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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nProgenitor cells isolated from cardiac explant-derived cells improve cardiac function after myocardial infarction (MI). To fully realize the therapeutic potential of these cells, it is essential to develop a safe and efficient delivery method. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of our newly developed approach to retrograde coronary vein (RCV) infusion of cardiac c-Kit(+) cells in a small-animal model of congestive heart failure (CHF). Sprague-Dawley rats underwent experimental MI. After 21 days, cardiac explant-derived c-Kit(+) cells were delivered to both sham and CHF animals using RCV delivery. Vehicle-treated (serum-free medium) sham and CHF animals were used as controls. Cardiac function and heart tissues were evaluated 21 days post-transplantation. RCV-delivered cells were retained in infarcted hearts for at least 21 days after transplantation. At 21 days post-RCV infusion, the majority of transplanted c-Kit(+)/GFP(+) cells were localized in the left ventricle. Compared with vehicle-treated CHF animals, RCV-treated rats showed a significant improvement in cardiac function. Furthermore, RCV-treated rats exhibited an increase in capillary density, a decrease in total heart collagen, and a reduction in both infarct size and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy when compared with vehicle-treated CHF rats.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes retrograde coronary vein infusion of cardiac explant-derived c-Kit+ cells improves function in ischemic heart failure?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo evaluate the role of orexin-A with respect to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Alzheimer disease (AD) biomarkers, and explore its relationship to cognition and sleep characteristics in a group of cognitively normal elderly individuals. Subjects were recruited from multiple community sources for National Institutes of Health supported studies on normal aging, sleep and CSF biomarkers. Sixty-three participants underwent home monitoring for sleep-disordered breathing, clinical, sleep and cognitive evaluations, as well as a lumbar puncture to obtain CSF. Individuals with medical history or with magnetic resonance imaging evidence of disorders that may affect brain structure or function were excluded. Correlation and linear regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between orexin-A and CSF AD-biomarkers controlling for potential sociodemographic and sleep confounders. Levels of orexin-A, amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42), phosphorylated-tau (P-Tau), total-tau (T-Tau), Apolipoprotein E4 status, age, years of education, reported total sleep time, number of awakenings, apnea-hypopnea indices (AHI), excessive daytime sleepiness, and a cognitive battery were analyzed. Subjects were 69.59 ± 8.55 years of age, 57.1% were female, and 30.2% were apolipoprotein E4+. Orexin-A was positively correlated with Aβ42, P-Tau, and T-Tau. The associations between orexin-A and the AD-biomarkers were driven mainly by the relationship between orexin-A and P-Tau and were not influenced by other clinical or sleep characteristics that were available.\n\nQuestion:\nIs orexin-A Associated with Increases in Cerebrospinal Fluid Phosphorylated-Tau in Cognitively Normal Elderly Subjects?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHuman beta-defensins 1 and 2 (hBD-1, -2) are antimicrobial peptides found in several epithelia including corneal epithelium. Breach of the epithelium leaves the cornea vulnerable to infection so we sought to determine if there is an increase in defensin expression after injury. The epithelium from human cadaver corneas was collected by scraping (original samples). The corneas were then placed into organ culture to permit regeneration of the epithelium. Samples of re-grown epithelium were collected when healing was partially and 100% complete as determined by fluorescein staining. Total RNA was extracted from original and re-grown samples and used in RT-PCR reactions using primers specific for hBD-1 and hBD-2 and the constitutively expressed gene glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Immunoblotting was performed to detect defensin peptide in original and re-grown samples. hBD-1 mRNA was detected in all original epithelial tissue samples (n = 10) examined suggesting that it is constitutively expressed. hBD-2 mRNA was detectable in only two of the ten samples. Of six corneas placed in to organ culture, hBD-1 mRNA expression was unchanged in the re-grown epithelial samples compared to the original epithelium samples, however the expression of hBD-2 mRNA was markedly increased. hBD-1 and hBD-2 peptides showed the same pattern of expression as their respective transcripts.\n\nQuestion:\nIs human beta-defensin 2 up-regulated during re-epithelialization of the cornea?\n\nAnswer:",
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the mechanisms underlying the activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels (K(ATP)) by iptakalim in cultured rat mesenteric microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs). Whole-cell KATP currents were recorded in MVECs using automated patch clamp devices. Nucleotides (ATP, ADP and UDP) were added to the internal perfusion system, whereas other drugs were added to the cell suspension on NPC-1 borosilicate glass chips. Application of iptakalim (10 and 100 μmol/L) significantly increased the whole-cell K(ATP) currents, which were prevented by the specific K(ATP) blocker glibenclamide (1.0 μmol/L). The opening of K(ATP) channels by iptakalim depended upon the intracellular concentrations of ATP or NDPs: iptakalim activated K(ATP) channels when the intracellular ATP or NDPs were at 100 or 1000 μmol/L, and was ineffective when the non-hydrolysable ATP analogue ATPγS (1000 μmol/L) was infused into the cells. In contrast, the K(ATP) opener pinacidil activated K(ATP) channels when the intracellular concentrations of ATP or NDPs ranged from 10 to 5000 μmol/L, and even ATPγS (1000 μmol/L) was infused into the cells.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the new antihypertensive drug iptakalim activate ATP-sensitive potassium channels in the endothelium of resistance blood vessels?\n\nAnswer:",
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFour experiments were devised to test the possible role of estrone fatty esters as adipose tissue signals carried by the blood within lipoproteins. Oleoyl-estrone was synthesized and incorporated in liposomes; it was administered i.v. (to mimic lipoprotein delivery) for 14-day periods using implantable osmotic minipumps. The study included the finding of oleoyl-estrone in blood lipoproteins, the correlations of the effects of body weight to the dose and the uptake of labelled oleoyl-estrone by tissues, its internalization and disposal. Normal-weight Wistar female rates were used. Pooled human blood was used as source of HDL3. Oleoyl-estrone was identified in rat white adipose tissue and in human blood HDL3 lipoprotein fraction. Changes in body weight, food intake, oxygen consumption, respiratory quotient and nitrogen balance were measured in chronically injected rats. The uptake and hydrolysis of oleoyl-estrone by tissues was also determined following its acute administration. Oleoyl-estrone induced a dose-dependent loss of weight, with decreased food intake. In 14 days, and compared with controls at the end of this period, a dose of 0.78 mumol/day induced the loss of 16.4 +/- 5.5% of body weight; the difference was maximal for doses of 15 mumol/day or higher: 24.7 +/- 3.1%. Under oleoyl-estrone treatment, body protein was preserved (positive nitrogen balances) and fat stores were wasted: lowered respiratory quotient, and deficit in energy balance; a dose of 0.78 mumol/day induced the loss of 9.6 +/- 2.2 g of total body lipids in 14 days. Most of oleoyl-estrone taken up by tissues was hydrolysed; however, in part it reached intact the cell nucleus of incubated adipocytes. Oleoyl-estrone effects were different from those of free estrone.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes oleoyl-estrone induce the loss of body fat in rats?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPregnant women consume caffeine daily. The aim of this study was to examine the association between maternal caffeine intake from different sources and (a) gestational length, particularly the risk for spontaneous preterm delivery (PTD), and (b) birth weight (BW) and the baby being small for gestational age (SGA). This study is based on the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study conducted by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. A total of 59,123 women with uncomplicated pregnancies giving birth to a live singleton were identified. Caffeine intake from different sources was self-reported at gestational weeks 17, 22 and 30. Spontaneous PTD was defined as spontaneous onset of delivery between 22+0 and 36+6 weeks (n = 1,451). As there is no consensus, SGA was defined according to ultrasound-based (Marsal, n = 856), population-based (Skjaerven, n = 4,503) and customized (Gardosi, n = 4,733) growth curves. The main caffeine source was coffee, but tea and chocolate were the main sources in women with low caffeine intake. Median pre-pregnancy caffeine intake was 126 mg/day (IQR 40 to 254), 44 mg/day (13 to 104) at gestational week 17 and 62 mg/day (21 to 130) at gestational week 30. Coffee caffeine, but not caffeine from other sources, was associated with prolonged gestation (8 h/100 mg/day, P <10-7). Neither total nor coffee caffeine was associated with spontaneous PTD risk. Caffeine intake from different sources, measured repeatedly during pregnancy, was associated with lower BW (Marsal-28 g, Skjaerven-25 g, Gardosi-21 g per 100 mg/day additional total caffeine for a baby with expected BW 3,600 g, P <10-25). Caffeine intake of 200 to 300 mg/day increased the odds for SGA (OR Marsal 1.62, Skjaerven 1.44, Gardosi 1.27, P <0.05), compared to 0 to 50 mg/day.\n\nQuestion:\nIs maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy associated with birth weight but not with gestational length : results from a large prospective observational cohort study?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate if rifampicin is both an inducer and an inhibitor of repaglinide metabolism, it was determined whether the timing of rifampicin co-administration influences the pharmacokinetics of repaglinide. Male volunteers ( n=12) participated in a randomised, two-period, crossover trial evaluating the effect of multiple doses of 600 mg rifampicin once daily for 7 days on repaglinide metabolism. Subjects were, after baseline measurements of repaglinide pharmacokinetics, randomised to receive, on either day 7 or day 8 of the rifampicin administration period, a single dose of 4 mg repaglinide and vice versa in the following period. When repaglinide was given, together with the last rifampicin dose, on day 7, an almost 50% reduction of the median repaglinide area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) was observed. Neither the peak plasma concentration (C(max)), time to reach C(max) (t(max)) nor terminal half-life (t(1/2)) was statistically significantly affected. When repaglinide was given on day 8, 24 h after the last rifampicin dose, an almost 80% reduction of the median repaglinide AUC was observed. The median C(max) was now statistically significantly reduced from 35 ng/ml to 7.5 ng/ml. Neither t(max) nor t(1/2) was significantly affected.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes rifampicin seem to act as both an inducer and an inhibitor of the metabolism of repaglinide?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe influence of the inner wall of Schlemm's canal on aqueous outflow facility remains poorly understood. We examined the relationship between inner wall pore characteristics and outflow facility in living primate eyes in which facility had been pharmacologically increased by ethacrynic acid (ECA) infusion and in contralateral control eyes. Outflow facility (two-level constant pressure perfusion) was measured in eight pairs of living monkey eyes before and after administration of a bolus dose of either 0.125 mM ECA or vehicle. After exsanguination, eyes were fixed in situ under constant-pressure conditions (mean fixation pressure approximately 19 mm Hg). The density and diameter of inner wall pores and the number and area of platelet aggregates on the inner wall of Schlemm's canal were measured by scanning electron microscopy. In ECA-treated eyes, outflow facility increased 63% (P < 0.0001), intracellular pore density decreased 46% (P = 0.0094), intracellular pore size increased 27% (P = 0.049), platelet aggregate density increased 158% (P < 0.0001), and area covered by platelets increased 210% (P = 0.012) relative to contralateral controls. Although the average density and size of intercellular pores were essentially unaffected by ECA, an increased density of large (> or = 1.90 microm) intercellular pores was seen in ECA-treated eyes. The density of intracellular pores increased with the duration of fixative perfusion. Other than a weak negative correlation between outflow facility and intracellular pore density in ECA-treated eyes (P = 0.052), facility was not correlated with inner wall pore features.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes enthacrynic and acid effects on inner wall pore in living monkeys?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe purpose of this study was to develop an in situ immune marker model to predict postoperative oncological outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Immunohistochemistry for 13 immune cell markers was performed on tumor tissue microarrays from 300 CRC patients who underwent curative resection from January 2000 to January 2006. Genetic algorithm was applied for the construction of an in situ immune marker model. The infiltration of CD3+ cells, CD45RO+ cells, and FOXP3+ cells, but not the infiltration of Tryptase+ cells, in the tumor was significantly associated with better clinical outcome in overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of CRC patients, as assessed by univariate analysis (P < 0.05). Based on the genetic algorithms, a total of 6 markers, including CD3, CD45RO, IL17, CD15, Tryptase, and FOXP3, were selected to construct an immune marker model. Our model was identified to have an independent predictive capability for both OS and DFS in Cox multivariable model (P < 0.001). This was further confirmed by the ROC analysis (area under curve: OS, 0.669; DFS, 0.684).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes a Novel Immune Marker Model predict Oncological Outcomes of Patients with Colorectal Cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAn association between coronary heart disease (CHD) and clinically diagnosed periodontitis has been found in several epidemiological studies. However, seroepidemiologic evidence based on prospective data on this association is totally lacking. The aim of the study was to investigate serum antibodies to major periodontal pathogens for their prediction of myocardial infarction (MI) in men free of CHD at baseline. Cases and controls were ascertained from a random population sample of 4255 men aged 30 to 59 years at baseline. The study cases included 63 men with nonfatal MI or coronary death within the follow-up time of 10 years. Age-matched control subjects (n=63) were randomly chosen from the same cohort. Serum antibody levels to two major periodontopathogenic bacteria, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, were determined. There was no significant association between the risk for MI and IgG- or IgA-class antibody levels to A. actinomycetemcomitans or IgG-class antibody levels to P. gingivalis. However, a high P. gingivalis IgA-class antibody level predicted MI independently of classical cardiovascular risk factors. The risk for MI increased by increasing quartiles of antibody levels (P for the trend 0.021). Compared with the first quartile, the multivariate odds ratios of MI in the second, third and fourth quartiles were 2.47 (95% CI 0.75-8.11), 3.30 (1.03-10.58) and 3.99 (1.22-13.10), respectively.\n\nQuestion:\nDo high serum antibody levels to Porphyromonas gingivalis predict myocardial infarction?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe rapid administration of bee venom in cumulative doses exceeding the quantity contained in one bee sting is well tolerated by most of the patients during 3.5 h of ultra-rush bee venom immunotherapy (VIT). The mechanism of this tolerance is unknown. The aim of the study was to verify the hypothesis that either slow mediator depletion of mast cells or blockade of their surface receptor mechanisms by increasing doses of allergen might be the major mechanisms of tolerance induced by ultra-rush VIT. Nine bee venom allergic patients with a history of severe systemic reactions after a bee sting, positive skin tests and bee venom specific serum IgE antibodies were treated as follows: on the first day a cumulative dose of 111 micrograms was administered over 3.5 h under intensive care conditions. Further injections were given on day 7, day 21 and thereafter at 4 week intervals. Intradermal tests with codeine phosphate (non-specific mast cell degranulation) and bee venom were performed before the initiation of VIT and 30 min after the last injection on the same day as well as before the subsequent bee venom injections. No significant changes of skin reactivity to both codeine phosphate and bee venom were observed on day 1 (before initiation of VIT and after the last injection on the same day).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes ultra rush bee venom immunotherapy reduce cutaneous weal responses to bee venom and codeine phosphate?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo study the effects of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) on the adhesiveness and invasiveness of prostate cancer cells. We determined the effect of IFN-gamma on the adhesiveness of prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and PC-3 by treating the plate with fibronectin and laminin, on the invasiveness of prostate cancer cells into the artificial basal membrane consisting of Matrigel and fibronectin using the Transwell chamber, and on the expression of annexin-2 in these cells by Western blot. The adhesion rates of prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and PC-3 were 21% and 23% in the IFN-gamma treatment group, significantly lower than 46% and 40% in the untreated group (P < 0.05). The invasiveness of the cells was markedly decreased in the former as compared with the latter (P < 0.05). IFN-gamma significantly inhibited the expression of annexin-2 in prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and PC-3 (P < 0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes [ Interferon-gamma decrease the adhesiveness and invasiveness of prostate cancer cells ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe association of short sleep duration with cortisol secretion has not been thoroughly examined in large community dwelling populations and the relative importance of short sleep duration and sleep disturbance is unclear. The objective of the study was to assess the relationships between self-reported sleep duration, sleep disturbance, and salivary cortisol secretion. This was a cross-sectional analysis using data from phase 7 (2002-2004) of the Whitehall II study. Sleep disturbances were assessed using a modified version of the Jenkins Scale. The occupational cohort was originally recruited in 1985-1989. Analyses included 2751 participants with complete cortisol measures and who collected their first sample within 15 min of waking, were not on medication affecting cortisol secretion, and had complete information for all covariates. Six saliva samples were taken on waking, waking + 0.5, 2.5, 8, and 12 h and bedtime for the assessment of the cortisol awakening response and the slope in cortisol secretion across the day. In mutually adjusted analyses, both sleep duration and disturbances were independently associated with a flatter diurnal slope in cortisol secretion, such that evening cortisol secretion was raised in those reporting short sleep duration and high sleep disturbance. Short sleep duration was also associated with the cortisol awakening response. These effects were independent of a number of covariates, including waking time on day of sampling and stress on the day of cortisol assessment.