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8,197 | Android (operating system) | The flash storage on Android devices is split into several partitions, such as codice_2 for the operating system itself, and codice_3 for user data and application installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 12,610,483 | 4,155.829102 | 61 | 126 | [
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8,214 | Android (operating system) | In 2021, journalists and researchers reported the discovery of spyware, called Pegasus, developed and distributed by a private company which can and has been used to infect both iOS and Android smartphones often – partly via use of 0-day exploits – without the need for any user-interaction or significant clues to the u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 12,610,483 | 4,155.829102 | 78 | 126 | [
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8,218 | Android (operating system) | In August 2015, Google announced that devices in the Google Nexus series would begin to receive monthly security patches. Google also wrote that "Nexus devices will continue to receive major updates for at least two years and security patches for the longer of three years from initial availability or 18 months from las... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 12,610,483 | 4,155.829102 | 82 | 126 | [
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8,221 | Android (operating system) | Android smartphones have the ability to report the location of Wi-Fi access points, encountered as phone users move around, to build databases containing the physical locations of hundreds of millions of such access points. These databases form electronic maps to locate smartphones, allowing them to run apps like Fours... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 12,610,483 | 4,155.829102 | 85 | 126 | [
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8,254 | Android (operating system) | In the second quarter of 2014, Android's share of the global smartphone shipment market was 84.7%, a new record. This had grown to 87.5% worldwide market share by the third quarter of 2016, leaving main competitor iOS with 12.1% market share. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 12,610,483 | 4,155.829102 | 118 | 126 | [
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8,263 | Android (operating system) | The recently released Android 12 is the most popular Android version on both smartphones and tablets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 12,610,483 | 4,155.829102 | 127 | 126 | [
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11,350 | Albert Einstein | Albert Einstein ( ; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist, widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest and most influential physicists of all time. Einstein is best known for developing the theory of relativity, but he also made important contributions to the development of the theo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 0 | 216 | [
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11,351 | Albert Einstein | In 1905, a year sometimes described as his "annus mirabilis" ('miracle year'), Einstein published four groundbreaking papers. These outlined the theory of the photoelectric effect, explained Brownian motion, introduced special relativity, and demonstrated mass-energy equivalence. Einstein thought that the laws of class... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 1 | 216 | [
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11,352 | Albert Einstein | However, for much of the later part of his career, he worked on two ultimately unsuccessful endeavors. First, despite his great contributions to quantum mechanics, he opposed what it evolved into, objecting that "God does not play dice". Second, he attempted to devise a unified field theory by generalizing his geometri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 2 | 216 | [
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11,353 | Albert Einstein | Einstein was born in the German Empire, but moved to Switzerland in 1895, forsaking his German citizenship (as a subject of the Kingdom of Württemberg) the following year. In 1897, at the age of 17, he enrolled in the mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Swiss Federal polytechnic school in Zürich, gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 3 | 216 | [
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11,354 | Albert Einstein | In 1933, while Einstein was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. Einstein, as a Jew, objected to the policies of the newly elected Nazi government; he settled in the United States and became an American citizen in 1940. On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 4 | 216 | [
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11,355 | Albert Einstein | Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, in the Kingdom of Württemberg in the German Empire, on 14 March 1879 into a family of secular Ashkenazi Jews. His parents were Hermann Einstein, a salesman and engineer, and Pauline Koch. In 1880, the family moved to Munich, where Einstein's father and his uncle Jakob founded "Elektrote... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 5 | 216 | [
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11,356 | Albert Einstein | Albert attended a Catholic elementary school in Munich, from the age of five, for three years. At the age of eight, he was transferred to the Luitpold-Gymnasium (now known as the Albert-Einstein-Gymnasium), where he received advanced primary and secondary school education until he left the German Empire seven years lat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 6 | 216 | [
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11,357 | Albert Einstein | In 1894, Hermann and Jakob's company lost a bid to supply the city of Munich with electrical lighting because they lacked the capital to convert their equipment from the direct current (DC) standard to the more efficient alternating current (AC) standard. The loss forced the sale of the Munich factory. In search of bus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 7 | 216 | [
