchusev near the Kremlin area.", "qas": [ { "id": "52193", "question": "what is the national museum of russian architecture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Shchusev State Museum of Architecture" } ] }, { "id": "52194", "question": "what is the national museum of russian architecture called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "Alexey Shchusev" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Over 500 Olympic sports champions lived in the city by 2005. Moscow is home to 63 stadiums (besides eight football and eleven light athletics maneges), of which Luzhniki Stadium is the largest and the 4th biggest in Europe (it hosted the 1998\u201399 UEFA Cup, 2007\u201308 UEFA Champions League finals, and the 1980 Summer Olympics, and will host the 2018 FIFA World Cup with 6 games total). Forty other sport complexes are located within the city, including 24 with artificial ice. The Olympic Stadium was the world's first indoor arena for bandy and hosted the Bandy World Championship twice. Moscow was again the host of the competition in 2010, this time in Krylatskoye. That arena has also hosted the World Speed Skating Championships. There are also seven horse racing tracks in Moscow, of which Central Moscow Hippodrome, founded in 1834, is the largest.", "qas": [ { "id": "52195", "question": "how many olympic sports champions lived in the city in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 5, "text": "500" } ] }, { "id": "52196", "question": "in what year did 500 olympic sports champions 500 olympic sports begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "2005" } ] }, { "id": "52197", "question": "how many stadiums does moscow have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "63" } ] }, { "id": "52198", "question": "how many football football cup is moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "eight" } ] }, { "id": "52199", "question": "what is the name of the 4th biggest in europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "1998\u201399 UEFA Cup, 2007\u201308 UEFA Champions League finals" } ] }, { "id": "52200", "question": "how many complexes are in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 450, "text": "24" } ] }, { "id": "52201", "question": "when was central moscow founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 831, "text": "1834" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow was the host city of the 1980 Summer Olympics, with the yachting events being held at Tallinn, in present-day Estonia. Large sports facilities and the main international airport, Sheremetyevo Terminal 2, were built in preparation for the 1980 Summer Olympics. Moscow had made a bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics. However, when final voting commenced on July 6, 2005, Moscow was the first city to be eliminated from further rounds. The Games were awarded to London.", "qas": [ { "id": "52202", "question": "in what year was moscow host ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "1980" } ] }, { "id": "52203", "question": "where was the yachting events held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "Tallinn" } ] }, { "id": "52204", "question": "what is the name of the main international airport ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "Sheremetyevo Terminal 2" } ] }, { "id": "52205", "question": "when was the main international airport built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "1980 Summer Olympics" } ] }, { "id": "52206", "question": "what was moscow 's bid for the summer olympics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "2012 Summer Olympics" } ] }, { "id": "52207", "question": "when was final voting commenced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 359, "text": "July 6, 2005" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The most titled ice hockey team in the Soviet Union and in the world, HC CSKA Moscow comes from Moscow. Other big ice hockey clubs from Moscow are HC Dynamo Moscow, which was the second most titled team in the Soviet Union, and HC Spartak Moscow.", "qas": [ { "id": "52208", "question": "who is the most titled ice hockey team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "HC CSKA Moscow" } ] }, { "id": "52209", "question": "what is the second most titled team in the soviet union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "HC Dynamo Moscow" } ] }, { "id": "52210", "question": "who was the second most titled team in the soviet union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "HC Spartak Moscow" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The most titled Soviet, Russian, and one of the most titled Euroleague clubs, is the basketball club from Moscow PBC CSKA Moscow. Another strong basketball club from Moscow is MBC Dynamo Moscow.", "qas": [ { "id": "52211", "question": "who is the basketball club ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Moscow PBC CSKA Moscow" } ] }, { "id": "52212", "question": "what is the strong basketball club in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "MBC Dynamo Moscow" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow had more winners at the USSR and Russian Chess Championship than any other city.", "qas": [ { "id": "52213", "question": "where did moscow have more winners at ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "the USSR and Russian Chess Championship" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The most titled volleyball team in the Soviet Union and in Europe (CEV Champions League) is VC CSKA Moscow.", "qas": [ { "id": "52214", "question": "what is the most titled volleyball team in the soviet union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "CEV Champions League" } ] }, { "id": "52215", "question": "who is the most titled volleyball team in the soviet union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "VC CSKA Moscow" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In football, FC Spartak Moscow has won more championship titles in the Russian Premier League than any other team. They were second only to FC Dynamo Kyiv in the Soviet Union. PFC CSKA Moscow was the first Russian football team to win a UEFA title. FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Dynamo Moscow and FC Torpedo Moscow are other professional football teams also based in Moscow.", "qas": [ { "id": "52216", "question": "who won the russian premier league ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "FC Spartak Moscow" } ] }, { "id": "52217", "question": "what was moscow 's second only to in the soviet union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "FC Dynamo Kyiv" } ] }, { "id": "52218", "question": "who was the first russian football team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "PFC CSKA Moscow" } ] }, { "id": "52219", "question": "which two professional football teams are based in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "FC Dynamo Moscow and FC Torpedo Moscow" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow houses other prominent football, ice hockey, and basketball teams. Because sports organisations in the Soviet Union were once highly centralized, two of the best Union-level teams represented defence and law-enforcing agencies: the Armed Forces (CSKA) and the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Dinamo). There were army and police teams in most major cities. A a result Spartak, CSKA, and Dinamo were among the best-funded teams in the USSR.", "qas": [ { "id": "52220", "question": "what types of teams are found in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "ice hockey, and basketball teams" } ] }, { "id": "52221", "question": "what were the best union-level teams in the soviet union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "defence and law-enforcing agencies" } ] }, { "id": "52222", "question": "what were the names of the best union-level teams ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 235, "text": "the Armed Forces (CSKA) and the Ministry of Internal Affairs" } ] }, { "id": "52223", "question": "what were the result of the teams in the ussr ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 372, "text": "Spartak, CSKA, and Dinamo" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Because of Moscow's cold local climate, winter sports have a following. Many of Moscow's large parks offer marked trails for skiing and frozen ponds for skating.", "qas": [ { "id": "52224", "question": "what do many of moscow 's large parks marked ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "skiing and frozen ponds" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow hosts the annual Kremlin Cup, a popular tennis tournament on both the WTA and ATP tours. It is one of the ten Tier-I events on the women's tour and a host of Russian players feature every year.", "qas": [ { "id": "52225", "question": "what two tours are in the kremlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "WTA and ATP tours" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Slava Moscow is a professional rugby club, competing in the national Professional Rugby League. Former rugby league heavyweights RC Lokomotiv have entered the same league . The Luzhniki Stadium also hosted the 2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens.", "qas": [ { "id": "52226", "question": "who is the professional rugby club ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Slava Moscow" } ] }, { "id": "52227", "question": "where is slava moscow located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "national Professional Rugby League" } ] }, { "id": "52228", "question": "which former rugby league have entered the same league ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "RC Lokomotiv" } ] }, { "id": "52229", "question": "what is the name of the rugby world cup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the game of bandy, one of the most successful clubs in the world is 20 times and current Russian League champions Dynamo Moscow. They have also won the World Cup twice and European Cup six times.", "qas": [ { "id": "52230", "question": "what is the most successful clubs in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "20 times and current Russian League champions Dynamo Moscow" } ] }, { "id": "52231", "question": "what have the times won ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "World Cup twice and European Cup six times" } ] } ] }, { "context": "MFK Dinamo Moskva is one of the major futsal clubs in Europe.", "qas": [ { "id": "52232", "question": "who is one of the major clubs in europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "MFK Dinamo Moskva" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Russia was given the right to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and in Moscow, the Luzhniki Stadium will have an increased capacity, by almost 10,000 new seats, in addition to a further two stadiums that will be built: the Dynamo Stadium, and the Spartak Stadium. Together these will have a capacity of at least 40,000 seats.", "qas": [ { "id": "52233", "question": "what was russia given to the fifa world cup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "the right to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup" } ] }, { "id": "52234", "question": "what stadium has an increased capacity in 2018 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "Luzhniki Stadium" } ] }, { "id": "52235", "question": "how many new seats did russia have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "10,000" } ] }, { "id": "52236", "question": "what are the names of the stadiums that will be built in russia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "the Dynamo Stadium, and the Spartak Stadium" } ] }, { "id": "52237", "question": "how many seats can a capacity have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "40,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The city is full of clubs, restaurants and bars. Tverskaya Street is also one of the busiest shopping streets in Moscow.", "qas": [ { "id": "52238", "question": "what is the busiest shopping streets in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "Tverskaya Street" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The adjoining Tretyakovsky Proyezd, also south of Tverskaya Street, in Kitai-gorod, is host to upmarket boutique stores such as Bulgari, Tiffany & Co., Armani, Prada and Bentley. Nightlife in Moscow has moved on since Soviet times and today the city has many of the world's largest nightclubs. Clubs, bars, creative spaces and restaurants-turned-into-dancefloors are flooding Moscow streets with new openings every year. The hottest area is located around the old chocolate factory, where bars, nightclubs, galleries, caf\u00e9s and restaurants are placed.", "qas": [ { "id": "52239", "question": "which adjoining street is host to upmarket boutique stores ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "Tretyakovsky Proyezd" } ] }, { "id": "52240", "question": "what street is host to upmarket boutique stores ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Tverskaya Street" } ] }, { "id": "52241", "question": "in what city is the host to upmarket boutique stores ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "Kitai-gorod" } ] }, { "id": "52242", "question": "what are some upmarket stores ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "Bulgari, Tiffany & Co., Armani, Prada and Bentley" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow is the seat of power for the Russian Federation. At the centre of the city, in the Central Administrative Okrug, is the Moscow Kremlin, which houses the home of the President of Russia as well as national governmental facilities. This includes military headquarters and the headquarters of the Federal Security Service. Moscow, like with any national capital, is also the host of all the foreign embassies and diplomats representing a multitude of nations in Russia.", "qas": [ { "id": "52243", "question": "what is moscow the seat of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "the Russian Federation" } ] }, { "id": "52244", "question": "where is the moscow kremlin located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "Central Administrative Okrug" } ] }, { "id": "52245", "question": "what is the home of the president of russia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "Moscow Kremlin" } ] }, { "id": "52246", "question": "what type of facilities does the moscow kremlin have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "national governmental facilities" } ] }, { "id": "52247", "question": "what is the headquarters of the federal security headquarters ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 301, "text": "Federal Security Service" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow is designated as one of three federal cities of Russia \u2013 the others being Saint Petersburg and Sevastopol (although the status of the latter is disputed). Among the 85 federal subjects of Russia, Moscow represents the most populated one and the second-smallest one in terms of area. Moscow is located within the central economic region, one of twelve regions within Russia with similar economic goals. The basic law of the city is the Charter of Moscow that was adopted in 1995.", "qas": [ { "id": "52248", "question": "how many federal cities does moscow have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "52249", "question": "what are the names of moscow 's three federal cities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "Saint Petersburg and Sevastopol" } ] }, { "id": "52250", "question": "how many regions are in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 351, "text": "twelve" } ] }, { "id": "52251", "question": "what is the basic law of the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 442, "text": "Charter of Moscow" } ] }, { "id": "52252", "question": "when was moscow adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 480, "text": "1995" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Mayor of Moscow is the leading official in the executive, leading the Government of Moscow which is the highest organ of executive power.", "qas": [ { "id": "52253", "question": "who is the leading organ of executive power ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Mayor of Moscow" } ] }, { "id": "52254", "question": "what is the highest organ of executive power ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "the Government of Moscow" } ] }, { "id": "52255", "question": "what is moscow 's highest organ ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "executive power" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Moscow City Duma is the City Duma (city council or local parliament) and local laws must be approved by it. It includes 35 members who are elected for a four-year term in a Mixed-member proportional representation: 18 are elected on a proportional party list basis and 17 on Single-mandate constituency basis.", "qas": [ { "id": "52256", "question": "what is the name of the city 's city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Moscow City Duma" } ] }, { "id": "52257", "question": "what is the name of the moscow city duma ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "City Duma" } ] }, { "id": "52258", "question": "what are the names of the moscow city duma ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "city council or local parliament" } ] }, { "id": "52259", "question": "how many members are in the moscow city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "35" } ] }, { "id": "52260", "question": "what is the term for the four-year of the moscow city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "Mixed-member proportional representation" } ] }, { "id": "52261", "question": "how many members are in the proportional party list ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "18" } ] }, { "id": "52262", "question": "what are the members of a proportional representation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 237, "text": "a proportional party list basis and 17 on Single-mandate constituency basis" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The entire city of Moscow is headed by one mayor (Sergey Sobyanin). The city of Moscow is divided into twelve administrative okrugs and 123 districts.", "qas": [ { "id": "52263", "question": "who headed the entire city of moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "one mayor" } ] }, { "id": "52264", "question": "what is the mayor of moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Sergey Sobyanin" } ] }, { "id": "52265", "question": "what is the city of moscow divided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "twelve administrative okrugs and 123 districts" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Russian capital's town-planning development began to show as early as the 12th century, when the city was founded. The central part of Moscow grew by consolidating with suburbs in line with medieval principles of urban development, when strong fortress walls would gradually spread along the circle streets of adjacent new settlements. The first circular defence walls set the trajectory of Moscow's rings, laying the groundwork for the future planning of the Russian capital.", "qas": [ { "id": "52266", "question": "when did the russian capital development begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "the 12th century" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The following fortifications served as the city's circular defense boundaries at some point in history: the Kremlin walls, Zemlyanoy Gorod (Earthwork Town), the Kamer-Kollezhsky Rampart, the Garden Ring, and the small railway ring. The Moscow Automobile Ring Road (MKAD) has been Moscow's boundary since 1960. Also in the form of a circle are the main Moscow subway line, the Ring Line, and the so-called Third Automobile Ring, which was completed in 2005. Hence, the characteristic radial-circle planning continues to define Moscow's further development. However, contemporary Moscow has also engulfed a number of territories outside the Ring Road, such as Solntsevo, Butovo, and the town of Zelenograd. A part of Moscow Oblast's territory was merged into Moscow on July 1, 2012; as a result, Moscow is no longer fully surrounded by Moscow Oblast and now also has a border with Kaluga Oblast. In all, Moscow gained about and 230,000 inhabitants. Moscow's Mayor Sergey Sobyanin lauded the expansion that will help Moscow and the neighboring region, a \"mega-city\" of twenty million people, to develop \"harmonically\".", "qas": [ { "id": "52267", "question": "what is moscow 's boundary since 1960 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "Moscow Automobile Ring Road" } ] }, { "id": "52268", "question": "when was the moscow automobile ring road been moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 304, "text": "1960" } ] }, { "id": "52269", "question": "what is the name of the automobile subway line ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 405, "text": "Third Automobile Ring" } ] }, { "id": "52270", "question": "when was the third automobile ring completed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 451, "text": "2005" } ] }, { "id": "52271", "question": "how many inhabitants did moscow have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 926, "text": "230,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In addition to the districts, there are Territorial Units with Special Status. These usually include areas with small or no permanent populations. Such is the case with the All-Russia Exhibition Centre, the Botanical Garden, large parks, and industrial zones. In recent years, some territories have been merged with different districts. There are no ethnic-specific regions in Moscow, as in the Chinatowns that exist in some North American and East Asian cities. And although districts are not designated by income, as with most cities, those areas that are closer to the city center, metro stations or green zones are considered more prestigious.", "qas": [ { "id": "52272", "question": "what type of units are in addition to the districts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Territorial Units with Special Status" } ] }, { "id": "52273", "question": "what are two types of permanent populations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "areas with small or no permanent populations" } ] }, { "id": "52274", "question": "where do there exist in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 425, "text": "North American and East Asian cities" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow also hosts some of the government bodies of Moscow Oblast, although the city itself is not a part of the oblast.", "qas": [ { "id": "52275", "question": "what oblast does moscow host ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "Moscow Oblast" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow has one of the largest municipal economies in Europe and it accounts for approximately 22% of Russian GDP. , the GRP in Moscow reached 7.16 trillion roubles ($225 bln).", "qas": [ { "id": "52276", "question": "what percentage of russian gdp is moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "22%" } ] }, { "id": "52277", "question": "what was the grp in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "7.16 trillion roubles" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow has the lowest unemployment rate of all federal subjects of Russia, standing at just 1% in 2010, compared to the national average of 7%. The average monthly wage in the city is 41,600 roubles (about 547 USD), which is almost twice the national average of 21,800 rubles (286.63 USD), and the fourth highest among the federal subjects of Russia.", "qas": [ { "id": "52278", "question": "what is the lowest unemployment rate of russia in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "1%" } ] }, { "id": "52279", "question": "what is the national average rate of russia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "7%" } ] }, { "id": "52280", "question": "what is the average monthly wage in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "41,600 roubles" } ] }, { "id": "52281", "question": "what is the national average of the federal subjects ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "21,800 rubles" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow is the financial center of Russia and home to the country's largest banks and many of its largest companies, such as natural gas giant Gazprom. Moscow accounts for 17% of retail sales in Russia and for 13% of all construction activity in the country. Since the 1998 Russian financial crisis, business sectors in Moscow have shown exponential rates of growth. Many new business centers and office buildings have been built in recent years, but Moscow still experiences shortages in office space. As a result, many former industrial and research facilities are being reconstructed to become suitable for office use. Overall, economic stability has improved in recent years; nonetheless, crime and corruption continue still hinder business development.\nThe Cherkizovskiy marketplace was the largest marketplace in Europe, with a daily turnover of about thirty million dollars and about ten thousand venders from different countries (including China, Turkey, Azerbaijan and India). It was administratively divided into twelve parts and covers a wide sector of the city. Since July 2009 it has been closed.", "qas": [ { "id": "52282", "question": "what is moscow 's largest companies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "natural gas giant Gazprom" } ] }, { "id": "52283", "question": "what percentage of retail sales does moscow have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "17%" } ] }, { "id": "52284", "question": "what percentage of construction activity is moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "13%" } ] }, { "id": "52285", "question": "what was the daily turnover in europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 857, "text": "thirty million dollars" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2008, Moscow had 74 billionaires with an average wealth of $5.9 billion, which placed it above New York's 71 billionaires. However, , there were 27 billionaires in Moscow compared with New York's 55 billionaires. Overall, Russia lost 52 billionaires during the recession. Topping the list of Russia's billionaires in 2009 is Mikhail Prokhorov with $9.5 billion, ahead of the more famous Roman Abramovich with $8.5 billion, in . Prokhorov's holding company, \"\u041e\u041d\u042d\u041a\u0421\u0418\u041c\" (\"ON\u00c8KSIM\") group, owns huge assets in hydrogen energy, nanotechnology, traditional energy, precious metals sector, while Abramovich, since selling his oil company Sibneft to Russian state-controlled gas giant Gazprom in 2005, has bought up steel and mining assets. He also owns Chelsea F.C.. Russia's richest woman remains Yelena Baturina, the 50-year-old second wife of Moscow Mayor Yuri Luzhkov. Oleg Deripaska, the 1st on this list in 2008 with $28 billion, was only 10th in 2009 with . Based on Forbes' 2011 list of the world's billionaires, Moscow is the city with the most billionaires in the world, with 79 from 115 in all of Russia.", "qas": [ { "id": "52286", "question": "how many billionaires did moscow have in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "74" } ] }, { "id": "52287", "question": "what was moscow 's average wealth in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "$5.9 billion" } ] }, { "id": "52288", "question": "how many billionaires were in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "27" } ] }, { "id": "52289", "question": "how many billionaires did russia lose during the recession ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 237, "text": "52" } ] }, { "id": "52290", "question": "how much did russia pay in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 351, "text": "$9.5 billion" } ] }, { "id": "52291", "question": "how much did oleg pay in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 919, "text": "$28 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The nouveau riche, also called the \"New Russians\", often in a derogatory sense, have a reputation for flaunting their wealth; the avenues for doing so have also increased in recent times at the many haute couture and haute cuisine spots in Moscow.", "qas": [ { "id": "52292", "question": "what is another name for the nouveau riche ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "New Russians" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Primary industries in Moscow include the chemical, metallurgy, food, textile, furniture, energy production, software development and machinery industries.", "qas": [ { "id": "52293", "question": "what are some primary industries in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "chemical, metallurgy, food, textile, furniture, energy production, software development and machinery industries" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant is one of the leading producers of military and civil helicopters in the world. Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center produces various space equipment, including modules for space stations Mir, Salyut and the ISS as well as Proton launch vehicles and military ICBMs. Sukhoi, Ilyushin, Mikoyan, Tupolev and Yakovlev aircraft design bureaus also situated in Moscow. NPO Energomash, producing the rocket engines for Russian and American space programs, as well as Lavochkin design bureau, which built fighter planes during WWII, but switched to space probes since the Space Race, are in nearby Khimki, an independent city in Moscow Oblast that have largely been enclosed by Moscow from its sides. Automobile plants ZiL and AZLK, as well as the Voitovich Rail Vehicle plant, are situated in Moscow and Metrovagonmash metro wagon plant is located just outside the city limits. The Poljot Moscow watch factory produces military, professional and sport watches well known in Russia and abroad. Yuri Gagarin in his trip into space used \"Shturmanskie\" produced by this factory.", "qas": [ { "id": "52294", "question": "what is one of the leading producers of military and civil helicopters ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Electrozavod factory was the first transformer factory in Russia. The Kristall distillery is the oldest distillery in Russia producing vodka types, including \"Stolichnaya\" while wines are produced at Moscow wine plants, including the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery. The Moscow Jewelry Factory and the Jewellerprom are producers of jewellery in Russia; Jewellerprom used to produce the exclusive Order of Victory, awarded to those aiding the Soviet Union's Red Army during World War II.", "qas": [ { "id": "52295", "question": "what was the first transformer factory in russia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Electrozavod factory" } ] }, { "id": "52296", "question": "what is the oldest distillery in russia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "Kristall distillery" } ] }, { "id": "52297", "question": "what is the oldest distillery in russia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "Stolichnaya" } ] }, { "id": "52298", "question": "who is the oldest distillery in russia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "Moscow Interrepublican Vinery" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are other industries located just outside the city of Moscow, as well as microelectronic industries in Zelenograd, including Ruselectronics companies.", "qas": [ { "id": "52299", "question": "where is the industries of moscow located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Zelenograd" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Gazprom, the largest extractor of natural gas in the world and the largest Russian company, has head offices also in Moscow, as well as other oil, gas and electricity companies.", "qas": [ { "id": "52300", "question": "what is the largest extractor of natural gas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Gazprom" } ] }, { "id": "52301", "question": "what types of companies have head offices ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "gas and electricity companies" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some industry is being transferred out of the city to improve the ecological state of the city.", "qas": [ { "id": "52302", "question": "what is the industry being transferred out of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "improve the ecological state of the city" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During Soviet times, apartments were lent to people by the government according to the square meters-per-person norm (some groups, including people's artists, heroes and prominent scientists had bonuses according to their honors). Private ownership of apartments was limited until the 1990s, when people were permitted to secure property rights to the places they inhabited. Since the Soviet era, estate owners have had to pay the service charge for their residences, a fixed amount based on persons per living area.", "qas": [ { "id": "52303", "question": "when were private ownership of apartments permitted to secure property rights ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "the 1990s" } ] }, { "id": "52304", "question": "what were people permitted to secure ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "secure property rights to the places they inhabited" } ] }, { "id": "52305", "question": "what is the purpose of estate owners ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 468, "text": "a fixed amount based on persons per living area" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The price of real estate in Moscow continues to rise. Today, one could expect to pay $4000 on average per square meter (11\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) on the outskirts of the city or US$6,500\u2013$8,000 per square meter in a prestigious district. The price sometimes may exceed US$40,000 per square meter in a flat. It costs about US$1200 per month to rent a 1-bedroom apartment and about US$1000 per month for a studio in the center of Moscow.", "qas": [ { "id": "52306", "question": "how much money did one expect to pay on average per square meter ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "$4000" } ] }, { "id": "52307", "question": "how much money does the city pay in a prestigious district ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "US$6,500\u2013$8,000 per square meter" } ] }, { "id": "52308", "question": "how much does the price of the price sometimes exceed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "US$40,000 per square meter" } ] }, { "id": "52309", "question": "how much did the price of moscow pay for a studio ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 364, "text": "US$1000 per month" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A typical one-bedroom apartment is about , a typical two-bedroom apartment is , and a typical three-bedroom apartment is . Many cannot move out of their apartments, especially if a family lives in a two-room apartment originally granted by the state during the Soviet era. Some city residents have attempted to cope with the cost of living by renting their apartments while staying in dachas (country houses) outside the city.", "qas": [ { "id": "52310", "question": "who granted a family lives in a family ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 240, "text": "the state during the Soviet era" } ] }, { "id": "52311", "question": "what is the name of the country that has attempted to cope with the apartments ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 385, "text": "dachas" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2006, Mercer Human Resources Consulting named Moscow the world's most expensive city for expatriate employees, ahead of perennial winner Tokyo, due to the stable Russian ruble as well as increasing housing prices within the city. Moscow also ranked first in the 2007 edition and 2008 edition of the survey. However, Tokyo has overtaken Moscow as the most expensive city in the world, placing Moscow at third and behind Osaka at second. Critics of their methodology argue that this survey replicates the lifestyle that a senior executive would have in Washington DC, counting certain very expensive brand name foreign goods, but disregarding the many lines that are far cheaper in Russia, e.g. household staff, drivers, nannies, etc.", "qas": [ { "id": "52312", "question": "in what year was mercer human resources named ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2006" } ] }, { "id": "52313", "question": "who named moscow the world 's most expensive city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Mercer Human Resources Consulting" } ] }, { "id": "52314", "question": "in what year did moscow become first in the 2007 edition ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "2008" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2008, Moscow ranked top on the list of most expensive cities for the third year in a row.", "qas": [ { "id": "52315", "question": "in what year did moscow begin top on the list of most expensive cities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2008" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2014, according to Forbes, Moscow ranked the 9th most expensive city in the world. Forbes ranked Moscow the 2nd most expensive city the year prior.", "qas": [ { "id": "52316", "question": "in what year did moscow hold the 9th most expensive city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2014" } ] }, { "id": "52317", "question": "where did moscow rank in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "9th" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are 1696 high schools in Moscow, as well as 91 colleges. Besides these, there are 222 institutions of higher education, including 60 state universities and the Lomonosov Moscow State University, which was founded in 1755. The main university building located in Vorobyovy Gory (Sparrow Hills) is tall and when completed, was the tallest building on the continent. The university has over 30,000 undergraduate and 7,000 postgraduate students, who have a choice of twenty-nine faculties and 450 departments for study. Additionally, approximately 10,000 high school students take courses at the university, while over two thousand researchers work. The Moscow State University library contains over nine million books, making it one of the largest libraries in all of Russia. Its acclaim throughout the international academic community has meant that over 11,000 international students have graduated from the university, with many coming to Moscow to learn the Russian language.", "qas": [ { "id": "52318", "question": "what is high schools in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "1696" } ] }, { "id": "52319", "question": "how many colleges are in 1696 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "91" } ] }, { "id": "52320", "question": "what type of institutions are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "222" } ] }, { "id": "52321", "question": "how many universities are in the lomonosov state university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "60" } ] }, { "id": "52322", "question": "which university was founded in 1755 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "Lomonosov Moscow State University" } ] }, { "id": "52323", "question": "when was the moscow state university university founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "1755" } ] }, { "id": "52324", "question": "where is the sparrow hills located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 268, "text": "Vorobyovy Gory" } ] }, { "id": "52325", "question": "how many undergraduate students does the university have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 394, "text": "30,000" } ] }, { "id": "52326", "question": "how many postgraduate students does the university have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 419, "text": "7,000" } ] }, { "id": "52327", "question": "how many high school students take place in the university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 550, "text": "10,000" } ] }, { "id": "52328", "question": "how many books does the moscow state university library have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 702, "text": "nine million" } ] }, { "id": "52329", "question": "how many international students have graduated from the international academic community ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 859, "text": "11,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University named after Ivan Sechenov or formerly known as Moscow Medical Academy (1stMSMU) is a medical university situated in Moscow, Russia. It was founded in 1785 as the faculty of the Moscow state University. It is a Russian Federal Agency for Health and Social Development. It is one of the largest medical universities in Russia and Europe. More than 9200 students are enrolled in 115 academic departments. It offers courses for post-graduate studies.", "qas": [ { "id": "52330", "question": "what is the name of the medical university in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University" } ] }, { "id": "52331", "question": "who was the i.m. state medical university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "Ivan Sechenov" } ] }, { "id": "52332", "question": "what was the name of the medical university in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "Moscow Medical Academy" } ] }, { "id": "52333", "question": "where is moscow medical academy situated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "Moscow, Russia" } ] }, { "id": "52334", "question": "when was the faculty of the moscow state university founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "1785" } ] }, { "id": "52335", "question": "what is the russian federal agency for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 293, "text": "Health and Social Development" } ] }, { "id": "52336", "question": "how many students are enrolled in 115 academic departments ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 402, "text": "9200" } ] }, { "id": "52337", "question": "how many academic departments are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 432, "text": "115" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow is one of the financial centers of the Russian Federation and CIS countries and is known for its business schools. Among them are the Finance Academy under the Government of RF; Plekhanov Russian University of Economics; The State University of Management, and the State University - Higher School of Economics. They offer undergraduate degrees in management, finance, accounting, marketing, real estate and economic theory, as well as Masters programs and MBAs.Most of them have branches in other regions of Russia and countries around the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "52338", "question": "what is the name of the university of economics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Plekhanov Russian University of Economics" } ] }, { "id": "52339", "question": "what is the finance academy of economics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "State University - Higher School of Economics" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bauman Moscow State Technical University, founded in 1830, is located in the center of Moscow and provides 18,000 undergraduate and 1,000 postgraduate students with an education in science and engineering, offering technical degrees. Since it opened enrollment to students from outside of Russia in 1991, Bauman Moscow State Technical University has increased its number of international students up to two hundred.", "qas": [ { "id": "52340", "question": "what is located in 1830 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Bauman Moscow State Technical University" } ] }, { "id": "52341", "question": "when was moscow state technical university founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "1830" } ] }, { "id": "52342", "question": "how many students are in the moscow state technical university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "18,000 undergraduate and 1,000" } ] }, { "id": "52343", "question": "in what year did russia begin to students from russia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 299, "text": "1991" } ] }, { "id": "52344", "question": "who has increased its number of international students in russia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": "Bauman Moscow State Technical University" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Moscow Conservatory, founded in 1866 is a prominent music school in Russia, whose graduates include Sergey Rachmaninoff, Alexander Scriabin, Aram Khachaturian, Mstislav Rostropovich, and Alfred Schnittke.", "qas": [ { "id": "52345", "question": "what is a prominent music school in russia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Moscow Conservatory" } ] }, { "id": "52346", "question": "when was the moscow conservatory founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "1866" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Gerasimov All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography, abbreviated as VGIK, is the world's oldest educational institution in Cinematography, founded by Vladimir Gardin in 1919.\nSergei Eisenstein, Vsevolod Pudovkin, and Aleksey Batalov were among its most distinguished professors and Mikhail Vartanov, Sergei Parajanov, Andrei Tarkovsky, Nikita Mikhalkov, Eldar Ryazanov, Alexander Sokurov, Yuriy Norshteyn, Aleksandr Petrov, Vasily Shukshin, Konrad Wolf among graduates.", "qas": [ { "id": "52347", "question": "what is the world 's oldest educational institution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "VGIK" } ] }, { "id": "52348", "question": "who founded the world 's oldest educational institution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "Vladimir Gardin" } ] }, { "id": "52349", "question": "when was the world 's oldest educational institution founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "1919" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow State Institute of International Relations, founded in 1944, remains Russia's best- known school of international relations and diplomacy, with six schools focused on international relations. Approximately 4,500 students make up the university's student body and over 700,000 Russian and foreign-language books \u2014 of which 20,000 are considered rare \u2014 can be found in the library of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations.", "qas": [ { "id": "52350", "question": "when was moscow state institute founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "1944" } ] }, { "id": "52351", "question": "how many schools were focused on international relations and diplomacy relations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "six" } ] }, { "id": "52352", "question": "how many students make up the university 's student body ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "4,500" } ] }, { "id": "52353", "question": "how many russian books are in the library ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "700,000" } ] }, { "id": "52354", "question": "how many books are in the library of the moscow state institute ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 329, "text": "20,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other institutions are the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, also known as Phystech, the Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex, founded in 1988 by Russian eye surgeon Svyatoslav Fyodorov, the Moscow Aviation Institute, the Moscow Motorway Institute (State Technical University), and the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology has taught numerous Nobel Prize winners, including Pyotr Kapitsa, Nikolay Semyonov, Lev Landau and Alexander Prokhorov, while the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute is known for its research in nuclear physics. The highest Russian military school is the Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.", "qas": [ { "id": "52355", "question": "what is the name of the moscow institute of physics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex" } ] }, { "id": "52356", "question": "when was the moscow institute of physics founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "1988" } ] }, { "id": "52357", "question": "who is the russian aviation institute ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "Svyatoslav Fyodorov" } ] }, { "id": "52358", "question": "what is the name of the institute of physics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 293, "text": "Moscow Engineering Physics Institute" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although Moscow has a number of famous Soviet-era higher educational institutions, most of which are more oriented towards engineering or the fundamental sciences, in recent years Moscow has seen a growth in the number of commercial and private institutions that offer classes in business and management. Many state institutions have expanded their education scope and introduced new courses or departments. Institutions in Moscow, as well as the rest of post-Soviet Russia, have begun to offer new international certificates and postgraduate degrees, including the Master of Business Administration. Student exchange programs with different (especially, European) countries have also become widespread in Moscow's universities, while schools within the Russian capital also offer seminars, lectures and courses for corporate employees and businessmen.", "qas": [ { "id": "52359", "question": "what is the name of the master of business in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 566, "text": "Master of Business Administration" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow is one of the largest science centers in Russia. The headquarters of the Russian Academy of Sciences are located in Moscow as well as research and applied science institutions. The Kurchatov Institute, Russia's leading research and development institution in the fields of nuclear energy, where the first nuclear reactor in Europe was built, the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems and Steklov Institute of Mathematics are all situated in Moscow.", "qas": [ { "id": "52360", "question": "what is the name of the first nuclear reactor in europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "The Kurchatov Institute" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are 452 libraries in the city, including 168 for children. The Russian State Library, founded in 1862 is the national library of Russia. The library is home to over of shelves and 42 million items, including over 17 million books and serial volumes, 13 million journals, 350,000 music scores and sound records, and 150,000 maps, making it the largest library in Russia and one of the largest in the world. Items in 247 languages comprise 29% of the collection.", "qas": [ { "id": "52361", "question": "what type of libraries are in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "452" } ] }, { "id": "52362", "question": "how many children are in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "168" } ] }, { "id": "52363", "question": "when was the russian state library founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "1862" } ] }, { "id": "52364", "question": "how many items are in the library ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "42 million" } ] }, { "id": "52365", "question": "how many books are in the library ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "17 million" } ] }, { "id": "52366", "question": "how many journals are in the library ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "13 million" } ] }, { "id": "52367", "question": "how many music scores does the library have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "350,000" } ] }, { "id": "52368", "question": "how many maps library does the library have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 321, "text": "150,000" } ] }, { "id": "52369", "question": "what percentage of the collection of the collection is in 247 languages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 444, "text": "29%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The State Public Historical Library, founded in 1863, is the largest library specialising in Russian history. Its collection contains four million items in 112 languages (including 47 languages of the former USSR), mostly on Russian and world history, heraldry, numismatics, and the history of science.", "qas": [ { "id": "52370", "question": "what is the largest library specialising in russian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "State Public Historical Library" } ] }, { "id": "52371", "question": "when was the state public historical library founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "1863" } ] }, { "id": "52372", "question": "how many items are in the ussr ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "four million" } ] }, { "id": "52373", "question": "how many languages are in the ussr ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "112" } ] }, { "id": "52374", "question": "how many languages are in the former ussr ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "47" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In regards to primary and secondary education, Clifford J. Levy of \"The New York Times\" said \"Moscow has some strong public schools, but the system as a whole is dispiriting, in part because it is being corroded by the corruption that is a post-Soviet scourge. Parents often pay bribes to get their children admitted to better public schools. There are additional payoffs for good grades.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "52375", "question": "who wrote the new york times ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "Clifford J. Levy" } ] }, { "id": "52376", "question": "what was clifford j. levy of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "The New York Times" } ] }, { "id": "52377", "question": "what is the system as a whole system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "dispiriting" } ] }, { "id": "52378", "question": "what is the corruption called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 240, "text": "post-Soviet scourge" } ] }, { "id": "52379", "question": "what do parents do to do to the children ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "pay bribes to get their children admitted to better public schools" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are five primary commercial airports serving Moscow:", "qas": [ { "id": "52380", "question": "how many primary airports are in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "five" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sheremetyevo International Airport is the most common entry point for foreign visitors, handling 60% of all international flights. It is also a home to all SkyTeam members, and the main hub for Aeroflot. (itself a member of SkyTeam.) Domodedovo International Airport is the leading airport in Russia in terms of passenger throughput, and is the primary gateway to long-haul domestic and CIS destinations and its international traffic rivals Sheremetyevo. Most of Star Alliance members use Domodedovo as their international hub. Vnukovo International Airport handles flights of Turkish Airlines, Lufthansa, Wizz Air and others. Ostafyevo International Airport caters primarily to business aviation.", "qas": [ { "id": "52381", "question": "what is the most common entry point for foreign visitors ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sheremetyevo International Airport" } ] }, { "id": "52382", "question": "what percentage of all international flights is the most common ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "60%" } ] }, { "id": "52383", "question": "what is the name of the member of the member of the member of the quran ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "SkyTeam" } ] }, { "id": "52384", "question": "what is the leading airport in russia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "Domodedovo International Airport" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow's airports vary in distances from the MKAD beltway: Domodedovo is the farthest at ; Vnukovo is ; Sheremetyevo is ; and Ostafievo, the nearest, is about from MKAD.", "qas": [ { "id": "52385", "question": "where does moscow 's airports vary from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "MKAD beltway" } ] }, { "id": "52386", "question": "what is the beltway beltway ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Domodedovo" } ] }, { "id": "52387", "question": "what is the name of the beltway airports ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "Vnukovo" } ] }, { "id": "52388", "question": "what is the nearest beltway 's airports ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "MKAD" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are smaller airports close to Moscow, such as Myachkovo Airport, intended for private aircraft, helicopters and charters.", "qas": [ { "id": "52389", "question": "what is the name of the airport that are intended for private aircraft , helicopters , and charters ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "Myachkovo Airport" } ] }, { "id": "52390", "question": "what are the airport intended for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "private aircraft, helicopters and charters" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow has two passenger terminals, (South River Terminal and North River Terminal or Rechnoy vokzal), on the river and regular ship routes and cruises along the Moskva and Oka rivers, which are used mostly for entertainment. The North River Terminal, built in 1937, is the main hub for long-range river routes. There are three freight ports serving Moscow.", "qas": [ { "id": "52391", "question": "what are the two passenger terminals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "South River Terminal and North River Terminal or Rechnoy vokzal" } ] }, { "id": "52392", "question": "what rivers are used in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Moskva and Oka rivers" } ] }, { "id": "52393", "question": "what is the main hub for long-range river routes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "North River Terminal" } ] }, { "id": "52394", "question": "when was the north river terminal built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "1937" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Train stations to serve the city. Moscow's nine rail terminals (or \"vokzals\")\u00a0 are:", "qas": [ { "id": "52395", "question": "what is another name for moscow 's nine rail terminals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "vokzals" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The terminals are located close to the city center, along the metro ringline 5 or close to it, and connect to a metroline to the centre of town. Each station handles trains from different parts of Europe and Asia. There are many smaller railway stations in Moscow. As train tickets are cheap, they are the preferred mode of travelling for Russians, especially when departing to Saint Petersburg, Russia's second-largest city. Moscow is the western terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which traverses nearly of Russian territory to Vladivostok on the Pacific coast.", "qas": [ { "id": "52396", "question": "what is the name of the city that has a preferred mode of russians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 378, "text": "Saint Petersburg" } ] }, { "id": "52397", "question": "what is moscow 's western terminus called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 464, "text": "Trans-Siberian Railway" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Suburbs and satellite cities are connected by commuter elektrichka (electric rail) network. Elektrichkas depart from each of these terminals to the nearby (up to ) large railway stations.", "qas": [ { "id": "52398", "question": "what is the name of the electric rail rail network ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "commuter elektrichka" } ] }, { "id": "52399", "question": "what is the name of the network that connected satellite cities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "electric rail) network" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the 2010s, the Moscow (Little) Ring Railway was converted to be used for frequent passenger service; it is fully integrated with Moscow Metro; the passenger service started on September 10, 2016. There is a connecting railway line on the North side of the town which connects Belorussky terminal with other railway lines. This is used by some suburban trains.", "qas": [ { "id": "52400", "question": "what was converted to frequent passenger service ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "the Moscow (Little) Ring Railway" } ] }, { "id": "52401", "question": "during the 2010s , the railway is fully integrated with what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "Moscow Metro" } ] }, { "id": "52402", "question": "when did the passenger service begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "September 10, 2016" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Greater Ring of the Moscow Railway forms a ring around the main part of Moscow.", "qas": [ { "id": "52403", "question": "what forms a ring around moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Greater Ring of the Moscow Railway" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Local transport includes the Moscow Metro, a metro system famous for its art, murals, mosaics, and ornate chandeliers. When it first opened in 1935, the system had two lines. Today, the Moscow Metro comprises twelve lines, mostly underground with a total of 203 stations. The Metro is one of the deepest subway systems in the world; for instance the Park Pobedy station, completed in 2003, at underground, has the longest escalators in Europe. The Moscow Metro is one of the world's busiest metro systems, serving about ten million passengers daily. (300,000,000 people every month) Facing serious transportation problems, Moscow has plans for expanding its Metro. In 2016 the authorities launched a new circle metro railway that contributed to solving transportation issues.", "qas": [ { "id": "52404", "question": "what are the moscow metro system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "murals, mosaics, and ornate chandeliers" } ] }, { "id": "52405", "question": "when did local transport system open ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "1935" } ] }, { "id": "52406", "question": "what type of stations does the moscow have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "203" } ] }, { "id": "52407", "question": "when was the park pobedy station completed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 384, "text": "2003" } ] }, { "id": "52408", "question": "how many passengers are in the moscow metro systems ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 520, "text": "ten million passengers daily" } ] } ] }, { "context": "is a urban-metro railway orbital line that encircles historical Moscow. It was built alongside of Little Ring of the Moscow Railways and opened for passengers on 10 September 2016. The line is operated by the Moscow Government owned company MKZD through the Moscow Metro, with the Federal Government owned Russian Railways selected as the operation subcontractor. The track infrastructure and most platforms are owned by Russian Railways, while most station buildings are owned by MKZD.", "qas": [ { "id": "52409", "question": "what is the railway orbital line ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "encircles historical Moscow" } ] }, { "id": "52410", "question": "what was moscow built alongside ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "Little Ring of the Moscow Railways" } ] }, { "id": "52411", "question": "when was the railway orbital line opened ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "10 September 2016" } ] }, { "id": "52412", "question": "who operated the line of the moscow metro ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "Moscow Government" } ] }, { "id": "52413", "question": "what is the name of the company owned by the moscow government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "MKZD" } ] }, { "id": "52414", "question": "who owned the track infrastructure ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 421, "text": "Russian Railways" } ] }, { "id": "52415", "question": "who owned most station buildings ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 481, "text": "MKZD" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As Metro stations outside the city center are far apart in comparison to other cities, up to , a bus network radiates from each station to the surrounding residential zones. Moscow has a bus terminal for long-range and intercity passenger buses (Central Bus Terminal) with daily turnover of about 25 thousand passengers serving about 40% of long-range bus routes in Moscow.", "qas": [ { "id": "52416", "question": "what is the name of moscow 's bus terminal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "Central Bus Terminal" } ] }, { "id": "52417", "question": "how many passengers are in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "25 thousand" } ] }, { "id": "52418", "question": "what percentage of long-range bus routes does moscow have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 334, "text": "40%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Every major street in the city is served by at least one bus route. Many of these routes are doubled by a trolleybus route and have trolley wires over them.", "qas": [ { "id": "52419", "question": "how is every major street in the city served ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "at least one bus route" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With the total line length of almost of single wire, 8 depots, 104 routes and 1740 vehicles, the Moscow trolleybus system is the largest in the world. Opened on November 15, 1933 it is also the world's 6th oldest operating trolleybus system.", "qas": [ { "id": "52420", "question": "how many routes are in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "104" } ] }, { "id": "52421", "question": "how many vehicles are in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "1740" } ] }, { "id": "52422", "question": "when was the world 's 6th oldest operating trolleybus system opened ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "November 15, 1933" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Moscow Metro company operates a short monorail line. The line connects Timiryazevskaya metro station and Ulitsa Sergeya Eisensteina, passing close to VVTs. The line opened in 2004. No additional fare is needed (first metro-monorail transfer in 90 minutes does not charge).", "qas": [ { "id": "52423", "question": "what type of metro station does the line of the line of the line of new haven provide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "Timiryazevskaya" } ] }, { "id": "52424", "question": "what is the name of the line connects by the metro station ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Ulitsa Sergeya Eisensteina" } ] }, { "id": "52425", "question": "in what year did the line of the line open ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "2004" } ] }, { "id": "52426", "question": "how long does it take for additional fare ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "90 minutes" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow has an extensive tram system, which first opened in 1899. The newest line was built in 1984. Its daily usage by Muscovites is low, making up for approximately 5% of trips, because many vital connections in the network have been withdrawn. Trams still remain important in some districts as feeders to Metro stations. The trams also provide important cross links between metro lines, for example between Universitet station of Sokolnicheskaya Line (#1 red line) and Profsoyuznaya station of Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line (#6 orange line) or between Voykovskaya and Strogino.", "qas": [ { "id": "52427", "question": "when was moscow 's tram system opened ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "1899" } ] }, { "id": "52428", "question": "when was the newest line built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "1984" } ] }, { "id": "52429", "question": "what percentage of trips is low in trips ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "5%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In addition, tram advocates have suggested that the new rapid transit services (metro to City, Butovo light metro, Monorail) would be more effective as at-grade tram lines and that the current problems with trams are only due to poor management and operation, not the technical properties of trams. New tram models have been developed for the Moscow network despite the lack of expansion.", "qas": [ { "id": "52430", "question": "what are the current problems with trams lines ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "poor management and operation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Taxi service market in Moscow has changed dramatically over the years 2014\u20132015. New technology and service platforms Yandex.Taxi, Uber and Gett (ex-GetTaxi) displaced many private drivers and small service providers. By the beginning of 2015 newcomers were servicing more than 50% of all taxi orders in Moscow and are still rapidly growing.\nA taxi can be called using a smartphone, tablet or PC in 5\u201315 minutes. Commercial taxi services are available. In addition, route taxis are in widespread use.", "qas": [ { "id": "52431", "question": "when did taxi service market market market begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "2014\u20132015" } ] }, { "id": "52432", "question": "what percentage of taxi orders in moscow were servicing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "50%" } ] }, { "id": "52433", "question": "when is a smartphone called using a smartphone ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 399, "text": "5\u201315 minutes" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are over 2.6 million cars in the city daily. Recent years have seen the growth in the number of cars, which have caused traffic jams and lack of parking space to become major problems.", "qas": [ { "id": "52434", "question": "how many cars are in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 15, "text": "2.6 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The MKAD, along with the Third Transport Ring and the future Fourth Transport Ring, is one of only three freeways that run within Moscow city limits. There are several other roadway systems that form concentric circles around the city.", "qas": [ { "id": "52435", "question": "what is one of the future fourth transport ring ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "Third Transport Ring" } ] }, { "id": "52436", "question": "what is the third transport ring in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Fourth Transport Ring" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Moscow International Business Center is a projected new part of central Moscow. Situated in Presnensky District, located at the Third Ring, the Moscow City area is under intense development. The goal of MIBC is to create a zone, the first in Russia, and in all of Eastern Europe, that will combine business activity, living space and entertainment. The project was conceived by the Moscow government in 1992.", "qas": [ { "id": "52437", "question": "what is a projected new part of central moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Moscow International Business Center" } ] }, { "id": "52438", "question": "the moscow international business center is a projected new part of what city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "central Moscow" } ] }, { "id": "52439", "question": "where is the third ring area located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "Presnensky District" } ] }, { "id": "52440", "question": "where is the moscow city area located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "Third Ring" } ] }, { "id": "52441", "question": "when was the project conceived ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 407, "text": "1992" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The construction of Moscow-City takes place on the Krasnopresnenskaya embankment. The whole project takes up to . The area is the only spot in downtown Moscow that can accommodate a project of this magnitude. Today, most of the buildings there are old factories and industrial complexes.", "qas": [ { "id": "52442", "question": "where does the construction of moscow-city occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "Krasnopresnenskaya embankment" } ] }, { "id": "52443", "question": "where is the area the only spot ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "downtown Moscow" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Federation Tower, completed in 2016, is the tallest building in Europe. Also to be included in the project are a water park and other recreational facilities; business and entertainment complexes, office and residential buildings, the transport network and the new site of the Moscow government. The construction of four new metro stations in the territory has been completed, two of which have opened and two others are reserved for future metro lines crossing MIBC, some additional stations were planned. A rail shuttle service, directly connecting MIBC with the Sheremetyevo International Airport is also planned. Major thoroughfares through Moscow-City are the Third Ring and Kutuzovsky Prospekt. Three metro stations were initially planned for the Filyovskaya Line. The station Delovoi Tsentr opened in 2005, and was later renamed Vystavochnaya in 2009. The branch extended to the Mezhdunarodnaya station in 2006, and all work on third station, Dorogomilovskaya (between Kiyevskaya and Delovoi Tsentr), has been postponed. There are plans to extend the branch as far as the Savyolovskaya station, on the Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line.", "qas": [ { "id": "52444", "question": "when was the federation tower completed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "2016" } ] }, { "id": "52445", "question": "what are major thoroughfares ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 669, "text": "Third Ring and Kutuzovsky Prospekt" } ] }, { "id": "52446", "question": "what line were three metro stations planned for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 757, "text": "Filyovskaya Line" } ] }, { "id": "52447", "question": "what station opened in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 787, "text": "Delovoi Tsentr" } ] }, { "id": "52448", "question": "what was the 2009 station called in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 840, "text": "Vystavochnaya" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A Fourth Ring freeway (in addition to Moscow Automobile Ring Road, Garden Ring and the Third Ring) has been designed and is being built around Moscow. It is to be completed by 2012 and will have a total length of .", "qas": [ { "id": "52449", "question": "what is being designed around moscow automobile ring ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2, "text": "Fourth Ring freeway" } ] }, { "id": "52450", "question": "what is a fourth ring freeway ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "Moscow Automobile Ring Road, Garden Ring and the Third Ring" } ] }, { "id": "52451", "question": "in what year was the length of it completed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "2012" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A rail connection linking the international airports at Vnukovo and Sheremetyevo with downtown terminals is also planned.", "qas": [ { "id": "52452", "question": "what is the name of the rail connection that a rail connection is planned to downtown ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Vnukovo and Sheremetyevo" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In March 2009 the Russian business newspaper \"Kommersant\" reported that because of the worldwide economic crisis, which started in 2008 and spread globally, many of the construction projects in Moscow (especially in the Moscow International Business Center) are frozen and may be cancelled altogether\u2014like the ambitious \"Russia Tower\" in \"Moscow-city\".", "qas": [ { "id": "52453", "question": "when did the russian business newspaper begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "March 2009" } ] }, { "id": "52454", "question": "what was the name of the russian business newspaper ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Kommersant" } ] }, { "id": "52455", "question": "when did the russian business newspaper begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "2008" } ] }, { "id": "52456", "question": "where is the construction projects in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "Moscow International Business Center" } ] } ] }, { "context": "English-language media include \"The Moscow Times\" and \"Moscow News\", which are, respectively, the largest and oldest English-language weekly newspapers in all of Russia. \"Kommersant\", \"Vedomosti\" and \"Novaya Gazeta\" are Russian-language media headquartered in Moscow. \"Kommersant\" and \"Vedomosti\" are among the country's leading and oldest Russian-language business newspapers.", "qas": [ { "id": "52457", "question": "what are the names of the largest newspapers in russia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "The Moscow Times\" and \"Moscow News" } ] }, { "id": "52458", "question": "what are the leading and oldest russian-language business newspapers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "Vedomosti" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other media in Moscow include the \"Echo of Moscow\", the first Soviet and Russian private news radio and information agency, and NTV, one of the first privately owned Russian television stations.", "qas": [ { "id": "52459", "question": "what is the name of the media in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "Echo of Moscow" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Moscow radio stations:\nThe total number of radio stations in Moscow in the FM band is near 50.", "qas": [ { "id": "52460", "question": "how many radio stations are in moscow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "50" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some of the notable people are Boris Pasternak and Fyodor Dostoyevsky (writers), and Sergey Brin, (co-founder of Google).", "qas": [ { "id": "52461", "question": "who are some of the notable people who live in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Boris Pasternak and Fyodor Dostoyevsky" } ] }, { "id": "52462", "question": "who is the co-founder of google ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "Sergey Brin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nThe international rankings of Moscow are:", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Moscow" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Sri Lanka ( or ; Sinhalese: \u0dc1\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dd3 \u0dbd\u0d82\u0d9a\u0dcf ', Tamil: \u0b87\u0bb2\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8 \"Ila\u1e45kai\"), officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (formerly known as Ceylon), is an island country in South Asia near south-east India. Sri Lanka has maritime borders with India to the northwest and the Maldives to the southwest.", "qas": [ { "id": "52463", "question": "what does ceylon stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52464", "question": "what was the democratic socialist republic of sri lanka known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "Ceylon" } ] }, { "id": "52465", "question": "where is ceylon located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "South Asia near south-east India" } ] }, { "id": "52466", "question": "what two countries have maritime borders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "India to the northwest and the Maldives to the southwest" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sri Lanka's documented history spans 3,000 years, with evidence of pre-historic human settlements dating back to at least 125,000 years. Its geographic location and deep harbours made it of great strategic importance from the time of the ancient Silk Road through to World War II. Sri Lanka was known from the beginning of British colonial rule until 1972 as Ceylon (). Sri Lanka's recent history has been marred by a thirty-year civil war which decisively ended when the Sri Lankan military defeated the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) in 2009.", "qas": [ { "id": "52467", "question": "how long does sri lanka 's documented history last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "3,000 years" } ] }, { "id": "52468", "question": "how long did the evidence of human settlements last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "125,000 years" } ] }, { "id": "52469", "question": "what was the ancient silk road through ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "World War II" } ] }, { "id": "52470", "question": "in what year was ceylon known as ceylon ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 351, "text": "1972" } ] }, { "id": "52471", "question": "what was the name of the british colonial rule until 1972 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 359, "text": "Ceylon" } ] }, { "id": "52472", "question": "what was the name of the tigers defeated by the military in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 505, "text": "Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A diverse and multicultural country, Sri Lanka is home to many religions, ethnic groups, and languages. In addition to the majority Sinhalese, it is home to large groups of Sri Lankan and Indian Tamils, Moors, Burghers, Malays, Kaffirs and the aboriginal Vedda. Sri Lanka has a rich Buddhist heritage, and the first known Buddhist writings of Sri Lanka, the P\u0101li Canon, date back to the Fourth Buddhist council in 29 BC.", "qas": [ { "id": "52473", "question": "what is home to large groups of sri lankan and indian tamils ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "Sinhalese" } ] }, { "id": "52474", "question": "what are some of the large groups of sri lankan groups ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "Moors, Burghers, Malays, Kaffirs and the aboriginal Vedda" } ] }, { "id": "52475", "question": "when did the fourth buddhist council begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 414, "text": "29 BC" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sri Lanka is a republic and a unitary state governed by a semi-presidential system. The legislative capital, Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte, is a suburb of the commercial capital and largest city, Colombo.", "qas": [ { "id": "52476", "question": "what is a republic and a unitary state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52477", "question": "sri lanka is governed by what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "a semi-presidential system" } ] }, { "id": "52478", "question": "what is the legislative capital ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte" } ] }, { "id": "52479", "question": "what is the name of the largest city in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "Colombo" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sri Lanka has had a long history of international engagement, as a founding member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), and a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the G77, and the Non-Aligned Movement. Along with the Maldives, Sri Lanka is one of the two countries in South Asia that are currently rated among high human development on the Human Development Index.", "qas": [ { "id": "52480", "question": "what is the founding of the non-aligned movement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation" } ] }, { "id": "52481", "question": "what are the names of the south asian association ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "the Commonwealth of Nations, the G77, and the Non-Aligned Movement" } ] }, { "id": "52482", "question": "on what index is sri human development rated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 390, "text": "Human Development Index" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In antiquity, Sri Lanka was known to travellers by a variety of names. According to the \"Mahavamsa\", the legendary Prince Vijaya named the land Tambapanni (\"copper-red hands\" or \"copper-red earth\"), because his followers' hands were reddened by the red soil of the area. In Hindu mythology, such as the Mahabharata, the island was referred to as \"Lank\u0101\" (\"Island\"). In Tamil, the island is referred to as Eelam.", "qas": [ { "id": "52483", "question": "what was the name of the legendary prince vijaya ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Mahavamsa" } ] }, { "id": "52484", "question": "who named the land tambapanni ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "Prince Vijaya" } ] }, { "id": "52485", "question": "what was the name of the land that the legendary prince vijaya ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "Tambapanni" } ] }, { "id": "52486", "question": "what was the name of the land that the legendary prince vijaya ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "copper-red earth" } ] }, { "id": "52487", "question": "what is another name for the island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 347, "text": "Lank\u0101" } ] }, { "id": "52488", "question": "what is the island referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 405, "text": "Eelam" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ancient Greek geographers called it \"Taproban\u0101\" () or \"Taproban\u0113\" () from the word \"Tambapanni\". The Persians and Arabs referred to it as \"Sarand\u012bb\" (the origin of the word \"serendipity\") from the word \"Cerentivu\".