{ "data": [ { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Peru (; ; ; ), officially the Republic of Peru (), is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is an extremely biodiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river.", "qas": [ { "id": "54358", "question": "what is peru 's country called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "the Republic of Peru" } ] }, { "id": "54359", "question": "who is peru 's north by brazil ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "Ecuador and Colombia" } ] }, { "id": "54360", "question": "in what country is peru located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 158, "text": "Brazil" } ] }, { "id": "54361", "question": "in what country is peru located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "Bolivia" } ] }, { "id": "54362", "question": "what ocean borders peru ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "Pacific Ocean" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Peruvian territory was home to ancient cultures spanning from the Norte Chico civilization in Caral, one of the oldest in the world, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty with its capital in Lima, which included most of its South American colonies. Ideas of political autonomy later spread throughout Spanish America and Peru gained its independence, which was formally proclaimed in 1821. After the battle of Ayacucho, three years after proclamation, Peru ensured its independence. After achieving independence, the country remained in recession and kept a low military profile until an economic rise based on the extraction of raw and maritime materials struck the country, which ended shortly before the war of the Pacific. Subsequently, the country has undergone changes in government from oligarchic to democratic systems. Peru has gone through periods of political unrest and internal conflict as well as periods of stability and economic upswing.", "qas": [ { "id": "54363", "question": "who was the largest state in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "Norte Chico civilization" } ] }, { "id": "54364", "question": "where was the norte chico civilization located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "Caral" } ] }, { "id": "54365", "question": "what was the largest state in pre-columbian america ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "Inca Empire" } ] }, { "id": "54366", "question": "where was the inca empire located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "Pre-Columbian America" } ] }, { "id": "54367", "question": "where was the spanish empire established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "Lima" } ] }, { "id": "54368", "question": "when was the spanish empire formally proclaimed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 500, "text": "1821" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. It is a developing country with a high Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 25.8 percent. Its main economic activities include mining, manufacturing, agriculture and fishing.", "qas": [ { "id": "54369", "question": "how many regions does peru have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 58, "text": "25 regions" } ] }, { "id": "54370", "question": "what is the poverty level of peru ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 166, "text": "25.8 percent" } ] }, { "id": "54371", "question": "what are peru 's main economic activities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 217, "text": "mining, manufacturing, agriculture and fishing" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Peruvian population, estimated at 31.2\u00a0million in 2015, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music.", "qas": [ { "id": "54372", "question": "what was the peruvian population in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "31.2\u00a0million" } ] }, { "id": "54373", "question": "who are some of the peruvian population ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians" } ] }, { "id": "54374", "question": "what is the main spoken language ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "Spanish" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The name of the country may be derived from \"Bir\u00fa\", the name of a local ruler who lived near the Bay of San Miguel, Panama, in the early 16th century. When his possessions were visited by Spanish explorers in 1522, they were the southernmost part of the New World yet known to Europeans. Thus, when Francisco Pizarro explored the regions farther south, they came to be designated \"Bir\u00fa\" or \"Per\u00fa\".", "qas": [ { "id": "54375", "question": "what is the name of the local ruler that lived in the bay of san miguel ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 45, "text": "Bir\u00fa" } ] }, { "id": "54376", "question": "when were spanish explorers visited by spanish ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "1522" } ] }, { "id": "54377", "question": "what was the name of the regions that explored the regions of the regions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 380, "text": "\"Bir\u00fa\" or \"Per\u00fa\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "An alternative history is provided by the contemporary writer Inca Garcilasco de la Vega, son of an Inca princess and a conquistador. He said the name \"Bir\u00fa\" was that of a common Indian happened upon by the crew of a ship on an exploratory mission for governor Pedro Arias de \u00c1vila, and went on to relate more instances of misunderstandings due to the lack of a common language.", "qas": [ { "id": "54378", "question": "who provided the son of an inca princess and a conquistador ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 62, "text": "Inca Garcilasco de la Vega" } ] }, { "id": "54379", "question": "what was the name of the name given to the crew of a common indian happened by the crew of a ship ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "Bir\u00fa" } ] }, { "id": "54380", "question": "who was the governor of a ship ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 261, "text": "Pedro Arias de \u00c1vila" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Spanish Crown gave the name legal status with the 1529 \"Capitulaci\u00f3n de Toledo\", which designated the newly encountered Inca Empire as the province of Peru. Under Spanish rule, the country adopted the denomination Viceroyalty of Peru, which became Republic of Peru after independence.", "qas": [ { "id": "54381", "question": "what was the name of the `` capitulaci\u00f3n de toledo '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "1529" } ] }, { "id": "54382", "question": "what was the name of the spanish crown 's legal status ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "Capitulaci\u00f3n de Toledo" } ] }, { "id": "54383", "question": "what was the province of peru called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 124, "text": "Inca Empire" } ] }, { "id": "54384", "question": "what was the name of the denomination adopted by the country of peru ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 218, "text": "Viceroyalty of Peru" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 9,000 BC. Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as irrigation and terracing; camelid husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BC. These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peru. The Cupisnique culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BC along what is now Peru's Pacific Coast was an example of early pre-Incan culture. The Chav\u00edn culture that developed from 1500 to 300 BC was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious centre in Chavin de Huantar. After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the Christian millennium, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the Paracas, Nazca, Wari, and the more outstanding Chimu and Mochica. The Mochica, who reached their apogee in the first millennium AD, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork. The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as loose confederation of cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru and southern Ecuador, the Chimu flourished from about 1150 to 1450. Their capital was at Chan Chan outside of modern-day Trujillo. In the highlands, both the Tiahuanaco culture, near Lake Titicaca in both Peru and Bolivia, and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of Ayacucho, developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 AD.\nIn the 15th century, the Incas emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the largest empire in pre-Columbian America with their capital in Cusco. The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the Quechuas. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the great emperor Pachacuti. Under his rule and that of his son, Topa Inca Yupanqui, the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco. From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the Andean mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was Quechua, although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as \"Tawantinsuyu\" which can be translated as \"The Four Regions\" or \"The Four United Provinces.\" Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred \"Huacas\", but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of Inti, the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of Pachamama. The Incas considered their King, the Sapa Inca, to be the \"child of the sun.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "54385", "question": "when was the earliest evidences of human presence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "9,000 BC" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Atahualpa, the last Sapa Inca became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother Huascar in a civil war sparked by the death of their father, Inca Huayna Capac. In December 1532, a party of \"conquistadors\" led by Francisco Pizarro defeated and captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa in the Battle of Cajamarca. The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas. After years of preliminary exploration and military conflicts, it was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region known as the Viceroyalty of Peru with its capital at Lima, which became known as \"The City of Kings\". The conquest of the Inca Empire led to spin-off campaigns throughout the viceroyalty as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin as in the case of Spanish efforts to quell Amerindian resistance. The last Inca resistance was suppressed when the Spaniards annihilated the Neo-Inca State in Vilcabamba in 1572.", "qas": [ { "id": "54386", "question": "what was the name of the last inca inca inca ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Atahualpa" } ] }, { "id": "54387", "question": "who was the father of the father ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "Inca Huayna Capac" } ] }, { "id": "54388", "question": "who was captured by the battle of cajamarca ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "Inca Emperor Atahualpa" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The indigenous population dramatically collapsed principally due to epidemic diseases introduced by the Spanish. Exploitation and socioeconomic change also contributed to the collapse. Viceroy Francisco de Toledo reorganized the country in the 1570s with gold and silver mining as its main economic activity and Amerindian forced labor as its primary workforce. With the discovery of the great silver and gold lodes at Potos\u00ed (present-day Bolivia) and Huancavelica, the viceroyalty flourished as an important provider of mineral resources. Peruvian bullion provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. Because of lack of available work force, African slaves were added to the labor population. The expansion of a colonial administrative apparatus and bureaucracy paralleled the economic reorganization. With the conquest started the spread of Christianity in South America; most people were forcefully converted to Catholicism, taking only a generation to convert the population. They built churches in every city and replaced some of the Inca temples with churches, such as the Coricancha in the city of Cusco. The church employed the Inquisition, making use of torture to ensure that newly converted Catholics did not stray to other religions or beliefs. Peruvian Catholicism follows the syncretism found in many Latin American countries, in which religious native rituals have been integrated with Christian celebrations. In this endeavor, the church came to play an important role in the acculturation of the natives, drawing them into the cultural orbit of the Spanish settlers.", "qas": [ { "id": "54389", "question": "who introduced the epidemic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "the Spanish" } ] }, { "id": "54390", "question": "who reorganized the country in the 1570s with gold and silver mining ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Viceroy Francisco de Toledo" } ] }, { "id": "54391", "question": "where did viceroy of gold and silver mining the country ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "1570s" } ] } ] }, { "context": "By the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the Bourbon Reforms, a series of edicts that increased taxes and partitioned the Viceroyalty. The new laws provoked T\u00fapac Amaru II's rebellion and other revolts, all of which were suppressed. As a result of these and other changes, the Spaniards and their creole successors came to monopolize control over the land, seizing many of the best lands abandoned by the massive native depopulation. However, the Spanish did not resist the Portuguese expansion of Brazil across the meridian. The Treaty of Tordesillas was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while Spain controlled Portugal. The need to ease communication and trade with Spain led to the split of the viceroyalty and the creation of new viceroyalties of New Granada and Rio de la Plata at the expense of the territories that formed the viceroyalty of Peru; this reduced the power, prominence and importance of Lima as the viceroyal capital and shifted the lucrative Andean trade to Buenos Aires and Bogot\u00e1, while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru.", "qas": [ { "id": "54392", "question": "what was the name of the series of edicts that increased taxes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 146, "text": "Bourbon Reforms" } ] }, { "id": "54393", "question": "who was the new laws of the new laws ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "T\u00fapac Amaru II" } ] }, { "id": "54394", "question": "when was the treaty of tordesillas rendered meaningless ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 686, "text": "1580 and 1640" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the majority of modern-day countries of South America in the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru. The conquest and colony brought a mix of cultures and ethnicities that did not exist before the Spanish conquered the Peruvian territory. Even though many of the Inca traditions were lost or diluted, new customs, traditions and knowledge were added, creating a rich mixed Peruvian culture.", "qas": [ { "id": "54395", "question": "what challenged the viceroyalty of the spanish empire ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 99, "text": "national independence movements" } ] }, { "id": "54396", "question": "what did the majority of the majority of modern-day countries of south america represent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 337, "text": "Viceroyalty of Peru" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the early 19th century, while most of South America was swept by wars of independence, Peru remained a royalist stronghold. As the elite vacillated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish Monarchy, independence was achieved only after the occupation by military campaigns of Jos\u00e9 de San Mart\u00edn and Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar.", "qas": [ { "id": "54397", "question": "what was the name of the monarchy that independence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 187, "text": "the Spanish Monarchy" } ] }, { "id": "54398", "question": "what military campaigns were achieved by military campaigns ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 286, "text": "Jos\u00e9 de San Mart\u00edn and Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The economic crises, the loss of power of Spain in Europe, the war of independence in North America and native uprisings all contributed to a favorable climate to the development of emancipating ideas among the \"criollo\" population in South America. However, the criollo oligarchy in Peru enjoyed privileges and remained loyal to the Spanish Crown. The liberation movement started in Argentina where autonomous juntas were created as a result of the loss of authority of the Spanish government over its colonies.", "qas": [ { "id": "54399", "question": "what was the name of the population in south america ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "criollo" } ] }, { "id": "54400", "question": "who did the criollo oligarchy in ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 330, "text": "the Spanish Crown" } ] }, { "id": "54401", "question": "what was created by the liberation movement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "autonomous juntas" } ] }, { "id": "54402", "question": "what were the autonomous juntas created as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 450, "text": "loss of authority of the Spanish government over its colonies" } ] } ] }, { "context": "After fighting for the independence of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata, Jos\u00e9 de San Mart\u00edn created the Army of the Andes and crossed the Andes in 21 days, a great accomplishment in military history. Once in Chile he joined forces with Chilean army General Bernardo O\u2019Higgins and liberated the country in the battles of Chacabuco and Maip\u00fa in 1818. On 7 September 1820, a fleet of eight warships arrived in the port of Paracas under the command of general Jose de San Martin and Thomas Cochrane, who was serving in the Chilean Navy. Immediately on 26 October they took control of the town of Pisco. San Martin settled in Huacho on 12 November, where he established his headquarters while Cochrane sailed north blockading the port of Callao in Lima. At the same time in the north, Guayaquil was occupied by rebel forces under the command of Gregorio Escobedo. Because Peru was the stronghold of the Spanish government in South America, San Martin\u2019s strategy to liberate Peru was to use diplomacy. He sent representatives to Lima