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11,358 | Albert Einstein | Einstein excelled at math and physics from a young age, reaching a mathematical level years ahead of his peers. The 12-year-old Einstein taught himself algebra and Euclidean geometry over a single summer. Einstein also independently discovered his own original proof of the Pythagorean theorem aged 12. A family tutor Ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 8 | 216 | [
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11,359 | Albert Einstein | At the age of 13, when he had become more seriously interested in philosophy (and music), Einstein was introduced to Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason". Kant became his favorite philosopher, his tutor stating: "At the time he was still a child, only thirteen years old, yet Kant's works, incomprehensible to ordinary morta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 9 | 216 | [
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11,360 | Albert Einstein | In 1895, at the age of 16, Einstein took the entrance examinations for the Swiss Federal polytechnic school in Zürich (later the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH). He failed to reach the required standard in the general part of the examination, but obtained exceptional grades in physics and mathematics. On the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 10 | 216 | [
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11,361 | Albert Einstein | Einstein's future wife, a 20-year-old Serbian named Mileva Marić, also enrolled at the polytechnic school that year. She was the only woman among the six students in the mathematics and physics section of the teaching diploma course. Over the next few years, Einstein's and Marić's friendship developed into a romance, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 11 | 216 | [
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11,362 | Albert Einstein | Early correspondence between Einstein and Marić was discovered and published in 1987 which revealed that the couple had a daughter named "Lieserl", born in early 1902 in Novi Sad where Marić was staying with her parents. Marić returned to Switzerland without the child, whose real name and fate are unknown. The contents... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 12 | 216 | [
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11,363 | Albert Einstein | Einstein and Marić married in January 1903. In May 1904, their son Hans Albert Einstein was born in Bern, Switzerland. Their son Eduard was born in Zürich in July 1910. The couple moved to Berlin in April 1914, but Marić returned to Zürich with their sons after learning that, despite their close relationship before, Ei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 13 | 216 | [
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11,364 | Albert Einstein | In letters revealed in 2015, Einstein wrote to his early love Marie Winteler about his marriage and his strong feelings for her. He wrote in 1910, while his wife was pregnant with their second child: "I think of you in heartfelt love every spare minute and am so unhappy as only a man can be." He spoke about a "misguide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 14 | 216 | [
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11,365 | Albert Einstein | Einstein married Löwenthal in 1919, after having had a relationship with her since 1912. They emigrated to the United States in 1933. Elsa was diagnosed with heart and kidney problems in 1935 and died in December 1936. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 15 | 216 | [
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11,366 | Albert Einstein | In 1923, Einstein fell in love with a secretary named Betty Neumann, the niece of a close friend, Hans Mühsam. In a volume of letters released by Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 2006, Einstein described about six women, including Margarete Lebach (a blonde Austrian), Estella Katzenellenbogen (the rich owner of a flor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 16 | 216 | [
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11,367 | Albert Einstein | Einstein's son Eduard had a breakdown at about age 20 and was diagnosed with schizophrenia. His mother cared for him and he was also committed to asylums for several periods, finally, after her death, being committed permanently to Burghölzli, the Psychiatric University Hospital in Zürich. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 17 | 216 | [
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11,368 | Albert Einstein | After graduating in 1900, Einstein spent almost two years searching for a teaching post. He acquired Swiss citizenship in February 1901, but was not conscripted for medical reasons. With the help of Marcel Grossmann's father, he secured a job in Bern at the Swiss Patent Office, as an assistant examiner – level III. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 18 | 216 | [
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11,369 | Albert Einstein | Einstein evaluated patent applications for a variety of devices including a gravel sorter and an electromechanical typewriter. In 1903, his position at the Swiss Patent Office became permanent, although he was passed over for promotion until he "fully mastered machine technology". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 19 | 216 | [
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11,370 | Albert Einstein | Much of his work at the patent office related to questions about transmission of electric signals and electrical-mechanical synchronization of time, two technical problems that show up conspicuously in the thought experiments that eventually led Einstein to his radical conclusions about the nature of light and the fund... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 20 | 216 | [