\n\nQuestion:\nAre self-reported sleep duration and sleep disturbance independently associated with cortisol secretion in the Whitehall II study?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nZinc is abundant in pancreas, being required by endocrine islet cells for hormone secretion and by exocrine acinar cells as pancreatic juice component. ZnT8 is a member of the SLC30A family of zinc transporters whose overexpression in cultured pancreatic beta cells leads to increased insulin secretion in response to glucose, suggesting a possible role in regulating glycemia. ZnT8 was therefore proposed as a therapeutic target for diabetes, and recent genome-wide association studies identified polymorphisms in the ZNT8 gene conferring increased type 2 diabetes risk. As limited information was available on the biochemical properties of ZnT8 and on its endogenous expression, we have raised a specific polyclonal antibody and immunostained protein extracts, cell lines and tissue sections. We show that ZnT8 forms a very stable dimer that requires biological membranes to properly assemble. We demonstrate localization of murine ZnT8 to the secretory granules in pancreatic beta and alpha islet cells. Moreover, we show that ZnT8 is also expressed in other secretory cell types, namely the cubical epithelium that lines thyroid follicles and the cortex of the adrenal gland, suggesting a more widespread role in endocrine secretion.\n\nQuestion:\nIs diabetes-linked zinc transporter ZnT8 a homodimeric protein expressed by distinct rodent endocrine cell types in the pancreas and other glands?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThis study assesses if there exists a high-risk period for cerebrovascular events (CeV) after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Even though acute strokes after TAVI have been described, it is uncertain if stroke rates continue to remain high in the early months after TAVI. Furthermore, the optimal dose and duration of thromboprophylaxis is unclear. Patients who underwent TAVI were evaluated at baseline, at discharge, at 1 and 6 months, and yearly. Risk factors for CeV events, procedural details, and antithrombotic therapy were recorded. Outcomes assessed were CeV events and death. The timing of such events, predictors, and impact on survival were analyzed. A total of 253 patients were assessed. Median age was 85 years. The median Society of Thoracic Surgeons score was 8.1% (interquartile range [IQR]: 5.5% to 12.0%). Risk factors included smoking (47%), hypertension (70%), dyslipidemia (66%), and diabetes mellitus (25%). Twenty-three percent had known cerebrovascular disease and 39% had atrial fibrillation. Median follow-up was 455 days (IQR: 160 to 912 days) at which time 23 patients experienced a CeV event. The incidence was highest in the first 24 h but remained high for 2 months. In-hospital mortality rate after a CeV event was 21%. A prior history of CeV disease was an independent predictor of an event (hazard ratio: 4.23, 95% CI: 1.60 to 11.11, p = 0.004).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes a high-risk period for cerebrovascular events exist after transcatheter aortic valve implantation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo examine the relationship between physiological status at the emergency department-ward interface and emergency calls (medical emergency team or cardiac arrest team activation) during the first 72 hours of hospital admission. Ward adverse events are related to abnormal physiology in emergency department however the relationship between physiology at the emergency department-ward interface and ward adverse events is unknown. Descriptive and exploratory design. The study involved 1980 patients at three hospitals in Melbourne Australia: i) 660 randomly selected adults admitted via the emergency department to medical or surgical wards during 2012 and who had an emergency call; and ii) 1320 adults without emergency calls matched for gender, triage category, usual residence, admitting unit and age. The median age was 78 years and 48·8% were males. The median time to the first emergency call was 18·8 hours and ≥1 abnormal parameters were documented in 34·9% of patients during the last hour of ED care and 47·1% of patients during first hour of ward care. Emergency calls were significantly more common in patients with heart rate and conscious state abnormalities during the last hour of emergency care and abnormal oxygen saturation, heart rate or respiratory rate during the first hour of ward care. Medical emergency team afferent limb failure occurred in 55·3% patients with medical emergency team activation criteria during first hour of ward care.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes patient physiological status at the emergency department-ward interface and emergency call for clinical deterioration during early hospital admission?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMucolytics can improve disease outcome in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of erdosteine (ER), a mucolytic agent with antioxidant activity, on systemic inflammation, symptoms, recurrence of exacerbation, and time to first exacerbation postdischarge in hospitalized patients with AECOPD. Patients admitted to hospital with AECOPD were randomized to receive either ER 900 mg daily (n=20) or a matching control (n=20). Treatment was continued for 10 days until discharge. Patients also received standard treatment with steroids, nebulized bronchodilators, and antibiotics as appropriate. Serum C-reactive protein levels, lung function, and breathlessness-cough-sputum scale were measured on hospital admission and thereafter at days 10 and 30 posttreatment. Recurrence of AECOPD-requiring antibiotics and/or oral steroids and time to first exacerbation in the 2 months (days 30 and 60) postdischarge were also assessed. Mean serum C-reactive protein levels were lower in both groups at days 10 and 30, compared with those on admission, with significantly lower levels in the ER group at day 10. Improvements in symptom score and forced expiratory volume in 1 second were greater in the ER than the control group, which reached statistical significance on day 10. ER was associated with a 39% lower risk of exacerbations and a significant delay in time to first exacerbation (log-rank test P=0.009 and 0.075 at days 30 and 60, respectively) compared with controls.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes erdosteine reduce inflammation and time to first exacerbation postdischarge in hospitalized patients with AECOPD?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo provide a mathematical introduction to the Wichita (KS, USA) clinical dataset, which is all of the nongenetic data (no microarray or single nucleotide polymorphism data) from the 2-day clinical evaluation, and show the preliminary findings and limitations, of popular, matrix algebra-based data mining techniques. An initial matrix of 440 variables by 227 human subjects was reduced to 183 variables by 164 subjects. Variables were excluded that strongly correlated with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) case classification by design (for example, the multidimensional fatigue inventory [MFI] data), that were otherwise self reporting in nature and also tended to correlate strongly with CFS classification, or were sparse or nonvarying between case and control. Subjects were excluded if they did not clearly fall into well-defined CFS classifications, had comorbid depression with melancholic features, or other medical or psychiatric exclusions. The popular data mining techniques, principle components analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), were used to determine how well the data separated into groups. Two different feature selection methods helped identify the most discriminating parameters. Although purely biological features (variables) were found to separate CFS cases from controls, including many allostatic load and sleep-related variables, most parameters were not statistically significant individually. However, biological correlates of CFS, such as heart rate and heart rate variability, require further investigation.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes linear data mining the Wichita clinical matrix suggest sleep and allostatic load involvement in chronic fatigue syndrome?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAnnexin 1 (ANXA1) has analgesic effects in inflammatory pain. We aimed to investigate the anti-nociceptive role of ANXA1, at the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) level, through an interaction with formyl-peptide-receptor-like 1 (FPR2/ALX). Inflammatory pain was evoked by injecting complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA, 50 μl) into the hindpaw of male Sprague-Dawley rats. The distribution of ANXA1 and FPR2/ALX in L4/5 DRGs was evaluated by immunofluorescence. The expression of ANXA1 was measured by western blot. The involvement of FPR2/ALX in the anti-nociception of ANXA1 was investigated by thermal (irradiant heat) and mechanical (von Frey filament) pain tests with intrathecal (i.t.) ANXA1-derived peptide (Anxa1(2-26)), FPR2/ALX agonist 5(S)-6(R)-7-trihydroxyheptanoic-acid-methyl-ester (BML-111), and antagonist N-t-Boc-Phe-Leu-Phe-Leu-Phe (Boc1). ANXA1 and FPR2/ALX localized in the satellite glial cells and neurones in L4/5 DRGs. CFA treatment (n=20) increased ANXA1 expression in L4/5 DRGs within 7 days (P<0.01). I.T. Anxa1(2-26) (20 and 100 µg µl(-1)) and BML-111 (10 and 100 nmol) reduced CFA-induced thermal and mechanical nociception within 48 h (n=40) (P<0.05). However, i.t. Boc1 10 µg intensified inflammatory pain (P<0.05) and reversed the anti-nociceptive effect of Anxa1(2-26) (n=25) (P<0.05). Moreover, ANXA1 expression increased in L4/5 DRGs after i.t. Anxa1(2-26) (20 µg µl(-1)) (P<0.05) and BML-111 (10 nmol) (P<0.01) but decreased after i.t. Boc1 (10 and 100 µg) alone (P<0.01) or Boc1 (10 µg) co-injection with Anxa1(2-26) (20 µg µl(-1)) (P<0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes annexin 1 exert anti-nociceptive effects after peripheral inflammatory pain through formyl-peptide-receptor-like 1 in rat dorsal root ganglion?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPlasma level of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 is genetically determined by a polymorphism in the promoter region, involving two alleles, 4G and 5G. Plasma PAI-1 concentrations are higher in subjects homozygous for the 4G allele than other genotypes (5G/5G and 4G/5G). Such genetic variation in fibrinolytic system may affect the long-term renal transplant outcome. We determined PAI-1 4G/5G-promoter genotype polymorphism among our renal transplant recipients between 1985 and 2001. Primary event was defined as doubling of baseline serum-creatinine level. Over a median period of 79 months, 130 patients with 132 kidney grafts were assessed. Baseline clinical variables were comparable among three genotype groups. There was no association between primary event and PAI-1 genotype among the entire cohort. However, among subjects with prior acute rejection episodes, those homozygous for 4G had significantly higher risk of serum creatinine doubling than the other two genotypes (relative risk 2.45, 95% confidence interval 1.19-5.04). PAI-1 genotype does not predict primary events in patients without rejection (relative risk 0.57, 95% confidence interval 0.07-4.17).\n\nQuestion:\nIs plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 polymorphism associated with progressive renal dysfunction after acute rejection in renal transplant recipients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nObservation status, in contrast to inpatient status, is a billing designation for hospital payment. Observation-status stays are presumed to be shorter and less resource-intensive, but utilization for pediatric observation-status stays has not been studied. The goal of this study was to describe resource utilization characteristics for patients in observation and inpatient status in a national cohort of hospitalized children in the Pediatric Health Information System. This study was a retrospective cohort from 2010 of observation- and inpatient-status stays of ≤2 days; all children were admitted from the emergency department. Costs were analyzed and described. Comparison between costs adjusting for age, severity, and length of stay were conducted by using random-effect mixed models to account for clustering of patients within hospitals. Observation status was assigned to 67 230 (33.3%) discharges, but its use varied across hospitals (2%-45%). Observation-status stays had total median costs of $2559, including room costs and $678 excluding room costs. Twenty-five diagnoses accounted for 74% of stays in observation status, 4 of which were used for detailed analyses: asthma (n = 6352), viral gastroenteritis (n = 4043), bronchiolitis (n = 3537), and seizure (n = 3289). On average, after risk adjustment, observation-status stays cost $260 less than inpatient-status stays for these select 4 diagnoses. Large overlaps in costs were demonstrated for both types of stay.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes resource utilization for observation-status stay at children 's hospitals?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nUsing a cohort of incident hemodialysis (HD) patients, this study investigated the impact of lipid profiles on clinical outcomes, especially in the early period of dialysis. A prospective cohort of 867 incident HD patients was selected. In order to determine the impact of cholesterol level on primary outcome, Cox regression analyses were performed for LDL and non-HDL (NHDL) variables. Univariate analysis revealed an increase in primary outcome risk with an LDL cholesterol level of 100 mg/dl or higher compared to an LDL cholesterol level lower than 100 mg/dl. High LDL cholesterol remained a significant independent predictor of the composite outcome, even after adjusting for age, gender, diabetes mellitus, preexisting CV disease, albumin, and hs-CRP.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes lDL cholesterol affect clinical outcomes in incident hemodialysis patients during the early stages of dialysis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the relationship between microalbuminuria (MAU) and atrial fibrillation (AF) and to further evaluate whether the heart rate dependency of MAU in patients without AF is maintained in patients with a history of AF. The International Survey Evaluating Microalbuminuria Routinely by Cardiologists in patients with Hypertension (I-SEARCH) included 18,900 patients without and 1705 patients with a history of AF suffering from hypertension and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease in 26 countries worldwide from September 2005 to March 2006. Heart rate, blood pressure, urinary albumin excretion, and an estimated glomerular filtration rate were determined among other parameters. The prevalence of MAU was higher at higher heart rate in both patients with and without a history of AF. Prevalence of MAU was about 10% higher in patients with a history of AF (P < 0.001). Male gender, the presence of diabetes mellitus, a higher heart rate, and a higher diastolic blood pressure were independently associated with increased odds for MAU in patients without and with a history of AF.\n\nQuestion:\nDo atrial fibrillation and heart rate independently correlate to microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe will demonstrate that a surgical resident with proven accuracy in the diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) can teach other surgeons to diagnose HPS with reproducible accuracy. A surgical resident with proven sonographic accuracy in diagnosing HPS instructed 5 other surgical residents in the technique. Consecutive patients referred to pediatric surgery with a presumed clinical diagnosis of HPS were examined, and measurements of residents were compared with formal radiology studies. Each surgeon was proctored for 5 examinations before independent evaluation and was blinded to results from both radiologists and other residents. Results were evaluated using Student's t test; P less than .05 was considered significant. Seventy-one patients were evaluated by 5 surgical residents. Residents were diagnostically accurate in all cases. There was no statistically significant difference between pyloric muscle thickness or channel length measurements obtained by radiology and any of the residents.\n\nQuestion:\nIs surgeon-performed ultrasound for diagnosis of pyloric stenosis accurate , reproducible , and clinically valuable?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nInsulin receptors are ubiquitously found in the human brain, comprising the olfactory bulb, essential for odor processing, and the hippocampus, important for spatial memory processing. The present study aimed at examining if intranasal insulin, which is known to transiently increase brain insulin levels in humans, would improve odor-cued reactivation of spatial memory in young men. We applied a double-blind, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced within-subject design. The study was conducted at the research unit of a university hospital. Interventions/Participants/Main Outcome Measures: Following intranasal administration of either insulin (40 I.U.) or placebo, male subjects (n = 18) were exposed to eight odors. During each odor exposure, a green-colored field was presented on a 17-in. computer screen. During immediate recall (comprising 3 runs), the participants were re-exposed to each odor cue, and were asked to select the corresponding field (with visual feedback after each response). The delayed recall was scheduled ∼10 min later (without feedback). To test if insulin's putative effect on odor-place memory would be domain-specific, participants also performed a separate place and odor recognition task. Intranasal insulin improved the delayed but not immediate odor-cued recall of spatial memory. This effect was independent of odor type and in the absence of systemic side effects (eg, fasting plasma glucose levels remained unaltered). Place and odor recognition were unaffected by the insulin treatment.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes central insulin administration improve odor-cued reactivation of spatial memory in young men?