urging the Viceroy that Peru be granted independence, however all negotiations proved unsuccessful.", "qas": [ { "id": "54403", "question": "how long did the army of the andes take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "21 days" } ] }, { "id": "54404", "question": "who was the chilean army in chile ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "General Bernardo O\u2019Higgins" } ] }, { "id": "54405", "question": "on what date did san martin headquarters ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 633, "text": "12 November" } ] }, { "id": "54406", "question": "who occupied rebel forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 842, "text": "Gregorio Escobedo" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Viceroy of Peru, Joaquin de la Pazuela named Jose de la Serna commander-in-chief of the loyalist army to protect Lima from the threatened invasion of San Martin. On 29 January, de la Serna organized a coup against de la Pazuela which was recognized by Spain and he was named Viceroy of Peru. This internal power struggle contributed to the success of the liberating army. In order to avoid a military confrontation San Martin met the newly appointed viceroy, Jose de la Serna, and proposed to create a constitutional monarchy, a proposal that was turned down. De la Serna abandoned the city and on 12 July 1821 San Martin occupied Lima and declared Peruvian independence on 28 July 1821. He created the first Peruvian flag. Alto Peru (Bolivia) remained as a Spanish stronghold until the army of Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar liberated it three years later. Jose de San Martin was declared Protector of Peru. Peruvian national identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a Latin American Confederation floundered and a union with Bolivia proved ephemeral.", "qas": [ { "id": "54407", "question": "what was the name of spain 's coup ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 279, "text": "Viceroy of Peru" } ] }, { "id": "54408", "question": "who met the viceroy of san diego ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 419, "text": "San Martin" } ] }, { "id": "54409", "question": "what was the name of the viceroy proposed by san martin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 463, "text": "Jose de la Serna" } ] }, { "id": "54410", "question": "when did san martin leave lima ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 602, "text": "12 July 1821" } ] }, { "id": "54411", "question": "when did san martin declared peruvian independence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 678, "text": "28 July 1821" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Simon Bolivar launched his campaign from the north liberating the Viceroyalty of New Granada in the Battles of Carabobo in 1821 and Pichincha a year later. In July 1822 Bolivar and San Martin gathered in the Guayaquil Conference. Bolivar was left in charge of fully liberating Peru while San Martin retired from politics after the first parliament was assembled. The newly founded Peruvian Congress named Bolivar dictator of Peru giving him the power to organize the military.", "qas": [ { "id": "54412", "question": "who launched the campaign ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Simon Bolivar" } ] }, { "id": "54413", "question": "what was the name of the viceroyalty that simon bolivar launched ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "Viceroyalty of New Granada" } ] }, { "id": "54414", "question": "what was the name of the battles that launched the viceroyalty of new granada ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "Battles of Carabobo" } ] }, { "id": "54415", "question": "when did simon bolivar die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "1821" } ] }, { "id": "54416", "question": "in what conference did san martin arrive in july 1822 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "Guayaquil Conference" } ] }, { "id": "54417", "question": "what was the name of the newly founded dictator ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 381, "text": "Peruvian Congress" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With the help of Antonio Jos\u00e9 de Sucre they defeated the larger Spanish army in the Battle of Jun\u00edn on 6 August 1824 and the decisive Battle of Ayacucho on 9 December of the same year, consolidating the independence of Peru and Alto Peru. Alto Peru was later established as Bolivia. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability.", "qas": [ { "id": "54418", "question": "who defeated the spanish army in 1824 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "Antonio Jos\u00e9 de Sucre" } ] }, { "id": "54419", "question": "in what battle was the spanish army defeated ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "Battle of Jun\u00edn" } ] }, { "id": "54420", "question": "when did the battle of jun\u00edn take place ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "6 August 1824" } ] }, { "id": "54421", "question": "when did the battle of ayacucho occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "9 December" } ] }, { "id": "54422", "question": "where was alto established ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 274, "text": "Bolivia" } ] } ] }, { "context": "From the 1840s to the 1860s, Peru enjoyed a period of stability under the presidency of Ram\u00f3n Castilla, through increased state revenues from guano exports. However, by the 1870s, these resources had been depleted, the country was heavily indebted, and political in-fighting was again on the rise. Peru embarked on a railroad-building program that helped but also bankrupted the country. In 1879, Peru entered the War of the Pacific which lasted until 1884. Bolivia invoked its alliance with Peru against Chile. The Peruvian Government tried to mediate the dispute by sending a diplomatic team to negotiate with the Chilean government, but the committee concluded that war was inevitable. Chile declared war on 5 April 1879. Almost five years of war ended with the loss of the department of Tarapac\u00e1 and the provinces of Tacna and Arica, in the Atacama region. Two outstanding military leaders throughout the war were Francisco Bolognesi and Miguel Grau. Originally Chile committed to a referendum for the cities of Arica and Tacna to be held years later, in order to self determine their national affiliation. However, Chile refused to apply the Treaty, and neither of the countries could determine the statutory framework. After the War of the Pacific, an extraordinary effort of rebuilding began. The government started to initiate a number of social and economic reforms in order to recover from the damage of the war. Political stability was achieved only in the early 1900s.", "qas": [ { "id": "54423", "question": "what was the name of peru 's presidency ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "Ram\u00f3n Castilla" } ] }, { "id": "54424", "question": "when did chile declare war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 711, "text": "5 April 1879" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Internal struggles after the war were followed by a period of stability under the Civilista Party, which lasted until the onset of the authoritarian regime of Augusto B. Legu\u00eda. The Great Depression caused the downfall of Legu\u00eda, renewed political turmoil, and the emergence of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA). The rivalry between this organization and a coalition of the elite and the military defined Peruvian politics for the following three decades. A final peace treaty in 1929, signed between Peru and Chile called the Treaty of Lima, returned Tacna to Peru. Between 1932 and 1933, Peru was engulfed in a year-long war with Colombia over a territorial dispute involving the Amazonas department and its capital Leticia. Later, in 1941, Peru became involved in the Ecuadorian-Peruvian War, after which the Rio Protocol sought to formalize the boundary between those two countries. In a military coup on 29 October 1948, Gen. Manuel A. Odria became president. Odr\u00eda's presidency was known as the \"Ochenio\". Momentarily pleasing the oligarchy and all others on the right, but followed a populist course that won him great favor with the poor and lower classes. A thriving economy allowed him to indulge in expensive but crowd-pleasing social policies. At the same time, however, civil rights were severely restricted and corruption was rampant throughout his r\u00e9gime. Odr\u00eda was succeeded by Manuel Prado Ugarteche. However, widespread allegations of fraud prompted the Peruvian military to depose Prado and install a military junta, led by Ricardo P\u00e9rez Godoy. Godoy ran a short transitional government and held new elections in 1963, which were won by Fernando Bela\u00fande Terry who assumed presidency until 1968. Bela\u00fande was recognized for his commitment to the democratic process. In 1968, the Armed Forces, led by General Juan Velasco Alvarado, staged a coup against Bela\u00fande. Alvarado's regime undertook radical reforms aimed at fostering development, but failed to gain widespread support. In 1975, General Francisco Morales Berm\u00fadez forcefully replaced Velasco, paralyzed reforms, and oversaw the reestablishment of democracy.\nPeru engaged in a brief successful conflict with Ecuador in the Paquisha War as a result of territorial dispute between the two countries. After the country experienced chronic inflation, the Peruvian currency, the sol, was replaced by the \"Inti\" in mid-1985, which itself was replaced by the nuevo sol in July 1991, at which time the new sol had a cumulative value of one billion old soles. The per capita annual income of Peruvians fell to $720 (below the level of 1960) and Peru's GDP dropped 20% at which national reserves were a negative $900 million. The economic turbulence of the time acerbated social tensions in Peru and partly contributed to the rise of violent rebel rural insurgent movements, like Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) and MRTA, which caused great havoc throughout the country. Concerned about the economy, the increasing terrorist threat from Sendero Luminoso and MRTA, and allegations of official corruption, Alberto Fujimori assumed presidency in 1990. Fujimori implemented drastic measures that caused inflation to drop from 7,650% in 1990 to 139% in 1991. Faced with opposition to his reform efforts, Fujimori dissolved Congress in the \"auto-golpe\" (\"self-coup\") of 5 April 1992. He then revised the constitution; called new congressional elections; and implemented substantial economic reform, including privatization of numerous state-owned companies, creation of an investment-friendly climate, and sound management of the economy. Fujimori's administration was dogged by insurgent groups, most notably the Sendero Luminoso, who carried out terrorist campaigns across the country throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Fujimori cracked down on the insurgents and was successful in largely quelling them by the late 1990s, but the fight was marred by atrocities committed by both the Peruvian security forces and the insurgents: the Barrios Altos massacre and La Cantuta massacre by Government paramilitary groups, and the bombings of Tarata and Frecuencia Latina by Sendero Luminoso. Those incidents subsequently came to symbolize the human rights violations committed in the last years of violence.\nDuring early 1995, once again Peru and Ecuador clashed in the Cenepa War, but in 1998 the governments of both nations signed a peace treaty that clearly demarcated the international boundary between them. In November 2000, Fujimori resigned from office and went into a self-imposed exile, avoiding prosecution for human rights violations and corruption charges by the new Peruvian authorities. Since the end of the Fujimori regime, Peru has tried to fight corruption while sustaining economic growth. In spite of human rights progress since the time of insurgency, many problems are still visible and show the continued marginalization of those who suffered through the violence of the Peruvian conflict.", "qas": [ { "id": "54425", "question": "what was the name of the party that followed stability ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "Civilista Party" } ] }, { "id": "54426", "question": "what was the name of the regime that led the war ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "Augusto B. Legu\u00eda" } ] }, { "id": "54427", "question": "what was the apra depression ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "American Popular Revolutionary Alliance" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A caretaker government presided over by Valent\u00edn Paniagua took on the responsibility of conducting new presidential and congressional elections. Afterwards Alejandro Toledo became president in 2001.", "qas": [ { "id": "54428", "question": "who was the caretaker government ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Valent\u00edn Paniagua" } ] }, { "id": "54429", "question": "who became president in 2001 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "Alejandro Toledo" } ] }, { "id": "54430", "question": "when did toledo toledo become president ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "2001" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 28 July 2006 former president Alan Garc\u00eda became President of Peru after winning the 2006 elections. In May 2008, Peru became a member of the Union of South American Nations.", "qas": [ { "id": "54431", "question": "when did alan garc\u00eda become president of peru ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "28 July 2006" } ] }, { "id": "54432", "question": "who was president of peru in 2006 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "Alan Garc\u00eda" } ] }, { "id": "54433", "question": "when did peru become a member of the union of south american nations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "May 2008" } ] }, { "id": "54434", "question": "what did peru become a member of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "Union of South American Nations" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On 5 June 2011, Ollanta Humala was elected President.", "qas": [ { "id": "54435", "question": "when was president president elected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "5 June 2011" } ] }, { "id": "54436", "question": "who was elected president of president in 2011 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 16, "text": "Ollanta Humala" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Peru is a Presidential representative democratic republic with a multi-party system. Under the current constitution, the President is the head of state and government; he or she is elected for five years and cannot serve consecutive terms. The President designates the Prime Minister and, with his or her advice, the rest of the Council of Ministers. Congress is unicameral with 130 members elected for five-year terms. Bills may be proposed by either the executive or the legislative branch; they become law after being passed by Congress and promulgated by the President. The judiciary is nominally independent, though political intervention into judicial matters has been common throughout history and arguably continues today.", "qas": [ { "id": "54437", "question": "what is peru 's system ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 10, "text": "Presidential representative democratic republic with a multi-party system" } ] }, { "id": "54438", "question": "who is the president of the current constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "the head of state and government" } ] }, { "id": "54439", "question": "how long is the president or government elected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 193, "text": "five years and cannot serve consecutive terms" } ] }, { "id": "54440", "question": "how many members does congress have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 379, "text": "130" } ] }, { "id": "54441", "question": "how many terms does congress have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 403, "text": "five-year terms" } ] }, { "id": "54442", "question": "bills may be proposed by what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 445, "text": "either the executive or the legislative branch" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Peruvian government is directly elected, and voting is compulsory for all citizens aged 18 to 70. Congress is currently composed of Gana Per\u00fa (47 seats), Fuerza 2011 (37 seats), Alianza (20 seats), Alianza por el Gran Cambio (12 seats), Solidaridad Nacional (8 seats) and Concertaci\u00f3n (6 seats).", "qas": [ { "id": "54443", "question": "how many citizens does the peruvian government have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "18 to 70" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Peruvian foreign relations have historically been dominated by border conflicts with neighboring countries, most of which were settled during the 20th century. Recently, Peru disputed its maritime limits with Chile in the Pacific Ocean. Peru is an active member of several regional blocs and one of the founders of the Andean Community of Nations. It is also a participant in international organizations such as the Organization of American States and the United Nations. Javier P\u00e9rez de Cu\u00e9llar served as UN Secretary General from 1981 to 1991. Former President Fujimori\u2019s tainted re-election to a third term in June 2000 strained Peru's relations with the United States and with many Latin American and European countries, but relations improved with the installation of an interim government in November 2000 and the inauguration of Alejandro Toledo in July 2001 after free and fair elections.", "qas": [ { "id": "54444", "question": "where did peru 's maritime limits occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 222, "text": "Pacific Ocean" } ] }, { "id": "54445", "question": "who served as un secretary general from 1981 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 472, "text": "Javier P\u00e9rez de Cu\u00e9llar" } ] }, { "id": "54446", "question": "what was the name of the secretary of cu\u00e9llar in 1981 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 506, "text": "UN Secretary General" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Peru is planning full integration into the Andean Free Trade Area. In addition, Peru is a standing member of APEC and the World Trade Organization, and is an active participant in negotiations toward a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA).", "qas": [ { "id": "54447", "question": "what is peru planning full integration into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Andean Free Trade Area" } ] }, { "id": "54448", "question": "what is peru 's standing member of ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "APEC and the World Trade Organization" } ] }, { "id": "54449", "question": "what is peru 's active trade area ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "Free Trade Area of the Americas" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Peruvian Armed Forces are the military services of Peru, comprising independent Army, Navy and Air Force components. Their primary mission is to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country. As a secondary mission they participate in economic and social development as well as in civil defense tasks. Conscription was abolished in 1999 and replaced by voluntary military service. The armed forces are subordinate to the Ministry of Defense and to the President as Commander-in-Chief.", "qas": [ { "id": "54450", "question": "who are the military services of peru ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Peruvian Armed Forces" } ] }, { "id": "54451", "question": "what are the military services of peru ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "Army, Navy and Air Force components" } ] }, { "id": "54452", "question": "what is their primary mission ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country" } ] }, { "id": "54453", "question": "when was conscription abolished ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 371, "text": "1999" } ] }, { "id": "54454", "question": "who replaced conscription in 1999 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 392, "text": "voluntary military service" } ] }, { "id": "54455", "question": "who are the armed forces subordinate to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 456, "text": "the Ministry of Defense" } ] }, { "id": "54456", "question": "what did the armed forces call the armed forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 504, "text": "Commander-in-Chief" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The National Police of Peru is often classified as a part of the armed forces. Although in fact it has a different organization and a wholly civil mission, its training and activities over more than two decades as an anti-terrorist force have produced markedly military characteristics, giving it the appearance of a virtual fourth military service with significant land, sea and air capabilities and approximately 140,000 personnel. The Peruvian armed forces report through the Ministry of Defense, while the National Police of Peru reports through the Ministry of Interior.", "qas": [ { "id": "54457", "question": "what is often classified as a part of the armed forces ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The National Police of Peru" } ] }, { "id": "54458", "question": "how many personnel does the national police service have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 415, "text": "140,000" } ] }, { "id": "54459", "question": "where did the peruvian armed forces work ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 475, "text": "the Ministry of Defense" } ] }, { "id": "54460", "question": "where does the national police of peru come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 550, "text": "the Ministry of Interior" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Peru is divided into 25 regions and the province of Lima. Each region has an elected government composed of a president and council that serve four-year terms. These governments plan regional development, execute public investment projects, promote economic activities, and manage public property. The province of Lima is administered by a city council. The goal of devolving power to regional and municipal governments was among others to improve popular participation. NGOs played an important role in the decentralization process and still influence local politics.", "qas": [ { "id": "54461", "question": "what is peru divided into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "25 regions and the province of Lima" } ] }, { "id": "54462", "question": "how many terms does each president and council and council have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "four-year terms" } ] }, { "id": "54463", "question": "what do regional development plan do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "promote economic activities, and manage public property" } ] }, { "id": "54464", "question": "who administered the province of lima ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 338, "text": "a city council" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nSeveral metropolitan areas are defined for Peru - these overlap the district areas, and have limited authority. The largest of them, the Lima Metropolitan Area, is the seventh largest metropolis in the Americas.", "qas": [ { "id": "54465", "question": "what is the largest metropolis in the americas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "Lima Metropolitan Area" } ] }, { "id": "54466", "question": "where is the lima metropolitan area located ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 169, "text": "seventh largest metropolis in the Americas" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Peru covers of western South America. It borders Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The Andes mountains run parallel to the Pacific Ocean; they define the three regions traditionally used to describe the country geographically. The \"costa\" (coast), to the west, is a narrow plain, largely arid except for valleys created by seasonal rivers. The \"sierra\" (highlands) is the region of the Andes; it includes the \"Altiplano\" plateau as well as the highest peak of the country, the Huascar\u00e1n. The third region is the \"selva\" (jungle), a wide expanse of flat terrain covered by the Amazon rainforest that extends east. Almost 60 percent of the country's area is located within this region.", "qas": [ { "id": "54467", "question": "where do the andes mountains run ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 225, "text": "Pacific Ocean" } ] }, { "id": "54468", "question": "what is the name of the coast that is located to the west ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 334, "text": "costa" } ] }, { "id": "54469", "question": "what does highlands stand for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 447, "text": "sierra" } ] }, { "id": "54470", "question": "what is the name of the third region of the city ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 615, "text": "selva" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most Peruvian rivers originate in the peaks of the Andes and drain into one of three basins. Those that drain toward the Pacific Ocean are steep and short, flowing only intermittently. Tributaries of the Amazon River have a much larger flow, and are longer and less steep once they exit the \"sierra\". Rivers that drain into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have a large flow. Peru's longest rivers are the Ucayali, the Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, the Putumayo, the Yavar\u00ed, the Huallaga, the Urubamba, the Mantaro, and the Amazon.", "qas": [ { "id": "54471", "question": "what is the name of the steep ocean that are less steep ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 292, "text": "sierra" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The largest lake in Peru, Lake Titicaca between Peru and Bolivia high in the Andes, is also the largest of South America.\nThe largest reservoirs, all in the coastal region of Peru, are the Poechos, Tinajones, San Lorenzo, and El Fraile reservoirs.", "qas": [ { "id": "54472", "question": "what is the largest lake in peru ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 26, "text": "Lake Titicaca" } ] }, { "id": "54473", "question": "what are the largest reservoirs in peru ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 189, "text": "Poechos, Tinajones, San Lorenzo, and El Fraile reservoirs" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The combination of tropical latitude, mountain ranges, topography variations, and two ocean currents (Humboldt and El Ni\u00f1o) gives Peru a large diversity of climates. The coastal region has moderate temperatures, low precipitations, and high humidity, except for its warmer, wetter northern reaches. In the mountain region, rain is frequent in summer, and temperature and humidity diminish with altitude up to the frozen peaks of the Andes. The Peruvian Amazon is characterized by heavy rainfall and high temperatures, except for its southernmost part, which has cold winters and seasonal rainfall.", "qas": [ { "id": "54474", "question": "what two ocean currents peru a large diversity of climates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "Humboldt and El Ni\u00f1o" } ] }, { "id": "54475", "question": "what are the temperatures of the coastal region ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "low precipitations, and high humidity" } ] }, { "id": "54476", "question": "what is the peruvian amazon characterized by ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 480, "text": "heavy rainfall and high temperatures" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Because of its varied geography and climate, Peru has a high biodiversity with 21,462 species of plants and animals reported as of 2003, 5,855 of them endemic.\nPeru has over 1,800 species of birds (120 endemic), and 500 species of mammals and over 300 species of reptiles. The hundreds of mammals include rare species like the puma, jaguar and spectacled bear. The Birds of Peru produce large amounts of guano, an economically important export. The Pacific holds large quantities of sea bass, flounder, anchovies, tuna, crustaceans, and shellfish, and is home to many sharks, sperm whales, and whales.", "qas": [ { "id": "54477", "question": "how many species of plants does peru have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 79, "text": "21,462" } ] }, { "id": "54478", "question": "how many species of plants are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "5,855" } ] }, { "id": "54479", "question": "how many species does peru have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "1,800" } ] }, { "id": "54480", "question": "what are some of the rare species of mammals ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 327, "text": "puma, jaguar and spectacled bear" } ] }, { "id": "54481", "question": "what is the economically important export of peru ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 404, "text": "guano" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Peru also has an equally diverse flora. The coastal deserts produce little more than cacti, apart from hilly fog oases and river valleys that contain unique plant life.\nThe Highlands above the tree-line known as puna is home to bushes, cactus, drought-resistant plants such as ichu, and the largest species of bromeliad - the spectacular Puya raimondii.\nThe cloud-forest slopes of the Andes sustain moss, orchids, and bromeliads, and the Amazon rainforest is known for its variety of trees and canopy plants.", "qas": [ { "id": "54482", "question": "what is the coastal deserts of cacti ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 103, "text": "hilly fog oases" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The economy of Peru is classified as \"upper middle income\" by the World Bank and is the 39th largest in the world. Peru is, , one of the world's fastest-growing economies owing to the economic boom experienced during the 2000s. It has a high Human Development Index of .752 based on 2011 data. Historically, the country's economic performance has been tied to exports, which provide hard currency to finance imports and external debt payments. Although they have provided substantial revenue, self-sustained growth and a more egalitarian distribution of income have proven elusive. According to 2010 data, 31.3% of its total population is poor, including 9.8% that lives in extreme poverty. Inflation in 2012 was the lowest in Latin America at only 1.8%, but increased in 2013 as oil and commodity prices rose; it stands at 2.5%. The unemployment rate has fallen steadily in recent years, and stands at 3.6%.", "qas": [ { "id": "54483", "question": "what is the economy of peru called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "upper middle income" } ] }, { "id": "54484", "question": "what is the largest largest in the world ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "39th" } ] }, { "id": "54485", "question": "what percentage of the population is poor , according to 2010 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 606, "text": "31.3%" } ] }, { "id": "54486", "question": "what percentage of lives in extreme poverty lives in extreme poverty ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 655, "text": "9.8%" } ] }, { "id": "54487", "question": "what percentage of latin america was inflation in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 749, "text": "1.8%" } ] }, { "id": "54488", "question": "what was the inflation in 2012 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 824, "text": "2.5%" } ] }, { "id": "54489", "question": "what is the unemployment rate of the unemployment rate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 903, "text": "3.6%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Peruvian economic policy has varied widely over the past decades. The 1968\u20131975 government of Juan Velasco Alvarado introduced radical reforms, which included agrarian reform, the expropriation of foreign companies, the introduction of an economic planning system, and the creation of a large state-owned sector. These measures failed to achieve their objectives of income redistribution and the end of economic dependence on developed nations.", "qas": [ { "id": "54490", "question": "when did juan velasco introduced radical reforms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 70, "text": "1968\u20131975" } ] }, { "id": "54491", "question": "who introduced radical reforms in 1968 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "Juan Velasco Alvarado" } ] }, { "id": "54492", "question": "what was the radical reforms of radical reforms ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "agrarian reform" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Despite these results, most reforms were not reversed until the 1990s, when the liberalizing government of Alberto Fujimori ended price controls, protectionism, restrictions on foreign direct investment, and most state ownership of companies. Reforms have permitted sustained economic growth since 1993, except for a slump after the 1997 Asian financial crisis.", "qas": [ { "id": "54493", "question": "when were most reforms not reversed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 64, "text": "1990s" } ] }, { "id": "54494", "question": "who ended price controls ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "Alberto Fujimori" } ] }, { "id": "54495", "question": "when did reforms begin to sustained economic growth ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "1993" } ] }, { "id": "54496", "question": "when did reforms begin to sustained economic growth since 1993 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 333, "text": "1997 Asian financial crisis" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Services account for 53% of Peruvian gross domestic product, followed by manufacturing (22.3%), extractive industries (15%), and taxes (9.7%). Recent economic growth has been fueled by macroeconomic stability, improved terms of trade, and rising investment and consumption. Trade is expected to increase further after the implementation of a free trade agreement with the United States signed on 12 April 2006. Peru's main exports are copper, gold, zinc, textiles, and fish meal; its major trade partners are the United States, China, Brazil, and Chile.", "qas": [ { "id": "54497", "question": "what percentage of peruvian gross domestic product are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 21, "text": "53%" } ] }, { "id": "54498", "question": "what percentage of peruvian gross domestic product are manufacturing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "22.3%" } ] }, { "id": "54499", "question": "what percentage of peruvian industries are extractive ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "15%" } ] }, { "id": "54500", "question": "what percentage of taxes are taxes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "9.7%" } ] }, { "id": "54501", "question": "when did the united states signed a free trade agreement ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 396, "text": "12 April 2006" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The water and sanitation sector in Peru has made important advances in the last two decades, including the \nincrease of water coverage from 30% to 85% between 1980 and 2010. \nSanitation coverage has also increased from 9% to 37% from 1985 to 2010 \nin rural areas. Advances have also been achieved concerning the disinfection of drinking water and in sewage treatment. Nevertheless, many challenges remain, such as:", "qas": [ { "id": "54502", "question": "what is the water rate in peru ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 147, "text": "85%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Peru is a multiethnic nation formed by the combination of different groups over five centuries. Amerindians inhabited Peruvian territory for several millennia before Spanish Conquest in the 16th century; according to historian Noble David Cook their population decreased from nearly 5\u20139\u00a0million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620 mainly because of infectious diseases. Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers under colonial rule, mixing widely with each other and with indigenous peoples. After independence, there has been gradual immigration from England, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. Chinese and Japanese arrived in the 1850s as a replacement for slave workers and have since become a major influence in Peruvian society.", "qas": [ { "id": "54503", "question": "who was the population of the population in 1620 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 227, "text": "Noble David Cook" } ] }, { "id": "54504", "question": "where has there been gradual immigration from independence ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 561, "text": "England, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to a 2015 genealogical DNA testing, the average Peruvian is estimated to be 79.1% Native American, 19.8% European, and 1.1% Sub-Saharan African overall.", "qas": [ { "id": "54505", "question": "what is the average peruvian peruvian peruvian estimated in 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "79.1%" } ] }, { "id": "54506", "question": "what percentage of the average peruvian peruvian is european ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "19.8%" } ] }, { "id": "54507", "question": "what percentage of sub-saharan african overall is sub-saharan african overall ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "1.1%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "With about 31.2\u00a0million inhabitants, Peru is the fifth most populous country in South America. Its demographic growth rate declined from 2.6% to 1.6% between 1950 and 2000; population is expected to reach approximately 42 million in 2050. , 75.9% lived in urban areas and 24.1% in rural areas. Major cities include the Lima Metropolitan Area (home to over 9.8 million people), Arequipa, Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, Iquitos, Cusco, Chimbote, and Huancayo; all reported more than 250,000 inhabitants in the 2007 census. There are 15 uncontacted Amerindian tribes in Peru.", "qas": [ { "id": "54508", "question": "what was peru 's demographic growth rate in 1950 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "2.6% to 1.6%" } ] }, { "id": "54509", "question": "how much is peru 's demographic growth rate in 2050 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "42 million" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the Peruvian Constitution of 1993, Peru's official languages are Spanish and Quechua, Aymara and other indigenous languages in areas where they predominate. Spanish is spoken by 84.1% of the population and Quechua by 13%, Aymara by 1.7% while other languages make up the remaining 1.2%.", "qas": [ { "id": "54510", "question": "when was the peruvian constitution predominate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 42, "text": "1993" } ] }, { "id": "54511", "question": "what percentage of the population is spanish ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 191, "text": "84.1%" } ] }, { "id": "54512", "question": "what percentage of the population is spanish ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "13%" } ] }, { "id": "54513", "question": "what percentage of the population is spanish ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 245, "text": "1.7%" } ] }, { "id": "54514", "question": "what percentage of the population is spanish ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 294, "text": "1.2%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Spanish is used by the government and is the mainstream language of the country, which is used by the media and in educational systems and commerce. Amerindians who live in the Andean highlands speak Quechua and Aymara and are ethnically distinct from the diverse indigenous groups who live on the eastern side of the Andes and in the tropical lowlands adjacent to the Amazon basin. Peru's distinct geographical regions are mirrored in a language divide between the coast where Spanish is more predominant over the Amerindian languages, and the more diverse traditional Andean cultures of the mountains and highlands. The indigenous populations east of the Andes speak various languages and dialects. Some of these groups still adhere to traditional indigenous languages, while others have been almost completely assimilated into the Spanish language. There has been an increasing and organized effort to teach Quechua in public schools in the areas where Quechua is spoken. In the Peruvian Amazon, numerous indigenous languages are spoken, including Ash\u00e1ninka, Bora, and Aguaruna.", "qas": [ { "id": "54515", "question": "what do amerindians who live in the andean highlands speak ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 200, "text": "Quechua and Aymara" } ] }, { "id": "54516", "question": "what indigenous languages are spoken in the peruvian amazon ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1051, "text": "Ash\u00e1ninka, Bora, and Aguaruna" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the 2007 census, 81.3% of the population over 12 years old described themselves as Catholic, 12.5% as Evangelical Protestant, 3.3% as other Protestant, Judaism, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), and Jehovah's Witness, and 2.9% as non-religious. Literacy was estimated at 92.9% in 2007; this rate is lower in rural areas (80.3%) than in urban areas (96.3%). Primary and secondary education are compulsory and free in public schools.", "qas": [ { "id": "54517", "question": "what percentage of the population over 12 years was catholic ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 20, "text": "81.3%" } ] }, { "id": "54518", "question": "what percentage of the population was evangelical protestant ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "12.5%" } ] }, { "id": "54519", "question": "what percentage of the population was non-religious ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 253, "text": "2.9%" } ] }, { "id": "54520", "question": "what was the literacy rate in 2007 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 302, "text": "92.9%" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Amerindian religious traditions also play a major role in the beliefs of Peruvians. Catholic festivities like Corpus Christi, holy week and Christmas sometimes blend with Amerindian traditions. Amerindian festivities which were celebrated since pre-Columbian times are also widespread throughout the nation. Inti Raymi, which is an old Inca festival, is still celebrated.", "qas": [ { "id": "54521", "question": "what is another name for catholic festivities ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Corpus Christi" } ] }, { "id": "54522", "question": "what type of traditions do catholic festivities have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "Amerindian traditions" } ] }, { "id": "54523", "question": "what is an old inca festival ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 308, "text": "Inti Raymi" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The majority of towns, cities and villages have their own official church or cathedral and patron saint.", "qas": [ { "id": "54524", "question": "what do the majority of towns and villages have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 48, "text": "their own official church or cathedral and patron saint" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Peruvian culture is primarily rooted in Amerindian and Spanish traditions, though it has also been influenced by various Asian, African, and other European ethnic groups. Peruvian artistic traditions date back to the elaborate pottery, textiles, jewelry, and sculpture of Pre-Inca cultures. The Incas maintained these crafts and made architectural achievements including the construction of Machu Picchu. Baroque dominated colonial art, though modified by native traditions.", "qas": [ { "id": "54525", "question": "where is peruvian culture primarily rooted ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Amerindian and Spanish traditions" } ] }, { "id": "54526", "question": "who influenced peruvian culture ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "Asian, African, and other European ethnic groups" } ] }, { "id": "54527", "question": "what was the construction of the incas ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 391, "text": "Machu Picchu" } ] } ] }, { "context": "During this period, most art focused on religious subjects; the numerous churches of the era and the paintings of the Cuzco School are representative. Arts stagnated after independence until the emergence of \"Indigenismo\" in the early 20th century. Since the 1950s, Peruvian art has been eclectic and shaped by both foreign and local art currents.", "qas": [ { "id": "54528", "question": "what was the name of the emergence of arts in the early 20th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "Indigenismo" } ] }, { "id": "54529", "question": "what shaped peruvian art ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 311, "text": "both foreign and local art currents" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Peruvian literature is rooted in the oral traditions of pre-Columbian civilizations. Spaniards introduced writing in the 16th century; colonial literary expression included chronicles and religious literature. After independence, Costumbrism and Romanticism became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of Ricardo Palma. The early 20th century's \"Indigenismo\" movement was led by such writers as Ciro Alegr\u00eda and Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Arguedas. C\u00e9sar Vallejo wrote modernist and often politically engaged verse. Modern Peruvian literature is recognized thanks to authors such as Nobel laureate Mario Vargas Llosa, a leading member of the Latin American Boom.\nPeruvian cuisine blends Amerindian and Spanish food with strong influences from Chinese, African, Arab, Italian, and Japanese cooking. Common dishes include \"anticuchos\", \"ceviche\", and \"pachamanca\". Peru's varied climate allows the growth of diverse plants and animals good for cooking. Peru's diversity of ingredients and cooking techniques is receiving worldwide acclaim.", "qas": [ { "id": "54530", "question": "when did spaniards sign writing writing ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 121, "text": "16th century" } ] }, { "id": "54531", "question": "what were the two literary literary expression ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "chronicles and religious literature" } ] }, { "id": "54532", "question": "what became the most common literary genres ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 230, "text": "Costumbrism and Romanticism" } ] }, { "id": "54533", "question": "who was the most common literary genres of romanticism ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 329, "text": "Ricardo Palma" } ] }, { "id": "54534", "question": "what movement was led to the early 20th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 370, "text": "Indigenismo" } ] }, { "id": "54535", "question": "who led the early 20th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 419, "text": "Ciro Alegr\u00eda and Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Arguedas" } ] }, { "id": "54536", "question": "who is the nobel laureate peruvian literature ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 606, "text": "Mario Vargas Llosa" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Peruvian music has Andean, Spanish, and African roots. In pre-Hispanic times, musical expressions varied widely in each region; the \"quena\" and the \"tinya\" were two common instruments. Spaniards introduced new instruments, such as the guitar and the harp, which led to the development of crossbred instruments like the \"charango\". African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the \"caj\u00f3n\", a percussion instrument. Peruvian folk dances include marinera, tondero, zamacueca, diablada and huayno.", "qas": [ { "id": "54537", "question": "what are peruvian music ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 19, "text": "Andean, Spanish, and African roots" } ] }, { "id": "54538", "question": "what type of instruments were two common instruments ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 149, "text": "tinya" } ] }, { "id": "54539", "question": "what were the names of the new instruments that led to the development of crossbred ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 231, "text": "the guitar and the harp" } ] }, { "id": "54540", "question": "what was the name of the new instruments that led to the harp ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 320, "text": "charango" } ] }, { "id": "54541", "question": "what is another name for african contributions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "caj\u00f3n" } ] } ] }, { "context": "", "qas": [] } ], "title": "Peru" }, { "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, composes the legislature of the United States.", "qas": [ { "id": "54542", "question": "who is the upper chamber of the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The United States Senate" } ] }, { "id": "54543", "question": "what is the united states senate senate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 28, "text": "the upper chamber of the United States Congress" } ] }, { "id": "54544", "question": "what is the upper chamber of the united states called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 94, "text": "the House of Representatives" } ] }, { "id": "54545", "question": "what is the house of the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 133, "text": "the legislature of the United States" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. The Senate is composed of senators who represent each of the several states, with each state being equally represented by two senators, regardless of their population, serving staggered terms of six years; with fifty states presently in the Union, there are 100 U.S. Senators. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states they represented; following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, they are now popularly elected. The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol, in Washington, D.C..", "qas": [ { "id": "54546", "question": "who established the composition and powers of the senate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 60, "text": "Article One of the United States Constitution" } ] }, { "id": "54547", "question": "how many senators are in the senate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 365, "text": "100 U.S. Senators" } ] }, { "id": "54548", "question": "in what year was senators appointed by the legislatures ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 400, "text": "1913" } ] }, { "id": "54549", "question": "when did the seventeenth amendment occur ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 541, "text": "1913" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As the upper house, the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it; of these include the ratification of treaties, the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries, Supreme Court justices, federal judges, other federal executive officials, flag officers, regulatory officials, ambassadors, and other federal uniformed officers. In addition to these, in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for Vice President, the duty befalls upon the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House. The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms, smaller size, and statewide constituencies, which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere.", "qas": [ { "id": "54550", "question": "who are the federal executive officials ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 259, "text": "flag officers, regulatory officials, ambassadors, and other federal uniformed officers" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The presiding officer of the Senate is the Vice President of the United States, who is President of the Senate; in his absence, the President Pro Tempore, who is customarily the senior member of the controlling party, presides over the Senate. In the early 20th Century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers.", "qas": [ { "id": "54551", "question": "what is the presiding officer of the senate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Vice President of the United States" } ] }, { "id": "54552", "question": "who is the vice president of the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 87, "text": "President of the Senate" } ] }, { "id": "54553", "question": "who is the president of the senate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "President Pro Tempore" } ] }, { "id": "54554", "question": "who is the president of the senate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 174, "text": "the senior member of the controlling party" } ] }, { "id": "54555", "question": "what was the practice of minority parties ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The framers of the Constitution created a bicameral Congress primarily as a compromise between those who felt that each state, since it was sovereign, should be equally represented, and those who felt the Legislature must directly represent the people, as the House of Commons did in the United Kingdom. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise. There was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a \"People's House\" directly elected by the people, and with short terms obliging the representatives to remain close to their constituents. The other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally. The Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation.", "qas": [ { "id": "54556", "question": "what did the framers of the constitution call a bicameral congress ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 74, "text": "a compromise between those who felt that each state" } ] }, { "id": "54557", "question": "what did the framers of the constitution do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 186, "text": "those who felt the Legislature must directly represent the people" } ] }, { "id": "54558", "question": "what was the name of the legislature that felt the legislature must represent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 256, "text": "the House of Commons did in the United Kingdom" } ] }, { "id": "54559", "question": "what is the name of the equal representation of connecticut ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 458, "text": "Connecticut Compromise" } ] }, { "id": "54560", "question": "what was one of the house 's house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 602, "text": "People's House\" directly elected by the people" } ] }, { "id": "54561", "question": "what did the short terms of the people 's house do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 659, "text": "short terms obliging the representatives to remain close to their constituents" } ] }, { "id": "54562", "question": "why did the representatives of the national government represent the states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 804, "text": "they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government" } ] } ] }, { "context": "First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate. The name is derived from the \"senatus\", Latin for \"council of elders\" (from \"senex\" meaning \"old man\" in Latin).", "qas": [ { "id": "54563", "question": "when was the senate first convened ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 18, "text": "1789" } ] }, { "id": "54564", "question": "what was the senate formed on ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 85, "text": "the ancient Roman Senate" } ] }, { "id": "54565", "question": "what is the latin name for latin ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 141, "text": "senatus" } ] } ] }, { "context": "James Madison made the following comment about the Senate:\nThe Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that state's consent. The District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two shadow senators, but they are officials of the D.C. city government and not members of the U.S. Senate. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959.", "qas": [ { "id": "54566", "question": "who made the senate 's equal suffrage in the senate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "James Madison" } ] }, { "id": "54567", "question": "what did james madison believe no constitutional amendment may be created ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 138, "text": "deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that state's consent" } ] }, { "id": "54568", "question": "where are the district of columbia and all territories not entitled ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 316, "text": "House of the Congress" } ] }, { "id": "54569", "question": "how many states does the united states have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 505, "text": "50" } ] }, { "id": "54570", "question": "in what year did the united states have 100 senators ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 521, "text": "1959" } ] }, { "id": "54571", "question": "how many senators has the senate had since 1959 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 551, "text": "100" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The disparity between the most and least populous states has grown since the Connecticut Compromise, which granted each state two members of the Senate and at least one member of the House of Representatives, for a total minimum of three presidential Electors, regardless of population. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming, based on the 1790 and 2000 censuses. This means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, reducing the disparity of representation.\nBefore the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures. Problems with repeated vacant seats due to the inability of a legislature to elect senators, intrastate political struggles, and even bribery and intimidation had gradually led to a growing movement to amend the Constitution to allow for the direct election of senators.", "qas": [ { "id": "54572", "question": "what granted the state two members of the senate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Connecticut Compromise" } ] }, { "id": "54573", "question": "in what year was the population of rhode island ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "1787" } ] }, { "id": "54574", "question": "how many times was virginia 's population in 1787 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 317, "text": "ten" } ] }, { "id": "54575", "question": "how many times did california have in 1787 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 396, "text": "70" } ] }, { "id": "54576", "question": "when was california based on california ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 445, "text": "1790 and 2000 censuses" } ] }, { "id": "54577", "question": "when was the seventeenth amendment elected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 792, "text": "1913" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Article I, Section 3 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for senators: 1) they must be at least 30 years old, 2) they must have been citizens of the United States for the past 9 years or longer, and 3) they must be inhabitants of the states they seek to represent at the time of their election. The age and citizenship qualifications for senators are more stringent than those for representatives. In Federalist No. 62, James Madison justified this arrangement by arguing that the \"senatorial trust\" called for a \"greater extent of information and stability of character.\"", "qas": [ { "id": "54578", "question": "what is article i ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 11, "text": "Section 3 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for senators" } ] }, { "id": "54579", "question": "when did article i of the constitution sets three qualifications ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "30 years old" } ] }, { "id": "54580", "question": "what is the name of the citizens that must have been at least 30 years ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "citizens of the United States for the past 9 years or longer" } ] }, { "id": "54581", "question": "what does article i of the united states have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 212, "text": "they must be inhabitants of the states they seek to represent at the time of their election" } ] }, { "id": "54582", "question": "in what month did federalist no. no. no. no. no. no. , , james madison , and stability ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 426, "text": "62" } ] }, { "id": "54583", "question": "who justified the `` greater extent of information and stability ? ''", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 430, "text": "James Madison" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Senate (not the judiciary) is the sole judge of a senator's qualifications. During its early years, however, the Senate did not closely scrutinize the qualifications of its members. As a result, three senators who failed to meet the age requirement were nevertheless admitted to the Senate: Henry Clay (aged 29 in 1806), Armistead Thomson Mason (aged 28 in 1816), and John Eaton (aged 28 in 1818). Such an occurrence, however, has not been repeated since. In 1934, Rush D. Holt Sr. was elected to the Senate at the age of 29; he waited until he turned 30 (on the next June 19) to take the oath of office. In November 1972, Joe Biden was elected to the Senate at the age of 29, but he reached his 30th birthday before the swearing-in ceremony for incoming senators in January 1973.", "qas": [ { "id": "54584", "question": "what is the senate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 34, "text": "the sole judge of a senator's qualifications" } ] }, { "id": "54585", "question": "who was elected to the senate at the age of 29 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 469, "text": "Rush D. Holt Sr" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution disqualifies from the Senate any federal or state officers who had taken the requisite oath to support the Constitution, but later engaged in rebellion or aided the enemies of the United States. This provision, which came into force soon after the end of the Civil War, was intended to prevent those who had sided with the Confederacy from serving. That Amendment, however, also provides a method to remove that disqualification: a two-thirds vote of both chambers of Congress.", "qas": [ { "id": "54586", "question": "what did the fourteenth amendment to support the constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "Senate any federal or state officers who had taken the requisite oath to support the Constitution" } ] }, { "id": "54587", "question": "what did the fourteenth amendment support ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 201, "text": "rebellion or aided the enemies of the United States" } ] }, { "id": "54588", "question": "what do amendment remove ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 489, "text": "a two-thirds vote of both chambers of Congress" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Originally, senators were selected by the state legislatures, not by popular elections. By the early years of the 20th century, the legislatures of as many as 29 states had provided for popular election of senators by referendums. Popular election to the Senate was standardized nationally in 1913 by the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment.", "qas": [ { "id": "54589", "question": "how many states had provided for popular election in the 20th century ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 159, "text": "29" } ] }, { "id": "54590", "question": "when was the senate standardized ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 293, "text": "1913" } ] }, { "id": "54591", "question": "what amendment standardized the senate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 325, "text": "Seventeenth Amendment" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Senators serve terms of six years each; the terms are staggered so that approximately one-third of the seats are up for election every two years. This was achieved by dividing the senators of the 1st Congress into thirds (called classes), where the terms of one-third expired after two years, the terms of another third expired after four, and the terms of the last third expired after six years. This arrangement was also followed after the admission of new states into the union. The staggering of terms has been arranged such that both seats from a given state are not contested in the same general election, except when a mid-term vacancy is being filled. Current senators whose six-year terms expire on January 3, 2017, belong to Class III.", "qas": [ { "id": "54592", "question": "how long do senators serve terms of seats ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "six years each" } ] }, { "id": "54593", "question": "how many seats are there in election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "one-third of the seats are up for election every two years" } ] }, { "id": "54594", "question": "what was achieved by the terms of one-third expired ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 167, "text": "dividing the senators of the 1st Congress into thirds" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Constitution set the date for Congress to convene\u2014Article 1, Section 4, Clause 2 originally set that date for the third day of December. The Twentieth Amendment, however, changed the opening date for sessions to noon on the third day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. The Twentieth Amendment also states that Congress shall assemble at least once in every year and allows Congress to determine its convening and adjournment dates and other dates and schedules as it desires. Article 1, Section 3 provides that the President has the power to convene Congress on extraordinary occasions at his discretion.", "qas": [ { "id": "54595", "question": "what did the twentieth amendment do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 271, "text": "law appoint a different day" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A member who has been elected, but not yet seated, is called a \"senator-elect\"; a member who has been appointed to a seat, but not yet seated, is called a \"senator-designate\".", "qas": [ { "id": "54596", "question": "what is a member of a member who has been elected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "a \"senator-elect" } ] }, { "id": "54597", "question": "what is a member of a member of a member of a capacitor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "a member who has been appointed to a seat" } ] }, { "id": "54598", "question": "what is a member of a member of a member of a member called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 156, "text": "senator-designate" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Elections to the Senate are held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even-numbered years, Election Day, and coincide with elections for the House of Representatives. Senators are elected by their state as a whole. In most states (since 1970), a primary election is held first for the Republican and Democratic parties, with the general election following a few months later. Ballot access rules for independent and minor party candidates vary from state to state. The winner is the candidate who receives a plurality of the popular vote. In some states, runoffs are held if no candidate wins a majority.", "qas": [ { "id": "54599", "question": "who is a primary election in most states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 307, "text": "Republican and Democratic parties" } ] }, { "id": "54600", "question": "what is the winner of the winner ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 501, "text": "the candidate who receives a plurality of the popular vote" } ] }, { "id": "54601", "question": "how are runoffs held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 594, "text": "if no candidate wins a majority" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Seventeenth Amendment requires that mid-term vacancies in the Senate be filled by special election. Whenever a Senator must be appointed or elected, the Secretary of the Senate mails one of three forms to the state's governor to inform them of the proper wording to certify the appointment of a new Senator. If a special election for one seat happens to coincide with a general election for the state's other seat, each seat is contested separately. A senator elected in a special election takes office as soon as possible after the election and serves until the original six-year term expires (i.e. not for a full term).", "qas": [ { "id": "54602", "question": "what does the seventeenth amendment requires ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 86, "text": "special election" } ] }, { "id": "54603", "question": "what is the secretary of the senate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 153, "text": "the Secretary of the Senate mails one of three forms to the state's governor to inform them of the proper wording to certify the appointment of a new Senator" } ] }, { "id": "54604", "question": "what is the name of the senator that serves in a special election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 576, "text": "six-year term expires" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Seventeenth Amendment also allows state legislatures to give their governors the power \"to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct\". The temporary appointee may run in the special election in his own right.", "qas": [ { "id": "54605", "question": "what allows state legislatures to give temporary appointments until election ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Seventeenth Amendment" } ] }, { "id": "54606", "question": "what does the seventeenth amendment provide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 38, "text": "state legislatures to give their governors the power \"to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct\"" } ] } ] }, { "context": "As of 2015, forty-five states permit their governors to make such appointments. In thirty-seven of these states, the special election to permanently fill the U.S. Senate seat is customarily held at the next biennial congressional election. The other nine states require that special elections be held outside of the normal two-year election cycle in some or all circumstances. In four states (Arizona, Hawaii, Utah, and Wyoming) the governor must appoint someone of the same political party as the previous incumbent.", "qas": [ { "id": "54607", "question": "who permit their governors to make appointments to make appointments ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 12, "text": "forty-five" } ] }, { "id": "54608", "question": "in what year was the special election to permanently fill ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 83, "text": "thirty-seven" } ] }, { "id": "54609", "question": "what is the special election of the u.s. ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 113, "text": "the special election to permanently fill the U.S. Senate seat is customarily held at the next biennial congressional election" } ] }, { "id": "54610", "question": "which countries must appoint someone of the same political party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 393, "text": "Arizona, Hawaii, Utah, and Wyoming" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Oregon, Wisconsin and Oklahoma require special elections for vacancies with no interim appointment. In September 2009, Massachusetts changed its law to enable the governor to appoint a temporary replacement for the late Senator Edward Kennedy until the special election in January 2010.", "qas": [ { "id": "54611", "question": "which elections require special elections for no interim appointment ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Oregon, Wisconsin and Oklahoma" } ] }, { "id": "54612", "question": "what was the name of the senator changed to enable the governor of massachusetts ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 220, "text": "Senator Edward Kennedy" } ] }, { "id": "54613", "question": "when was the senator edward kennedy changed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "January 2010" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In 2004, Alaska enacted legislation and a separate ballot referendum that took effect on the same day, but that conflicted with each other. The effect of the ballot-approved law is to withhold from the governor authority to appoint a senator. Because the 17th Amendment vests the power to grant that authority to the legislature\u00a0\u2013 not the people or the state generally\u00a0\u2013 it is unclear whether the ballot measure supplants the legislature's statute granting that authority. As a result, it is uncertain whether an Alaska governor may appoint an interim senator to serve until a special election is held to fill the vacancy.", "qas": [ { "id": "54614", "question": "in what year did alaska enacted legislation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3, "text": "2004" } ] }, { "id": "54615", "question": "what is the effect of the ballot-approved law ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 184, "text": "withhold from the governor authority to appoint a senator" } ] }, { "id": "54616", "question": "what is the 17th amendment ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 393, "text": "the ballot measure supplants the legislature's statute granting that authority" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Constitution requires that senators take an oath or affirmation to support the Constitution. Congress has prescribed the following oath for new senators: ", "qas": [ { "id": "54617", "question": "what does the constitution do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "senators take an oath or affirmation to support the Constitution" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The annual salary of each senator, since 2009, is $174,000; the president pro tempore and party leaders receive $193,400. In June 2003, at least 40 of the then-senators were millionaires.", "qas": [ { "id": "54618", "question": "what is the annual salary of each senator ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 50, "text": "$174,000" } ] }, { "id": "54619", "question": "how much did the president of each senator have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "$193,400" } ] }, { "id": "54620", "question": "how