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11,371 | Albert Einstein | With a few friends he had met in Bern, Einstein started a small discussion group in 1902, self-mockingly named "The Olympia Academy", which met regularly to discuss science and philosophy. Sometimes they were joined by Mileva who attentively listened but did not participate. Their readings included the works of Henri P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 21 | 216 | [
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11,372 | Albert Einstein | In 1900, Einstein's paper "Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen" ("Conclusions from the Capillarity Phenomena") was published in the journal "Annalen der Physik". On 30 April 1905 Einstein completed his dissertation, "A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions" with Alfred Kleiner, serving as "pro-forma" adv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 22 | 216 | [
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11,373 | Albert Einstein | Also in 1905, which has been called Einstein's "annus mirabilis" (amazing year), he published four groundbreaking papers, on the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, special relativity, and the equivalence of mass and energy, which were to bring him to the notice of the academic world, at the age of 26. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 23 | 216 | [
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11,374 | Albert Einstein | By 1908, he was recognized as a leading scientist and was appointed lecturer at the University of Bern. The following year, after he gave a lecture on electrodynamics and the relativity principle at the University of Zurich, Alfred Kleiner recommended him to the faculty for a newly created professorship in theoretical ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 24 | 216 | [
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11,375 | Albert Einstein | Einstein became a full professor at the German Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague in April 1911, accepting Austrian citizenship in the Austro-Hungarian Empire to do so. During his Prague stay, he wrote 11 scientific works, five of them on radiation mathematics and on the quantum theory of solids. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 25 | 216 | [
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11,376 | Albert Einstein | In July 1912, he returned to his alma mater in Zürich. From 1912 until 1914, he was a professor of theoretical physics at the ETH Zurich, where he taught analytical mechanics and thermodynamics. He also studied continuum mechanics, the molecular theory of heat, and the problem of gravitation, on which he worked with ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 26 | 216 | [
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11,377 | Albert Einstein | When the "Manifesto of the Ninety-Three" was published in October 1914—a document signed by a host of prominent German intellectuals that justified Germany's militarism and position during the First World War—Einstein was one of the few German intellectuals to rebut its contents and sign the pacifistic "Manifesto to th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 27 | 216 | [
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11,378 | Albert Einstein | In the spring of 1913, Einstein was enticed to move to Berlin with an offer that included membership in the Prussian Academy of Sciences, and a linked University of Berlin professorship, enabling him to concentrate exclusively on research. On 3 July 1913, he became a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 28 | 216 | [
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11,379 | Albert Einstein | In 1911, Einstein used his 1907 Equivalence principle to calculate the deflection of light from another star by the Sun's gravity. In 1913, Einstein improved upon those calculations by using Riemannian space-time to represent the gravity field. By the fall of 1915, Einstein had successfully completed his general theory... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 29 | 216 | [
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11,380 | Albert Einstein | In 1920, he became a Foreign Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1922, he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". While the general theory of relativity was still consider... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 30 | 216 | [
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11,381 | Albert Einstein | Einstein resigned from the Prussian Academy in March 1933. Einstein's scientific accomplishments while in Berlin, included finishing the general theory of relativity, proving the gyromagnetic effect, contributing to the quantum theory of radiation, and Bose–Einstein statistics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 31 | 216 | [
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11,382 | Albert Einstein | Einstein visited New York City for the first time on 2 April 1921, where he received an official welcome by Mayor John Francis Hylan, followed by three weeks of lectures and receptions. He went on to deliver several lectures at Columbia University and Princeton University, and in Washington, he accompanied representati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 32 | 216 | [
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11,383 | Albert Einstein | He also published an essay, "My First Impression of the U.S.A.", in July 1921, in which he tried briefly to describe some characteristics of Americans, much as had Alexis de Tocqueville, who published his own impressions in "Democracy in America" (1835). For some of his observations, Einstein was clearly surprised: "Wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 33 | 216 | [
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11,384 | Albert Einstein | In 1922, his travels took him to Asia and later to Palestine, as part of a six-month excursion and speaking tour, as he visited Singapore, Ceylon and Japan, where he gave a series of lectures to thousands of Japanese. After his first public lecture, he met the emperor and empress at the Imperial Palace, where thousands... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 34 | 216 | [