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo evaluate the role of VEGF-dependent Claudin 5 production for the development of ascites via influencing endothelial permeability in peritoneal tissue of ovarian cancer patients. This study investigates the mechanisms of formation of ascites in ovarian cancer patients, performing RT-PCR, VEGF-ELISA and immunohistochemical dual staining for CD31 and Claudin 5. In addition, in order to analyze the connectivity of VEGF, Claudin 5, and endothelial permeability, an endothelial cell/ovarian cancer cell-co-culture-system was established and evaluated performing Western blot analysis and a permeability assay. Firstly, VEGF-gene expression was demonstrated for all ovarian cancer and peritoneal biopsies. In addition, quantification of VEGF in the serum and ascites of ovarian cancer patients revealed significantly increased values. We subsequently demonstrated Claudin 5 production in the peritoneal vessels, which was weaker than in the vessels of the controls. Evaluation of endothelial permeability finally showed a VEGF-dependent regulation via Claudin 5 suggesting a mechanism for the development of ascites in ovarian cancer patients.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes vEGF induce ascites in ovarian cancer patients via increasing peritoneal permeability by downregulation of Claudin 5?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the prognostic value of the overall karyotypic features and specific chromosome aberrations in colorectal cancer (CRC). Cytogenetic features of 150 primary CRCs investigated at the time of surgery were correlated with patient survival by univariate and multivariate analyses, using classical clinicopathologic parameters as covariates. In univariate analysis, in addition to tumor grade and clinical stage, structural aberrations as well as rearrangements of chromosomes 8 and 16 were significantly correlated with shorter overall survival. Karyotypic complexity, rearrangements of chromosomes 8 and 16, and loss of chromosome 4 were significantly correlated with shorter disease-free survival. In multivariate analysis, in addition to tumor grade, the type of chromosome aberrations (structural or numerical), ploidy, and loss of chromosome 18 came across as independent prognostic factors in the group of all patients. In the subset of patients with stage I and II carcinomas, none of the clinicopathologic variables could independently predict patient survival, whereas the presence of structural chromosomal aberrations was the only independent predictor of poor prognosis. In the subset of patients with stage III carcinomas, the presence of structural changes of chromosome 8 was a stronger independent predictor of prognosis than was tumor grade.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes tumor karyotype predict clinical outcome in colorectal cancer patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nExternal quality assessment (EQA) with commutable samples is essential for assessing the quality of assays performed by laboratories, particularly when the emphasis is on their standardization status and interchangeability of results. We used a panel of 20 fresh-frozen single-donation serum samples to assess assays for the measurement of creatinine, glucose, phosphate, uric acid, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. The commercial random access platforms included: Abbott Architect, Beckman Coulter AU, Ortho Vitros, Roche Cobas, Siemens Advia, and Thermo Scientific Konelab. The assessment was done at the peer group level and by comparison against the all-method trimmed mean or reference method values, where available. The considered quality indicators were intraassay imprecision, combined imprecision (including sample-matrix interference), bias, and total error. Fail/pass decisions were based on limits reflecting state-of-the-art performance, but also limits related to biological variation. Most assays showed excellent peer performance attributes, except for HDL- and LDL cholesterol. Cases in which individual assays had biases exceeding the used limits were the Siemens Advia creatinine (-4.2%), Ortho Vitros phosphate (8.9%), Beckman Coulter AU triglycerides (5.4%), and Thermo Scientific Konelab uric acid (6.4%), which lead to considerable interassay discrepancies. Additionally, large laboratory effects were observed that caused interlaboratory differences of >30%.\n\nQuestion:\nDo measurements for 8 common analytes in native sera identify inadequate standardization among 6 routine laboratory assays?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPatients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) independent of traditional risk factors. The aim of this study was to analyze the associations between diet, body composition, lipids and atheroprotective natural antibodies against phosphorylcholine (anti-PC) in patients with RA. A total of 80 RA patients (76% women), mean age (standard deviation (SD)) 61.4 (12) years and median disease duration of 6 years, were assessed by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), fatty acid profile in adipose tissue and whole-body dual energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA). Rheumatoid cachexia was defined as fat free mass index below the 25th percentile and fat mass index above the 50th percentile of a reference population. Blood lipids, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and anti-PC levels were determined. The mean body mass index for the women and men was 25.0 and 27.0, respectively. Central obesity was found in 57% of the women (waist circumference >80 cm) and in 89% of the men (waist circumference >94 cm). In all, 18% of the women and 26% of the men had rheumatoid cachexia. These patients had significantly higher total cholesterol (P < 0.033), LDL (P < 0.029), and trendwise oxLDL (P = 0.056) as well as lower anti-PC IgM (P = 0.040), higher frequency of hypertension (69%) and metabolic syndrome (25%) than those without. The patients reported a high dietary intake of saturated fat, which partly correlated with fatty acid composition in adipose tissue and significantly with disease activity. However, patients with or without cachexia did not differ with respect to dietary fat intake or intake of Mediterranean-like diet. Additionally, patients on a Mediterranean-like diet had high levels of anti-PC (P < 0.001).\n\nQuestion:\nIs rheumatoid cachexia associated with dyslipidemia and low levels of atheroprotective natural antibodies against phosphorylcholine but not with dietary fat in patients with rheumatoid arthritis : a cross-sectional study?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIschemic preconditioning (IP) has been used to reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury in several models. It remains unknown whether IP is sufficient to prevent deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) induced lung injury. Twenty-four piglets were randomly divided into four groups: routine CPB (CPB), CPB + DHCA (DHCA), CPB + IP + DHCA (IP-1) and CPB + hypoxia-ischemia preconditioning + DHCA (IP-2). Lung static compliance (Cstat) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were measured as indicators of lung function at three points during CPB. TNF-α, IL-8 and IL-10 expressions were detected by radioimmunoassay. CD18 expression was determined by flow cytometer. Some lung tissues were excised to measure the wet/dry weight ratio (W/D) and some were fixed to observe pathological changes. Cstat significantly decreased whereas PVR increased in DHCA group. IP prevented DHCA-induced lung functional impairment, especially IP-2 treatment. More cytokines were produced after CPB in all groups, but with varying level. Left atrium/pulmonary artery ratio of CD18 expression on monocytes decreased only in DHCA group, whereas which on polymorphonuclear neutrophils decreased in DHCA group, IP-1 group at 1h post-CPB and IP-2 group. Although lung W/D was increased in IP-2 group compared with pre-CPB, but significantly lower than that in DHCA group. Histological findings showed less lung injuries in IP groups than DHCA group.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes ischemic preconditioning reduce deep hypothermic circulatory arrest cardiopulmonary bypass induced lung injury?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe preS1 domain of the large envelope protein has been identified as an essential viral structure involved in hepatitis B virus (HBV) attachment. However, the cellular receptor(s) for HBV has not yet been identified. To identify a cell-surface receptor for HBV, which could elucidate the molecular mechanism of HBV infection. A novel yeast two-hybrid system was used to screen proteins interacting with the preS1 region of HBV. Their interaction was verified by yeast cotransformation, coimmunoprecipitation and mammalian two-hybrid assay, while their intracellular and tissue localization was analyzed by confocal microscopy and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) interacted specifically and directly with the preS1 domain of HBV in vivo and in vitro. The levels of expression of preS1 and ASGPR in the liver were similar and correlated with each other.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes asialoglycoprotein receptor interact with the preS1 domain of hepatitis B virus in vivo and in vitro?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nInfection with H. pylori is important in the etiology of gastric cancer. Gastric cancer is infrequent in Africa, despite high frequencies of H. pylori infection, referred to as the African enigma. Variation in environmental and host factors influencing gastric cancer risk between different populations have been reported but little is known about the biological differences between gastric cancers from different geographic locations. We aim to study genomic instability patterns of gastric cancers obtained from patients from United Kingdom (UK) and South Africa (SA), in an attempt to support the African enigma hypothesis at the biological level. DNA was isolated from 67 gastric adenocarcinomas, 33 UK patients, 9 Caucasian SA patients and 25 native SA patients. Microsatellite instability and chromosomal instability were analyzed by PCR and microarray comparative genomic hybridization, respectively. Data was analyzed by supervised univariate and multivariate analyses as well as unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis. Tumors from Caucasian and native SA patients showed significantly more microsatellite instable tumors (p < 0.05). For the microsatellite stable tumors, geographical origin of the patients correlated with cluster membership, derived from unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis (p = 0.001). Several chromosomal alterations showed significantly different frequencies in tumors from UK patients and native SA patients, but not between UK and Caucasian SA patients and between native and Caucasian SA patients.\n\nQuestion:\nDo gastric cancers of Western European and African patients show different patterns of genomic instability?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMany genes responsible for the bioactivation of endogenous estrogen to reactive quinonoid metabolites, including cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, 1A2, and 1B1, are well-known target genes of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The purpose of this research was to investigate the roles of TCDD-mediated altered gene expression in the induction of aldehydic DNA lesions (ADLs) by 17β-estradiol (E2) in human MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. We demonstrated that increases in the number of oxidant-mediated ADLs, including abasic sites and aldehydic base/sugar lesions, were detected in MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to E2. The DNA-damaging effects of E2 in MDA-MB-231 cells were prevented by pretreatment of cells with TCDD. In contrast, we did not observe statistically significant increases in the number of ADLs in MCF-7 cells exposed to E2. However, with TCDD pretreatment, an approximately twofold increase in the number of ADLs was detected in MCF-7 cells exposed to E2.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin modulate estradiol-induced aldehydic DNA lesions in human breast cancer cells through alteration of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPancreatic fistula (PF) is a common postoperative complication following distal pancreatectomy. The prolonged prefiring compression (PFC) technique to reduce PF has been described by Nakamura and colleagues in Japan. The present study assessed if this technique can be applied to the United Kingdom patient population in a tertiary referral center and replicate the low incidence of PF after the laparoscopic approach to distal pancreatectomy (Lap-DP). This is a retrospective study of all patients who underwent Lap-DP using the modified PFC technique by the senior author between June 2011 and July 2014. The modified PFC technique involved compression of the pancreatic parenchyma with an endo-stapler for a 3-minute period prior to firing and further 1-minute compression after firing prior to removal of the stapler, which is a small variant to the original technique of maintaining a 2-minute compression post firing. Twenty patients (15 females; median age, 66 [range, 25-77] years) underwent Lap-DP using the PFC technique during the study period. Six patients had splenic-preserving Lap-DP. Median operating time was 240 minutes (range, 150-420 minutes) with a median length of hospital stay of 6 days (range, 3-22 days). Six patients (30%) developed Type A (biochemically noted as high drain fluid amylase) PF, and none of the patients had Type B/C PF. In the splenic preservation group, 1 patient had complete splenic infarction requiring laparoscopic splenectomy on Day 3, and 1 patient had partial infarction requiring prolonged hospital stay for pain relief. One patient required prolonged respiratory support due to severe preexisting lung disease. Overall mortality was zero.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes laparoscopic Distal Pancreatectomy Using the Modified Prolonged Prefiring Compression Technique reduce Pancreatic Fistula?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A1 (ALDH1A1) is one of the promising markers for identifying cancer stem cells in many cancer types, along with other markers including CD44. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression and clinical significance of putative cancer stem cell markers, CD44 and ALDH1A1, in a series of urothelial carcinomas of urinary bladder (UCUB) by tissue microarray (TMA). A total of 159 Urothelial Carcinomas (UC) including 96 (60%) low grade and 63 (40%) high grade carcinomas were immunohistochemically examined for the expression of CD44 and ALDH1A1. Correlations of the relative expression of these markers with clinicopathological parameters were also assessed. High level expression of ALDH1A1 was found in 16% (25/159) of bladder UC which was significantly correlated with increased tumor size (p value=0.002), high grade (p value<0.001), pathologic stage (T1, p value=0.007 and T2, p value<0.001) and increased rate of recurrence (p value=0.013). A high level of CD44 expression was found in 43% (68/159) of cases, being positively correlated with histologic grade (p value=0.032) and recurrence (p value=0.039).\n\nQuestion:\nAre aLDH1 in combination with CD44 as putative cancer stem cell markers correlated with poor prognosis in urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nParenteral nutrition (PN) suppresses spontaneous food intake in rats by stimulating dopamine in lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), which is attenuated by vagotomy. Sensors for glucose and for some individual amino acids exist in hepatoportal areas sending signals via hepatic vagal afferents to LHA. Hypothesizing that the decrease in spontaneous food intake occurs because a PN amino acid solution is recognized by portal vein sensors, we measured afferent nerve discharges in hepatic vagus in response to PN. Hepatic vagus was divided in 11 rats, and an isolated nerve filament was placed on recording electrodes. Afferent firing rate was recorded before and after injecting during 1 minute a well-balanced crystalline amino acid mixture into either the portal or peripheral vein. Isotonic glucose was used as standard solution. A significant decrease in hepatic vagal afferent discharge rate was recorded after both intraportal and intravenous injection of the PN amino acid mixture. The mean discharge rate was inversely related to the concentration of the solution. Successive injections produced further decreases in discharge rate, and the effect was more sustained.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes parenteral nutrients in rat suppress hepatic vagal afferent signals from portal vein to hypothalamus?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe have previously described the antifibrotic role of the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC). The mode of action, however, remained elusive. In the present study, we describe a novel link between sGC signalling and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signalling that mediates the antifibrotic effects of the sGC. Human fibroblasts and murine sGC knockout fibroblasts were treated with the sGC stimulator BAY 41-2272 or the stable cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) analogue 8-Bromo-cGMP and stimulated with TGFβ. sGC knockout fibroblasts were isolated from sGCI(fl/fl) mice, and recombination was induced by Cre-adenovirus. In vivo, we studied the antifibrotic effects of BAY 41-2272 in mice overexpressing a constitutively active TGF-β1 receptor. sGC stimulation inhibited TGFβ-dependent fibroblast activation and collagen release. sGC knockout fibroblasts confirmed that the sGC is essential for the antifibrotic effects of BAY 41-2272. Furthermore, 8-Bromo-cGMP reduced TGFβ-dependent collagen release. While nuclear p-SMAD2 and 3 levels, SMAD reporter activity and transcription of classical TGFβ target genes remained unchanged, sGC stimulation blocked the phosphorylation of ERK. In vivo, sGC stimulation inhibited TGFβ-driven dermal fibrosis but did not change p-SMAD2 and 3 levels and TGFβ target gene expression, confirming that non-canonical TGFβ pathways mediate the antifibrotic sGC activity.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes stimulation of the soluble guanylate cyclase ( sGC ) inhibit fibrosis by blocking non-canonical TGFβ signalling?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe need for emergent colon surgery is a common cause of severe sepsis/septic shock and mortality among surgical patients. We wanted to benchmark our outcomes against those of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP). We hypothesized that having acute care surgeons to provide comprehensive perioperative care and rapid source control surgery would improve outcome. We queried the 2005 to 2007 NSQIP dataset and our prospective database for patients with severe sepsis/septic shock requiring emergency colon surgery. Demographics, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, sepsis source, and hospital mortality data were obtained for all patients. Both cohorts were similar with regard to age and sex. The overall mortality rate for patients in our dataset was 28.3% compared with 40.1% in the NSQIP dataset (P = .06). The average Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score for our patients was 31 ± 8.2 with a predicted mortality rate of 73% (P < .0001 when compared with actual mortality rate of 28.3%).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes availability of acute care surgeons improve outcomes in patients requiring emergent colon surgery?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nNO and NO synthases (NOS) play an important role in the physiology of the fetomaternal blood circulation, although their expression in pathological conditions is unclear. Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is a disorder most probably caused by abnormality of the fetomaternal bloodflow. The expression of endothelial NOS (ecNOS) from arteria umbilicalis and the nitrite and peroxynitrite level of umbilical blood were determined. Major consequences of peroxynitrite toxicity are lipid peroxidation and glutathione depletion; these parameters were also measured. Finally, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was assayed to evaluate the level of superoxide anions. Elevated expression of ecNOS was found to be coupled with significantly lower SOD activity and glutathione level, and increased lipid peroxidation in IUGR neonates.\n\nQuestion:\nIs endothelial nitric oxide synthase up-regulated in the umbilical cord in pregnancies complicated with intrauterine growth retardation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCarbohydrate (CHO) quantification is used to adjust pre-meal insulin in intensive insulin regimens. However, the precision in CHO quantification required to maintain postprandial glycaemic control is unknown. We determined the effect of a +/-10-g variation in CHO amount, with an individually calculated insulin dose for 60 g CHO, on postprandial glycaemic control. Thirty-one children and adolescents (age range 9.5-16.8 years), 17 using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and 14 using multiple daily injections (MDI), participated. Each subject consumed test lunches of equal macronutrient content, differing only in carbohydrate quantity (50, 60, 70 g CHO), in random order on three consecutive days. For each participant, the insulin dose was the same for each meal, based on their usual insulin : CHO ratio for 60 g CHO. Activity was standardized. Continuous glucose monitoring was used. The CSII and MDI subjects demonstrated no difference in postprandial blood glucose levels (BGLs) for comparable carbohydrate loads (P > 0.05). The 10-g variations in CHO quantity resulted in no differences in BGLs or area under the glucose curves for 2.5 h (P > 0.05). Hypoglycaemic episodes were not significantly different (P = 0.32). The 70-g meal produced higher glucose excursions after 2.5 h, with a maximum difference of 1.9 mmol/l at 3 h (P = 0.01), but the BGLs remained within international postprandial targets.\n\nQuestion:\nDo children and adolescents on intensive insulin therapy maintain postprandial glycaemic control without precise carbohydrate counting?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSurgery to monitor and resect epileptogenic foci may be undertaken in 2 stages, providing an opportunity to use skull-fixated fiducials implanted during the first stage to improve the accuracy of cortical resection during the second stage. This study compared the intrinsic accuracy of skin-based and skull-fixated fiducial markers in registering frameless stereotaxy during pediatric epilepsy surgery. To the authors' knowledge, these modalities of registration have not previously been directly compared in this population. The authors undertook a retrospective review of pediatric patients who underwent resection of epileptogenic foci in 2 stages with frameless stereotactic assistance, performed by a single surgeon at Oregon Health & Science University. For the first stage (subdural grid implantation), 9 skin fiducial markers were used to register anatomical data in a frameless stereotactic station. Intraoperatively, four 3-mm screws were placed circumferentially around the craniotomy. Postoperatively, thin-slice brain MR and CT images were obtained and fused. For the second stage, the 4 screws were used as fiducial markers to register the stereotactic anatomical data. For both stages, accuracy (difference in millimeters from zero of the manual fiducial registration compared with the computer model) was determined using navigation software. The intrinsic accuracy of these 2 methods of fiducial registration was compared using a paired Student t-test. Between 2004 and 2009, 40 pediatric patients with epilepsy underwent frameless stereotactic surgical procedures. Fourteen patients who had 2-stage procedures using skin-based and skull-fixated registration with complete accuracy data were included in this retrospective review. Mean registration error was significantly lower using skull-fixated fiducials (1.35 mm, 95% CI 1.09-1.60 mm) than using skin-based fiducials (1.85 mm, 95% CI 1.56-2.13 mm; p = 0.0016).\n\nQuestion:\nDo skull-fixated fiducial markers improve accuracy in staged frameless stereotactic epilepsy surgery in children?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nOxygen minimum zones (OMZs) are expanding in the World Ocean as a result of climate change and direct anthropogenic influence. OMZ expansion greatly affects biogeochemical processes and marine life, especially by constraining the vertical habitat of most marine organisms. Currently, monitoring the variability of the upper limit of the OMZs relies on time intensive sampling protocols, causing poor spatial resolution. Using routine underwater acoustic observations of the vertical distribution of marine organisms, we propose a new method that allows determination of the upper limit of the OMZ with a high precision. Applied in the eastern South-Pacific, this original sampling technique provides high-resolution information on the depth of the upper OMZ allowing documentation of mesoscale and submesoscale features (e.g., eddies and filaments) that structure the upper ocean and the marine ecosystems. We also use this information to estimate the habitable volume for the world's most exploited fish, the Peruvian anchovy (Engraulis ringens).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes acoustic observation of living organisms reveal the upper limit of the oxygen minimum zone?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe objective of this study was to examine the effects of partner interactions on ambulatory blood pressure in a sample of 120 healthy adults who were monitored over a 6-day period. After each blood pressure measurement, participants rated characteristics of ongoing social interactions, along with emotional activation, physical activity, talking, posture, and other covariates, with computer-assisted self-report assessments. Using multilevel modeling, we showed that blood pressure was significantly lower during social interactions with one's partner relative to social interactions with any other person and relative to periods of not interacting. Interactions with partners also were characterized by significantly less talking and emotional activation and more intimacy and perceived emotional support; however, these differences did not mediate the partner effect on blood pressure. In addition, the relative benefits of interacting with a partner were not moderated by relationship quality, gender, or race.\n\nQuestion:\nAre partner interactions associated with reduced blood pressure in the natural environment : ambulatory monitoring evidence from a healthy , multiethnic adult sample?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHuman exposures to inorganic arsenic (iAs) have been linked to an increased risk of diabetes mellitus. Recent laboratory studies showed that methylated trivalent metabolites of iAs may play key roles in the diabetogenic effects of iAs. Our study examined associations between chronic exposure to iAs in drinking water, metabolism of iAs, and prevalence of diabetes in arsenicosis-endemic areas of Mexico. We used fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting plasma insulin (FPI), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) to characterize diabetic individuals. Arsenic levels in drinking water and urine were determined to estimate exposure to iAs. Urinary concentrations of iAs and its trivalent and pentavalent methylated metabolites were measured to assess iAs metabolism. Associations between diabetes and iAs exposure or urinary metabolites of iAs were estimated by logistic regression with adjustment for age, sex, hypertension and obesity. The prevalence of diabetes was positively associated with iAs in drinking water (OR 1.13 per 10 ppb, p < 0.01) and with the concentration of dimethylarsinite (DMAsIII) in urine (OR 1.24 per inter-quartile range, p = 0.05). Notably, FPI and HOMA-IR were negatively associated with iAs exposure (β -2.08 and -1.64, respectively, p < 0.01), suggesting that the mechanisms of iAs-induced diabetes differ from those underlying type-2 diabetes, which is typically characterized by insulin resistance.\n\nQuestion:\nIs exposure to arsenic in drinking water associated with increased prevalence of diabetes : a cross-sectional study in the Zimapán and Lagunera regions in Mexico?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe Belgian legislation imposes single embryo transfer (SET) on women of <36 years in their first treatment cycle to avoid multiple pregnancies. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of this legislation on the outcome of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) for inherited diseases in young women undergoing SET. A retrospective analysis of PGD cycles for monogenic disorders and translocations in women <36 years on their first treatment cycle. Two groups of patients were defined according to the implementation of the Belgian legislation: (i) double embryo transfer (DET), January 2001-June 2003 (ii) SET, July 2003-June 2005. The primary and secondary outcome measures were delivery per embryo transfer and multiple pregnancy rates, respectively. A subgroup analysis for monogenic disorders and translocations was performed. 62 cycles were included in the DET group and 73 cycles in the SET group. The mean age, number of cumulus-oocyte complexes, number of fertilized oocytes, number of biopsied and cryopreserved embryos were comparable between both groups. There was no significant difference in the delivery rates between the DET and the SET groups (33.9% versus 27.4%, respectively). Multiple pregnancies were avoided when SET was performed. When monogenic disorders and chromosomal translocations were separately evaluated, no significant difference in the delivery rate after SET was observed.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes single embryo transfer in preimplantation genetic diagnosis cycles for women < 36 years reduce delivery rate?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIt is difficult to predict acute thrombotic cardiovascular events in the clinic. Few studies have reported the presence of plasma exosomes containing microRNAs (miRNAs) in cardiovascular events. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the levels of miR-223, miR-339 and miR-21 in plasma exosomes before thrombosis in mouse models of carotid tandem stenosis, as well as the mechanisms underlying the origin and function of these exosomal miRNAs. Plasma samples were collected from the carotid tandem stenosis and sham control groups of our successfully developed atherothrombosis mouse models before thrombosis. Platelets from healthy volunteers and mice were purified to obtain thrombin stimulated platelet-derived exosomes. Exosomes were isolated via differential ultracentrifugation, and western blotting and transmission electron microscopy were used for their identification. The total RNA was extracted, and quantitative real-time PCR was performed to determine the expression levels of miR-223, miR-339 and miR-21. DAVID Tools were used to analyze the pathways that were enriched among the miRNA target genes. Immuno-fluorescence staining was performed to identify the protein expression levels of platelet-derived exosome target genes in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in vitro and in vivo. The levels of miR-223, miR-339 and miR-21, which are associated with platelet activation, were elevated in pooled mouse plasma exosomes before thrombosis and enriched in thrombin-stimulated platelet-derived exosomes in vitro. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (PDGFRβ) was a target of these miRNAs, and PDGFRβ expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) was inhibited following incubation with platelet-derived exosomes. Platelet-derived exosomes could also inhibit PDGF-stimulated SMC proliferation. Furthermore, a decrease in PDGFRβ expression was observed in vascular SMCs around thrombotic areas in vivo.\n\nQuestion:\nDo thrombin Stimulated Platelet-Derived Exosomes Inhibit Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor-Beta Expression in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe endothelial cell-specific form of nitric oxide synthases (ecNOS) may play an important role in vascular development, maintenance of vascular tone, and tumor growth in human prostate cancer. Estrogens have been shown to upregulate ecNOS expression in different human cell culture systems. Estrone sulfate (E1S) is the most abundant circulating estrogen, and may serve as a prehormone for the terminal biologically active estrogen estradiol-17beta (E2) in men. The effects of E1S and E2 on mRNA expression of ecNOS were studied in the androgen-sensitive LNCaP-FGC cell line and its androgen-resistant derivative, LNCaP-r. The cells were grown in steroid-depleted medium and incubated for 2-4 or 48 hr with 0-100 nM of E1S and E2, respectively. ecNOS mRNA levels were determined using RT-PCR and are expressed as arbitrary units after correction for control HGPRT gene mRNA levels. Treatment for 48 hr with 10 and 100 nM E1S significantly (P<0.05) increased ecNOS mRNA levels in LNCaP-FGC cells. Significantly higher (P<0.05) ecNOS mRNA levels also were found in LNCaP-FGC cells treated with E2 for 2-4 hr, irrespective of E2 concentration. The level of ecNOS mRNA was significantly lower (P<0.05) in untreated LNCaP-r than in LNCaP-FGC. LNCaP-r cells incubated with 100 nM E2 for 48 hr had a significantly higher (P<0.05) level of ecNOS mRNA than control LNCaP-r cells.\n\nQuestion:\nDo estrogens increase the endothelial nitric oxide synthase ( ecNOS ) mRNA level in LNCaP human prostate carcinoma cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSoy-protein consumption is known to reduce plasma total and LDL cholesterol concentrations. However, the responsible soy component or components and the magnitude of effects in normocholesterolemic and mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects are unclear. The present study examined the effects of soy isoflavone consumption on plasma concentrations of triacylglycerol, apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, apo B, lipoprotein(a), and total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol and on LDL peak particle diameter in normocholesterolemic and mildly hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women. In a randomized crossover trial, fasting plasma samples were obtained from 18 postmenopausal women throughout three 93-d periods of daily isolated soy protein (ISP) consumption providing an average of 7.1 +/- 1.1 (control), 65 +/- 11 (low isoflavone), or 132 +/- 22 (high isoflavone) mg isoflavones/d. Compared with values measured during the control diet, the plasma LDL cholesterol concentration was 6.5% lower (P < 0.02) during the high-isoflavone diet and the ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol was 8.5% and 7.7% lower during the low- and high-isoflavone diets, respectively (P < 0.02). Isoflavone consumption did not significantly affect plasma concentrations of total or HDL cholesterol, triacylglycerol, apo A-I, apo B, or lipoprotein(a) or the LDL peak particle diameter.\n\nQuestion:\nDo soy isoflavones improve plasma lipids in normocholesterolemic and mildly hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nImpaired response to antiplatelet therapy with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and clopidogrel (CLO) has been associated with an increased risk of stent thrombosis and ischemic events after coronary stent implantation. We sought to investigate whether patients with a low response (LR) to ASA or CLO are at increased risk for periprocedural and short-term ischemic events after coronary stent implantation. A total of 219 patients pretreated with ASA and CLO underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation. Whole blood impedance platelet aggregometry was performed with the Multiplate analyzer (Dynabyte, Munich, Germany) to test the response to ASA (ASPI test) and CLO (ADP test) within 12 to 18 hours after PCI. Patients were classified as ASA-LR, CLO-LR, dual LR, and controls. Study end points included myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, and death assessed during the periprocedural period and at 30 days. Acetylsalicylic acid-LR was present in 34 (16%), CLO-LR in 33 (15%), and dual LR in 19 (9%) patients. Percutaneous coronary intervention-related myocardial infarction was encountered in 19 (9%) patients, with the highest incidence in dual-LR group (26.3%, P = .039). Composite ischemic events at 30 days were significantly more frequent in the dual-LR group than in other groups (36.8% vs 8.8% ASA-LR vs 6.1% CLO-LR vs 6.8% controls, P < .001). In multivariable analysis, dual LR (odds ratio 7.35, 95% CI 2.21-24.42, P < .001) and multivessel PCI (odds ratio 4.56, 95% CI 1.33-15.62, P = .016) were independently associated with ischemic events at 30 days.\n\nQuestion:\nIs dual low response to acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel associated with myonecrosis and stent thrombosis after coronary stent implantation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo examine the variables relative to the response of oxybutynin treatment in children with daytime urinary incontinence. The records of patients seen for voiding problems between 1999 and 2003 were reviewed. Patients taking oxybutynin for 3 months or longer were included in the study. Patients with structural or neurologic bladder abnormalities and those taking oxybutynin at the initial visit were excluded. Age, sex, uroflowmetry findings, postvoid residual urine volume, duration and severity of symptoms before oxybutynin, urinary tract infection history, constipation, and the duration, dosage, and adverse effects of oxybutynin treatment were evaluated. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test for categorical variables, the two-sample t test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous and ordinal variables, and the linear mixed model analysis for uroflow data. Eighty-one patients met the inclusion criteria. After an average follow-up of 1.2 years, 31 (38.3%) were dry, 25 (30.9%) had experienced significant improvement, 19 (23.5%) had experienced slight improvement, and 6 (7.4%) were unchanged. No significant differences were detected between those who became dry and those with little to no improvement with respect to age, sex, duration of symptoms, follow-up, uroflow pattern, postvoid residual urine volume, or bladder capacity. Those children presenting with decreased frequency of wetting episodes were significantly more likely to obtain daytime continence. The most common side effects were constipation (18.5%), dry mouth (17.3%), and flushing (13.6%).\n\nQuestion:\nIs frequency of wetting predictive of response to anticholinergic treatment in children with overactive bladder?