\"\", the name given to Sri Lanka by the Portuguese Empire when it arrived in 1505, was transliterated into English as \"Ceylon\". As a British crown colony, the island was known as Ceylon; it achieved independence as the Dominion of Ceylon in 1948.", "qas": [ { "id": "52489", "question": "what is another name for ancient greek geographers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Taproban\u0101" } ] }, { "id": "52490", "question": "what is another term for ancient greek geographers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "Taproban\u0113" } ] }, { "id": "52491", "question": "what is another name for ancient greek geographers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "Tambapanni" } ] }, { "id": "52492", "question": "what did the persians call the persians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Sarand\u012bb" } ] }, { "id": "52493", "question": "what word did the persians refer to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "serendipity" } ] }, { "id": "52494", "question": "what word did the persians refer to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "Cerentivu" } ] }, { "id": "52495", "question": "when did the persians arrive in english ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "1505" } ] }, { "id": "52496", "question": "what was the name of the english empire transliterated into english ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 332, "text": "Ceylon" } ] }, { "id": "52497", "question": "what was the name of the british crown colony ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 392, "text": "Ceylon" } ] }, { "id": "52498", "question": "in what year did ceylon take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 454, "text": "1948" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The country is known in Sinhalese as ' () and in Tamil as ' (, ). In 1972, its formal name was changed to \"Free, Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka\". Later in 1978 it was changed to the \"Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka\". As the name Ceylon still appears in the names of a number of organisations, the Sri Lankan government announced in 2011 a plan to rename all those over which it has authority.", "qas": [ { "id": "52499", "question": "what is the country 's country called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "Sinhalese" } ] }, { "id": "52500", "question": "in what year was the formal name of free , sovereign and independent republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "1972" } ] }, { "id": "52501", "question": "what was the formal name of the formal name of the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "Free, Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52502", "question": "when was the `` democratic socialist republic of sri lanka '' changed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "1978" } ] }, { "id": "52503", "question": "what was the name of the name given to the name of the formal name of sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The pre-history of Sri Lanka goes back 125,000 years and possibly even as far back as 500,000 years. The era spans the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and early Iron Ages. Among the Paleolithic human settlements discovered in Sri Lanka, Pahiyangala (named after the Chinese traveller monk Faxian), which dates back to 37,000 BP, Batadombalena (28,500 BP) and Belilena (12,000 BP) are the most important. In these caves, archaeologists have found the remains of anatomically modern humans which they have named Balangoda Man, and other evidence suggesting that they may have engaged in agriculture and kept domestic dogs for driving game.", "qas": [ { "id": "52504", "question": "how long did the pre-history of sri lanka last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "125,000 years" } ] }, { "id": "52505", "question": "how long did the pre-history of sri lanka last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "500,000 years" } ] }, { "id": "52506", "question": "what are the era of the era ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and early Iron Ages" } ] }, { "id": "52507", "question": "what was the name of the paleolithic human settlements ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "Pahiyangala" } ] }, { "id": "52508", "question": "what are modern humans named in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 503, "text": "Balangoda Man" } ] } ] }, { "context": "One of the first written references to the island is found in the Indian epic Ramayana, which provides details of a kingdom named \"Lanka\" that was created by the divine sculptor Vishwakarma for Kubera, the Lord of Wealth. It is said that Kubera was overthrown by his demon stepbrother Ravana, the powerful emperor who built a mythical flying machine named Dandu Monara. The modern city of Wariyapola is described as Ravana's airport.", "qas": [ { "id": "52509", "question": "what is one of the first written references to the island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "Indian epic Ramayana" } ] }, { "id": "52510", "question": "what is the kingdom of wealth called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52511", "question": "who created the lord of wealth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "Vishwakarma for Kubera" } ] }, { "id": "52512", "question": "what was the name of the demon emperor who built the emperor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "Ravana" } ] }, { "id": "52513", "question": "what was the mythical flying machine called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 356, "text": "Dandu Monara" } ] }, { "id": "52514", "question": "what city is described as a airport ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 389, "text": "Wariyapola" } ] }, { "id": "52515", "question": "what is the modern city of wariyapola called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 416, "text": "Ravana's airport" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Early inhabitants of Sri Lanka were probably ancestors of the Vedda people, an indigenous people numbering approximately 2,500 living in modern-day Sri Lanka. The 19th-century Irish historian James Emerson Tennent theorized that Galle, a city in southern Sri Lanka, was the ancient seaport of Tarshish from which King Solomon is said to have drawn ivory, peacocks, and other valuables.", "qas": [ { "id": "52516", "question": "who were an indigenous people of sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "the Vedda people" } ] }, { "id": "52517", "question": "how many living in sri lanka were there in modern-day sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "2,500" } ] }, { "id": "52518", "question": "where did an indigenous people numbering approximately 2,500 living in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52519", "question": "who theorized that galle was said to have drawn ivory , peacocks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "James Emerson Tennent" } ] }, { "id": "52520", "question": "where did galle believe galle was a city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "southern Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52521", "question": "what was the ancient seaport of galle ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 293, "text": "Tarshish" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the \"Mah\u0101vamsa\", a chronicle written in P\u0101\u1e37i, the original inhabitants of Sri Lanka are the Yakshas and Nagas. Ancient cemeteries that were used before 600BC and other signs of advanced civilization has also been discovered in Sri Lanka. Sinhalese history traditionally starts in 543 BCE with the arrival of Prince Vijaya, a semi-legendary prince who sailed with 700 followers to Sri Lanka, after being expelled from Vanga Kingdom (present-day Bengal). He established the Kingdom of Tambapanni, near modern-day Mannar. Vijaya (Singha) is the first of the approximately 189 native monarchs of Sri Lanka described in chronicles such as the \"Dipavamsa\", \"Mah\u0101va\u1e43sa\", \"C\u016b\u1e37ava\u1e43sa\", and \"R\u0101j\u0101valiya\" (\"see list of Sinhalese monarchs\"). Sri Lankan dynastic history ended in 1815 CE, when the land became part of the British Empire.", "qas": [ { "id": "52522", "question": "what was the name of the chronicle that the chronicle was written in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "Mah\u0101vamsa" } ] }, { "id": "52523", "question": "where was the chronicle written ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "P\u0101\u1e37i" } ] }, { "id": "52524", "question": "what are the original inhabitants of sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "Yakshas and Nagas" } ] }, { "id": "52525", "question": "when did prince history begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 293, "text": "543 BCE" } ] }, { "id": "52526", "question": "what was the name of the arrival that sailed with 700 followers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 321, "text": "Prince Vijaya" } ] }, { "id": "52527", "question": "when did sri lankan dynastic history end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 780, "text": "1815 CE" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Anuradhapura Kingdom was established in 380 BCE during the reign of Pandukabhaya of Anuradhapura. Thereafter, Anuradhapura served as the capital city of the country for nearly 1,400 years. Ancient Sri Lankans excelled at building certain types of structures (constructions) such as tanks, dagobas and palaces. Society underwent a major transformation during the reign of Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura, with the arrival of Buddhism from India. In 250 BC, Mahinda, the son of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka and a bhikkhu (Buddhist monk) arrived in Mihintale carrying the message of Buddhism. His mission won over the monarch, who embraced the faith and propagated it throughout the Sinhalese population.", "qas": [ { "id": "52528", "question": "when was the kingdom kingdom established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "380 BCE" } ] }, { "id": "52529", "question": "who established the kingdom of the kingdom ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "Pandukabhaya of Anuradhapura" } ] }, { "id": "52530", "question": "how long did the capital city last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "1,400 years" } ] }, { "id": "52531", "question": "who was the reign of society ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 375, "text": "Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Succeeding kingdoms of Sri Lanka would maintain a large number of Buddhist schools and monasteries and support the propagation of Buddhism into other countries in Southeast Asia. Sri Lankan Bhikkhus studied in India's famous ancient Buddhist University of Nalanda, which was destroyed by Bakhtiyar Khilji. It is probable that many of the scriptures from Nalanda are preserved in Sri Lanka's many monasteries and that the written form of the Tipitaka, including Sinhalese Buddhist literature, were part of the University of Nalanda. In 245 BC, bhikkhuni Sangamitta arrived with the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi tree, which is considered to be a sapling from the historical Bodhi tree under which Gautama Buddha became enlightened. It is considered the oldest human-planted tree (with a continuous historical record) in the world. (Bodhivamsa)", "qas": [ { "id": "52532", "question": "what studied in india 's famous ancient buddhist university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "Sri Lankan Bhikkhus" } ] }, { "id": "52533", "question": "what is the name of the ancient university of nalanda ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "Buddhist University of Nalanda" } ] }, { "id": "52534", "question": "who destroyed the buddhist university of nalanda ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 288, "text": "Bakhtiyar Khilji" } ] }, { "id": "52535", "question": "in what year did the buddha of buddha begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 535, "text": "245 BC" } ] }, { "id": "52536", "question": "what was the name of the tree that was considered to be a sapling ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 581, "text": "Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi tree" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sri Lanka first experienced a foreign invasion during the reign of Suratissa, who was defeated by two horse traders named Sena and Guttika from South India. The next invasion came immediately in 205 BC by a Chola king named Elara, who overthrew Asela and ruled the country for 44 years. Dutugemunu, the eldest son of the southern regional sub-king, Kavan Tissa, defeated Elara in the Battle of Vijithapura. He built Ruwanwelisaya, the second stupa in ancient Sri Lanka, and the Lovamahapaya.", "qas": [ { "id": "52537", "question": "what reign was defeated by sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Suratissa" } ] }, { "id": "52538", "question": "what was the name of the traders that defeated south india ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Sena and Guttika" } ] }, { "id": "52539", "question": "where was the horse defeated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "South India" } ] }, { "id": "52540", "question": "when did the next invasion of the king begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "205 BC" } ] }, { "id": "52541", "question": "what was the name of the chola king that ruled the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 224, "text": "Elara" } ] }, { "id": "52542", "question": "how long did the invasion of the invasion last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "44 years" } ] }, { "id": "52543", "question": "what was the name of the second stupa in ancient sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 416, "text": "Ruwanwelisaya" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During its two and a half millennia of existence, the Kingdom of Sri Lanka was invaded at least eight times by neighbouring South Asian dynasties such as the Chola, Pandya, Chera, and Pallava. These invaders were all subsequently driven back. There also were incursions by the kingdoms of Kalinga (modern Odisha) and from the Malay Peninsula as well. \"Kala Wewa\" and the Avukana Buddha statue were built during the reign of Dhatusena.", "qas": [ { "id": "52544", "question": "what kingdom was invaded at least eight times ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "Kingdom of Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52545", "question": "how many times was the kingdom of sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "eight" } ] }, { "id": "52546", "question": "what south asian dynasties invaded the kingdom of sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "Chola, Pandya, Chera, and Pallava" } ] }, { "id": "52547", "question": "what was the name of the kingdoms incursions by the kingdoms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 289, "text": "Kalinga" } ] }, { "id": "52548", "question": "what was built during the reign of dhatusena ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 371, "text": "Avukana Buddha statue" } ] }, { "id": "52549", "question": "during what reign were buddha statue built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 424, "text": "Dhatusena" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nThe Fourth Buddhist council of Theravada Buddhism was held at the Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya in Sri Lanka under the patronage of Valagamba of Anuradhapura in 25 BCE. The council was held in response to a year in which the harvests in Sri Lanka were particularly poor and many Buddhist monks subsequently died of starvation. Because the P\u0101li Canon was at that time oral literature maintained in several recensions by \"dhammabh\u0101\u1e47aka\"s (dharma reciters), the surviving monks recognized the danger of not writing it down so that even if some of the monks whose duty it was to study and remember parts of the Canon for later generations died, the teachings would not be lost.", "qas": [ { "id": "52550", "question": "what was the fourth buddhist council of theravada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "Theravada Buddhism" } ] }, { "id": "52551", "question": "where was the fourth buddhist council of theravada held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya" } ] }, { "id": "52552", "question": "where was the fourth buddhist council of theravada held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52553", "question": "what was the name of the buddhist council of theravada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "Valagamba of Anuradhapura" } ] }, { "id": "52554", "question": "when was the fourth buddhist council of theravada held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "25 BCE" } ] }, { "id": "52555", "question": "in what year was the council held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 235, "text": "Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52556", "question": "what was the name of the surviving monks recognized by oral literature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 418, "text": "dhammabh\u0101\u1e47aka\"s" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After the Council, palm-leaf manuscripts containing the completed Canon were taken to other countries such as Burma, Thailand, Cambodia and Laos.", "qas": [ { "id": "52557", "question": "what are some of the countries that were taken canon manuscripts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Burma, Thailand, Cambodia and Laos" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nSri Lanka was the first Asian country known to have a female ruler: Anula of Anuradhapura (r. 47\u201342 BCE). Sri Lankan monarchs undertook some remarkable construction projects such as Sigiriya, the so-called \"Fortress in the Sky\", built during the reign of Kashyapa I of Anuradhapura, who ruled between 477 and 495. The Sigiriya rock fortress is surrounded by an extensive network of ramparts and moats. Inside this protective enclosure were gardens, ponds, pavilions, palaces and other structures.", "qas": [ { "id": "52558", "question": "what was the name of the female ruler of the first asian ruler ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Anula of Anuradhapura" } ] }, { "id": "52559", "question": "in what year was the female ruler of sri lanka known ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "47\u201342 BCE" } ] }, { "id": "52560", "question": "what was the `` fortress in the sky '' called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "Sigiriya" } ] }, { "id": "52561", "question": "what was the name of the `` fortress '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "Fortress in the Sky" } ] }, { "id": "52562", "question": "who built the `` fortress in the sky '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "Kashyapa I of Anuradhapura" } ] }, { "id": "52563", "question": "who did the `` fortress in the sky '' come between ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "477 and 495" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 1,600-year-old Sigiriya frescoes are an example of ancient Sri Lankan art at its finest. They are one of the best preserved examples of ancient urban planning in the world. They have been declared by UNESCO as one of the seven World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka. Among other structures, large reservoirs, important for conserving water in a climate with rainy and dry seasons, and elaborate aqueducts, some with a slope as finely calibrated as one inch to the mile, are most notable. Biso Kotuwa, a peculiar construction inside a dam, is a technological marvel based on precise mathematics that allows water to flow outside the dam, keeping pressure on the dam to a minimum.", "qas": [ { "id": "52564", "question": "what is an example of ancient sri art at its finest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 19, "text": "Sigiriya frescoes" } ] }, { "id": "52565", "question": "what is unesco declared by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "one of the seven World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52566", "question": "who is a technological marvel based on the dam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 487, "text": "Biso Kotuwa" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ancient Sri Lanka was the first country in the world to establish a dedicated hospital, in Mihintale in the 4th century. It was also the leading exporter of cinnamon in the ancient world. It maintained close ties with European civilisations including the Roman Empire. For example, Bhatikabhaya (22 BCE \u2013 7 CE) sent an envoy to Rome who brought back red coral, which was used to make an elaborate netlike adornment for the Ruwanwelisaya. In addition, Sri Lankan male dancers witnessed the assassination of Caligula. When Queen Cleopatra sent her son Caesarion into hiding, he was headed to Sri Lanka.", "qas": [ { "id": "52567", "question": "what was the first country in the world to establish a dedicated hospital ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ancient Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52568", "question": "where was the first hospital in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "Mihintale" } ] }, { "id": "52569", "question": "what was the leading exporter of the ancient world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "cinnamon" } ] }, { "id": "52570", "question": "what was the name of the envoy that sent an envoy to rome ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "Bhatikabhaya" } ] }, { "id": "52571", "question": "what was the son of queen victoria 's son ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 590, "text": "Sri Lanka" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The upasampada for bhikkhunis (Buddhist nuns) first arrived in China when Devas\u0101ra and ten other bhikkhunis came from Sri Lanka at the request of Chinese women and established the order there in 429.", "qas": [ { "id": "52572", "question": "what was the name of the buddhist nuns that arrived in china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 19, "text": "bhikkhunis" } ] }, { "id": "52573", "question": "where did the buddhist nuns come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52574", "question": "what was the name of the order that caused the order of chinese women ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "429" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The medieval period of Sri Lanka begins with the fall of Anuradhapura Kingdom. In AD 993, the invasion of Chola emperor Rajaraja I forced the then Sri Lankan ruler Mahinda V to flee to the southern part of Sri Lanka. Taking advantage of this situation, Rajendra I, son of Rajaraja I, launched a large invasion in AD 1017. Mahinda V was captured and taken to India, and the Cholas sacked the city of Anuradhapura. Subsequently, they moved the capital to Polonnaruwa.", "qas": [ { "id": "52575", "question": "what kingdom does the medieval period begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Anuradhapura Kingdom" } ] }, { "id": "52576", "question": "in what year did the invasion of chola emperor take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "993" } ] }, { "id": "52577", "question": "who was the chola emperor of chola emperor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "Rajaraja I" } ] }, { "id": "52578", "question": "who forced the invasion of sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "Mahinda V" } ] }, { "id": "52579", "question": "when was a large invasion of rajaraja ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 313, "text": "AD 1017" } ] } ] }, { "context": "This marked the end of the two great dynasties of ancient Sri Lanka, the Moriya and the Lambakanna. Following a seventeen-year-long campaign, Vijayabahu I successfully drove the Chola out of Sri Lanka in 1070, reuniting the country for the first time in over a century. Upon his request, ordained monks were sent from Burma to Sri Lanka to re-establish Buddhism, which had almost disappeared from the country during the Chola reign. During the medieval period, Sri Lanka was divided into three sub-territories, namely Ruhunu, Pihiti and Maya.\nSri Lanka's irrigation system was extensively expanded during the reign of Par\u0101kramab\u0101hu the Great (AD 1153\u20131186). This period is considered as a time when Sri Lanka was at the height of its power. He built 1470 reservoirs \u2013 the highest number by any ruler in Sri Lanka's history \u2013 repaired 165 dams, 3910 canals, 163 major reservoirs, and 2376 mini-reservoirs. His most famous construction is the Parakrama Samudra, the largest irrigation project of medieval Sri Lanka. Par\u0101kramab\u0101hu's reign is memorable for two major campaigns \u2013 in the south of India as part of a Pandyan war of succession, and a punitive strike against the kings of Ramanna (Myanmar) for various perceived insults to Sri Lanka.", "qas": [ { "id": "52580", "question": "what two great dynasties did ancient sri lanka have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "the Moriya and the Lambakanna" } ] }, { "id": "52581", "question": "who drove the chola out of sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "Vijayabahu I" } ] }, { "id": "52582", "question": "when did the chola out of sri lanka take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "1070" } ] }, { "id": "52583", "question": "what is the largest irrigation project in medieval sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 941, "text": "Parakrama Samudra" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After his demise, Sri Lanka gradually decayed in power. In AD 1215, Kalinga Magha, a South Indian with uncertain origins, identified as the founder of the Jaffna kingdom, invaded and captured the Kingdom of Polonnaruwa. He sailed from Kalinga 690 nautical miles on 100 large ships with a 24,000 strong army. Unlike previous invaders, he looted, ransacked, and destroyed everything in the ancient Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa Kingdoms beyond recovery. His priorities in ruling were to extract as much as possible from the land and overturn as many of the traditions of Rajarata as possible. His reign saw the massive migration of native Sinhalese people to the south and west of Sri Lanka, and into the mountainous interior, in a bid to escape his power.", "qas": [ { "id": "52584", "question": "what was the name of the power in power after his demise ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52585", "question": "in what year was the founder of the jaffna kingdom fought ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "1215" } ] }, { "id": "52586", "question": "who identified as the founder of the jaffna kingdom ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "Kalinga Magha" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sri Lanka never really recovered from the impact of Kalinga Magha's invasion. King Vijayab\u00e2hu III, who led the resistance, brought the kingdom to Dambadeniya. The north, in the meanwhile, eventually evolved into the Jaffna kingdom. The Jaffna kingdom never came under the rule of any kingdom of the south except on one occasion; in 1450, following the conquest led by king Par\u00e2kramab\u00e2hu VI's adopted son, Prince Sapumal. He ruled the North from AD 1450 to 1467.", "qas": [ { "id": "52587", "question": "sri lanka never recovered from the impact of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "Kalinga Magha's invasion" } ] }, { "id": "52588", "question": "who led the resistance of the kingdom ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "King Vijayab\u00e2hu III" } ] }, { "id": "52589", "question": "what was the kingdom of king vijayab\u00e2hu ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "Dambadeniya" } ] }, { "id": "52590", "question": "where was prince sapumal adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 332, "text": "1450" } ] }, { "id": "52591", "question": "who was the son of vi 's son ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 405, "text": "Prince Sapumal" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The next three centuries starting from 1215 were marked by kaleidoscopically shifting collections of kingdoms in south and central Sri Lanka, including Dambadeniya, Yapahuwa, Gampola, Raigama, Kotte, Sitawaka, and finally, Kandy. Chinese admiral Zheng He and his naval expeditionary force landed at Galle, Sri Lanka in 1409 and got into battle with the local king. Zheng He captured the local king and later released him. Zheng He erected the Galle Trilingual Inscription, a stone tablet at Galle written in three languages (Chinese, Tamil, and Persian), to commemorate his visit. The stele was discovered by S. H. Thomlin at Galle in 1911 and is now preserved in the Colombo National Museum.", "qas": [ { "id": "52592", "question": "in what year was the next time of the three centuries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "1215" } ] }, { "id": "52593", "question": "in what year did chinese admiral sri lanka take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "1409" } ] }, { "id": "52594", "question": "what was the name of the stone tablet at galle ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 443, "text": "Galle Trilingual Inscription" } ] }, { "id": "52595", "question": "who discovered the stele ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 609, "text": "S. H. Thomlin" } ] }, { "id": "52596", "question": "when was the stele discovered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 635, "text": "1911" } ] }, { "id": "52597", "question": "where was the stele discovered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 668, "text": "Colombo National Museum" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The early modern period of Sri Lanka begins with the arrival of Portuguese soldier and explorer Louren\u00e7o de Almeida, the son of Francisco de Almeida, in 1505. In 1517, the Portuguese built a fort at the port city of Colombo and gradually extended their control over the coastal areas. In 1592, after decades of intermittent warfare with the Portuguese, Vimaladharmasuriya I moved his kingdom to the inland city of Kandy, a location he thought more secure from attack. In 1619, succumbing to attacks by the Portuguese, the independent existence of Jaffna kingdom came to an end.", "qas": [ { "id": "52598", "question": "who was the explorer of sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "Louren\u00e7o de Almeida" } ] }, { "id": "52599", "question": "who was the son of sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "Francisco de Almeida" } ] }, { "id": "52600", "question": "in what year did the early modern period begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "1505" } ] }, { "id": "52601", "question": "in what year was the portuguese built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "1517" } ] }, { "id": "52602", "question": "in what year did the location of attack with intermittent warfare occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 288, "text": "1592" } ] }, { "id": "52603", "question": "in what year was the independent existence of jaffna ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 471, "text": "1619" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the reign of the Rajasinghe II, Dutch explorers arrived on the island. In 1638, the king signed a treaty with the Dutch East India Company to get rid of the Portuguese who ruled most of the coastal areas. The following Dutch\u2013Portuguese War resulted in a Dutch victory, with Colombo falling into Dutch hands by 1656. The Dutch remained in the areas they had captured, thereby violating the treaty they had signed in 1638. An ethnic group named Burgher people emerged in Sri Lankan society as a result of Dutch rule.", "qas": [ { "id": "52604", "question": "when did the king signed a treaty with the dutch east india company ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "1638" } ] }, { "id": "52605", "question": "who was the king signed with in 1638 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "Dutch East India Company" } ] }, { "id": "52606", "question": "what was the name of the company that led the dutch hands to dutch ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 317, "text": "1656" } ] }, { "id": "52607", "question": "in what year did the dutch dutch signed the dutch treaty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 422, "text": "1638" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Kingdom of Kandy was the last independent monarchy of Sri Lanka. In 1595, Vimaladharmasurya brought the sacred Tooth Relic \u2013 the traditional symbol of royal and religious authority amongst the Sinhalese \u2013 to Kandy, and built the Temple of the Tooth. In spite of on-going intermittent warfare with Europeans, the kingdom survived. Later, a crisis of succession emerged in Kandy upon king Vira Narendrasinha's death in 1739. He was married to a Telugu-speaking Nayakkar princess from South India and was childless by her.", "qas": [ { "id": "52608", "question": "what was the last monarchy of sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Kingdom of Kandy" } ] }, { "id": "52609", "question": "where was the temple of the tooth built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "1595" } ] }, { "id": "52610", "question": "what was the name of the sacred symbol in 1595 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "Tooth Relic" } ] }, { "id": "52611", "question": "in what year did succession of succession occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 421, "text": "1739" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Eventually, with the support of bhikku Weliwita Sarankara, the crown passed to the brother of one of Narendrasinha's princesses, overlooking the right of \"\"Unambuwe Bandara\"\", Narendrasinha's own son by a Sinhalese concubine. The new king was crowned Sri Vijaya Rajasinha later that year. Kings of the Nayakkar dynasty launched several attacks on Dutch controlled areas, which proved to be unsuccessful.", "qas": [ { "id": "52612", "question": "who was the crown 's princesses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "Weliwita Sarankara" } ] }, { "id": "52613", "question": "what was the name of the right that the crown passed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "Unambuwe Bandara" } ] }, { "id": "52614", "question": "who was responsible for the princesses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "a Sinhalese concubine" } ] }, { "id": "52615", "question": "what was the new name of the new king ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "Sri Vijaya Rajasinha" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the Napoleonic Wars, fearing that French control of the Netherlands might deliver Sri Lanka to the French, Great Britain occupied the coastal areas of the island (which they called Ceylon) with little difficulty in 1796. Two years later, in 1798, Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha, third of the four Nayakkar kings of Sri Lanka, died of a fever. Following his death, a nephew of Rajadhi Rajasinha, eighteen-year-old Kannasamy, was crowned. The young king, now named Sri Vikrama Rajasinha, faced a British invasion in 1803 but successfully retaliated.", "qas": [ { "id": "52616", "question": "what was the name of the french control of the island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "Ceylon" } ] }, { "id": "52617", "question": "in what year did ceylon of the island take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "1796" } ] }, { "id": "52618", "question": "in what year was the fever kings of sri lanka died ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "1798" } ] }, { "id": "52619", "question": "what was the name of the third kings of sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha" } ] }, { "id": "52620", "question": "what was the young king now named ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 461, "text": "Sri Vikrama Rajasinha" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By then the entire coastal area was under the British East India Company as a result of the Treaty of Amiens. On 14 February 1815, Kandy was occupied by the British in the second Kandyan War, ending Sri Lanka's independence. Sri Vikrama Rajasinha, the last native monarch of Sri Lanka, was exiled to India. The Kandyan Convention formally ceded the entire country to the British Empire. Attempts by Sri Lankan noblemen to undermine British power in 1818 during the Uva Rebellion were thwarted by Governor Robert Brownrigg.", "qas": [ { "id": "52621", "question": "who was the entire coastal area of amiens ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "British East India Company" } ] }, { "id": "52622", "question": "what was the result of the british east india company ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "Treaty of Amiens" } ] }, { "id": "52623", "question": "when was the british in the second kandyan war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "14 February 1815" } ] }, { "id": "52624", "question": "in what war was the british in 1815 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "Kandyan War" } ] }, { "id": "52625", "question": "who was exiled to india ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "Sri Vikrama Rajasinha" } ] }, { "id": "52626", "question": "in what year did sri noblemen undermine british power ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 449, "text": "1818" } ] }, { "id": "52627", "question": "who thwarted the rebellion in 1818 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 496, "text": "Governor Robert Brownrigg" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The beginning of the modern period of Sri Lanka is marked by the Colebrooke-Cameron reforms of 1833. They introduced a utilitarian and liberal political culture to the country based on the rule of law and amalgamated the Kandyan and maritime provinces as a single unit of government. An Executive Council and a Legislative Council were established, later becoming the foundation of a representative legislature. By this time, experiments with coffee plantations were largely successful.", "qas": [ { "id": "52628", "question": "what marked the beginning of the modern period of sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Colebrooke-Cameron reforms of 1833" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Soon coffee became the primary commodity export of Sri Lanka. Falling coffee prices as a result of the depression of 1847 stalled economic development and prompted the governor to introduce a series of taxes on firearms, dogs, shops, boats, etc., and to reintroduce a form of \"rajakariya\", requiring six days free labour on roads or payment of a cash equivalent. These harsh measures antagonised the locals, and another rebellion broke out in 1848. A devastating leaf disease, \"Hemileia vastatrix\", struck the coffee plantations in 1869, destroying the entire industry within fifteen years. The British quickly found a replacement: abandoning coffee, they began cultivating tea instead. Tea production in Sri Lanka thrived in the following decades. Large-scale rubber plantations began in the early 20th century.\nBy the end of the 19th century, a new educated social class transcending race and caste arose through British attempts to staff the Ceylon Civil Service and the legal, educational, and medical professions. New leaders represented the various ethnic groups of the population in the Ceylon Legislative Council on a communal basis. Buddhist and Hindu revivalism reacted against Christian missionary activities. The first two decades in the 20th century are noted by the unique harmony among Sinhalese and Tamil political leadership, which has since been lost.", "qas": [ { "id": "52629", "question": "coffee became the primary commodity of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52630", "question": "in what year did coffee prices become a series of taxes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "1847" } ] }, { "id": "52631", "question": "what was the form of coffee prices ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "rajakariya" } ] }, { "id": "52632", "question": "when did another rebellion begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 443, "text": "1848" } ] }, { "id": "52633", "question": "when was the coffee plantations struck ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 532, "text": "1869" } ] }, { "id": "52634", "question": "the unique harmony among the 20th century are noted by what two groups ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1301, "text": "Sinhalese and Tamil political leadership" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1919, major Sinhalese and Tamil political organisations united to form the Ceylon National Congress, under the leadership of Ponnambalam Arunachalam, pressing colonial masters for more constitutional reforms. But without massive popular support, and with the governor's encouragement for \"communal representation\" by creating a \"Colombo seat\" that dangled between Sinhalese and Tamils, the Congress lost momentum towards the mid-1920s.", "qas": [ { "id": "52635", "question": "in what year did the ceylon of ceylon begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1919" } ] }, { "id": "52636", "question": "who was the ceylon of ceylon in 1919 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 15, "text": "Sinhalese and Tamil political organisations" } ] }, { "id": "52637", "question": "what was the name of the 1919 national congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "Ceylon National Congress" } ] }, { "id": "52638", "question": "who was the leadership of the ceylon of ceylon ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "Ponnambalam Arunachalam" } ] }, { "id": "52639", "question": "what was the name of the governor 's governor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "communal representation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Donoughmore reforms of 1931 repudiated the communal representation and introduced universal adult franchise (the franchise stood at 4% before the reforms). This step was strongly criticised by the Tamil political leadership, who realised that they would be reduced to a minority in the newly created State Council of Ceylon, which succeeded the legislative council. In 1937, Tamil leader G. G. Ponnambalam demanded a 50\u201350 representation (50% for the Sinhalese and 50% for other ethnic groups) in the State Council. However, this demand was not met by the Soulbury reforms of 1944\u201345.", "qas": [ { "id": "52640", "question": "in what year was the communal representation introduced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "1931" } ] }, { "id": "52641", "question": "what was the universal rate of the universal adult franchise ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "4%" } ] }, { "id": "52642", "question": "who strongly criticised the legislative council ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "Tamil political leadership" } ] }, { "id": "52643", "question": "what was the name of the council that succeeded the legislative council ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 304, "text": "State Council of Ceylon" } ] }, { "id": "52644", "question": "in what year was tamil leader demanded to the state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 373, "text": "1937" } ] }, { "id": "52645", "question": "who was tamil leader ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 392, "text": "G. G. Ponnambalam" } ] }, { "id": "52646", "question": "what percentage of tamil leader was tamil leader ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 443, "text": "50%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Soulbury constitution ushered in Dominion status, with independence proclaimed on 4 February 1948. D. S. Senanayake became the first Prime Minister of Ceylon. Prominent Tamil leaders including Ponnambalam and Arunachalam Mahadeva joined his cabinet. The British Royal Navy remained stationed at Trincomalee until 1956. A countrywide popular demonstration against withdrawal of the rice ration, known as Hartal 1953, resulted in the resignation of prime minister Dudley Senanayake.", "qas": [ { "id": "52647", "question": "when did the independence of independence begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "4 February 1948" } ] }, { "id": "52648", "question": "who became the first prime minister of ceylon ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "D. S. Senanayake" } ] }, { "id": "52649", "question": "who were the tamil leaders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "Ponnambalam and Arunachalam Mahadeva" } ] }, { "id": "52650", "question": "when was the british royal navy stationed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 317, "text": "1956" } ] }, { "id": "52651", "question": "what was the name of the demonstration in the rice of rice ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 407, "text": "Hartal 1953" } ] }, { "id": "52652", "question": "who was the prime minister in 1953 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 466, "text": "Dudley Senanayake" } ] } ] }, { "context": "S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike was elected prime minister in 1956. His three-year rule had a profound impact through his self-proclaimed role of \"defender of the besieged Sinhalese culture\". He introduced the controversial Sinhala Only Act, recognising Sinhala as the only official language of the government. Although partially reversed in 1958, the bill posed a grave concern for the Tamil community, which perceived in it a threat to their language and culture.", "qas": [ { "id": "52653", "question": "who was elected prime minister in 1956 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike" } ] }, { "id": "52654", "question": "when was prime minister elected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "1956" } ] }, { "id": "52655", "question": "what was the name of the role in the rule of the rule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "defender of the besieged Sinhalese culture" } ] }, { "id": "52656", "question": "what was the name of the act that introduced the only official language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "Sinhala Only Act" } ] }, { "id": "52657", "question": "what was the only official language of the government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "Sinhala" } ] }, { "id": "52658", "question": "in what year did the bill partially reversed the tamil community ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 335, "text": "1958" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Federal Party (FP) launched a movement of non-violent resistance (satyagraha) against the bill, which prompted Bandaranaike to reach an agreement (Bandaranaike\u2013Chelvanayakam Pact) with S. J. V. Chelvanayakam, leader of the FP, to resolve the looming ethnic conflict. The pact proved ineffective in the face of ongoing protests by opposition and the Buddhist clergy. The bill, together with various government colonisation schemes, contributed much towards the political rancour between Sinhalese and Tamil political leaders. Bandaranaike was assassinated by an extremist Buddhist monk in 1959.", "qas": [ { "id": "52659", "question": "what was the name of the movement of non-violent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "satyagraha" } ] }, { "id": "52660", "question": "what was the name of the agreement that the federal party launched ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "Bandaranaike\u2013Chelvanayakam Pact" } ] }, { "id": "52661", "question": "who was the leader of the federal party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "S. J. V. Chelvanayakam" } ] }, { "id": "52662", "question": "how did the pact increase protests ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 334, "text": "opposition and the Buddhist clergy" } ] }, { "id": "52663", "question": "the bill contributed to the political rancour between whom ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 490, "text": "Sinhalese and Tamil political leaders" } ] }, { "id": "52664", "question": "when was buddhist monk assassinated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 592, "text": "1959" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sirimavo Bandaranaike, the widow of Bandaranaike, took office as prime minister in 1960, and withstood an attempted coup d'\u00e9tat in 1962. During her second term as prime minister, the government instituted socialist economic polices, strengthening ties with the Soviet Union and China, while promoting a policy of non-alignment. In 1971, Ceylon experienced a Marxist insurrection, which was quickly suppressed. In 1972, the country became a republic named Sri Lanka, repudiating its dominion status. Prolonged minority grievances and the use of communal emotionalism as an election campaign weapon by both Sinhalese and Tamil leaders abetted a fledgling Tamil militancy in the north during the 1970s. The policy of standardisation by the Sirimavo government to rectify disparities created in university enrolment, which was in essence an affirmative action to assist geographically disadvantaged students to obtain tertiary education, resulted in reducing the proportion of Tamil students at university level and acted as the immediate catalyst for the rise of militancy. The assassination of Jaffna Mayor Alfred Duraiyappah in 1975 by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) marked a crisis point. ", "qas": [ { "id": "52665", "question": "who was the prime minister in 1960 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sirimavo Bandaranaike" } ] }, { "id": "52666", "question": "who was the prime minister in 1960 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "Bandaranaike" } ] }, { "id": "52667", "question": "when did the coup become prime minister ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "1960" } ] }, { "id": "52668", "question": "in what year did an attempted coup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "1962" } ] }, { "id": "52669", "question": "what was the republic named in 1972 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 455, "text": "Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52670", "question": "who marked a crisis in 1975 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1092, "text": "Jaffna Mayor Alfred Duraiyappah" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The government of J. R. Jayawardene swept to power in 1977, defeating the largely unpopular United Front government. Jayawardene introduced a new constitution, together with a free-market economy and a powerful executive presidency modelled after that of France. It made Sri Lanka the first South Asian country to liberalise its economy. Beginning in 1983, ethnic tensions were manifested in an on-and-off insurgency against the government by the LTTE. An LTTE attack on 13 soldiers resulted in the anti-Tamil race riots in July 1983, allegedly backed by Sinhalese hard-line ministers, which resulted in more than 150,000 Tamil civilians fleeing the island, seeking asylum in other countries.", "qas": [ { "id": "52671", "question": "who defeating the united states government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "J. R. Jayawardene" } ] }, { "id": "52672", "question": "in what year did the government of j. r. r. jayawardene rule ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "1977" } ] }, { "id": "52673", "question": "in what year did the ethnic insurgency begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 351, "text": "1983" } ] }, { "id": "52674", "question": "when was the race riots ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 524, "text": "July 1983" } ] }, { "id": "52675", "question": "how many tamil civilians fleeing the island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 614, "text": "150,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Lapses in foreign policy resulted in India strengthening the Tigers by providing arms and training. In 1987, the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord was signed and the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) was deployed in northern Sri Lanka to stabilise the region by neutralising the LTTE. The same year, the JVP launched its second insurrection in Southern Sri Lanka, necessitating redeployment of the IPKF in 1990. In October 1990, the LTTE expelled Sri Lankan Moors (Muslims by religion) from northern Sri Lanka. In 2002, the Sri Lankan government and LTTE signed a Norwegian-mediated ceasefire agreement.", "qas": [ { "id": "52676", "question": "in what year was the indian peace keeping force ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "1987" } ] }, { "id": "52677", "question": "what was deployed in 1987 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "Indian Peace Keeping Force" } ] }, { "id": "52678", "question": "where was the indian peace keeping force deployed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "northern Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52679", "question": "who deployed the indian peace keeping force ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "neutralising the LTTE" } ] }, { "id": "52680", "question": "where was the second insurrection of the second insurrection ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 332, "text": "Southern Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52681", "question": "what was the name of the muslims that expelled religion in october 1990 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 435, "text": "Sri Lankan Moors" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 2004 Asian tsunami killed over 35,000 in Sri Lanka. From 1985 to 2006, Sri Lankan government and Tamil insurgents held four rounds of peace talks without success. Both LTTE and the government resumed fighting in 2006, and the government officially backed out of the ceasefire in 2008. In 2009, under the Presidency of Mahinda Rajapaksa, the Sri Lanka Armed Forces defeated the LTTE and re-established control of the entire country by the Sri Lankan Government. Overall, between 60,000 and 100,000 people were killed during the 26 years of conflict.", "qas": [ { "id": "52682", "question": "how many sri lanka were killed in sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "35,000" } ] }, { "id": "52683", "question": "how many rounds of peace did tamil insurgents have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "52684", "question": "in what year did the government arrive in 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "2006" } ] }, { "id": "52685", "question": "what was the name of the government that defeated the armed forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 442, "text": "Sri Lankan Government" } ] }, { "id": "52686", "question": "how many people were killed during the 26 years ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 482, "text": "60,000 and 100,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Forty thousand Tamil civilians may have been killed in the final phases of the Sri Lankan civil war, according to an Expert Panel convened by UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon. The exact number of Tamils killed is still a speculation that needs further study. Following the LTTE's defeat, the Tamil National Alliance, the largest Tamil political party in Sri Lanka, dropped its demand for a separate state in favour of a federal solution. The final stages of the war left some 294,000 people displaced.", "qas": [ { "id": "52687", "question": "how many tamil civilians may have been killed in the final phases of the sri civil war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Forty thousand" } ] }, { "id": "52688", "question": "who convened the expert panel ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon" } ] }, { "id": "52689", "question": "what was the name of the largest tamil party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "Tamil National Alliance" } ] }, { "id": "52690", "question": "how many people died in the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 476, "text": "294,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the Ministry of Resettlement, most of the displaced persons had been released or returned to their places of origin, leaving only 6,651 in the camps as of December 2011. In May 2010, President Rajapaksa appointed the Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission (LLRC) to assess the conflict between the time of the ceasefire agreement in 2002 and the defeat of the LTTE in 2009. Sri Lanka has emerged from its 26-year war to become one of the fastest growing economies of the world.", "qas": [ { "id": "52691", "question": "what was the population of the displaced in december 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "6,651" } ] }, { "id": "52692", "question": "when did the ministry of resettlement begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "December 2011" } ] }, { "id": "52693", "question": "who appointed the lessons learnt and reconciliation commission ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "President Rajapaksa" } ] }, { "id": "52694", "question": "what was the name of the president that appointed the conflict between the ceasefire and 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sri Lanka lies on the Indian Plate, a major tectonic plate that was formerly part of the Indo-Australian Plate. It is in the Indian Ocean southwest of the Bay of Bengal, between latitudes 5\u00b0 and 10\u00b0N, and longitudes 79\u00b0 and 82\u00b0E. Sri Lanka is separated from the Indian subcontinent by the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Strait. According to Hindu mythology, a land bridge existed between the Indian mainland and Sri Lanka. It now amounts to only a chain of limestone shoals remaining above sea level. Legends claim that it was passable on foot up to 1480 AD, until cyclones deepened the channel. Portions are still as shallow as , hindering navigation.\nThe island consists mostly of flat to rolling coastal plains, with mountains rising only in the south-central part. The highest point is Pidurutalagala, reaching above sea level. The climate is tropical and warm, due to the moderating effects of ocean winds. Mean temperatures range from in the central highlands, where frost may occur for several days in the winter, to a maximum of in other low-altitude areas. Average yearly temperatures range from to nearly . Day and night temperatures may vary by to .", "qas": [ { "id": "52695", "question": "where is sri lanka located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "Indian Plate" } ] }, { "id": "52696", "question": "what plate was the indian plate formerly part of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Indo-Australian Plate" } ] }, { "id": "52697", "question": "who separated the indian subcontinent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 289, "text": "Gulf of Mannar and Palk Strait" } ] }, { "id": "52698", "question": "when did legends claim that hindu was passable ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 543, "text": "1480 AD" } ] }, { "id": "52699", "question": "what is the highest point of the sea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 783, "text": "Pidurutalagala" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Rainfall pattern is influenced by monsoon winds from the Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal. The \"wet zone\" and some of the windward slopes of the central highlands receive up to of rain each year, but the leeward slopes in the east and northeast receive little rain. Most of the east, southeast, and northern parts of Sri Lanka comprise the \"dry zone\", which receives between of rain annually.", "qas": [ { "id": "52700", "question": "what is rainfall pattern influenced by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "monsoon winds from the Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal" } ] }, { "id": "52701", "question": "what is the `` wet zone '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "leeward slopes in the east and northeast receive little rain" } ] }, { "id": "52702", "question": "what is another name for most of the east , southeast , and northern parts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 339, "text": "dry zone" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The arid northwest and southeast coasts receive the least amount of rain at per year. Periodic squalls occur and sometimes tropical cyclones bring overcast skies and rains to the southwest, northeast, and eastern parts of the island. Humidity is typically higher in the southwest and mountainous areas and depends on the seasonal patterns of rainfall.", "qas": [ { "id": "52703", "question": "what receive the least amount of rain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "arid northwest and southeast coasts" } ] }, { "id": "52704", "question": "where is humidity typically higher ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "southwest and mountainous areas" } ] } ] }, { "context": "An increase in average rainfall coupled with heavier rainfall events has resulted in recurrent flooding and related damages to infrastructure, utility supply and the urban economy.", "qas": [ { "id": "52705", "question": "what type of rainfall has resulted in recurrent flooding ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "heavier rainfall events" } ] }, { "id": "52706", "question": "what are some of the reasons for heavier rainfall ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "recurrent flooding and related damages to infrastructure, utility supply and the urban economy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sri Lanka has 103 rivers. The longest of these is the Mahaweli River, extending . These waterways give rise to 51 natural waterfalls of 10 meters or more. The highest is Bambarakanda Falls, with a height of . Sri Lanka's coastline is 1,585\u00a0km long. Sri Lanka claims an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extending 200 nautical miles, which is approximately 6.7 times Sri Lanka's land area. The coastline and adjacent waters support highly productive marine ecosystems such as fringing coral reefs and shallow beds of coastal and estuarine seagrasses.", "qas": [ { "id": "52707", "question": "how many rivers does sri lanka have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "103" } ] }, { "id": "52708", "question": "what is the name of the longest of the river ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "Mahaweli River" } ] }, { "id": "52709", "question": "how many natural waterfalls of 10 meters do these waterways have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "51" } ] }, { "id": "52710", "question": "what is the maximum amount of waterfalls waterways ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "10 meters or more" } ] }, { "id": "52711", "question": "what is the highest falls of a height ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "Bambarakanda Falls" } ] }, { "id": "52712", "question": "what is the coastline of sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "1,585\u00a0km long" } ] }, { "id": "52713", "question": "what is the exclusive economic zone in sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "200 nautical miles" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sri Lanka has 45 estuaries and 40 lagoons. Sri Lanka's mangrove ecosystem spans over 7,000 hectares and played a vital role in buffering the force of the waves in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. The island is rich in minerals such as ilmenite, feldspar, graphite, silica, kaolin, mica and thorium. Existence of petroleum and gas in the Gulf of Mannar has also been confirmed and the extraction of recoverable quantities is underway.", "qas": [ { "id": "52714", "question": "how many estuaries does sri lanka have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "45 estuaries and 40 lagoons" } ] }, { "id": "52715", "question": "how much did the mangrove ecosystem run ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "over 7,000 hectares" } ] }, { "id": "52716", "question": "what was the name of the ocean in which the mangrove ecosystem played ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "2004 Indian Ocean tsunami" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Lying within the Indomalaya ecozone, Sri Lanka is one of 25 biodiversity hotspots in the world. Although the country is relatively small in size, it has the highest biodiversity density in Asia. A remarkably high proportion of the species among its flora and fauna, 27% of the 3,210 flowering plants and 22% of the mammals (\"see List\"), are endemic. Sri Lanka has declared 24 wildlife reserves, which are home to a wide range of native species such as Asian elephants, leopards, sloth bears, the unique small loris, a variety of deer, the purple-faced langur, the endangered wild boar, porcupines and Indian pangolins.", "qas": [ { "id": "52717", "question": "what is one of the 25 biodiversity hotspots in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52718", "question": "how many biodiversity hotspots are in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "25" } ] }, { "id": "52719", "question": "what percentage of mammals are flowering plants ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "27%" } ] }, { "id": "52720", "question": "what percentage of the mammals are endemic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 304, "text": "22%" } ] }, { "id": "52721", "question": "how many wildlife reserves are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 373, "text": "24" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Flowering acacias flourish on the arid Jaffna Peninsula. Among the trees of the dry-land forests are valuable species such as satinwood, ebony, ironwood, mahogany and teak. The wet zone is a tropical evergreen forest with tall trees, broad foliage, and a dense undergrowth of vines and creepers. Subtropical evergreen forests resembling those of temperate climates flourish in the higher altitudes.\nYala National Park in the southeast protects herds of elephant, deer, and peacocks. The Wilpattu National Park in the northwest, the largest national park, preserves the habitats of many water birds such as storks, pelicans, ibis, and spoonbills. The island has four biosphere reserves: Bundala, Hurulu Forest Reserve, the Kanneliya-Dediyagala-Nakiyadeniya, and Sinharaja. Of these, Sinharaja forest reserve is home to 26 endemic birds and 20 rainforest species, including the elusive red-faced malkoha, the green-billed coucal and the Sri Lanka blue magpie.\nThe untapped genetic potential of Sinharaja flora is enormous. Of the 211 woody trees and lianas within the reserve, 139 (66%) are endemic. The total vegetation density, including trees, shrubs, herbs and seedlings, has been estimated at 240,000 individuals per hectare. The Minneriya National Park borders the Minneriya tank, which is an important source of water for numerous elephants (Elephus maximus) inhabiting the surrounding forests. Dubbed \"The Gathering\", the congregation of elephants can be seen on the tank-bed in the late dry season (August to October) as the surrounding water sources steadily disappear. The park also encompasses a range of micro-habitats which include classic dry zone tropical monsoonal evergreen forest, thick stands of giant bamboo, hilly pastures (patanas). and grasslands (talawas).", "qas": [ { "id": "52722", "question": "on what peninsula does flowering acacias occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "Jaffna Peninsula" } ] }, { "id": "52723", "question": "what are some valuable species of the forests forests ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "satinwood, ebony, ironwood, mahogany and teak" } ] }, { "id": "52724", "question": "what park in the southeast protects herds of elephant , deer , and peacocks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 399, "text": "Yala National Park" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sri Lanka is home to over 250 types of resident birds (\"see List\"). It has declared several bird sanctuaries including Kumana. During the Mahaweli Program of the 1970s and 1980s in northern Sri Lanka, the government set aside four areas of land totalling as national parks. Sri Lanka's forest cover, which was around 49% in 1920, had fallen to approximately 24% by 2009.", "qas": [ { "id": "52725", "question": "how many types of birds are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "250" } ] }, { "id": "52726", "question": "what is the bird sanctuaries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "Kumana" } ] }, { "id": "52727", "question": "what was the date of the government set aside from the 1970s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "northern Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52728", "question": "how many areas of land totalling did the government have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "52729", "question": "what was the forest cover in 1920 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 317, "text": "49%" } ] }, { "id": "52730", "question": "what was the forest cover by 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 358, "text": "24%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sri Lanka is the oldest democracy in Asia. The Donoughmore Constitution, drafted by the Donoughmore Commission in 1931, enabled general elections with adult universal suffrage (universal adult voting) in the country. It was the first time a non-white country within the empires of Western Europe was given one man, one vote and the power to control domestic affairs. The first election under the universal adult franchise, held in June 1931, was for the Ceylon State Council. Sir Don Baron Jayatilaka was elected as Leader of the House.", "qas": [ { "id": "52731", "question": "what is the oldest democracy in asia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52732", "question": "who drafted the constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "Donoughmore Commission" } ] }, { "id": "52733", "question": "when was the constitution drafted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "1931" } ] }, { "id": "52734", "question": "when was the universal adult franchise held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 431, "text": "June 1931" } ] }, { "id": "52735", "question": "who was the first election under the universal adult franchise ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 454, "text": "Ceylon State Council" } ] }, { "id": "52736", "question": "who was elected as leader of the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 476, "text": "Sir Don Baron Jayatilaka" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1944, the Soulbury Commission was appointed to draft a new constitution. During this time, struggle for independence was fought on \"constitutionalist\" lines under the leadership of D. S. Senanayake. The draft constitution was enacted in the same year, and Senanayake was appointed Prime Minister following the parliamentary election in 1947. The Soulbury constitution ushered in Dominion status and granted independence to Sri Lanka in 1948.", "qas": [ { "id": "52737", "question": "when was the commission appointed to draft a new constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1944" } ] }, { "id": "52738", "question": "what was struggle for independence on independence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "constitutionalist" } ] }, { "id": "52739", "question": "who fought in the struggle for independence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "D. S. Senanayake" } ] }, { "id": "52740", "question": "what was the title of the draft constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 284, "text": "Prime Minister" } ] }, { "id": "52741", "question": "when was the parliamentary election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 339, "text": "1947" } ] }, { "id": "52742", "question": "in what year did the constitution change independence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 439, "text": "1948" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The current political culture in Sri Lanka is a contest between two rival coalitions led by the centre-leftist and progressivist United People's Freedom Alliance (UPFA), an offspring of Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), and the comparatively right-wing and pro-capitalist United National Party (UNP). Sri Lanka is essentially a multi-party democracy with many smaller Buddhist, socialist and Tamil nationalist political parties. As of July 2011, the number of registered political parties in the country is 67. Of these, the Lanka Sama Samaja Party (LSSP), established in 1935, is the oldest.", "qas": [ { "id": "52743", "question": "what is the offspring of sri lanka called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "United People's Freedom Alliance" } ] }, { "id": "52744", "question": "what is the offspring of sri lanka an offspring of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "Sri Lanka Freedom Party" } ] }, { "id": "52745", "question": "what is the right-wing and right-wing political culture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "United National Party" } ] }, { "id": "52746", "question": "what is the number of registered political parties in the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 505, "text": "67" } ] }, { "id": "52747", "question": "what is the name of the party established in 1935 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 523, "text": "Lanka Sama Samaja Party" } ] }, { "id": "52748", "question": "when was the oldest party established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 570, "text": "1935" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The UNP, established by D. S. Senanayake in 1946, was until recently the largest single political party. It is the only political group which had representation in all parliaments since independence. SLFP was founded by S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, who was the Cabinet minister of Local Administration before he left the UNP in July 1951. SLFP registered its first victory in 1956, defeating the ruling UNP in 1956 Parliamentary election. Following the parliamentary election in July 1960, Sirimavo Bandaranaike became the prime minister and the world's first elected female head of government.", "qas": [ { "id": "52749", "question": "who established the largest political party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "D. S. Senanayake" } ] }, { "id": "52750", "question": "when was the largest single political party established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "1946" } ] }, { "id": "52751", "question": "who founded the cabinet minister ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike" } ] }, { "id": "52752", "question": "when was the cabinet minister of local administration founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 325, "text": "July 1951" } ] }, { "id": "52753", "question": "who became the prime minister in 1960 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 487, "text": "Sirimavo Bandaranaike" } ] } ] }, { "context": "G. G. Ponnambalam, the Tamil nationalist counterpart of S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, founded the All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC) in 1944. Objecting to Ponnambalam's cooperation with D. S. Senanayake, a dissident group led by S.J.V. Chelvanayakam broke away in 1949 and formed the Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi (ITAK), also known as the Federal Party, becoming the main Tamil political party in Sri Lanka for next two decades. The Federal Party advocated a more aggressive stance toward the Sinhalese.", "qas": [ { "id": "52754", "question": "who was the tamil nationalist counterpart of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike" } ] }, { "id": "52755", "question": "what was the name of the tamil nationalist counterpart ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "All Ceylon Tamil Congress" } ] }, { "id": "52756", "question": "when was ceylon tamil congress founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "1944" } ] }, { "id": "52757", "question": "what was the name of the dissident group led to the federal party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "D. S. Senanayake" } ] }, { "id": "52758", "question": "what was the name of the federal party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With the constitutional reforms of 1972, the All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC) and Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi (ITAK) created a common front called the Tamil United Front (later Tamil United Liberation Front). Following a period of turbulence as Tamil militants rose to power in the late 1970s, these Tamil political parties were succeeded in October 2001 by the Tamil National Alliance. Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna, a Marxist-Leninist political party founded by Rohana Wijeweera in 1965, serves as a third force in the current political context. It endorses leftist policies which are more radical than the traditionalist leftist politics of the LSSP and the Communist Party. Founded in 1981, the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress is the largest Muslim political party in Sri Lanka.", "qas": [ { "id": "52759", "question": "who created the tamil united front front ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC) and Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi" } ] }, { "id": "52760", "question": "what was the name of the front tamil congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "Tamil United Front" } ] }, { "id": "52761", "question": "what was the name of the tamil united front ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "Tamil United Liberation Front" } ] }, { "id": "52762", "question": "when were tamil political parties succeeded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 343, "text": "October 2001" } ] }, { "id": "52763", "question": "who succeeded tamil political parties ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 363, "text": "Tamil National Alliance" } ] }, { "id": "52764", "question": "who serves as a third force in the current political context ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 388, "text": "Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna" } ] }, { "id": "52765", "question": "who founded the political party in 1965 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 461, "text": "Rohana Wijeweera" } ] }, { "id": "52766", "question": "what is the largest muslim party in sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 696, "text": "Sri Lanka Muslim Congress" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sri Lanka is a democratic republic and a unitary state which is governed by a semi-presidential system, with a mixture of a presidential system and a parliamentary system. Most provisions of the constitution can be amended by a two-thirds majority in parliament. The amendment of certain basic features such as the clauses on language, religion, and reference to Sri Lanka as a unitary state require both a two-thirds majority and approval in a nationwide referendum.", "qas": [ { "id": "52767", "question": "what is governed by a democratic republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52768", "question": "how is sri lanka governed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "a semi-presidential system" } ] }, { "id": "52769", "question": "what is the mixture of sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "a mixture of a presidential system and a parliamentary system" } ] }, { "id": "52770", "question": "what can most provisions be amended by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "a two-thirds majority in parliament" } ] }, { "id": "52771", "question": "what do the amendment of certain basic features reference ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 363, "text": "Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52772", "question": "how does the clauses of certain basic features compare to sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 376, "text": "a unitary state require both a two-thirds" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In common with many democracies, the Sri Lankan government has three branches:", "qas": [ { "id": "52773", "question": "what is the name of the three branches of the government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Sri Lankan government" } ] }, { "id": "52774", "question": "how many branches does the sri lankan government have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "three" } ] } ] }, { "context": "For administrative purposes, Sri Lanka is divided into nine provinces and twenty-five districts.", "qas": [ { "id": "52775", "question": "how many provinces is sri lanka divided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "nine" } ] }, { "id": "52776", "question": "how many districts are in sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "twenty-five districts" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Provinces\nThere have been provinces in Sri Lanka since the 19th century, but they had no legal status until 1987 when the 13th Amendment to the 1978 constitution established provincial councils after several decades of increasing demand for a decentralisation of the Government of Sri Lanka. Each provincial council is an autonomous body not under the authority of any Ministry. Some of its functions had been undertaken by central government ministries, departments, corporations, and statutory authorities, but authority over land and police is not as a rule given to provincial councils. Between 1989 and 2006, the Northern and Eastern provinces were temporarily merged to form the North-East Province. Prior to 1987, all administrative tasks for the provinces were handled by a district-based civil service which had been in place since colonial times. Now each province is administered by a directly elected provincial council:", "qas": [ { "id": "52777", "question": "when did the 13th amendment begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "1987" } ] }, { "id": "52778", "question": "why did the 13th amendment to the 1978 constitution begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "a decentralisation of the Government of Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52779", "question": "what is each provincial council ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "an autonomous body not under the authority of any Ministry" } ] }, { "id": "52780", "question": "what province did the northern and eastern provinces form between 1989 and 2006 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 685, "text": "North-East Province" } ] }, { "id": "52781", "question": "in what year did all administrative tasks begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 715, "text": "1987" } ] }, { "id": "52782", "question": "who administered each province ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 894, "text": "a directly elected provincial council" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Districts and local authorities\nSri Lanka is also divided into 25 districts. Each district is administered under a District Secretariat. The districts are further subdivided into 256 divisional secretariats, and these, in turn, to approximately 14,008 Grama Niladhari divisions. The Districts are known in Sinhala as \"Disa\" and in Tamil as \"M\u0101waddam\". Originally, a Disa (usually rendered into English as Dissavony) was a duchy, notably Matale and Uva. A government agent, who is known as \"District Secretary\", administers a district.", "qas": [ { "id": "52783", "question": "how many districts are in the local districts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "25" } ] }, { "id": "52784", "question": "what is the district administered under ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "District Secretariat" } ] }, { "id": "52785", "question": "how many divisional are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "256" } ] }, { "id": "52786", "question": "how many divisions of divisions are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "14,008" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are three other types of local authorities: Municipal Councils (18), Urban councils (13) and Pradeshiya Sabha, also called Pradesha Sabhai (256). Local authorities were originally based on feudal counties named \"korale\" and \"rata\", and were formerly known as 'D.R.O. divisions' after the 'Divisional Revenue Officer'. Later the D.R.O.s became 'Assistant Government Agents' and the divisions were known as 'A.G.A. divisions'. These Divisional Secretariats are currently administered by a 'Divisional Secretary'.", "qas": [ { "id": "52787", "question": "how many other types of local authorities are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "three" } ] }, { "id": "52788", "question": "what is the name of the local sabha sabha ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "Pradesha Sabhai" } ] }, { "id": "52789", "question": "what were local authorities named on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "\"korale\" and \"rata\"" } ] }, { "id": "52790", "question": "what is the name of the revenue that is used in the divisional ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 295, "text": "Divisional Revenue Officer" } ] }, { "id": "52791", "question": "what was the name of the government that became the d.r.o.s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 350, "text": "Assistant Government Agents" } ] }, { "id": "52792", "question": "what were the divisions of the divisions agents known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 412, "text": "A.G.A. divisions" } ] }, { "id": "52793", "question": "who administered divisional ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 494, "text": "Divisional Secretary'" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sri Lanka is a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). While ensuring that it maintains its independence, Sri Lanka has cultivated relations with India. Sri Lanka became a member of the United Nations in 1955. Today, it is also a member of the Commonwealth, the SAARC, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Asian Development Bank, and the Colombo Plan.", "qas": [ { "id": "52794", "question": "what is the founding member of sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "Non-Aligned Movement" } ] }, { "id": "52795", "question": "in what year did sri lanka become a member of the united nations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "1955" } ] } ] }, { "context": "One of the two parties that have governed Sri Lanka since its independence, the United National Party, has traditionally favoured links with the West, while its left-leaning counterpart, the Sri Lanka Freedom Party, has favoured links with the East. Sri Lankan Finance Minister J. R. Jayewardene, together with then Australian Foreign Minister Sir Percy Spencer, proposed the Colombo Plan at the Commonwealth Foreign Minister's Conference held in Colombo in 1950. At the San Francisco Peace Conference in 1951, while many countries were reluctant, Sri Lanka argued for a free Japan and refused to accept payment of reparations for World War II damage because it believed it would harm Japan's economy. Sri Lanka-China relations started as soon as the PRC was formed in 1949. The two countries signed an important Rice-Rubber Pact in 1952. Sri Lanka played a vital role at the Asian\u2013African Conference in 1955, which was an important step in the crystallisation of the NAM.", "qas": [ { "id": "52796", "question": "which party has traditionally favoured links with the west ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "United National Party" } ] }, { "id": "52797", "question": "what party has favoured links with the east ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "Sri Lanka Freedom Party" } ] }, { "id": "52798", "question": "who was the australian foreign minister in 1950 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 344, "text": "Sir Percy Spencer" } ] }, { "id": "52799", "question": "when was the commonwealth foreign minister 's conference held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 458, "text": "1950" } ] }, { "id": "52800", "question": "when was the san francisco peace conference passed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 505, "text": "1951" } ] }, { "id": "52801", "question": "when was the prc formed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 769, "text": "1949" } ] }, { "id": "52802", "question": "in what year did the african conference begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 904, "text": "1955" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Bandaranaike government of 1956 significantly changed the pro-western policies set by the previous UNP government. It recognised Cuba under Fidel Castro in 1959. Shortly afterward, Cuba's revolutionary Ernesto Che Guevara paid a visit to Sri Lanka. The \"Sirima-Shastri Pact\" of 1964 and \"Sirima-Gandhi Pact\" of 1974 were signed between Sri Lankan and Indian leaders in an attempt to solve the long-standing dispute over the status of plantation workers of Indian origin. In 1974, Kachchatheevu, a small island in Palk Strait, was formally ceded to Sri Lanka. By this time, Sri Lanka was strongly involved in the NAM and Colombo held the fifth NAM summit in 1976. The relationship between Sri Lanka and India became tense under the government of J. R. Jayawardene. As a result, India intervened in the Sri Lankan Civil War and subsequently deployed an Indian Peace Keeping Force in 1987. In the present, Sri Lanka enjoys extensive relations with China, Russia, and Pakistan.", "qas": [ { "id": "52803", "question": "who was the leader of cuba ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "Fidel Castro" } ] }, { "id": "52804", "question": "in what year did fidel castro die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "1959" } ] }, { "id": "52805", "question": "who paid a visit to sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Ernesto Che Guevara" } ] }, { "id": "52806", "question": "who tense the relationship between sri lanka and india ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 749, "text": "J. R. Jayawardene" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Sri Lanka Armed Forces, comprising the Sri Lanka Army, the Sri Lanka Navy, and the Sri Lanka Air Force, come under the purview of the Ministry of Defence (MoD). The total strength of the three services is around 259,000 personnel, with nearly 36,000 reserves. Sri Lanka has not enforced military conscription. Paramilitary units include the Special Task Force, the Civil Security Force, and the Sri Lanka Coast Guard", "qas": [ { "id": "52807", "question": "what was the name of the group that the ministry of defence come under ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Sri Lanka Armed Forces" } ] }, { "id": "52808", "question": "what were the names of the army that come from the purview of the ministry of defence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Sri Lanka Army, the Sri Lanka Navy, and the Sri Lanka Air Force" } ] }, { "id": "52809", "question": "what does mod stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "Ministry of Defence" } ] }, { "id": "52810", "question": "how many personnel are in the three services ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "259,000" } ] }, { "id": "52811", "question": "how many reserves are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "36,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since independence in 1948, the primary focus of the armed forces has been internal security, crushing three major insurgencies, two by Marxist militants of the JVP and a 30-year-long conflict with the LTTE which has been proscribed as a terrorist organisation by 32 countries. The armed forces have been in a continuous mobilised state for the last 30 years. Marking a rare occurrence in modern military history, the Sri Lankan military was able to bring a decisive end to the Sri Lankan Civil War in May 2009. Sri Lanka has claimed to be the first country in the modern world to eradicate terrorism on its own soil. The Sri Lankan Armed Forces have engaged in United Nations peacekeeping operations since the early 1960s, contributing forces to permanent contingents deployed in several UN peacekeeping missions in Chad, Lebanon, and Haiti.", "qas": [ { "id": "52812", "question": "in what year was the primary focus of the armed forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "1948" } ] }, { "id": "52813", "question": "how many countries did the armed forces have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "32" } ] }, { "id": "52814", "question": "how long have the armed forces been in a mobilised state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 350, "text": "30 years" } ] }, { "id": "52815", "question": "what was the first end of lankan military history ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 478, "text": "Sri Lankan Civil War" } ] }, { "id": "52816", "question": "when was the sri lankan civil war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 502, "text": "May 2009" } ] }, { "id": "52817", "question": "what have engaged in united nations peacekeeping operations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 622, "text": "Sri Lankan Armed Forces" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the International Monetary Fund, Sri Lanka's GDP in terms of purchasing power parity is second only to the Maldives in the South Asian region in terms of per capita income.", "qas": [ { "id": "52818", "question": "what is the name of the fund that is second to the maldives ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "International Monetary Fund" } ] }, { "id": "52819", "question": "where is the gdp of purchasing power parity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "the Maldives in the South Asian region" } ] }, { "id": "52820", "question": "what is the terms of purchasing power parity to the maldives ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "per capita income" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 19th and 20th centuries, Sri Lanka became a plantation economy, famous for its production and export of cinnamon, rubber and Ceylon tea, which remains a trademark national export. The development of modern ports under British rule raised the strategic importance of the island as a centre of trade. From 1948 to 1977 socialism strongly influenced the government's economic policies. Colonial plantations were dismantled, industries were nationalised and a welfare state established. In 1977 the Free market economy was introduced to the country, incorporating privatisation, deregulation and the promotion of private enterprise.", "qas": [ { "id": "52821", "question": "what was a plantation economy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52822", "question": "what were the export of sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "cinnamon, rubber and Ceylon tea" } ] }, { "id": "52823", "question": "when was the free market economy introduced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 493, "text": "1977" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While the production and export of tea, rubber, coffee, sugar and other commodities remain important, industrialisation has increased the importance of food processing, textiles, telecommunications and finance. The country's main economic sectors are tourism, tea export, clothing, rice production and other agricultural products. In addition to these economic sectors, overseas employment, especially in the Middle East, contributes substantially in foreign exchange.", "qas": [ { "id": "52824", "question": "what are the importance of food processing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "textiles, telecommunications and finance" } ] }, { "id": "52825", "question": "where are overseas employment in foreign exchange ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 409, "text": "Middle East" } ] } ] }, { "context": ", the service sector makes up 60% of GDP, the industrial sector 28%, and the agriculture sector 12%. The private sector accounts for 85% of the economy. India is Sri Lanka's largest trading partner. Economic disparities exist between the provinces, with the Western province contributing 45.1% of the GDP and the Southern province and the Central province contributing 10.7% and 10%, respectively. With the end of the war, the Northern province reported a record 22.9% GDP growth in 2010.\nThe per capita income of Sri Lanka has doubled since 2005. During the same period, poverty has dropped from 15.2% to 7.6%, unemployment rate has dropped from 7.2% to 4.9%, market capitalisation of Colombo Stock Exchange has quadrupled and budget deficit has doubled. Over 90% of the households in Sri Lanka are electrified. 87.3% of the population have access to safe drinking water and 39% have access to pipe-borne water. Income inequality has also dropped in recent years, indicated by a gini coefficient of 0.36 in 2010. Sri Lanka's cellular subscriber base has shown a staggering 550% growth, from 2005 to 2010. Sri Lanka was the first country in the South Asian region to introduce 3G, 3.5G HSDPA, 3.75G HSUPA and 4G LTE mobile broadband Internet technologies.", "qas": [ { "id": "52826", "question": "what percentage of gdp is the service sector ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "60%" } ] }, { "id": "52827", "question": "what is the industrial sector of the industrial sector ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "28%" } ] }, { "id": "52828", "question": "what percentage of gdp is agriculture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "12%" } ] }, { "id": "52829", "question": "what percentage of the economy is the private sector ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "85%" } ] }, { "id": "52830", "question": "what percentage of the gdp did the western province make ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 288, "text": "45.1%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Global Competitiveness Report, published by the World Economic Forum, has described Sri Lanka's economy as transitioning from the factor-driven stage to the efficiency-driven stage, and that it ranks 52nd in global competitiveness. Also, out of the 142 countries surveyed, Sri Lanka ranked 45th in health and primary education, 32nd in business sophistication, 42nd in innovation, and 41st in goods market efficiency. Sri Lanka ranks 8th in the World Giving Index, registering high levels of contentment and charitable behaviour in its society. In 2010, \"The New York Times\" placed Sri Lanka at the top of its list of 31 places to visit. The Dow Jones classified Sri Lanka as an emerging market in 2010, and Citigroup classified it as a 3G country in February 2011. Sri Lanka ranks well above other South Asian countries in the Human Development Index (HDI) with 0.750 points.", "qas": [ { "id": "52831", "question": "who published the global competitiveness report ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "World Economic Forum" } ] }, { "id": "52832", "question": "what is the global competitiveness report in global competitiveness ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "52nd" } ] }, { "id": "52833", "question": "how many countries were surveyed in the business ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "142" } ] }, { "id": "52834", "question": "what did sri lanka ranked in health and primary education ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 294, "text": "45th" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sri Lanka's road network consists of 35 A grade highways and two Controlled-access highways (E01)and(E03). The railway network, operated by the state-run national railway operator, Sri Lanka Railways, spans . Sri Lanka also has three deep-water ports, at Colombo, Galle, and Trincomalee, in addition to the newest port being built at Hambantota. The port at Trincomalee is the fifth largest natural harbour in the world: during World War II the British stated that they could place their entire navy in the harbour with room to spare. Sri Lanka's flag carrier airline is SriLankan Airlines. Fitch Ratings has affirmed Sri Lanka's Foreign- and Local-Currency Issuer Default Ratings (IDRs) at 'BB-' with a \"stable\" outlook. With a grant of 20 million dollars from the US and help from China, a space academy has been set up for the purpose of developing an indigenous space sector to launch satellites of other nations as well as of Sri Lanka. This dual use of launching technology will also serve to develop missile technology. On 26 September 2012 China launched Sri Lanka's first satellite, with plans for more launches in the coming years.", "qas": [ { "id": "52835", "question": "how many highways are in sri lanka network ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "35" } ] }, { "id": "52836", "question": "what is the name of the railway 's railway network ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "Sri Lanka Railways" } ] }, { "id": "52837", "question": "where is the newest port built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 334, "text": "Hambantota" } ] }, { "id": "52838", "question": "where is the fifth largest natural harbour ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 358, "text": "Trincomalee" } ] }, { "id": "52839", "question": "what is sri lanka airline carrier ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 571, "text": "SriLankan Airlines" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sri Lanka is the 57th most populated nation in the world, with 20,277,597 people, and an annual population growth rate of 0.73%. Sri Lanka has a birth rate of 17.6 births per 1,000\u00a0people and a death rate of 6.2 deaths per 1,000\u00a0people. Population density is highest in western Sri Lanka, especially in and around the capital. Sinhalese constitute the largest ethnic group in the country, with 74.8% of the total population.", "qas": [ { "id": "52840", "question": "what is the most populated nation in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "57th" } ] }, { "id": "52841", "question": "how many people live in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "20,277,597" } ] }, { "id": "52842", "question": "what is the annual population growth in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "0.73%" } ] }, { "id": "52843", "question": "what is the birth rate of sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "17.6 births per 1,000" } ] }, { "id": "52844", "question": "how many deaths does sri lanka have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "6.2 deaths per 1,000\u00a0people" } ] }, { "id": "52845", "question": "what percentage of the total population in the country is the largest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 394, "text": "74.8%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sri Lankan Tamils are the second major ethnic group in the island, with a percentage of 11.2. Sri Lankan Moors comprise 9.2%. Tamils of Indian origin were brought into the country as indentured labourers by British colonists to work on estate plantations. Nearly 50% of them were repatriated following independence in 1948. They are distinguished from the native Tamil population that has resided in Sri Lanka since ancient times. There are also small ethnic groups such as the Burghers (of mixed European descent) and Malays from Southeast Asia. Moreover, there is a small population of Vedda people who are believed to be the original indigenous group to inhabit the island.", "qas": [ { "id": "52846", "question": "what is the second major ethnic group in the island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sri Lankan Tamils" } ] }, { "id": "52847", "question": "what is the second major ethnic group in the island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "11.2" } ] }, { "id": "52848", "question": "what percentage of sri lankan moors is sri ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "9.2%" } ] }, { "id": "52849", "question": "what percentage of them were repatriated in 1948 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "50%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sinhalese and Tamil are the two official languages of Sri Lanka. The Constitution defines English as the link language. English is widely used for education, scientific and commercial purposes. Members of the Burgher community speak variant forms of Portuguese Creole and Dutch with varying proficiency, while members of the Malay community speak a form of Creole Malay that is unique to the island.", "qas": [ { "id": "52850", "question": "what are the two official languages of sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sinhalese and Tamil" } ] }, { "id": "52851", "question": "what type of languages are tamil ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52852", "question": "what is the constitution called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "English" } ] }, { "id": "52853", "question": "what is english widely used for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "education, scientific and commercial purposes" } ] }, { "id": "52854", "question": "what are the two members of the burgher community ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "Portuguese Creole and Dutch" } ] }, { "id": "52855", "question": "what do members of the malay community speak a form of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 357, "text": "Creole Malay" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sri Lanka is a multi-religious country. Buddhists comprise 70 percent of the population, with the Theravada school being predominant. Most Buddhists are of the Sinhalese ethnic group. Buddhism was introduced to Sri Lanka in the 2nd century BC by Venerable Mahinda. A sapling of the Bodhi Tree under which the Buddha attained enlightenment was brought to Sri Lanka during the same time. The Pali Canon (\"Thripitakaya\"), having previously been preserved as an oral tradition, was first committed to writing in Sri Lanka around 30 BC.", "qas": [ { "id": "52856", "question": "what percentage of the population is buddhists ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "70 percent" } ] }, { "id": "52857", "question": "what are most buddhists ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "the Sinhalese ethnic group" } ] }, { "id": "52858", "question": "what was buddhism introduced to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52859", "question": "when was buddhism introduced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "2nd century BC" } ] }, { "id": "52860", "question": "who introduced buddhism in the 2nd century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "Venerable Mahinda" } ] }, { "id": "52861", "question": "what was the buddha attained to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 354, "text": "Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52862", "question": "when was the pali canon first committed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 525, "text": "30 BC" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sri Lanka has the longest continuous history of Buddhism of any predominately Buddhist nation, with the Sangha having existed in a largely unbroken lineage since its introduction in the 2nd century BC. During periods of decline, the Sri Lankan monastic lineage was revived through contact with Thailand and Burma. Buddhism is given special recognition in the Constitution which requires Sri Lankans to \"protect and foster the Buddha Sasana\".", "qas": [ { "id": "52863", "question": "what has the longest continuous history of buddhism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52864", "question": "when did the longest history of buddhism begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "2nd century BC" } ] }, { "id": "52865", "question": "what was revived through contact with thailand ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "Sri Lankan monastic lineage" } ] }, { "id": "52866", "question": "which two countries were the sri monastic lineage revived ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 294, "text": "Thailand and Burma" } ] }, { "id": "52867", "question": "what does the buddhism constitution provide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 387, "text": "Sri Lankans to \"protect and foster the Buddha Sasana" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hinduism is the second most prevalent religion in Sri Lanka and predates Buddhism. Today, Hinduism is dominant in Northern, Eastern and Central Sri Lanka. Hindus are mainly Tamils.", "qas": [ { "id": "52868", "question": "what is the second most prevalent religion in sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hinduism" } ] }, { "id": "52869", "question": "where is hinduism the second most prevalent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Sri Lanka and predates Buddhism" } ] }, { "id": "52870", "question": "where is hinduism dominant ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Northern, Eastern and Central Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52871", "question": "what are hindus like in hindus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "Tamils" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Islam is the third most dominant religion in the country, having first been brought to the island by Arab traders over the course of many centuries, starting around the 7th century AD. Most Muslims are Sunni who follow the Shafi'i school. Most followers of Islam in Sri Lanka today are believed to be descendants of these Arab traders and the local women they married.", "qas": [ { "id": "52872", "question": "what is the third most dominant religion in the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Islam" } ] }, { "id": "52873", "question": "when did islam become the third most dominant religion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "7th century AD" } ] }, { "id": "52874", "question": "what is the name of the school that is sunni ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "Shafi'i school" } ] }, { "id": "52875", "question": "who are most followers of islam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "Arab traders and the local women they married" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Christianity reached the country through Western colonists in the early 16th century. Around 7.4% of the Sri Lankan population are Christians, of which 82% are Roman Catholics who trace their religious heritage directly to the Portuguese. The remaining Christians are evenly split between the Anglican Church of Ceylon and other Protestant denominations.", "qas": [ { "id": "52876", "question": "what percentage of the sri population are christians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "7.4%" } ] }, { "id": "52877", "question": "what are the roman catholics of sri population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "Christians" } ] }, { "id": "52878", "question": "what percentage of christians trace their religious heritage ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "82%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There is also a small population of Zoroastrian immigrants from India (Parsis) who settled in Ceylon during the period of British rule, but this community has steadily dwindled in recent years. Religion plays a prominent role in the life and culture of Sri Lankans. The Buddhist majority observe Poya Days each month according to the Lunar calendar, and Hindus and Muslims also observe their own holidays. In a 2008 Gallup poll, Sri Lanka was ranked the third most religious country in the world, with 99% of Sri Lankans saying religion was an important part of their daily life.", "qas": [ { "id": "52879", "question": "where did the population of india settle ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "Ceylon" } ] }, { "id": "52880", "question": "religion plays a prominent role in what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "Sri Lankans" } ] }, { "id": "52881", "question": "how many days did the buddhist majority of the buddhist calendar have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "Poya Days" } ] }, { "id": "52882", "question": "what percentage of religion was an important part of their daily life ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 502, "text": "99%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sri Lankans have a life expectancy of 77.9 years at birth, which is 10% higher than the world average. The infant mortality rate stands at 8.5 per 1,000 births and the maternal mortality rate at 0.39 per 1,000 births, which is on par with figures from the developed countries. The universal \"pro-poor\" health care system adopted by the country has contributed much towards these figures.", "qas": [ { "id": "52883", "question": "what have a life expectancy of 77.9 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sri Lankans" } ] }, { "id": "52884", "question": "what is the life expectancy in birth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "77.9 years" } ] }, { "id": "52885", "question": "what percentage of birth is higher than the world average .", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "10%" } ] }, { "id": "52886", "question": "how many births is the infant mortality rate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "8.5 per 1,000" } ] }, { "id": "52887", "question": "what is the maternal mortality rate in the usaf ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "0.39 per 1,000 births" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With a literacy rate of 92.5%, Sri Lanka has one of the most literate populations amongst developing nations. Its youth literacy rate stands at 98%, computer literacy rate at 35%, and primary school enrollment rate at over 99%. An education system which dictates 9 years of compulsory schooling for every child is in place. The free education system established in 1945, is a result of the initiative of C. W. W. Kannangara and A. Ratnayake. It is one of the few countries in the world that provide universal free education from primary to tertiary stage.", "qas": [ { "id": "52888", "question": "what is the literacy rate in developing nations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "92.5%" } ] }, { "id": "52889", "question": "what is the literacy rate of computer literacy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "98%" } ] }, { "id": "52890", "question": "what is the literacy rate of computer literacy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "35%" } ] }, { "id": "52891", "question": "what is the primary school rate in primary school ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "99%" } ] }, { "id": "52892", "question": "when was the free education system established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 365, "text": "1945" } ] }, { "id": "52893", "question": "who is the free education system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 404, "text": "C. W. W. Kannangara and A. Ratnayake" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Kannangara led the establishment of the Madhya Maha Vidyalayas (Central Schools) in different parts of the country in order to provide education to Sri Lanka's rural children. In 1942 a special education committee proposed extensive reforms to establish an efficient and quality education system for the people. However, in the 1980s changes to this system saw the separation of the administration of schools between the central government and the provincial government. Thus the elite National Schools are controlled directly by the Ministry of Education and the provincial schools by the provincial government. Sri Lanka has approximately 9675 government schools, 817 private schools and Pirivenas.", "qas": [ { "id": "52894", "question": "what was the name of the central schools in the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Madhya Maha Vidyalayas" } ] }, { "id": "52895", "question": "what did madhya provide education to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "Sri Lanka's rural children" } ] }, { "id": "52896", "question": "when was a special education committee proposed to establish an efficient and quality education system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "1942" } ] }, { "id": "52897", "question": "who controlled the elite national schools ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 530, "text": "the Ministry of Education and the provincial schools by the provincial government" } ] }, { "id": "52898", "question": "how many government schools does sri lanka have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 641, "text": "9675" } ] }, { "id": "52899", "question": "how many private schools are in sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 666, "text": "817" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sri Lanka has 15 public universities. A lack of responsiveness of the education system to labour market requirements, disparities in access to quality education, lack of an effective linkage between secondary and tertiary education remain major challenges for the education sector. A number of private, degree awarding institutions have emerged in recent times to fill in these gaps, yet the participation at tertiary level education remains at 5.1%. The proposed private university bill has been withdrawn by the Higher Education Ministry after university students' heavy demonstrations and resistance.", "qas": [ { "id": "52900", "question": "how many public universities does sri lanka have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "15" } ] }, { "id": "52901", "question": "what is the participation at tertiary level education ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 445, "text": "5.1%" } ] }, { "id": "52902", "question": "what withdrawn the private university bill ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 514, "text": "Higher Education Ministry" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The British science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke served as Chancellor of Moratuwa University in Sri Lanka from 1979 to 2002.", "qas": [ { "id": "52903", "question": "who was the british science fiction author ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "Arthur C. Clarke" } ] }, { "id": "52904", "question": "what was the name of the british science author ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "Chancellor of Moratuwa University" } ] }, { "id": "52905", "question": "when did arthur c. clarke write as chancellor of moratuwa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "1979 to 2002" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sri Lanka has an extensive road network for inland transportation. With more than 100,000\u00a0km of paved roads, it has one of the highest road densities in the world (1.5\u00a0km of paved roads per every 1sq.km. of land). E-grade highways are the latest addition to Sri Lanka's road network. These are access-controlled, high-mobility roads with permitted speeds up to 100\u00a0km/h. These highways connect local communities together, by-passing busy and congested town centers.", "qas": [ { "id": "52906", "question": "what is an example of a extensive road network for inland transportation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52907", "question": "how many km of paved roads are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "100,000" } ] }, { "id": "52908", "question": "what is the latest addition to highways ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "Sri Lanka's road network" } ] }, { "id": "52909", "question": "what is the maximum amount of roads in the roads ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 361, "text": "100\u00a0km/h" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A and B grade roads are national (arterial) highways administered by Road Development Authority. C and D grade roads are provincial roads coming under the purview of the Provincial Road Development Authority of the respective province. The other roads are local roads falling under local government authorities.", "qas": [ { "id": "52910", "question": "what are the highways administered by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Road Development Authority" } ] }, { "id": "52911", "question": "what grade roads are provincial roads ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "C and D" } ] }, { "id": "52912", "question": "what is the purview of c and d grade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "Provincial Road Development Authority of the respective province" } ] }, { "id": "52913", "question": "who are the local roads in the us ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "local government authorities" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The rail network of Sri Lanka consists of main lines, coastal lines, and up-country lines. In addition, air- and water-based transportation modalities augment the inland transport of the country.", "qas": [ { "id": "52914", "question": "what are the main lines of rail network ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "coastal lines, and up-country lines" } ] }, { "id": "52915", "question": "what augment the inland transport of the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "air- and water-based transportation modalities" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation (formerly Radio Ceylon) is the oldest-running radio station in Asia, established in 1923 by Edward Harper just three years after broadcasting began in Europe. The station broadcasts services in Sinhalese, Tamil, English and Hindi. Since the 1980s, a large number of private radio stations have also been introduced. Broadcast television was introduced to the country in 1979 when the Independent Television Network was launched. Initially, all Television stations were state-controlled, but private television networks began broadcasts in 1992.", "qas": [ { "id": "52916", "question": "what is the radio ceylon in asia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation" } ] }, { "id": "52917", "question": "what is the name of the sri lanka broadcasting corporation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "Radio Ceylon" } ] }, { "id": "52918", "question": "when was the sri lanka broadcasting corporation established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "1923" } ] }, { "id": "52919", "question": "who established the radio station in 1923 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "Edward Harper" } ] }, { "id": "52920", "question": "where are the station broadcasts located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "Sinhalese, Tamil, English and Hindi" } ] }, { "id": "52921", "question": "when was the independent television network launched ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 409, "text": "1979" } ] }, { "id": "52922", "question": "when did private television networks begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 578, "text": "1992" } ] } ] }, { "context": ", 51 newspapers (30 Sinhala, 10 Tamil, 11 English) are published and 34 TV stations and 52 radio stations are in operation. In recent years, freedom of the press in Sri Lanka has been alleged by media freedom groups to be amongst the poorest in democratic countries. Alleged abuse of a newspaper editor by a senior government minister achieved international notoriety because of the unsolved murder of the editor's predecessor, Lasantha Wickrematunge, who had also been a critic of the government and had presaged his own death in a posthumously published article.", "qas": [ { "id": "52923", "question": "how many newspapers are published in operation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2, "text": "51" } ] }, { "id": "52924", "question": "how many tv stations are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "34" } ] }, { "id": "52925", "question": "how many radio stations are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "52" } ] }, { "id": "52926", "question": "who was the editor of the editor of the government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 428, "text": "Lasantha Wickrematunge" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Officially, the constitution of Sri Lanka guarantees human rights as ratified by the United Nations. However, human rights in Sri Lanka have come under criticism by Amnesty International, Freedom from Torture, Human Rights Watch, and the United States Department of State. British colonial rulers, the separatist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), and the government of Sri Lanka are accused of violating human rights. A report by an advisory panel to the UN secretary-general has accused both the LTTE and the Sri Lankan government of alleged war crimes during final stages of the civil war. Corruption remains a problem in Sri Lanka, and there is currently very little protection for those who stand up against corruption.", "qas": [ { "id": "52927", "question": "what was ratified in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "Sri Lanka guarantees human rights" } ] }, { "id": "52928", "question": "who ratified the constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "the United Nations" } ] }, { "id": "52929", "question": "what are the freedom of human rights ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "Torture, Human Rights Watch, and the United States Department of State" } ] }, { "id": "52930", "question": "which tigers are accused of violating human rights ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 313, "text": "Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), and the government of Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52931", "question": "what are the government of sri lanka accused of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 401, "text": "violating human rights" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The UN Human Rights Council has documented over 12,000 named individuals who have undergone disappearance after detention by security forces in Sri Lanka, the second highest figure in the world since the Working Group came into being in 1980. The Sri Lankan government has confirmed that 6,445 of these are dead. Allegations of human rights abuses have not ended with the close of the ethnic conflict.", "qas": [ { "id": "52932", "question": "how many named individuals does the un human rights council have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "over 12,000" } ] }, { "id": "52933", "question": "what is the name of the security forces that have undergone disappearance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52934", "question": "when did the un human rights council begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 237, "text": "1980" } ] }, { "id": "52935", "question": "what are the dead dead dead ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 288, "text": "6,445" } ] } ] }, { "context": "UN Human Rights Commissioner Navanethem Pillay visited Sri Lanka in May 2013. After her visit, she said: \"The war may have ended [in Sri Lanka], but in the meantime democracy has been undermined and the rule of law eroded.\" Pillay spoke about the military's increasing involvement in civilian life and reports of military land grabbing. She also said that, while in Sri Lanka, she had been allowed to go wherever she wanted, but that Sri Lankans who came to meet her were harassed and intimidated by security forces.", "qas": [ { "id": "52936", "question": "who visited sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "UN Human Rights Commissioner Navanethem Pillay" } ] }, { "id": "52937", "question": "what did un human rights commissioner navanethem in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52938", "question": "when did un human rights commissioner navanethem ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "May 2013" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2012, the UK charity Freedom from Torture reported that it had received 233 referrals of torture survivors from Sri Lanka for clinical treatment or other services provided by the charity. In the same year, Freedom from Torture published \"Out of the Silence\", which documents evidence of torture in Sri Lanka and demonstrates that the practice has continued long after the end of the civil war in May 2009.", "qas": [ { "id": "52939", "question": "in what year did the uk charity freedom announce that the uk charity freedom reported that it had received 233 of torture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2012" } ] }, { "id": "52940", "question": "how many torture did the uk charity freedom have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "233" } ] }, { "id": "52941", "question": "what was the name of the freedom published by freedom from the civil war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 240, "text": "\"Out of the Silence" } ] }, { "id": "52942", "question": "when was the civil war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 399, "text": "May 2009" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The culture of Sri Lanka dates back over 2500 years. It is influenced primarily by Buddhism and Hinduism. Sri Lanka is the home to two main traditional cultures: the Sinhalese (centred in the ancient cities of Kandy and Anuradhapura) and the Tamil (centred in the city of Jaffna). In more recent times, the British colonial culture has also influenced the locals. Sri Lanka claims a democratic tradition matched by few other developing countries.", "qas": [ { "id": "52943", "question": "how long do the culture of sri lanka last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "over 2500 years" } ] }, { "id": "52944", "question": "who influenced the culture of sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "Buddhism and Hinduism" } ] }, { "id": "52945", "question": "what is the home of two main traditional cultures ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52946", "question": "what is the name of the two main traditional cultures ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "Sinhalese" } ] }, { "id": "52947", "question": "what are the ancient cities in sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "Kandy and Anuradhapura" } ] }, { "id": "52948", "question": "where is the tamil cultures located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "Jaffna" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The first Tamil immigration was probably around the 3rd century BC. Tamils co-existed with the Sinhalese people since then, and the early mixing rendered the two ethnic groups almost physically indistinct. Ancient Sri Lanka is marked for its genius in hydraulic engineering and architecture. The rich cultural traditions shared by all Sri Lankan cultures is the basis of the country's long life expectancy, advanced health standards and high literacy rate.", "qas": [ { "id": "52949", "question": "when was the first tamil immigration probably around ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "3rd century BC" } ] }, { "id": "52950", "question": "what is the basis of the country 's long life expectancy ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 335, "text": "Sri Lankan cultures" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Dishes include rice and curry, pittu, kiribath, wholemeal roti, string hoppers, wattalapam (a rich pudding of Malay origin made of coconut milk, jaggery, cashew nuts, eggs, and spices including cinnamon and nutmeg), kottu, and hoppers. Jackfruit may sometimes replace rice. Traditionally food is served on a plantain leaf or lotus leaf.", "qas": [ { "id": "52951", "question": "what is the rich pudding of coconut milk ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "wattalapam" } ] }, { "id": "52952", "question": "what is food served on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "plantain leaf or lotus leaf" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Middle Eastern influences and practices are found in traditional Moor dishes, while Dutch and Portuguese influences are found with the island's Burgher community preserving their culture through traditional dishes such as Lamprais (rice cooked in stock and baked in a banana leaf), Breudher (Dutch Holiday Biscuit), and Bolo Fiado (Portuguese-style layer cake).", "qas": [ { "id": "52953", "question": "where are middle eastern influences found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "traditional Moor dishes" } ] }, { "id": "52954", "question": "what two influences are found with the island 's burgher community ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "Dutch and Portuguese influences" } ] }, { "id": "52955", "question": "what is the name of the traditional dishes in the island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "Lamprais" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In April, Sri Lankans celebrate the Buddhist and Hindu new year festival. Esala Perahera is a symbolic Buddhist festival consisting of dances and decorated elephants held in Kandy in July and August. Fire-dances, whip-dances, Kandian dances and various other cultural dances are integral parts of the festival. Christians celebrate Christmas on 25 December to celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ and Easter to celebrate the resurrection of Jesus. Tamils celebrate Thai Pongal and Maha Shivaratri, and Muslims celebrate Hajj and Ramadan.", "qas": [ { "id": "52956", "question": "who celebrate the buddhist and hindu new year ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "Sri Lankans" } ] }, { "id": "52957", "question": "what is the name of the symbolic buddhist festival ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "Esala Perahera" } ] }, { "id": "52958", "question": "where was the decorated elephants held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "Kandy" } ] }, { "id": "52959", "question": "when did the decorated elephants occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "July and August" } ] }, { "id": "52960", "question": "when do christians celebrate christmas to celebrate the resurrection ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 345, "text": "25 December" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The movie \"Kadawunu Poronduwa\" (The broken promise), produced by S. M. Nayagam of Chitra Kala Movietone, heralded the coming of Sri Lankan cinema in 1947. \"Ranmuthu Duwa\" (Island of treasures, 1962) marked the transition cinema from black-and-white to colour. It in the recent years has featured subjects such as family melodrama, social transformation and the years of conflict between the military and the LTTE. The Sri Lankan cinematic style is similar to Bollywood movies. In 1979, movie attendance rose to an all-time high, but has been in steady decline since then.", "qas": [ { "id": "52961", "question": "what was the name of the broken promise promise produced by the movie ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "Kadawunu Poronduwa" } ] }, { "id": "52962", "question": "who produced the movie `` kadawunu poronduwa '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "S. M. Nayagam of Chitra Kala Movietone" } ] }, { "id": "52963", "question": "when was the coming of sri lankan cinema produced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "1947" } ] }, { "id": "52964", "question": "what marked the transition cinema from black-and-white to colour ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "Ranmuthu Duwa" } ] }, { "id": "52965", "question": "in what year was movie attendance rose to an all-time time ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 480, "text": "1979" } ] } ] }, { "context": "An influential filmmaker is Lester James Peiris, who has directed a number of movies which led to global acclaim, including \"Rekava\" (Line of destiny, 1956), \"Gamperaliya\" (The changing village, 1964), \"Nidhanaya\" (The treasure, 1970) and \"Golu Hadawatha\" (Cold heart, 1968). Sri Lankan-Canadian poet Rienzi Crusz, is the subject of a documentary on his life in Sri Lanka. His work is published in Sinhalese and English. Similarly, naturalized-Canadian Michael Ondaatje, is well known for his English-language novels and three films.", "qas": [ { "id": "52966", "question": "who is an influential filmmaker ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "Lester James Peiris" } ] }, { "id": "52967", "question": "what is the name of the global acclaim of destiny ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "Rekava" } ] }, { "id": "52968", "question": "what is the name of the changing filmmaker , 1964 , and 1968 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "Gamperaliya" } ] }, { "id": "52969", "question": "what is the name of the filmmaker filmmaker ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "Nidhanaya" } ] }, { "id": "52970", "question": "who is the subject of a documentary on his life ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 301, "text": "Rienzi Crusz" } ] }, { "id": "52971", "question": "where is his work published ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 398, "text": "Sinhalese and English" } ] }, { "id": "52972", "question": "who is well known as his novels ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 453, "text": "Michael Ondaatje" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The earliest music in Sri Lanka came from theatrical performances such as \"Kolam\", \"Sokari\" and \"Nadagam\". Traditional music instruments such as \"B\u00e9ra\", \"Thamm\u00e1tama\", \"Da\u016dla\" and \"R\u0103b\u0101n\" were performed at these dramas. The first music album, \"Nurthi\", recorded in 1903, was released through Radio Ceylon (founded in 1925). Songwriters like Mahagama Sekara and Ananda Samarakoon and musicians such as W. D. Amaradeva, H. R. Jothipala and Clarence Wijewardene have contributed much towards the upliftment of Sri Lankan music. Baila is another popular music genre in the country, originated among Kaffirs or the Afro-Sinhalese community.\nThere are three main styles of Sri Lankan classical dance. They are, the Kandyan dances, low country dances and Sabaragamuwa dances. Of these, the Kandyan style, which flourished under kings of the Kingdom of Kandy, is more prominent. It is a sophisticated form of dance, that consists of five sub-categories: \"Ves dance\", \"Naiyandi dance\", \"Udekki dance\", \"Pantheru dance\" and \"18 Vannam\". An elaborate headdress is worn by the male dancers and a drum called \"Geta B\u00e9raya\" is used to assist the dancer to keep on rhythm. In addition, four folk drama variants named \"Sokri\", Kolam \"Nadagam\", \"Pasu\", and several devil dance variants such as Sanni Yakuma and \"Kohomba Kankariya\" can be also observed.", "qas": [ { "id": "52973", "question": "what was the first music album called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 243, "text": "Nurthi" } ] }, { "id": "52974", "question": "when was the first music album recorded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "1903" } ] }, { "id": "52975", "question": "when was radio ceylon founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 316, "text": "1925" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The history of Sri Lankan painting and sculpture can be traced as far back as to the 2nd or 3rd century BC. The earliest mention about the art of painting on Mahavamsa, is to the drawing of a palace on cloth using cinnabar in the 2nd century BC. The chronicles have description of various paintings in relic-chambers of Buddhist stupas, and in monastic residence.", "qas": [ { "id": "52976", "question": "when is the history of sri lankan painting traced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "2nd or 3rd century BC" } ] }, { "id": "52977", "question": "what is the earliest mention of painting ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "Mahavamsa" } ] }, { "id": "52978", "question": "what is the name of the drawing of a palace ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "cinnabar" } ] }, { "id": "52979", "question": "when was the drawing of a palace on cloth using cinnabar ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "2nd century BC" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Theatre moved into the country when a Parsi theatre company from Mumbai introduced \"Nurti\", a blend of European and Indian theatrical conventions to the Colombo audience in the 19th century. The golden age of Sri Lankan drama and theatre began with the staging of \"Maname\", a play written by Ediriweera Sarachchandra in 1956. It was followed by a series of popular dramas like \"Sinhab\u0101hu\", \"Pab\u0101vat\u012b\", \"Mah\u0101s\u0101ra\", \"Muudu Puththu\" and \"Subha saha Yasa\".", "qas": [ { "id": "52980", "question": "what was the name of the company introduced by a parsi theatre ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "Nurti" } ] }, { "id": "52981", "question": "what did the golden age of sri lankan drama begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 265, "text": "Maname" } ] }, { "id": "52982", "question": "who written the golden age of sri drama ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "Ediriweera Sarachchandra" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sri Lankan literature spans at least two millennia, and is heir to the Aryan literary tradition as embodied in the hymns of the Rigveda. The P\u0101li Canon, the standard collection of scriptures in the Theravada Buddhist tradition, was written down in Sri Lanka during the Fourth Buddhist council, at the Alulena cave temple, Kegalle, as early as 29 BC. Ancient chronicles such as the Mah\u0101vamsa, written in the 6th century, provide vivid descriptions of Sri Lankan dynasties. According to the German philosopher Wilhelm Geiger, the chronicles are based on Sinhala Atthakatha (commentary), that dates few more centuries back. The oldest surviving prose work is the \"Dhampiya-Atuva-Getapadaya\", compiled in the 9th century.", "qas": [ { "id": "52983", "question": "where was the standard collection of scriptures written ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "Sri Lanka" } ] }, { "id": "52984", "question": "what was the name of the fourth buddhist council ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "Kegalle" } ] }, { "id": "52985", "question": "when was the fourth buddhist council written ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 343, "text": "29 BC" } ] }, { "id": "52986", "question": "who is the german philosopher ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 508, "text": "Wilhelm Geiger" } ] }, { "id": "52987", "question": "what are chronicles based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 552, "text": "Sinhala Atthakatha" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The greatest literary feats of medieval Sri Lanka include \"Sandesha K\u0101vya\" (poetic messages) such as \"Gir\u0101 Sandeshaya\" (Parrot message), \"Hansa Sandeshaya\" (Swan message) and \"Salalihini Sandeshaya\" (Myna message). Poetry including \"Kavsilumina\", \"Kavya-Sekharaya\" (diadem of poetry) and proses such as \"Saddharma-Ratn\u0101valiya\", \"Am\u0101vatura\" (Flood of nectar) and \"Puj\u0101valiya\" are also notable works of this period, which is considered to be the golden age of Sri Lankan literature. The first modern-day novel, \"Meena\", a work of Simon de Silva appeared in 1905, and was followed by a number of revolutionary literary works. Martin Wickramasinghe, the author of \"Madol Doova\" is considered the iconic figure of Sri Lankan literature.", "qas": [ { "id": "52988", "question": "what is another name for poetic messages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Sandesha K\u0101vya" } ] }, { "id": "52989", "question": "who appeared in 1905 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 528, "text": "Simon de Silva" } ] }, { "id": "52990", "question": "who is the author of the author of sri literature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 623, "text": "Martin Wickramasinghe" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While the national sport in Sri Lanka is volleyball, by far the most popular sport in the country is cricket. Rugby union also enjoys extensive popularity, as do athletics, football (soccer) and tennis. Sri Lanka's schools and colleges regularly organise sports and athletics teams, competing on provincial and national levels.", "qas": [ { "id": "52991", "question": "what is the national sport in sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "volleyball" } ] }, { "id": "52992", "question": "what are some of the rugby union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "athletics, football (soccer) and tennis" } ] }, { "id": "52993", "question": "what are competing on provincial and national levels ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "Sri Lanka's schools and colleges regularly organise sports and athletics teams" } ] }, { "id": "52994", "question": "what are the competing levels of sri lanka ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "provincial and national levels" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Sri Lanka national cricket team achieved considerable success beginning in the 1990s, rising from underdog status to winning the 1996 Cricket World Cup. They also won the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 played in Bangladesh, beating India in the final. In addition, Sri Lanka became the runners-up of the Cricket World Cup in 2007 and 2011, and of the ICC World Twenty20 in 2009 and 2012.", "qas": [ { "id": "52995", "question": "what did the sri lanka national cricket team focus from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "underdog status to winning the 1996 Cricket World Cup" } ] }, { "id": "52996", "question": "what was the name of the icc team won by the national cricket team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "2014 ICC World Twenty20" } ] }, { "id": "52997", "question": "what was the name of the world cup in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 348, "text": "ICC World Twenty20" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Former Sri Lankan off-spinner Muttiah Muralitharan has been rated as the greatest Test match bowler ever by \"Wisden Cricketers' Almanack\", and four Sri Lankan cricketers ranked 2nd (Sangakkara), 4th (Jayasuriya), 5th (Jayawardene) and 11th (Dilshan) highest ODI run scorers of all time, which is the best by an team. Sri Lanka has won the Asia Cup in 1986, 1997, 2004, 2008 and 2014. Sri Lanka once held highest team score in all three formats of cricket, where currently holds Test team total. The country co-hosted the Cricket World Cup in 1996 and 2011, and hosted the 2012 ICC World Twenty20.", "qas": [ { "id": "52998", "question": "what is the name of the former sri lankan match ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "Muttiah Muralitharan" } ] }, { "id": "52999", "question": "what is the name of the greatest test match ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Wisden Cricketers' Almanack" } ] }, { "id": "53000", "question": "how many sri lankan cricketers are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "53001", "question": "what was the name of the icc world cup hosted in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 572, "text": "2012 ICC World Twenty20" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sri Lankans have won two medals at Olympic Games, one silver, by Duncan White at 1948 London Olympics for men's 400 metres hurdles and one silver by Susanthika Jayasinghe at 2000 Sydney Olympics for women's 200 metres. In 1973, Mohammed Lafir won the World Billiards Championship, the highest feat by a Sri Lankan in a Cue sport. Aquatic sports such as boating, surfing, swimming, kitesurfing and scuba diving on the coast, the beaches and backwaters attract a large number of Sri Lankans and foreign tourists. There are two styles of martial arts native to Sri Lanka, Cheena di and Angampora.", "qas": [ { "id": "53002", "question": "in what year did the london olympics win olympic games ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "1948" } ] }, { "id": "53003", "question": "who won the olympic games in 2000 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "Susanthika Jayasinghe" } ] }, { "id": "53004", "question": "who won the world billiards championship ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "Mohammed Lafir" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Sri Lanka" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A surname or family name is a name added to a given name. In many cases, a surname is a family name and many dictionaries define \"surname\" as a synonym of \"family name\". In the Western Hemisphere, it is commonly synonymous with last name because it is usually placed at the end of a person's given name there.", "qas": [ { "id": "53005", "question": "many dictionaries define `` surname '' as what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "family name" } ] }, { "id": "53006", "question": "when is a surname usually placed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 270, "text": "the end of a person's given name there" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In most Spanish-speaking and Portuguese-speaking countries, two or more last names (or surnames) may be used. In Hungary, Hong Kong, Cambodia, China, Japan, Korea, Madagascar, Taiwan, Vietnam, and parts of India, the family name is placed \"before\" a person's given name.", "qas": [ { "id": "53007", "question": "what countries can be used to be used to be used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 8, "text": "Spanish-speaking and Portuguese-speaking countries" } ] }, { "id": "53008", "question": "how many names can be used to be used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "two or more last names" } ] }, { "id": "53009", "question": "which three cities is placed in hungary in hungary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Hong Kong, Cambodia, China, Japan, Korea, Madagascar, Taiwan, Vietnam, and parts of India" } ] }, { "id": "53010", "question": "what is the name of the family name for the family name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "\"before\" a person's given name" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The concept of a \"surname\" is a relatively recent historical development, evolving from a medieval naming practice called a \"byname\". Based on an individual's occupation or area of residence, a byname would be used in situations where more than one person had the same name.", "qas": [ { "id": "53011", "question": "what is the concept of a surname called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "byname" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A family name is typically a part of a person's personal name which, according to law or custom, is passed or given to children from one or both of their parents' family names. The use of family names is common in most cultures around the world, with each culture having its own rules as to how these names are formed, passed and used. However, the style of having both a family name (surname) and a given name (forename) is far from universal. In many countries, it is common for ordinary people to have only one name or mononym, with some cultures not using family names. Also, in most Slavic countries and in Greece, for example, there are different family name forms for male and female members of the family. Issues of family name arise especially on the passing of a name to a new-born child, on the adoption of a common family name on marriage, on renouncing of a family name and on changing of a family name.", "qas": [ { "id": "53012", "question": "what is the personal name for a personal name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "law or custom" } ] }, { "id": "53013", "question": "what is the purpose of law or custom ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "passed or given to children from one or both of their parents' family names" } ] }, { "id": "53014", "question": "what is the name of the name `` a surname '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 412, "text": "forename" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Surname laws vary around the world. Traditionally in many European countries for the past few hundred years, it was the custom or law that a woman would on marriage use the surname of her husband and that children of a man would have the father's surname. If a child's paternity was not known, or if the putative father denied paternity, the new-born child would have the surname of the mother. That is still the custom and law in many countries. The surname for children of married parents is usually inherited from the father. In recent years there has been a trend towards equality of treatment in relation to family names with women not being automatically required or expected, some places even forbidden, to take the husband's surname on marriage, and children not automatically being given the father's surname. In this article, \"family name\" and \"surname\" both mean the patrilineal (literally, father-line) surname, handed down from or inherited from the father's line or patriline, unless explicitly stated otherwise. Thus, the term \"maternal surname\" means the \"patrilineal\" surname which one's mother inherited from either or both of her parents. For a discussion of \"matrilineal\" ('mother-line') surnames, passing from mothers to daughters, see matrilineal surname.", "qas": [ { "id": "53015", "question": "what was the custom of the woman ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "the custom or law that a woman would on marriage use the surname of her husband and that children of a man would have the father's surname" } ] }, { "id": "53016", "question": "what was the surname of the child ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "if the putative father denied paternity" } ] }, { "id": "53017", "question": "what happened to the child ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 338, "text": "the new-born child would have the surname of the mother" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In English-speaking cultures, family names are often used by children when referring to adults, but it's also used to refer to someone in authority, the elderly, or in a formal setting, and are often used with a title or honorific such as Mr., Mrs., Ms., Miss, Dr, and so on. Generally the given name, first name, forename, or personal name is the one used by friends, family, and other intimates to address an individual. It may also be used by someone who is in some way senior to the person being addressed. This practice also differs between cultures; see T\u2013V distinction.", "qas": [ { "id": "53018", "question": "what are family names often used by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "children when referring to adults" } ] }, { "id": "53019", "question": "what are the family names for family names ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "it's also used to refer to someone in authority, the elderly, or in a formal setting" } ] }, { "id": "53020", "question": "what are some of the title of the family that are often used in english-speaking cultures ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "Mr., Mrs., Ms., Miss, Dr" } ] }, { "id": "53021", "question": "what is the name of the first name for personal name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 314, "text": "forename" } ] }, { "id": "53022", "question": "what is the practice of cultures ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 560, "text": "T\u2013V distinction" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The study of proper names in family names is called onomastics. A one-name study is a collection of vital and other biographical data about all persons worldwide sharing a particular surname.", "qas": [ { "id": "53023", "question": "what is the study of proper names ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "onomastics" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In many cultures (particularly in European and European-influenced cultures in the Americas, Oceania, etc., as well as the Middle East, South Asia, and most African cultures), the surname or family name (\"last name\") is placed after the personal or given name (\"first name\"). In other cultures the surname is placed first, followed by the given name or names. The latter is often called the Eastern order because Europeans are most familiar with the examples from the East Asian cultural sphere, specifically Japan, China and Taiwan, Korea and Vietnam. This is also the case in Hungary, parts of Romania, Bavaria, Austria, Albania and Kosovo, South India, Sri Lanka, and Madagascar.", "qas": [ { "id": "53024", "question": "what is another name for `` last name '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "the surname or family name" } ] }, { "id": "53025", "question": "what is the first name for `` first name '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "the personal or given name" } ] }, { "id": "53026", "question": "what causes the surname in other cultures ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 335, "text": "the given name or names" } ] }, { "id": "53027", "question": "what are the names of the east asian cultural sphere ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 509, "text": "Japan, China and Taiwan, Korea and Vietnam" } ] }, { "id": "53028", "question": "what parts of hungary are in hungary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 596, "text": "Romania, Bavaria, Austria, Albania and Kosovo, South India, Sri Lanka, and Madagascar" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since family names are normally written last in European societies (except in Hungary), the term last name is commonly used for \"family name\", while in Japan (with vertical writing) the family name may be referred to as upper name ().", "qas": [ { "id": "53029", "question": "what is the last name for the term `` last name '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "family name" } ] }, { "id": "53030", "question": "what is the name of japan 's family name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "upper name" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When those from Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong write their personal name in the Latin alphabet, it is common to reverse the order of the given and family names for the convenience of Westerners, so that they know which name is the family name for official/formal purposes. Reversing the order of names for the same reason is also customary for the Baltic Fennic peoples and the Hungarians, but other Uralic peoples traditionally did not have surnames, perhaps because of the clan structure of their societies. Surnames have been imposed by the dominant authorities: evangelists, then administrations. Thus, the Samis saw no change or a transformation of their name. For example: some Sire became Siri, H\u00e6tta J\u00e1hko\u0161 \u00c1sslat became Aslak Jacobsen H\u00e6tta \u2014 as was the norm. Recently, integration into the EU and increased communications with foreigners prompted many Samis to reverse the order of their full name to given name followed by surname, to avoid their given name being mistaken for and used as a surname.", "qas": [ { "id": "53031", "question": "which two countries write their personal name in the latin alphabet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "Taiwan and Hong Kong" } ] }, { "id": "53032", "question": "what is the family name for the latin alphabet ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "official/formal purposes" } ] }, { "id": "53033", "question": "the order of names for the order of names is customary for what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 345, "text": "Baltic Fennic peoples and the Hungarians" } ] }, { "id": "53034", "question": "what was siri 's siri ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 726, "text": "Aslak Jacobsen H\u00e6tta" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Indian surnames may often denote caste, profession, and village and are invariably mentioned along with the personal names. However, hereditary last names are not universal. In Indian passports the surname is shown first. In telephone directories the surname is used for collation. In North Indian states the surname is placed after given names where it exists. In south India, surname is placed before personal name and in most cases it is only shown as an initial (for example 'S.' for Suryapeth).", "qas": [ { "id": "53035", "question": "what are indian surnames often denote ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "caste, profession, and village" } ] }, { "id": "53036", "question": "what is the last names for the last names of the last names ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "hereditary last names are not universal" } ] }, { "id": "53037", "question": "what is the surname in telephone directories used for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "collation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In English and other languages like Spanish\u2014although the usual order of names is \"first middle last\"\u2014for the purpose of cataloging in libraries and in citing the names of authors in scholarly papers, the order is changed to \"last, first middle,\" with the last and first names separated by a comma, and items are alphabetized by the last name. In France, Italy, Spain and Latin America, administrative usage is to put the surname before the first on official documents.", "qas": [ { "id": "53038", "question": "in which countries is administrative usage to put the surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 346, "text": "France, Italy, Spain and Latin America" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In most Spanish-speaking countries, the custom is for people to have two surnames. For instance, Spanish ex-premier Jos\u00e9 Luis Rodr\u00edguez Zapatero has Jos\u00e9 Luis as his given name, Rodr\u00edguez, as his first (i.e. paternal) surname, and Zapatero as his second (i.e. maternal) surname.", "qas": [ { "id": "53039", "question": "who has jos\u00e9 luis as his name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Jos\u00e9 Luis Rodr\u00edguez Zapatero" } ] }, { "id": "53040", "question": "what was the name of luis rodr\u00edguez 's first name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "Rodr\u00edguez" } ] } ] }, { "context": "This custom is not seen in the Hispanic world as being a true compound surname system \"per se\", since it is widely understood that the first surname denotes one's father's family, and the second surname denotes one's mother's family. So \"Rodr\u00edguez Zapatero\" is not considered one surname; it is two distinct surnames. Given that it is not a true compound surname, his children do not inherit the \"compound\" surname \"Rodr\u00edguez Zapatero.