many of the then-senators were in june 2003 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "40" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Along with earning salaries, senators receive retirement and health benefits that are identical to other federal employees, and are fully vested after five years of service. Senators are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS) or Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS). As it is for federal employees, congressional retirement is funded through taxes and the participants' contributions. Under FERS, senators contribute 1.3% of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2% of their salary in Social Security taxes. The amount of a senator's pension depends on the years of service and the average of the highest 3 years of their salary. The starting amount of a senator's retirement annuity may not exceed 80% of their final salary. In 2006, the average annual pension for retired senators and representatives under CSRS was $60,972, while those who retired under FERS, or in combination with CSRS, was $35,952.", "qas": [ { "id": "54621", "question": "what is another name for the federal employees ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "Civil Service Retirement System" } ] }, { "id": "54622", "question": "what percentage of their salary was contribute to the salary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 438, "text": "1.3%" } ] }, { "id": "54623", "question": "what percentage of their salary was pay in social security taxes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 497, "text": "6.2%" } ] }, { "id": "54624", "question": "what percentage of their final salary is the final salary ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 735, "text": "80%" } ] }, { "id": "54625", "question": "what was the average annual pension for retired in 2006 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 854, "text": "$60,972" } ] }, { "id": "54626", "question": "what was the average amount of senators in 2006 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 932, "text": "$35,952" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Senators are regarded as more prominent political figures than members of the House of Representatives because there are fewer of them, and because they serve for longer terms, usually represent larger constituencies (the exception being House at-large districts, which similarly cover entire states), sit on more committees, and have more staffers. Far more senators have been nominees for the presidency than representatives. Furthermore, three senators (Warren Harding, John F. Kennedy, and Barack Obama) have been elected president while serving in the Senate, while only one Representative (James Garfield) has been elected president while serving in the House, though Garfield was also a Senator-elect at the time of his election to the Presidency, having been chosen by the Ohio Legislature to fill a Senate vacancy.", "qas": [ { "id": "54627", "question": "which three senators have been elected to the senate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 457, "text": "Warren Harding, John F. Kennedy, and Barack Obama" } ] }, { "id": "54628", "question": "who has been elected president in the house ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 596, "text": "James Garfield" } ] }, { "id": "54629", "question": "what was the name of the legislature that chosen the president of ohio ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 781, "text": "Ohio Legislature to fill a Senate vacancy" } ] } ] }, { "context": "According to the convention of Senate seniority, the senator with the longer tenure in each state is known as the \"senior senator\"; the other is the \"junior senator\". This convention does not have official significance, though it is a factor in the selection of physical offices. In the 114th Congress, the most-senior \"junior senator\" is Barbara Boxer of California, who was sworn in on January 3, 1993 and is currently 11th in seniority, behind Dianne Feinstein who was sworn in on November 4, 1992 and is currently 10th in seniority. The most-junior \"senior senator\" is Deb Fischer of Nebraska, who was sworn in January 3, 2013, and is currently 84th in seniority, ahead of senator Ben Sasse who was sworn in January 3, 2015 and is currently 99th in seniority.", "qas": [ { "id": "54630", "question": "what is the `` junior senator '' called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 115, "text": "senior senator" } ] }, { "id": "54631", "question": "what is the name of the senator with the senator ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 150, "text": "junior senator\"" } ] }, { "id": "54632", "question": "who is the junior senator ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 339, "text": "Barbara Boxer of California" } ] }, { "id": "54633", "question": "in what direction was the junior senator sworn ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 421, "text": "11th" } ] }, { "id": "54634", "question": "when was the junior senator sworn ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 484, "text": "November 4, 1992" } ] }, { "id": "54635", "question": "when was the junior senator sworn ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 518, "text": "10th" } ] }, { "id": "54636", "question": "what is the senior senator in nebraska ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 649, "text": "84th" } ] }, { "id": "54637", "question": "what is the senior senator in nebraska ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 745, "text": "99th" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Senate may expel a senator by a two-thirds vote. Fifteen senators have been expelled in the history of the Senate: William Blount, for treason, in 1797, and fourteen in 1861 and 1862 for supporting the Confederate secession. Although no senator has been expelled since 1862, many senators have chosen to resign when faced with expulsion proceedings\u00a0\u2013 for example, Bob Packwood in 1995. The Senate has also censured and condemned senators; censure requires only a simple majority and does not remove a senator from office. Some senators have opted to withdraw from their re-election races rather than face certain censure or expulsion, such as Robert Torricelli in 2002.", "qas": [ { "id": "54638", "question": "who expelled the history of the senate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "William Blount" } ] }, { "id": "54639", "question": "in what year did william blount die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 151, "text": "1797" } ] }, { "id": "54640", "question": "in what years did william blount begin to supporting the confederate secession ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "1861 and 1862" } ] }, { "id": "54641", "question": "when did no senator resign ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "1862" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The \"Majority party\" is the political party that either has a majority of seats or can form a coalition or caucus with a majority of seats; if two or more parties are tied, the vice president's affiliation determines which party is the majority party. The next-largest party is known as the minority party. The president pro tempore, committee chairs, and some other officials are generally from the majority party; they have counterparts (for instance, the \"ranking members\" of committees) in the minority party. Independents and members of third parties (so long as they do not caucus with or support either of the larger parties) are not considered in determining which is the majority party.", "qas": [ { "id": "54642", "question": "what is the `` majority party '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 24, "text": "the political party that either has a majority of seats or can form a coalition or caucus with a majority of seats" } ] }, { "id": "54643", "question": "what is the majority of party 's affiliation ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 173, "text": "the vice president's affiliation determines which party is the majority party" } ] }, { "id": "54644", "question": "what is the next-largest party called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 287, "text": "the minority party" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Democratic Party traditionally sits to the presiding officer's right, and the Republican Party traditionally sits to the presiding officer's left, regardless which party has a majority of seats. In this respect, the Senate differs from the House of Commons of the United Kingdom and other parliamentary bodies in the Commonwealth of Nations and elsewhere.", "qas": [ { "id": "54645", "question": "who traditionally sits to the presiding officer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Democratic Party" } ] }, { "id": "54646", "question": "what are the democratic party traditionally sits to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 43, "text": "the presiding officer's right, and the Republican Party traditionally sits to the presiding officer's left" } ] }, { "id": "54647", "question": "where did the senate come from ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 244, "text": "House of Commons of the United Kingdom" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Except for the President of the Senate, the Senate elects its own officers, who maintain order and decorum, manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate, and interpret the Senate's rules, practices and precedents. Many non-member officers are also hired to run various day-to-day functions of the Senate.", "qas": [ { "id": "54648", "question": "what does the senate do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 40, "text": "the Senate elects its own officers" } ] }, { "id": "54649", "question": "what does the senate do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 80, "text": "maintain order and decorum, manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate, and interpret the Senate's rules, practices and precedents" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Under the Constitution, the vice president serves as President of the Senate. He may vote in the Senate (\"ex officio\", for he or she is not an elected member of the Senate) in the case of a tie, but is not required to. For much of the nation's history the task of presiding over Senate sessions was one of the vice president's principal duties (the other being to receive from the states the tally of electoral ballots cast for president and vice president and to open the certificates \"in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives,\" so that the total votes could be counted). Since the 1950s, vice presidents have presided over few Senate debates. Instead, they have usually presided only on ceremonial occasions, such as joint sessions, or at times to announce the result of significant legislation or nomination, or when a tie vote on an important issue is anticipated.", "qas": [ { "id": "54650", "question": "who was the vice president of the constitution ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 53, "text": "President of the Senate" } ] }, { "id": "54651", "question": "who is the senate 's `` ex officio '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 123, "text": "he or she is not an elected member of the Senate" } ] }, { "id": "54652", "question": "what was the task of presiding over senate sessions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 306, "text": "the vice president's principal duties" } ] }, { "id": "54653", "question": "what was the principal duties of the president ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 345, "text": "the other being to receive from the states the tally of electoral ballots cast for president and vice president and to open the certificates \"in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Constitution authorizes the Senate to elect a president pro tempore (Latin for \"president for a time\") who presides over the chamber in the vice president's absence, and is, by custom, the senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service. Like the vice president, the president pro tempore does not normally preside over the Senate, but typically delegates the responsibility of presiding to a majority-party senator who presides over the Senate, usually in blocks of one hour on a rotating basis. Frequently, freshmen senators (newly elected members) are asked to preside so that they may become accustomed to the rules and procedures of the body. On some rare occasions, the majority leader presides briefly to call to order a session.", "qas": [ { "id": "54654", "question": "what is the senator of the majority party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Constitution authorizes the Senate to elect a president pro tempore" } ] }, { "id": "54655", "question": "what does the senator pro mean ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 84, "text": "president for a time" } ] }, { "id": "54656", "question": "what does the president of the majority of majority of continuous service presides do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 111, "text": "presides over the chamber in the vice president's absence" } ] }, { "id": "54657", "question": "what is the senator of the majority party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "custom" } ] }, { "id": "54658", "question": "what is the president of the president ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 295, "text": "the president pro tempore does not normally preside over the Senate" } ] }, { "id": "54659", "question": "what does the president pro do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 378, "text": "delegates the responsibility of presiding to a majority-party senator who presides over the Senate" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The presiding officer sits in a chair in the front of the Senate chamber. The powers of the presiding officer of the Senate are far less extensive than those of the Speaker of the House. The presiding officer calls on senators to speak (by the rules of the Senate, the first senator who rises is recognized); ruling on points of order (objections by senators that a rule has been breached, subject to appeal to the whole chamber); and announcing the results of votes.", "qas": [ { "id": "54660", "question": "where does the presiding officer live ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 30, "text": "a chair in the front of the Senate chamber" } ] }, { "id": "54661", "question": "what are the powers of the presiding officer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 128, "text": "far less extensive than those of the Speaker of the House" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Each party elects Senate party leaders. Floor leaders act as the party chief spokesmen. The Senate Majority Leader is responsible for controlling the agenda of the chamber by scheduling debates and votes. Each party elects an assistant leader (whip) who works to ensure that his party's senators vote as the party leadership desires.", "qas": [ { "id": "54662", "question": "what is the name of the party 's party ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Each party elects Senate party leaders" } ] }, { "id": "54663", "question": "who is the floor leaders act ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "the party chief spokesmen" } ] }, { "id": "54664", "question": "who is responsible for controlling the agenda of the chamber by scheduling debates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 92, "text": "Senate Majority Leader" } ] }, { "id": "54665", "question": "what is the senate majority leader responsible for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 134, "text": "controlling the agenda of the chamber by scheduling debates and votes" } ] }, { "id": "54666", "question": "who works to ensure that his party 's senators vote as the party leadership desires ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 205, "text": "Each party elects an assistant leader" } ] }, { "id": "54667", "question": "what did each assistant leader ensure an assistant leader ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "his party's senators vote as the party leadership desires" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In addition to the Vice President, the Senate has several officers who are not members. The Senate's chief administrative officer is the Secretary of the Senate, who maintains public records, disburses salaries, monitors the acquisition of stationery and supplies, and oversees clerks. The Assistant Secretary of the Senate aids the secretary's work. Another official is the Sergeant at Arms who, as the Senate's chief law enforcement officer, maintains order and security on the Senate premises. The Capitol Police handle routine police work, with the sergeant at arms primarily responsible for general oversight. Other employees include the Chaplain, who is elected by the 'Senate, and Pages, who are appointed.", "qas": [ { "id": "54668", "question": "who is the chief administrative officer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "Secretary of the Senate" } ] }, { "id": "54669", "question": "what are the acquisition of the senate 's chief administrative officer ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 240, "text": "stationery and supplies, and oversees clerks" } ] }, { "id": "54670", "question": "who was the assistant secretary of the senate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 290, "text": "Assistant Secretary of the Senate aids the secretary's work" } ] }, { "id": "54671", "question": "who is the chaplain of the chaplain ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 671, "text": "the 'Senate, and Pages" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Senate uses Standing Rules of the Senate for operation. Like the House of Representatives, the Senate meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. At one end of the chamber of the Senate is a dais from which the presiding officer presides. The lower tier of the dais is used by clerks and other officials. One hundred desks are arranged in the chamber in a semicircular pattern and are divided by a wide central aisle. By tradition, Republicans sit to the right of the center aisle and Democrats to the left, facing the presiding officer. Each senator chooses a desk based on seniority within the party. By custom, the leader of each party sits in the front row along the center aisle. Sessions of the Senate are opened with a special prayer or invocation and typically convene on weekdays. Sessions of the Senate are generally open to the public and are broadcast live on television, usually by C-SPAN 2.", "qas": [ { "id": "54672", "question": "what does the senate use ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 16, "text": "Standing Rules of the Senate for operation" } ] }, { "id": "54673", "question": "what is the name of the senate that are broadcast live on television ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 910, "text": "C-SPAN 2" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Senate procedure depends not only on the rules, but also on a variety of customs and traditions. The Senate commonly waives some of its stricter rules by unanimous consent. Unanimous consent agreements are typically negotiated beforehand by party leaders. A senator may block such an agreement, but in practice, objections are rare. The presiding officer enforces the rules of the Senate, and may warn members who deviate from them. The presiding officer sometimes uses the gavel of the Senate to maintain order.", "qas": [ { "id": "54674", "question": "what does the senate do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "stricter rules by unanimous consent" } ] }, { "id": "54675", "question": "who negotiated unanimous consent ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 241, "text": "party leaders" } ] } ] }, { "context": "A \"hold\" is placed when the leader's office is notified that a senator intends to object to a request for unanimous consent from the Senate to consider or pass a measure. A hold may be placed for any reason and can be lifted by a senator at any time. A senator may place a hold simply to review a bill, to negotiate changes to the bill, or to kill the bill. A bill can be held for as long as the senator who objects to the bill wishes to block its consideration.", "qas": [ { "id": "54676", "question": "what is a `` hold '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "a senator intends to object to a request for unanimous consent from the Senate to consider or pass a measure" } ] }, { "id": "54677", "question": "a hold may be lifted by a hold by what ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "a senator at any time" } ] }, { "id": "54678", "question": "what does a senator do to review a bill ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 303, "text": "to negotiate changes to the bill, or to kill the bill" } ] }, { "id": "54679", "question": "what can a bill be held for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 392, "text": "the senator who objects to the bill wishes to block its consideration" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Holds can be overcome, but require time-consuming procedures such as filing cloture. Holds are considered private communications between a senator and the Leader, and are sometimes referred to as \"secret holds\". A senator may disclose that he or she has placed a hold.", "qas": [ { "id": "54680", "question": "what are secret holds ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "private communications between a senator and the Leader" } ] }, { "id": "54681", "question": "what are private communications sometimes referred to as ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "secret holds" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Constitution provides that a majority of the Senate constitutes a quorum to do business. Under the rules and customs of the Senate, a quorum is always assumed present unless a quorum call explicitly demonstrates otherwise. A senator may request a quorum call by \"suggesting the absence of a quorum\"; a clerk then calls the roll of the Senate and notes which members are present. In practice, senators rarely request quorum calls to establish the presence of a quorum. Instead, quorum calls are generally used to temporarily delay proceedings; usually such delays are used while waiting for a senator to reach the floor to speak or to give leaders time to negotiate. Once the need for a delay has ended, a senator may request unanimous consent to rescind the quorum call.", "qas": [ { "id": "54682", "question": "what does the constitution provide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 31, "text": "a majority of the Senate constitutes a quorum to do business" } ] }, { "id": "54683", "question": "what is a quorum under the rules and customs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "a quorum is always assumed present unless a quorum call explicitly demonstrates otherwise" } ] }, { "id": "54684", "question": "what does a senator request a quorum call ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 266, "text": "\"suggesting the absence of a quorum" } ] }, { "id": "54685", "question": "what are quorum calls generally used to do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 516, "text": "temporarily delay proceedings" } ] }, { "id": "54686", "question": "why are delays used to reach proceedings ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 582, "text": "waiting for a senator to reach the floor to speak or to give leaders time to negotiate" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Debate, like most other matters governing the internal functioning of the Senate, is governed by internal rules adopted by the Senate. During debate, senators may only speak if called upon by the presiding officer, but the presiding officer is required to recognize the first senator who rises to speak. Thus, the presiding officer has little control over the course of debate. Customarily, the Majority Leader and Minority Leader are accorded priority during debates even if another senator rises first. All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer, who is addressed as \"Mr. President\" or \"Madam President\", and not to another member; other Members must be referred to in the third person. In most cases, senators do not refer to each other by name, but by state or position, using forms such as \"the senior senator from Virginia\", \"the gentleman from California\", or \"my distinguished friend the Chairman of the Judiciary Committee\". Senators address the Senate standing next to their desk.", "qas": [ { "id": "54687", "question": "how is the senate governed ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "internal rules adopted by the Senate" } ] }, { "id": "54688", "question": "who may speak the first senator ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "the presiding officer" } ] }, { "id": "54689", "question": "what is the purpose of senators ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "the presiding officer is required to recognize the first senator who rises to speak" } ] }, { "id": "54690", "question": "who are accorded priority during debates ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 395, "text": "Majority Leader and Minority Leader" } ] }, { "id": "54691", "question": "what are the presiding officer addressed to the presiding officer called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 583, "text": "Mr. President\" or \"Madam President" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Apart from rules governing civility, there are few restrictions on the content of speeches; there is no requirement that speeches be germane to the matter before the Senate.", "qas": [ { "id": "54692", "question": "what is the name of the rules that are few restrictions on the content of speeches ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 27, "text": "civility" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The rules of the Senate provide that no senator may make more than two speeches on a motion or bill on the same legislative day. A legislative day begins when the Senate convenes and ends with adjournment; hence, it does not necessarily coincide with the calendar day. The length of these speeches is not limited by the rules; thus, in most cases, senators may speak for as long as they please. Often, the Senate adopts unanimous consent agreements imposing time limits. In other cases (for example, for the budget process), limits are imposed by statute. However, the right to unlimited debate is generally preserved.", "qas": [ { "id": "54693", "question": "how many speeches does the senate have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "more than two speeches on a motion or bill on the same legislative day" } ] }, { "id": "54694", "question": "what does the legislative day start ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "Senate convenes and ends with adjournment" } ] }, { "id": "54695", "question": "what is the senate 's senate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 402, "text": "the Senate adopts unanimous consent agreements imposing time limits" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The filibuster is a tactic used to defeat bills and motions by prolonging debate indefinitely. A filibuster may entail long speeches, dilatory motions, and an extensive series of proposed amendments. The Senate may end a filibuster by invoking cloture. In most cases, cloture requires the support of three-fifths of the Senate; however, if the matter before the Senate involves changing the rules of the body\u00a0\u2013 this includes amending provisions regarding the filibuster\u00a0\u2013 a two-thirds majority is required. In current practice, the threat of filibuster is more important than its use; almost any motion that does not have the support of three-fifths of the Senate effectively fails. This means that 41 senators can make a filibuster happen. Historically, cloture has rarely been invoked because bipartisan support is usually necessary to obtain the required supermajority, so a bill that already has bipartisan support is rarely subject to threats of filibuster. However, motions for cloture have increased significantly in recent years.", "qas": [ { "id": "54696", "question": "what is the name of the tactic that is used to defeat bills and motions ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "filibuster" } ] }, { "id": "54697", "question": "what is the name of the debate that the tactic of bills was used to defeat bills ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "prolonging debate indefinitely" } ] } ] }, { "context": "If the Senate invokes cloture, debate does not end immediately; instead, it is limited to 2 additional hours unless increased by another three-fifths vote. The longest filibuster speech in the history of the Senate was delivered by Strom Thurmond, who spoke for over 24 hours in an unsuccessful attempt to block the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957.", "qas": [ { "id": "54698", "question": "how much is the debate limited to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "2 additional hours" } ] }, { "id": "54699", "question": "how is it limited to 2 additional hours ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 129, "text": "another three-fifths vote" } ] }, { "id": "54700", "question": "who delivered the longest filibuster speech ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 232, "text": "Strom Thurmond" } ] }, { "id": "54701", "question": "what was the longest speech in the history of the senate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 331, "text": "Civil Rights Act of 1957" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Under certain circumstances, the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 provides for a process called \"reconciliation\" by which Congress can pass bills related to the budget without those bills being subject to a filibuster. This is accomplished by limiting all Senate floor debate to 20 hours.", "qas": [ { "id": "54702", "question": "what provides a process called `` reconciliation '' ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 33, "text": "Congressional Budget Act of 1974" } ] }, { "id": "54703", "question": "what is the congressional budget act of 1974 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 97, "text": "reconciliation" } ] }, { "id": "54704", "question": "what does the congressional budget act allow ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Congress can pass bills related to the budget without those bills being subject to a filibuster" } ] }, { "id": "54705", "question": "how many senate floor are there ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 243, "text": "limiting all Senate floor debate to 20 hours" } ] } ] }, { "context": "When debate concludes, the motion in question is put to a vote. The Senate often votes by voice vote. The presiding officer puts the question, and Members respond either \"Yea/Aye\" (in favor of the motion) or \"Nay\" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote. A senator, however, may challenge the presiding officer's assessment and request a recorded vote. The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one-fifth of the senators present. In practice, however, senators second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy. When a recorded vote is held, the clerk calls the roll of the Senate in alphabetical order; senators respond when their name is called. Senators who were not in the chamber when their name was called may still cast a vote so long as the voting remains open. The vote is closed at the discretion of the presiding officer, but must remain open for a minimum of 15 minutes. If the vote is tied, the vice president, if present, is entitled to cast a tie-breaking vote. If the vice president is not present, the motion fails.", "qas": [ { "id": "54706", "question": "what vote does the senate have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "voice vote" } ] }, { "id": "54707", "question": "what did the presiding officer respond to ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "Yea/Aye" } ] }, { "id": "54708", "question": "who is the request of the request of the senators ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 454, "text": "one-fifth of the senators present" } ] }, { "id": "54709", "question": "what is the name of the recorded vote on the senate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 610, "text": "the clerk calls the roll of the Senate in alphabetical order" } ] }, { "id": "54710", "question": "how long must the vote of the presiding officer remain open ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 939, "text": "15 minutes" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Filibustered bills require a three-fifths majority to overcome the cloture vote (which usually means 60 votes) and get to the normal vote where a simple majority (usually 51 votes) approves the bill. This has caused some news media to confuse the 60 votes needed to overcome a filibuster with the 51 votes needed to approve a bill, with for example USA Today erroneously stating \"\"The vote was 58-39 in favor of the provision establishing concealed carry permit reciprocity in the 48 states that have concealed weapons laws. That fell two votes short of the 60 needed to approve the measure\"\".", "qas": [ { "id": "54711", "question": "how many votes does the bills have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 101, "text": "60 votes" } ] }, { "id": "54712", "question": "what is a simple majority of votes ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 171, "text": "51 votes) approves the bill" } ] }, { "id": "54713", "question": "what was the name of the vote that concealed concealed carry reciprocity ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 394, "text": "58-39" } ] } ] }, { "context": "On occasion, the Senate may go into what is called a secret or closed session. During a closed session, the chamber doors are closed, cameras are turned off, and the galleries are completely cleared of anyone not sworn to secrecy, not instructed in the rules of the closed session, or not essential to the session. Closed sessions are rare and usually held only when the Senate is discussing sensitive subject matter such as information critical to national security, private communications from the president, or deliberations during impeachment trials. A senator may call for and force a closed session if the motion is seconded by at least one other member, but an agreement usually occurs beforehand. If the Senate does not approve release of a secret transcript, the transcript is stored in the Office of Senate Security and ultimately sent to the national archives. The proceedings remain sealed indefinitely until the Senate votes to remove the injunction of secrecy.", "qas": [ { "id": "54714", "question": "what may the senate go into ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 51, "text": "a secret or closed session" } ] }, { "id": "54715", "question": "where is the national archives stored ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 800, "text": "Office of Senate Security" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Senate maintains a Senate Calendar and an Executive Calendar. The former identifies bills and resolutions awaiting Senate floor actions. The latter identifies executive resolutions, treaties, and nominations reported out by Senate committee(s) and awaiting Senate floor action. Both are updated each day the Senate is in session.", "qas": [ { "id": "54716", "question": "what does the senate have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 23, "text": "Senate Calendar and an Executive Calendar" } ] }, { "id": "54717", "question": "what is the former identifies bills ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 88, "text": "bills and resolutions awaiting Senate floor actions" } ] }, { "id": "54718", "question": "who reported the executive resolutions , treaties and nominations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "Senate committee(s) and awaiting Senate floor action" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Senate uses committees (and their subcommittees) for a variety of purposes, including the review of bills and the oversight of the executive branch. Formally, the whole Senate appoints committee members. In practice, however, the choice of members is made by the political parties. Generally, each party honors the preferences of individual senators, giving priority based on seniority. Each party is allocated seats on committees in proportion to its overall strength.", "qas": [ { "id": "54719", "question": "what are the names of the senate 's committees ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 90, "text": "the review of bills and the oversight of the executive branch" } ] }, { "id": "54720", "question": "what is the name of the senate 's committee ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 163, "text": "the whole Senate appoints committee members" } ] }, { "id": "54721", "question": "who made the choice of members of members ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 263, "text": "the political parties" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Most committee work is performed by 16 standing committees, each of which has jurisdiction over a field such as finance or foreign relations. Each standing committee may consider, amend, and report bills that fall under its jurisdiction. Furthermore, each