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nErythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is an inherited disease characterised by a ferrochelatase (FECH) deficiency, the latest enzyme of the heme biosynthetic pathway, leading to the accumulation of toxic protoporphyrin in the liver, bone marrow and spleen. We have previously shown that a successful gene therapy of a murine model of the disease was possible with lentiviral vectors even in the absence of preselection of corrected cells, but lethal irradiation of the recipient was necessary to obtain an efficient bone marrow engraftment. To overcome a preconditioning regimen, a selective growth advantage has to be conferred to the corrected cells. We have developed a novel bicistronic lentiviral vector that contains the human alkylating drug resistance mutant O(6)-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT G156A) and FECH cDNAs. We tested their capacity to protect hematopoietic cell lines efficiently from alkylating drug toxicity and correct enzymatic deficiency. EPP lymphoblastoid (LB) cell lines, K562 and cord-blood-derived CD34(+) cells were transduced at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI) with the bicistronic constructs. Resistance to O(6)-benzylguanine (BG)/N,N'-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea (BCNU) was clearly shown in transduced cells, leading to the survival and expansion of provirus-containing cells. Corrected EPP LB cells were selectively amplified, leading to complete restoration of enzymatic activity and the absence of protoporphyrin accumulation.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes a bicistronic SIN-lentiviral vector containing G156A MGMT allow selection and metabolic correction of hematopoietic protoporphyric cell lines?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with HBsAg efficiently reverse the immune tolerance to hepatitis B virus (HBV) and induce HBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in transgenic mice and healthy volunteers. However, it is not clear whether HBV core antigen (HBcAg)-pulsed DCs can effectively induce CD4(+) helper T cells polarization into Th1, which contribute to the induction and maintenance of HBV-specific CD8(+) T cells in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. To address this issue, we conducted this study and investigated whether HBcAg-pulsed DCs could polarize Th1 cells and induce an HBcAg-specific CTL response. HBcAg-pulsed DCs were generated from 21 CHB patients. The capacity of the HBcAg-pulsed DC vaccine to stimulate CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells to produce IFN-gamma and IL-4 was estimated by intercellular cytokine staining, and the HBcAg-pulsed DCs derived from 10 humam leucocyte antigen (HLA)-A2(+) CHB patients were tested for the induction of HBV-specific CTLs from autologous T cells by pentamer staining. The cytotoxicity of these CTLs was evaluated in vitro by flow cytometry. The HBcAg-pulsed DCs derived from CHB patients exhibited a stronger capacity to stimulate autologous CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells to release IFN-gamma rather than IL-4, which could induce HBV core 18-27 specific CTLs, suggesting a specific cytotoxicity against T2 cells that had been loaded with the HBV core 18-27 peptide in vitro.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes hBcAg-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine induce Th1 polarization and production of hepatitis B virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nBone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2, encoded by BMP2) and Indian hedgehog protein (IHH, encoded by IHH) are well known regulators of chondrogenesis and chondrogenic hypertrophy. Despite being a potent chondrogenic factor BMP-2 was observed to induce chondrocyte hypertrophy in osteoarthritis (OA), growth plate cartilage and adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). IHH might induce chondrogenic differentiation through different intracellular signalling pathways without inducing subsequent chondrocyte hypertrophy. The primary objective of this study is to test the efficacy of direct BMP2 and IHH gene delivery via bone marrow coagulates to influence histological repair cartilage quality in vivo. Vector-laden autologous bone marrow coagulates with 10(11) adenoviral vector particles encoding BMP2, IHH or the Green fluorescent protein (GFP) were delivered to 3.2 mm osteochondral defects in the trochlea of rabbit knees. After 13 weeks the histological repair cartilage quality was assessed using the ICRS II scoring system and the type II collagen positive area. IHH treatment resulted in superior histological repair cartilage quality than GFP controls in all of the assessed parameters (with P < 0.05 in five of 14 assessed parameters). Results of BMP2 treatment varied substantially, including severe intralesional bone formation in two of six joints after 13 weeks.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes direct bone morphogenetic protein 2 and Indian hedgehog gene transfer for articular cartilage repair using bone marrow coagulate?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe aim of this study was to assess if there is a relationship between the outcome of laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) procedures and the size of the spleen, the learning curve, or the method of specimen retrieval. Between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2013, 70 LS procedures were performed at our department. Based on the weight of the removed spleen, patients were divided into three groups: Group 1, <350 g (n=32); Group 2, 350-1000 g (n=15); and Group 3, >1000 g (n=7). The role of the learning curve was also analyzed with the first 20 surgeries considered as the learning period. The specimen was retrieved with morcellation through the lateral port site in 54 cases, whereas in 11 cases, the large spleen was retrieved through a Pfannenstiel incision. The mean duration of surgery was 122 minutes. When considered by spleen weight, durations for Groups 1-3 were 117, 128, and 134 minutes, respectively. When considered by the learning curve, durations for learning and later periods were 149 and 111 minutes, respectively (P=.002). After the learning period, larger spleens were removed (208 versus 519 g; P=.02), and there were fewer conversions. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 5.1 days. In the 11 cases where the specimen was retrieved through a Pfannenstiel incision, the mean duration of surgery was 108 minutes, and the mean spleen weight was 1032 g.\n\nQuestion:\nIs laparoscopic splenectomy a safe method in cases of extremely large spleens?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPediatric trauma uses a substantial amount of resources. Quick and cost-effective measures that can be used to identify children with clinically relevant injuries are essential to resource allocation and optimization of patient care. Admission hematocrit is rapid and inexpensive, causes minimal harm, and can potentially aid in critical decision making. We hypothesize that admission hematocrit predicts the need for transfusion in pediatric blunt trauma patients. Records of trauma patients age 0 year to 17 years (2005-2013) who presented to a pediatric Level 1 trauma center were retrospectively reviewed. Data collected include demographics, computed tomographic scan findings, need for an intervention secondary to bleeding (blood transfusion, angioembolization, or operation), and admission hematocrit. We found a significant decrease in admission hematocrit between patients requiring a transfusion and patients who did not (27% vs. 36%, p < 0.01). We evaluated a subset of patients who had an abdominal computed tomographic scan and found a significant decrease in admission hemocrit between those who required a transfusion for an intra-abdominal injury and those who did not (29% vs 37%, p < 0.01). In this subset, serial hematocrit values remained significantly lower in the patients requiring a transfusion up to 67 hours after admission (p = 0.04). A cutoff admission hematocrit of 35% or less has a sensitivity of 94% and a negative predictive value of 99.9% in identifying children who need a transfusion after blunt trauma.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes admission hematocrit predict the need for transfusion secondary to hemorrhage in pediatric blunt trauma patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nNitric oxide (NO) mechanisms have been shown to modulate fasting small intestinal motility in humans, but a role in the regulation of human postprandial small intestinal motility has not been assessed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the NO synthase inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) on the regulation of small intestinal nutrient transit and postprandial small intestinal motility in healthy humans. Seven healthy male volunteers (18-27 years) underwent antroduodenal manometry recordings for 4 h on 2 occasions after intraduodenal instillation of a 500 KJ [120 Kcal] test meal. The meal was administered 15 min after the commencement of a 60-min intravenous infusion of L-NMMA (4 mg kg-1 h-1) or saline (0.9%). Studies were separated, performed in randomized order and >3 days apart. The frequency and amplitude of duodenal pressure waves together with time to return of fasting motility (phase III) was determined. On each day, small intestinal transit was measured using a lactulose breath test. The test meal interrupted fasting small intestinal motility in all subjects. The time to recurrence of fasting motility following its postprandial disruption was similar (L-NMMA versus saline 1.6+/-0.2 h versus 1.9+/-0.1 h; p>0.05). Duodenocaecal transit was delayed by infusion of L-NMMA compared with saline (L-NMMA versus saline 92.1+/-3.9 min versus 66.4+/-6.4 min; p<0.005). Infusion of L-NMMA significantly increased the frequency (L-NMMA versus saline 50.4+/-6.6 versus 34.8+/-5.5 waves per 30 min; p<0.05) and amplitude (L-NMMA versus saline 20.4+/-1.5 versus 15.5+/-1.1 mmHg; p<0.01) of duodenal pressure waves.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes endogenous nitric oxide modulate small intestinal nutrient transit and activity in healthy adult humans?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMen and women differ in body fat distribution and adipose tissue metabolism as well as in obesity comorbidities and their response to obesity treatment. The objective of the study was a search for sex differences in adipose tissue function. This was an exploratory study performed at a university hospital. Resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition, and sc adipose tissue genome-wide expression were measured in the SOS Sib Pair study (n = 732). The relative contribution of fat mass to RMR and the metabolic rate per kilogram adipose tissue was higher in women than in men (P value for sex by fat mass interaction = .0019). Women had increased expression of genes involved in mitochondrial function, here referred to as a mitochondrial gene signature. Analysis of liver, muscle, and blood showed that the pronounced mitochondrial gene signature in women was specific for adipose tissue. Brown adipocytes are dense in mitochondria, and the expression of the brown adipocyte marker uncoupling protein 1 was 5-fold higher in women compared with men in the SOS Sib Pair Study (P = 7.43 × 10(-7)), and this was confirmed in a cross-sectional, population-based study (n = 83, 6-fold higher in women, P = .00256).\n\nQuestion:\nAre adipose tissue resting energy expenditure and expression of genes involved in mitochondrial function higher in women than in men?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo evaluate the effects of oral anticholinergic (OAC) drugs on tear secretion in women with overactive bladder over a 3-month follow-up period. In this prospective study, 108 women with a diagnosis of overactive bladder were evaluated. All patients were examined ophthalmologically at baseline (day 0), and after 1 month (day 30) and 3 months (day 90) of OAC treatment. Tear film break-up time (BUT) and Schirmer 1 test results were recorded. The subjective complaints of the patients including dry mouth, and burning, dryness and foreign body sensation in the eyes, were also recorded. The chi-squared test or the paired sample t test as appropriate, was used for statistical analysis. The mean age of the patients was 51.8 ± 9.2 years (30 - 69 years). The most frequent subjective complaints were dry mouth and dry eyes and both complaints were significant on both day 30 and day 90. Both tear film BUT and Schirmer 1 test results were significantly lower on day 30 and day 90. Dry eye measurement values worsened with prolongation of OAC treatment (p = 0.037 and p = 0.012 for BUT, and p = 0.046 and p = 0.035 for Schirmer 1 test, on day 30 and day 90, respectively).\n\nQuestion:\nDo dry eye findings worsen with anticholinergic therapy in patients with urge incontinence?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPatients with end-stage renal disease are required to limit fluid and salt intake. We examined illness representations [common-sense model (CSM)] among a sample of hemodialysis (HD) patients, investigating whether fluid-adherent patients held illness representations different from those of nonadherent patients. We also explored the utility of illness perceptions in predicting fluid nonadherence after controlling for clinical parameters, including residual renal function (KRU). Illness perceptions were assessed [Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R)] in 99 HD patients. Clinical parameters were collected and averaged over a 3-month period prior to and including the month of IPQ-R assessment. Depression scores, functional status, and comorbidity were also collected. Fluid nonadherence was defined using interdialytic weight gain (IDWG) and dry weight (ideal weight). Patients in the upper quartile of percent weight gain were defined as nonadherent (IDWG> or =3.21% dry weight). Nonadherent patients had timeline perceptions significantly lower than those of adherent patients. Logistic regression models were computed in order to identify predictors of fluid nonadherence. After several demographic and clinical variables, including age, gender, and KRU, had been controlled for, lower consequence perceptions predicted nonadherence.\n\nQuestion:\nAre illness representations associated with fluid nonadherence among hemodialysis patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the associations between glucose metabolism, left ventricular (LV) contractile reserve, and exercise capacity in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HF). From an outpatient HF clinic, 161 patients with systolic HF were included (mean age 70 ± 10 years, 69% male, 59% had ischaemic heart disease, mean LV ejection fraction (LVEF) 37 ± 9%). Thirty-four (21%) patients had known diabetes mellitus (DM). Oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) classified patients without a prior DM diagnosis as normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired glucose tolerance or new DM. All patients completed low-dose dobutamine echocardiography (LDDE) and 154 patients a 6-min walking distance test (6MWD). Compared with patients with NGT, patients with known DM had lower resting LVEF (33.4 vs. 39.1%, P < 0.05) and higher E/e' (13.9 vs. 11.4, P < 0.05). During LDDE, an increase in LVEF could be observed in all glycemic groups (mean 8.2% absolute increase), but the contractile reserve was lower in patients with known DM (-5.4%, P = 0.001) and new DM (-3.5%, P = 0.035) compared to patients with NGT. 6MWD was lower in known DM (349 m) and new DM (379 m) compared with NGT (467 m) (P < 0.001). Differences in clinical variables, resting echocardiographic parameters or contractile reserve, did not explain the exercise intolerance related to diabetes.\n\nQuestion:\nIs abnormal glucose metabolism associated with reduced left ventricular contractile reserve and exercise intolerance in patients with chronic heart failure?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPromoter hypermethylation and reduced expression of many genes have been found in gastric cancer. DNA methyltransferases are enzymes potentially affecting promoter hypermethylation. We analyzed proteins expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 and 3b by immunohistochemistry in 47 surgically resected gastric cancer samples for which clinicopathological characteristics, patient's outcome and methylation status of 11 selected tumor-related genes have been determined. Promoter methylation status of genes was assessed by methylation specific PCR. We found that DNMT1 and 3b were up-regulated in gastric cancer and were detected in 51.1% and 57.4% of cases, respectively. Co-expression of DNMT1 and 3b was detected in 44.7%. Correlations analysis have showed that DNMT1 overexpression was significantly correlated with gastric cancer of intestinal histological type (P=0.01) and with gender of patient (P=0.01). However, there was no correlation between DNMT1 and DNMT3b overexpression in cancer and patients outcome. Moreover, there were no clear relations between the proteins expression of DNMT1 and 3b and DNA methylation status of genes. But co-expression of DNMT1 and DNMT3b was significantly associated with promoter hypermethylation of RAR-β2 (P=0.04).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes increased DNA methyltransferase 1 protein expression correlate significantly with intestinal histological type and gender in gastric carcinomas?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe HeartMate II (Thoratec Corp, Pleasanton, Calif) continuous-flow left ventricular assist device has emerged as the standard of care for patients with advanced heart failure. The objective of this study was to assess the safety and early effectiveness of concomitant tricuspid valve procedures in patients undergoing implantation of a HeartMate II device. From February 2007 to April 2010, 83 patients underwent HeartMate II left ventricular assist device implantation. Of these, 37 patients had concomitant tricuspid valve procedures (32 repairs, 5 replacements) for severe tricuspid regurgitation. The effects of a tricuspid valve procedure on tricuspid regurgitation and right ventricular remodeling were assessed comparing echocardiographic findings at baseline and 30 days after left ventricular assist device implantation. Overall survival was also compared. Patients undergoing a concomitant tricuspid valve procedure had more tricuspid regurgitation (vena contracta, 5.6 ± 2.1 mm vs 2.9 ± 2.0 mm; P < .001), worse right ventricular dysfunction (right ventricular end-diastolic area, 33.6 ± 6.2 mm vs 31.6 ± 8.5 mm; P = .05), higher mean right atrial pressure (17.4 ± 7.1 mm Hg vs 14.9 ± 5.1 mm Hg; P = .03), and a higher Kormos score (2.6 ± 2.1 vs 1.2 ± 1.4; P = .0008) preoperatively. One month after surgery, tricuspid regurgitation was worse in patients who underwent left ventricular assist device implantation alone (+18.6%), whereas it improved significantly in patients undergoing a concomitant tricuspid valve procedure (-50.2%) (P = .005). A corresponding significant reduction in right ventricular end-diastolic area (33.6% ± 6.2% vs 30.1% ± 9.7%; P = .03) and a trend toward better right ventricular function (55.5% ± 79.7% vs 35.7% ± 60.5%; P = .28) were noted in patients undergoing a concomitant tricuspid valve procedure. Survival was comparable between the 2 groups.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes surgical treatment of tricuspid valve insufficiency promote early reverse remodeling in patients with axial-flow left ventricular assist devices?