\" Only the paternal surname of both father and mother are passed on. The father's paternal surname becomes the child's own paternal surname, while the mother's paternal surname becomes the child's second surname (as the child's own maternal surname). Thus, Jos\u00e9 Luis Rodr\u00edguez Zapatero would pass on only Rodr\u00edguez to his children as their first (i.e. paternal) surname.", "qas": [ { "id": "53041", "question": "what is the first surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "the first surname denotes one's father's family, and the second surname denotes one's mother's family" } ] }, { "id": "53042", "question": "what is a true compound ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 364, "text": "his children do not inherit the \"compound\" surname \"Rodr\u00edguez Zapatero" } ] }, { "id": "53043", "question": "what becomes the child 's own surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 504, "text": "The father's paternal surname" } ] }, { "id": "53044", "question": "what is the father 's paternal surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 542, "text": "the child's own paternal surname" } ] }, { "id": "53045", "question": "what is the father 's paternal surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 582, "text": "the mother's paternal surname becomes the child's second surname" } ] }, { "id": "53046", "question": "what is the mother 's second surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 651, "text": "the child's own maternal surname" } ] }, { "id": "53047", "question": "who would pass on only rodr\u00edguez to his first surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 692, "text": "Jos\u00e9 Luis Rodr\u00edguez Zapatero" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Beyond this seemingly \"compound\" surname system in the Hispanic world, there are also true compound surnames in the Spanish-speaking countries. These true compound surnames are passed on and inherited as compounds. For instance, former Chairman of the Supreme Military Junta of Ecuador, General Luis Telmo Paz y Mi\u00f1o Estrella, has Luis as his first given name, Telmo as his middle name, the true compound surname Paz y Mi\u00f1o as his first (i.e. paternal) surname, and Estrella as his second (i.e. maternal) surname.", "qas": [ { "id": "53048", "question": "who has luis as his first given name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "General Luis Telmo Paz y Mi\u00f1o Estrella" } ] }, { "id": "53049", "question": "what was the name of the first compound surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 361, "text": "Telmo" } ] }, { "id": "53050", "question": "what was the true compound surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 413, "text": "Paz y Mi\u00f1o" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Luis Telmo Paz y Mi\u00f1o Estrella is also known more casually as Luis Paz y Mi\u00f1o, Telmo Paz y Mi\u00f1o, or Luis Telmo Paz y Mi\u00f1o. He would never be regarded as Luis Estrella, Telmo Estrella, or Luis Telmo Estrella, nor as Luis Paz, Telmo Paz, or Luis Telmo Paz. This is because \"Paz\" alone is not his surname (although other people use the \"Paz\" surname on its own).", "qas": [ { "id": "53051", "question": "who is known as luis paz ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Luis Telmo Paz y Mi\u00f1o Estrella" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In this case, Paz y Mi\u00f1o is in fact the paternal surname, being a true compound surname. His children, therefore, would inherit the compound surname \"Paz y Mi\u00f1o\" as their paternal surname, while Estrella would be lost, since the mother's paternal surname becomes the children's second surname (as their own maternal surname). \"Paz\" alone would not be passed on, nor would \"Mi\u00f1o\" alone.", "qas": [ { "id": "53052", "question": "what is the paternal surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "Paz y Mi\u00f1o" } ] }, { "id": "53053", "question": "what did the paternal surname surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "Paz y Mi\u00f1o" } ] }, { "id": "53054", "question": "what becomes the children 's second surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "the mother's paternal surname" } ] }, { "id": "53055", "question": "what is the mother 's paternal surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "the children's second surname" } ] }, { "id": "53056", "question": "why is the mother 's second surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "their own maternal surname" } ] }, { "id": "53057", "question": "what did `` paz '' mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 372, "text": "\"Mi\u00f1o\" alone" } ] } ] }, { "context": "To avoid ambiguity, one might often informally see these true compound surnames hyphenated, for instance, as Paz-y-Mi\u00f1o. This is true especially in the Anglosphere, but also sometimes even in the Hispanic world, since to many Hispanics unfamiliar with this and other compound surnames, \"Paz y Mi\u00f1o\" might be inadvertently mistaken as \"Paz\" for the paternal surname and \"Mi\u00f1o\" for the maternal surname. Although Mi\u00f1o did start off as the maternal surname in this compound surname, it was many generations ago, around five centuries, that it became compounded, and henceforth inherited and passed on as a compound.", "qas": [ { "id": "53058", "question": "what is an example of true compound surnames ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Paz-y-Mi\u00f1o" } ] }, { "id": "53059", "question": "what is the name of the surnames that is true to the hispanic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "Anglosphere" } ] }, { "id": "53060", "question": "what is the name of the surnames that might be inadvertently ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "Paz y Mi\u00f1o" } ] }, { "id": "53061", "question": "what is another term for the maternal surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 370, "text": "Mi\u00f1o" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other surnames which started off as compounds of two or more surnames, but which merged into one single word, also exist. An example would be the surname Pazmi\u00f1o, whose members are related to the Paz y Mi\u00f1o, as both descend from the \"Paz Mi\u00f1o\" family of five centuries ago.", "qas": [ { "id": "53062", "question": "what is the example of a surname that is related to the paz y mi\u00f1o ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "Pazmi\u00f1o" } ] }, { "id": "53063", "question": "what are the members of members related to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "Paz y Mi\u00f1o" } ] }, { "id": "53064", "question": "what is the name of the family that members of members descend from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "Paz Mi\u00f1o\" family of five centuries ago" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\u00c1lava, Spain is notorious for its incidence of true compound surnames, known as \"apellido compuesto alav\u00e9s\" (\u00c1lava compound surname).", "qas": [ { "id": "53065", "question": "what is the name of the true compound surnames ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "apellido compuesto alav\u00e9s" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Unlike other true compound surnames, which resulted from the merging of a previously paternal and maternal surname, the \u00c1lava compound surname is characterized for having the first portion of the surname as a patronymic, normally a Spanish patronymic (i.e. from the Castilian language) or more unusually a Basque language patronymic, followed by the preposition \"de\", with the second part of the surname being a local toponymic surname from \u00c1lava. While this form of compound surname can be found in other regions of Spain, albeit scarcely, it is only in \u00c1lava that it has persisted. These type of customary compound surnames used to be found throughout Guip\u00fazcoa, Navarra, Soria, Logro\u00f1o, and most of Green Spain generally (i.e. the Spanish northern maritime fa\u00e7ade exposed to the Atlantic Ocean which runs along the coastal strip lying north of the Cantabrian and Basque mountains, along the Bay of Biscay.)", "qas": [ { "id": "53066", "question": "what is characterized as the first portion of the surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "\u00c1lava compound surname" } ] }, { "id": "53067", "question": "what is the name of the preposition that the spanish uses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 346, "text": "the preposition \"de\"" } ] }, { "id": "53068", "question": "what is the only form of compound surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 555, "text": "\u00c1lava" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Compound surnames in English and several other European cultures feature two (or occasionally more) words, often joined by a hyphen or hyphens. However, it is not unusual for compound surnames to be composed of separate words not linked by a hyphen, for example Iain Duncan Smith, a former leader of the British Conservative Party, whose surname is \"Duncan Smith\". A surname with the prefix \"Fitz\" can be spelled with the prefix as a separate word, as in \"Fitz William\", as well as \"FitzWilliam\" or \"Fitzwilliam\".", "qas": [ { "id": "53069", "question": "what is the main cause of the compound surnames ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "a hyphen or hyphens" } ] }, { "id": "53070", "question": "who is the former leader of the british conservative party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "Iain Duncan Smith" } ] }, { "id": "53071", "question": "what party is smith 's former leader ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 304, "text": "British Conservative Party" } ] }, { "id": "53072", "question": "what is the surname of the british conservative party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 350, "text": "Duncan Smith" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Irish surnames are the oldest surnames in Europe. The common prefixes \"\u00d3\" and \"Mac\" can be spelled with the prefix as a separate word, yielding \"\u00d3 Briain\" or \"Mac Millan\" as well as the anglicized \"O'Brien\" and \"MacMillan\" or \"Macmillan.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "53073", "question": "what are the names of the `` mac '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "\"O'Brien\" and \"MacMillan\" or \"Macmillan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While given names have been used from the most distant times to identify individuals, the advent of surnames is a relatively recent phenomenon. A four year study led by the University of the West of England, which concluded in 2016, analysed sources dating from the 11th to the 19th century to explain the origins of the surnames in the British isles. The study found that over 90% of the 45,602 surnames in the dictionary are native to Britain and Ireland, with the most common in the UK being Smith, Jones, Williams, Brown, Taylor, Johnson, and Lee. The findings have been published in the \"Oxford English Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland\", with Project leader, Professor Richard Coates calling the study \"more detailed and accurate\" than those before. He elaborated on the origins; \"Some surnames have origins that are occupational - obvious examples are Smith and Baker. Other names can be linked to a place, for example Hill or Green, which relates to a village green. Surnames which are 'patronymic' are those which originally enshrined the father's name - such as Jackson, or Jenkinson. There are also names where the origin describes the original bearer such as Brown, Short, or Thin - though Short may in fact be an ironic 'nickname' surname for a tall person.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "53074", "question": "who led the four year study ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "University of the West of England" } ] }, { "id": "53075", "question": "in what year did the university of england begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "2016" } ] }, { "id": "53076", "question": "what percentage of the surnames are native to britain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 378, "text": "90%" } ] }, { "id": "53077", "question": "who calling the study `` more detailed and accurate and accurate and accurate '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 681, "text": "Professor Richard Coates" } ] }, { "id": "53078", "question": "who are the occupational - obvious surnames ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 875, "text": "Smith and Baker" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By 1400, most English and some Scottish people used surnames, but many Scottish and Welsh people did not adopt surnames until the 17th century, or even later. Henry VIII (ruled 1509\u20131547) ordered that marital births be recorded under the surname of the father. In England and cultures derived from there, there has long been a tradition for a woman to change her surname upon marriage from her birth name to her husband's family name. (See Maiden and married names.) The first known instance in the United States of a woman insisting on the use of her birth name was that of Lucy Stone in 1855; and there has been a general increase in the rate of women using their birth name. This has gone through periods of flux, however, and the 1990s saw a decline in the percentage of name retention among women. As of 2006, more than 80% of American women adopted the husband's family name after marriage. ", "qas": [ { "id": "53079", "question": "in what year did most english and welsh people use surnames ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1400" } ] }, { "id": "53080", "question": "what happened to the surnames in 1400 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "Scottish and Welsh people did not adopt surnames until the 17th century" } ] }, { "id": "53081", "question": "who ordered that marital births be recorded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "Henry VIII" } ] }, { "id": "53082", "question": "when did henry viii die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "1509\u20131547" } ] }, { "id": "53083", "question": "what was the first name of the woman in 1855 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 575, "text": "Lucy Stone" } ] }, { "id": "53084", "question": "in what year did the first known instance of her birth name occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 589, "text": "1855" } ] }, { "id": "53085", "question": "what percentage of american women adopted the husband ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 825, "text": "80%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many cultures have used and continue to use additional descriptive terms in identifying individuals. These terms may indicate personal attributes, location of origin, occupation, parentage, patronage, adoption, or clan affiliation. These descriptors often developed into fixed clan identifications that in turn became family names as we know them today.", "qas": [ { "id": "53086", "question": "what are some personal attributes of origin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "occupation, parentage, patronage, adoption, or clan affiliation" } ] }, { "id": "53087", "question": "what was we developed into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "fixed clan identifications" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In China, according to legend, family names started with Emperor Fu Xi in 2852 BC His administration standardised the naming system in order to facilitate census-taking, and the use of census information. Originally, Chinese surnames were derived matrilineally, although by the time of the Shang dynasty (1600 to 1046 BCE) they had become patrilineal. Chinese women do not change their names upon marriage. They can be referred to either as their full birth names or as their husband's surname plus the word for wife. But in the past, women often had no official given name and were referred in official documents by their family name plus the character \"Shi\" and when married by their husband's surname, their birth surname, and the character \"Shi.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "53088", "question": "who started the family names in china ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Emperor Fu Xi" } ] }, { "id": "53089", "question": "when did emperor fu xi die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "2852 BC" } ] }, { "id": "53090", "question": "what were chinese surnames derived from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "matrilineally" } ] }, { "id": "53091", "question": "when was the shang dynasty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": "1600 to 1046 BCE" } ] }, { "id": "53092", "question": "do chinese women change their names ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 352, "text": "Chinese women do not change their names upon marriage" } ] }, { "id": "53093", "question": "what can chinese women be referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 441, "text": "their full birth names or as their husband's surname plus the word for wife" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Japan, family names were uncommon except among the aristocracy until the 19th century.", "qas": [ { "id": "53094", "question": "when were the aristocracy names in japan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "the 19th century" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Ancient Greece, during some periods, formal identification commonly included place of origin.\nAt other times clan names and patronymics (\"son of\") were also common, as in Aristides Lysimachu. For example, Alexander the Great was known as \"Heracleides\" (as a supposed descendant of Heracles) and by the dynastic name \"Karanos\"/\"Caranus\", which referred to the founder of the dynasty to which he belonged. In none of these cases, though, were these names considered essential parts of the person's name, nor were they explicitly inherited in the manner that is common in many cultures today.", "qas": [ { "id": "53095", "question": "what was the name of the son of `` son of '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "Aristides Lysimachu" } ] }, { "id": "53096", "question": "what was alexander the great was known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "Heracleides" } ] }, { "id": "53097", "question": "what was the dynastic name of the dynasty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 320, "text": "Karanos\"/\"Caranus" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the Roman Empire, the bestowal and use of clan and family names waxed and waned with changes in the various subcultures of the realm. (\"See Roman naming conventions.\") The nomen, which was the gens name, was inherited much like last names are, but their purposes were quite different. In later Europe, last names were developed to distinguish between individuals. The nomen were to identify group kinship. The praenomen was literally the \"forename\" and was originally used like a first name today. In later times, praenomen became less useful for distinguishing individuals as it was often passed down for boys along with the nomen (like an entire culture where \"John Smith, Jr.\" was the norm), and girls, were often given no praenomen at all or functional names like Major and Minor (\"Older\" and \"Younger\") or Maxima, Maio, and Mino (\"Biggest,\" \"Middle,\" \"Littlest\") or ordinal numbers rather than what we might think of as names: Prima, Secunda, Tertia, Quarta, etc. Around this time, the nomen became followed by one or more additional names called cognomen. It became usual that one of these cognomen was inherited, but as the praenomen and nomen became ever more rigidly used and less useful for identifying individuals, additional personal cognomen were more often used, to the point that the first the praenomen and then the nomen fell out of use entirely. With the gradual influence of Greek/Christian culture throughout the Empire, Christian religious names were sometimes put in front of traditional cognomen, but eventually, people reverted to single names. By the time of the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, family names were uncommon in the Eastern Roman Empire. In Western Europe, where Germanic culture dominated the aristocracy, family names were almost non-existent. They would not significantly reappear again in Eastern Roman society until the 10th century, apparently influenced by the familial affiliations of the Armenian military aristocracy. The practice of using family names spread through the Eastern Roman Empire and gradually into Western Europe, although it was not until the modern era that family names came to be explicitly inherited as they are today.", "qas": [ { "id": "53098", "question": "what was the name of the first name that was originally used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 442, "text": "forename" } ] }, { "id": "53099", "question": "what was the name of the additional names that was used in the time of the time ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1055, "text": "cognomen" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Ireland, the use of surnames has a very old history. Ireland was the first country in Europe to use fixed surnames. As noted in the Annals, the first recorded fixed surname was \u00d3 Cleirigh, which recorded the death of Tigherneach Ua Cleirigh, lord of Aidhne in Co. Galway in the year 916.", "qas": [ { "id": "53100", "question": "who was the first fixed surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "\u00d3 Cleirigh" } ] }, { "id": "53101", "question": "who was the death of the first fixed surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "Tigherneach Ua Cleirigh" } ] }, { "id": "53102", "question": "in what year did the year in the year year ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "916" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In England, the introduction of family names is generally attributed to the preparation of the Domesday Book in 1086, following the Norman conquest. Evidence indicates that surnames were first adopted among the feudal nobility and gentry, and only slowly spread to other parts of society. Some of the early Norman nobility who arrived in England during the Norman conquest differentiated themselves by affixing 'de' (of) before the name of their village in France. This is what is known as a territorial surname, a consequence of feudal landownership. In medieval times in France, such a name indicated lordship, or ownership, of the village. But some early Norman nobles in England chose to drop the French derivations and call themselves instead after their new English holdings.", "qas": [ { "id": "53103", "question": "who is the introduction of family names ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "Domesday Book" } ] }, { "id": "53104", "question": "in what year was the domesday book attributed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "1086" } ] }, { "id": "53105", "question": "what is a territorial surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 530, "text": "feudal landownership" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Surnames were uncommon prior to the 12th century, and still somewhat rare into the 13th; most European surnames were originally occupational or locational, and served to distinguish one person from another if they happened to live near one another (e.g., two different people named John could conceivably be identified as 'John Butcher' and 'John Chandler'). This still happens, in some communities where a surname is particularly common, for example on the Isle of Lewis in Scotland, many residents have the family name MacLeod (son of Lewis) and so may still be known by a surname symbolising their occupation such as 'Kevin the post' and 'Kevin Handbag'.", "qas": [ { "id": "53106", "question": "when were surnames uncommon ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "12th century" } ] }, { "id": "53107", "question": "what were most european surnames ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "occupational or locational" } ] }, { "id": "53108", "question": "what were john could be identified as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "John Butcher' and 'John Chandler" } ] }, { "id": "53109", "question": "what is the name of the isle of scotland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 458, "text": "Isle of Lewis" } ] }, { "id": "53110", "question": "what is the name of the son of lewis residents ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 521, "text": "MacLeod" } ] }, { "id": "53111", "question": "what are the names of the occupation of a surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 621, "text": "Kevin the post' and 'Kevin Handbag" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the Middle Ages, when a man from a lower-status family married an only daughter from a higher-status family, he would often adopt the wife's family name. In the 18th and 19th centuries in Britain, bequests were sometimes made contingent upon a man's changing (or hyphenating) his family name, so that the name of the testator continued. It is rare but not unknown for an English-speaking man to take his wife's family name, whether for personal reasons or as a matter of tradition (such as among matrilineal Canadian aboriginal groups, such as the Haida and Gitxsan); it is exceedingly rare but does occur in the United States, where a married couple may choose an entirely new last name by going through a legal change of name. As an alternative, both spouses may adopt a double-barrelled name. For instance, when John Smith and Mary Jones marry each other, they may become known as \"John Smith-Jones\" and \"Mary Smith-Jones.\" A spouse may also opt to use his or her birth name as a middle name. An additional option, although rarely practiced, is the adoption of a last name derived from a blend of the prior names, such as \"Simones\", which also requires a legal name change. Some couples keep their own last names but give their children hyphenated or combined surnames.", "qas": [ { "id": "53112", "question": "who marry the `` john smith-jones '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 818, "text": "John Smith and Mary Jones" } ] }, { "id": "53113", "question": "what was john smith 's nickname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 888, "text": "John Smith-Jones" } ] }, { "id": "53114", "question": "what is another name for john smith ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 911, "text": "Mary Smith-Jones" } ] }, { "id": "53115", "question": "what is an example of a last name for a last name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1129, "text": "Simones" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In medieval Spain, a patronymic system was used. For example, \"\u00c1lvaro\", the son of \"Rodrigo\" would be named \"\u00c1lvaro Rodr\u00edguez\". His son, \"Juan\", would not be named \"Juan Rodr\u00edguez\", but \"Juan \u00c1lvarez\". Over time, many of these patronymics became family names and are some of the most common names in the Spanish-speaking world. Other sources of surnames are personal appearance or habit, e.g. \"Delgado\" (\"thin\") and \"Moreno\" (polysemous word, it can mean \"brown skinned\", \"dark skinned\", \"tanned skinned\", \"brunette hair\" or \"black hair\"); occupations, e.g. \"Molinero\" (\"miller\"), \"Zapatero\" (\"Shoe-maker\") and \"Guerrero\" (\"warrior\"); and geographic location or ethnicity, e.g. \"Alem\u00e1n\" (\"German\").", "qas": [ { "id": "53116", "question": "what was the name of the son of `` rodrigo '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "\u00c1lvaro Rodr\u00edguez" } ] }, { "id": "53117", "question": "what was his son called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "Juan Rodr\u00edguez" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During the modern era, many cultures around the world adopted family names, particularly for administrative reasons, especially during the age of European expansion and particularly since 1600. Notable examples include the Netherlands (1811), Japan (1870s), Thailand (1920), and Turkey (1934). Nonetheless, their use is not universal: Icelanders, Tibetans, Burmese, Javanese, and many people groups in East Africa do not use family names.", "qas": [ { "id": "53118", "question": "in what year was the world adopted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "1600" } ] }, { "id": "53119", "question": "when was the netherlands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "1811" } ] }, { "id": "53120", "question": "in what year did thailand die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 268, "text": "1920" } ] }, { "id": "53121", "question": "what are some of the people that do not use family names ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 335, "text": "Icelanders, Tibetans, Burmese, Javanese" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Family names sometimes change or are replaced by non-family-name surnames under political pressure to avoid persecution. Examples are the cases with Chinese Indonesians and Chinese Thais after migration there during the 20th century, or the Jews who fled to different European countries to avoid persecution from the Nazis during World War II.", "qas": [ { "id": "53122", "question": "how are family names replaced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "non-family-name surnames under political pressure to avoid persecution" } ] }, { "id": "53123", "question": "what are the cases of the jews who fled to different european countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "Chinese Indonesians and Chinese Thais" } ] }, { "id": "53124", "question": "the jews who fled persecution from the nazis during what war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 330, "text": "World War II" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The United States followed the naming customs and practices of English common law and traditions until recent times. Beginning in the latter half of the 20th century, traditional naming practices, writes one commentator, were recognized as \"com[ing] into conflict with current sensitivities about children's and women's rights.\" Those changes accelerated a shift away from the interests of the parents to a focus on the best interests of the child. The law in this area continues to evolve today mainly in the context of paternity and custody actions.", "qas": [ { "id": "53125", "question": "what were the commentator recognized as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 240, "text": "\"com[ing] into conflict with current sensitivities about children's and women's rights" } ] }, { "id": "53126", "question": "what are the context of the law in the area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 521, "text": "paternity and custody actions" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Upon marriage, men in the United States can easily change their surname to that of their wife's or a combination of their two names with the federal government, through the Social Security Administration, but may face difficulty on the state level in some states. In some places, civil rights lawsuits or constitutional amendments changed the law so that men could also easily change their married names (e.g., in British Columbia and California). Qu\u00e9bec law permits neither spouse to change surnames.", "qas": [ { "id": "53127", "question": "why do men in the united states easily change their surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "easily change their surname to that of their wife's or a combination of their two names with the federal government" } ] }, { "id": "53128", "question": "what is the federal government in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "Social Security Administration" } ] }, { "id": "53129", "question": "what changed the law so that men could change their married names ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "civil rights lawsuits or constitutional amendments" } ] }, { "id": "53130", "question": "what did the civil rights lawsuits do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 355, "text": "men could also easily change their married names" } ] }, { "id": "53131", "question": "where did men easily change their married names ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 414, "text": "British Columbia and California" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1979, the United Nations adopted the \"Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women\" (\"CEDAW\"), which declared in effect that women and men, and specifically wife and husband, shall have the same rights to choose a \"\"family name\"\", as well as a \"profession\" and an \"occupation.\" For a further description of and treatment of this Convention, see Matriname.", "qas": [ { "id": "53132", "question": "in what year did the united nations adopted the `` convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1979" } ] }, { "id": "53133", "question": "what did the united nations call the same rights to choose a family name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women" } ] }, { "id": "53134", "question": "what was the `` convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination '' called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "CEDAW" } ] }, { "id": "53135", "question": "who did the `` convention on the elimination of all forms of all forms of discrimination '' have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "women and men, and specifically wife and husband" } ] }, { "id": "53136", "question": "what did the `` convention on the elimination of all forms '' do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "shall have the same rights to choose a \"\"family name" } ] }, { "id": "53137", "question": "what is the description of treatment of and treatment of this convention ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 378, "text": "Matriname" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In France, until 1 January 2005, children were required by law to take the surname of their father. Article 311-21 of the French Civil code now permits parents to give their children the family name of either their father, mother, or a hyphenation of both \u2013 although no more than two names can be hyphenated. In cases of disagreement, the father's name applies. This brought France into line with a 1978 declaration by the Council of Europe requiring member governments to take measures to adopt equality of rights in the transmission of family names, a measure that was echoed by the United Nations in 1979. Similar measures were adopted by Germany (1976), Sweden (1982), Denmark (1983) and Spain (1999). The European Community has been active in eliminating gender discrimination. Several cases concerning discrimination in family names have reached the courts. \"Burghartz v. Switzerland\" challenged the lack of an option for husbands to add the wife's surname to his surname, which they had chosen as the family name, when this option was available for women. \"Losonci Rose and Rose v. Switzerland\" challenged a prohibition on foreign men married to Swiss women keeping their surname if this option was provided in their national law, an option available to women. \"Unal Tekeli v. Turkey\" challenged prohibitions on women using their surname as the family name, an option only available to men. The Court found all these laws to be in violation of the Convention.", "qas": [ { "id": "53138", "question": "when were children required to take the surname of their father ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "1 January 2005" } ] }, { "id": "53139", "question": "when did the declaration of europe take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 399, "text": "1978" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Only a fraction of surnames in English-speaking countries around the world come from Britain. English speakers' surnames come from all parts of Europe, as well as other continents, with varying anglicization. With a few exceptions, Europe's languages are cognate, so most European surnames have a common etymological origin. Some surnames are \"monogenetic\" (derived from one family at a specific place and time); others are \"polygenetic\" (coined independently at different places and times).", "qas": [ { "id": "53140", "question": "how are europe 's languages cognate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 255, "text": "cognate" } ] }, { "id": "53141", "question": "what are some surnames ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 344, "text": "monogenetic" } ] }, { "id": "53142", "question": "what are the surnames called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 425, "text": "polygenetic" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Basil Cottle classifies European surnames under just four broad categories, depending on their origin: given name (patronymics), occupational name, local name (toponymics), and nickname. This classification can be extended to surnames originating elsewhere. Other name etymologists use a fuller classification, but these four types underlie them.", "qas": [ { "id": "53143", "question": "who classifies european surnames ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Basil Cottle" } ] }, { "id": "53144", "question": "how many broad categories are in the european surnames ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "53145", "question": "what was the name of the nickname `` name name '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "patronymics" } ] }, { "id": "53146", "question": "what is the name of the local name of local name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "toponymics" } ] }, { "id": "53147", "question": "what is the classification of the classification of a capacitor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "surnames originating elsewhere" } ] } ] }, { "context": "These are the oldest and most common type of surname. They may be a simple first name such as \"Wilhelm,\" a patronymic such as \"Andersen,\" a matronymic such as \"Beaton,\" or a clan name such as \"O'Brien.\" Multiple surnames may be derived from a single given name: e.g. there are thought to be over 90 Italian surnames based on the given name \"Giovanni.\"\nThe Icelandic system, formerly used in much of Scandinavia, does not use family names. A person's last name indicates the first name of his or her father (patronymic) or in some cases mother (matronymic). Many common family names in other Scandinavian countries are a result of this naming practice, such as Hansen (son of Hans), Johansen (son of Johan) and Olsen (son of Ole/Ola), the three most common surnames in Norway. This also occurs in other cultures: Spanish and Portuguese (L\u00f3pez or Lopes, son of Lopo; \u00c1lvarez or \u00c1lvares, son of \u00c1lvaro; Dom\u00ednguez or Domingues, son of Domingo or Domingos; etc.); in English (Johnson, son of John; Richardson, son of Richard), etc.", "qas": [ { "id": "53148", "question": "what is another name for wilhelm wilhelm ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "O'Brien" } ] }, { "id": "53149", "question": "how many italian surnames are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "90" } ] }, { "id": "53150", "question": "what is the name of the name that is used to describe 90 italian surnames ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 341, "text": "Giovanni" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Patronymic name conventions are similar in some other nations, including Malaysia (see Malaysian name) and other Muslim countries, among most people of the Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala (unlike another Indian state Andhra Pradesh, where ancestral origin village names have become surnames for the people), in Mongolia and in the Scottish Gaelic personal naming system. In Russia and Bulgaria, both patronymic and family name are obligatory parts of one's full name: e.g. if a Russian is called Ivan Andreyevich Sergeyev, that means that his father's name is Andrey and his family name is Sergeyev. A similar system is used in Greece.", "qas": [ { "id": "53151", "question": "which indian states have become surnames ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "Tamil Nadu and Kerala" } ] }, { "id": "53152", "question": "what is the name of the russian name that means that a russian father 's name is called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 503, "text": "Ivan Andreyevich Sergeyev" } ] }, { "id": "53153", "question": "what is the russian family 's name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 597, "text": "Sergeyev" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Ethiopia and Eritrea, a child adopts the given name of one of their parents, usually the father, as a pseudo-surname. For example, Abraham Mesfin's father's \"first\" name would have been Mesfin, while Abraham Mesfin's child might be called \"Netsanet Abraham.\" Just as in Iceland, referring to Abraham Mesfin as \"Mr Mesfin\" would be erroneous: the correct term would be \"Mr Abraham.\" Very rarely do children adopt their mother's given name, who in any case would retain their \"pseudo-surname\".", "qas": [ { "id": "53154", "question": "what was the father 's father 's first name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "Mesfin" } ] }, { "id": "53155", "question": "what was the name of abraham mesfin 's child ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 243, "text": "Netsanet Abraham" } ] }, { "id": "53156", "question": "what was the name of the term `` mr mesfin '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 372, "text": "Mr Abraham" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As part of Hebrew patronymic names, Ben is followed by the father's name, e.g. ben adam () or Abraham ben Abraham. Bar-, \"son of\" in Aramaic, is used likewise, e.g. Meir Bar-Ilan. Ben (, \"son of\") also forms part of Hebrew names, e.g. Benjamin.", "qas": [ { "id": "53157", "question": "who was the father of ben abraham ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "ben adam" } ] }, { "id": "53158", "question": "who was the father of the father ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "Abraham ben Abraham" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There is a wide range of family name affixes with a patronymic function. Some are prefixes (e.g., Gaelic \"mac\") but more are suffixes.", "qas": [ { "id": "53159", "question": "what is there a wide range of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "a patronymic function" } ] }, { "id": "53160", "question": "what are prefixes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "Gaelic \"mac\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"Archer\", \"Bailey\", \"Baker\", \"Brewer\", \"Butcher\", \"Carter\", \"Chandler\", \"Clark\", \"Collier\", \"Cooper\", \"Cook\", \"Carpenter\", \"Dempster\", \"Dyer\", \"Farmer\", \"Faulkner\", \"Fisher\", \"Fletcher\", \"Fowler\", \"Fuller\", \"Gardener\", \"Glover\", \"Hayward\", \"Hawkins\", \"Head\", \"Hunt\" or \"Hunter\", \"Judge\", \"Knight\", \"Miller\", \"Mason\", \"Page\", \"Palmer\", \"Parker\", \"Porter\", \"Potter\", \"Sawyer\", \"Slater\", \"Smith\", \"Stringer\", \"Taylor\", \"Thatcher\", \"Turner\", \"Walker\", \"Weaver\", \"Woodman\" and \"Wright\" (or variations such as \"Cartwright\" and \"Wainwright\").", "qas": [] }, { "context": "Location (toponymic, habitation) names derive from the inhabited location associated with the person given that name. Such locations can be any type of settlement, such as: homesteads, farms, enclosures, villages, hamlets, strongholds or cottages. One element of a habitation name may describe the type of settlement. Examples of Old English elements are frequently found in the second element of habitational names. The habitative elements in such names can differ in meaning, according to different periods, different locations, or with being used with certain other elements. For example, the Old English element \"t\u016bn\" may have originally meant \"enclosure\" in one name, but can have meant \"farmstead\", \"village\", \"manor\", or \"estate\" in other names.", "qas": [ { "id": "53161", "question": "what names derive from the inhabited location ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Location" } ] }, { "id": "53162", "question": "what are old english elements frequently found in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 397, "text": "habitational names" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Location names, or habitation names, may be as generic as \"Monte\" (Portuguese for \"mountain\"), \"G\u00f3rski\" (Polish for \"hill\") or \"Pitt\" (variant of \"pit\"), but may also refer to specific locations. \"Washington,\" for instance, is thought to mean \"the homestead of the family of Wassa,\" while \"Lucci\" likely means \"resident of Lucca.\" Although some surnames, such as \"London,\" \"Lisboa\" or \"Bialystok\" are derived from large cities, more people reflect the names of smaller communities, as in \u00d3 Creachmhaoil, derived from a village in County Galway. This is thought to be due to the tendency in Europe during the Middle Ages for migration to chiefly be from smaller communities to the cities and the need for new arrivals to choose a defining surname.", "qas": [ { "id": "53163", "question": "what is another term for `` mountain '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Monte" } ] }, { "id": "53164", "question": "what are `` monte '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "Polish for \"hill\") or \"Pitt\"" } ] }, { "id": "53165", "question": "what is another term for pitt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "pit" } ] }, { "id": "53166", "question": "where is the village in london located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 530, "text": "County Galway" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Portuguese-speaking countries, it is not uncommon to find surnames derived from names of countries, such as Portugal, Fran\u00e7a, Brasil, Holanda.", "qas": [ { "id": "53167", "question": "what are some of the countries that is not uncommon to find surnames ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "Portugal, Fran\u00e7a, Brasil, Holanda" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many Japanese surnames derive from geographical features; for example, Ishikawa (\u77f3\u5ddd) means \"stone river\", Yamamoto (\u5c71\u672c) means \"the base of the mountain\", and Inoue (\u4e95\u4e0a) means \"above the well.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "53168", "question": "what is another name for `` stone river '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "Ishikawa" } ] }, { "id": "53169", "question": "what is another name for the japanese surnames ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "stone river" } ] }, { "id": "53170", "question": "what is `` the base of the mountain '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Yamamoto" } ] }, { "id": "53171", "question": "what is another name for `` above the well . '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "Inoue" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Arabic names sometimes contain surnames that denote the city of origin. For example, in cases of Saddam Hussein al Tikriti, meaning Saddam Hussein originated from Tikrit, a city in Iraq. This component of the name is called a \"nisbah\".", "qas": [ { "id": "53172", "question": "who originated in iraq in iraq ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "Saddam Hussein al Tikriti" } ] }, { "id": "53173", "question": "where did hussein originate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "Tikrit" } ] }, { "id": "53174", "question": "what is the name of the component of the name `` the component of the name '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "nisbah" } ] } ] }, { "context": "This is the broadest class of surnames, encompassing many types of origin. These include names, also known as eke-names, based on appearance such as \"Schwartzkopf,\" \"Short,\" and possibly \"Caesar,\" and names based on temperament and personality such as \"Daft,\" \"Gutman,\" and \"Maiden,\" which, according to a number of sources, was an English nickname meaning \"effeminate.\" When Jewish families in Central Europe were forced to adopt surnames in the 18th and 19th centuries, those who failed to choose a surname were often given pejorative or even cruel nicknames (such as \"Schweinmann\" (\"pig man\") or \"Schmutz\" (a variant of \"filthy\")) by the local registrar. Many families later changed these names.", "qas": [ { "id": "53175", "question": "what is another name for daft , '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 358, "text": "effeminate" } ] }, { "id": "53176", "question": "when were jewish families forced to adopt surnames ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 447, "text": "18th and 19th centuries" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Ornamental names used as surnames are more common in communities which adopted (or were forced to adopt) surnames in the 18th and 19th centuries. They occur commonly among Jewish families, Germany, and in Scandinavia. Examples include \"Morgenstern\" (\"morning star\"), \"Safire\" (\"sapphire\"), and \"Reis\" (\"branch\"). In some cases, such as Chinese Indonesians and Chinese Thais, certain ethnic groups are subject to political pressure to change their surnames, in which case surnames can lose their family-name meaning. For instance, Indonesian business tycoon Liem Swie Liong (\u6797\u7ecd\u826f) \"indonesianised\" his name to Sudono Salim. In this case \"Liem\" (\u6797) was rendered by \"Salim\", a name of Arabic origin, while \"Sudono\", a Javanese name with the honorific prefix \"su-\" (of Sanskrit origin), was supposed to be a rendering of \"Swie Liong\". During the era of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade (of Africans) many Africans lost their native names and were forced to take the surnames of their slave masters and any given name the slave master desired. In the Americas, the family names of many African-Americans have their origins in slavery (\"i.e.\" slave name). Many of them came to bear the surnames of their former owners. Many freed slaves either created family names themselves or adopted the name of their former master.", "qas": [ { "id": "53177", "question": "when were ornamental names used ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "18th and 19th centuries" } ] }, { "id": "53178", "question": "who is indonesian business tycoon ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 557, "text": "Liem Swie Liong" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In some cultures, such as Greek, Bulgarian, Russian, Slovak, Czech, etc. surnames change form depending on the gender of the bearer. For example, in Greece, if a man called Papadopoulos has a daughter, she will likely be named Papadopoulou (if the couple have decided their offspring will take the father's surname), since that name has a female version. In Poland, if the husband is named Podwi\u0144ski, and his wife takes his surname, her last name, and those of their unmarried daughters, would be Podwi\u0144ska. The sons would be known as Podwi\u0144ski. In Lithuania, if the husband is named Vilkas, his wife will be named Vilkien\u0117 and his daughter will be named Vilkait\u0117. In Slovakia and Czech Republic alike, if a man is called Nov\u00e1k, the wife adds a feminine suffix \"-ov\u00e1\" to his surname after the marriage, hence Nov\u00e1kov\u00e1. The same is true for daughters which almost always inherit the father's surname with the feminine suffix.", "qas": [ { "id": "53179", "question": "where do greek , bulgarian , slovak , and czech surnames form ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "the gender of the bearer" } ] }, { "id": "53180", "question": "what is greece 's daughter called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "Papadopoulos" } ] }, { "id": "53181", "question": "what is greece 's surname called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "Papadopoulou" } ] }, { "id": "53182", "question": "what was the name of the husband in poland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 390, "text": "Podwi\u0144ski" } ] }, { "id": "53183", "question": "what was the sons would be known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 535, "text": "Podwi\u0144ski" } ] }, { "id": "53184", "question": "what was the name of the husband that the husband was named ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 584, "text": "Vilkas" } ] }, { "id": "53185", "question": "what is the wife called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 722, "text": "Nov\u00e1k" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The meanings of some names are unknown or unclear. The most common European name in this category may be the Irish name \"Ryan\", which means \"little king\" in Irish Gaelic. Other surnames may have arisen from more than one source: the name \"De Luca,\" for instance, likely arose either in or near Lucania or in the family of someone named Lucas or Lucius; in some instances, however, the name may have arisen from Lucca, with the spelling and pronunciation changing over time and with emigration. The same name may appear in different cultures by coincidence or romanization; the surname \"Lee\" is used in English culture, but is also a romanization of the Chinese surname \"Li\". Surname origins have been the subject of much folk etymology.", "qas": [ { "id": "53186", "question": "what is the irish name for the irish name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "Ryan" } ] }, { "id": "53187", "question": "what are the names of the family of someone of someone 's surnames ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 336, "text": "Lucas or Lucius" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In French Canada until the 19th century, several families adopted surnames that followed the family name in order to distinguish the various branches of a large family. Such a surname was preceded by the word \"dit\" (\"said\") and was known as a \"nom-dit\" (\"said-name\"). (Compare with some Roman naming conventions.) While this tradition is no longer in use, in many cases the nom-dit has come to replace the original family name. Thus the Bourbeau family has split into Bourbeau dit Verville, Bourbeau dit Lacourse, and Bourbeau dit Beauchesne. In many cases Verville, Lacourse, or Beauchesne has become the new family name. Likewise, the Rivard family has split into the Rivard dit Lavigne, Rivard dit Loranger and Rivard dit Lanoie. The origin of the nom-dit can vary. Often it denoted a geographical trait of the area where that branch of the family lived: Verville lived towards the city, Beauchesne lived near an oak tree, Larivi\u00e8re near a river, etc. Some of the oldest noms-dits are derived from the war name of a settler who served in the army or militia: Tranchemontagne (\"mountain slasher\"), Jolic\u0153ur (\"braveheart\"). Others denote a personal trait: Lacourse might have been a fast runner, Legrand was probably tall, etc.", "qas": [ { "id": "53188", "question": "what was the name of the word `` said to refer ? ''", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "dit" } ] }, { "id": "53189", "question": "what was the word `` dit '' called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "nom-dit" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the United States, 1,712 surnames cover 50% of the population, and about 1% of the population has the surname Smith, which is also the most frequent English name and an occupational name (\"metal worker\"), a contraction, for instance, of blacksmith or other metalsmiths. Several American surnames are a result of corruptions or phonetic misappropriations of European surnames, perhaps as a result of the registration process at the immigration entry points. Spellings and pronunciations of names remained fluid in the United States until the Social Security System enforced standardization.", "qas": [ { "id": "53190", "question": "how many surnames are in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "1,712" } ] }, { "id": "53191", "question": "what percentage of the population is in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "50%" } ] }, { "id": "53192", "question": "what percentage of the population has the surname smith ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "1%" } ] }, { "id": "53193", "question": "what is the occupational name for the surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "metal worker" } ] }, { "id": "53194", "question": "what are several american surnames ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 315, "text": "corruptions or phonetic misappropriations of European surnames" } ] }, { "id": "53195", "question": "what system enforced standardization of standardization in the us ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 544, "text": "Social Security System" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Approximately 70% of Canadians have surnames that are of English, Irish, French, or Scottish derivation.", "qas": [ { "id": "53196", "question": "what percentage of canadians have surnames ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "70%" } ] }, { "id": "53197", "question": "what are some of the canadians that have surnames ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "English, Irish, French, or Scottish derivation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to some estimates, 85% of China's population shares just 100 surnames. The names Wang, Zhang and Li are the most frequent.", "qas": [ { "id": "53198", "question": "what percentage of china 's population shares just 100 surnames ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "85%" } ] }, { "id": "53199", "question": "how many surnames does china have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "100" } ] }, { "id": "53200", "question": "who are the most frequent names of the names ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "Wang, Zhang and Li" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Spain and in most Spanish-speaking countries, the custom is for people to have two surnames. Usually the first surname comes from the father and the second from the mother, but it could be the other way round. When speaking or in informal situations only the first one is used, although both are needed for legal purpose. A child's first surname will usually be their father's first surname, while the child's second surname will usually be the mother's first surname. For example, if Jos\u00e9 Garc\u00eda Torres and Mar\u00eda Acosta G\u00f3mez had a child named Pablo, then his full name would be Pablo Garc\u00eda Acosta. One family member's relationship to another can often be identified by the various combinations and permutations of surnames.", "qas": [ { "id": "53201", "question": "where is the first surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "the father and the second from the mother" } ] }, { "id": "53202", "question": "who had a child named ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 488, "text": "Jos\u00e9 Garc\u00eda Torres and Mar\u00eda Acosta G\u00f3mez" } ] }, { "id": "53203", "question": "what was the name of jos\u00e9 garc\u00eda torres and mar\u00eda ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 548, "text": "Pablo" } ] }, { "id": "53204", "question": "what was the name of the child named ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 583, "text": "Pablo Garc\u00eda Acosta" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In some instances, when an individual's given name and first family name are too common (such as in Jos\u00e9 Luis Rodr\u00edguez Zapatero and Mario Vargas Llosa), both family names are used (though not necessarily both given names). A person could even take the maternal name for informal situations instead of the paternal name, for personal preferences or if the maternal name is somehow \"special\" (Jos\u00e9 Lu\u00eds Rodr\u00edguez Zapatero is known in Spanish as \"Jos\u00e9 Luis Zapatero\" or just as \"Zapatero\"). In Spain, a new law approved in 1999 allows an adult to change the order of his/her family names, and parents can also change the order of their children's family names if they (and the child, if over 12) agree.", "qas": [ { "id": "53205", "question": "who are some of the first family name for an first name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "Jos\u00e9 Luis Rodr\u00edguez Zapatero and Mario Vargas Llosa" } ] }, { "id": "53206", "question": "what is the paternal name for informal situations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 325, "text": "personal preferences or if the maternal name is somehow \"special\"" } ] }, { "id": "53207", "question": "who is known as `` special '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 392, "text": "Jos\u00e9 Lu\u00eds Rodr\u00edguez Zapatero" } ] }, { "id": "53208", "question": "what is the name of the spanish name for spanish ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 445, "text": "Jos\u00e9 Luis Zapatero\" or just as \"Zapatero\")" } ] }, { "id": "53209", "question": "in what year was a new law approved ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 521, "text": "1999" } ] }, { "id": "53210", "question": "what does a new law approved in 1999 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 526, "text": "allows an adult to change the order of his/her family names" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Spain, especially Catalonia, the paternal and maternal surnames are often combined using the conjunction \"y\" (\"and\" in Spanish) or \"i\" (\"and\" in Catalan), see for example the economist Xavier Sala-i-Martin or painter Salvador Dal\u00ed i Dom\u00e8nech.", "qas": [ { "id": "53211", "question": "what is the paternal and maternal surnames in spain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "Catalonia" } ] }, { "id": "53212", "question": "who is the economist that catalonia , the paternal and maternal surnames ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 188, "text": "Xavier Sala-i-Martin or painter Salvador Dal\u00ed" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Spain, a woman does not change her legal surnames when she marries. In some Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America, a woman may, on her marriage, drop her mother's surname and add her husband's surname to her father's surname using the preposition \"de\" (\"of\"), \"del\" (\"of the\", when the following word is masculine) or \"de la\" (\"of the\", when the following word is feminine). For example, if \"Clara Reyes Alba\" were to marry \"Alberto G\u00f3mez Rodr\u00edguez\", the wife could use \"Clara Reyes \"de\" G\u00f3mez\" as her name (or \"Clara Reyes G\u00f3mez\", or, rarely, \"Clara G\u00f3mez Reyes\". She can be addressed as \"Sra. de G\u00f3mez\" corresponding to \"Mrs G\u00f3mez\"). In some countries, this form may be mainly social and not an official name change, i.e. her name would still legally be her birth name. This custom of adding the husband's surname is slowly fading.", "qas": [ { "id": "53213", "question": "what were the clara alba alba to marry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 434, "text": "Alberto G\u00f3mez Rodr\u00edguez" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sometimes a father transmits his combined family names, thus creating a new one e.g., the paternal surname of the son of \"Javier\" (given name) \"Reyes\" (paternal family name) \"de la Barrera\" (maternal surname) may become the new paternal surname \"Reyes de la Barrera\". \"De\" is also the nobiliary particle used with Spanish surnames. This can not be chosen by the person, as it is part of the surname, for example \"Puente\" and \"Del Puente\" are not the same surname.", "qas": [ { "id": "53214", "question": "what was the name of the paternal surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Javier" } ] }, { "id": "53215", "question": "what was the name of the paternal family name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "Reyes" } ] }, { "id": "53216", "question": "what was the name of the new paternal surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "de la Barrera" } ] }, { "id": "53217", "question": "what was the new paternal surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "Reyes de la Barrera" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Children take the surnames of both parents, so if the couple above had two children named \"Andr\u00e9s\" and \"Ana\", then their names would be \"Andr\u00e9s G\u00f3mez Reyes\" and \"Ana G\u00f3mez Reyes\". In Spain, a 1995 reform in the law allows the parents to choose whether the father's or the mother's surname goes first, although this order must be the same for all their children. For instance, the name of the son of the couple in the example above could be either \"Andr\u00e9s G\u00f3mez Reyes\" or \"Andr\u00e9s Reyes G\u00f3mez\". Sometimes, for single mothers or when the father would or could not recognize the child, the mother's surname has been used twice: for example, \"Ana Reyes Reyes\". In Spain, however, children with just one parent receive both surnames of that parent, although the order may also be changed. In 1973 in Chile, the law was changed to avoid stigmatizing illegitimate children with the maternal surname repeated.", "qas": [ { "id": "53218", "question": "what was the name of the children that would be considered to be ana ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "Andr\u00e9s G\u00f3mez Reyes" } ] }, { "id": "53219", "question": "what was the name of the children that children take the surnames ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Ana G\u00f3mez Reyes" } ] }, { "id": "53220", "question": "what was the name of the son of the son of the couple ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 448, "text": "Andr\u00e9s G\u00f3mez Reyes" } ] }, { "id": "53221", "question": "what was the name of the son of the son of the couple ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 472, "text": "Andr\u00e9s Reyes G\u00f3mez" } ] }, { "id": "53222", "question": "what was the name of the mother 's surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 638, "text": "Ana Reyes Reyes" } ] }, { "id": "53223", "question": "in what year was the law changed to chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 786, "text": "1973" } ] } ] }, { "context": "It should be noted that some Hispanic people, after leaving their country, drop their maternal surname, even if not formally, so as to better fit into the non-Hispanic society they live or work in. Dropping the paternal surname is not unusual when it is a very common one. For instance, painter Pablo Ruiz Picasso and Spanish Prime Minister Jos\u00e9 Luis Rodr\u00edguez Zapatero are known by their maternal surnames as \"Picasso\" and \"Zapatero\". Similarly, Anglophones with just one surname may be asked to provide a second surname on official documents in Spanish-speaking countries. When none (such as the mother's maiden name) is provided, the last name may simply be repeated.", "qas": [ { "id": "53224", "question": "who are the painter painter ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 295, "text": "Pablo Ruiz Picasso and Spanish Prime Minister Jos\u00e9 Luis Rodr\u00edguez Zapatero" } ] }, { "id": "53225", "question": "what were the maternal surnames known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 410, "text": "\"Picasso\" and \"Zapatero\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Traditionally in most countries, and currently in some Spanish-speaking countries, women, upon marrying, keep their own family names. It is considered impolite towards her family for a woman to change her name. The higher class women of Cuba and Spain traditionally never change their names. In certain rare situations, a woman may be addressed with her paternal surname followed by her husband's paternal surname linked with \"de\". For example, a woman named \"Ana Garc\u00eda D\u00edaz\", upon marrying \"Juan Guerrero Mac\u00edas\", could be called \"Ana Garc\u00eda de Guerrero\". This custom, begun in medieval times, is decaying and only has legal validity in Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, Peru, Panama, and to a certain extent in Mexico (where it is optional but becoming obsolete), but is frowned upon by people in Spain, Cuba, and elsewhere. In Peru and the Dominican Republic, women normally conserve all family names after getting married. For example, if \"Rosa Mar\u00eda P\u00e9rez Mart\u00ednez\" marries \"Juan Mart\u00edn De la Cruz G\u00f3mez\", she will be called \"Rosa Mar\u00eda P\u00e9rez Mart\u00ednez de De la Cruz\", and if the husband dies, she will be called \"Rosa Mar\u00eda P\u00e9rez Mart\u00ednez Vda. de De la Cruz\" (Vda. being the abbreviation for \"viuda\", \"widow\" in Spanish). The law in Peru changed some years ago, and all married women can keep their maiden last name if they wish with no alteration.", "qas": [ { "id": "53226", "question": "what was the name of ana 's woman ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 460, "text": "Ana Garc\u00eda D\u00edaz" } ] }, { "id": "53227", "question": "what was the name of ana garc\u00eda d\u00edaz ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 493, "text": "Juan Guerrero Mac\u00edas" } ] }, { "id": "53228", "question": "what was ana garc\u00eda d\u00edaz called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 533, "text": "Ana Garc\u00eda de Guerrero" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In some churches, such as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, where the family structure is emphasized, as well as legal marriage, the wife is referred to as \"\"hermana\"\" [sister] plus the surname of her husband. And most records of the church follow that structure as well.", "qas": [ { "id": "53229", "question": "what is the name of the church of jesus ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" } ] }, { "id": "53230", "question": "what is the wife referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "\"\"hermana\"\" [sister] plus the surname of her husband" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A new trend in the United States for Hispanics is to hyphenate their father's and mother's last names. This is done because American born English-speakers are not aware of the Hispanic custom of using two last names and thus mistake the first last name of the individual for a middle name. In doing so they would, for example, mistakenly refer to Esteban \u00c1lvarez Cobos as Esteban A. Cobos. Such confusion can be particularly troublesome in official matters. To avoid such mistakes, Esteban \u00c1lvarez Cobos, would become Esteban \u00c1lvarez-Cobos, to clarify that both are last names.", "qas": [ { "id": "53231", "question": "what is the new trend in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "hyphenate their father's and mother's last names" } ] }, { "id": "53232", "question": "what does mistakenly refer to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 347, "text": "Esteban \u00c1lvarez Cobos" } ] }, { "id": "53233", "question": "what is the name of the esteban that mistakenly refer to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 372, "text": "Esteban A. Cobos" } ] }, { "id": "53234", "question": "what mistakes would be used to avoid the mistakes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 482, "text": "Esteban \u00c1lvarez Cobos" } ] }, { "id": "53235", "question": "what was the name of the mistakes that would be used to avoid the mistakes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 518, "text": "Esteban \u00c1lvarez-Cobos" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Spanish villages in Catalonia, Galicia, and Asturias and in Cuba, people are often known by the name of their dwelling or collective family nickname rather than by their surnames. For example, Remei Pujol i Serra who lives at Ca l'Elvira would be referred to as \"Remei de Ca l'Elvira\"; and Adela Barreira L\u00f3pez who is part of the \"Provisores\" family would be known as \"Adela dos Provisores\".", "qas": [ { "id": "53236", "question": "where are the spanish villages in cuba located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "Catalonia, Galicia, and Asturias" } ] }, { "id": "53237", "question": "what are people often known as in catalonia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "their dwelling or collective family nickname" } ] }, { "id": "53238", "question": "what was the name of the serra that lives at the ca not be referred to as ca not be referred to as ca l'elvira ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "Remei de Ca l'Elvira" } ] }, { "id": "53239", "question": "who is part of the `` provisores dos provisores '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 293, "text": "Adela Barreira L\u00f3pez" } ] }, { "id": "53240", "question": "what was the name of the `` provisores '' l\u00f3pez family ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 372, "text": "Adela dos Provisores" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Each person usually has two family names: though the law specifies no order, the first one is usually the maternal family name, whereas the last one is commonly the paternal family name. In Portugal, a person's full name has a minimum legal length of two names (one given name and one family name from either parent) and a maximum of six names (two first names and four surnames \u2014 he or she may have up to four surnames in any order desired picked up from the total of his/her parents and grandparents' surnames). The use of any surname outside this lot, or of more than six names, is legally possible, but it requires dealing with bureaucracy. Parents or the person him/herself must explain the claims they have to bearing that surname (a family nickname, a rare surname lost in past generations, or any other reason one may find suitable). In Brazil there is no limit of surnames used.", "qas": [ { "id": "53241", "question": "what is the first paternal family name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "the law specifies no order" } ] }, { "id": "53242", "question": "what is the first paternal family name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "the first one is usually the maternal family name" } ] }, { "id": "53243", "question": "what is the last name for the first one name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "the paternal family name" } ] }, { "id": "53244", "question": "what is the person 's full name in portugal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "a minimum legal length of two names" } ] }, { "id": "53245", "question": "how many names does the person have in portugal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 262, "text": "one given name and one family name from either parent) and a maximum of six names (two first names and four surnames" } ] }, { "id": "53246", "question": "how many surnames are there in portugal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "up to four surnames in any order desired picked up from the total of his/her parents and grandparents' surnames" } ] }, { "id": "53247", "question": "what is the nickname for a rare surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 645, "text": "Parents or the person him/herself must explain the claims they have to bearing that surname" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In general, the traditions followed in countries like Brazil, Portugal and Angola are somewhat different from the ones in Spain. In the Spanish tradition, usually the father's surname comes first, followed by the mother's surname, whereas in Portuguese-speaking countries the father's name is the last, mother's coming first. A woman may adopt her husband's surname(s), but nevertheless she usually keeps her birth names, or at least the last one. Since 1977, a husband can also adopt his wife's surname. When this happens, usually both spouses change their name after marriage.", "qas": [ { "id": "53248", "question": "what are some of the traditions followed in spain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "Brazil, Portugal and Angola" } ] }, { "id": "53249", "question": "who followed the father 's surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "the mother's surname" } ] }, { "id": "53250", "question": "when did a husband begin his surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 454, "text": "1977" } ] }, { "id": "53251", "question": "what happens when spouses change their name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 537, "text": "spouses change their name after marriage" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The custom of a woman changing her name upon marriage is recent. It spread in the late 19th century in the upper classes, under French influence, and in the 20th century, particularly during the 1930s and 1940, it became socially almost obligatory. Nowadays, fewer women adopt, even officially, their husbands' names, and among those who do so officially, it is quite common not to use it either in their professional or informal life.", "qas": [ { "id": "53252", "question": "when did the custom of a woman become socially ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "1930s and 1940" } ] }, { "id": "53253", "question": "what names did fewer women adopt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 295, "text": "their husbands' names" } ] } ] }, { "context": "For the children, some bear only the last surnames of the parents. For example, \"Carlos da Silva Gon\u00e7alves\" and \"Ana Lu\u00edsa de Albuquerque Pereira (Gon\u00e7alves)\" (in case she adopted her husband's name after marriage) would have a child named \"Lucas Pereira Gon\u00e7alves\". However, the child may have any other combination of the parents' surnames, according to euphony, social significance or other reasons.", "qas": [ { "id": "53254", "question": "what is the name of the example of the child that would have a child ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "Carlos da Silva Gon\u00e7alves" } ] }, { "id": "53255", "question": "what is the name of the case she adopted her name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "Ana Lu\u00edsa de Albuquerque Pereira" } ] }, { "id": "53256", "question": "what was the name of the child that would have a child ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "Lucas Pereira Gon\u00e7alves" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In ancient times a patronymic was commonly used \u2014 surnames like \"Gon\u00e7alves\" (\"son of \"Gon\u00e7alo\"\"), \"Fernandes\" (\"son of \"Fernando\"\"), \"Nunes\" (\"son of \"Nuno\"\"), \"Soares\" (\"son of \"Soeiro\"\"), \"Sanches\" (\"son of \"Sancho\"\"), \"Henriques\" (\"son of \"Henrique\"\"), \"Rodrigues\" (\"son of \"Rodrigo\"\") which along with many others are still in regular use as very prevalent family names.", "qas": [ { "id": "53257", "question": "what is another term for surnames ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Gon\u00e7alves" } ] }, { "id": "53258", "question": "what was the son of a surnames called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "Gon\u00e7alo" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Medieval times, Portuguese nobility started to use one of their estates' names or the name of the town or village they ruled as their surname, just after their patronymic. Soeiro Mendes da Maia bore a name \"Soeiro\", a patronymic \"Mendes\" (\"son of Hermenegildo \u2013 shortened to Mendo\") and the name of the town he ruled \"Maia\". He was often referred to in 12th century documents as \"Soeiro Mendes, senhor da Maia\", Soeiro Mendes, lord of Maia. Noblewomen also bore patronymics and surnames in the same manner and never bore their husband's surname. First-born males bore their father's surname, other children bore either both or only one of them at their will.", "qas": [ { "id": "53259", "question": "who bore a name `` soeiro '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "Soeiro Mendes da Maia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Only during the Early Modern Age, lower-class males started to use at least one surname; married lower-class women usually took up their spouse's surname, since they rarely ever used one beforehand. After the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, Portuguese authorities realized the benefits of enforcing the use and registry of surnames. Henceforth, they became mandatory, although the rules for their use were very liberal.", "qas": [ { "id": "53260", "question": "why did lower-class males use their surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "married lower-class women usually took up their spouse's surname" } ] }, { "id": "53261", "question": "what did portuguese authorities introduce to the benefits of the earthquake ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "enforcing the use and registry of surnames" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From the 1974 Carnation Revolution onwards the adoption of their husbands' surname(s) receded again, and today both the adoption and non-adoption occur, with non-adoption being chosen in the majority of cases in recent years (60%). Also, it is legally possible for the husband to adopt his wife's surname(s), but this practice is rare.", "qas": [ { "id": "53262", "question": "when did the carnation revolution occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "1974" } ] }, { "id": "53263", "question": "from what revolution was the adoption of their surname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "Carnation Revolution" } ] }, { "id": "53264", "question": "what was the adoption of husbands from the 1974 revolution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "surname(s" } ] }, { "id": "53265", "question": "what percentage of cases were chosen in the 1974 revolution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 226, "text": "60%" } ] }, { "id": "53266", "question": "what is the practice of the husband ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 265, "text": "the husband to adopt his wife's surname(s" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Brazilians usually call people only by their given names, omitting family names, even in many formal situations, as in the press referring to authorities, e.g. \"Former President Fernando Henrique\", never Former President Cardoso, or even \"Former President Lula\" (\"Lula\" was actually his nickname). When formality or a prefix requires a family name, the given name usually precedes the surname, e.g. \"Jo\u00e3o Santos\", or \"Sr. Jo\u00e3o Santos\".", "qas": [ { "id": "53267", "question": "what is the name of the former president that authorities are in the press ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Former President Fernando Henrique" } ] }, { "id": "53268", "question": "what was the name of the nickname `` omitting '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "Former President Lula" } ] }, { "id": "53269", "question": "what is another name for `` sr. '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "Jo\u00e3o Santos" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Jewish names have historically varied, encompassing throughout the centuries several different traditions. The most usual last name for those of the priest tribe is \"Cohen\"/\"Kahen\"/\"Kogan\"/\"Kohen\"/\"Katz\" (a Hebrew acronym of Kohen Tzedek, or righteous Kohen) and for those of the Levites, \"Levi\"/\"Levine\". Those who came from Europe usually have \"Rosen\"(\"rose\"), \"Spiel\", \"Gold\", and other German words as their names' prefixes, and \"man\", \"wyn\"/\"wein\"(\"wine\"), \"berg\"(\"mountain\"), and other German words as their names' suffixes. Most Sephardic Jews adopted Arabic names, like \"Azizi\" (\"you're [someones] love\"), \"Hassan\" or added words to their original names, like \"Kohenzadeh\" (\"[she] bore a Kohen\"). Names like \"Johnson\" and \"Peterson\" may be used in Jewish tradition as they too used the father's name as identification. So \"Johnson\" in Hebrew is \"Ben Yochanon\", meaning \"Yochanon (John)'s son\". Many Yemenite Jews' family names are consisting of the place in which their ancestors have come to Yemen (like Sana'a) and an \"i\" in the end (like the family name \"San'ani\"), indicating belonging to the place they have originated from.", "qas": [ { "id": "53270", "question": "what is the most usual name of the priest ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "Cohen\"/\"Kahen\"/\"Kogan\"/\"Kohen\"/\"Katz" } ] }, { "id": "53271", "question": "what are the hebrew acronym ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "Kohen Tzedek, or righteous Kohen" } ] }, { "id": "53272", "question": "what is johnson 's son called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 854, "text": "Ben Yochanon" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Assyrians (a.k.a. Chaldo-Assyrian) are a distinct ethnic group, descendant largely from the population of ancient Assyria, indigenous to Mesopotamia with deep and long roots in the Middle East, mainly present-day Iraq, northwest Iran, northeast Syria and southeast Turkey.", "qas": [ { "id": "53273", "question": "what is a distinct ethnic group ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Assyrians" } ] }, { "id": "53274", "question": "how many ethnic group are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 15, "text": "a.k.a" } ] }, { "id": "53275", "question": "along with iraq , iraq and iraq , what other countries have a distinct ethnic group ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "northwest Iran, northeast Syria and southeast Turkey" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Surnames come from the Akkadian influenced Eastern Aramaic dialects of the Assyrian (Chaldo-Assyrian) people. Some surnames are connected to East Syrian Rite Christianity, the religion Assyrians currently follow and have followed since the 1st Century AD, with others being of distinctly ancient Assyrian/Mesopotamian origin.", "qas": [ { "id": "53276", "question": "what type of dialects did akkadian use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Eastern Aramaic" } ] }, { "id": "53277", "question": "what is the name of the assyrian surnames ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "Chaldo-Assyrian" } ] }, { "id": "53278", "question": "what are some surnames connected to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "East Syrian Rite Christianity" } ] }, { "id": "53279", "question": "when do the religion of the religion begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 240, "text": "1st Century AD" } ] }, { "id": "53280", "question": "what type of origin is the religion of religion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "Assyrian/Mesopotamian origin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The majority of Kurds do not hold Kurdish names because the names have been banned in the countries they primarily live in (namely Iran, Turkey and Syria). Kurds in these respective countries tend to hold Turkish, Persian or Arabic names, in the majority of cases, forcefully appointed by the ruling governments. Others hold Arabic names as a result of the influence of Islam and Arab culture.", "qas": [ { "id": "53281", "question": "which countries have been banned in the majority of kurds ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "Iran, Turkey and Syria" } ] }, { "id": "53282", "question": "what does kurds hold ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "Turkish, Persian or Arabic names" } ] }, { "id": "53283", "question": "who appointed kurds ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 289, "text": "the ruling governments" } ] }, { "id": "53284", "question": "what are arabic names used for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 370, "text": "Islam and Arab culture" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Kurds holding authentic Kurdish names are generally found in Diaspora or in Iraqi Kurdistan where Kurds are relatively free. Traditionally, Kurdish family names are inherited from the tribes of which the individual or families are members. However, some families inherit the names of the regions they are from.", "qas": [ { "id": "53285", "question": "where are kurds holding authentic kurdish names ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Diaspora or in Iraqi Kurdistan" } ] }, { "id": "53286", "question": "what are kurdish family names inherited from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 180, "text": "the tribes of which the individual or families are members" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"Female:\" \nBerfin of Sarah of Evin\n