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11,385 | Albert Einstein | Because of Einstein's travels to the Far East, he was unable to personally accept the Nobel Prize for Physics at the Stockholm award ceremony in December 1922. In his place, the banquet speech was made by a German diplomat, who praised Einstein not only as a scientist but also as an international peacemaker and activis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 35 | 216 | [
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11,386 | Albert Einstein | On his return voyage, he visited Palestine for 12 days, his only visit to that region. He was greeted as if he were a head of state, rather than a physicist, which included a cannon salute upon arriving at the home of the British high commissioner, Sir Herbert Samuel. During one reception, the building was stormed by p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 36 | 216 | [
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11,387 | Albert Einstein | Einstein visited Spain for two weeks in 1923, where he briefly met Santiago Ramón y Cajal and also received a diploma from King Alfonso XIII naming him a member of the Spanish Academy of Sciences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 37 | 216 | [
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11,388 | Albert Einstein | From 1922 to 1932, Einstein was a member of the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations in Geneva (with a few months of interruption in 1923–1924), a body created to promote international exchange between scientists, researchers, teachers, artists, and intellectuals. Originally slat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 38 | 216 | [
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11,389 | Albert Einstein | In the months of March and April 1925, Einstein visited South America, where he spent about a month in Argentina, a week in Uruguay, and a week in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Einstein's visit was initiated by Jorge Duclout (1856–1927) and Mauricio Nirenstein (1877–1935) with the support of several Argentine scholars, inclu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 39 | 216 | [
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11,390 | Albert Einstein | In December 1930, Einstein visited America for the second time, originally intended as a two-month working visit as a research fellow at the California Institute of Technology. After the national attention he received during his first trip to the US, he and his arrangers aimed to protect his privacy. Although swamped w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 40 | 216 | [
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11,391 | Albert Einstein | After arriving in New York City, Einstein was taken to various places and events, including Chinatown, a lunch with the editors of "The New York Times", and a performance of "Carmen" at the Metropolitan Opera, where he was cheered by the audience on his arrival. During the days following, he was given the keys to the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 41 | 216 | [
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11,392 | Albert Einstein | Einstein next traveled to California, where he met Caltech president and Nobel laureate Robert A. Millikan. His friendship with Millikan was "awkward", as Millikan "had a penchant for patriotic militarism", where Einstein was a pronounced pacifist. During an address to Caltech's students, Einstein noted that science wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 42 | 216 | [
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11,393 | Albert Einstein | This aversion to war also led Einstein to befriend author Upton Sinclair and film star Charlie Chaplin, both noted for their pacifism. Carl Laemmle, head of Universal Studios, gave Einstein a tour of his studio and introduced him to Chaplin. They had an instant rapport, with Chaplin inviting Einstein and his wife, Elsa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 43 | 216 | [
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11,394 | Albert Einstein | Chaplin's film, "City Lights", was to premiere a few days later in Hollywood, and Chaplin invited Einstein and Elsa to join him as his special guests. Walter Isaacson, Einstein's biographer, described this as "one of the most memorable scenes in the new era of celebrity". Chaplin visited Einstein at his home on a later... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 44 | 216 | [
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11,395 | Albert Einstein | In February 1933, while on a visit to the United States, Einstein knew he could not return to Germany with the rise to power of the Nazis under Germany's new chancellor, Adolf Hitler. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 45 | 216 | [
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11,396 | Albert Einstein | While at American universities in early 1933, he undertook his third two-month visiting professorship at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. In February and March 1933, the Gestapo repeatedly raided his family's apartment in Berlin. He and his wife Elsa returned to Europe in March, and during the trip, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 46 | 216 | [
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11,397 | Albert Einstein | In April 1933, Einstein discovered that the new German government had passed laws barring Jews from holding any official positions, including teaching at universities. Historian Gerald Holton describes how, with "virtually no audible protest being raised by their colleagues", thousands of Jewish scientists were suddenl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 47 | 216 | [
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11,398 | Albert Einstein | A month later, Einstein's works were among those targeted by the German Student Union in the Nazi book burnings, with Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels proclaiming, "Jewish intellectualism is dead." One German magazine included him in a list of enemies of the German regime with the phrase, "not yet hanged", offe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 48 | 216 | [