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMethylxanthines, like caffeine, have been thought to reverse the antiinflammatory effects of methotrexate (MTX) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We investigated whether patients with RA taking MTX with a higher dietary caffeine intake have a worse clinical response to MTX than those with a lower intake. Patients with RA enrolled in a prospective cohort study and currently taking MTX were divided equally into low, moderate, and high caffeine consumers. MTX clinical response was defined by the Disease Activity Score (DAS)28, Multidimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire (MDHAQ) score, and duration of morning stiffness. Regression models were used to study the relationship between caffeine intake and MTX response adjusting for age, sex, and other relevant variables at study enrollment. Two hundred and sixty-four patients with RA taking MTX had an average caffeine intake of 211.7 mg and average MTX dose of 16.0 mg/wk. The low caffeine group comprised 87 patients, the moderate 86, and the high 91. In 3 multivariate models, there was no statistical difference in MTX efficacy between groups, as measured by DAS28 score, MDHAQ score, and duration of morning stiffness at study enrollment. Moderate and high caffeine group had higher DAS28 scores, physician's global assessment, and swollen joint counts, but differences were not significant.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes dietary caffeine intake affect methotrexate efficacy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe effects of oral contraceptive use on chlamydial infections and ensuing PID are not well understood. In this study, the effects of oral contraceptives on the clinical course of acute chlamydial salpingitis were investigated. Monkeys (n = 4) in which salpingeal auto-transplants had been established were given oral contraceptive pills consisting of a combination of estrogen and progesterone (Norlestrin 1/50, Parke-Davis, Ann Arbor, MI). After one complete cycle of hormone treatment, monkeys were inoculated with C. trachomatis serovar E in the subcutaneous salpingeal pockets while under continuous hormone treatment. Inoculated pockets were biopsied serially for isolation of organisms and histopathological evaluation. Two monkeys not given oral contraceptives were studied in parallel. The duration of infection as evidenced by recovery of organisms was not appreciably different between the treated and untreated monkeys. Chlamydia could be recovered from pocket tissues through day 10 post-infection in control and treated animals, and on day 14 post-infection in one of two control animals. Thereafter all isolation became negative. The inflammatory infiltrate consisted primarily of mononuclear cells (50-100 cells per 40 x field).\n\nQuestion:\nDo oral contraceptives alter the course of experimentally induced chlamydial salpingitis in monkeys?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDrop drying is a key factor in a wide range of technical applications, including spotted microarrays. The applied nL liquid volume provides specific reaction conditions for the immobilization of probe molecules to a chemically modified surface. We investigated the influence of nL and μL liquid drop volumes on the process of probe immobilization and compare the results obtained to the situation in liquid solution. In our data, we observe a strong relationship between drop drying effects on immobilization and surface chemistry. In this work, we present results on the immobilization of dye labeled 20mer oligonucleotides with and without an activating 5'-aminoheptyl linker onto a 2D epoxysilane and a 3D NHS activated hydrogel surface.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes drop drying on surfaces determine chemical reactivity - the specific case of immobilization of oligonucleotides on microarrays?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMinimal-change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) has been associated with atopy. As interleukin-13 (IL-13) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of MCNS, we postulated that IL-13 genetic polymorphisms could influence either susceptibility or clinical course of the disease. Seventy-two Singapore Chinese children with MCNS and 78 normal controls were screened for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL-13 gene by direct sequencing. Allele and genotype frequencies of these SNPs were determined and their relationship with different clinical courses was analysed. Six SNPs were identified in the 5' promoter, exon 4 and 3' untranslated region (3'UTR). The three SNPs in the 3'UTR--4738 (G/A), 4793 (C/A) and 4926 (C/T)--were in tight linkage disequilibrium (Delta > or = 0.99). There was no difference in allele or genotype frequencies between MCNS children and normal controls. However, there was a significantly lower frequency of allele 4738G in those MCNS children who were still relapsing after 5 years of follow-up (G = 0.52), compared with those in complete remission (G = 0.72; P<0.05) and normal controls (G = 0.69; P<0.05). Haplotype analysis showed a significantly higher frequency of the GCC haplotype in controls and MCNS patients in complete remission (chi2 = 6.35; P<0.02), while the frequency of AAT haplotype was higher in those MCNS children still relapsing after 5 years of follow-up (chi2 = 5.38; P<0.02). Moreover, peripheral blood mononuclear cell IL-13 mRNA expression in patients with haplotype AAT was significantly higher than in those with haplotype GCC.\n\nQuestion:\nDo interleukin-13 genetic polymorphisms in Singapore Chinese children correlate with long-term outcome of minimal-change disease?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe glycoprotein erythropoietin (EPO) has been shown to be protective in models of neuronal disease and reduced apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) after transection of the optic nerve and in glaucoma. In this study we assessed in vivo the properties of EPO on survival of RGC after ischemia and optic nerve compression, as well as on postischemic visual function. Furthermore, the safety of intravitreal injection was assessed. In all experiments, EPO was administered intravitreally in male Brown Norway rats. Ocular ischemia was induced by elevating the intraocular pressure for 55 min. The calibrated optic nerve compression was performed for 10 s. RGC were marked stereotactically and quantified by fluorescence microscopy. The retinal function was quantified by electroretinography (ERG) and the whole visual pathway by visual evoked potential (VEP). EPO (2 and 20 units per eye, n=9-21) increased the survival of RGC after ischemia by 21+/-21% and 127+/-31% (mean +/- SEM) and after optic nerve compression by 28+/-12% and 58+/-13%. With EPO (20 units), postischemic function was increased, in ERG by 71+/-13% (a-wave) and 75+/-19% (b-wave) and in VEP by 264+/-65% (p=0.053). Neither the ERG parameters, nor the VEP, nor the number of RGC differed significantly after intravitreal injection of EPO (5, 50, and 200 units, n=6-7) in healthy eyes.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes [ Erythropoietin protect retinal ganglion cells and visual function after ocular ischemia and optic nerve compression ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIndoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibits T-cell proliferation by catalyzing the conversion of l-tryptophan to l-kynurenine. IDO-induced immune tolerance weakens the clinical outcomes of immunotherapies. Sodium butyrate (NaB), one of the histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs), has potential anti-tumor effects. Our previous studies revealed that NaB could inhibit IFN-γ induced IDO expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, CNE2. In the present study, we aim to investigate to the mechanism of NaB interfering with the interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-mediated IDO expression signaling transduction. IDO expression and STAT1 phosphorylation in CNE2 cells were analyzed by western blotting and STAT1 acetylation was evaluated by immunoprecipitation. STAT1 nuclear translocation and NF-κB activity were detected by transient transfection and reporter gene assay. We found that NaB inhibited IFN-γ-induced IDO expression in CNE2 cells via decreasing phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT1, but not via down-regulation of IFN-γ-receptor (IFNGR). Immunoprecipitation assays revealed that NaB increased STAT1 acetylation. Furthermore, NaB elevated the activity of NF-κB in CNE2 cells, and blocking the NF-κB activity had no effect on the IFN-γ-induced IDO expression.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes sodium butyrate inhibit interferon-gamma induced indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression via STAT1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel is currently recommended in off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB). However, no data exist concerning platelet reactivity on clopidogrel after OPCAB. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between platelet reactivity and late major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) after OPCAB. In this prospective, single-center, observational study, on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity was measured using a point-of-care assay (VerifyNow system; Accumetrics Inc, San Diego, CA) in 859 patients who underwent OPCAB with 1 or more vein grafts. The primary end point was late MACEs (30 days-1 year) including cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to estimate the cutoff value of P2Y12 reaction units (PRUs) for MACEs. The optimal cutoff value for posttreatment reactivity for the incidence of late MACEs was ≥188 PRU (area under the curve 0.72, 95% CI 0.68-0.75, P = .002). The incidence of late MACEs was significantly higher in the high platelet reactivity (HPR; ≥188 PRU) group than in the low platelet reactivity (<188 PRU) group (3.6% vs. 1.4%, P = .040). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed 1-year MACE-free survival rates of 98.4% ± 0.5% and 95.9% ± 1.3% in the low platelet reactivity and HPR groups, respectively (P = .034). According to a Cox regression hazard model, HPR was an independent risk factor for late MACE-free survival (hazard ratio 3.51, 95% CI 1.27-9.69, P = .015).\n\nQuestion:\nIs posttreatment platelet reactivity on clopidogrel associated with the risk of adverse events after off-pump coronary artery bypass?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nChronic allograft dysfunction (CAD) is the main cause of late transplant failure. Although several etiologies have been postulated, toxicity for calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) is one of the most important causes of CAD, characterized by arteriolar hyalinosis, luminal narrowing, increased glomerulosclerosis, and tubulointerstitial damage. It's known that in transplant patients with CAD, fibrogenic mediators such as transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) are increased. Sirolimus is an immunosuppressive agent with a distinct mechanism of action compared with CNI. This study assessed variations in levels of fibrogenic mediators among CAD patients treated with CNIs, before and after conversion to sirolimus. We studied twelve renal transplant patients with CAD on CNI treatment. TGF-beta in plasma and urine, endothelin-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were studied before and 8 months after conversion to sirolimus treatment. TGF-beta urine levels decreased from 24.7 +/- 11.2 to 12.8 +/- 5.1 ng/24 h (P = .049). In plasma, a similar decrease trend was observed (22.2 +/- 32 to 10.3 +/- 3 ng/mL), although it was not significant (P = .079). Endothelin-1 showed a decrease (8.1 +/- 3 to 5.2 +/- 1.1 pmol/L; P = .1) and VEGF in plasma increased from 34.3 +/- 37 to 92.2 +/- 86 pg/mL (P = .051).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes conversion from calcineurin inhibitors to sirolimus in kidney transplant patients reduce the urinary transforming growth factor-beta1 concentration?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe goal of this study was to determine the effect of artificial sweeteners on glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 in humans. For this study, 22 healthy volunteers (mean age 18.5 +/- 4.2 years) underwent two 75-g oral glucose tolerance tests with frequent measurements of glucose, insulin, and GLP-1 for 180 min. Subjects drank 240 ml of diet soda or carbonated water, in randomized order, 10 min prior to the glucose load. Glucose excursions were similar after ingestion of carbonated water and diet soda. Serum insulin levels tended to be higher after diet soda, without statistical significance. GLP-1 peak and area under the curve (AUC) were significantly higher with diet soda (AUC 24.0 +/- 15.2 pmol/l per 180 min) versus carbonated water (AUC 16.2 +/- 9.0 pmol/l per 180 min; P = 0.003).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes ingestion of diet soda before a glucose load augment glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nChildren born large for gestational age (LGA) are prone to develop insulin resistance later in life. One factor that affects insulin sensitivity is the hormone adiponectin. The aim of this study was to determine whether being LGA has an impact on serum adiponectin and leptin levels and insulin resistance parameters during childhood, taking into account the severity of overweight. Serum levels of adiponectin, leptin, fasting glucose and insulin, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), and anthropometric indices were evaluated in groups of non-obese children aged 6.5-8 years, born appropriate for gestational age (AGA, n = 40) or LGA (n = 41), matched for age, gender, height, weight and body mass index. The LGA group was divided in two subgroups according to the degree of overweight: (a) LGA with birthweight 90th-97th percentile (n = 25); and (b) LGA with birthweight > 97th percentile (n = 16). LGA children had a higher mean serum adiponectin level than AGA children: 17.0 +/- 9 vs. 11.1 +/- 5 (microg/ml) (P < 0.01). LGA children had also higher insulin 6.2 +/- 2.8 vs. 4.8 +/- 2.4 (microU/ml) (P < 0.05) and HOMA-IR 1.32 +/- 0.66 vs. 1.02 +/- 0.55 (P < 0.01) than AGA children. Children born LGA > 97th percentile had a significantly higher mean serum leptin level than both AGA and LGA 90th-97th percentile children (17 +/- 13, 9.6 +/- 9.5, 7.8 +/- 7.9 ng/ml, respectively, P < 0.05), and more severely affected insulin resistance indices than LGA 90th-97th percentile children. In the regression analysis, birthweight was found to be an independent predictor of adiponectin serum levels.\n\nQuestion:\nAre serum adiponectin and leptin levels and insulin resistance in children born large for gestational age affected by the degree of overweight?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPrognostic risk models have had limited success in predicting coronary events in subjects with multiple risk factors. We and others have proposed an alternative approach using radiographically detectable coronary calcium. We evaluated and compared the predictive value of these 2 approaches for determining coronary event risk in asymptomatic adults with multiple coronary risk factors. In addition, we assessed the predictive value of a risk model that included calcium score and cardiac risk-factor data. We recruited 1196 asymptomatic high-coronary-risk subjects who then underwent risk-factor assessment and cardiac electron-beam CT (EBCT) scanning and were followed up for 41 months with a 99% success rate. We applied the Framingham model and our data-derived risk model to determine the 3-year likelihood of a coronary event. The mean age of our cohort was 66 years, and mean 3-year Framingham risk was 3.3+/-3.6%. Sixty-eight percent (818 subjects) had detectable coronary calcium. There were 17 coronary deaths (1.4%) and 29 nonfatal infarctions (2. 4%). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve areas calculated from the Framingham model, our data-derived risk model, and the calcium score were 0.69+/-0.05, 0.68+/-0.05, and 0.64+/-0.05, respectively (P=NS). When calcium score was included as a variable in the data-derived model, the ROC area did not change significantly (0.68+/-0.05 to 0.71+/-0.04; P=NS).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes coronary calcium accurately predict near-term future coronary events in high-risk adults?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\n: Ischemia/reperfusion (IR)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common clinical syndrome. Stem/progenitor cell therapy is a promising option to foster the intrinsic capacity for kidney regeneration. However, there are still several challenges to be resolved, including the potential risks during cell culture, low retention rate after transplantation, and unclear effect on the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recently, nonexpanded adipose stromal vascular fraction (SVF) has been regarded as an attractive cell source for cell-based therapy. Preconditioning with ischemia has been suggested as a useful method to promote the retention and survival of transplanted cells in vivo. In this study, freshly isolated autologous SVF was transplanted to the kidney of rats before ischemia, and then an IR-induced AKI model was established. Postischemic administration of SVF to the kidney was performed after renal IR injury was induced. A higher cell retention rate was detected in the preischemic group. Preischemic administration of SVF showed stronger functional and morphologic protection from renal IR injury than postischemic administration, through enhancing tubular cell proliferation and reducing apoptosis. Progression of kidney fibrosis was also significantly delayed by preischemic administration of SVF, which exhibited stronger inhibition of transforming growth factor-β1-induced epithelia-mesenchymal transition and microvascular rarefaction. In addition, in vitro study showed that prehypoxic administration of SVF could significantly promote the proliferation, migration, and survival of hypoxic renal tubular epithelial cells. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that preischemic administration of nonexpanded adipose SVF protected the kidney from both acute IR injury and long-term risk of developing CKD.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes preischemic Administration of Nonexpanded Adipose Stromal Vascular Fraction attenuate Acute Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Fibrosis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nEnergy expenditure measurements, performed while patients are in standardized resting conditions, are often used as an indicator of care by which to evaluate the adequacy of nutrition support regimens. Little attention has been directed toward examining potential errors incurred by deriving daily energy needs based on a single 15- to 20-minute measurement. This study was designed to differentiate energy expenditure during periods of sleep (defined as time spent in any of the standard sleep stages) and wakefulness in pediatric burn patients. Twenty-four-hour indirect calorimetry, polysomnography, and physiologic assessments (mean arterial pressure, heart rate, body temperature, oxygen saturation, and respiratory rate) were conducted simultaneously in 14 patients, who were thermally injured and tracheally intubated, for a total of 45 24-hour intervals. Mean age of the patients was 10.8+/-1.2 years. Mean total body surface area of the injury was 55.7+/-4.7%, and mean full-thickness burn was 48.8+/-6.0%. A nested general linear analysis of variance model was used to evaluate the association between sleep, wakefulness, and energy needs; adjustments were made for postburn day and multiple test runs per patient. On average, subjects slept 699+/-46 minutes/day. They experienced a large number of awakenings from sleep (mean=53+/-6.3 awakenings per 24 hours). Patients had mean energy expenditure of 2,529+/-396 kcal/day while awake and 2,360+/-291 kcal/day while asleep, and these mean values did not differ significantly. No differences in physiologic measurements during the awake and sleep states were found.