\nthere are also names with the word \"Mal(a)\" [House (of)]\ne.g.: \nBaran of House of Alan", "qas": [ { "id": "53287", "question": "what is the name of the word `` female : '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "Mal(a" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berfin of House of Evin", "qas": [ { "id": "53288", "question": "what is the name of the house of house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Berfin of House of Evin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Traditionally, Kurdish women did not inherit a man's last name. Although still not in practice by many Kurds, this can be more commonly found today.", "qas": [ { "id": "53289", "question": "what did kurdish women do with kurdish women ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 15, "text": "Kurdish women did not inherit a man's last name" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Tibetan people are often named at birth by the local Buddhist Lama or they may request a name from the Dalai Lama. They do not often use a family name though many have one. They may change their name throughout life if advised by a Buddhist Lama, for example if a different name removes obstacles. The Tibetans who enter monastic life take a name from their ordination Lama, which will be a combination of the Lama's name and a new name for them.", "qas": [ { "id": "53290", "question": "who may request tibetan people ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "Buddhist Lama" } ] }, { "id": "53291", "question": "who may request tibetan people ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "the Dalai Lama" } ] }, { "id": "53292", "question": "who advised the tibetan people to change their name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "Buddhist Lama" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the case of Circassians, especially Adyges and Kabardians, hereditary surnames have been borne by people for thousands of years. All Circassian people belong to a Clan.", "qas": [ { "id": "53293", "question": "what are the hereditary surnames ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "Adyges and Kabardians" } ] }, { "id": "53294", "question": "what do all people belong to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "a Clan" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most surnames of Adyge origin fall into six types:", "qas": [ { "id": "53295", "question": "how many types of types are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "six" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"Shogen\" comes from the Christian era, and \"Yefendi\" and \"Mole\" come from the Muslim era.", "qas": [ { "id": "53296", "question": "where does the `` mole '' come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "the Christian era" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Circassian women, even when they marry, do not change their surnames. By keeping their surnames and passing it on to the next generation, children come to distinguish relatives from the maternal side and respect her family as well as those from their father's side.", "qas": [ { "id": "53297", "question": "how do women change their surnames ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "when they marry, do not change their surnames" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the Circassian tradition, the formula for surnames is patterned to mean \"daughter of ...\"", "qas": [] }, { "context": "Abkhaz families follow similar naming patterns reflecting the common roots of the Abkhazian, Adygean and Wubikh peoples.", "qas": [ { "id": "53298", "question": "what are the names of the common roots of the families ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "Abkhazian, Adygean and Wubikh peoples" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Circassian family names cannot be derived from women's names or from the name of female ancestors.", "qas": [ { "id": "53299", "question": "where can women be derived from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "women's names or from the name of female ancestors" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Surname" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.3 million km\u00b2 (11.7 million square\u00a0miles) including adjacent islands, it covers six per cent of Earth's total surface area and 20.4 per cent of its total land area. With 1.1 billion people as of 2013, it accounts for about 15% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognized sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two \"de facto\" independent states with limited or no recognition.", "qas": [ { "id": "53300", "question": "how many km \u00b2 is africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "30.3 million" } ] }, { "id": "53301", "question": "how many square miles is africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "11.7 million" } ] }, { "id": "53302", "question": "how many people lived in africa in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 255, "text": "1.1 billion" } ] }, { "id": "53303", "question": "how much of the world 's human population is africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "15%" } ] }, { "id": "53304", "question": "how many fully recognized sovereign states are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 635, "text": "54" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Africa's population is the youngest amongst all the continents; the median age in 2012 was 19.7, when the worldwide median age was 30.4. Algeria is Africa's largest country by area, and Nigeria by population. Africa, particularly central Eastern Africa, is widely accepted as the place of origin of humans and the Hominidae clade (great apes), as evidenced by the discovery of the earliest hominids and their ancestors, as well as later ones that have been dated to around seven million years ago, including \"Sahelanthropus tchadensis\", \"Australopithecus africanus\", \"A. afarensis\", \"Homo erectus\", \"H. habilis\" and \"H. ergaster\" \u2013 with the earliest \"Homo sapiens\" (modern human) found in Ethiopia being dated to circa 200,000 years ago. Africa straddles the equator and encompasses numerous climate areas; it is the only continent to stretch from the northern temperate to southern temperate zones.", "qas": [ { "id": "53305", "question": "what was the median age in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "19.7" } ] }, { "id": "53306", "question": "what was the worldwide median age in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "30.4" } ] }, { "id": "53307", "question": "when was the earliest `` homo sapiens '' found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 719, "text": "200,000 years ago" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Africa hosts a large diversity of ethnicities, cultures and languages. In the late 19th century European countries colonized most of Africa. Most present states in Africa originate from a process of decolonization in the 20th century.", "qas": [ { "id": "53308", "question": "when did most present states in africa originate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "the 20th century" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"Afri\" was a Latin name used to refer to the inhabitants of Africa, which in its widest sense referred to all lands south of the Mediterranean (Ancient Libya). This name seems to have originally referred to a native Libyan tribe; see Terence#Biography for discussion. The name is usually connected with Hebrew or Phoenician \" 'dust', but a 1981 hypothesis has asserted that it stems from the Berber \"ifri\" (plural \"ifran\") \"cave\", in reference to cave dwellers. The same word may be found in the name of the Banu Ifran from Algeria and Tripolitania, a Berber tribe originally from Yafran (also known as \"Ifrane\") in northwestern Libya.", "qas": [ { "id": "53309", "question": "what was a latin name for the inhabitants of africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1, "text": "Afri" } ] }, { "id": "53310", "question": "what is the name of the tribe that was originally referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "native Libyan tribe" } ] }, { "id": "53311", "question": "what is the name of the name of the name `` dust '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 303, "text": "Hebrew or Phoenician" } ] }, { "id": "53312", "question": "what is the name of the same word that may be found in northwestern ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 508, "text": "Banu Ifran" } ] }, { "id": "53313", "question": "where did a berber tribe come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 581, "text": "Yafran" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Under Roman rule, Carthage became the capital of the province of Africa Proconsularis, which also included the coastal part of modern Libya. The Latin suffix \"-ica\" can sometimes be used to denote a land (e.g., in \"Celtica\" from \"Celtae\", as used by Julius Caesar). The later Muslim kingdom of Ifriqiya, modern-day Tunisia, also preserved a form of the name.", "qas": [ { "id": "53314", "question": "who became the capital of africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "Carthage" } ] }, { "id": "53315", "question": "what province did carthage become the capital of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Africa Proconsularis" } ] }, { "id": "53316", "question": "what is another name for the latin suffix ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "-ica" } ] }, { "id": "53317", "question": "who used the latin suffix from the latin suffix ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "Julius Caesar" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the Romans, Africa lay to the west of Egypt, while \"Asia\" was used to refer to Anatolia and lands to the east. A definite line was drawn between the two continents by the geographer Ptolemy (85\u2013165 AD), indicating Alexandria along the Prime Meridian and making the isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea the boundary between Asia and Africa. As Europeans came to understand the real extent of the continent, the idea of \"Africa\" expanded with their knowledge.", "qas": [ { "id": "53318", "question": "who drawn a definite line between the two continents ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "Ptolemy" } ] }, { "id": "53319", "question": "when did ptolemy die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "85\u2013165 AD" } ] }, { "id": "53320", "question": "what were the isthmus of alexandria ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 289, "text": "Suez and the Red Sea the boundary between Asia and Africa" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Africa is considered by most paleoanthropologists to be the oldest inhabited territory on Earth, with the human species originating from the continent. During the mid-20th century, anthropologists discovered many fossils and evidence of human occupation perhaps as early as 7 million years ago (BP=before present). Fossil remains of several species of early apelike humans thought to have evolved into modern man, such as \"Australopithecus afarensis\" (radiometrically dated to approximately 3.9\u20133.0\u00a0million years BP, \"Paranthropus boisei\" (c. 2.3\u20131.4\u00a0million years BP) and \"Homo ergaster\" (c. 1.9\u00a0million\u2013600,000 years BP) have been discovered.", "qas": [ { "id": "53321", "question": "how long did the anthropologists discovered many fossils ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "7 million years ago" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After the evolution of \"Homo sapiens sapiens\" approximately 150,000 to 100,000 years BP in Africa, the continent was mainly populated by groups of hunter-gatherers. These first modern humans left Africa and populated the rest of the globe during the Out of Africa II migration dated to approximately 50,000 years BP, exiting the continent either across Bab-el-Mandeb over the Red Sea, the Strait of Gibraltar in Morocco, or the Isthmus of Suez in Egypt.", "qas": [ { "id": "53322", "question": "what was the evolution of `` homo sapiens sapiens '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "150,000 to 100,000 years BP" } ] }, { "id": "53323", "question": "who populated the continent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "hunter-gatherers" } ] }, { "id": "53324", "question": "how many years did africa ii migration ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 300, "text": "50,000 years BP" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Other migrations of modern humans within the African continent have been dated to that time, with evidence of early human settlement found in Southern Africa, Southeast Africa, North Africa, and the Sahara.", "qas": [ { "id": "53325", "question": "where were evidence of early human settlement found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "Southern Africa, Southeast Africa, North Africa, and the Sahara" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The size of the Sahara has historically been extremely variable, with its area rapidly fluctuating and at times disappearing depending on global climactic conditions. At the end of the Ice ages, estimated to have been around 10,500 BC, the Sahara had again become a green fertile valley, and its African populations returned from the interior and coastal highlands in Sub-Saharan Africa, with rock art paintings depicting a fertile Sahara and large populations discovered in Tassili n'Ajjer dating back perhaps 10 millennia. However, the warming and drying climate meant that by 5000 BC, the Sahara region was becoming increasingly dry and hostile. Around 3500 BC, due to a tilt in the earth's orbit, the Sahara experienced a period of rapid desertification. The population trekked out of the Sahara region towards the Nile Valley below the Second Cataract where they made permanent or semi-permanent settlements. A major climatic recession occurred, lessening the heavy and persistent rains in Central and Eastern Africa. Since this time, dry conditions have prevailed in Eastern Africa and, increasingly during the last 200 years, in Ethiopia.", "qas": [ { "id": "53326", "question": "when did the sahara become a green fertile valley ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "10,500 BC" } ] }, { "id": "53327", "question": "what was the date of the sahara ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 511, "text": "10 millennia" } ] }, { "id": "53328", "question": "when did the warming and drying climate begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 579, "text": "5000 BC" } ] }, { "id": "53329", "question": "when did the sahara begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 656, "text": "3500 BC" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The domestication of cattle in Africa preceded agriculture and seems to have existed alongside hunter-gatherer cultures. It is speculated that by 6000 BC, cattle were domesticated in North Africa. In the Sahara-Nile complex, people domesticated many animals, including the donkey and a small screw-horned goat which was common from Algeria to Nubia.", "qas": [ { "id": "53330", "question": "what type of cultures did the domestication of cattle in africa have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "hunter-gatherer cultures" } ] }, { "id": "53331", "question": "when were cattle domesticated in north africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "6000 BC" } ] }, { "id": "53332", "question": "where were cattle domesticated in africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "North Africa" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Around 4000 BC, the Saharan climate started to become drier at an exceedingly fast pace. This climate change caused lakes and rivers to shrink significantly and caused increasing desertification. This, in turn, decreased the amount of land conducive to settlements and helped to cause migrations of farming communities to the more tropical climate of West Africa.", "qas": [ { "id": "53333", "question": "when did the saharan climate climate begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 7, "text": "4000 BC" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By the first millennium BC, ironworking had been introduced in Northern Africa and quickly spread across the Sahara into the northern parts of sub-Saharan Africa, and by 500 BC, metalworking began to become commonplace in West Africa. Ironworking was fully established by roughly 500 BC in many areas of East and West Africa, although other regions didn't begin ironworking until the early centuries AD. Copper objects from Egypt, North Africa, Nubia, and Ethiopia dating from around 500 BC have been excavated in West Africa, suggesting that Trans-Saharan trade networks had been established by this date.", "qas": [ { "id": "53334", "question": "where was the first millennium bc ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "Northern Africa" } ] }, { "id": "53335", "question": "when did the first millennium bc begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "500 BC" } ] }, { "id": "53336", "question": "in what year was east africa established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "500 BC" } ] }, { "id": "53337", "question": "when did copper objects from egypt begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 484, "text": "500 BC" } ] } ] }, { "context": "At about 3300 BC, the historical record opens in Northern Africa with the rise of literacy in the Pharaonic civilization of Ancient Egypt. One of the world's earliest and longest-lasting civilizations, the Egyptian state continued, with varying levels of influence over other areas, until 343 BC. Egyptian influence reached deep into modern-day Libya and Nubia, and, according to Martin Bernal, as far north as Crete.", "qas": [ { "id": "53338", "question": "when was the historical record opens in northern africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "3300 BC" } ] }, { "id": "53339", "question": "what year did the egyptian state begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 289, "text": "343 BC" } ] }, { "id": "53340", "question": "who was the egyptian influence of libya ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 380, "text": "Martin Bernal" } ] } ] }, { "context": "An independent centre of civilization with trading links to Phoenicia was established by Phoenicians from Tyre on the north-west African coast at Carthage.", "qas": [ { "id": "53341", "question": "what established an independent centre of civilization ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Phoenicians" } ] }, { "id": "53342", "question": "where was phoenicians established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Tyre" } ] }, { "id": "53343", "question": "where was phoenicians established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "north-west African coast" } ] }, { "id": "53344", "question": "where was phoenicians established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "Carthage" } ] } ] }, { "context": "European exploration of Africa began with Ancient Greeks and Romans. In 332 BC, Alexander the Great was welcomed as a liberator in Persian-occupied Egypt. He founded Alexandria in Egypt, which would become the prosperous capital of the Ptolemaic dynasty after his death.", "qas": [ { "id": "53345", "question": "who did european exploration of africa begin with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "Ancient Greeks and Romans" } ] }, { "id": "53346", "question": "when was alexander the great was welcomed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "332 BC" } ] }, { "id": "53347", "question": "where was alexander the great welcomed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "Persian-occupied Egypt" } ] }, { "id": "53348", "question": "what was the name of alexander 's great capital ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "Alexandria" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Following the conquest of North Africa's Mediterranean coastline by the Roman Empire, the area was integrated economically and culturally into the Roman system. Roman settlement occurred in modern Tunisia and elsewhere along the coast. The first Roman emperor native to North Africa was Septimius Severus, born in Leptis Magna in present-day Libya\u2014his mother was Italian Roman and his father was Punic.", "qas": [ { "id": "53349", "question": "who integrated the conquest of north africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "the Roman Empire" } ] }, { "id": "53350", "question": "who was the first roman emperor native to north africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "Septimius Severus" } ] }, { "id": "53351", "question": "where was the first roman emperor born ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 314, "text": "Leptis Magna" } ] }, { "id": "53352", "question": "what was the first roman emperor native to north africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 396, "text": "Punic" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Christianity spread across these areas at an early date, from Judaea via Egypt and beyond the borders of the Roman world into Nubia; by AD 340 at the latest, it had become the state religion of the Aksumite Empire. Syro-Greek missionaries, who arrived by way of the Red Sea, were responsible for this theological development.", "qas": [ { "id": "53353", "question": "when did christianity become the state religion ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "AD 340" } ] }, { "id": "53354", "question": "christianity had become the religion of what empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "Aksumite Empire" } ] }, { "id": "53355", "question": "who were responsible for the theological development of the red sea ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "Syro-Greek missionaries" } ] }, { "id": "53356", "question": "what sea did missionaries come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "Red Sea" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the early 7th century, the newly formed Arabian Islamic Caliphate expanded into Egypt, and then into North Africa. In a short while, the local Berber elite had been integrated into Muslim Arab tribes. When the Umayyad capital Damascus fell in the 8th century, the Islamic centre of the Mediterranean shifted from Syria to Qayrawan in North Africa. Islamic North Africa had become diverse, and a hub for mystics, scholars, jurists, and philosophers. During the above-mentioned period, Islam spread to sub-Saharan Africa, mainly through trade routes and migration.", "qas": [ { "id": "53357", "question": "what was formed in the early 7th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Arabian Islamic Caliphate" } ] }, { "id": "53358", "question": "where did the arabian islamic caliphate take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 104, "text": "North Africa" } ] }, { "id": "53359", "question": "who was the local berber elite integrated into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "Muslim Arab tribes" } ] }, { "id": "53360", "question": "what was the islamic centre of the mediterranean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 325, "text": "Qayrawan" } ] }, { "id": "53361", "question": "what did the islam spread to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 538, "text": "trade routes and migration" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Pre-colonial Africa possessed perhaps as many as 10,000 different states and polities characterized by many different sorts of political organization and rule. These included small family groups of hunter-gatherers such as the San people of southern Africa; larger, more structured groups such as the family clan groupings of the Bantu-speaking peoples of central, southern, and eastern Africa; heavily structured clan groups in the Horn of Africa; the large Sahelian kingdoms; and autonomous city-states and kingdoms such as those of the Akan; Edo, Yoruba, and Igbo people in West Africa; and the Swahili coastal trading towns of Southeast Africa.", "qas": [ { "id": "53362", "question": "how many different states and polities characterized africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "10,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By the ninth century AD, a string of dynastic states, including the earliest Hausa states, stretched across the sub-Saharan savannah from the western regions to central Sudan. The most powerful of these states were Ghana, Gao, and the Kanem-Bornu Empire. Ghana declined in the eleventh century, but was succeeded by the Mali Empire which consolidated much of western Sudan in the thirteenth century. Kanem accepted Islam in the eleventh century.", "qas": [ { "id": "53363", "question": "when did the earliest hausa states across the western regions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 7, "text": "ninth century AD" } ] }, { "id": "53364", "question": "where did the earliest hausa states come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "central Sudan" } ] }, { "id": "53365", "question": "what were the most powerful of the states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 215, "text": "Ghana, Gao, and the Kanem-Bornu Empire" } ] }, { "id": "53366", "question": "who succeeded ghana in the thirteenth century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 320, "text": "Mali Empire" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the forested regions of the West African coast, independent kingdoms grew with little influence from the Muslim north. The Kingdom of Nri was established around the ninth century and was one of the first. It is also one of the oldest kingdoms in present-day Nigeria and was ruled by the Eze Nri. The Nri kingdom is famous for its elaborate bronzes, found at the town of Igbo-Ukwu. The bronzes have been dated from as far back as the ninth century.\nThe Kingdom of Ife, historically the first of these Yoruba city-states or kingdoms, established government under a priestly oba ('king' or 'ruler' in the Yoruba language), called the \"Ooni of Ife\". Ife was noted as a major religious and cultural centre in West Africa, and for its unique naturalistic tradition of bronze sculpture. The Ife model of government was adapted at the Oyo Empire, where its obas or kings, called the \"Alaafins of Oyo\", once controlled a large number of other Yoruba and non-Yoruba city-states and kingdoms; the Fon \"Kingdom of Dahomey\" was one of the non-Yoruba domains under Oyo control.", "qas": [ { "id": "53367", "question": "when was nri established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "ninth century" } ] }, { "id": "53368", "question": "who ruled the kingdom of nri ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "Eze Nri" } ] }, { "id": "53369", "question": "where is nri found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 373, "text": "Igbo-Ukwu" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Almoravids were a Berber dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of northwestern Africa and the Iberian peninsula during the eleventh century. The Banu Hilal and Banu Ma'qil were a collection of Arab Bedouin tribes from the Arabian Peninsula who migrated westwards via Egypt between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries. Their migration resulted in the fusion of the Arabs and Berbers, where the locals were Arabized, and Arab culture absorbed elements of the local culture, under the unifying framework of Islam.\nFollowing the breakup of Mali, a local leader named Sonni Ali (1464\u20131492) founded the Songhai Empire in the region of middle Niger and the western Sudan and took control of the trans-Saharan trade. Sonni Ali seized Timbuktu in 1468 and Jenne in 1473, building his regime on trade revenues and the cooperation of Muslim merchants. His successor Askia Mohammad I (1493\u20131528) made Islam the official religion, built mosques, and brought to Gao Muslim scholars, including al-Maghili (d.1504), the founder of an important tradition of Sudanic African Muslim scholarship. By the eleventh century, some Hausa states \u2013 such as Kano, jigawa, Katsina, and Gobir \u2013 had developed into walled towns engaging in trade, servicing caravans, and the manufacture of goods. Until the fifteenth century, these small states were on the periphery of the major Sudanic empires of the era, paying tribute to Songhai to the west and Kanem-Borno to the east.", "qas": [ { "id": "53370", "question": "what were the arab bedouin tribes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "Banu Hilal and Banu Ma'qil" } ] }, { "id": "53371", "question": "who was the local leader of mali ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 584, "text": "Sonni Ali" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Slavery had long been practised in Africa. Between the 7th and 20th centuries, Arab slave trade (also known as slavery in the East) took 18 million slaves from Africa via trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean routes. Between the 15th and the 19th centuries (500 years), the Atlantic slave trade took an estimated 7\u201312 million slaves to the New World. More than 1 million Europeans were captured by Barbary pirates and sold as slaves in North Africa between the 16th and 19th centuries.", "qas": [ { "id": "53372", "question": "what was known as slavery in the east ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "Arab slave trade" } ] }, { "id": "53373", "question": "how many slaves did arab slave sell from africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "18 million" } ] }, { "id": "53374", "question": "how long did the atlantic slave trade last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "500 years" } ] }, { "id": "53375", "question": "how many slaves did the atlantic slave trade have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "7\u201312 million" } ] }, { "id": "53376", "question": "how many europeans were captured by barbary pirates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 354, "text": "1 million" } ] }, { "id": "53377", "question": "who captured slaves in north africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 391, "text": "Barbary pirates" } ] }, { "id": "53378", "question": "between what centuries were slaves sold in north africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 454, "text": "16th and 19th centuries" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In West Africa, the decline of the Atlantic slave trade in the 1820s caused dramatic economic shifts in local polities. The gradual decline of slave-trading, prompted by a lack of demand for slaves in the New World, increasing anti-slavery legislation in Europe and America, and the British Royal Navy's increasing presence off the West African coast, obliged African states to adopt new economies. Between 1808 and 1860, the British West Africa Squadron seized approximately 1,600 slave ships and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard.\nAction was also taken against African leaders who refused to agree to British treaties to outlaw the trade, for example against \"the usurping King of Lagos\", deposed in 1851. Anti-slavery treaties were signed with over 50 African rulers. The largest powers of West Africa (the Asante Confederacy, the Kingdom of Dahomey, and the Oyo Empire) adopted different ways of adapting to the shift. Asante and Dahomey concentrated on the development of \"legitimate commerce\" in the form of palm oil, cocoa, timber and gold, forming the bedrock of West Africa's modern export trade. The Oyo Empire, unable to adapt, collapsed into civil wars.", "qas": [ { "id": "53379", "question": "how many slave ships were in the british west africa squadron ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 476, "text": "1,600" } ] }, { "id": "53380", "question": "how many africans were aboard the british west africa squadron ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 504, "text": "150,000" } ] }, { "id": "53381", "question": "when was the usurping king of lagos deposed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 707, "text": "1851" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the late 19th century, the European imperial powers engaged in a major territorial scramble and occupied most of the continent, creating many colonial territories, and leaving only two fully independent states: Ethiopia (known to Europeans as \"Abyssinia\"), and Liberia. Egypt and Sudan were never formally incorporated into any European colonial empire; however, after the British occupation of 1882, Egypt was effectively under British administration until 1922.", "qas": [ { "id": "53382", "question": "who was known as abyssinia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "Ethiopia" } ] }, { "id": "53383", "question": "what are the names of the fully independent states that ethiopia ethiopia occupied ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "\"Abyssinia\"), and Liberia" } ] }, { "id": "53384", "question": "where were egypt and sudan never incorporated into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 331, "text": "European colonial empire" } ] }, { "id": "53385", "question": "in what year did the british occupation egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 398, "text": "1882" } ] }, { "id": "53386", "question": "in what year was egypt effectively incorporated into british administration ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 461, "text": "1922" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Berlin Conference held in 1884\u201385 was an important event in the political future of African ethnic groups. It was convened by King Leopold II of Belgium, and attended by the European powers that laid claim to African territories. It sought to end the European powers' Scramble for Africa, by agreeing on political division and spheres of influence. They set up the political divisions of the continent, by spheres of interest, that exist in Africa today.", "qas": [ { "id": "53387", "question": "when was the berlin conference held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "1884\u201385" } ] }, { "id": "53388", "question": "who convened the berlin conference ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "King Leopold II of Belgium" } ] }, { "id": "53389", "question": "what did the berlin conference end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "Scramble for Africa" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Imperial rule by Europeans would continue until after the conclusion of World War II, when almost all remaining colonial territories gradually obtained formal independence. Independence movements in Africa gained momentum following World War II, which left the major European powers weakened. In 1951, Libya, a former Italian colony, gained independence. In 1956, Tunisia and Morocco won their independence from France. Ghana followed suit the next year (March 1957), becoming the first of the sub-Saharan colonies to be granted independence. Most of the rest of the continent became independent over the next decade.", "qas": [ { "id": "53390", "question": "when did europeans continue to continue formal independence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "World War II" } ] }, { "id": "53391", "question": "what war did africa join ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "World War II" } ] }, { "id": "53392", "question": "in what year did libya join independence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "1951" } ] }, { "id": "53393", "question": "in what year did tunisia and morocco win their independence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 358, "text": "1956" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Portugal's overseas presence in Sub-Saharan Africa (most notably in Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau and S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe) lasted from the 16th century to 1975, after the Estado Novo regime was overthrown in a military coup in Lisbon. Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence from the United Kingdom in 1965, under the white minority government of Ian Smith, but was not internationally recognized as an independent state (as Zimbabwe) until 1980, when black nationalists gained power after a bitter guerrilla war. Although South Africa was one of the first African countries to gain independence, the state remained under the control of the country's white minority through a system of racial segregation known as apartheid until 1994.", "qas": [ { "id": "53394", "question": "where were portugal 's overseas presence located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau and S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe" } ] }, { "id": "53395", "question": "in what year did rhodesia become independence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "1965" } ] }, { "id": "53396", "question": "what was the name of the white minority government of rhodesia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 369, "text": "Ian Smith" } ] }, { "id": "53397", "question": "when did rhodesia become an independent state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 463, "text": "1980" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Today, Africa contains 54 sovereign countries, most of which have borders that were drawn during the era of European colonialism. Since colonialism, African states have frequently been hampered by instability, corruption, violence, and authoritarianism. The vast majority of African states are republics that operate under some form of the presidential system of rule. However, few of them have been able to sustain democratic governments on a permanent basis, and many have instead cycled through a series of coups, producing military dictatorships.", "qas": [ { "id": "53398", "question": "how many sovereign countries does africa have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "54" } ] }, { "id": "53399", "question": "who hampered african states since colonialism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "instability, corruption, violence, and authoritarianism" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Great instability was mainly the result of marginalization of ethnic groups, and graft under these leaders. For political gain, many leaders fanned ethnic conflicts, some of which had been exacerbated, or even created, by colonial rule. In many countries, the military was perceived as being the only group that could effectively maintain order, and it ruled many nations in Africa during the 1970s and early 1980s. During the period from the early 1960s to the late 1980s, Africa had more than 70 coups and 13 presidential assassinations. Border and territorial disputes were also common, with the European-imposed borders of many nations being widely contested through armed conflicts.", "qas": [ { "id": "53400", "question": "what was the result of great instability ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "marginalization of ethnic groups" } ] }, { "id": "53401", "question": "what was the name of the rule that was created by many leaders ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "colonial rule" } ] }, { "id": "53402", "question": "how many coups did africa have in the early 1960s ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 495, "text": "70 coups and 13 presidential assassinations" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Cold War conflicts between the United States and the Soviet Union, as well as the policies of the International Monetary Fund, also played a role in instability. When a country became independent for the first time, it was often expected to align with one of the two superpowers. Many countries in Northern Africa received Soviet military aid, while others in Central and Southern Africa were supported by the United States, France or both. The 1970s saw an escalation of Cold War intrigues, as newly independent Angola and Mozambique aligned themselves with the Soviet Union, and the West and South Africa sought to contain Soviet influence by supporting friendly regimes or insurgency movements. In Rhodesia, Soviet and Chinese-backed leftist guerrillas of the Zimbabwe Patriotic Front waged a brutal guerrilla war against the country's white government. There was a major famine in Ethiopia, when hundreds of thousands of people starved. Some claimed that Marxist economic policies made the situation worse. The most devastating military conflict in modern independent Africa has been the Second Congo War; this conflict and its aftermath has killed an estimated 5.5 million people. Since 2003 there has been an ongoing conflict in Darfur which has become a humanitarian disaster. Another notable tragic event is the 1994 Rwandan Genocide in which an estimated 800,000 people were murdered. AIDS in post-colonial Africa has also been a prevalent issue.", "qas": [ { "id": "53403", "question": "what fund played a role in instability ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "International Monetary Fund" } ] }, { "id": "53404", "question": "who supported the soviet military ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 406, "text": "the United States, France or both" } ] }, { "id": "53405", "question": "who waged a brutal guerrilla war in rhodesia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 763, "text": "Zimbabwe Patriotic Front" } ] }, { "id": "53406", "question": "how many people were killed in africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1166, "text": "5.5 million" } ] }, { "id": "53407", "question": "when was the genocide of the genocide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1320, "text": "1994" } ] }, { "id": "53408", "question": "how many people were murdered in 1994 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1364, "text": "800,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 21st century, however, the number of armed conflicts in Africa has steadily declined. For instance, the civil war in Angola came to an end in 2002 after nearly 30 years. This has coincided with many countries abandoning communist-style command economies and opening up for market reforms. The improved stability and economic reforms have led to a great increase in foreign investment into many African nations, mainly from China, which has spurred quick economic growth in many countries, seemingly ending decades of stagnation and decline. Several African economies are among the world's fastest growing as of 2016. A significant part of this growth, which is sometimes referred to as Africa Rising, can also be attributed to the facilitated diffusion of information technologies and specifically the mobile telephone.", "qas": [ { "id": "53409", "question": "when did the civil war begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "2002" } ] }, { "id": "53410", "question": "how long did the civil war last ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "30 years" } ] }, { "id": "53411", "question": "where is the great increase in foreign investment ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 430, "text": "China" } ] }, { "id": "53412", "question": "what is a significant part of africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 693, "text": "Africa Rising" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Africa is the largest of the three great southward projections from the largest landmass of the Earth. Separated from Europe by the Mediterranean Sea, it is joined to Asia at its northeast extremity by the Isthmus of Suez (transected by the Suez Canal), wide. (Geopolitically, Egypt's Sinai Peninsula east of the Suez Canal is often considered part of Africa, as well.)", "qas": [ { "id": "53413", "question": "who separated africa by the suez canal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "the Mediterranean Sea" } ] }, { "id": "53414", "question": "what is the suez canal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Isthmus of Suez" } ] }, { "id": "53415", "question": "what canal is suez suez ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 237, "text": "the Suez Canal" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Africa's largest country is Algeria, and its smallest country is the Seychelles, an archipelago off the east coast. The smallest nation on the continental mainland is The Gambia.", "qas": [ { "id": "53416", "question": "what is africa 's largest country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "Algeria" } ] }, { "id": "53417", "question": "what is africa 's largest country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "the Seychelles, an archipelago off the east coast" } ] }, { "id": "53418", "question": "what is the smallest nation on the continental mainland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "The Gambia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Geologically, Africa includes the Arabian Peninsula; the Zagros Mountains of Iran and the Anatolian Plateau of Turkey mark where the African Plate collided with Eurasia. The Afrotropic ecozone and the Saharo-Arabian desert to its north unite the region biogeographically, and the Afro-Asiatic language family unites the north linguistically.", "qas": [ { "id": "53419", "question": "what peninsula does africa have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "Arabian Peninsula" } ] }, { "id": "53420", "question": "what are the names of the african plate collided with eurasia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Zagros Mountains of Iran and the Anatolian Plateau of Turkey mark" } ] }, { "id": "53421", "question": "who collided with eurasia in eurasia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "African Plate" } ] }, { "id": "53422", "question": "where did the african plate come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Eurasia" } ] }, { "id": "53423", "question": "what desert is located in iran ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "Saharo-Arabian desert" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The climate of Africa ranges from tropical to subarctic on its highest peaks. Its northern half is primarily desert, or arid, while its central and southern areas contain both savanna plains and dense jungle (rainforest) regions. In between, there is a convergence, where vegetation patterns such as sahel and steppe dominate. Africa is the hottest continent on earth and 60% of the entire land surface consists of drylands and deserts. The record for the highest-ever recorded temperature, in Libya in 1922 (), was discredited in 2013.", "qas": [ { "id": "53424", "question": "what is the climate of africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "desert" } ] }, { "id": "53425", "question": "what are the central and southern areas of africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "savanna plains and dense jungle (rainforest) regions" } ] }, { "id": "53426", "question": "what are some examples of vegetation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 300, "text": "sahel and steppe dominate" } ] }, { "id": "53427", "question": "what percentage of the land surface consists of africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 372, "text": "60%" } ] }, { "id": "53428", "question": "in what year was libya discredited in libya ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 503, "text": "1922" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Africa boasts perhaps the world's largest combination of density and \"range of freedom\" of wild animal populations and diversity, with wild populations of large carnivores (such as lions, hyenas, and cheetahs) and herbivores (such as buffalo, elephants, camels, and giraffes) ranging freely on primarily open non-private plains. It is also home to a variety of \"jungle\" animals including snakes and primates and aquatic life such as crocodiles and amphibians. In addition, Africa has the largest number of megafauna species, as it was least affected by the extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna.", "qas": [ { "id": "53429", "question": "what are some of the large carnivores populations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "lions, hyenas, and cheetahs) and herbivores" } ] }, { "id": "53430", "question": "what are some examples of carnivores populations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "buffalo, elephants, camels, and giraffes" } ] }, { "id": "53431", "question": "what is another term for a variety of animals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 362, "text": "jungle" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Africa has over 3,000 protected areas, with 198 marine protected areas, 50 biosphere reserves, and 80 wetlands reserves. Significant habitat destruction, increases in human population and poaching are reducing Africa's biological diversity and arable land. Human encroachment, civil unrest and the introduction of non-native species threaten biodiversity in Africa. This has been exacerbated by administrative problems, inadequate personnel and funding problems.", "qas": [ { "id": "53432", "question": "how many areas does africa have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "over 3,000 protected areas" } ] }, { "id": "53433", "question": "how many marine areas does africa have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "198" } ] }, { "id": "53434", "question": "how many biosphere reserves does africa have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "50" } ] }, { "id": "53435", "question": "how many wetlands reserves does africa have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "80" } ] }, { "id": "53436", "question": "what are significant habitat destruction ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "reducing Africa's biological diversity and arable land" } ] }, { "id": "53437", "question": "what is the cause of the problems that has been exacerbated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 395, "text": "administrative problems, inadequate personnel and funding problems" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Deforestation is affecting Africa at twice the world rate, according to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). According to the University of Pennsylvania African Studies Center, 31% of Africa's pasture lands and 19% of its forests and woodlands are classified as degraded, and Africa is losing over four million hectares of forest per year, which is twice the average deforestation rate for the rest of the world. Some sources claim that approximately 90% of the original, virgin forests in West Africa have been destroyed. Over 90% of Madagascar's original forests have been destroyed since the arrival of humans 2000 years ago. About 65% of Africa's agricultural land suffers from soil degradation.", "qas": [ { "id": "53438", "question": "what is the name of the programme that is affecting africa at twice ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "United Nations Environment Programme" } ] }, { "id": "53439", "question": "what percentage of africa 's pasture lands is losing over the university of pennsylvania ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "31%" } ] }, { "id": "53440", "question": "what percentage of africa 's center is classified as degraded by the university of pennsylvania ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "19%" } ] }, { "id": "53441", "question": "how much forest is africa losing over ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 310, "text": "four million hectares" } ] }, { "id": "53442", "question": "what percentage of the original forests in west africa have been destroyed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 463, "text": "90%" } ] }, { "id": "53443", "question": "what percentage of madagascar 's forests have been destroyed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 540, "text": "90%" } ] }, { "id": "53444", "question": "what percentage of africa 's agricultural land suffers from soil degradation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 647, "text": "65%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are clear signs of increased networking among African organizations and states. For example, in the civil war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (former Zaire), rather than rich, non-African countries intervening, neighbouring African countries became involved (see also Second Congo War). Since the conflict began in 1998, the estimated death toll has reached 5 million.", "qas": [ { "id": "53445", "question": "what was the name of the former zaire in the civil war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "Democratic Republic of the Congo" } ] }, { "id": "53446", "question": "what was involved in the civil war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "Second Congo War" } ] }, { "id": "53447", "question": "when did the death toll begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 329, "text": "1998" } ] }, { "id": "53448", "question": "how much has the death toll reached ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 372, "text": "5 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The African Union (AU) is a 54-member federation consisting of all of Africa's states except Morocco. The union was formed, with Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, as its headquarters, on 26 June 2001. The union was officially established on 9 July 2002 as a successor to the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). In July 2004, the African Union's Pan-African Parliament (PAP) was relocated to Midrand, in South Africa, but the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights remained in Addis Ababa. There is a policy in effect to decentralize the African Federation's institutions so that they are shared by all the states.", "qas": [ { "id": "53449", "question": "what is a 54-member federation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The African Union" } ] }, { "id": "53450", "question": "what type of federation is the african union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "54-member" } ] }, { "id": "53451", "question": "when was the union formed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "26 June 2001" } ] }, { "id": "53452", "question": "when was the union officially established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "9 July 2002" } ] }, { "id": "53453", "question": "what does oau stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "Organisation of African Unity" } ] }, { "id": "53454", "question": "what does pap stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "African Union's Pan-African Parliament" } ] }, { "id": "53455", "question": "where were the african commission on human and peoples ' rights ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 475, "text": "Addis Ababa" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The African Union, not to be confused with the AU Commission, is formed by the Constitutive Act of the African Union, which aims to transform the African Economic Community, a federated commonwealth, into a state under established international conventions. The African Union has a parliamentary government, known as the African Union Government, consisting of legislative, judicial and executive organs. It is led by the African Union President and Head of State, who is also the President of the Pan-African Parliament. A person becomes AU President by being elected to the PAP, and subsequently gaining majority support in the PAP. The powers and authority of the President of the African Parliament derive from the Constitutive Act and the Protocol of the Pan-African Parliament, as well as the inheritance of presidential authority stipulated by African treaties and by international treaties, including those subordinating the Secretary General of the OAU Secretariat (AU Commission) to the PAP. The government of the AU consists of all-union (federal), regional, state, and municipal authorities, as well as hundreds of institutions, that together manage the day-to-day affairs of the institution.", "qas": [ { "id": "53456", "question": "who formed the african union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "Constitutive Act of the African Union" } ] }, { "id": "53457", "question": "what does the african union transform to transform to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "African Economic Community" } ] }, { "id": "53458", "question": "what types of organs does the african union have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 361, "text": "legislative, judicial and executive organs" } ] }, { "id": "53459", "question": "who led the african union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 422, "text": "African Union President and Head of State" } ] }, { "id": "53460", "question": "who is the african union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 477, "text": "the President of the Pan-African Parliament" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Political associations such as the African Union offer hope for greater co-operation and peace between the continent's many countries. Extensive human rights abuses still occur in several parts of Africa, often under the oversight of the state. Most of such violations occur for political reasons, often as a side effect of civil war. Countries where major human rights violations have been reported in recent times include the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Sudan, Zimbabwe, and C\u00f4te d'Ivoire.", "qas": [ { "id": "53461", "question": "what do the african union offer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "greater co-operation and peace between the continent's many countries" } ] }, { "id": "53462", "question": "where do extensive human rights abuses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "the oversight of the state" } ] }, { "id": "53463", "question": "what is a political war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "a side effect of civil war" } ] }, { "id": "53464", "question": "what are some human rights violations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 428, "text": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Sudan, Zimbabwe, and C\u00f4te d'Ivoire" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although it has abundant natural resources, Africa remains the world's poorest and most underdeveloped continent, the result of a variety of causes that may include corrupt governments that have often committed serious human rights violations, failed central planning, high levels of illiteracy, lack of access to foreign capital, and frequent tribal and military conflict (ranging from guerrilla warfare to genocide). According to the United Nations' Human Development Report in 2003, the bottom 24 ranked nations (151st to 175th) were all African.", "qas": [ { "id": "53465", "question": "when was the united nations ' human development report report ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 480, "text": "2003" } ] }, { "id": "53466", "question": "what was the name of the bottom in 2003 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 497, "text": "24 ranked nations" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition and inadequate water supply and sanitation, as well as poor health, affect a large proportion of the people who reside in the African continent. In August 2008, the World Bank announced revised global poverty estimates based on a new international poverty line of $1.25 per day (versus the previous measure of $1.00). 80.5% of the Sub-Saharan Africa population was living on less than $2.50 (PPP) per day in 2005, compared with 85.7% for India.", "qas": [ { "id": "53467", "question": "what are some of the people that affect the african continent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition and inadequate water supply and sanitation" } ] }, { "id": "53468", "question": "what was the new poverty line based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "$1.25 per day" } ] }, { "id": "53469", "question": "what percentage of the sub-saharan africa population was living in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 352, "text": "80.5%" } ] }, { "id": "53470", "question": "what was the population of the sub-saharan africa population in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 419, "text": "$2.50" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Sub-Saharan Africa is the least successful region of the world in reducing poverty ($1.25 per day); some 50% of the population living in poverty in 1981 (200 million people), a figure that rose to 58% in 1996 before dropping to 50% in 2005 (380 million people). The average poor person in sub-Saharan Africa is estimated to live on only 70 cents per day, and was poorer in 2003 than in 1973, indicating increasing poverty in some areas. Some of it is attributed to unsuccessful economic liberalization programmes spearheaded by foreign companies and governments, but other studies have cited bad domestic government policies more than external factors.", "qas": [ { "id": "53471", "question": "how much does sub-saharan africa pay in reducing poverty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "$1.25 per day" } ] }, { "id": "53472", "question": "what percentage of the population living in 1981 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "50%" } ] }, { "id": "53473", "question": "how many people lived in sub-saharan africa in 1981 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "200 million" } ] }, { "id": "53474", "question": "how much of the population of the world is sub-saharan africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "58%" } ] }, { "id": "53475", "question": "what percentage of the population was sub-saharan africa in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "50%" } ] }, { "id": "53476", "question": "how many people lived in sub-saharan africa in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "380 million" } ] }, { "id": "53477", "question": "how much is the average poor person in sub-saharan africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 337, "text": "70 cents per day" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From 1995 to 2005, Africa's rate of economic growth increased, averaging 5% in 2005. Some countries experienced still higher growth rates, notably Angola, Sudan and Equatorial Guinea, all of which had recently begun extracting their petroleum reserves or had expanded their oil extraction capacity. The continent is believed to hold 90% of the world's cobalt, 90% of its platinum, 50% of its gold, 98% of its chromium, 70% of its tantalite, 64% of its manganese and one-third of its uranium. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has 70% of the world's coltan, a mineral used in the production of tantalum capacitors for electronic devices such as cell phones. The DRC also has more than 30% of the world's diamond reserves. Guinea is the world's largest exporter of bauxite. As the growth in Africa has been driven mainly by services and not manufacturing or agriculture, it has been growth without jobs and without reduction in poverty levels. In fact, the food security crisis of 2008 which took place on the heels of the global financial crisis has pushed back 100 million people into food insecurity.", "qas": [ { "id": "53478", "question": "what was africa 's rate in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "5%" } ] }, { "id": "53479", "question": "what were some of the higher growth rates in some countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Angola, Sudan and Equatorial Guinea" } ] }, { "id": "53480", "question": "what percentage of the world 's cobalt is believed to be believed to hold the cobalt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 333, "text": "90%" } ] }, { "id": "53481", "question": "what percentage of the world 's cobalt is 90 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 360, "text": "90%" } ] }, { "id": "53482", "question": "what percentage of the world 's cobalt is gold ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 381, "text": "50%" } ] }, { "id": "53483", "question": "what percentage of the world 's cobalt is gold ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 398, "text": "98%" } ] }, { "id": "53484", "question": "what percentage of the continent is uranium ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 441, "text": "64%" } ] }, { "id": "53485", "question": "what percentage of the world 's coltan has a mineral ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 539, "text": "70%" } ] }, { "id": "53486", "question": "what percentage of the world 's diamond reserves is more than the diamond reserves ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 693, "text": "30%" } ] }, { "id": "53487", "question": "how many people were into the food security crisis of 2008 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1070, "text": "100 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In recent years, the People's Republic of China has built increasingly stronger ties with African nations and is Africa's largest trading partner. In 2007, Chinese companies invested a total of US$1 billion in Africa.", "qas": [ { "id": "53488", "question": "who is africa 's largest trading partner with african nations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "People's Republic of China" } ] }, { "id": "53489", "question": "in what year did chinese companies invested a total of us$ 1 billion in africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "2007" } ] }, { "id": "53490", "question": "how much did chinese companies spend in africa in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "US$1 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A Harvard University study led by professor Calestous Juma showed that Africa could feed itself by making the transition from importer to self-sufficiency. \"African agriculture is at the crossroads; we have come to the end of a century of policies that favoured Africa's export of raw materials and importation of food. Africa is starting to focus on agricultural innovation as its new engine for regional trade and prosperity.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "53491", "question": "who led the harvard university study ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Calestous Juma" } ] }, { "id": "53492", "question": "what did africa believe africa could feed itself to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "self-sufficiency" } ] }, { "id": "53493", "question": "what do african agriculture policies favoured africa 's export of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 281, "text": "raw materials and importation of food" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During US President Barack Obama's visit to Africa in July 2013, he announced a US$7 billion plan to further develop infrastructure and work more intensively with African heads of state. He also announced a new programme named Trade Africa, designed to boost trade within the continent as well as between Africa and the US.", "qas": [ { "id": "53494", "question": "in what month and year did obama visit to africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "July 2013" } ] }, { "id": "53495", "question": "how much did obama pay to further develop infrastructure ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "US$7 billion" } ] }, { "id": "53496", "question": "what did obama call a new programme ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "Trade Africa" } ] }, { "id": "53497", "question": "why was trade africa designed to boost trade within the continent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "between Africa and the US" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Africa's population has rapidly increased over the last 40 years, and consequently, it is relatively young. In some African states, more than half the population is under 25 years of age. The total number of people in Africa increased from 229 million in 1950 to 630 million in 1990. As of 2014, the population of Africa is estimated at 1.2 billion. Africa's total population surpassing other continents is fairly recent; African population surpassed Europe in the 1990s, while the Americas was overtaken sometime around the year 2000; Africa's rapid population growth is expected to overtake the only two nations currently larger than its population, at roughly the same time - India and China's 1.4 billion people each will swap ranking around the year 2022.", "qas": [ { "id": "53498", "question": "how many years of age is the population of half the population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "25" } ] }, { "id": "53499", "question": "how many people were in africa in 1950 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 240, "text": "229 million" } ] }, { "id": "53500", "question": "what was the total number of people in africa in 1990 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "630 million" } ] }, { "id": "53501", "question": "what is the population of africa in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 337, "text": "1.2 billion" } ] }, { "id": "53502", "question": "how many people each will swap ranking around africa 's population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 697, "text": "1.4 billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Speakers of Bantu languages (part of the Niger\u2013Congo family) are the majority in southern, central and southeast Africa. The Bantu-speaking peoples from The Sahel progressively expanded over most of Sub-Saharan Africa. But there are also several Nilotic groups in South Sudan and East Africa, the mixed Swahili people on the Swahili Coast, and a few remaining indigenous Khoisan (\"San\" or \"Bushmen\") and Pygmy peoples in southern and central Africa, respectively. Bantu-speaking Africans also predominate in Gabon and Equatorial Guinea, and are found in parts of southern Cameroon. In the Kalahari Desert of Southern Africa, the distinct people known as the Bushmen (also \"San\", closely related to, but distinct from \"Hottentots\") have long been present. The San are physically distinct from other Africans and are the indigenous people of southern Africa. Pygmies are the pre-Bantu indigenous peoples of central Africa.", "qas": [ { "id": "53503", "question": "bantu languages are part of what family ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "the Niger\u2013Congo family" } ] }, { "id": "53504", "question": "where are bantu languages located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "southern, central and southeast Africa" } ] }, { "id": "53505", "question": "where did the sahel come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "Sub-Saharan Africa" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The peoples of West Africa primarily speak Niger\u2013Congo languages, belonging mostly to its non-Bantu branches, though some Nilo-Saharan and Afro-Asiatic speaking groups are also found. The Niger\u2013Congo-speaking Yoruba, Igbo, Fulani, Akan and Wolof ethnic groups are the largest and most influential. In the central Sahara, Mandinka or Mande groups are most significant. Chadic-speaking groups, including the Hausa, are found in more northerly parts of the region nearest to the Sahara, and Nilo-Saharan communities, such as the Songhai, Kanuri and Zarma, are found in the eastern parts of West Africa bordering Central Africa.", "qas": [ { "id": "53506", "question": "the peoples of west africa primarily speak what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Niger\u2013Congo languages" } ] }, { "id": "53507", "question": "which niger groups are the most influential ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "Yoruba, Igbo, Fulani, Akan and Wolof ethnic groups" } ] }, { "id": "53508", "question": "what groups are most significant in the central sahara ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 321, "text": "Mandinka or Mande groups" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The peoples of North Africa consist of three main indigenous groups: Berbers in the northwest, Egyptians in the northeast, and Nilo-Saharan-speaking peoples in the east. The Arabs who arrived in the 7th century AD introduced the Arabic language and Islam to North Africa. The Semitic Phoenicians (who founded Carthage) and Hyksos, the Indo-Iranian Alans, the Indo- European Greeks, Romans, and Vandals settled in North Africa as well. Significant Berber communities remain within Morocco and Algeria in the 21st century, while, to a lesser extent, Berber speakers are also present in some regions of Tunisia and Libya. The Berber-speaking Tuareg and other often-nomadic peoples are the principal inhabitants of the Saharan interior of North Africa. In Mauritania, there is a small but near-extinct Berber community in the north and Niger\u2013Congo-speaking peoples in the south, though in both regions Arabic and Arab culture predominates. In Sudan, although Arabic and Arab culture predominate, it is mostly inhabited by groups that originally spoke Nilo-Saharan, such as the Nubians, Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa, who, over the centuries, have variously intermixed with migrants from the Arabian peninsula. Small communities of Afro-Asiatic-speaking Beja nomads can also be found in Egypt and Sudan.\nIn the Horn of Africa, some Ethiopian and Eritrean groups (like the Amhara and Tigrayans, collectively known as Habesha) speak languages from the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, while the Oromo and Somali speak languages from the Cushitic branch of Afro-Asiatic.", "qas": [ { "id": "53509", "question": "how many main indigenous groups are there in the east ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "Nilo-Saharan" } ] }, { "id": "53510", "question": "when did the arabs arrive in the arabic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "7th century AD" } ] }, { "id": "53511", "question": "what was the name of the semitic phoenicians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "Carthage" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Prior to the decolonization movements of the post-World War II era, Europeans were represented in every part of Africa. Decolonization during the 1960s and 1970s often resulted in the mass emigration of white settlers \u2013 especially from Algeria and Morocco (1.6 million \"pieds-noirs\" in North Africa), Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, Mozambique and Angola. Between 1975 and 1977, over a million colonials returned to Portugal alone. Nevertheless, white Africans remain an important minority in many African states, particularly Zimbabwe, Namibia, R\u00e9union, and the Republic of South Africa. The country with the largest white African population is South Africa. Dutch and British diasporas represent the largest communities of European ancestry on the continent today.", "qas": [ { "id": "53512", "question": "what is the largest white african population in africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 638, "text": "South Africa" } ] } ] }, { "context": "European colonization also brought sizable groups of Asians, particularly from the Indian subcontinent, to British colonies. Large Indian communities are found in South Africa, and smaller ones are present in Kenya, Tanzania, and some other southern and southeast African countries. The large Indian community in Uganda was expelled by the dictator Idi Amin in 1972, though many have since returned. The islands in the Indian Ocean are also populated primarily by people of Asian origin, often mixed with Africans and Europeans. The Malagasy people of Madagascar are an Austronesian people, but those along the coast are generally mixed with Bantu, Arab, Indian and European origins. Malay and Indian ancestries are also important components in the group of people known in South Africa as Cape Coloureds (people with origins in two or more races and continents). During the 20th century, small but economically important communities of Lebanese and Chinese have also developed in the larger coastal cities of West and East Africa, respectively.", "qas": [ { "id": "53513", "question": "who expelled the large indian community in uganda ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 349, "text": "Idi Amin" } ] }, { "id": "53514", "question": "when was the large indian community expelled ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 361, "text": "1972" } ] }, { "id": "53515", "question": "what is the name of the group that malay and indian ancestries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 790, "text": "Cape Coloureds" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By most estimates, well over a thousand languages (UNESCO has estimated around two thousand) are spoken in Africa. Most are of African origin, though some are of European or Asian origin. Africa is the most multilingual continent in the world, and it is not rare for individuals to fluently speak not only multiple African languages, but one or more European ones as well. There are four major language families indigenous to Africa:", "qas": [ { "id": "53516", "question": "what are the origin of african origin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "European or Asian origin" } ] }, { "id": "53517", "question": "what is africa not rare for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "individuals to fluently speak not only multiple African languages" } ] }, { "id": "53518", "question": "how many major language families are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 383, "text": "four" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Following the end of colonialism, nearly all African countries adopted official languages that originated outside the continent, although several countries also granted legal recognition to indigenous languages (such as Swahili, Yoruba, Igbo and Hausa). In numerous countries, English and French (\"see African French\") are used for communication in the public sphere such as government, commerce, education and the media. Arabic, Portuguese, Afrikaans and Spanish are examples of languages that trace their origin to outside of Africa, and that are used by millions of Africans today, both in the public and private spheres. Italian is spoken by some in former Italian colonies in Africa. German is spoken in Namibia, as it was a former German protectorate.", "qas": [ { "id": "53519", "question": "what are some examples of indigenous languages that were granted legal recognition ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "Swahili, Yoruba, Igbo and Hausa" } ] }, { "id": "53520", "question": "which two countries are used for communication in the public sphere ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "English and French" } ] }, { "id": "53521", "question": "what are some public sphere that are used for communication ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 375, "text": "government, commerce, education and the media" } ] }, { "id": "53522", "question": "which languages trace their origin to outside of africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 422, "text": "Arabic, Portuguese, Afrikaans and Spanish" } ] }, { "id": "53523", "question": "where is german spoken ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 709, "text": "Namibia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some aspects of traditional African cultures have become less practised in recent years as a result of neglect and suppression by colonial and post-colonial regimes. For example, African customs were discouraged, and African languages were prohibited in mission schools. Leopold II of Belgium attempted to \"civilize\" Africans by discouraging polygamy and witchcraft.", "qas": [ { "id": "53524", "question": "who suppression the aspects of african cultures ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "colonial and post-colonial regimes" } ] }, { "id": "53525", "question": "who attempted to `` polygamy and witchcraft '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "Leopold II of Belgium" } ] }, { "id": "53526", "question": "what did leopold think leopold was ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "\"civilize\" Africans by discouraging polygamy and witchcraft" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Obidoh Freeborn posits that colonialism is one element that has created the character of modern African art. According to authors Douglas Fraser and Herbert M. Cole, \"The precipitous alterations in the power structure wrought by colonialism were quickly followed by drastic iconographic changes in the art.\" Fraser and Cole assert that, in Igboland, some art objects \"lack the vigor and careful craftsmanship of the earlier art objects that served traditional functions. Author Chika Okeke-Agulu states that \"the racist infrastructure of British imperial enterprise forced upon the political and cultural guardians of empire a denial and suppression of an emergent sovereign Africa and modernist art.\" In Soweto, the West Rand Administrative Board established a Cultural Section to collect, read, and review scripts before performances could occur. Editors F. Abiola Irele and Simon Gikandi comment that the current identity of African literature had its genesis in the \"traumatic encounter between Africa and Europe.\" On the other hand, Mhoze Chikowero believes that Africans deployed music, dance, spirituality, and other performative cultures to (re)asset themselves as active agents and indigenous intellectuals, to unmake their colonial marginalization and reshape their own destinies.