standing committee considers presidential nominations to offices related to its jurisdiction. (For instance, the Judiciary Committee considers nominees for judgeships, and the Foreign Relations Committee considers nominees for positions in the Department of State.) Committees may block nominees and impede bills from reaching the floor of the Senate. Standing committees also oversee the departments and agencies of the executive branch. In discharging their duties, standing committees have the power to hold hearings and to subpoena witnesses and evidence.", "qas": [ { "id": "54722", "question": "who performed most committee work ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "16 standing committees" } ] }, { "id": "54723", "question": "what is the field of most committee work ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 112, "text": "finance or foreign relations" } ] }, { "id": "54724", "question": "what is the standing committee ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 251, "text": "each standing committee considers presidential nominations to offices related to its jurisdiction" } ] }, { "id": "54725", "question": "what are the judiciary committee considers", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 365, "text": "the Judiciary Committee considers nominees for judgeships, and the Foreign Relations Committee considers nominees for positions in the Department of State" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Senate also has several committees that are not considered standing committees. Such bodies are generally known as select or special committees; examples include the Select Committee on Ethics and the Special Committee on Aging. Legislation is referred to some of these committees, although the bulk of legislative work is performed by the standing committees. Committees may be established on an \"ad hoc\" basis for specific purposes; for instance, the Senate Watergate Committee was a special committee created to investigate the Watergate scandal. Such temporary committees cease to exist after fulfilling their tasks.", "qas": [ { "id": "54726", "question": "what are bodies on ethics called ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "select or special committees" } ] }, { "id": "54727", "question": "what are the special committees ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 170, "text": "Select Committee on Ethics and the Special Committee on Aging" } ] }, { "id": "54728", "question": "who performed the bulk of legislative work ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 340, "text": "the standing committees" } ] }, { "id": "54729", "question": "who was a special committee of the scandal ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 457, "text": "Senate Watergate Committee" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Congress includes joint committees, which include members from both the Senate and the House of Representatives. Some joint committees oversee independent government bodies; for instance, the Joint Committee on the Library oversees the Library of Congress. Other joint committees serve to make advisory reports; for example, there exists a Joint Committee on Taxation. Bills and nominees are not referred to joint committees. Hence, the power of joint committees is considerably lower than those of standing committees.", "qas": [ { "id": "54730", "question": "who are the joint committees ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 54, "text": "members from both the Senate and the House of Representatives" } ] }, { "id": "54731", "question": "what is the name of the joint committee ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 192, "text": "the Joint Committee on the Library oversees the Library of Congress" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Each Senate committee and subcommittee is led by a chair (usually a member of the majority party). Formerly, committee chairs were determined purely by seniority; as a result, several elderly senators continued to serve as chair despite severe physical infirmity or even senility. Committee chairs are elected, but, in practice, seniority is rarely bypassed. The chairs hold extensive powers: they control the committee's agenda, and so decide how much, if any, time to devote to the consideration of a bill; they act with the power of the committee in disapproving or delaying a bill or a nomination by the president; they manage on the floor of the full Senate the consideration of those bills the committee reports. This last role was particularly important in mid-century, when floor amendments were thought not to be collegial. They also have considerable influence: senators who cooperate with their committee chairs are likely to accomplish more good for their states than those who do not. The Senate rules and customs were reformed in the twentieth century, largely in the 1970s. Committee chairmen have less power and are generally more moderate and collegial in exercising it, than they were before reform. The second-highest member, the spokesperson on the committee for the minority party, is known in most cases as the ranking member. In the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Select Committee on Ethics, however, the senior minority member is known as the vice chair.", "qas": [ { "id": "54732", "question": "who determined committee chairs ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 152, "text": "seniority" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Recent criticisms of the Senate's operations object to what the critics argue is obsolescence as a result of partisan paralysis and a preponderance of arcane rules.", "qas": [ { "id": "54733", "question": "what is the senate 's operations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "obsolescence" } ] }, { "id": "54734", "question": "what is the result of the senate 's operations ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 109, "text": "partisan paralysis and a preponderance of arcane rules" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Bills may be introduced in either chamber of Congress. However, the Constitution's Origination Clause provides that \"All bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives\". As a result, the Senate does not have the power to initiate bills imposing taxes. Furthermore, the House of Representatives holds that the Senate does not have the power to originate appropriation bills, or bills authorizing the expenditure of federal funds. Historically, the Senate has disputed the interpretation advocated by the House. However, when the Senate originates an appropriations bill, the House simply refuses to consider it, thereby settling the dispute in practice. The constitutional provision barring the Senate from introducing revenue bills is based on the practice of the British Parliament, in which only the House of Commons may originate such measures.", "qas": [ { "id": "54735", "question": "what does the constitution 's origination clause provides ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 117, "text": "All bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives" } ] }, { "id": "54736", "question": "what is the senate 's senate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 210, "text": "the Senate does not have the power to initiate bills imposing taxes" } ] }, { "id": "54737", "question": "what does the house of representatives have ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 332, "text": "the Senate does not have the power to originate appropriation bills, or bills authorizing the expenditure of federal funds" } ] }, { "id": "54738", "question": "who advocated the interpretation of the senate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 526, "text": "the House" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The approval of both houses is required for any bill, including a revenue bill, to become law. Both Houses must pass the same version of the bill; if there are differences, they may be resolved by sending amendments back and forth or by a conference committee, which includes members of both bodies.", "qas": [ { "id": "54739", "question": "how can both houses of the bill be resolved ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 197, "text": "sending amendments back and forth or by a conference committee" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Constitution provides several unique functions for the Senate that form its ability to \"check and balance\" the powers of other elements of the Federal Government. These include the requirement that the Senate may advise and must consent to some of the president's government appointments; also the Senate must consent to all treaties with foreign governments; it tries all impeachments, and it elects the vice president in the event no person gets a majority of the electoral votes.\nThe president can make certain appointments only with the advice and consent of the Senate. Officials whose appointments require the Senate's approval include members of the Cabinet, heads of most federal executive agencies, ambassadors, Justices of the Supreme Court, and other federal judges. Under Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution, a large number of government appointments are subject to potential confirmation; however, Congress has passed legislation to authorize the appointment of many officials without the Senate's consent (usually, confirmation requirements are reserved for those officials with the most significant final decision-making authority). Typically, a nominee is first subject to a hearing before a Senate committee. Thereafter, the nomination is considered by the full Senate. The majority of nominees are confirmed, but in a small number of cases each year, Senate committees purposely fail to act on a nomination to block it. In addition, the president sometimes withdraws nominations when they appear unlikely to be confirmed. Because of this, outright rejections of nominees on the Senate floor are infrequent (there have been only nine Cabinet nominees rejected outright in the history of the United States).", "qas": [ { "id": "54740", "question": "what does the constitution provide ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "the Senate that form its ability to \"check and balance\" the powers of other elements of the Federal Government" } ] }, { "id": "54741", "question": "what is the requirement of the senate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 202, "text": "the Senate may advise and must consent to some of the president's government appointments" } ] }, { "id": "54742", "question": "what does the senate do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "the Senate must consent to all treaties with foreign governments" } ] }, { "id": "54743", "question": "what does the constitution do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 395, "text": "it elects the vice president in the event no person gets a majority of the electoral votes" } ] }, { "id": "54744", "question": "what does congress do to authorize the appointment of many officials ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 921, "text": "Congress has passed legislation to authorize the appointment of many officials without the Senate's consent" } ] }, { "id": "54745", "question": "what is a nominee ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1169, "text": "a nominee is first subject to a hearing before a Senate committee" } ] }, { "id": "54746", "question": "what is the name of the senate 's committees ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1379, "text": "Senate committees purposely fail to act on a nomination to block it" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The powers of the Senate concerning nominations are, however, subject to some constraints. For instance, the Constitution provides that the president may make an appointment during a congressional recess without the Senate's advice and consent. The recess appointment remains valid only temporarily; the office becomes vacant again at the end of the next congressional session. Nevertheless, presidents have frequently used recess appointments to circumvent the possibility that the Senate may reject the nominee. Furthermore, as the Supreme Court held in \"Myers v. United States\", although the Senate's advice and consent is required for the appointment of certain executive branch officials, it is not necessary for their removal.\nThe Senate also has a role in ratifying treaties. The Constitution provides that the president may only \"make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur.\" However, not all international agreements are considered treaties under US domestic law, even if they are considered treaties under international law. Congress has passed laws authorizing the president to conclude executive agreements without action by the Senate. Similarly, the president may make congressional-executive agreements with the approval of a simple majority in each House of Congress, rather than a two-thirds majority in the Senate. Neither executive agreements nor congressional-executive agreements are mentioned in the Constitution, leading some scholars such as Laurence Tribe and John Yoo to suggest that they unconstitutionally circumvent the treaty-ratification process. However, courts have upheld the validity of such agreements.", "qas": [ { "id": "54747", "question": "what does the constitution do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 136, "text": "the president may make an appointment during a congressional recess without the Senate's advice and consent" } ] }, { "id": "54748", "question": "what are presidents frequently used for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 424, "text": "recess appointments to circumvent the possibility that the Senate may reject the nominee" } ] }, { "id": "54749", "question": "where was the supreme court held ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 557, "text": "Myers v. United States" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The Constitution empowers the House of Representatives to impeach federal officials for \"Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors\" and empowers the Senate to try such impeachments. If the sitting President of the United States is being tried, the Chief Justice of the United States presides over the trial. During an impeachment trial, senators are constitutionally required to sit on oath or affirmation. Conviction requires a two-thirds majority of the senators present. A convicted official is automatically removed from office; in addition, the Senate may stipulate that the defendant be banned from holding office. No further punishment is permitted during the impeachment proceedings; however, the party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law.", "qas": [ { "id": "54750", "question": "what did the constitution impeach federal officials for ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors\" and empowers the Senate to try such impeachments" } ] }, { "id": "54751", "question": "what is the chief justice of the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "the Chief Justice of the United States presides over the trial" } ] }, { "id": "54752", "question": "what are the senators required to sit in an trial ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 364, "text": "constitutionally required to sit on oath or affirmation" } ] } ] }, { "context": "In the history of the United States, the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials, of whom seven were convicted. (One resigned before the Senate could complete the trial.) Only two presidents of the United States have ever been impeached: Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998. Both trials ended in acquittal; in Johnson's case, the Senate fell one vote short of the two-thirds majority required for conviction.", "qas": [ { "id": "54753", "question": "what is the house of the united states ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 37, "text": "the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials" } ] }, { "id": "54754", "question": "how many were convicted of the house of representatives ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 107, "text": "seven" } ] }, { "id": "54755", "question": "who was impeached in 1868 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 255, "text": "Andrew Johnson" } ] }, { "id": "54756", "question": "when did andrew johnson die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 273, "text": "1868" } ] }, { "id": "54757", "question": "who impeached andrew johnson ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "Bill Clinton" } ] }, { "id": "54758", "question": "when did andrew johnson die ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 298, "text": "1998" } ] } ] }, { "context": "Under the Twelfth Amendment, the Senate has the power to elect the vice president if no vice presidential candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College. The Twelfth Amendment requires the Senate to choose from the two candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes. Electoral College deadlocks are rare. In the history of the United States, the Senate has only broken a deadlock once. In 1837, it elected Richard Mentor Johnson. The House elects the president if the Electoral College deadlocks on that choice.", "qas": [ { "id": "54759", "question": "what does the senate do ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 57, "text": "elect the vice president if no vice presidential candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College" } ] }, { "id": "54760", "question": "when was richard mentor johnson elected ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 414, "text": "1837" } ] }, { "id": "54761", "question": "what was the name of the senate 's elected mentor ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 431, "text": "Richard Mentor Johnson" } ] } ] }, { "context": "The party composition of the Senate during the 114th Congress:\nThe 114th United States Congress runs from January 3, 2015 to January 3, 2017.", "qas": [ { "id": "54762", "question": "where does the party composition of the senate live ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "114th Congress" } ] }, { "id": "54763", "question": "who runs the party composition of the senate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "The 114th United States Congress" } ] }, { "id": "54764", "question": "when does the 114th united states congress start from january 3 , 2015 ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 125, "text": "January 3, 2017" } ] } ] }, { "context": "\nThe following are published by the Senate Historical Office.", "qas": [ { "id": "54765", "question": "who published the senate ?", "answers": [ { "answer_start": 36, "text": "Senate Historical Office" } ] } ] } ], "title": "United States Senate" } ] }