\n\nQuestion:\nDo lack of effect of sleep on energy expenditure and physiologic measures in critically ill burn patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHypertension is an established risk factor for peripheral arterial disease (PAD), but the prevalence of this condition in hypertensive patients without comorbidities is unknown. In this study, we assess the prevalence and factors associated with PAD, and the usefulness of ankle-brachial index (ABI) in evaluating cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients without cardiovascular or renal disease or previously known diabetes mellitus. We measured ABI in 972 nonclaudicant patients with hypertension, newly diagnosed glucose disorders, metabolic syndrome, obesity or a 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease death of 5% or more according to the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation System. The prevalence of PAD (defined as ABI < or =0.90) and borderline PAD (defined as ABI 0.91-1.00) in hypertensive patients was 7.3% (39/532) and 23.7% (126/532), respectively. In a multivariate model, hypertension remained an independent factor associated with PAD (adjusted odds ratio 3.20; 95% confidence interval 1.56-6.58). There was no association between PAD and metabolic risk factors. SBP and pulse pressure increased linearly across subgroups of ABI (normal 0.91-1.00 and < or =0.90) in hypertensive patients (P < 0.001).\n\nQuestion:\nIs ankle-brachial index lower in hypertensive than in normotensive individuals in a cardiovascular risk population?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWuling powder (trade name: Wuling capsule), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), was extracted from mycelia of precious Xylaria Nigripes (Kl.) Sacc by modern fermentation technology, and has been claimed to be fully potent in improving the signs of insomnia and cognitive deficits. Moreover, Wuling capsule was effective in treating post-stroke and orther co-cormbid depression both in clinical and in basic research. In order to clarify the molecular mechanisms of the antidepressant effect of Wuling powder, we established learned helplessness (LH) depression animal model and focused on 18kDa translocator protein (TSPO) mediated-mitophagy pathway. Mice were exposed to the inescapable e-shock (IS) once a day for three consecutive days to establish the LH model. Then mice were orally administered Wuling powder for 2 weeks. For the behavioral assessment, Shuttle box test, novelty suppressed feeding test (NSF) and forced swimming test (FST) were performed. Following the behavioral assessment, we assessed the protein expression level that were related to TSPO-mediated mitophagy signaling pathway by Western blotting analysis. Finally, immunohistochemistry method was used to assess the neuroprotective effects of Wuling powder. Compared with mice that were subjected to inescapable e-shock, Wuling powder exhibited antidepressant effect in the multiple behavioral tests. In addition, Wuling powder altered the expression level of multiple proteins related to TSPO-mediated mitophagy signaling pathway.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes wuling powder prevent the depression-like behavior in learned helplessness mice model through improving the TSPO mediated-mitophagy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe primary goal of periodontal treatment is regeneration of the periodontium. Current theories suggest that the periodontal ligament (PDL) cells have the capacity to participate in restoring connective and mineralized tissues, when appropriately triggered. We evaluated whether human PDL cell sheets could reconstruct periodontal tissue. To obtain the cell sheet, human PDL cells were cultured on temperature-responsive culture dishes with or without osteogenic differentiation medium. The cell sheets were transplanted on periodontal fenestration defects of immunodeficient rats. Forty rats were divided in two groups: in one group, cell sheets cultured with control medium were transplanted and in the other, cell sheets cultured with osteogenic differentiation medium were transplanted. The defects were analysed histologically and histomorphologically after healing. Most of the experimental group exhibited a new cementum-like layer and new attachment of collagen fibres to the layer. Histomorphological analyses indicated significant periodontal regeneration. The control group revealed dense extracellular matrix and fibre formation, but an obvious cementum layer was not observed.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes periodontal ligament cell sheet promote periodontal regeneration in athymic rats?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn order to search for novel antibacterial compounds we used a previously developed screening strain designed specifically to discover inhibitors of the bacterial initiator protein, DnaA. This strain (SF53) is not viable at 30 degrees C due to overinitiation. Therefore, compounds that are able to restore growth to SF53 cells are likely to cause either partial or complete inhibition of DnaA function. In this study we used SF53 cells to screen the Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds (LOPAC). An SF53 screen of LOPAC in 384-well plates was performed. The effects of compounds identified as positive were studied further by growth assays specific for replication proteins as well as an in vitro assay of the activity of purified DNA gyrase. One of the compounds that tested positive in this screening was the benzazepine derivate (+/-)-6-chloro-PB hydrobromide (S143). We found that the substance did not target DnaA directly, but that it most probably reduces overinitiation by inhibiting DNA gyrase. Benzazepines have not previously been reported as gyrase inhibitors.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes a novel DNA gyrase inhibitor rescue Escherichia coli dnaAcos mutant cells from lethal hyperinitiation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIt has been recently reported that HACE1, the E3 ubiquitin ligase, is epigenetically inactivated in human Wilms' tumors and HACE1 expression was also down-regulated in colon carcinomas. The methylation status of the HACE1 gene was examined in primary carcinomas and the corresponding normal tissues derived from 32 patients with colorectal cancer using quantitative methylation-specific PCR (qMSP) and the correlation between the methylation status and the clinicopathological findings was evaluated. Aberrant methylation of the HACE1 gene was detected in 9 out of the 32 (28%) primary colon carcinomas, suggesting that the aberrant methylation of HACE1 was frequently observed in colorectal cancer. The clinicopathological data were then correlated with these results. A significant increase was observed in the maximal tumor size of the methylated HACE1 tumors (p = 0.0304). Moreover, a trend was shown towards preferentially developing lymph node metastasis in the methylated HACE1 carcinomas (p = 0.0612).\n\nQuestion:\nIs aberrant methylation of the HACE1 gene frequently detected in advanced colorectal cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe purpose of this study was to examine differences in novel markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women with type 2 diabetes stratified according to cardiorespiratory fitness. A total of 28 women (mean age 57 +/- 6 years) with type 2 diabetes who were free from overt CVD were placed into low cardiorespiratory fitness (LCF) or average cardiorespiratory fitness (ACF) groups based on a graded exercise test to exhaustion. A group of eight women without type 2 diabetes were also examined and served as healthy control subjects. The median VO(2peak) value was used as a cutoff for group determination. We assessed both conventional CVD risk factors, including blood pressure, BMI, and lipid profile, as well as novel CVD risk factors, such as left ventricular filling dynamics, arterial stiffness, fasting insulin, and C-reactive protein (CRP). VO(2peak) values were 69 +/- 14 and 91 +/- 24% of predicted values for sedentary age-matched healthy individuals in the LCF and ACF groups, respectively. BMI was significantly greater in the LCF group (P < 0.05); however, no differences were observed in age, lipid profile, or resting hemodynamics. CRP was 3.3-fold higher in the LCF group (6.3 +/- 41. vs. 1.9 +/- 1.7 mg/l, P < 0.05), whereas other novel markers of CVD were not significantly different between the groups. Significant negative relationships were observed between VO(2peak) and both CRP (r = -0.49) and the homeostasis model assessment index (r = -0.48) (P < 0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nIs low cardiorespiratory fitness associated with elevated C-reactive protein levels in women with type 2 diabetes?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nApoptosis of natural killer (NK) cells is increased in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and may explain why NK cell levels are altered in these patients. Soluble forms of Fas and Fas ligand (L) are considered as markers of apoptosis. Here, we investigated whether plasma levels of Fas and FasL were associated with NK cell apoptosis and NK cell levels in CAD patients. Fas and FasL in plasma were determined by ELISA in 2 cohorts of CAD patients; one longitudinal study measuring circulating NK cells and apoptotic NK cells by flow cytometry 1 day, 3 months and 12 months after a coronary event and one cross-sectional study measuring NK cell apoptosis ex vivo. Both studies included matched healthy controls. Fas and FasL were also determined in supernatants from NK cells undergoing cytokine-induced apoptosis in cell culture. In the 12-month longitudinal study, plasma FasL increased by 15% (p<0.001) and NK cell levels by 31% (p<0.05) while plasma Fas did not change. Plasma FasL and NK cell levels were significantly related at 3 months and 12 months, r=0.40, p<0.01. Furthermore, plasma FasL, but not plasma Fas, correlated with NK cell apoptosis ex vivo in CAD patients, r=0.54, p<0.05. In vitro, cytokine-induced apoptosis of NK cells resulted in abundant release of FasL.\n\nQuestion:\nIs soluble Fas ligand associated with natural killer cell dynamics in coronary artery disease?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTransfusion of aged blood has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. During storage, erythrocytes release increasing numbers of microvesicles (red blood cell-derived microvesicles [RBC-MV]). We hypothesized that RBC-MV mediate some of the deleterious effects of aged blood transfusions. We established a murine transfusion model using RBC-MV purified from aged mouse erythrocytes. Injection of RBC-MV into healthy mice had no effect. However, they aggravated pulmonary leukocyte sequestration and peripheral blood leukopenia induced by lipopolysaccharides. Lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory cytokines were significantly increased in plasma after RBC-MV injection. These effects were not seen in C5aR-deficient mice. In vitro, RBC-MV bound C3 fragments after incubation with plasma but failed to bind immunoglobulins, C1q, or mannose-binding lectin. Preventing thrombin generation inhibited complement activation in vitro and in vivo and reversed the proinflammatory effects of RBC-MV in lipopolysaccharide-primed mice. Finally, the RBC-MV-induced phenotype was recapitulated using phosphatidylserine-expressing liposomes, suggesting that surface expression of phosphatidylserine by RBC-MV was mechanistically involved.\n\nQuestion:\nDo erythrocyte-derived microvesicles amplify systemic inflammation by thrombin-dependent activation of complement?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAtrial fibrillation (AF), the most common arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice, is often managed with a rhythm control strategy. Despite the emphasis on symptom relief as the motivation for a rhythm controlling strategy in AF, it remains unclear what factors affect the patient's experienced severity of AF symptoms. We hypothesize that demographic variables may affect AF symptom severity as many AF symptoms (palpitations, dyspnea, fatigue) are nonspecific and may require particular patient insight. We assessed demographic variables, cardiac and noncardiac comorbidities, AF burden, and AF-specific self-reported symptom severity in a cohort of 300 outpatients with AF presenting to outpatient electrophysiology clinics. In unadjusted analyses, decreased educational attainment, unemployed working status, and non-Caucasian race were associated with worsened AF symptom severity. After adjusting for potential confounders, the association of decreased educational attainment with worsened AF symptom severity persisted.\n\nQuestion:\nIs educational attainment associated with atrial fibrillation symptom severity?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo evaluate the incidence of central nervous system (CNS) involvement in patients with breast cancer treated with a taxane-based chemotherapy regimen and to determine predictive factors for CNS relapse. The medical files of patients with early breast cancer (n = 253) or advanced stage breast cancer (n = 239) as well of those with other solid tumors (n = 336) treated with or without a taxane-based chemotherapy regimen during a 42-month period were reviewed. HER2/neu overexpression was identified by immunohistochemistry, whereas cytokeratin 19 (CK-19) mRNA-positive circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the peripheral blood were identified by real-time PCR. The incidence of CNS relapse was similar in patients suffering from breast cancer or other solid tumors (10.4% and 11.4%, respectively; P = 0.517). The incidence of CNS relapse was significantly higher in breast cancer patients with advanced disease (P = 0.041), visceral disease and bone disease (P = 0.036), in those who were treated with a taxane-containing regimen (P = 0.024), in those with HER2/neu-overexpressing tumors (P = 0.022) and, finally, in those with detectable CK-19 mRNA-positive CTCs (P = 0.008). Multivariate analysis revealed that the stage of disease (odds ratio, 0.23; 95% confidence interval, 0.007-0.23; P = 0.0001), the HER2/neu status (odds ratio, 29.4; 95% confidence interval, 7.51-101.21; P = 0.0001) and the presence of CK-19 mRNA-positive CTCs (odds ratio, 8.31; 95% confidence interval, 3.97-12.84; P = 0.001) were independent predictive factors for CNS relapse.\n\nQuestion:\nIs central nervous system relapse in patients with breast cancer associated with advanced stages , with the presence of circulating occult tumor cells and with the HER2/neu status?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTransgenic mice have become an important tool to elucidate the genetic foundation of the human language faculty. While learning is an essential prerequisite for the acquisition of human speech, it is still a matter of debate whether auditory learning plays any role in the development of species-specific vocalizations in mice. To study the influence of auditory input on call development, we compared the occurrence and structure of ultrasonic vocalizations from deaf otoferlin-knockout mice, a model for human deafness DFNB9, to those of hearing wild-type and heterozygous littermates. We found that the occurrence and structure of ultrasonic vocalizations recorded from deaf otoferlin-knockout mice and hearing wild-type and heterozygous littermates do not differ. Isolation calls from 16 deaf and 15 hearing pups show the same ontogenetic development in terms of the usage and structure of their vocalizations as their hearing conspecifics. Similarly, adult courtship 'songs' produced by 12 deaf and 16 hearing males did not differ in the latency to call, rhythm of calling or acoustic structure.\n\nQuestion:\nDo mice require auditory input for the normal development of their ultrasonic vocalizations?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nEmerging evidence suggests that pulse pressure is an independent predictor of risk for cardiovascular mortality. New studies in diverse populations are needed to further establish the applicability of this finding. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between pulse pressure and cardiovascular mortality in a cohort of Puerto Rican men after 12 years of follow-up. The Puerto Rico Heart Health Program is a study of coronary disease risk factors in men aged 35-79 years at baseline who had an initial examination during the years 1962-1965. It was attended by 9824 subjects representing 80% of the total age-specific male residents in 4 rural and 3 urban areas of Puerto Rico. Cardiovascular risk factors including systolic and diastolic blood pressures were monitored prospectively. This study includes 9106 men free of overt CHD at baseline who were stratified by quartiles of pulse pressure in mmHg: quartile 1, <or=38, quartile 2, 39-46; quartile 3, 47-56; and quartile 4, >or=57. The odds ratio of cardiovascular mortality was calculated using logistic regression analysis. After adjusting for age, education, smoking status, hypercholesterolemic status, physical activity, diabetic status and mean arterial pressure, we found that those in the highest quartile of pulse pressure (pulse pressure>=57) had significantly higher cardiovascular mortality than those in the lowest quartile (reference group) (OR=1.38 95% CI=1.01-1.88).\n\nQuestion:\nIs wide pulse pressure an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in Puerto Rican men?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCyclosporine (CsA) remains an important immunosuppressant for transplantation and for treatment of autoimmune diseases. The most troublesome side effect of CsA is renal injury. Acute CsA-induced nephrotoxicity is characterized by reduced renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) due to afferent arteriole vasoconstriction. Annexin A1 (ANXA1) is a potent anti-inflammatory protein with protective effect in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Here we study the effects of ANXA1 treatment in an experimental model of acute CsA nephrotoxicity. Salt-depleted rats were randomized to treatment with VH (vehicles 1 mL/kg body weight/day), ANXA1 (Ac2-26 peptide 1 mg/kg body weight/day intraperitoneally), CsA (20 mg/kg body weight/day subcutaneously) and CsA + ANXA1 (combination) for seven days. We compared renal function and hemodynamics, renal histopathology, renal tissue macrophage infiltration and renal ANXA1 expression between the four groups. CsA significantly impaired GFR and RBF, caused tubular dilation and macrophage infiltration and increased ANXA1 renal tissue expression. Treatment with ANXA1 attenuated CSA-induced hemodynamic changes, tubular injury and macrophage infiltration.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes annexin A1 protein attenuate cyclosporine-induced renal hemodynamics changes and macrophage infiltration in rats?