\" ", "qas": [ { "id": "53527", "question": "who posits that colonialism is one element ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Obidoh Freeborn" } ] }, { "id": "53528", "question": "who was the authors of the power structure in the power structure ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "Douglas Fraser and Herbert M. Cole" } ] }, { "id": "53529", "question": "in what year did fraser and cole make a art objects ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 340, "text": "Igboland" } ] }, { "id": "53530", "question": "what established a cultural section to collect , read , and review ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 717, "text": "West Rand Administrative Board" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There is now a resurgence in the attempts to rediscover and revalue African traditional cultures, under such movements as the African Renaissance, led by Thabo Mbeki, Afrocentrism, led by a group of scholars, including Molefi Asante, as well as the increasing recognition of traditional spiritualism through decriminalization of Vodou and other forms of spirituality.", "qas": [ { "id": "53531", "question": "what is there a resurgence of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "rediscover and revalue African traditional cultures" } ] }, { "id": "53532", "question": "what is the name of the group that led to the resurgence of african traditional cultures ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "African Renaissance" } ] }, { "id": "53533", "question": "who led the african renaissance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "Thabo Mbeki, Afrocentrism" } ] }, { "id": "53534", "question": "what was the name of the group that led the african renaissance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "Molefi Asante" } ] } ] }, { "context": "African art and architecture reflect the diversity of African cultures. The region's oldest known beads were made from \"Nassarius\" shells and worn as personal ornaments 72,000 years ago. The Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt was the world's tallest structure for 4,000 years, until the completion of Lincoln Cathedral around the year 1300. The stone ruins of Great Zimbabwe are also noteworthy for their architecture, as are the monolithic churches at Lalibela, Ethiopia, such as the Church of Saint George.\nEgypt has long been a cultural focus of the Arab world, while remembrance of the rhythms of sub-Saharan Africa, in particular West Africa, was transmitted through the Atlantic slave trade to modern samba, blues, jazz, reggae, hip hop, and rock. The 1950s through the 1970s saw a conglomeration of these various styles with the popularization of Afrobeat and Highlife music. Modern music of the continent includes the highly complex choral singing of southern Africa and the dance rhythms of the musical genre of soukous, dominated by the music of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Indigenous musical and dance traditions of Africa are maintained by oral traditions, and they are distinct from the music and dance styles of North Africa and Southern Africa. Arab influences are visible in North African music and dance and, in Southern Africa, Western influences are apparent due to colonization.", "qas": [ { "id": "53535", "question": "what were the oldest known beads made from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 120, "text": "Nassarius" } ] }, { "id": "53536", "question": "when were the oldest known beads worn ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "72,000 years ago" } ] }, { "id": "53537", "question": "how long was the great pyramid of egypt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "4,000 years" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Fifty-four African countries have football (soccer) teams in the Confederation of African Football. Egypt has won the African Cup seven times, and a record-making three times in a row. Cameroon, Nigeria, Senegal, Ghana, and Algeria have advanced to the knockout stage of recent FIFA World Cups. South Africa hosted the 2010 World Cup tournament, becoming the first African country to do so.", "qas": [ { "id": "53538", "question": "what is the name of the football football club ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Fifty-four African countries have football (soccer) teams in the Confederation of African Football" } ] }, { "id": "53539", "question": "what has egypt won ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "African Cup seven times" } ] }, { "id": "53540", "question": "how many times has egypt won the african cup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "a record-making three times in a row" } ] }, { "id": "53541", "question": "which countries have advanced to the knockout stage of recent fifa world cups ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Cameroon, Nigeria, Senegal, Ghana, and Algeria" } ] }, { "id": "53542", "question": "cameroon , senegal , senegal , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana , ghana ,", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "FIFA World Cups" } ] }, { "id": "53543", "question": "what was the name of the tournament that south africa hosted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "2010 World Cup tournament" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Cricket is popular in some African nations. South Africa and Zimbabwe have Test status, while Kenya is the leading non-test team and previously had One-Day International cricket (ODI) status (from 10 October 1997, until 30 January 2014). The three countries jointly hosted the 2003 Cricket World Cup. Namibia is the other African country to have played in a World Cup. Morocco in northern Africa has also hosted the 2002 Morocco Cup, but the national team has never qualified for a major tournament. Rugby is a popular sport in South Africa, Namibia, and Zimbabwe.", "qas": [ { "id": "53544", "question": "which two countries have test status of kenya ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "South Africa and Zimbabwe" } ] }, { "id": "53545", "question": "what is the name of kenya 's leading team ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "One-Day International cricket" } ] }, { "id": "53546", "question": "when was kenya international cricket status ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "10 October 1997" } ] }, { "id": "53547", "question": "when did kenya international cricket begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "30 January 2014" } ] }, { "id": "53548", "question": "what cup did the three countries jointly hosted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "2003 Cricket World Cup" } ] }, { "id": "53549", "question": "what cup has morocco in northern africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 416, "text": "2002 Morocco Cup" } ] }, { "id": "53550", "question": "where is rugby a popular ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 528, "text": "South Africa, Namibia, and Zimbabwe" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Africans profess a wide variety of religious beliefs, and statistics on religious affiliation are difficult to come by since they are often a sensitive a topic for governments with mixed religious populations. According to the World Book Encyclopedia, Islam is the largest religion in Africa, followed by Christianity. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, 45% of the population are Christians, 40% are Muslims, and 10% follow traditional religions. A small number of Africans are Hindu, Buddhist, Confucianist, Baha'i, or Jewish. There is also a minority of Africans who are irreligious.", "qas": [ { "id": "53551", "question": "what is the largest religion in africa ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "Islam" } ] }, { "id": "53552", "question": "who followed islam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": "Christianity" } ] }, { "id": "53553", "question": "what percentage of the population are christians ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 357, "text": "45%" } ] }, { "id": "53554", "question": "what percentage of christians are muslims ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 395, "text": "40%" } ] }, { "id": "53555", "question": "what percentage of christians follow traditional religions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 416, "text": "10%" } ] }, { "id": "53556", "question": "what are a small number of africans ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 481, "text": "Hindu, Buddhist, Confucianist, Baha'i, or Jewish" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The countries in this table are categorized according to the scheme for geographic subregions used by the United Nations, and data included are per sources in cross-referenced articles. Where they differ, provisos are clearly indicated.\n", "qas": [ { "id": "53557", "question": "how are data included in the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "cross-referenced articles" } ] }, { "id": "53558", "question": "what is the name of the table that is clearly indicated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "provisos" } ] } ] } ], "title": "Africa" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Berlin (, ) is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its 16 states. With a population of approximately 3.6 million people, Berlin is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany on the banks of Rivers Spree and Havel, it is the centre of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, which has about 6 million residents from more than 180 nations. Due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one-third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.", "qas": [ { "id": "53559", "question": "how many states are in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "16" } ] }, { "id": "53560", "question": "how many people live in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "3.6 million" } ] }, { "id": "53561", "question": "what banks are located in germany ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "Rivers Spree and Havel" } ] }, { "id": "53562", "question": "where is berlin located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 354, "text": "Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region" } ] }, { "id": "53563", "question": "how many residents does the berlin-brandenburg metropolitan region have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 410, "text": "6 million" } ] }, { "id": "53564", "question": "what is berlin influenced by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 527, "text": "temperate seasonal climate" } ] } ] }, { "context": "First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes, Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (14171701), the Kingdom of Prussia (1701\u20131918), the German Empire (1871\u20131918), the Weimar Republic (1919\u20131933) and the Third Reich (1933\u20131945). Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world. After World War II, the city was divided; East Berlin became the capital of East Germany while West Berlin became a \"de facto\" West German exclave, surrounded by the Berlin Wall (1961\u20131989) and East Germany territory. Following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of a unified Germany.", "qas": [ { "id": "53565", "question": "what was the capital of prussia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Margraviate of Brandenburg" } ] }, { "id": "53566", "question": "what was the capital of brandenburg ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "14171701" } ] }, { "id": "53567", "question": "when was the kingdom of prussia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "1701\u20131918" } ] }, { "id": "53568", "question": "when was the german empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "1871\u20131918" } ] }, { "id": "53569", "question": "when did german reunification become the capital of germany ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 631, "text": "1990" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin is a world city of culture, politics, media and science. Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the service sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations and convention venues. Berlin serves as a continental hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular tourist destination. Significant industries also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction and electronics.", "qas": [ { "id": "53570", "question": "what are the world city of berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "culture, politics, media and science" } ] }, { "id": "53571", "question": "what is the economy based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "high-tech firms and the service sector" } ] }, { "id": "53572", "question": "what does berlin stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 283, "text": "air and rail traffic" } ] }, { "id": "53573", "question": "what are some of the significant industries of significant industries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 449, "text": "pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction and electronics" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities, orchestras, museums, entertainment venues and is host to many sporting events. Its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions. The city is well known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts and a high quality of living. Over the last decade Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene.", "qas": [ { "id": "53574", "question": "what is modern berlin location for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "international film productions" } ] }, { "id": "53575", "question": "what has the last decade berlin seen ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 402, "text": "cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The name Berlin has its roots in the language of West Slavic inhabitants of the area of today's Berlin, and may be related to the Old Polabian stem \"berl-\"/\"birl-\" (\"swamp\"). All German place names ending on \"-ow\", \"-itz\" and \"-in\", of which there are many east of the River Elbe, are of Slavic origin (Germania Slavica). There are many boroughs of Slavic origin in the city: Berlin-Karow, Berlin-Malchow, Berlin-Pankow, Berlin-Spandau (earlier: \"Spandow\"), Berlin-Gatow, Berlin-Kladow, Berlin-Steglitz, Berlin-Lankwitz, Berlin-Britz, Berlin-Buckow, Berlin-Rudow, Berlin-Alt-Treptow, Berlin-Schm\u00f6ckwitz, Berlin-Marzahn and Berlin-K\u00f6penick. Since the \"Ber-\" at the beginning sounds like the German word \"B\u00e4r\" (bear), there appears a bear in the coat of arms of the city. It is therefore a canting arm.", "qas": [ { "id": "53576", "question": "what is the name of the old polabian stem ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "berl-\"/\"birl-" } ] }, { "id": "53577", "question": "what is another name for the old polabian stem ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "swamp" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The earliest evidence of settlements in the area of today's Berlin are a wooden rod dated from approximately 1192 and leftovers of wooden houseparts dated to 1174 found in a 2012 excavation in Berlin Mitte. The first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century. Spandau is first mentioned in 1197 and K\u00f6penick in 1209, although these areas did not join Berlin until 1920. The central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns. C\u00f6lln on the Fischerinsel is first mentioned in a 1237 document, and Berlin, across the Spree in what is now called the Nikolaiviertel, is referenced in a document from 1244. 1237 is considered the founding date of the city. The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties, and profited from the staple right on the two important trade routes \"Via Imperii\" and from Bruges to Novgorod. In 1307, they formed an alliance with a common external policy, their internal administrations still being separated.", "qas": [ { "id": "53578", "question": "when was the earliest evidence of settlements in the area of today ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "1192" } ] }, { "id": "53579", "question": "where is the earliest evidence of settlements located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "Berlin Mitte" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1415 Frederick I became the elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until 1440. During the 15th century, his successors established Berlin-C\u00f6lln as capital of the margraviate, and subsequent members of the Hohenzollern family ruled in Berlin until 1918, first as electors of Brandenburg, then as kings of Prussia, and eventually as German emperors. In 1443 Frederick II Irontooth started the construction of a new royal palace in the twin city Berlin-C\u00f6lln. The protests of the town citizens against the building culminated in 1448, in the \"Berlin Indignation\" (\"Berliner Unwille\"). This protest was not successful and the citizenry lost many of its political and economic privileges. After the royal palace was finished in 1451, it gradually came into use. From 1470, with the new elector Albrecht III Achilles, Berlin-C\u00f6lln became the new royal residence. Officially, the Berlin-C\u00f6lln palace became permanent residence of the Brandenburg electors of the Hohenzollerns from 1486, when John Cicero came to power. Berlin-C\u00f6lln, however, had to give up its status as a free Hanseatic city. In 1539, the electors and the city officially became Lutheran.", "qas": [ { "id": "53580", "question": "when did frederick become the elector of brandenburg ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1415" } ] }, { "id": "53581", "question": "who became the elector of brandenburg ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 8, "text": "Frederick I" } ] }, { "id": "53582", "question": "who ruled frederick i ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Margraviate of Brandenburg" } ] }, { "id": "53583", "question": "where did frederick die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "1440" } ] }, { "id": "53584", "question": "in what year was the first members of the hohenzollern family ruled ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "1918" } ] }, { "id": "53585", "question": "in what year did frederick ii begin the construction of a new royal palace ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 373, "text": "1443" } ] }, { "id": "53586", "question": "who started the construction of a new royal palace ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 378, "text": "Frederick II Irontooth" } ] }, { "id": "53587", "question": "when was the royal palace finished ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 745, "text": "1451" } ] }, { "id": "53588", "question": "in what year did the electors become lutheran ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1112, "text": "1539" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Thirty Years' War between 1618 and 1648 devastated Berlin. One third of its houses were damaged or destroyed, and the city lost half of its population. Frederick William, known as the \"Great Elector\", who had succeeded his father George William as ruler in 1640, initiated a policy of promoting immigration and religious tolerance. With the Edict of Potsdam in 1685, Frederick William offered asylum to the French Huguenots. By 1700, approximately 30 percent of Berlin's residents were French, because of the Huguenot immigration. Many other immigrants came from Bohemia, Poland, and Salzburg.", "qas": [ { "id": "53589", "question": "when did the thirty years ' war end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "1618 and 1648" } ] }, { "id": "53590", "question": "who was the `` great elector '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "Frederick William" } ] }, { "id": "53591", "question": "what was frederick 's nickname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "Great Elector" } ] }, { "id": "53592", "question": "who was frederick 's father ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "George William" } ] }, { "id": "53593", "question": "when did george william william die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "1640" } ] }, { "id": "53594", "question": "when was the edict of potsdam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 365, "text": "1685" } ] }, { "id": "53595", "question": "who offered asylum to the french ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 371, "text": "Frederick William" } ] }, { "id": "53596", "question": "what percentage of berlin 's residents were french ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 452, "text": "30 percent" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since 1618 the Margraviate of Brandenburg had been in personal union with the Duchy of Prussia. In 1701 the dual state formed the Kingdom of Prussia, as Frederick III, Elector of Brandenburg crowned himself as king Frederick I in Prussia. Berlin became the capital of the new Kingdom. This was a successful attempt to centralise the capital in the very far-flung state, and it was the first time the city began to grow. In 1709, Berlin merged with the four cities of C\u00f6lln, Friedrichswerder, Friedrichstadt and Dorotheenstadt under the name Berlin, \"Haupt- und Residenzstadt Berlin\".", "qas": [ { "id": "53597", "question": "when did brandenburg become in personal union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 6, "text": "1618" } ] }, { "id": "53598", "question": "who had been in personal union with the duchy of prussia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 15, "text": "Margraviate of Brandenburg" } ] }, { "id": "53599", "question": "what was the personal union in personal union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "Duchy of Prussia" } ] }, { "id": "53600", "question": "when did the dual state formed the kingdom of prussia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "1701" } ] }, { "id": "53601", "question": "who formed the kingdom of prussia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "Frederick III" } ] }, { "id": "53602", "question": "who crowned brandenburg ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "king Frederick I in Prussia" } ] }, { "id": "53603", "question": "in what year did berlin invade berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 423, "text": "1709" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1740 Frederick II, known as Frederick the Great (1740\u20131786), came to power. Under the rule of Frederick II, Berlin became a center of the Enlightenment, but also, was briefly occupied during the Seven Years' War by the Russian army. Following France's victory in the War of the Fourth Coalition, Napoleon Bonaparte marched into Berlin in 1806, but granted self-government to the city. In 1815 the city became part of the new Province of Brandenburg.", "qas": [ { "id": "53604", "question": "when did frederick ii die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1740" } ] }, { "id": "53605", "question": "who was frederick 's great -lrb- 1740 -- 1786 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 8, "text": "Frederick II" } ] }, { "id": "53606", "question": "what was the name of the power in 1740 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Frederick the Great" } ] }, { "id": "53607", "question": "when did frederick ii die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "1740\u20131786" } ] }, { "id": "53608", "question": "who marched into berlin in 1806 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 299, "text": "Napoleon Bonaparte" } ] }, { "id": "53609", "question": "in what year did napoleon marry self-government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 341, "text": "1806" } ] }, { "id": "53610", "question": "when did brandenburg become part of brandenburg ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 391, "text": "1815" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Industrial Revolution transformed Berlin during the 19th century; the city's economy and population expanded dramatically, and it became the main railway hub and economic centre of Germany. Additional suburbs soon developed and increased the area and population of Berlin. In 1861 neighbouring suburbs including Wedding, Moabit and several others were incorporated into Berlin. In 1871 Berlin became capital of the newly founded German Empire. In 1881 it became a city district separate from Brandenburg.", "qas": [ { "id": "53611", "question": "in what year was berlin incorporated into berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "1861" } ] }, { "id": "53612", "question": "when did berlin become capital of the newly founded german empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 385, "text": "1871" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the early 20th century, Berlin had become a fertile ground for the German Expressionist movement. In fields such as architecture, painting and cinema new forms of artistic styles were invented. At the end of the First World War in 1918, a republic was proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann at the Reichstag building. In 1920 the Greater Berlin Act incorporated dozens of suburban cities, villages and estates around Berlin into an expanded city. The act increased the area of Berlin from . The population almost doubled and Berlin had a population of around four million. During the Weimar era, Berlin underwent political unrest due to economic uncertainties, but also became a renowned centre of the Roaring Twenties. The metropolis experienced its heyday as a major world capital and was known for its leadership roles in science, technology, arts, the humanities, city planning, film, higher education, government and industries. Albert Einstein rose to public prominence during his years in Berlin, being awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921.", "qas": [ { "id": "53613", "question": "when was the first world war at the end of the first world war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 234, "text": "1918" } ] }, { "id": "53614", "question": "who proclaimed the republic of the first world war in 1918 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "Philipp Scheidemann" } ] }, { "id": "53615", "question": "when was the greater berlin act incorporated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 319, "text": "1920" } ] }, { "id": "53616", "question": "what was the population of the population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 557, "text": "four million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1933 Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party came to power. NSDAP rule diminished Berlin's Jewish community from 160,000 (one-third of all Jews in the country) to about 80,000 as a result of emigration between 1933 and 1939. After Kristallnacht in 1938, thousands of the city's Jews were imprisoned in the nearby Sachsenhausen concentration camp. Starting in early 1943, many were shipped to death camps, such as Auschwitz. During World War II, large parts of Berlin were destroyed in the 1943\u201345 air raids and during the Battle of Berlin. Around 125,000 civilians were killed. After the end of the war in Europe in May 1945, Berlin received large numbers of refugees from the Eastern provinces. The victorious powers divided the city into four sectors, analogous to the occupation zones into which Germany was divided. The sectors of the Western Allies (the United States, the United Kingdom and France) formed West Berlin, while the Soviet sector formed East Berlin.", "qas": [ { "id": "53617", "question": "in what year did adolf hitler and the nazi party begin to power ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1933" } ] }, { "id": "53618", "question": "who came to power in 1933 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 8, "text": "Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party" } ] }, { "id": "53619", "question": "how many jews are in nsdap ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "160,000" } ] }, { "id": "53620", "question": "how many jews were in nsdap ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 164, "text": "80,000" } ] }, { "id": "53621", "question": "how many civilians were killed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 542, "text": "125,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "All four Allies shared administrative responsibilities for Berlin. However, in 1948, when the Western Allies extended the currency reform in the Western zones of Germany to the three western sectors of Berlin, the Soviet Union imposed a blockade on the access routes to and from West Berlin, which lay entirely inside Soviet-controlled territory. The Berlin airlift, conducted by the three western Allies, overcame this blockade by supplying food and other supplies to the city from June 1948 to May 1949. In 1949 the Federal Republic of Germany was founded in West Germany and eventually included all of the American, British and French zones, excluding those three countries' zones in Berlin, while the Marxist-Leninist German Democratic Republic was proclaimed in East Germany. West Berlin officially remained an occupied city, but it politically was aligned with the Federal Republic of Germany despite West Berlin's geographic isolation. Airline service to West Berlin was granted only to American, British and French airlines.", "qas": [ { "id": "53622", "question": "in what year did the western allies take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "1948" } ] }, { "id": "53623", "question": "where did the soviet union blockade the blockade ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 279, "text": "West Berlin" } ] }, { "id": "53624", "question": "who was west service granted to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 994, "text": "American, British and French airlines" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The founding of the two German states increased Cold War tensions. West Berlin was surrounded by East German territory, and East Germany proclaimed the Eastern part as its capital, a move that was not recognised by the western powers. East Berlin included most of the historic centre of the city. The West German government established itself in Bonn. In 1961 East Germany began the building of the Berlin Wall between East and West Berlin, and events escalated to a tank standoff at Checkpoint Charlie. West Berlin was now de facto a part of West Germany with a unique legal status, while East Berlin was de facto a part of East Germany. John F. Kennedy gave his \"\"Ich bin ein Berliner\"\" speech in 1963 underlining the US support for the Western part of the city. Berlin was completely divided. Although it was possible for Westerners to pass from one to the other side through strictly controlled checkpoints, for most Easterners travel to West Berlin or West Germany was prohibited by the government of East Germany. In 1971, a Four-Power agreement guaranteed access to and from West Berlin by car or train through East Germany.", "qas": [ { "id": "53625", "question": "what surrounded west berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "East German territory" } ] }, { "id": "53626", "question": "when did east germany begin the building of the berlin wall between east and west berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 355, "text": "1961" } ] }, { "id": "53627", "question": "what was the name of the tank standoff in 1961 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 484, "text": "Checkpoint Charlie" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1989, with the end of the Cold War and pressure from the East German population, the Berlin Wall fell on 9 November and was subsequently mostly demolished. Today, the East Side Gallery preserves a large portion of the wall. On 3 October 1990, the two parts of Germany were reunified as the Federal Republic of Germany and Berlin again became the official German capital. In 1991, the German Parliament, the Bundestag, voted to move the seat of the German capital from Bonn to Berlin, which was completed in 1999. On 18 June 1994 soldiers from the United States, France and Britain marched in a parade which was part of the ceremonies to mark the final withdrawal of foreign troops allowing a reunified Berlin. Berlin's 2001 administrative reform merged several districts. The number of boroughs was reduced from 23 to 12. In 2006, the FIFA World Cup Final was held in Berlin.", "qas": [ { "id": "53628", "question": "in what year did the cold war end ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1989" } ] }, { "id": "53629", "question": "when did the berlin wall fell ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "9 November" } ] }, { "id": "53630", "question": "what preserves preserves a large portion of the wall ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "East Side Gallery" } ] }, { "id": "53631", "question": "when was the official german capital of germany ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "3 October 1990" } ] }, { "id": "53632", "question": "what was the official name of the two parts of germany ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 293, "text": "Federal Republic of Germany and Berlin" } ] }, { "id": "53633", "question": "in what year was the german capital from bonn to berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 377, "text": "1991" } ] }, { "id": "53634", "question": "when was the german capital from bonn to berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 510, "text": "1999" } ] }, { "id": "53635", "question": "on what date did the united states , france and britain take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 519, "text": "18 June 1994" } ] }, { "id": "53636", "question": "how many boroughs was the number of boroughs reduced from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 815, "text": "23 to 12" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin is situated in northeastern Germany, in an area of low-lying marshy woodlands with a mainly flat topography, part of the vast Northern European Plain which stretches all the way from northern France to western Russia. The \"Berliner Urstromtal\" (an ice age glacial valley), between the low Barnim Plateau to the north and the Teltow Plateau to the south, was formed by meltwater flowing from ice sheets at the end of the last Weichselian glaciation. The Spree follows this valley now. In Spandau, a borough in the west of Berlin, the Spree empties into the river Havel, which flows from north to south through western Berlin. The course of the Havel is more like a chain of lakes, the largest being the Tegeler See and the Gro\u00dfer Wannsee. A series of lakes also feeds into the upper Spree, which flows through the Gro\u00dfer M\u00fcggelsee in eastern Berlin.", "qas": [ { "id": "53637", "question": "where is berlin situated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "northeastern Germany" } ] }, { "id": "53638", "question": "what is the name of the topography that stretches all the way from northern france ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Northern European Plain" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Substantial parts of present-day Berlin extend onto the low plateaus on both sides of the Spree Valley. Large parts of the boroughs Reinickendorf and Pankow lie on the Barnim Plateau, while most of the boroughs of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, Steglitz-Zehlendorf, Tempelhof-Sch\u00f6neberg, and Neuk\u00f6lln lie on the Teltow Plateau.", "qas": [ { "id": "53639", "question": "what valley do berlin extend onto ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "Spree Valley" } ] }, { "id": "53640", "question": "what are the large parts of the boroughs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "Reinickendorf and Pankow" } ] }, { "id": "53641", "question": "where is the large parts of the boroughs located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "Barnim Plateau" } ] }, { "id": "53642", "question": "where is the boroughs located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "Teltow Plateau" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The borough of Spandau lies partly within the Berlin Glacial Valley and partly on the Nauen Plain, which stretches to the west of Berlin. Since 2015, the highest elevation in Berlin is found on the Arkenberge hills in Pankow, at . Through the dumping of construction debris, they surpassed Teufelsberg (120.1\u00a0m), a hill made of rubble from the ruins of the Second World War. The highest natural elevation is found on the M\u00fcggelberge at 114.7\u00a0m, and the lowest at the Spektesee in Spandau, at .", "qas": [ { "id": "53643", "question": "where is the borough of berlin located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Berlin Glacial Valley" } ] }, { "id": "53644", "question": "where is the borough of berlin located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "Nauen Plain" } ] }, { "id": "53645", "question": "where is the highest elevation in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "Arkenberge hills" } ] }, { "id": "53646", "question": "where is the highest elevation in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "Pankow" } ] }, { "id": "53647", "question": "what was the name of the hill made by construction debris ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "Teufelsberg" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin has a Maritime temperate climate (\"Cfb\") according to the K\u00f6ppen climate classification system. There are significant influences of mild continental climate due to its inland position, with frosts being common in winter and there being larger temperature differences between seasons than typical for many oceanic climates. Furthermore, Berlin is classified as a temperate continental climate (\"Dc\") under the Trewartha climate scheme.", "qas": [ { "id": "53648", "question": "what type of climate does berlin have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "Maritime temperate climate" } ] }, { "id": "53649", "question": "what is berlin classified as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 369, "text": "temperate continental climate" } ] }, { "id": "53650", "question": "what is another name for berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 401, "text": "Dc" } ] }, { "id": "53651", "question": "what is berlin classified under ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 416, "text": "Trewartha climate scheme" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Annual precipitation is with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Snowfall mainly occurs from December through March.", "qas": [ { "id": "53652", "question": "when does snowfall occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "December through March" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin's history has left the city with a highly eclectic array of architecture and buildings. The city's appearance today is predominantly shaped by the key role it played in Germany's history in the 20th century. Each of the national governments based in Berlin the Kingdom of Prussia, the 1871 German Empire, the Weimar Republic, Nazi Germany, East Germany, and now the reunified Germany initiated ambitious reconstruction programs, with each adding its own distinctive style to the city's architecture.", "qas": [ { "id": "53653", "question": "where was the national governments based ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "Berlin the Kingdom of Prussia" } ] }, { "id": "53654", "question": "in what year was the german empire , nazi germany , and east germany established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "1871" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin was devastated by bombing raids, fires and street battles during World War II, and many of the buildings that had remained after the war were demolished in the post-war period in both West and East Berlin. Much of this demolition was initiated by municipal architecture programs to build new residential or business quarters and main roads. Many ornaments of pre-war buildings were destroyed following modernist dogmas. While in both systems and in reunified Berlin, various important heritage monuments were also (partly) reconstructed, including the \"Forum Fridericianum\" with e.g., the State Opera (1955), Charlottenburg Palace (1957), the main monuments of the Gendarmenmarkt (1980s), Kommandantur (2003) and the project to reconstruct the baroque fa\u00e7ades of the City Palace. A number of new buildings is inspired by historical predecessors or the general classical style of Berlin, such as Hotel Adlon.", "qas": [ { "id": "53655", "question": "during what war was berlin devastated bombing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "World War II" } ] }, { "id": "53656", "question": "when was the state opera opera ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 609, "text": "1955" } ] }, { "id": "53657", "question": "what is the general classical style of berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 902, "text": "Hotel Adlon" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Clusters of high-rise buildings emerge at e.g., Potsdamer Platz, City West and Alexanderplatz. Berlin has three of the top 40 tallest buildings in Germany.", "qas": [ { "id": "53658", "question": "where do clusters of high-rise buildings emerge ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Potsdamer Platz, City West and Alexanderplatz" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Fernsehturm (TV tower) at Alexanderplatz in Mitte is among the tallest structures in the European Union at . Built in 1969, it is visible throughout most of the central districts of Berlin. The city can be viewed from its high observation floor. Starting here the Karl-Marx-Allee heads east, an avenue lined by monumental residential buildings, designed in the Socialist Classicism style. Adjacent to this area is the Rotes Rathaus (City Hall), with its distinctive red-brick architecture. In front of it is the Neptunbrunnen, a fountain featuring a mythological group of Tritons, personifications of the four main Prussian rivers and Neptune on top of it.", "qas": [ { "id": "53659", "question": "where is the tallest tower located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "Alexanderplatz" } ] }, { "id": "53660", "question": "where is the tallest structures in the european union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Mitte" } ] }, { "id": "53661", "question": "when was the tv tower built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "1969" } ] }, { "id": "53662", "question": "what is the name of the city hall of city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 422, "text": "Rotes Rathaus" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Brandenburg Gate is an iconic landmark of Berlin and Germany; it stands as a symbol of eventful European history and of unity and peace. The Reichstag building is the traditional seat of the German Parliament. It was remodelled by British architect Norman Foster in the 1990s and features a glass dome over the session area, which allows free public access to the parliamentary proceedings and magnificent views of the city.", "qas": [ { "id": "53663", "question": "what is an iconic landmark of berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Brandenburg Gate" } ] }, { "id": "53664", "question": "the brandenburg gate is an iconic landmark of what two countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Berlin and Germany" } ] }, { "id": "53665", "question": "what is the reichstag building ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "traditional seat of the German Parliament" } ] }, { "id": "53666", "question": "who remodelled the reichstag building ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "Norman Foster" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The East Side Gallery is an open-air exhibition of art painted directly on the last existing portions of the Berlin Wall. It is the largest remaining evidence of the city's historical division.", "qas": [ { "id": "53667", "question": "what is an open-air exhibition of art painted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The East Side Gallery" } ] }, { "id": "53668", "question": "the east side gallery is painted directly on what wall ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "the Berlin Wall" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Gendarmenmarkt is a neoclassical square in Berlin, the name of which derives from the headquarters of the famous Gens d'armes regiment located here in the 18th century. It is bordered by two similarly designed cathedrals, the Franz\u00f6sischer Dom with its observation platform and the Deutscher Dom. The Konzerthaus (Concert Hall), home of the Berlin Symphony Orchestra, stands between the two cathedrals.", "qas": [ { "id": "53669", "question": "what is a neoclassical square in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Gendarmenmarkt" } ] }, { "id": "53670", "question": "what is the name of the famous regiment of the neoclassical square ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "Gens d'armes regiment" } ] }, { "id": "53671", "question": "when was the regiment of the famous regiment located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "the 18th century" } ] }, { "id": "53672", "question": "what is concert hall called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": "Konzerthaus" } ] }, { "id": "53673", "question": "what is the home of the concert hall ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 345, "text": "Berlin Symphony Orchestra" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Museum Island in the River Spree houses five museums built from 1830 to 1930 and is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Restoration and the construction of a main entrance to all museums, as well as the reconstruction of the Stadtschloss is continuing. Also located on the island and adjacent to the Lustgarten and palace is Berlin Cathedral, emperor William II's ambitious attempt to create a Protestant counterpart to St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. A large crypt houses the remains of some of the earlier Prussian royal family. St. Hedwig's Cathedral is Berlin's Roman Catholic cathedral.", "qas": [ { "id": "53674", "question": "when was the five museums site built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "1830 to 1930" } ] }, { "id": "53675", "question": "what is the name of emperor william ii 's ambitious attempt ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "Berlin Cathedral" } ] }, { "id": "53676", "question": "what is the counterpart of emperor william ii ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 418, "text": "St. Peter's Basilica" } ] }, { "id": "53677", "question": "what is berlin 's roman catholic cathedral ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 527, "text": "St. Hedwig's Cathedral" } ] }, { "id": "53678", "question": "what is st. hedwig 's cathedral ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 553, "text": "Berlin's Roman Catholic cathedral" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Unter den Linden is a tree-lined east\u2013west avenue from the Brandenburg Gate to the site of the former Berliner Stadtschloss, and was once Berlin's premier promenade. Many Classical buildings line the street and part of Humboldt University is located there. Friedrichstra\u00dfe was Berlin's legendary street during the Golden Twenties. It combines 20th-century traditions with the modern architecture of today's Berlin.", "qas": [ { "id": "53679", "question": "who is a tree-lined east -- west avenue from the site of the former berliner stadtschloss ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Unter den Linden" } ] }, { "id": "53680", "question": "where is the west avenue located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Brandenburg Gate" } ] }, { "id": "53681", "question": "who was the site of the brandenburg gate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "Berliner Stadtschloss" } ] }, { "id": "53682", "question": "who was berlin 's legendary street ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "Friedrichstra\u00dfe" } ] }, { "id": "53683", "question": "where was berlin 's legendary street located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 314, "text": "Golden Twenties" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Potsdamer Platz is an entire quarter built from scratch after 1995 after the Wall came down. To the west of Potsdamer Platz is the Kulturforum, which houses the Gem\u00e4ldegalerie, and is flanked by the Neue Nationalgalerie and the Berliner Philharmonie. The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, a Holocaust memorial, is situated to the north.", "qas": [ { "id": "53684", "question": "what is an entire quarter built from scratch after 1995 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Potsdamer Platz" } ] }, { "id": "53685", "question": "in what year was scratch built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "1995" } ] }, { "id": "53686", "question": "what is the name of the west of the west ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "Potsdamer Platz" } ] }, { "id": "53687", "question": "what is the name of the west of mexico city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "Kulturforum" } ] }, { "id": "53688", "question": "who flanked the houses of the west ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "Neue Nationalgalerie and the Berliner Philharmonie" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The area around Hackescher Markt is home to fashionable culture, with countless clothing outlets, clubs, bars, and galleries. This includes the Hackesche H\u00f6fe, a conglomeration of buildings around several courtyards, reconstructed around 1996. The nearby New Synagogue is the center of Jewish culture.", "qas": [ { "id": "53689", "question": "what area is home to fashionable culture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 16, "text": "Hackescher Markt" } ] }, { "id": "53690", "question": "what is the name of the conglomeration of buildings in 1996 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "Hackesche H\u00f6fe" } ] }, { "id": "53691", "question": "in what year did the buildings of buildings begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 238, "text": "1996" } ] }, { "id": "53692", "question": "what is the center of jewish culture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 255, "text": "New Synagogue" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Stra\u00dfe des 17. Juni, connecting the Brandenburg Gate and Ernst-Reuter-Platz, serves as the central east-west axis. Its name commemorates the uprisings in East Berlin of 17 June 1953. Approximately halfway from the Brandenburg Gate is the Gro\u00dfer Stern, a circular traffic island on which the Siegess\u00e4ule (Victory Column) is situated. This monument, built to commemorate Prussia's victories, was relocated in 1938\u201339 from its previous position in front of the Reichstag.", "qas": [ { "id": "53693", "question": "when was the uprisings in east berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "17 June 1953" } ] }, { "id": "53694", "question": "what is the circular traffic island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "Gro\u00dfer Stern" } ] }, { "id": "53695", "question": "when was prussia relocated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 411, "text": "1938\u201339" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Kurf\u00fcrstendamm is home to some of Berlin's luxurious stores with the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church at its eastern end on Breitscheidplatz. The church was destroyed in the Second World War and left in ruins. Nearby on Tauentzienstra\u00dfe is KaDeWe, claimed to be continental Europe's largest department store. The Rathaus Sch\u00f6neberg, where John F. Kennedy made his famous \"Ich bin ein Berliner!\" speech, is situated in Tempelhof-Sch\u00f6neberg.", "qas": [ { "id": "53696", "question": "who is the church 's church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church" } ] }, { "id": "53697", "question": "where was the kaiser wilhelm memorial church located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "Breitscheidplatz" } ] }, { "id": "53698", "question": "where was the church destroyed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "Second World War" } ] }, { "id": "53699", "question": "what is continental europe 's largest department ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "KaDeWe" } ] }, { "id": "53700", "question": "who made his famous `` ich bin ein berliner ! '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 341, "text": "John F. Kennedy" } ] }, { "id": "53701", "question": "where is speech situated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 420, "text": "Tempelhof-Sch\u00f6neberg" } ] } ] }, { "context": "West of the center, Schloss Bellevue is the residence of the German President. Schloss Charlottenburg, which was burnt out in the Second World War is the largest historical palace in Berlin.", "qas": [ { "id": "53702", "question": "what is the residence of the german president ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "Schloss Bellevue" } ] }, { "id": "53703", "question": "what is the largest historical palace in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "Schloss Charlottenburg" } ] }, { "id": "53704", "question": "where was the largest historical palace in berlin located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "Second World War" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Funkturm Berlin is a tall lattice radio tower in the fairground area, built between 1924 and 1926. It is the only observation tower which stands on insulators and has a restaurant and an observation deck above ground, which is reachable by a windowed elevator.", "qas": [ { "id": "53705", "question": "what is the name of the tall lattice radio tower ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Funkturm Berlin" } ] }, { "id": "53706", "question": "when was the fairground berlin tower built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "1924 and 1926" } ] }, { "id": "53707", "question": "what is the only observation of the tower ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "insulators" } ] }, { "id": "53708", "question": "what is the observation of a restaurant ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "a windowed elevator" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Oberbaumbr\u00fccke is Berlin's most iconic bridge, crossing the River Spree. It was a former East-West border crossing and connects the boroughs of Friedrichshain and Kreuzberg. It was completed in a brick gothic style in 1896. The center portion has been reconstructed with a steel frame after having been destroyed in 1945. The bridge has an upper deck for the Berlin U-Bahn line .", "qas": [ { "id": "53709", "question": "what is berlin 's most iconic bridge ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Oberbaumbr\u00fccke" } ] }, { "id": "53710", "question": "what is berlin 's most iconic bridge ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "River Spree" } ] }, { "id": "53711", "question": "the boroughs connects the boroughs of what boroughs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "Friedrichshain and Kreuzberg" } ] }, { "id": "53712", "question": "when was the gothic style completed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "1896" } ] }, { "id": "53713", "question": "when was the steel frame portion destroyed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 320, "text": "1945" } ] }, { "id": "53714", "question": "the bridge has an upper deck for which line ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 363, "text": "Berlin U-Bahn line" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 31 December 2015 the city-state of Berlin had a population of 3,610,156 registered inhabitants in an area of . The city's population density was 4,048 inhabitants per km. Berlin is the second most populous city proper in the EU. The urban area of Berlin comprised about 4.1 million people in 2014 in an area of , making it the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union. The urban agglomeration of the metropolis was home to about 4.5\u00a0million in an area of . the functional urban area was home to about 5\u00a0million people in an area of approximately . The entire Berlin-Brandenburg capital region has a population of more than 6 million in an area of .", "qas": [ { "id": "53715", "question": "when did the city-state of berlin begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "31 December 2015" } ] }, { "id": "53716", "question": "what was the population of berlin in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "3,610,156" } ] }, { "id": "53717", "question": "how many inhabitants lived in the city in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 148, "text": "4,048" } ] }, { "id": "53718", "question": "how many people lived in berlin in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "4.1 million" } ] }, { "id": "53719", "question": "what was the urban agglomeration of the urban agglomeration ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 446, "text": "4.5\u00a0million" } ] }, { "id": "53720", "question": "how many people lived in the functional urban area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 518, "text": "5\u00a0million" } ] }, { "id": "53721", "question": "what is the population of the capital region ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 640, "text": "6 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2014, the city state Berlin had 37.368 live births (+6,6%), a record number since 1991. The number of deaths was 32.314. Almost 2.0 million households were counted in the city. 54 percent of them were single-person households. More than 337.000 families with children under the age of 18 lived in Berlin. In 2014 the German capital registered a migration surplus of approximately 40.000 people.", "qas": [ { "id": "53722", "question": "how many live births did the city state berlin have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "37.368" } ] }, { "id": "53723", "question": "what percentage of live births was live in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "+6,6%" } ] }, { "id": "53724", "question": "what was the number of deaths in atlantic city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "32.314" } ] }, { "id": "53725", "question": "how many households were counted in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "2.0 million" } ] }, { "id": "53726", "question": "how many people attended the german capital surplus in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 383, "text": "40.000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "National and international migration into the city has a long history. In 1685, following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in France, the city responded with the Edict of Potsdam, which guaranteed religious freedom and tax-free status to French Huguenot refugees for ten years. The Greater Berlin Act in 1920 incorporated many suburbs and surrounding cities of Berlin. It formed most of the territory that comprises modern Berlin and increased the population from 1.9\u00a0million to 4\u00a0million.", "qas": [ { "id": "53727", "question": "in what year did the city of potsdam take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "1685" } ] }, { "id": "53728", "question": "who guaranteed religious freedom in 1685 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "Edict of Potsdam" } ] }, { "id": "53729", "question": "when was the greater berlin act incorporated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "1920" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Active immigration and asylum politics in West Berlin triggered waves of immigration in the 1960s and 1970s. Currently, Berlin is home to about 200,000 Turks, making it the largest Turkish community outside of Turkey. In the 1990s the \"Aussiedlergesetze\" enabled immigration to Germany of some residents from the former Soviet Union. Today ethnic Germans from countries of the former Soviet Union make up the largest portion of the Russian-speaking community. The last decade experienced an influx from various Western countries and some African regions. Young Germans, EU-Europeans and Israelis have settled in the city.", "qas": [ { "id": "53730", "question": "when did active immigration and asylum politics take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "1960s and 1970s" } ] }, { "id": "53731", "question": "how many turks is berlin home to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "200,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In December 2015, there were 621,075 registered residents of foreign nationality, and another 457,016 German citizens with a \"migration background\", meaning they or one of their parents immigrated after 1955. Foreign residents of Berlin originate from approximately 190 different countries. In 2008, about 25\u201330% of the population had foreign born parents. 45 percent of the residents under the age of 18 have foreign roots. Berlin in 2009 was estimated to have from 100,000 to 250,000 non-registered inhabitants.", "qas": [ { "id": "53732", "question": "how many registered residents of foreign nationality were there in december 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "621,075" } ] }, { "id": "53733", "question": "how many german citizens were there in december 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "457,016" } ] }, { "id": "53734", "question": "how many different countries do foreign residents of berlin originate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "190" } ] }, { "id": "53735", "question": "what percentage of the population had foreign parents ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "25\u201330%" } ] }, { "id": "53736", "question": "what percentage of the residents under 18 have foreign roots ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 357, "text": "45 percent" } ] }, { "id": "53737", "question": "how many inhabitants were berlin in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 467, "text": "100,000 to 250,000 non-registered inhabitants" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are more than 20 non-indigenous communities with a population of at least 10,000 people, including Turkish, Polish, Russian, Lebanese, Palestinian, Serbian, Italian, Bosnian, Vietnamese, American, Romanian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Chinese, Austrian, Ukrainian, French, British, Spanish, Israeli, Thai, Iranian, Egyptian and Syrian communities.", "qas": [ { "id": "53738", "question": "how many non-indigenous communities are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "20" } ] }, { "id": "53739", "question": "how many people are in the population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "10,000" } ] }, { "id": "53740", "question": "what are some of the population of the population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 272, "text": "British, Spanish, Israeli, Thai, Iranian, Egyptian and Syrian communities" } ] } ] }, { "context": "German is the official and predominant spoken language in Berlin. It is a West Germanic language that derives most of its vocabulary from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. German is one of 24 languages of the European Union, and one of the three working languages of the European Commission.", "qas": [ { "id": "53741", "question": "what is the official and predominant language in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "German" } ] }, { "id": "53742", "question": "what is the germanic branch of the german language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "Indo-European language family" } ] }, { "id": "53743", "question": "how many languages are in the european union ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "24" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlinerisch or Berlinisch is a dialect of Berlin Brandenburgish German spoken in Berlin and the surrounding metropolitan area. It originates from a Mark Brandenburgish variant. The dialect is now seen more as a sociolect, largely through increased immigration and trends among the educated population to speak standard German in everyday life.", "qas": [ { "id": "53744", "question": "what is a dialect of berlin in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Berlinerisch or Berlinisch" } ] }, { "id": "53745", "question": "what is the dialect of berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Berlin Brandenburgish German" } ] }, { "id": "53746", "question": "what is the name of the variant of the mark variant ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "Mark Brandenburgish variant" } ] }, { "id": "53747", "question": "what is the dialect now seen as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "sociolect" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The most-commonly-spoken foreign languages in Berlin are Turkish, English, Russian, Arabic, Polish, Kurdish, Vietnamese, Serbian, Croatian and French. Turkish, Arabic, Kurdish, Serbo-Croatian are heard more often in the western part, due to the large Middle Eastern and former-Yugoslavian communities. English, Vietnamese, Russian, and Polish have more native speakers in eastern Berlin.", "qas": [ { "id": "53748", "question": "what are the foreign languages in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Turkish, English, Russian, Arabic, Polish, Kurdish, Vietnamese, Serbian, Croatian and French" } ] }, { "id": "53749", "question": "why are turkish , arabic , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , serbo-croatian , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , kurdish , serbo-croatian , kurdish , kurdish , serbo-croatian , kurdish ,", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "Middle Eastern and former-Yugoslavian communities" } ] }, { "id": "53750", "question": "what have more native speakers in eastern berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "English, Vietnamese, Russian, and Polish" } ] } ] }, { "context": "More than 60% of Berlin residents have no registered religious affiliation. The largest denomination in 2010 was the Protestant regional church body \u2013 the Evangelical Church of Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia (EKBO) \u2013 a United church. EKBO is a member of the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD) and Union Evangelischer Kirchen (UEK), and accounts for 18.7% of the local population. The Roman Catholic Church has 9.1% of residents registered as its members. About 2.7% of the population identify with other Christian denominations (mostly Eastern Orthodox, but also various Protestants). An estimated 200,000\u2013350,000 Muslims reside in Berlin, making up about 6\u201310 percent of the population. 0.9% of Berliners belong to other religions. Of the estimated population of 30,000\u201345,000 Jewish residents, approximately 12,000 are registered members of religious organizations.", "qas": [ { "id": "53751", "question": "what percentage of berlin residents have no registered religious affiliation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "60%" } ] }, { "id": "53752", "question": "what percentage of the local population is in germany ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 361, "text": "18.7%" } ] }, { "id": "53753", "question": "what percentage of residents registered as its members of the roman catholic church ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 422, "text": "9.1%" } ] }, { "id": "53754", "question": "what percentage of the population identify with other christian denominations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 473, "text": "2.7%" } ] }, { "id": "53755", "question": "how many muslims reside in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 610, "text": "200,000\u2013350,000" } ] }, { "id": "53756", "question": "what percentage of berliners belong to other religions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 700, "text": "0.9%" } ] }, { "id": "53757", "question": "how many jewish organizations are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 822, "text": "12,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin is the seat of the Roman Catholic archbishop of Berlin and EKBO's elected chairperson is titled the bishop of EKBO. Furthermore, Berlin is the seat of many Orthodox cathedrals, such as the Cathedral of St. Boris the Baptist, one of the two seats of the Bulgarian Orthodox Diocese of Western and Central Europe, and the Resurrection of Christ Cathedral of the Diocese of Berlin (Patriarchate of Moscow).", "qas": [ { "id": "53758", "question": "who is berlin the seat of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "Roman Catholic archbishop of Berlin and EKBO" } ] }, { "id": "53759", "question": "what is the bishop of berlin called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "EKBO" } ] }, { "id": "53760", "question": "what is the name of the cathedral of berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "Cathedral of St. Boris the Baptist" } ] }, { "id": "53761", "question": "what is the name of the cathedral of st. boris ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 326, "text": "Resurrection of Christ Cathedral of the Diocese of Berlin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The faithful of the different religions and denominations maintain many places of worship in Berlin. The Independent Evangelical Lutheran Church has eight parishes of different sizes in Berlin. There are 36 Baptist congregations (within Union of Evangelical Free Church Congregations in Germany), 29 New Apostolic Churches, 15 United Methodist churches, eight Free Evangelical Congregations, four Churches of Christ, Scientist (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 11th), six congregations of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, an Old Catholic church, and an Anglican church in Berlin.", "qas": [ { "id": "53762", "question": "how many parishes of different sizes are there in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "eight" } ] }, { "id": "53763", "question": "how many baptist congregations are there in germany ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "36" } ] }, { "id": "53764", "question": "how many new apostolic churches are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 297, "text": "29" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin has more than 80 mosques, 11 synagogues, and two Buddhist temples, in addition to a number of humanist and atheist groups.", "qas": [ { "id": "53765", "question": "how many mosques does berlin have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "80" } ] }, { "id": "53766", "question": "how many synagogues does berlin have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "11" } ] }, { "id": "53767", "question": "what types of groups are in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "humanist and atheist groups" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since the reunification on 3 October 1990, Berlin has been one of the three city states in Germany among the present 16 states of Germany. The city and state parliament is the House of Representatives (\"Abgeordnetenhaus\"), which currently has 141 seats. Berlin's executive body is the Senate of Berlin (\"Senat von Berlin\"). The Senate of Berlin consists of the Governing Mayor (\"Regierender B\u00fcrgermeister\") and up to eight senators holding ministerial positions, one of them holding the official title \"Mayor\" (\"B\u00fcrgermeister\") as deputy to the Governing Mayor. The total annual state budget of Berlin in 2015 exceeded \u20ac24.5 ($30.0) billion including a budget surplus of \u20ac205 ($240) million.", "qas": [ { "id": "53768", "question": "when did the reunification begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "3 October 1990" } ] }, { "id": "53769", "question": "how many states did berlin have in germany ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "16" } ] }, { "id": "53770", "question": "what is another name for the house of representatives ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 203, "text": "Abgeordnetenhaus" } ] }, { "id": "53771", "question": "how many seats does the house of representatives have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 243, "text": "141" } ] }, { "id": "53772", "question": "what was the surplus of berlin in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 677, "text": "$240) million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Social Democratic Party (SPD) and The Left (Die Linke) took control of the city government after the 2001 state election and won another term in the 2006 state election. Since the 2011 state election, there has been a coalition of the Social Democratic Party with the Christian Democratic Union.", "qas": [ { "id": "53773", "question": "who took control of the city government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Social Democratic Party (SPD) and The Left" } ] }, { "id": "53774", "question": "in what year did the state election begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "2001" } ] }, { "id": "53775", "question": "when did the social democratic party open another term ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "2006 state election" } ] }, { "id": "53776", "question": "what party did the christian democratic union belong to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "Social Democratic Party" } ] }, { "id": "53777", "question": "who has the coalition of the social democratic party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 268, "text": "the Christian Democratic Union" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Governing Mayor is simultaneously Lord Mayor of the city (\"Oberb\u00fcrgermeister der Stadt\") and Prime Minister of the Federal State (\"Ministerpr\u00e4sident des Bundeslandes\"). The office of Berlin's Governing Mayor is in the Rotes Rathaus (Red City Hall). Since 2014 this office has been held by Michael M\u00fcller of the SPD.", "qas": [ { "id": "53778", "question": "who is the governing mayor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "Lord Mayor" } ] }, { "id": "53779", "question": "where is the office of berlin 's governing mayor located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "Rotes Rathaus" } ] }, { "id": "53780", "question": "what is the name of the governing mayor of berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 237, "text": "Red City Hall" } ] }, { "id": "53781", "question": "who held the office in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 293, "text": "Michael M\u00fcller of the SPD" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin is subdivided into twelve boroughs or districts (\"Bezirke\"). Each borough contains a number of subdistricts or neighborhoods (\"Ortsteile\"), which often have historic roots in older municipalities that predate the formation of Greater Berlin on 1 October 1920 and became urbanized and incorporated into the city. Many residents strongly identify with their subdistricts or districts. At present, Berlin consists of 96 subdistricts, which are commonly made up of several smaller residential areas or quarters, called \"Kiez\" in the Berlin dialect.", "qas": [ { "id": "53782", "question": "how many boroughs does berlin have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "twelve boroughs or districts" } ] }, { "id": "53783", "question": "what is another name for berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Bezirke" } ] }, { "id": "53784", "question": "what is another term for neighborhoods ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "Ortsteile" } ] }, { "id": "53785", "question": "when did the formation of greater berlin occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "1 October 1920" } ] }, { "id": "53786", "question": "what does berlin consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 421, "text": "96 subdistricts" } ] }, { "id": "53787", "question": "what is the quarters dialect of berlin called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 523, "text": "Kiez" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Each borough is governed by a borough council (\"Bezirksamt\") consisting of five councilors (\"Bezirksstadtr\u00e4te\") including the borough mayor (\"Bezirksb\u00fcrgermeister\"). The borough council is elected by the borough assembly (\"Bezirksverordnetenversammlung\"). The boroughs of Berlin are not independent municipalities. The power of borough administration is limited and subordinate to the Senate of Berlin. The borough mayors form the council of mayors (\"Rat der B\u00fcrgermeister\"), led by the city's governing mayor, which advises the senate. The neighborhoods have no local government bodies.", "qas": [ { "id": "53788", "question": "who governed each borough ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "a borough council" } ] }, { "id": "53789", "question": "what is another name for a borough council ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Bezirksamt" } ] }, { "id": "53790", "question": "how many councilors does the borough council have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "five" } ] }, { "id": "53791", "question": "what is another term for a borough mayor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "Bezirksstadtr\u00e4te" } ] }, { "id": "53792", "question": "what is another name for the borough mayor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "Bezirksb\u00fcrgermeister" } ] }, { "id": "53793", "question": "who elected the borough council ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "the borough assembly" } ] }, { "id": "53794", "question": "what is another name for the borough assembly ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "Bezirksverordnetenversammlung" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin maintains official partnerships with 17 cities. Town twinning between Berlin and other cities began with sister city Los Angeles in 1967. East Berlin's partnerships were canceled at the time of German reunification and later partially reestablished. West Berlin's partnerships had previously been restricted to the borough level. During the Cold War era, the partnerships had reflected the different power blocs, with West Berlin partnering with capitals in the West, and East Berlin mostly partnering with cities from the Warsaw Pact and its allies.", "qas": [ { "id": "53795", "question": "how many cities does berlin have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "17" } ] }, { "id": "53796", "question": "where did town twinning between berlin and other cities begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "Los Angeles" } ] }, { "id": "53797", "question": "when did town twinning between berlin and other cities begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "1967" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are several joint projects with many other cities, such as Beirut, Belgrade, S\u00e3o Paulo, Copenhagen, Helsinki, Johannesburg, Mumbai, Oslo, Shanghai, Seoul, Sofia, Sydney, New York City and Vienna. Berlin participates in international city associations such as the Union of the Capitals of the European Union, Eurocities, Network of European Cities of Culture, Metropolis, Summit Conference of the World's Major Cities, and Conference of the World's Capital Cities. Berlin's official sister cities are:", "qas": [ { "id": "53798", "question": "what are the names of the joint projects that is located in joint projects ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "New York City and Vienna" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin is the capital of the Federal Republic of Germany. The President of Germany, whose functions are mainly ceremonial under the German constitution, has his official residence in Schloss Bellevue. Berlin is the seat of the German executive, housed in the Chancellery, the \"Bundeskanzleramt\". Facing the Chancellery is the Bundestag, the German Parliament, housed in the renovated Reichstag building since the government moved back to Berlin in 1998. The Bundesrat (\"federal council\", performing the function of an upper house) is the representation of the Federal States (\"Bundesl\u00e4nder\") of Germany and has its seat at the former Prussian House of Lords. The total annual federal budget managed by the German government exceeded \u20ac310 ($375) billion in 2013.", "qas": [ { "id": "53799", "question": "what is berlin the capital of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "Federal Republic of Germany" } ] }, { "id": "53800", "question": "where is the president of germany located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "Schloss Bellevue" } ] }, { "id": "53801", "question": "what is the german name for berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 277, "text": "Bundeskanzleramt" } ] }, { "id": "53802", "question": "how much did the german government cost in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 739, "text": "$375) billion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The relocation of the federal government and Bundestag to Berlin was completed in 1999, however with some ministries as well as some minor departments retained in the federal city Bonn, the former capital of West Germany. Discussions to move the remaining branches continue. The ministries and departments of Defence, Justice and Consumer Protection, Finance, Interior, Foreign, Economic Affairs and Energy, Labour and Social Affairs\n, Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth, Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety, Food and Agriculture, Economic Cooperation and Development, Health, Transport and Digital Infrastructure and Education and Research are based in the capital.", "qas": [ { "id": "53803", "question": "when was the relocation of the federal government completed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "1999" } ] }, { "id": "53804", "question": "what types of infrastructure are based in the capital ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 609, "text": "Health, Transport and Digital Infrastructure and Education and Research" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin hosts 158 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of many think tanks, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups, and professional associations. Due to the influence and international partnerships of the Federal Republic of Germany as a state, the capital city has become a venue for German and European affairs. Frequent official visits, and diplomatic consultations among governmental representatives and national leaders are common in contemporary Berlin.", "qas": [ { "id": "53805", "question": "how many foreign embassies embassies does berlin have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "158" } ] }, { "id": "53806", "question": "what country has become a state city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "Federal Republic of Germany" } ] }, { "id": "53807", "question": "the capital city has become a venue for what two affairs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 311, "text": "German and European affairs" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2015 the nominal GDP of the citystate Berlin totaled \u20ac124.16 (~$142) billion compared to \u20ac117.75 in 2014, an increase of about 5.4%. Berlin's economy is dominated by the service sector, with around 84% of all companies doing business in services. In 2015, the total labour force in Berlin was 1.85 million. The unemployment rate reached a 24-year low in November 2015 and stood at 10.0% . From 2012\u20132015 Berlin, as a German state, had the highest annual employment growth rate. Around 130,000 