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe objective of this prospective, longitudinal study of patients with normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) was to determine whether patients with nocturnal hypotension are at greater risk for visual field (VF) loss over 12 months than those without nocturnal hypotension. Prospective, longitudinal study. Consecutive patients with NTG with at least 5 prior VF tests were screened for eligibility. The baseline evaluation assessed demographic and clinical characteristics, covering systemic comorbid conditions, including systemic hypertension. All oral and ophthalmologic medications were recorded. A complete ophthalmological examination was performed at baseline and follow-up. Patients had their blood pressure (BP) monitored every 30 minutes for 48 hours with an ambulatory recording device at baseline and 6 and 12 months. The primary outcome was based on the global rates of VF progression by linear regression of the mean VF threshold sensitivity over time (decibels/year). Eighty-five patients with NTG (166 eyes; mean age, 65 years; 67% were women) were included. Of the 85 patients, 29% had progressed in the 5 VFs collected before study enrollment. The nocturnal mean arterial pressure (MAP) was compared with the daytime MAP. Multivariate analysis showed that the total time that sleep MAP was 10 mmHg below the daytime MAP was a significant predictor of subsequent VF progression (P<0.02).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes nocturnal systemic hypotension increase the risk of glaucoma progression?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo determine whether there is a significant correlation between the pulse-wave analysis in the optic nerve head circulation determined by laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG), and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPVW), carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), and age. Thirty-three patients who visited the Vascular Function Section in our hospital were included. Age was 57.3 ± 12.6 years, with a range from 29 to 80 years. baPVW, carotid IMT, and pulse wave analysis in optic nerve head circulation using LSFG were conducted on subjects, and this parameter is named blowout time (BOT). The following items were analyzed as other systemic parameters: age, blood pressure, pulse pressure, heart rate, body mass index, and mean arterial blood pressure; other ocular parameters were intraocular pressure and ocular perfusion pressure. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to determine the relationship between the BOT, baPWV, IMT, age, and other parameters. In addition, multiple regression analysis was used to determine independent factors for age. BOT was significantly correlated with age (r = -0.85, P <0.0001), pulse pressure (r = -0.36, P = 0.04), baPWV (r = -0.72, P <0.0001), and IMT (r = -0.64, P < 0.0001). The result of multiple regression analysis showed that baPWV (odds ratio = 0.93, 95% confidence interval = 0.03-1.82 P = 0.04) and BOT (-2.26, -3.27 to -1.26, <0.0001) were independent contribution factors to age.\n\nQuestion:\nIs pulse-wave analysis of optic nerve head circulation significantly correlated with brachial-ankle pulse-wave velocity , carotid intima-media thickness , and age?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nInfections produce severe respiratory muscle weakness, which contributes to the development of respiratory failure. An effective, safe therapy to prevent respiratory muscle dysfunction in infected patients has not been defined. This study examined the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an immunomodulator that can be safely administered to patients, on diaphragm force generation following endotoxin administration. Rats were administered the following (n = 5/group): (a) saline, (b) endotoxin, 12 mg/kg IP, (c) endotoxin + EPA (1.0 g/kg/d), and (d) EPA alone. Diaphragms were removed and measurements made of the diaphragm force-frequency curve, calpain activation, caspase activation, and protein carbonyl levels. Endotoxin elicited large reductions in diaphragm specific force generation (P < 0.001), and increased diaphragm caspase activation (P < 0.01), calpain activation (P < 0.001) and protein carbonyl levels (P < 0.01). EPA administration attenuated endotoxin-induced reductions in diaphragm specific force, with maximum specific force levels of 27 +/- 1, 14 +/- 1, 23 +/- 1, and 24 +/- 1 N/cm2, respectively, for control, endotoxin, endotoxin + EPA, and EPA treated groups (P < 0.001). EPA did not prevent endotoxin induced caspase activation or protein carbonyl formation but significantly reduced calpain activation (P < 0.02).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes eicosapentaenoic acid preserve diaphragm force generation following endotoxin administration?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo determine if the chemokine monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is produced locally in patients with bladder cancer and to analyse a possible correlation between tumour stage, grade and metastatic spread, and the urinary and systemic levels of MCP-1. PATIENTS SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Urine and serum samples were obtained from 60 patients with bladder cancer and 20 control subjects. Tumour stage, grade, metastasis and nodal status were assessed. MCP-1 levels in serum and urine were determined using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Two transitional cell cancer cell lines (grade I and grade III) were analysed for MCP-1 production under normal and nutritive-stress cell culture. The correlation of urinary MCP-1 levels with tumour stage, grade and distant metastasis was highly significant. Patients with stage T2-T4 bladder cancer had three to fourfold higher mean MCP-1 concentrations (pg/mL) in their urine than those with T1 stage tumours or than the controls (controls 260; T1 359; T2 967; T3 917; T4 1829; P < 0.005). A tumour grade of > GI and the existence of distant metastasis (M1) also correlated significantly with higher urinary MCP-1 levels (GI 373; GII 661; GIII 1111; M0 644; M1 1379; P < 0.05). No differences in circulating serum MCP-1 level were detected between controls and patients. The low-grade (GI) RT4 bladder cancer cell line produced only traces of MCP-1, which did not change under nutritional stress; in contrast, the highly malignant T24 bladder cancer cell line (GIII) spontaneously secreted large amounts of MCP-1 (approximately 7000 pg/mL) which increased under nutritive stress to 13,000 pg/mL.\n\nQuestion:\nDo urinary levels of monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1 correlate with tumour stage and grade in patients with bladder cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nLittle is known about the prevalence of falls and the related risk factors in the general population of community-living older people in Germany. To assess the prevalence and related predictors of different types of falls in a sample of community-dwelling 65 years and older people in Germany living in a metropolitan area. Study design and setting prospective cohort study in 622 community dwelling people aged > or =65 years. A total of 107 persons (17.2%) reported falling at least once (occasional fallers), while 36 (5.7%) experienced two or more falls (recurrent fallers) in the last 6 months. Main predictors for all fallers were age (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.1-3.0), being female (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.1-2.2), living alone (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.2-2.9), poor health status (OR 3.3; 95% CI 2.1-5.3), varifocals (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.0-3.1), disturbance of memory (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.0-3.0), depression (OR 4.8; 95% CI 2.5-9.2), sleep disturbances (OR 2.7; 95% CI 1.7-4.3), incontinence (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.3-4.9), dizziness (OR 3.0; 95% CI 1.9-5.0), 3 medical conditions or more (OR 3.3; 95% CI 2.1-5.1), lower physical functioning and mobility. Two of the strongest predictors were reported falls (OR 4.9; 95% CI 3.1-7.7) and recurrent falls (OR 10.0; 95% CI 5.0-20.0) in the last 6 months.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes predictors for occasional and recurrent fall in community-dwelling older people?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPapillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is characterized by a lymphocytic infiltration. PTC patients with lymphocytic infiltration may have a better clinical outcome. Characterization of tumor epitope-specific immunity and correlation analyses with the clinical outcome. 150 PTC patients; 40 Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) patients; 21 healthy controls; 27.239 healthy Caucasians (for HLA typing). HLA class I restricted thyroperoxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (Tg) epitope-specific T cells (tetramer analyses), correlation analyses between HLA class II phenotypes, T cell immunity, and the clinical course. The frequency of TPO- and Tg-specific CD8+ T cells in PTC patients was largely increased compared to healthy controls (TPO and Tg: p < 0.005 and p < 0.005) and was similar to those in HT patients. HLA-DQB1*03 positive PTC patients had a significantly lower risk (RR: 0.170, 95% CI: 0.037 to 0.755, p < 0.05) and HLA-DRB1*03 positive and HLA-DQB1*02 positive PTC patients a significantly higher risk (HLA-DRB1*03: RR: 4.400, 95% CI: 1.378 to 14.05, p < 0.05; HLA-DQB1*02: RR: 3.692, 95% CI: 1.102 to 12.38, p < 0.05) for distant metastases, compared to patients with other haplotypes. HLA-DQB1*03 positive PTC patients revealed an increased responsiveness of tumor epitopes in vitro. These tumor epitope-specific CD8+ T cells were also found in lymph node metastases of HLA-DQB1*03 positive PTC patients.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes epitope-specific antitumor immunity suppress tumor spread in papillary thyroid cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) play important roles in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic airway inflammation characterized by bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion and airway hyper-responsiveness via cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLTR1)-mediated mechanism. CysLTR1-selective antagonists have anti-bronchoconstrictive and anti-inflammatory effects in asthma, particularly aspirin-intolerant asthma (AIA). To investigate the association of CysLTR1 with AIA development, we identified three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), -634C>T, -475A>C, -336A>G, in the 5' upstream region of CysLTR1 gene using a direct sequencing method in 105 AIA patients, 110 ASA-tolerant asthma (ATA) patients and 125 normal healthy controls (NC). Significant differences were observed in allele frequencies of the three SNPs within male subjects; Male AIA patients had higher frequencies of the minor alleles of these three SNPs than male control groups (P=0.03 for AIA vs. NC; P=0.02 for AIA vs. ATA). Moreover, three-SNP haplotype, ht2 [T-C-G], was associated with increased disease risk (odds ratio (OR)=2.71, P=0.03 for AIA vs. NC; OR=2.89, P=0.02 for AIA vs. ATA) in males. CysLTR1 haplotypes were also associated with altered gene expression; luciferase activity was significantly enhanced with the ht2 [T-C-G] construct in comparison with the ht1 [C-A-A] construct in human Jurkat cells (P=0.04).\n\nQuestion:\nIs cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 promoter polymorphism associated with aspirin-intolerant asthma in males?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nEzetimibe, as a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, has been shown protecting against atherosclerosis when combined with statin. However, side by side comparison has not been made to evaluate the beneficial effects of ezetimibe alone versus statin. Herein, the study aimed to test whether ezetimibe alone would exhibit similar effects as statin and the combination therapy would be necessary in a moderate lesion size. ApoE-/- male mice that were fed a saturated-fat supplemented diet were randomly assigned to different therapeutic regimens: vehicle, ezetimibe alone (10 mg/kg/day), atorvastatin (20 mg/kg/day) or combination of ezetimibe and atorvastatin through the drinking water. On 28 days, mice were sacrificed and aorta and sera were collected to analyze the atherosclerotic lesion and blood lipid and cholesterol levels. As a result, ezetimibe alone exerted similar protective effects on atherosclerotic lesion sizes as atorvastatin, which was mediated by lowering serum cholesterol concentrations, inhibiting macrophage accumulation in the lesions and reducing circulatory inflammatory cytokines, such as monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). In contrast to ezetimibe administration, atorvastatin alone attenuated atherosclerotic lesion which is dependent on its anti-inflammation effects. There were no significance differences in lesion areas and serum concentrations of cholesterol, oxidized LDL and inflammatory cytokines between combination therapy and monotherapy (either ezetimibe or atorvastatin). There were significant correlations between the lesion areas and serum concentrations of cholesterol, MCP-1 and TNF-α, respectively. However, there were no significant correlations between the lesion areas and serum concentrations of TGF-β1 and oxLDL.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes ezetimibe attenuate Atherosclerosis Associated with Lipid Reduction and Inflammation Inhibition?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAcanthamoebae polyphaga Mimivirus (APM) is the largest known dsDNA virus. The viral particle has a nearly icosahedral structure with an internal capsid shell surrounded with a dense layer of fibrils. A Capsid protein sequence, D13L, was deduced from the APM L425 coding gene and was shown to be the most abundant protein found within the viral particle. However this protein remained poorly characterised until now. A revised protein sequence deposited in a database suggested an additional N-terminal stretch of 142 amino acids missing from the original deduced sequence. This result led us to investigate the L425 gene structure and the biochemical properties of the complete APM major Capsid protein. This study describes the full length 3430 bp Capsid coding gene and characterises the 593 amino acids long corresponding Capsid protein 1. The recombinant full length protein allowed the production of a specific monoclonal antibody able to detect the Capsid protein 1 within the viral particle. This protein appeared to be post-translationnally modified by glycosylation and phosphorylation. We proposed a secondary structure prediction of APM Capsid protein 1 compared to the Capsid protein structure of Paramecium Bursaria Chlorella Virus 1, another member of the Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Large DNA virus family.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes revised Mimivirus major capsid protein sequence reveal intron-containing gene structure and extra domain?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHeterotopic ossification (HO) develops frequently after modern high-energy penetrating war injuries. The purpose of this prospective study was to identify and characterize the unique cytokine and chemokine profile associated with the development of HO as it pertained to the systemic inflammatory response after penetrating combat-related trauma. Patients with high-energy penetrating extremity wounds were prospectively enrolled. Surgical debridement along with the use of a pulse lavage and vacuum-assisted-closure device was performed every 48-72 hours until definitive wound closure. Wound bed tissue biopsy, wound effluent, and serum were collected before each debridement. Effluent and serum were analyzed for 22 relevant cytokines and chemokines. Tissue was analyzed quantitatively for bacterial colonization. Correlations between specific wound and patient characteristics were also analyzed. The primary clinical outcome measure was the formation of HO as confirmed by radiographs at a minimum of 2 months of follow-up. Thirty-six penetrating extremity war wounds in 24 patients were investigated. The observed rate of HO in the study population was 38%. Of the 36 wounds, 13 (36%) demonstrated HO at a minimum follow-up of 2 months. An elevated injury severity score was associated with the development of HO (P = 0.006). Wound characteristics that correlated with the development of HO included impaired healing (P = 0.005) and bacterial colonization (P < 0.001). Both serum (interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and MCP-1) and wound effluent (IP-10 and MIP-1α) cytokine and chemokine bioprofiles were individually associated and suggestive of the development of HO (P < 0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nIs inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression associated with heterotopic ossification in high-energy penetrating war injuries?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAberrant gene promoter methylation is a critical event in tumorigenesis. The aim of this study was to explore the promoter hypermethylation of p16 and DAPK1 during the progression of cervical precancerous lesions. A series of 98 cervical neoplasms (72 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and 26 cervical carcinomas) were evaluated. The promoter methylation status of p16 and DAPK1 was assessed from cervical scrapings by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. For p16, the frequency of promoter hypermethylation showed an increasing trend from normal to dysplastic to invasive squamous cancer specimens, and this increase reached statistical significance (P < 0.0001). However, there was no significant difference in the promoter methylation state of DAPK1 with regard to the various grades of cervical lesions (P = 0.077). Specifically, methylation of p16 was a frequent event in the cervical carcinoma samples, and these figures were statistically significant compared with the normal and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia I cases (P = 0.015 and P = 0.021, respectively).\n\nQuestion:\nIs p16 methylation an early event in cervical carcinogenesis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCampylobacter spp. are important causative agents of gastrointestinal infections in humans. The most frequently isolated strains of this bacterial genus are Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. To date, genetic methods for bacterial identification have not been used in Bulgaria. We optimized the multiplex PSR assay to identify Campylobacter spp. and differentiate C. jejuni from C. coli in clinical isolates. We also compared this method with the routinely used biochemical methods. To identify Campylobacter spp. and discriminate C. coli from C. jejuni in clinical isolates using multiplex PCR assay. Between February 2014 and January 2015 we studied 93 stool samples taken from patients with diarrheal syndrome and identified 40 species of Campylobacter spp. in them. The clinical material was cultured in microaerophilic atmosphere, the isolated strains being biochemically diff erentiated (hydrolysis of sodium hippurate for C. jejuni, and hydrolysis of indoxyl acetate for C. coli). DNA was isolated from the strains using QiaAmp MiniKit (QIAGEN, Germany). Twenty strains were tested with multiplex PCR for the presence of these genes: cadF, characteristic for Campylobacter spp., hipO for C. jejuni and asp for C. coli.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes multiplex PCR Assay for Identifi cation and Differentiation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolate?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
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