jobs were added in this period.", "qas": [ { "id": "53808", "question": "how much did the gdp of the berlin berlin totaled ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "\u20ac124.16" } ] }, { "id": "53809", "question": "what was the gdp of the gdp in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "\u20ac117.75" } ] }, { "id": "53810", "question": "what was the gdp of the gdp in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 130, "text": "5.4%" } ] }, { "id": "53811", "question": "what percentage of all companies doing business in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "84%" } ] }, { "id": "53812", "question": "what was the total labour force in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "1.85 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Research and development have economic significance for the city. The metropolitan region ranks among the top-3 innovative locations in the EU. The Science and Business Park in Adlershof is the largest technology park in Germany measured by revenue. Within the Eurozone, Berlin has become a center for business relocation and international investments.", "qas": [ { "id": "53813", "question": "what is the largest technology park in germany ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "The Science and Business Park" } ] }, { "id": "53814", "question": "where is the largest technology park in germany ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "Adlershof" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Among the 10 largest employers in Berlin are the City-State of Berlin, Deutsche Bahn, the hospital provider Charit\u00e9 and Vivantes, the local public transport provider BVG, and Deutsche Telekom.", "qas": [ { "id": "53815", "question": "who is the city-state of berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "Deutsche Bahn" } ] }, { "id": "53816", "question": "what is the name of the local hospital provider ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "Charit\u00e9 and Vivantes" } ] }, { "id": "53817", "question": "what are some of the largest employers in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "local public transport provider BVG, and Deutsche Telekom" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Daimler manufactures cars, and BMW builds motorcycles in Berlin. Bayer Health Care and \"Berlin Chemie\" are major pharmaceutical companies headquartered in the city. The second largest German airline Air Berlin is based there as well.", "qas": [ { "id": "53818", "question": "what is the second largest german airline ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "Air Berlin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Siemens, a Global 500 and DAX-listed company is partly headquartered in Berlin. The national railway operator Deutsche Bahn and the MDAX-listed firms Axel Springer SE and Zalando have their headquarters in the central districts. Berlin has a cluster of rail technology companies and is the German headquarter or site to Bombardier Transportation, Siemens Mobility, Stadler Rail and Thales Transportation.", "qas": [ { "id": "53819", "question": "who is the national railway operator ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Deutsche Bahn" } ] }, { "id": "53820", "question": "which firms have their headquarters in the central districts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "Axel Springer SE and Zalando" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin had 788 hotels with 134,399 beds in 2014. The city recorded 28.7\u00a0million overnight hotel stays and 11.9\u00a0million hotel guests in 2014. Tourism figures have more than doubled within the last ten years and Berlin has become the third most-visited city destination in Europe. The largest visitor groups are from Germany, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain and the United States.", "qas": [ { "id": "53821", "question": "how many hotels did berlin have in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "788" } ] }, { "id": "53822", "question": "how many beds did berlin have in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "134,399 beds" } ] }, { "id": "53823", "question": "how many overnight hotel did the city have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "28.7\u00a0million" } ] }, { "id": "53824", "question": "how many hotel guests were in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "11.9\u00a0million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin is among the top three congress cities in the world. The Messe Berlin is the main convention organizing company in the city. Its main exhibition area covers more than . Several large-scale trade fairs like the consumer electronics trade fair IFA, the ILA Berlin Air Show, the Berlin Fashion Week (including the Bread and Butter tradeshow and \"Panorama Berlin\"), the Green Week, the \"Fruit Logistica\", the transport fair InnoTrans, the tourism fair ITB and the adult entertainment and erotic fair Venus are held annually in the city, attracting a significant number of business visitors.", "qas": [ { "id": "53825", "question": "what is the main convention organizing company ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "The Messe Berlin" } ] }, { "id": "53826", "question": "what is the name of the large-scale trade fairs in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "ILA Berlin Air Show" } ] }, { "id": "53827", "question": "what is the name of the large-scale trade fairs in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 283, "text": "Berlin Fashion Week" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The creative arts and entertainment business is an important and sizable sector of the economy of Berlin. The sector comprises music, film, advertising, architecture, art, design, fashion, performing arts, publishing, R&D, software, TV, radio, and video games.", "qas": [ { "id": "53828", "question": "what are some of the sector of the sector ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "R&D, software, TV, radio, and video games" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2014 around 30,500 creative companies were operating in the Berlin-Brandenburg metropolitan region, predominantly SMEs. Generating a revenue of 15.6 billion Euro and 6% of all private economic sales, the culture industry grew from 2009 to 2014 at an average rate of 5.5% per year.", "qas": [ { "id": "53829", "question": "how many creative companies were operating in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 15, "text": "30,500" } ] }, { "id": "53830", "question": "what is the name of the metropolitan region in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "SMEs" } ] }, { "id": "53831", "question": "what was the revenue of the culture in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "15.6 billion Euro and 6%" } ] }, { "id": "53832", "question": "what was the average rate of the culture in 2009 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "5.5% per year" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin is an important centre in the European and German film industry. It is home to more than 1,000 film and television production companies, 270 movie theaters, and around 300 national and international co-productions are filmed in the region every year. The historic Babelsberg Studios and the production company UFA are located adjacent to Berlin in Potsdam. The city is also home of the German Film Academy (Deutsche Filmakademie), founded in 2003, and the European Film Academy, founded in 1988.", "qas": [ { "id": "53833", "question": "where is berlin located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "European and German film industry" } ] }, { "id": "53834", "question": "how many film companies are in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "1,000" } ] }, { "id": "53835", "question": "how many movie theaters are there in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "270" } ] }, { "id": "53836", "question": "how many national and international co-productions are in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "300" } ] }, { "id": "53837", "question": "what is the name of the historic studios in potsdam berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "Babelsberg Studios" } ] }, { "id": "53838", "question": "what is the name of the deutsche film ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 393, "text": "German Film Academy" } ] }, { "id": "53839", "question": "when was the german film academy founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 449, "text": "2003" } ] }, { "id": "53840", "question": "when was the european film academy founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 497, "text": "1988" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin is home to numerous magazine, newspaper, book and scientific/academic publishers, as well as their associated service industries. In addition around 20 news agencies, more than 90 regional daily newspapers and their websites, as well as the Berlin offices of more than 22 national publications such as Der Spiegel, and Die Zeit re-enforce the capital's position as Germany's epicenter for influential debate. Therefore, many international journalists, bloggers and writers live and work in the city.", "qas": [ { "id": "53841", "question": "how many news agencies are there in germany ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "20" } ] }, { "id": "53842", "question": "how many regional daily newspapers are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "90" } ] }, { "id": "53843", "question": "how many national publications are there in germany ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 276, "text": "22" } ] }, { "id": "53844", "question": "what are some of the national publications of germany ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 309, "text": "Der Spiegel, and Die Zeit" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin is the central location to several international and regional television and radio stations. The public broadcaster RBB has its headquarters in Berlin as well as the commercial broadcasters MTV Europe, VIVA, and N24. German international public broadcaster Deutsche Welle has its TV production unit in Berlin, and most national German broadcasters have a studio in the city including ZDF and RTL.", "qas": [ { "id": "53845", "question": "what is the central location of several international and radio stations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Berlin" } ] }, { "id": "53846", "question": "what are the names of the commercial broadcasters in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "MTV Europe, VIVA, and N24" } ] }, { "id": "53847", "question": "who has its tv production unit ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "Deutsche Welle" } ] }, { "id": "53848", "question": "what are the most national german broadcasters ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 391, "text": "ZDF and RTL" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin has Germany's largest number of daily newspapers, with numerous local broadsheets (\"Berliner Morgenpost\", \"Berliner Zeitung\", \"Der Tagesspiegel\"), and three major tabloids, as well as national dailies of varying sizes, each with a different political affiliation, such as \"Die Welt\", \"Neues Deutschland\", and \"Die Tageszeitung\". The \"Exberliner\", a monthly magazine, is Berlin's English-language periodical and La Gazette de Berlin a French-language newspaper.", "qas": [ { "id": "53849", "question": "what is the monthly magazine called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 341, "text": "Exberliner" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin is also the headquarter of major German-language publishing houses like Walter de Gruyter, Springer, the Ullstein Verlagsgruppe (publishing group), Suhrkamp and Cornelsen are all based in Berlin. Each of which publish books, periodicals, and multimedia products.", "qas": [ { "id": "53850", "question": "what are all based in berlin in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "Suhrkamp and Cornelsen" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin's transport infrastructure is highly complex, providing a diverse range of urban mobility. A total of 979 bridges cross of inner-city waterways. of roads run through Berlin, of which are motorways (\"Autobahn\"). In 2013, 1.344\u00a0million motor vehicles were registered in the city. With 377 cars per 1000 residents in 2013 (570/1000 in Germany), Berlin as a Western global city has one of the lowest numbers of cars per capita. In 2012 around 7600 mostly beige colored taxicabs were in service. Since 2011 a number of app based e-car and e-scooter sharing services have evolved.", "qas": [ { "id": "53851", "question": "how many bridges are in inner-city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "979" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Long-distance rail lines connect Berlin with all of the major cities of Germany and with many cities in neighboring European countries. Regional rail lines of the Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg provide access to the surrounding regions of Brandenburg and to the Baltic Sea. The Berlin Hauptbahnhof is the largest grade-separated railway station in Europe. Deutsche Bahn runs high speed ICE trains to domestic destinations like Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Stuttgart, Frankfurt am Main and others. It also runs an SXF airport express rail service, as well as trains to several international destinations like Vienna, Prague, Z\u00fcrich, Warsaw, Budapest and Amsterdam.", "qas": [ { "id": "53852", "question": "regional rail lines of brandenburg provide what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg" } ] }, { "id": "53853", "question": "what is the largest railway station in europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "The Berlin Hauptbahnhof" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin has two commercial international airports. Tegel Airport (TXL) is situated within the city limits. Sch\u00f6nefeld Airport (SXF) is located just outside Berlin's south-eastern border in the state of Brandenburg. Both airports together handled 29.5 million passengers in 2015. In 2014, 67 airlines served 163 destinations in 50 countries from Berlin. Tegel Airport is an important transfer hub for Air Berlin as well as a focus city for Lufthansa and Eurowings. Sch\u00f6nefeld serves as an important destination for airlines like Germania, easyJet and Ryanair.", "qas": [ { "id": "53854", "question": "what is situated within the city limits ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Tegel Airport" } ] }, { "id": "53855", "question": "what airport is located just outside of berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Sch\u00f6nefeld Airport" } ] }, { "id": "53856", "question": "how many passengers in 2015 were there in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "29.5 million" } ] }, { "id": "53857", "question": "how many airlines served in 50 countries in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "67" } ] }, { "id": "53858", "question": "how many destinations did 67 airlines have in 2014 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "163" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The new Berlin Brandenburg Airport (BER), currently under construction, will replace Tegel as single commercial airport of Berlin. The airport is going to integrate Sch\u00f6nefeld (SXF) facilities and is scheduled to open not before autumn 2017. The BER will have an initial capacity of around 35 million passengers per year. As of 2016, plans for further expansion bringing the terminal capacity to approximately 50 million per year are in development.", "qas": [ { "id": "53859", "question": "what is the name of the airport that will replace tegel as single commercial airport ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 8, "text": "Berlin Brandenburg Airport" } ] }, { "id": "53860", "question": "what is the new berlin brandenburg airport ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "Tegel" } ] }, { "id": "53861", "question": "how many passengers can the initial capacity of passengers have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "35 million" } ] }, { "id": "53862", "question": "how much are the terminal capacity in development in 2016 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 410, "text": "50 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin is well known for its highly developed bicycle lane system. It is estimated that Berlin has 710 bicycles per 1000 residents. Around 500,000 daily bike riders accounted for 13% of total traffic in 2010. Cyclists have access to of bicycle paths including approximately of mandatory bicycle paths, of off-road bicycle routes, of bicycle lanes on roads, of shared bus lanes which are also open to cyclists, of combined pedestrian/bike paths and of marked bicycle lanes on roadside pavements (or sidewalks). Riders are allowed to carry their bicycles on Regionalbahn, S-Bahn and U-Bahn trains, on trams, and on night buses if a bike ticket is purchased.", "qas": [ { "id": "53863", "question": "what does berlin have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "710 bicycles per 1000 residents" } ] }, { "id": "53864", "question": "how many daily bike riders accounted in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "500,000" } ] }, { "id": "53865", "question": "what percentage of total traffic in 2010 were bike riders in 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "13%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin's two largest energy provider for private households are the Swedish firm Vattenfall and the Berlin based company GASAG. Both offer electric power and natural gas supply. Some of the city\u00b4s electric energy is imported from nearby power plants in southern Brandenburg.", "qas": [ { "id": "53866", "question": "who are berlin 's two largest energy provider ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "the Swedish firm Vattenfall and the Berlin" } ] }, { "id": "53867", "question": "what is the berlin based company ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "GASAG" } ] }, { "id": "53868", "question": "what is the electric energy imported from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "nearby power plants in southern Brandenburg" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As of 2015 the five largest power plants measured by capacity are the Heizkraftwerk Reuter West, the Heizkraftwerk Lichterfelde, the Heizkraftwerk Mitte, the Heizkraftwerk Wilmersdorf, and the Heizkraftwerk Charlottenburg. All of these power stations generate electricity and useful heat at the same time to facilitate buffering during load peaks.", "qas": [ { "id": "53869", "question": "what is the name of the five largest power plants in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "Heizkraftwerk Reuter West" } ] }, { "id": "53870", "question": "what is the name of the largest power plants in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "Heizkraftwerk Charlottenburg" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 1993 the power grid connections in the Berlin-Brandenburg capital region were renewed. In most of the inner districts of Berlin power lines are underground cables; only a 380\u00a0kV and a 110\u00a0kV line, which run from Reuter substation to the urban Autobahn, use overhead lines. The Berlin 380-kV electric line is the backbone of the city's energy grid.", "qas": [ { "id": "53871", "question": "when was the power grid connections renewed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "1993" } ] }, { "id": "53872", "question": "what are the inner districts of berlin power lines ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "underground cables" } ] }, { "id": "53873", "question": "what are the underground cables ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "380\u00a0kV and a 110\u00a0kV line" } ] }, { "id": "53874", "question": "what is the backbone of the city 's energy grid ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 276, "text": "The Berlin 380-kV electric line" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin has a long history of discoveries in medicine and innovations in medical technology. The modern history of medicine has been significantly influenced by scientists from Berlin. Rudolf Virchow was the founder of cellular pathology, while Robert Koch developed vaccines for anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis.", "qas": [ { "id": "53875", "question": "who was the founder of cellular pathology ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "Rudolf Virchow" } ] }, { "id": "53876", "question": "what did robert koch introduce vaccines for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 279, "text": "anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Charit\u00e9 complex (Universit\u00e4tsklinik Charit\u00e9) is the largest university hospital in Europe, tracing back its origins to the year 1710. The Charit\u00e9 is spread over four sites and comprises 3,300 beds, around 14,000 staff, 7,000 students, and more than 60 operating theaters, and it has a turnover of over one billion euros annually. The Charit\u00e9 is a joint institution of the Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and the Humboldt University of Berlin, including a wide range of institutes and specialized medical centers.", "qas": [ { "id": "53877", "question": "what is the largest university hospital in europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "Universit\u00e4tsklinik Charit\u00e9" } ] }, { "id": "53878", "question": "when was the largest university hospital in europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "1710" } ] }, { "id": "53879", "question": "how many beds are in the four sites ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 190, "text": "3,300 beds" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Among them are the German Heart Center, one of the most renowned transplantation centers, the Max-Delbr\u00fcck-Center for Molecular Medicine and the Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics. The scientific research at these institutions is complemented by many research departments of companies such as Siemens and Bayer. The World Health Summit and several international health related conventions are held annually in Berlin.", "qas": [ { "id": "53880", "question": "what is one of the most renowned transplantation centers ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 19, "text": "German Heart Center" } ] }, { "id": "53881", "question": "what are the german heart center ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "Max-Delbr\u00fcck-Center for Molecular Medicine and the Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics" } ] }, { "id": "53882", "question": "what are some of the research departments of scientific research ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "Siemens and Bayer" } ] }, { "id": "53883", "question": "where are the world health summit held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 419, "text": "Berlin" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The digital television standard in Berlin and Germany is DVB-T. This system transmits compressed digital audio, digital video and other data in an MPEG transport stream. The transmission standard is scheduled to be replaced by DVB-T2 in 2017.", "qas": [ { "id": "53884", "question": "where is the digital television standard located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 35, "text": "Berlin and Germany" } ] }, { "id": "53885", "question": "what is the digital television standard in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "DVB-T." } ] }, { "id": "53886", "question": "in what type of transport is the digital video and other data and digital video and other data data ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "MPEG transport stream" } ] }, { "id": "53887", "question": "who replaced the transmission standard ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "DVB-T2" } ] }, { "id": "53888", "question": "when was the transmission standard scheduled to be replaced by dvb-t2 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 237, "text": "2017" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin has installed several hundred free public Wireless LAN sites across the capital since 2016. The wireless networks are concentrated mostly in central districts; 650 hotspots (325 indoor and 325 outdoor access points) are installed. Deutsche Bahn is planning to introduce Wi-Fi services in long distance and regional trains in 2017.", "qas": [ { "id": "53889", "question": "when did berlin installed several free public sites ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 93, "text": "2016" } ] }, { "id": "53890", "question": "how many hotspots hotspots are in the wireless networks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "650" } ] }, { "id": "53891", "question": "how many indoor networks are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "325" } ] }, { "id": "53892", "question": "when did deutsche bahn introduce wi-fi ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 332, "text": "2017" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The UMTS (3G) and LTE (4G) networks of the three major cellular operators Vodafone, T-Mobile and O2 enable the use of mobile broadband applications citywide.", "qas": [ { "id": "53893", "question": "what are the names of the three major cellular operators ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The UMTS (3G) and LTE" } ] }, { "id": "53894", "question": "which cellular operators enable the use of mobile broadband applications ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "Vodafone, T-Mobile and O2" } ] }, { "id": "53895", "question": "what do the cellular operators enable ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "mobile broadband applications citywide" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute develops mobile and stationary broadband communication networks and multimedia systems. Focal points are photonic components and systems, fiber optic sensor systems, and image signal processing and transmission. Future applications for broadband networks are developed as well.", "qas": [ { "id": "53896", "question": "who develops mobile and stationary communication networks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute" } ] }, { "id": "53897", "question": "what does the fraunhofer heinrich hertz institute consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "mobile and stationary broadband communication networks and multimedia systems" } ] }, { "id": "53898", "question": "along with image and image signal , what are focal points of focal points ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "fiber optic sensor systems" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin has 878 schools that teach 340,658 children in 13,727 classes and 56,787 trainees in businesses and elsewhere. The city has a 6-year primary education program. After completing primary school, students continue to the Sekundarschule (a comprehensive school) or Gymnasium (college preparatory school). Berlin has a special bilingual school program embedded in the \"Europaschule\" in which children are taught the curriculum in German and a foreign language, starting in primary school and continuing in high school. Nine major European languages can be chosen as foreign languages in 29 schools.", "qas": [ { "id": "53899", "question": "what type of schools does berlin have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "878" } ] }, { "id": "53900", "question": "how many children does berlin have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "340,658" } ] }, { "id": "53901", "question": "how many classes does berlin have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "13,727" } ] }, { "id": "53902", "question": "how many trainees schools does berlin have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "56,787" } ] }, { "id": "53903", "question": "what is the name of the bilingual school program ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 371, "text": "Europaschule" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Franz\u00f6sisches Gymnasium Berlin, which was founded in 1689 to teach the children of Huguenot refugees, offers (German/French) instruction. The John F. Kennedy School, a bilingual German\u2013American public school located in Zehlendorf, is particularly popular with children of diplomats and the English-speaking expatriate community. Four schools teach Latin and Classical Greek. Two of them are state schools (Steglitzer Gymnasium in Steglitz and Goethe-Gymnasium in Wilmersdorf), one is Protestant (Evangelisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster in Wilmersdorf), and one is Jesuit (Canisius-Kolleg in the \"Embassy Quarter\" in Tiergarten).", "qas": [ { "id": "53904", "question": "what was founded in 1689 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Franz\u00f6sisches Gymnasium Berlin" } ] }, { "id": "53905", "question": "when was the gymnasium berlin founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "1689" } ] }, { "id": "53906", "question": "what is the name of the bilingual german school ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "John F. Kennedy School" } ] }, { "id": "53907", "question": "where is the john f. kennedy school located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "Zehlendorf" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Berlin-Brandenburg capital region is one of the most prolific centres of higher education and research in Germany and Europe. Historically, 40 Nobel Prize winners are affiliated with the Berlin-based universities.", "qas": [ { "id": "53908", "question": "where is the capital region located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Germany and Europe" } ] }, { "id": "53909", "question": "how many nobel prize winners are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 144, "text": "40" } ] }, { "id": "53910", "question": "what are 40 nobel prize winners affiliated with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "the Berlin-based universities" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The city has four public research universities and more than 30 private, professional, and technical colleges \"(Hochschulen)\", offering a wide range of disciplines. A record number of 175,651 students were enrolled in the winter term of 2015/16. Among them around 18% have an international background.", "qas": [ { "id": "53911", "question": "how many public research universities does the city have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "four" } ] }, { "id": "53912", "question": "how many private research universities does the city have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "30" } ] }, { "id": "53913", "question": "how many students were enrolled in the winter ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "175,651" } ] }, { "id": "53914", "question": "what was the winter term for a record number of students ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 237, "text": "2015/16" } ] }, { "id": "53915", "question": "what percentage of international background have an international background ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 264, "text": "18%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The three largest universities combined have approximately 100,000 enrolled students. There are the Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin \"(HU Berlin)\" with 33,000 students, the Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin \"(Free University of Berlin, FU Berlin)\" with about 33,000 students, and the Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin \"(TU Berlin)\" with 33,000 students. The FU and the HU are part of the German Universities Excellence Initiative. The Universit\u00e4t der K\u00fcnste \"(UdK)\" has about 4,000 students. The Berlin School of Economics and Law has an enrollment of about 10,000 students and the Hochschule f\u00fcr Technik und Wirtschaft (University of Applied Sciences for Engineering and Economics) of about 13.000 students.", "qas": [ { "id": "53916", "question": "how many enrolled students are in the three universities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "100,000" } ] }, { "id": "53917", "question": "how many students are in hu berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "33,000" } ] }, { "id": "53918", "question": "how many students are in the free university ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "33,000" } ] }, { "id": "53919", "question": "how many students are in the hu berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "33,000" } ] }, { "id": "53920", "question": "how many students does the der der k\u00fcnste have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 461, "text": "4,000" } ] }, { "id": "53921", "question": "how many students does the berlin school of economics have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 543, "text": "10,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The city has a high density of internationally renowned research institutions, such as the Fraunhofer Society, the Leibniz Association, the Helmholtz Association, and the Max Planck Society, which are independent of, or only loosely connected to its universities. In 2012, around 65,000 professional scientists were working in research and development in the city.", "qas": [ { "id": "53922", "question": "what is the name of the society that is connected to its universities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "Max Planck Society" } ] }, { "id": "53923", "question": "how many professional scientists were working in research and development in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 280, "text": "65,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin is one of the knowledge and innovation communities (KIC) of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT). The KIC is based at the Centre for Entrepreneurship at TU Berlin and has a focus in the development of IT industries. It partners with major multinational companies such as Siemens, Deutsche Telekom, and SAP.", "qas": [ { "id": "53924", "question": "what is berlin ' knowledge of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "European Institute of Innovation and Technology" } ] }, { "id": "53925", "question": "where is the centre for the centre of the centre ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "TU Berlin" } ] }, { "id": "53926", "question": "what are some of the major multinational companies ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 299, "text": "Siemens, Deutsche Telekom, and SAP" } ] } ] }, { "context": "One of Europe's successful research, business and technology clusters is based at WISTA in Berlin-Adlershof, with more than 1,000 affiliated firms, university departments and scientific institutions.", "qas": [ { "id": "53927", "question": "where is one of europe 's technology clusters based ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "WISTA" } ] }, { "id": "53928", "question": "where is one of europe 's technology clusters based ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "Berlin-Adlershof" } ] }, { "id": "53929", "question": "how many affiliated firms are in europe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "1,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In addition to the libraries that are affiliated with the various universities, the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin is a major research library. Its two main locations are on Potsdamer Stra\u00dfe and on Unter den Linden. There are also 86 public libraries in the city. ResearchGate, a global social networking site for scientists, is based in Berlin.", "qas": [ { "id": "53930", "question": "what is the name of the major research library ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin" } ] }, { "id": "53931", "question": "what are the two main locations of the zu ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "Potsdamer Stra\u00dfe" } ] }, { "id": "53932", "question": "what is the name of the main main locations of the zu berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "Unter den Linden" } ] }, { "id": "53933", "question": "how many public libraries are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "86" } ] }, { "id": "53934", "question": "what is the name of the global social networking site ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "ResearchGate" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin is known for its numerous cultural institutions, many of which enjoy international reputation. The diversity and vivacity of the metropolis led to a trendsetting atmosphere. An innovative music, dance and art scene has developed in the 21st century.", "qas": [ { "id": "53935", "question": "what two scene has developed in the 21st century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "dance and art scene" } ] }, { "id": "53936", "question": "when was the dance and art scene developed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 243, "text": "21st century" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The expanding cultural performance of the city was underscored by the relocation of the Universal Music Group who decided to move their headquarters to the banks of the River Spree. In 2005, Berlin was named \"City of Design\" by UNESCO.", "qas": [ { "id": "53937", "question": "who underscored the cultural performance of the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "Universal Music Group" } ] }, { "id": "53938", "question": "the universal music group decided to move their headquarters to what banks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "River Spree" } ] }, { "id": "53939", "question": "in what year was berlin named ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "2005" } ] }, { "id": "53940", "question": "what was berlin called in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "City of Design" } ] }, { "id": "53941", "question": "who named berlin of design in 2005 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "UNESCO" } ] } ] }, { "context": " Berlin is home to 138 museums and more than 400 art galleries.", "qas": [ { "id": "53942", "question": "what is the 138 museums in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 19, "text": "138" } ] }, { "id": "53943", "question": "what is the 138 museums in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "400" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Apart from the Museum Island, there are many additional museums in the city. The Gem\u00e4ldegalerie (Painting Gallery) focuses on the paintings of the \"old masters\" from the 13th to the 18th centuries, while the Neue Nationalgalerie (New National Gallery, built by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe) specializes in 20th-century European painting. The Hamburger Bahnhof, located in Moabit, exhibits a major collection of modern and contemporary art. The expanded Deutsches Historisches Museum re-opened in the Zeughaus with an overview of German history spanning more than a millennium. The Bauhaus Archive is a museum of 20th century design from the famous Bauhaus school.", "qas": [ { "id": "53944", "question": "what focuses on the paintings of the `` old masters '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "Gem\u00e4ldegalerie" } ] }, { "id": "53945", "question": "where is the hamburger bahnhof ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 368, "text": "Moabit" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Jewish Museum has a standing exhibition on two millennia of German-Jewish history. The German Museum of Technology in Kreuzberg has a large collection of historical technical artifacts. The Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde exhibits natural history near Berlin Hauptbahnhof. It has the largest mounted dinosaur in the world (a Giraffatitan). Well-preserved specimens of Tyrannosaurus Rex and the early bird Archaeopteryx are at display as well.", "qas": [ { "id": "53946", "question": "where is the german museum of technology located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Kreuzberg" } ] }, { "id": "53947", "question": "where does the museum of the museum f\u00fcr history occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 246, "text": "Berlin Hauptbahnhof" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Dahlem, there are several museums of world art and culture, such as the Museum of Asian Art, the Ethnological Museum, the Museum of European Cultures, as well as the Allied Museum. The Br\u00fccke Museum features one of the largest collection of works by artist of the early 20th-century expressionist movement. In Lichtenberg, on the grounds of the former East German Ministry for State Security, is the Stasi Museum. The site of Checkpoint Charlie, one of the most renowned crossing points of the Berlin Wall, is still preserved. A private museum venture exhibits a comprehensive documentation of detailed plans and strategies devised by people who tried to flee from the East. The Beate Uhse Erotic Museum claims to be the world's largest erotic museum.", "qas": [ { "id": "53948", "question": "what is the former east german ministry for state security ministry ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 403, "text": "Stasi Museum" } ] }, { "id": "53949", "question": "what is the most renowned crossing points of the berlin wall ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 429, "text": "Checkpoint Charlie" } ] }, { "id": "53950", "question": "what museum is the world 's largest erotic museum ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 682, "text": "Beate Uhse Erotic Museum" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The cityscape of Berlin displays large quantities of urban street art. It has become a significant part of the city's cultural heritage and has its roots in the graffiti scene of Kreuzberg of the 1980s. The Berlin Wall itself has become one of the largest open-air canvasses in the world. The leftover stretch along the Spree river in Friedrichshain remains as the East Side Gallery. Berlin today is consistently rated as an important world city for street art culture.", "qas": [ { "id": "53951", "question": "the cityscape of berlin displays large quantities of what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "urban street art" } ] }, { "id": "53952", "question": "when did the cityscape of berlin occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "Kreuzberg of the 1980s" } ] }, { "id": "53953", "question": "where is the east side gallery located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 320, "text": "Spree river" } ] }, { "id": "53954", "question": "what is the name of the stretch along with the stretch of the east river ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 365, "text": "East Side Gallery" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin's nightlife has been celebrated as one of the most diverse and vibrant of its kind. In the 1970s and '80s the SO36 in Kreuzberg focused on punk music. The \"SOUND\" and the \"Dschungel\" gained notoriety. Throughout the 1990s, people in their 20s from many countries, particularly those in Western and Central Europe, made Berlin's club scene a premier nightlife venue. After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, many historic buildings in Mitte, the former city centre of East Berlin, were illegally occupied and re-built by young squatters and became a fertile ground for underground and counterculture gatherings. The central boroughs are home to many nightclubs, including the clubs Watergate, Tresor, E-Werk and Berghain. The KitKatClub and several other locations are known for sexually uninhibited parties.", "qas": [ { "id": "53955", "question": "when was the berlin wall of the berlin wall established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 410, "text": "1989" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Clubs are not required to close at a fixed time on the weekends, and many parties last well into the morning, or all weekend. \"Berghain\" features the \"Panorama Bar\", a bar that opens its shades at daybreak, allowing party-goers a panorama view of Berlin after dancing through the night. The \"Weekend Club\" near Alexanderplatz features a roof terrace that allows partying at almost any time of the day. Several venues have become a popular stage for the Neo-Burlesque scene.", "qas": [ { "id": "53956", "question": "what is the name of the bar that opens a panorama ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "Panorama Bar" } ] }, { "id": "53957", "question": "where is the `` weekend club '' near ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 311, "text": "Alexanderplatz" } ] }, { "id": "53958", "question": "several venues have become a popular stage for what scene ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 453, "text": "Neo-Burlesque scene" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin has a long history of gay culture, and is an important birthplace of the LGBT rights movement. Same-sex bars and dance halls operated freely from the 1880s, and the first magazine, \"Der Eigene\", started in 1896. By the 1920s, gays and lesbians had an unprecedented visibility in popular culture. Today, in addition to a positive atmosphere in the wider club scene, the city again has a huge number of queer clubs and festivals. The most famous are Berlin Pride, the Christopher Street Day, the Lesbian and Gay City Festival in Berlin-Sch\u00f6neberg, the Kreuzberg Pride and Hustlaball.", "qas": [ { "id": "53959", "question": "when did same-sex bars begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 157, "text": "1880s" } ] }, { "id": "53960", "question": "when did the first magazine begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "1896" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The annual Berlin International Film Festival (Berlinale) with around 500,000 admissions is considered to be the largest publicly attended film festival in the world. The Karneval der Kulturen (\"Carnival of Cultures\"), a multi-ethnic street parade celebrated every Pentecost weekend. Berlin is also well known for the cultural festival, Berliner Festspiele, which includes the jazz festival JazzFest Berlin. Several technology and media art festivals and conferences are held in the city, including Transmediale and Chaos Communication Congress. The annual Berlin Festival focuses on indie rock, electronic music and synth pop and is part of the international Berlin Music Week. Every year Berlin hosts one of the largest New Year's Eve celebrations (Silvester) in the world, attended by over a million people. The focal point is the Brandenburg Gate, where midnight fireworks are centred. Throughout the city, private fireworks displays take place in all neighbourhoods as well. Partygoers in Germany often toast the New Year with a glass of sparkling wine.", "qas": [ { "id": "53961", "question": "what is the largest publicly attended film festival ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "Berlin International Film Festival" } ] }, { "id": "53962", "question": "how many admissions is the largest publicly attended film festival ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "500,000" } ] }, { "id": "53963", "question": "what is the name of the jazz festival ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 337, "text": "Berliner Festspiele" } ] }, { "id": "53964", "question": "what is the jazz festival ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 391, "text": "JazzFest Berlin" } ] }, { "id": "53965", "question": "what are some of the conferences in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 499, "text": "Transmediale and Chaos Communication Congress" } ] }, { "id": "53966", "question": "what is the focal point of brandenburg ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 834, "text": "Brandenburg Gate" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin is home to 44 theaters and stages. The Deutsches Theater in Mitte was built in 1849\u201350 and has operated almost continuously since then. The Volksb\u00fchne at Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz was built in 1913\u201314, though the company had been founded in 1890. The Berliner Ensemble, famous for performing the works of Bertolt Brecht, was established in 1949. The Schaub\u00fchne was founded in 1962 and moved to the building of the former Universum Cinema on Kurf\u00fcrstendamm in 1981. With a seating capacity of 1,895 and a stage floor of , the Friedrichstadt-Palast in Berlin Mitte is the largest show palace in Europe.", "qas": [ { "id": "53967", "question": "how many theaters does berlin have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "44" } ] }, { "id": "53968", "question": "where was the deutsches theater built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Mitte" } ] }, { "id": "53969", "question": "when was the deutsches theater built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "1849\u201350" } ] }, { "id": "53970", "question": "when was the company built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "1913\u201314" } ] }, { "id": "53971", "question": "who was the famous works of the berliner ensemble ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "Bertolt Brecht" } ] }, { "id": "53972", "question": "when was the schaub\u00fchne founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 378, "text": "1962" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin has three major opera houses: the Deutsche Oper, the Berlin State Opera, and the Komische Oper. The Berlin State Opera on Unter den Linden opened in 1742 and is the oldest of the three. Its current musical director is Daniel Barenboim. The Komische Oper has traditionally specialized in operettas and is located at Unter den Linden as well. The Deutsche Oper opened in 1912 in Charlottenburg.", "qas": [ { "id": "53973", "question": "what is the name of the major opera houses in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "Komische Oper" } ] }, { "id": "53974", "question": "where is the berlin state opera ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "Unter den Linden" } ] }, { "id": "53975", "question": "when was the berlin state opera opened ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "1742" } ] }, { "id": "53976", "question": "who is the current musical director ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "Daniel Barenboim" } ] }, { "id": "53977", "question": "what is the located at the time that is located at the origin of species ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 322, "text": "Unter den Linden" } ] }, { "id": "53978", "question": "when did the deutsche oper open ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 376, "text": "1912" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The city's main venue for musical theater performances are the Theater am Potsdamer Platz and Theater des Westens (built in 1895). Contemporary dance can be seen at the \"Radialsystem V\". The Tempodrom is host to concerts and circus inspired entertainment. It also houses a multi-sensory spa experience. The Admiralspalast in Mitte has a vibrant program of variety and music events.", "qas": [ { "id": "53979", "question": "what theater performances are built in 1895 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "Potsdamer Platz and Theater des Westens" } ] }, { "id": "53980", "question": "when was the theater des westens built ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "1895" } ] }, { "id": "53981", "question": "where can contemporary dance dance be seen ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "Radialsystem V" } ] }, { "id": "53982", "question": "where is the program of variety and music events located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 325, "text": "Mitte" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There are seven symphony orchestras in Berlin. The Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra is one of the preeminent orchestras in the world; it is housed in the Berliner Philharmonie near Potsdamer Platz on a street named for the orchestra's longest-serving conductor, Herbert von Karajan. The current principal conductor is Simon Rattle. The Konzerthausorchester Berlin was founded in 1952 as the orchestra for East Berlin. Its current principal conductor is Ivan Fischer. The Haus der Kulturen der Welt presents various exhibitions dealing with intercultural issues and stages world music and conferences. The \"Kookaburra\" and the \"Quatsch Comedy Club\" are known for satire and stand up comedy shows.", "qas": [ { "id": "53983", "question": "how many symphony orchestras are in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "seven" } ] }, { "id": "53984", "question": "what is one of the preeminent orchestras in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra" } ] }, { "id": "53985", "question": "where is the berlin philharmonic orchestra located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "Berliner Philharmonie" } ] }, { "id": "53986", "question": "where is the berlin philharmonic orchestra located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "Potsdamer Platz" } ] }, { "id": "53987", "question": "who is the berlin philharmonic orchestra ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "Herbert von Karajan" } ] }, { "id": "53988", "question": "who is the current principal conductor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 315, "text": "Simon Rattle" } ] }, { "id": "53989", "question": "when was the berlin berlin founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 376, "text": "1952" } ] }, { "id": "53990", "question": "who is the current principal conductor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 450, "text": "Ivan Fischer" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The cuisine and culinary offerings of Berlin vary greatly. Twelve restaurants in Berlin have been included in the Michelin guide of 2015, which ranks the city at the top for the number of restaurants having this distinction in Germany. Apart from that, Berlin is well known for its offerings of vegetarian cuisine.", "qas": [ { "id": "53991", "question": "how many restaurants have been included in the michelin guide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Twelve" } ] }, { "id": "53992", "question": "when did the michelin guide begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "2015" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Many local foods originated from north German culinary traditions and include rustic and hearty dishes with pork, goose, fish, peas, beans, cucumbers, or potatoes. Typical Berliner fares include \"Currywurst\", \"Bulette\" and the \"Berliner\" doughnut, known in Berlin as . German bakeries offering a variety of breads and pastries are widespread. One of Europe's largest delicatessen markets is found at the KaDeWe, and among the world\u2019s largest chocolate stores is \"Fassbender & Rausch\".", "qas": [ { "id": "53993", "question": "along with pork , goose , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish , fish ,", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "rustic and hearty dishes" } ] }, { "id": "53994", "question": "what is another name for typical berliner fares ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 196, "text": "Currywurst" } ] }, { "id": "53995", "question": "where is one of europe 's largest delicatessen markets ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "the KaDeWe" } ] }, { "id": "53996", "question": "what is the world 's largest chocolate stores ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 463, "text": "Fassbender & Rausch" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin is also home to a diverse gastronomy scene reflecting the immigrant history of the city. Turkish and Arab immigrants brought their culinary traditions to the city, such as the lahmacun and falafel, which have become common fast food staples. The modern fast food version of the d\u00f6ner kebab sandwich evolved in Berlin in the 1970s, and became a favorite in Germany. Asian cuisine like Chinese, Vietnamese, Thai, Indian, and sushi restaurants, as well as Spanish tapas bars, Italian, and Greek cuisine, can be found in many parts of the city.", "qas": [ { "id": "53997", "question": "what two food staples have become common food staples ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 183, "text": "lahmacun and falafel" } ] }, { "id": "53998", "question": "what are asian cuisine ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 391, "text": "Chinese, Vietnamese, Thai, Indian, and sushi restaurants" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Zoologischer Garten Berlin, the older of two zoos in the city, was founded in 1844. It is the most visited zoo in Europe and presents the most diverse range of species in the world. It was the home of the captive-born celebrity polar bear Knut. The city's other zoo, Tierpark Friedrichsfelde, was founded in 1955.", "qas": [ { "id": "53999", "question": "what is the older of two zoos in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Zoologischer Garten Berlin" } ] }, { "id": "54000", "question": "when was the older of two zoos in the city founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "1844" } ] }, { "id": "54001", "question": "which zoo was founded in 1955 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 267, "text": "Tierpark Friedrichsfelde" } ] }, { "id": "54002", "question": "when was the city 's other zoo founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "1955" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin's Botanischer Garten includes the Botanic Museum Berlin. With an area of and around 22,000 different plant species, it is one of the largest and most diverse collections of botanical life in the world. Other gardens in the city include the Britzer Garten, and the G\u00e4rten der Welt (Gardens of the World) in Marzahn.", "qas": [ { "id": "54003", "question": "what is the museum of berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Botanischer Garten" } ] }, { "id": "54004", "question": "what is the name of the museum in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Botanic Museum Berlin" } ] }, { "id": "54005", "question": "how many different plant species are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "22,000" } ] }, { "id": "54006", "question": "what is the name of the gardens of the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "G\u00e4rten der Welt" } ] }, { "id": "54007", "question": "where is the gardens of the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 313, "text": "Marzahn" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Tiergarten, located in Mitte, is Berlin's largest park and was designed by Peter Joseph Lenn\u00e9. In Kreuzberg, the Viktoriapark provides a viewing point over the southern part of inner-city Berlin. Treptower Park, beside the Spree in Treptow, features a large Soviet War Memorial. The Volkspark in Friedrichshain, which opened in 1848, is the oldest park in the city, with monuments, a summer outdoor cinema and several sports areas.", "qas": [ { "id": "54008", "question": "where is berlin 's largest park ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "Mitte" } ] }, { "id": "54009", "question": "who designed berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "Peter Joseph Lenn\u00e9" } ] }, { "id": "54010", "question": "what park has a large soviet war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "Treptower Park" } ] }, { "id": "54011", "question": "where is the oldest park in the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 300, "text": "Friedrichshain" } ] }, { "id": "54012", "question": "when did the oldest park in the city open ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 332, "text": "1848" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Potsdam is situated on the southwestern periphery of Berlin. The city was a residence of the Prussian kings and the German Kaiser, until 1918. The area around Potsdam in particular Sanssouci is known for a series of interconnected lakes and cultural landmarks. The Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin are the largest World Heritage Site in Germany.", "qas": [ { "id": "54013", "question": "what is situated on the southwestern periphery of berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Potsdam" } ] }, { "id": "54014", "question": "where is potsdam situated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "southwestern periphery of Berlin" } ] }, { "id": "54015", "question": "who was the city a residence of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "the Prussian kings and the German Kaiser" } ] }, { "id": "54016", "question": "in what year was the city of the city residence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "1918" } ] }, { "id": "54017", "question": "what is the name of the potsdam area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "Sanssouci" } ] }, { "id": "54018", "question": "what is the series of potsdam in potsdam ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 216, "text": "interconnected lakes and cultural landmarks" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin is also well known for its numerous caf\u00e9s, street musicians, beach bars along the Spree River, flea markets, boutique shops and pop up stores, which are a source for recreation and leisure.", "qas": [ { "id": "54019", "question": "where is berlin located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Spree River" } ] }, { "id": "54020", "question": "what are the up stores in berlin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "recreation and leisure" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Berlin has established a high-profile reputation as a host city of major international sporting events. The city hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics and was the host city for the 2006 FIFA World Cup final. The IAAF World Championships in Athletics was held in the Olympiastadion in 2009, the Mercedes-Benz Arena hosted the Euroleague Final Four in 2009 and 2016. (In 2009, it was called \"O2 World\") In 2015 Berlin became the venue for the UEFA Champions League Final.", "qas": [ { "id": "54021", "question": "when was the summer olympics hosted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "1936" } ] }, { "id": "54022", "question": "what was the host city for the 1936 summer olympics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 175, "text": "2006 FIFA World Cup final" } ] }, { "id": "54023", "question": "where was the world championships in athletics held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "Olympiastadion" } ] }, { "id": "54024", "question": "when was the world championships in athletics held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "2009" } ] }, { "id": "54025", "question": "what league did berlin become in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 435, "text": "UEFA Champions League Final" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The annual Berlin Marathon a course that holds the most top-10 world record runs and the ISTAF are well-established athletic events in the city. The FIVB World Tour, a beach volleyball Grand Slam event, is presented at an inner-city site every year, while the Mellowpark in K\u00f6penick is one of the biggest skate and BMX parks in Europe.", "qas": [ { "id": "54026", "question": "what is the fivb world tour ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "a beach volleyball Grand Slam event" } ] }, { "id": "54027", "question": "where is the bmx parks located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "K\u00f6penick" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A Fan Fest at Brandenburg Gate, which attracts several hundred-thousand spectators, has become popular during international football competitions, like the UEFA European Championship.", "qas": [ { "id": "54028", "question": "where is a fan fest at international football ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 14, "text": "Brandenburg Gate" } ] }, { "id": "54029", "question": "what is the fan fest at brandenburg ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "the UEFA European Championship" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2013 around 600,000 Berliners were registered in one of the more than 2,300 sport and fitness clubs. The city of Berlin operates more than 60 public indoor and outdoor swimming pools. Berlin is the largest Olympic training centre in Germany. About 500 top athletes (15% of all German top athletes) are based there. Forty-seven elite athletes participated in the 2012 Summer Olympics. Berliners would achieve seven gold, twelve silver and three bronze medals.", "qas": [ { "id": "54030", "question": "how many berliners were registered in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 15, "text": "600,000" } ] }, { "id": "54031", "question": "how many sport clubs were there in 2013 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "2,300" } ] }, { "id": "54032", "question": "how many public indoor pools does the city of berlin have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "60" } ] }, { "id": "54033", "question": "what percentage of all german top athletes are based there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "15%" } ] }, { "id": "54034", "question": "how many elite athletes participated in the 2012 olympics ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 318, "text": "Forty-seven" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\n", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Berlin" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The word town shares an origin with the German word \"Zaun\", the Dutch word \"tuin\", and the Old Norse \"tun\". The German word \"Zaun\" comes closest to the original meaning of the word: a fence of any material. An early borrowing from Celtic *dunom (cf. Old Irish dun, Welsh din \"fortress, fortified place, camp,\" dinas \"city\").", "qas": [ { "id": "54035", "question": "what is the german word for the word `` tun '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "Zaun" } ] }, { "id": "54036", "question": "what are the names of the dutch word `` zaun '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "\"tuin\", and the Old Norse \"tun\"" } ] }, { "id": "54037", "question": "what is the german word for the original meaning of the word a fence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "Zaun" } ] }, { "id": "54038", "question": "what was the early borrowing of fortress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "Celtic *dunom" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In English and Dutch, the meaning of the word took on the sense of the space which these fences enclosed. In England, a town was a small community that could not afford or was not allowed to build walls or other larger fortifications, and built a palisade or stockade instead. In the Netherlands, this space was a garden, more specifically those of the wealthy, which had a high fence or a wall around them (like the garden of palace Het Loo in Apeldoorn, which was the example for the privy garden of William and Mary at Hampton Court). In Old Norse \"tun\" means a (grassy) place between farmhouses, and is still used in a similar meaning in modern Norwegian.", "qas": [ { "id": "54039", "question": "where was the garden of palace located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 445, "text": "Apeldoorn" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Old English and Early and Middle Scots, the word \"ton\", \"toun\", etc. could refer to kinds of settlements as diverse as agricultural estates and holdings, partly picking up the Norse sense (as in the Scots word \"fermtoun\") at one end of the scale, to fortified municipality at the other. If there was any distinction between \"toun\" (fortified municipality) and \"burgh\" (unfortified municipality) as claimed by some, it did not last in practice as \"burghs\" and \"touns\" developed. For example, \"Edina Burgh\" or \"Edinburgh\" (called a city today) was built around a fort and eventually came to have a defensive wall.", "qas": [ { "id": "54040", "question": "what is the scots word for fortified municipality ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "fermtoun" } ] }, { "id": "54041", "question": "what was the fortified municipality called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "toun" } ] }, { "id": "54042", "question": "what was the name of the municipality that it was claimed to be any distinction ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 364, "text": "burgh" } ] }, { "id": "54043", "question": "what did some `` burgh '' mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 449, "text": "\"burghs\" and \"touns\" developed" } ] }, { "id": "54044", "question": "what was the name of the city that was built around a city today ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 495, "text": "Edina Burgh\" or \"Edinburgh\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In some cases, \"town\" is an alternate name for \"city\" or \"village\" (especially a larger village). Sometimes, the word \"town\" is short for \"township\". In general, today towns can be differentiated from townships, villages, or hamlets on the basis of their economic character, in that most of a town's population will tend to derive their living from manufacturing industry, commerce, and public services rather than primary industry such as agriculture or related activities.", "qas": [ { "id": "54045", "question": "what are `` town '' an alternate name for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "\"city\" or \"village\"" } ] }, { "id": "54046", "question": "what is the word `` town '' short for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 139, "text": "township" } ] }, { "id": "54047", "question": "most of a town 's population will tend to derive their living from what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 349, "text": "manufacturing industry, commerce, and public services" } ] }, { "id": "54048", "question": "what are some of the primary industry in general services ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 440, "text": "agriculture or related activities" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The modern phenomenon of extensive suburban growth, satellite urban development, and migration of city-dwellers to villages have further complicated the definition of towns, creating communities urban in their economic and cultural characteristics but lacking other characteristics of urban localities.", "qas": [ { "id": "54049", "question": "what is one of the modern phenomenon of extensive suburban growth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "satellite urban development" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some forms of non-rural settlement, such as temporary mining locations, may be clearly non-rural, but have at best a questionable claim to be called a town.", "qas": [ { "id": "54050", "question": "what are some forms of settlement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 44, "text": "temporary mining locations" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Towns often exist as distinct governmental units, with legally defined borders and some or all of the appurtenances of local government (e.g., a police force). In the United States these are referred to as \"incorporated towns\". In other cases the town lacks its own governance and is said to be \"unincorporated\". Note that the existence of an unincorporated town may be legally set forth through other means, as through zoning districts. In the case of some planned communities, the town exists legally in the form of covenants on the properties within the town. The United States Census identifies many census-designated places (CDPs) by the names of unincorporated towns which lie within them; however, those CDPs typically include rural and suburban areas and even surrounding villages and other towns.", "qas": [ { "id": "54051", "question": "what are the united states referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "incorporated towns" } ] }, { "id": "54052", "question": "what is the name of the town that the town lacks its own governance ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "unincorporated" } ] }, { "id": "54053", "question": "what does the town of the town of the town exists in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 518, "text": "covenants on the properties within the town" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The distinction between a town and a city similarly depends on the approach: a city may strictly be an administrative entity which has been granted that designation by law, but in informal usage, the term is also used to denote an urban locality of a particular size or importance: whereas a medieval city may have possessed as few as 10,000 inhabitants, today some consider an urban place of fewer than 100,000 as a town, even though there are many officially designated cities that are much smaller than that.", "qas": [ { "id": "54054", "question": "how many inhabitants are in medieval city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 335, "text": "10,000" } ] }, { "id": "54055", "question": "how many town is the distinction of a town ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 404, "text": "100,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Australian geographer Thomas Griffith Taylor proposed a classification of towns based on their age and pattern of land use. He identified five types of town:", "qas": [ { "id": "54056", "question": "who proposed a classification of towns based on their age ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 22, "text": "Thomas Griffith Taylor" } ] }, { "id": "54057", "question": "what was the classification of towns based on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "their age and pattern of land use" } ] }, { "id": "54058", "question": "how many types of town did thomas griffith have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "five" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nIn Albania \"qytez\u00eb\" means town, which is very similar with the word for city (\"\"qytet\"\"). Although there is no official use of the term for any settlement. \nIn Albanian \"qytez\u00eb\" means \"small city\" or \"new city\", while in ancient times \"small residential center within the walls of a castle\".", "qas": [ { "id": "54059", "question": "what is the name of the town that is similar to the word for city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "qytez\u00eb" } ] }, { "id": "54060", "question": "what is the word for the word `` city '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "qytet" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Australia, towns or \"urban centre localities\" are commonly understood to be those centers of population not formally declared to be cities and having a population in excess of about 200 people. Centers too small to be called towns are generally understood to be a township.", "qas": [ { "id": "54061", "question": "what is commonly understood to be those centers of population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "urban centre localities" } ] }, { "id": "54062", "question": "how many people are in australia 's population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 179, "text": "about 200 people" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In addition, some local government entities are officially styled as towns in Queensland, Western Australia and the Northern Territory, and before the statewide amalgamations of the 1990s in Victoria some local government entities were styled as towns, but now towns are only localities that contain an urban centre with a population greater than 200.", "qas": [ { "id": "54063", "question": "where are local government entities officially styled ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "Queensland, Western Australia and the Northern Territory" } ] }, { "id": "54064", "question": "what is the population of the urban centre ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 347, "text": "200" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Austria, designations are similar to those in Germany with a trichotomy in \"Gemeinde\", \"Markt(gemeinde)\" and \"Stadt\". Which translate to \"Community\", \"Market Community\" and \"City\".", "qas": [ { "id": "54065", "question": "what are the designations of the designations of designations in austria ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "\"Gemeinde\", \"Markt(gemeinde)\" and \"Stadt\"" } ] }, { "id": "54066", "question": "what are the names of the `` community '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "Market Community\" and \"City\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bosnians and Herzegovinians do not have different words to express 'town' and 'city'. The word they use to refer to either is \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434/\"grad\". A village is called \u0441\u0435\u043b\u043e/\"selo\".", "qas": [ { "id": "54067", "question": "what do not have different words to express ` town ' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Bosnians and Herzegovinians" } ] }, { "id": "54068", "question": "what is the word for the word `` they '' use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 126, "text": "\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434/\"grad" } ] }, { "id": "54069", "question": "what is a village called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "\u0441\u0435\u043b\u043e/\"selo" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bulgarians do not, in general, differentiate between 'city' and 'town'. However, in everyday language and media the terms \"large towns\" and \"small towns\" are in use. Usually \"large towns\" refers to Sofia, Plovdiv, Varna and Burgas or sometimes to all 28 oblast cities.\nIn Bulgaria the Council of Ministers defines what constitutes a settlement, while the President of Bulgaria grants each settlement its title. In 2005 the requirement that villages that wish to classify themselves as town must have a social and technical infrastructure, as well as a population of no fewer than 3500 people. For resort settlements the requirements are lower with the population needing to be no fewer than 1000 people but infrastructure requirements remain.", "qas": [ { "id": "54070", "question": "what are some of the `` large towns '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "Sofia, Plovdiv, Varna and Burgas" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The legal definition of a town in Canada varies by province or territory, as each has jurisdiction over defining and legislating towns, cities and other types of municipal organization within its own boundaries.", "qas": [ { "id": "54071", "question": "what are the legal definition of a town in canada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "province or territory" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The province of Quebec is unique in that it makes no distinction under law between towns and cities. There is no intermediate level in French between \"village\" and \"ville\" (\"municipality\" is an administrative term usually applied to a legal, not geographical entity), so both are combined under the single legal status of \"ville\". While an informal preference may exist among English speakers as to whether any individual \"ville\" is commonly referred to as a city or as a town, no distinction and no objective legal criteria exist to make such a distinction under law.", "qas": [ { "id": "54072", "question": "what is another term for `` municipality '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 165, "text": "ville" } ] }, { "id": "54073", "question": "what does `` municipality '' mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "an administrative term usually applied to a legal, not geographical entity" } ] }, { "id": "54074", "question": "what is the single legal status of `` municipality '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "ville" } ] }, { "id": "54075", "question": "what is commonly referred to as a city or a town ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 423, "text": "ville" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Chile, towns (Spanish: \"pueblos\") are defined by the National Statistics Institute (INE) as an urban entity with a population from 2001 to 5000 or an area with a population from 1001 to 2000 and an established economic activity.", "qas": [ { "id": "54076", "question": "what is the spanish word for towns in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "pueblos" } ] }, { "id": "54077", "question": "who defined towns in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "National Statistics Institute" } ] }, { "id": "54078", "question": "what is the population of the national statistics institute ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "2001 to 5000" } ] }, { "id": "54079", "question": "what is the population of the national statistics institute ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "1001 to 2000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the Czech Republic, the word \"m\u011bsto\" (a city) is used for very wide extent of municipalities. There are 592 such municipalities in the Czech Republic, from Prague, the capital city with ca 1,2 mil. inhabitants, to the smallest, P\u0159ebuz, with ca 74 inhabitants. Some municipalities titled from historic grounds as \"m\u011bsto\" are very small, especially some former mining towns. However, a municipality need to have at least 3000 inhabitants to be elevated to \"m\u011bsto\". Cca 192 of the current \"m\u011bsta\" have less than 3000.", "qas": [ { "id": "54080", "question": "what is the word for very wide extent of municipalities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "m\u011bsto" } ] }, { "id": "54081", "question": "how many municipalities are in the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "592" } ] }, { "id": "54082", "question": "what is the capital of the czech republic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "1,2 mil" } ] }, { "id": "54083", "question": "how many inhabitants does the inhabitants have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 247, "text": "74" } ] }, { "id": "54084", "question": "what is another term for municipalities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 316, "text": "m\u011bsto" } ] }, { "id": "54085", "question": "how many inhabitants are in the municipality ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 422, "text": "3000" } ] }, { "id": "54086", "question": "what is the municipality need to be elevated to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 458, "text": "m\u011bsto" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some towns or cities are merged with surrounding villages to one municipality. Such a whole municipality including the merged villages is considered as a \"m\u011bsto\".", "qas": [ { "id": "54087", "question": "what is the merged villages called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "m\u011bsto" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On legal level, statutory cities (\"statut\u00e1rn\u00ed m\u011bsto\") are distinguished. There are 25 statutory cities defined by law no. 128/2000 Coll., in addition to Prague, the capital city which is a de facto statutory city. Statutory cities can create their own selfgoverning municipal parts.", "qas": [ { "id": "54088", "question": "how many statutory cities are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "25" } ] }, { "id": "54089", "question": "what are statutory cities defined by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "law no" } ] }, { "id": "54090", "question": "what is statutory cities defined as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "128/2000 Coll" } ] }, { "id": "54091", "question": "what is the capital of prague ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "a de facto statutory city" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Since 2006, a historic level of towns (\"m\u011bstys\" \u2013 formerly also \"m\u011bste\u010dko\") was restored. Cca 213 municipalities are titled \"m\u011bstys\".", "qas": [ { "id": "54092", "question": "when was a historic level of towns restored ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 6, "text": "2006" } ] }, { "id": "54093", "question": "what was the historic level of towns in 2006 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "m\u011bstys" } ] }, { "id": "54094", "question": "what was a historic level of towns in 2006 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "m\u011bste\u010dko" } ] }, { "id": "54095", "question": "what municipalities are titled `` m\u011bstys '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "Cca 213" } ] }, { "id": "54096", "question": "what are the cca 213 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "m\u011bstys" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Municipalities which are not \"m\u011bsto\" nor \"m\u011bstys\" are called simply \"obec\" (a municipality) or unofficially \"vesnice\" (a village), even though it can consist from one or more villages.", "qas": [ { "id": "54097", "question": "what is another term for municipalities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "obec" } ] }, { "id": "54098", "question": "what is another term for municipalities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "a municipality) or unofficially \"vesnice\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Denmark, in many contexts no distinction is made between \"city\", \"town\" and \"village\"; all three translate as \"by\". In more specific use, for small villages and hamlets the word \"landsby\" (meaning \"country town\") is used, while the Danish equivalent of English \"city\" is \"storby\" (meaning \"large town\"). For formal purposes, urban areas having at least 200 inhabitants are counted as \"by\".", "qas": [ { "id": "54099", "question": "what is another name for `` country town '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "landsby" } ] }, { "id": "54100", "question": "what is the danish equivalent of english ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "storby" } ] }, { "id": "54101", "question": "how many inhabitants are in urban areas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 356, "text": "200" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Historically some towns held various privileges, the most important of which was the right to hold market. They were administered separately from the rural areas in both fiscal, military and legal matters. Such towns are known as \"k\u00f8bstad\" (roughly the same meaning as \"borough\" albeit deriving from a different etymology) and they retain the exclusive right to the title even after the last vestiges of their privileges vanished through the reform of the local administration carried through in 1970.", "qas": [ { "id": "54102", "question": "what types of matters were administered by some towns ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 178, "text": "military and legal matters" } ] }, { "id": "54103", "question": "what are towns known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "k\u00f8bstad" } ] }, { "id": "54104", "question": "when did the last vestiges of the local administration take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 496, "text": "1970" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Estonia, there is no distinction between a town and a city as the word \"linn\" is used for both bigger and smaller settlements, which are bigger than villages and boroughs. There are 30 municipal towns (\"omavalitsuslik linn\") in Estonia and a further 17 towns, which have merged with a municipal parish (\"vallasisene linn\").", "qas": [ { "id": "54105", "question": "what word is used to describe bigger and smaller settlements ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 75, "text": "linn" } ] }, { "id": "54106", "question": "how many municipal towns are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "30" } ] }, { "id": "54107", "question": "how many towns are in estonia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "17" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From an administrative standpoint, the smallest level of local authorities are all called \"communes\". However, some laws do treat these authorities differently based on the population and specific rules apply to the three main cities Paris, Lyon and Marseille. For historical reasons, six communes in the Meuse d\u00e9partement still exist as independent entities despite having no inhabitant at all.", "qas": [ { "id": "54108", "question": "what are the smallest level of local authorities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "communes" } ] }, { "id": "54109", "question": "what do some laws differently based to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "the three main cities Paris, Lyon and Marseille" } ] }, { "id": "54110", "question": "how many communes in the meuse d\u00e9partement still exist as independent entities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "six" } ] }, { "id": "54111", "question": "what do six communes in the meuse d\u00e9partement still exist as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 338, "text": "independent entities despite having no inhabitant at all" } ] } ] }, { "context": "For statistical purposes, the national statistical institute (INSEE) operates a distinction between urban areas with fewer than 2,000 inhabitants and bigger communes, the latter being called \"villes\". Smaller settlements are usually called \"villages\". The French term to mean \"town\" is \"\" but in fact, the French do not really distinguish between towns and cities which are all commonly called \"villes\".", "qas": [ { "id": "54112", "question": "how many inhabitants does the national statistical institute consist of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "2,000" } ] }, { "id": "54113", "question": "what is the national statistical institute called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "villes" } ] }, { "id": "54114", "question": "what are smaller settlements called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "villages" } ] }, { "id": "54115", "question": "what is the french term for the french term `` town '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 395, "text": "villes" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Germans do not, in general, differentiate between 'city' and 'town'. The German word for both is \"Stadt\" as it is in many other languages that do not make any difference between the Anglo-Saxon concepts. However, the International Statistics Conference of 1887 defined different sizes of \"Stadt\", based on their population size, as follows: \"Landstadt\" (\"country town\"; under 5,000), \"Kleinstadt\" (\"small town\"; 5,000 to under 20,000), \"Mittelstadt\" (\"middle town\"; between 20,000 and 100,000) and \"Gro\u00dfstadt\" (\"large town\"; over 100,000). The term \"Gro\u00dfstadt\" may be translated as \"city\". In addition, Germans may speak of \"Millionenstadt\", a city with over one million inhabitants (such as Munich, Hamburg and Berlin).", "qas": [ { "id": "54116", "question": "what is the german word for the german word ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "Stadt" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Germany also the historical importance, the centrality and the population density of an urban place might be taken as characteristics of a 'city'. Many settlements became a \"Stadt\" by being awarded a \"Stadtrecht\" in medieval times already. The word for a 'village', as a smaller settlement, is \"Dorf\". The current local government organization is subject to state law of a state and the related denomination of a specific settlement may differ from its common designation (e.g. Samtgemeinde \u2013 a legal term in Lower Saxony for a group of villages [Dorf, pl. D\u00f6rfer] with common local government, united from single municipalities [Gemeinde, pl. Gemeinden]).", "qas": [ { "id": "54117", "question": "what did many settlements become ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "Stadt" } ] }, { "id": "54118", "question": "what did many settlements use in medieval times ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 204, "text": "Stadtrecht" } ] }, { "id": "54119", "question": "what is the word for a ` village ' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "Dorf" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Designations in different states are as diverse as for example in Australian States and Territories and differ from state to state. In some German states, the words \"Markt\" (\"market\"), \"Marktflecken\" (both used in southern Germany) or \"Flecken\" (\"spot\"; northern Germany e.g. in Lower Saxony) designate a town-like residential community between \"Gemeinde\" and \"Stadt\" with special importance to its outer conurbation area. Historically those had \"Marktrecht\" (market right) but not full town privileges; see Market town.", "qas": [ { "id": "54120", "question": "what is another name for southern germany ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "Marktflecken" } ] }, { "id": "54121", "question": "what is another name for `` spot '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 236, "text": "Flecken" } ] }, { "id": "54122", "question": "what is the name of the market right to market privileges ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 447, "text": "Marktrecht" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In written speech, Greeks use the word \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7 (p\u00f3li) to express 'city' and the word \u03ba\u03c9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7 (kom\u00f3poli) to express 'town', both with a feminine grammatical gender. For Greeks, a town (kom\u00f3poli) is a human settlement with a population of 2,000\u20139,999. If a settlement has a lower population, it is considered a village (\"\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\", chorj\u00f3). For the cities, Greeks, use the word 'p\u00f3li', whereas for bigger cities with a population above 1 million, they usually use another name, \"\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7\" (mitr\u00f3poli), in English Metropolis. In the Greek speaking world (Greece and Cyprus) only Athens and Salonica can be described as \"metropoleis\".", "qas": [ { "id": "54123", "question": "what is the name of the word `` greeks '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7" } ] }, { "id": "54124", "question": "what is the name of the word `` greeks '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "\u03ba\u03c9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7" } ] }, { "id": "54125", "question": "what is the name of the human settlement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 182, "text": "kom\u00f3poli" } ] }, { "id": "54126", "question": "what is the population of greeks ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 235, "text": "2,000\u20139,999" } ] }, { "id": "54127", "question": "what word is used to describe the word `` greeks '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 372, "text": "p\u00f3li" } ] }, { "id": "54128", "question": "what is the population of greeks in english ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 429, "text": "1 million" } ] }, { "id": "54129", "question": "what is the name of the name for the greeks that use the word `` p\u00f3li '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 472, "text": "\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7" } ] }, { "id": "54130", "question": "what is another name for greece and salonica ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 613, "text": "metropoleis" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In spoken speech, Greeks use the word for village to refer both to villages and towns and the word for city to refer to both cities and metropoleis.", "qas": [ { "id": "54131", "question": "what are the word for village to refer to city to refer to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 67, "text": "villages and towns" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Hong Kong started developing new towns in the 1950s, to accommodate exponential population increase. The very first new towns included Tsuen Wan and Kwun Tong. In the late 1960s and the 1970s, another stage of new town developments was launched. Nine new towns have been developed so far. Land use is carefully planned and development provides plenty of room for public housing projects. Rail transport is usually available at a later stage. The first towns are Sha Tin, Tsuen Wan, Tuen Mun and Tseung Kwan O. Tuen Mun was intended to be self-reliant, but was not successful and turned into a bedroom community like the other new towns. More recent developments are Tin Shui Wai and North Lantau (Tung Chung-Tai Ho).", "qas": [ { "id": "54132", "question": "what were the first new towns ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 135, "text": "Tsuen Wan and Kwun Tong" } ] }, { "id": "54133", "question": "what are the two recent developments of more recent developments ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 666, "text": "Tin Shui Wai and North Lantau" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Hungary there is no official distinction between a city and a town (the word for both in Hungarian is: v\u00e1ros). Nevertheless, the expressions formed by adding the adjectives \"kis\" (small) and \"nagy\" (large) to the beginning of the root word (e.g. \"nagyv\u00e1ros\") have been normalized to differentiate between cities and towns (towns being smaller, therefore bearing the name \"kisv\u00e1ros\".) In Hungary, a village can gain the status of \"v\u00e1ros\" (town), if it meets a set of diverse conditions for quality of life and development of certain public services and utilities (e.g. having a local secondary school or installing full-area sewage collection pipe network). Every year the Minister of Internal Affairs selects candidates from a committee-screened list of applicants, whom the President of Republic usually affirms by issuing a bill of town's rank to them. Since being a town carries extra fiscal support from the government, many relatively small villages try to win the status of \"v\u00e1rosi rang\" nowadays.", "qas": [ { "id": "54134", "question": "what is the word for both in hungarian in hungary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "v\u00e1ros" } ] }, { "id": "54135", "question": "what is the name of the adjectives that the expressions formed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 177, "text": "kis" } ] }, { "id": "54136", "question": "what is another term for the beginning of the root word ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 195, "text": "nagy" } ] }, { "id": "54137", "question": "what is another term for the root word `` nagy '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "nagyv\u00e1ros" } ] }, { "id": "54138", "question": "what is the name of the name used to describe the root word `` nagy '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 375, "text": "kisv\u00e1ros" } ] }, { "id": "54139", "question": "what does a village gain the status of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 433, "text": "v\u00e1ros" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Before the fall of communism in 1990, Hungarian villages with fewer than 10,000 residents were not allowed to become towns. Recently some settlements as small as 2,500 souls have received the rank of town (e.g. Visegr\u00e1d, Zalakaros or G\u00f6nc) and meeting the conditions of development is often disregarded to quickly elevate larger villages into towns. As of middle 2013, there are 346 towns in Hungary, encompassing some 69% of the entire population.", "qas": [ { "id": "54140", "question": "when did the fall of communism occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "1990" } ] }, { "id": "54141", "question": "how many residents were allowed to become towns in 1990 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 73, "text": "10,000" } ] }, { "id": "54142", "question": "how many souls have received the rank of town settlements ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "2,500" } ] }, { "id": "54143", "question": "what are some of the rank of town settlements ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "Visegr\u00e1d, Zalakaros or G\u00f6nc" } ] }, { "id": "54144", "question": "how many towns are in hungary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 379, "text": "346" } ] }, { "id": "54145", "question": "what percentage of the entire population in hungary are in hungary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 419, "text": "69%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Towns of more than 50,000 people are able to gain the status of \"megyei jog\u00fa v\u00e1ros\" (town with the rights of a county), which allows them to maintain a higher degree of services. (There are a few exceptions, when towns of fewer than 50,000 people gained the status: \u00c9rd, H\u00f3dmez\u0151v\u00e1s\u00e1rhely, Salg\u00f3tarj\u00e1n and Szeksz\u00e1rd) As of middle 2013, there are only 23 such towns in Hungary.", "qas": [ { "id": "54146", "question": "how many people are able to gain the status of a county ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 19, "text": "50,000" } ] }, { "id": "54147", "question": "what are the town of a county able to gain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "megyei jog\u00fa v\u00e1ros" } ] }, { "id": "54148", "question": "how many people gained the status of fewer than people ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 233, "text": "50,000" } ] }, { "id": "54149", "question": "what status of people gained the status of fewer than 50,000 people ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "\u00c9rd, H\u00f3dmez\u0151v\u00e1s\u00e1rhely, Salg\u00f3tarj\u00e1n and Szeksz\u00e1rd" } ] }, { "id": "54150", "question": "how many towns are in hungary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 350, "text": "23" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Local Government act 2001 provides that from January 1, 2002 (section 10 subsection (3)\n\"Within the county in which they are situated and of which they form part, there continue to be such other local government areas as are set out in Schedule 6 which \u2013 (a) in the case of the areas set out in Chapter 1 of Part 1 of that Schedule, shall be known as boroughs, and \u2013 (b) in the case of the areas set out in Chapter 2 of Part 1 and Part 2 of that Schedule, shall be known as towns, and in this Act a reference to a town shall include a reference to a borough.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "54151", "question": "when did the local government act begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "2001" } ] }, { "id": "54152", "question": "what is another name for the local government act ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 355, "text": "boroughs" } ] } ] }, { "context": "These provisions affect the replacement of the boroughs, Towns and urban districts which existed before then. Similar reforms in the nomenclature of local authorities ( but not their functions) are effected by section 11 part 17 of the act includes provision (section 185(2))\n\"Qualified electors of a town having a population of at least 7,500 as ascertained at the last preceding census or such other figure as the Minister may from time to time prescribe by regulations, and not having a town council, may make a proposal in accordance with paragraph (b) for the establishment of such a council\"\nand contains provisions enabling the establishment of new town councils and provisions enabling the dissolution of existing or new town councils in certain circumstances", "qas": [ { "id": "54153", "question": "what is the section of the nomenclature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "section 11 part 17 of the act includes provision" } ] }, { "id": "54154", "question": "what is the population of a town council ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 338, "text": "7,500" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The reference to \"town having a population of at least 7,500 as ascertained at the last preceding census\" hands much of the power relating to defining what is in fact a town over to the Central Statistics Office and their criteria are published as part of each census.", "qas": [ { "id": "54155", "question": "what is the population of town having a population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "7,500" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Another reference to the Census and its role in determining what is or is not a town for some administrative purpose is in the Planning and Development act 2000 (part II chapter I which provides for Local area plans)", "qas": [ { "id": "54156", "question": "what is the part of the part of the census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "Planning and Development act 2000" } ] }, { "id": "54157", "question": "what does the part of the part ii chapter chapter i i i provides for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "Local area plans" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\"A local area plan shall be made in respect of an area which \u2014(i) is designated as a town in the most recent census of population, other than a town designated as a suburb or environs in that census, (ii) has a population in excess of 2,000, and (iii) is situated within the functional area of a planning authority which is a county council.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "54158", "question": "what is the town designated as in that census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "a suburb or environs" } ] }, { "id": "54159", "question": "what is the population of the population of population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 235, "text": "2,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "These are set out in full at 2006 Census Appendices.", "qas": [ { "id": "54160", "question": "in what year was appendices set out of appendices ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "2006" } ] }, { "id": "54161", "question": "who are the 2006 census in 2006 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Appendices" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In short they speak of \"towns with legally defined boundaries\" ( i.e. those established by the Local Government Act 2001) and the remaining 664 as \"census towns\", defined by themselves since 1971 as \"a cluster of 50 or more occupied dwellings in which within a distance of 800 meters there is a nucleus of 30 occupied houses on both sides of the road or twenty occupied houses on one side of the road\" there is also a \"200 meter criterion\" for determining whether a house is part of a census town.", "qas": [ { "id": "54162", "question": "what do the local government act speak ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "towns with legally defined boundaries" } ] }, { "id": "54163", "question": "what act established the boundaries of towns ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "Local Government Act 2001" } ] }, { "id": "54164", "question": "what is the name of the `` census towns '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "664" } ] }, { "id": "54165", "question": "in what year was the census towns defined ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "1971" } ] }, { "id": "54166", "question": "what is the cluster of census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 213, "text": "50 or more occupied dwellings" } ] }, { "id": "54167", "question": "how long is there a nucleus of 30 houses ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "800 meters" } ] }, { "id": "54168", "question": "how many occupied houses of the road ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "30" } ] }, { "id": "54169", "question": "what is the name of the road that occupied houses of a census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 419, "text": "200 meter criterion\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The 2011 Census of India defines towns of two types: statutory town and census town. Statutory town is defined as all places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee. Census towns are defined as places that satisfy the following criteria:", "qas": [ { "id": "54170", "question": "in what year did the census of india begin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "2011" } ] }, { "id": "54171", "question": "what two types of types are in the 2011 census ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "statutory town and census town" } ] }, { "id": "54172", "question": "what is statutory town defined as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "all places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee" } ] } ] }, { "context": "All the statutory towns, census towns and out growths are considered as urban settlements, as opposed to rural areas.", "qas": [ { "id": "54173", "question": "what are the statutory towns , census towns and out growths considered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "urban settlements" } ] }, { "id": "54174", "question": "urban settlements are opposed to what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "rural areas" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In contemporary Persian texts, no distinction is made between \"city\" and \"town\"; both translate as \"Shahr\" (\u0634\u0647\u0631). In older Persian texts (until the first half of the 20th century), the Arabic word \"Qasabeh\" (\u0642\u0635\u0628\u0647) was used for a town. However, in recent 50 years, this word has become obsolete.", "qas": [ { "id": "54175", "question": "what is another name for city translate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "Shahr" } ] }, { "id": "54176", "question": "what is the name of the arabic word that was used in the 20th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "Qasabeh" } ] }, { "id": "54177", "question": "how long has this word been obsolete ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 254, "text": "50 years" } ] } ] }, { "context": "There is a word in Persian which is used for special sort of satellite townships and city neighborhoods. It is \"Shahrak\" (\u0634\u0647\u0631\u06a9), (lit.: small city).\nAnother smaller type of town or neighborhood in a big city is called \"Kuy\" (\u06a9\u0648\u06cc). \"Shahrak\" and \"Kuy\" each have their different legal definitions.\nLarge cities such as Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Tabriz, etc. which have millions of populations are referred to as \"Kalan-shahr\"\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0634\u0647\u0631 (metropole).", "qas": [ { "id": "54178", "question": "what is it called when it is known as small city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "Shahrak" } ] }, { "id": "54179", "question": "what is the neighborhood of town in a big city called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "Kuy" } ] }, { "id": "54180", "question": "what does metropole stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 411, "text": "Kalan-shahr\"\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0634\u0647\u0631" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bigger cities and towns usually are centers of a township (in Persian: \"Shahrestan\" (\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646). Shahrestan itself is a subdivision of \"Ostan\" \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 (Province).", "qas": [ { "id": "54181", "question": "what is another term for township ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 72, "text": "Shahrestan" } ] }, { "id": "54182", "question": "what is the subdivision of shahrestan ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "Ostan\" \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 (Province)" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Modern Hebrew does provide a word for the concept of a town: \"Ayara\" (\u05e2\u05d9\u05d9\u05e8\u05d4), derived from \"Ir\" (\u05e2\u05d9\u05e8), the biblical word for \"city\". However, the term \"Ayara\" is normally used only to describe towns in foreign countries, i.e. urban areas of limited population, particularly when the speaker is attempting to evoke nostalgic or romantic attitudes. The term is also used to describe a Shtetl, a pre-Holocaust Eastern European Jewish town.", "qas": [ { "id": "54183", "question": "what is the biblical word for `` ir '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "Ayara" } ] }, { "id": "54184", "question": "what is the biblical word for `` city '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "Ir" } ] }, { "id": "54185", "question": "what term is used to describe towns in foreign countries ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "Ayara" } ] }, { "id": "54186", "question": "what is the speaker of the speaker of limited population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "evoke nostalgic or romantic attitudes" } ] }, { "id": "54187", "question": "what is the term for the term `` eastern ages '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 383, "text": "Shtetl" } ] }, { "id": "54188", "question": "what is the term for the term the term `` the term '' used to describe a shtetl ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 393, "text": "pre-Holocaust Eastern European Jewish town" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Within Israel, established urban areas are always referred to as cities (with one notable exception explained below) regardless of their actual size. Israeli law does not define any nomenclature for distinction between urban areas based on size or any other factor \u2013 meaning that all urban settlements in Israel are legally referred to as \"cities\".", "qas": [ { "id": "54189", "question": "what are urban areas always referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "cities" } ] }, { "id": "54190", "question": "how are urban areas always referred to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "one notable exception explained below) regardless of their actual size" } ] }, { "id": "54191", "question": "what are urban settlements legally referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 340, "text": "cities" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The exception to the above is the term \"Ayeret Pituakh\" (\u05e2\u05d9\u05d9\u05e8\u05ea \u05e4\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05d7, lit. \"Development Town\") which is applied to certain cities in Israel based on the reasons for their establishment. These cities, created during the earlier decades of Israeli independence (1950s and 1960s, generally), were designed primarily to serve as commercial and transportation hubs, connecting smaller agricultural settlements in the northern and southern regions of the country (the \"Periphery\") to the major urban areas of the coastal and central regions. Some of these \"development towns\" have since grown to a comparatively large size, and yet are still referred to as \"development towns\", particularly when the speaker wishes to emphasize their (often low) socio-economic status. Nonetheless, they are rarely (if ever) referred to simply as \"towns\"; when referring to one directly, it will be either be called a \"development town\" or a \"city\", depending on context.", "qas": [ { "id": "54192", "question": "what is the exception to the above above the above is called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Ayeret Pituakh" } ] }, { "id": "54193", "question": "what are some of the size towns still referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 652, "text": "development towns" } ] }, { "id": "54194", "question": "what are some of the `` towns '' called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 896, "text": "development town\" or a \"city\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Although Italian provides different words for city (\"citt\u00e0\"), town (\"paese\") and village (\"villaggio\", old-fashioned, or \"frazione\", most common), no legal definitions exist as to how settlements must be classified. Administratively, both towns and cities are ruled as comuni/comunes, while villages might be subdivisions of the former. \nGenerally, in everyday's speech, a town is larger or more populated than a village and smaller than a city. Various cities together may form a metropolitan area (\"area metropolitana\"). A city, can also be a culturally, economically or politically prominent community with respect to surrounding towns. Moreover, a city can be such by Presidential decree. A town, in contrast, can be an inhabited place which would elsewhere be styled a city, but has not received any official recognition.\nRemarkable exceptions do exist: for instance, Bassano del Grappa, was given the status of \"citt\u00e0\" in 1760 by Francesco Loredan's dogal decree and has since then carried this title. Also, the Italian word for village (\"paese\" with lowercase P) must not be confused with the Italian word for country/nation (\"Paese\" usually with uppercase P).", "qas": [ { "id": "54195", "question": "what is another name for italian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "citt\u00e0" } ] }, { "id": "54196", "question": "what are administratively and towns ruled as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 269, "text": "comuni/comunes" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Japan city status (\"shi\") was traditionally reserved for only a few particularly large settlements. Over time however the necessary conditions to be a city have been watered down and today the only loose rules that apply are having a population over 50,000 and over 60% of the population in a \"city centre\". In recent times many small villages and towns have merged in order to form a city despite seeming geographically to be just a collection of villages.", "qas": [ { "id": "54197", "question": "what was the name of japan 's city status ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "shi" } ] }, { "id": "54198", "question": "what percentage of the population is the only loose rules in a city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "50,000 and over 60%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The distinction between towns (\"machi/ch\u014d\") and villages (\"mura/son\") is largely unwritten and purely one of population size when the settlement was founded with villages having under 10,000 and towns 10,000\u201350,000.", "qas": [ { "id": "54199", "question": "what are the names of the distinction between towns and towns ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 32, "text": "machi/ch\u014d\") and villages" } ] }, { "id": "54200", "question": "what is another term for villages that is unwritten ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "mura/son" } ] }, { "id": "54201", "question": "how many towns are in the settlement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "10,000" } ] }, { "id": "54202", "question": "how many towns are in the settlement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "10,000\u201350,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Latvia, towns and cities are indiscriminately called \"pils\u0113ta\" in singular form. The name is a contraction of two Latvian words: \"pils\" (castle) and \"s\u0113ta\" (fence), making it very obvious what is meant by the word \u2013 what is situated between the castle and the castle fence. However, a city can be called \"lielpils\u0113ta\" in reference to its size. A village is called \"ciemats\" or \"ciems\" in Latvian.", "qas": [ { "id": "54203", "question": "what are towns called in latvia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "pils\u0113ta" } ] }, { "id": "54204", "question": "what is another name for castle ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "pils" } ] }, { "id": "54205", "question": "what is another name for fence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "s\u0113ta" } ] }, { "id": "54206", "question": "the word `` the name '' is situated between what two groups ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "the castle and the castle fence" } ] }, { "id": "54207", "question": "what is the name of the city that is called in reference to its size ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "lielpils\u0113ta" } ] }, { "id": "54208", "question": "what is the village called in latvian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 367, "text": "\"ciemats\" or \"ciems\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Lithuanian, a city is called \"\", a town is called \"\" (literally \"small \"miestas\"). Metropolis is called \"\" (literally \"big \"miestas\").", "qas": [ { "id": "54209", "question": "what is the town in lithuanian ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "\" (literally \"small \"miestas\"" } ] }, { "id": "54210", "question": "what is metropolis ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "\" (literally \"big \"miestas\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the Netherlands, no distinction is made between \"city\" and \"town\"; both translate as \"stad\".", "qas": [ { "id": "54211", "question": "what are no distinction in the netherlands ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "\"city\" and \"town\"" } ] }, { "id": "54212", "question": "what is the term given to the distinction of `` town '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "stad" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Before 1848 there was a legal distinction between stad and non-stad parts of the country, but the word no longer has any legal significance. About 220 places got \"stadsrechten\" (city rights) and are still so called for historical and traditional reasons, though the word is also used for large urban areas that never got such rights.", "qas": [ { "id": "54213", "question": "in what year was there a legal distinction in the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 7, "text": "1848" } ] }, { "id": "54214", "question": "how many places got `` stadsrechten '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "220" } ] }, { "id": "54215", "question": "what is another name for city rights ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "stadsrechten" } ] }, { "id": "54216", "question": "what are the reasons for the word `` city rights '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "historical and traditional reasons" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In New Zealand, a town is a built-up area that is not large enough to be considered a city. Historically, this definition corresponded to a population of between approximately 1,000 and 20,000. Towns have no independent legal existence, being administered simply as built-up parts of districts, or, in some cases, of cities.", "qas": [ { "id": "54217", "question": "what was the population of a population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 176, "text": "1,000 and 20,000" } ] }, { "id": "54218", "question": "what are towns administered as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "built-up parts of districts" } ] } ] }, { "context": "New Zealand's towns vary greatly in size and importance, ranging from small rural service centres to significant regional centres such as Blenheim and Taupo. Typically, once a town reaches a population of somewhere between 20,000 and 30,000 people, it will begin to be informally regarded as a city. One who regards a settlement as too small to be a town will typically call it a \"township\" or \"village.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "54219", "question": "what are some of the regional centres of new zealand 's towns ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "Blenheim and Taupo" } ] }, { "id": "54220", "question": "how many people are in the town ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 223, "text": "20,000 and 30,000 people" } ] }, { "id": "54221", "question": "what do one regards a settlement as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 348, "text": "a town will typically call it a \"township\" or \"village" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the Philippines, the local official equivalent of the town is the municipality (Filipino \"bayan\"). Every municipality, or town, in the country has a mayor and a vice mayor as well as local town officials. Philippine towns are composed of a number of villages and communities called \"barangays\" with one (or a few cluster of) \"barangay\"(s) serving as the town center or \"poblacion\", and are juridically separate from cities, which are typically larger and more populous (some smaller and less populated) than, and which political and economic status are above that of, towns.", "qas": [ { "id": "54222", "question": "what is the local official equivalent of the philippines ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "the municipality (Filipino \"bayan\")" } ] }, { "id": "54223", "question": "what are philippine towns composed of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "barangays" } ] }, { "id": "54224", "question": "what is another name for the town center ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 373, "text": "poblacion" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Unique in Philippine towns is that they have fixed budget, population and land requirements to become as such, i.e. from a \"barangay\", or a cluster of such, to a town, or to become cities, i.e. from town to a city. Respectively, examples of these are the town of B.E. Dujali in Davao del Norte province, which was formed in 1998 from a cluster of 5 \"barangays\", and the city of El Salvador, which was converted from a town to a city in 2007. Each town in the Philippines was classified by its annual income and budget.", "qas": [ { "id": "54225", "question": "what is another term for cluster of towns ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "barangay" } ] }, { "id": "54226", "question": "what town was formed in 1998 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "B.E. Dujali" } ] }, { "id": "54227", "question": "when was the del norte province formed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 324, "text": "1998" } ] }, { "id": "54228", "question": "what was the name of the cluster province ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 347, "text": "5 \"barangays" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Similarly to Germany and Sweden, in Poland there is no linguistic distinction between a city and a town. The word for both is \"Miasto\", as a form of settlement distinct from following: village (wie\u015b), hamlet (przysi\u00f3\u0142ek), settlement (osada), or colony (kolonia). Town status is conferred by administrative decree, new towns are announced by the Government in a separate Bill effective from the first day of the year. Some settlements tend to remain villages even though they have a larger population than many smaller towns. Town may be called in diminutive way as \"Miasteczko\", what is colloquially used for localities with a few thousand residents. Such localities have usually a Mayor (Burmistrz) as a chief of town council.", "qas": [ { "id": "54229", "question": "what is the word `` settlement distinct '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 127, "text": "Miasto" } ] }, { "id": "54230", "question": "what is town status conferred by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 291, "text": "administrative decree" } ] }, { "id": "54231", "question": "what is colloquially used for localities with a few thousand residents ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 566, "text": "Miasteczko" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Cities are the biggest localities, generally must be bigger than 100 thousand of residents, they are ruled by President (Prezydent) as a chief of City Council. There are bare a few (mainly historic or political) exemptions which have allowed towns lesser than 100 thousand of people, to obtain President title for their Mayors, and to become recognized as Cities that way. Just to name a few: Boles\u0142awiec, Gniezno, Zamo\u015b\u0107.", "qas": [ { "id": "54232", "question": "how many thousand of residents are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "100" } ] }, { "id": "54233", "question": "what is the name of the chief of the cities ruled by president cities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "City Council" } ] }, { "id": "54234", "question": "how many thousand of people are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 260, "text": "100" } ] }, { "id": "54235", "question": "what was the name of the few few few name of the name that a name was used to describe the name of a name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 393, "text": "Boles\u0142awiec, Gniezno, Zamo\u015b\u0107" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Like other Iberian cultures, in Portugal there is a traditional distinction between towns (\"\") and cities (\"\"). Similarly, although these areas are not defined under the constitution, and have no political function (with associated organs), they are defined by law, and a town must have:\nIn this context, the town or city is subordinate to the local authority (civil parish or municipality, in comparison to the North American context, where they have political functions. In special cases, some villages may be granted the status of town if they possess historical, cultural or architectonic importance.", "qas": [ { "id": "54236", "question": "what is another name for iberian cultures ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 108, "text": "\")" } ] }, { "id": "54237", "question": "what are the local authority of the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 361, "text": "civil parish or municipality" } ] }, { "id": "54238", "question": "what may some villages be granted the status of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 567, "text": "cultural or architectonic importance" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Portuguese urban settlements heraldry reflects the difference between towns and cities, with the coat of arms of a town bearing a crown with 4 towers, while the coat of arms of a city bears a crown with 5 towers. This difference between towns and cities is still in use in other Portuguese speaking countries, but in Brazil is no longer in use.", "qas": [ { "id": "54239", "question": "how many towers are in the crown urban settlements ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "4 towers" } ] }, { "id": "54240", "question": "how many towers does the coat of arms of a city have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 207, "text": "5 towers" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Romania there is no official distinction between a city and a town (the word for both in Romanian is: \"ora\u015f\"). Cities and towns in Romania can have the status either of \"ora\u015f\" municipiu, conferred to large urban areas, or only \"ora\u015f\" to smaller urban localities. Some settlements remain villages (communes) even though they have a larger population than other smaller towns.", "qas": [ { "id": "54241", "question": "what is the word for the word `` romanian '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "ora\u015f" } ] }, { "id": "54242", "question": "what is the name of the status of cities in romania ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "ora\u015f\" municipiu" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Unlike English, the Russian language does not distinguish the terms \"city\" and \"town\"\u2014both are translated as \"\" (\"gorod\"). Occasionally the term \"\" is applied to urban-type settlements as well, even though the status of those is not the same as that of a city/town proper.", "qas": [ { "id": "54243", "question": "what is another name for the russian language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "gorod" } ] }, { "id": "54244", "question": "what is the term for the status of the term `` the term '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "a city/town proper" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Russia, the criteria an inhabited locality needs to meet in order to be granted city/town (\"gorod\") status vary in different federal subjects. In general, to qualify for this status, an inhabited locality should have more than 12,000 inhabitants and the occupation of no less than 85% of inhabitants must be other than agriculture. However, inhabited localities which were previously granted the city/town status but no longer meet the criteria can still retain the status for historical reasons.", "qas": [ { "id": "54245", "question": "what is the term used to describe the status of an inhabited locality ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 95, "text": "gorod" } ] }, { "id": "54246", "question": "how many inhabitants are in the inhabited locality ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "12,000" } ] }, { "id": "54247", "question": "what percentage of inhabitants must be other than agriculture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 284, "text": "85%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In South Africa the Afrikaans term \"Dorp\" is used interchangeably with the English equivalent of \"Town\". A \"town\" is a settlement that has a size that is smaller than that of a city.", "qas": [ { "id": "54248", "question": "what is the afrikaans term for the english equivalent of `` town '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "Dorp" } ] }, { "id": "54249", "question": "what is the afrikaans term `` dorp '' used with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "the English equivalent of \"Town\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Spain, the equivalent of town would be \"villa,\" a population unit between a village (\"pueblo)\" and a city \"(ciudad)\", and is not defined by the number of inhabitants, but by some historical rights and privileges dating from the Middle Ages, such as the right to hold a market or fair. For instance, while Madrid is technically a \"villa\", Barcelona, with a smaller population, is known as a city.", "qas": [ { "id": "54250", "question": "what is the population of town in spain called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "villa" } ] }, { "id": "54251", "question": "what does villa mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "pueblo" } ] }, { "id": "54252", "question": "where is villa located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "ciudad" } ] }, { "id": "54253", "question": "what is the historical rights and privileges dating from the middle ages ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "the right to hold a market or fair" } ] }, { "id": "54254", "question": "what is the name of barcelona 's city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 333, "text": "villa" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Swedish language does not differentiate between towns and cities in the English sense of the words; both words are commonly translated as \"stad\", a term which has no legal significance today. The term \"t\u00e4tort\" is used for an urban area or a locality, which however is a statistical rather than an administrative concept and encompasses densely settled villages with only 200 inhabitants as well as the major cities. The word \"k\u00f6ping\" corresponds to an English \"market town\" \"(chipping)\" or German \"Markt\" but is mainly of historical significance, as the term is not used today and only survives in some toponyms. Some towns with names ending in \"-k\u00f6ping\" are cities with over 100 000 inhabitants today, e.g. Link\u00f6ping.", "qas": [ { "id": "54255", "question": "what are words commonly translated as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "stad" } ] }, { "id": "54256", "question": "what term is used to describe an urban area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 206, "text": "t\u00e4tort" } ] }, { "id": "54257", "question": "how many inhabitants are in the urban area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 375, "text": "200" } ] }, { "id": "54258", "question": "how many inhabitants are in some towns ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 680, "text": "100 000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Before 1971, 132 larger municipalities in Sweden enjoyed special royal charters as \"stad\" instead of \"kommun\" (which is similar to a US county). However, since 1971 all municipalities are officially defined as \"kommun\", thus making no legal difference between, for instance, Stockholm and a small countryside municipality. However, every urban area that was a \"stad\" before 1971 is still a called \"stad\" in daily speech, and since the 1980s, 14 of these municipalities brand themselves as \"stad\" again, although it has no legal or administrative significance, as they still have refer to themselves as \"kommun\" in all legal documentation.", "qas": [ { "id": "54259", "question": "what type of municipalities did larger municipalities have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 13, "text": "132" } ] }, { "id": "54260", "question": "what was similar to a us county in sweden ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "kommun" } ] }, { "id": "54261", "question": "when did all municipalities are officially defined as `` kommun '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 160, "text": "1971" } ] }, { "id": "54262", "question": "what are municipalities officially officially defined as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 211, "text": "kommun" } ] }, { "id": "54263", "question": "what is the name of the daily speech that was used in 1971 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 398, "text": "stad" } ] }, { "id": "54264", "question": "how many municipalities brand themselves as `` stad '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 442, "text": "14" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Today, Statistics Sweden defines a \"stad\" as an urban area of at least 10,000 inhabitants. In the Swedish language the term for a major city is \"storstad\" (literally \"big town\"), but there is no clear definition as to when a \"stad\" should be called a \"storstad\". Most Swedes would only call Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malm\u00f6 \"storst\u00e4der\", i.e. \"major cities\", although Uppsala fulfills the definition of \"municipality with a population that exceeds 200 000 inhabitants\".", "qas": [ { "id": "54265", "question": "what does statistics sweden call a urban area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "stad" } ] }, { "id": "54266", "question": "how many inhabitants does sweden have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "10,000" } ] }, { "id": "54267", "question": "what is the term `` big town '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "storstad" } ] }, { "id": "54268", "question": "what is the term for the term `` stad '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 252, "text": "storstad" } ] }, { "id": "54269", "question": "what would most swedes only call ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 291, "text": "Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malm\u00f6 \"storst\u00e4der\"" } ] }, { "id": "54270", "question": "what is the population of the municipality ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 447, "text": "200 000 inhabitants" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Ukraine the term town existed until 1922 inherited from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as Polish \"miasteczko\" when it was replaced by the Soviet regime in 1922 with urban type settlement.", "qas": [ { "id": "54271", "question": "in what year did the term `` town town '' take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "1922" } ] }, { "id": "54272", "question": "where did the term town the term town come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as Polish \"miasteczko\"" } ] }, { "id": "54273", "question": "in what year was the soviet regime replaced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "1922" } ] }, { "id": "54274", "question": "what was the name of the settlement that replaced the soviet regime ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 172, "text": "urban type settlement" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Historically, town in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was a smaller populated place that was chartered under the German town law and had a market square (see Market town).\nToday informally, town is also referred to cities of district significance and cities with small population.", "qas": [ { "id": "54275", "question": "which commonwealth was chartered under the german town law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth" } ] }, { "id": "54276", "question": "who chartered the polish-lithuanian commonwealth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "German town law" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In England and Wales, a \"town\" traditionally was a settlement which had a charter to hold a market or fair and therefore became a \"market town\". Market towns were distinguished from villages in that they were the economic hub of a surrounding area, and were usually larger and had more facilities.", "qas": [ { "id": "54277", "question": "what was the name of england 's charter that was a settlement in england ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 131, "text": "market town" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In modern official usage the term \"town\" is employed either for old market towns, or for settlements which have a town council, or for settlements which elsewhere would be classed a city, but which do not have the legal right to call themselves such. Any parish council can decide to describe itself as a town council, but this will usually only apply to the smallest \"towns\" (because larger towns will be larger than a single civil parish).", "qas": [ { "id": "54278", "question": "what is the term for the term `` town '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "old market towns" } ] }, { "id": "54279", "question": "what does the term `` town '' do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "do not have the legal right to call themselves such" } ] }, { "id": "54280", "question": "what can any parish council decide to describe ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 303, "text": "a town council" } ] }, { "id": "54281", "question": "what does any parish council do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 323, "text": "this will usually only apply to the smallest \"towns\"" } ] }, { "id": "54282", "question": "why is the smallest `` towns '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 377, "text": "because larger towns will be larger than a single civil parish" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Not all settlements which are commonly described as towns have a \"Town Council\" or \"Borough Council\". In fact, because of many successive changes to the structure of local government, there are now few large towns which are represented by a body closely related to their historic borough council. These days, a smaller town will usually be part of a local authority which covers several towns. And where a larger town is the seat of a local authority, the authority will usually cover a much wider area than the town itself (either a large rural hinterland, or several other, smaller towns).", "qas": [ { "id": "54283", "question": "what are all settlements ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 52, "text": "towns have a \"Town Council\" or \"Borough Council" } ] }, { "id": "54284", "question": "what are the large towns represented by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 239, "text": "a body closely related to their historic borough council" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Additionally, there are \"new towns\" which were created during the 20th century, such as Basildon, Redditch and Telford. Milton Keynes was designed to be a \"new city\" but legally it is still a town despite its size.", "qas": [ { "id": "54285", "question": "what are the towns created in the 20th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 25, "text": "new towns" } ] }, { "id": "54286", "question": "which new towns were created during the 20th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "Basildon, Redditch and Telford" } ] }, { "id": "54287", "question": "what was milton keynes 's nickname ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "new city\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Some settlements which describe themselves as towns (e.g. Shipston-on-Stour, Warwickshire) are smaller than some large villages (e.g. Kidlington, Oxfordshire).", "qas": [ { "id": "54288", "question": "what are some large villages that describe settlements ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "Kidlington, Oxfordshire)" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The status of a \"city\" is reserved for places that have Letters Patent entitling them to the name, historically associated with the possession of a cathedral. Some large municipalities (such as Northampton and Bournemouth) are legally boroughs but not cities, whereas some cities are quite small \u2014 such as Ely or St David's. The city of Brighton and Hove was created from the two former towns and some surrounding villages, and within the city the correct term for the former distinct entities is somewhat unclear.", "qas": [ { "id": "54289", "question": "what have the status of a `` city '' reserved for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Letters Patent entitling them to the name" } ] }, { "id": "54290", "question": "what is the patent historically associated with ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "the possession of a cathedral" } ] }, { "id": "54291", "question": "what are some large municipalities that are legally legally boroughs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "Northampton and Bournemouth" } ] }, { "id": "54292", "question": "what are some of the cities that are not small cities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "Ely or St David's" } ] }, { "id": "54293", "question": "which city was created from the two former towns ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 337, "text": "Brighton and Hove" } ] } ] }, { "context": "It appears that a city may become a town, though perhaps only through administrative error: Rochester (Kent) has been a city for centuries but, when in 1998 the Medway district was created, a bureaucratic blunder meant that Rochester lost its official city status and is now technically a town.", "qas": [ { "id": "54294", "question": "what is the name of the city that has been a city for administrative error ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "Rochester" } ] }, { "id": "54295", "question": "in what year was the district created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "1998" } ] } ] }, { "context": "It is often thought that towns with bishops' seats rank automatically as cities: however, Chelmsford was a town until 5 June 2012 despite being the seat of the diocese of Chelmsford, created in 1914. St Asaph, which is the seat of the diocese of St Asaph, only became a city on 1 June 2012 though the diocese was founded in the mid sixth century. In reality, the pre-qualification of having a cathedral of the established Church of England, and the formerly established Church in Wales or Church of Ireland, ceased to apply from 1888.", "qas": [ { "id": "54296", "question": "when was the seat of the diocese of chelmsford ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 118, "text": "5 June 2012" } ] }, { "id": "54297", "question": "what was the name of the diocese created in 1914 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "Chelmsford" } ] }, { "id": "54298", "question": "when was the seat of the diocese of chelmsford created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 194, "text": "1914" } ] }, { "id": "54299", "question": "what is the seat of the diocese of st asaph ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "St Asaph" } ] }, { "id": "54300", "question": "when was the seat of the diocese of st asaph ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 278, "text": "1 June 2012" } ] }, { "id": "54301", "question": "when was the diocese founded ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 328, "text": "mid sixth century" } ] }, { "id": "54302", "question": "when did the church of england apply to apply to the church of england ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 529, "text": "1888" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The word \"town\" can also be used as a general term for urban areas, including cities and in a few cases, districts within cities. In this usage, a city is a type of town; a large one, with a certain status. For example, central Greater London is sometimes referred to colloquially as \"London town\". (The \"City of London\" is the historical nucleus, informally known as the \"Square Mile\", and is administratively separate from the rest of Greater London, while the City of Westminster is also technically a city and is also a London borough.) Camden Town and Somers Town are districts of London, as New Town is a district of Edinburgh \u2013 actually the Georgian centre.", "qas": [ { "id": "54303", "question": "what is central greater london referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 285, "text": "London town" } ] }, { "id": "54304", "question": "what is the `` city of london '' known as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 373, "text": "Square Mile" } ] }, { "id": "54305", "question": "where is the city of london located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 437, "text": "Greater London" } ] }, { "id": "54306", "question": "what are the districts of london ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 541, "text": "Camden Town and Somers Town" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A \"town\" in Scotland has no specific legal meaning and (especially in areas which were or are still Gaelic-speaking) can refer to a mere collection of buildings (e.g. a \"farm-town\" or in Scots \"ferm-toun\"), not all of which might be inhabited, or to an inhabited area of any size which is not otherwise described in terms such as city, burgh, etc. Many locations of greatly different size will be encountered with a name ending with \"-town\", \"-ton\", \"-toun\" etc. (or beginning with the Gaelic equivalent \"baile\" etc.).", "qas": [ { "id": "54307", "question": "what is the name of the collection of buildings that can be inhabited in scotland ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "farm-town\" or in Scots \"ferm-toun" } ] }, { "id": "54308", "question": "what is a name for a name for a name that is used to describe a name for a name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 434, "text": "-town" } ] }, { "id": "54309", "question": "what is the gaelic equivalent of a name ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 504, "text": "\"baile\" etc" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A burgh (pronounced \"burruh\") is the Scots' term for a town or a municipality. They were highly autonomous units of local government from at least the 12th century until their abolition in 1975, when a new regional structure of local government was introduced across the country. Usually based upon a town, they had a municipal corporation and certain rights, such as a degree of self-governance and representation in the sovereign Parliament of Scotland adjourned in 1707.", "qas": [ { "id": "54310", "question": "what is the burgh pronounced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "burruh" } ] }, { "id": "54311", "question": "what is the burgh ' term for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "the Scots' term for a town or a municipality" } ] }, { "id": "54312", "question": "when was the regional structure of local government introduced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "12th century" } ] }, { "id": "54313", "question": "in what year was the regional regional structure of local government introduced ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "1975" } ] }, { "id": "54314", "question": "in what year was the sovereign parliament of scotland based ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 468, "text": "1707" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The term no longer describes units of local government although various claims are made from time to time that the legislation used was not competent to change the status of the Royal Burghs described below. The status is now chiefly ceremonial but various functions have been inherited by current Councils (e.g. the application of various endowments providing for public benefit) which might only apply within the area previously served by a burgh; in consequence a burgh can still exist (if only as a defined geographical area) and might still be signed as such by the current local authority. It should be noted that the word 'burgh' is generally not used as a synonym for 'town' or 'city' in everyday speech, but is reserved mostly for government and administrative purposes.", "qas": [ { "id": "54315", "question": "what inherited the status of various endowments ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "current Councils" } ] }, { "id": "54316", "question": "what word is not used as a synonym for ` town ' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 630, "text": "burgh" } ] }, { "id": "54317", "question": "what are the word for the word `` burgh '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 740, "text": "government and administrative purposes" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Historically, the most important burghs were royal burghs, followed by burghs of regality and burghs of barony. Some newer settlements were only designated as police burghs from the 19th century onward, a classification which also applies to most of the older burghs.", "qas": [ { "id": "54318", "question": "what were the most important burghs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "royal burghs" } ] }, { "id": "54319", "question": "who followed the royal burghs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "burghs of regality and burghs of barony" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Small town life has been a major theme in American literature, especially stories of rejection by young people leaving for the metropolis.", "qas": [ { "id": "54320", "question": "who is responsible for rejection of rejection of rejection in american literature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 98, "text": "young people leaving for the metropolis" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Alabama, the legal use of the terms \"town\" and \"city\" is based on population. A municipality with a population of 2,000 or more is a city, while less than 2,000 is a town (Code of Alabama 1975, Section 11-40-6). For legislative purposes, municipalities are divided into eight classes based on population. Class 8 includes all towns, plus cities with populations of less than 6,000 (Code of Alabama 1975, Section 11-40-12).", "qas": [ { "id": "54321", "question": "what is the population of alabama ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "2,000" } ] }, { "id": "54322", "question": "how many town is alabama 1975 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "2,000" } ] }, { "id": "54323", "question": "how many classes are in municipalities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "eight" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Arizona, the terms \"town\" and \"city\" are largely interchangeable. A community may incorporate under either a town or a city organization with no regard to population or other restrictions according to Arizona law (see Arizona Revised Statutes, Title 9). Cities may function under slightly differing governmental systems, such as the option to organize a district system for city governments, but largely retain the same powers as towns. Arizona law also allows for the consolidation of neighboring towns and the unification of a city and a town, but makes no provision for the joining of two adjacent cities.", "qas": [ { "id": "54324", "question": "what does a community incorporate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "either a town or a city organization with no regard to population or other restrictions according to Arizona law" } ] }, { "id": "54325", "question": "what is the name of the arizona law according to arizona ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 221, "text": "Arizona Revised Statutes, Title 9" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Hawaiian Island of Oahu has various communities that may be referred to as towns. However, the entire island is lumped as a single incorporated city, the City and County of Honolulu. The towns on Oahu are merely unincorporated census-designated places.", "qas": [ { "id": "54326", "question": "who has various communities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Hawaiian Island of Oahu" } ] }, { "id": "54327", "question": "what is the name of the various communities that may be referred to as the hawaiian island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "towns" } ] }, { "id": "54328", "question": "what is the entire island lumped as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "the City and County of Honolulu" } ] }, { "id": "54329", "question": "what are the towns on the towns called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "census-designated places" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Louisiana a \"town\" is defined as being a municipal government having a population of 1,001 to 4,999 inhabitants. ", "qas": [ { "id": "54330", "question": "what is the population of louisiana ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "1,001 to 4,999 inhabitants" } ] } ] }, { "context": "While generally a \"town\" is usually considered a smaller entity than a city, legally they are exactly the same as far as Maryland law is concerned. With the exception of the Independent city of Baltimore (which is a special case, as it was created by the Constitution of Maryland), in Maryland, there is no difference between a \"city\" and a \"town,\" it is simply part of the name that was chosen to designate an incorporated municipality. It is analogous to a corporate business entity choosing to have a name with \"incorporated\" or with \"corporation\", both terms mean the same thing.", "qas": [ { "id": "54331", "question": "who created baltimore ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "the Constitution of Maryland" } ] }, { "id": "54332", "question": "what was maryland law chosen to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 398, "text": "designate an incorporated municipality" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Nevada, a town has a form of government, but is not considered to be incorporated. It generally provides a limited range of services, such as land use planning and recreation, while leaving most services to the county. Many communities have found this \"semi-incorporated\" status attractive; the state has only 20 incorporated cities, and towns as large as Paradise (186,020 in 2000 Census), home of the Las Vegas Strip. Most county seats are also towns, not cities.", "qas": [ { "id": "54333", "question": "what is a limited range of services in a town ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "land use planning and recreation" } ] }, { "id": "54334", "question": "what have many communities found in the las vegas strip ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "semi-incorporated\" status attractive" } ] }, { "id": "54335", "question": "how many incorporated cities does the state have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 313, "text": "20" } ] }, { "id": "54336", "question": "what is the name of the state that has found the las vegas strip ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 369, "text": "186,020" } ] }, { "id": "54337", "question": "what is the name of the strip that has found the home of the state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 406, "text": "Las Vegas Strip" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the six New England states, a town is a municipality and a more important unit than the county. In Connecticut, Rhode Island and 7 out of 14 counties in Massachusetts, in fact, counties only exist as map divisions and have no legal functions; in the other three states, counties are primarily judicial districts, with other functions primarily in New Hampshire and Vermont. In all six, towns perform functions that in most states would be county functions. The defining feature of a New England town, as opposed to a city, is that a town meeting and a board of selectmen serve as the main form of government for a town, while cities are run by a mayor and a city council. For example, Brookline, Massachusetts is a town, even though it is fairly urban, because of its form of government.", "qas": [ { "id": "54338", "question": "how many counties are in connecticut ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "Rhode Island and 7 out of 14 counties in Massachusetts" } ] }, { "id": "54339", "question": "where are the functions of counties in connecticut ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 350, "text": "New Hampshire and Vermont" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In New York, a town is similarly a division of the county, but with less importance than in New England. Of some importance, a town provides a closer level of governance than its enclosing county, providing almost all municipal services to unincorporated communities, called hamlets, and selected services to incorporated areas, called villages. In New York, a town typically contains a number of such hamlets and villages. However, due to their independent nature, incorporated villages may exist in two towns or even two counties (example: Almond (village), New York). Everyone in New York who does not live on an Indian reservation or a city lives in a town and possibly in one of the town's hamlets or villages. (There are no towns in the five counties \u2013 also known as boroughs \u2013 that make up New York City.) What is a \"town\" in New York is called a township in some other states.", "qas": [ { "id": "54340", "question": "in what country is the town of new york located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "New England" } ] }, { "id": "54341", "question": "what is the name of the town that a town is called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "hamlets" } ] }, { "id": "54342", "question": "what is the name of the town that a town can incorporated services to incorporated areas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 336, "text": "villages" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In North Carolina, all cities, towns, and villages are incorporated as municipalities. According to the North Carolina League of Municipalities, there is no legal distinction among a city, town, or village\u2014it is a matter of preference of the local government. Some North Carolina cities have populations as small as 1,000 residents, while some towns, such as Cary, have populations of greater than 100,000.", "qas": [ { "id": "54343", "question": "what are towns incorporated as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 71, "text": "municipalities" } ] }, { "id": "54344", "question": "how many residents of north carolina have populations as small ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 316, "text": "1,000" } ] }, { "id": "54345", "question": "how many towns are there in cary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 398, "text": "100,000" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Pennsylvania, only one municipality is incorporated as a \"town\": Bloomsburg. Most of the rest of the state is incorporated as townships (there are also boroughs and cities), which function in much the same way as the towns of New York or New England, although they may have different forms of government.", "qas": [ { "id": "54346", "question": "what is the only municipality in pennsylvania ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "Bloomsburg" } ] }, { "id": "54347", "question": "what is most of the rest of the state ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "townships" } ] }, { "id": "54348", "question": "what are the towns of new england ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 229, "text": "New York or New England" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Utah, the legal use of the terms \"town\" and \"city\" is based on population. A municipality with a population of 1,000 or more is a city, while less than 1,000 is a town. In addition, cities are divided into five separate classes based on population. Utah code governing the requirements for cities and town including the requirements for each separate class of city can be found at the Utah Legislature website.", "qas": [ { "id": "54349", "question": "what is the population of a municipality ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "1,000" } ] }, { "id": "54350", "question": "how many town is a town in a town ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 155, "text": "1,000" } ] }, { "id": "54351", "question": "how many separate classes are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "five" } ] }, { "id": "54352", "question": "where is the utah code found ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 388, "text": "Utah Legislature website" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In Virginia, a town is an incorporated municipality similar to a city (though with a smaller required minimum population). But while cities are by Virginia law independent of counties, towns are contained within counties.", "qas": [ { "id": "54353", "question": "what is the population of virginia in virginia ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "a smaller required minimum population" } ] }, { "id": "54354", "question": "what law are contained in counties in counties ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Virginia law independent of counties" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A town in the state of Washington is a municipality that has a population of less than 1,500 at incorporation, however an existing town can reorganize as a code city. Town government authority is limited relative to cities, the other main classification of municipalities in the state. , most municipalities in Washington are cities. (See List of towns in Washington.)", "qas": [ { "id": "54355", "question": "how many population does washington university have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "1,500" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Wyoming statute indicates towns are incorporated municipalities with populations of less than 4,000. Municipalities of 4,000 or more residents are considered \"first-class cities\".", "qas": [ { "id": "54356", "question": "how many populations are in wyoming ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "4,000" } ] }, { "id": "54357", "question": "what are municipalities of 4,000 or more residents considered ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "first-class cities" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\n", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Town" } ] }