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11,399 | Albert Einstein | Einstein was now without a permanent home, unsure where he would live and work, and equally worried about the fate of countless other scientists still in Germany. Aided by the Academic Assistance Council, founded in April 1933 by British liberal politician William Beveridge to help academics escape Nazi persecution, Ei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 49 | 216 | [
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11,400 | Albert Einstein | Locker-Lampson took Einstein to meet Winston Churchill at his home, and later, Austen Chamberlain and former Prime Minister Lloyd George. Einstein asked them to help bring Jewish scientists out of Germany. British historian Martin Gilbert notes that Churchill responded immediately, and sent his friend, physicist Freder... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 50 | 216 | [
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11,401 | Albert Einstein | Einstein later contacted leaders of other nations, including Turkey's Prime Minister, İsmet İnönü, to whom he wrote in September 1933 requesting placement of unemployed German-Jewish scientists. As a result of Einstein's letter, Jewish invitees to Turkey eventually totaled over "1,000 saved individuals". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 51 | 216 | [
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11,402 | Albert Einstein | Locker-Lampson also submitted a bill to parliament to extend British citizenship to Einstein, during which period Einstein made a number of public appearances describing the crisis brewing in Europe. In one of his speeches he denounced Germany's treatment of Jews, while at the same time he introduced a bill promoting J... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 52 | 216 | [
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11,403 | Albert Einstein | On 3 October 1933, Einstein delivered a speech on the importance of academic freedom before a packed audience at the Royal Albert Hall in London, with "The Times" reporting he was wildly cheered throughout. Four days later he returned to the US and took up a position at the Institute for Advanced Study, noted for havin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 53 | 216 | [
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11,404 | Albert Einstein | Einstein was still undecided on his future. He had offers from several European universities, including Christ Church, Oxford, where he stayed for three short periods between May 1931 and June 1933 and was offered a five-year research fellowship (called a "studentship" at Christ Church), but in 1935, he arrived at the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 54 | 216 | [
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11,405 | Albert Einstein | Einstein's affiliation with the Institute for Advanced Study would last until his death in 1955. He was one of the four first selected (along with John von Neumann, Kurt Gödel, and Hermann Weyl) at the new Institute, where he soon developed a close friendship with Gödel. The two would take long walks together discussin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 55 | 216 | [
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11,406 | Albert Einstein | In 1939, a group of Hungarian scientists that included émigré physicist Leó Szilárd attempted to alert Washington to ongoing Nazi atomic bomb research. The group's warnings were discounted. Einstein and Szilárd, along with other refugees such as Edward Teller and Eugene Wigner, "regarded it as their responsibility to a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 56 | 216 | [
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11,407 | Albert Einstein | The letter is believed to be "arguably the key stimulus for the U.S. adoption of serious investigations into nuclear weapons on the eve of the U.S. entry into World War II". In addition to the letter, Einstein used his connections with the Belgian Royal Family and the Belgian queen mother to get access with a personal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 57 | 216 | [
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11,408 | Albert Einstein | For Einstein, "war was a disease ... [and] he called for resistance to war." By signing the letter to Roosevelt, some argue he went against his pacifist principles. In 1954, a year before his death, Einstein said to his old friend, Linus Pauling, "I made one great mistake in my life—when I signed the letter to Presiden... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 58 | 216 | [
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11,409 | Albert Einstein | Einstein became an American citizen in 1940. Not long after settling into his career at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, he expressed his appreciation of the meritocracy in American culture compared to Europe. He recognized the "right of individuals to say and think what they pleased" without ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 59 | 216 | [
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11,410 | Albert Einstein | Einstein joined the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in Princeton, where he campaigned for the civil rights of African Americans. He considered racism America's "worst disease", seeing it as "handed down from one generation to the next". As part of his involvement, he corresponded with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 60 | 216 | [
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11,411 | Albert Einstein | In 1946, Einstein visited Lincoln University in Pennsylvania, a historically black college, where he was awarded an honorary degree. Lincoln was the first university in the United States to grant college degrees to African Americans; alumni include Langston Hughes and Thurgood Marshall. Einstein gave a speech about rac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 61 | 216 | [
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11,412 | Albert Einstein | In 1918, Einstein was one of the founding members of the German Democratic Party, a liberal party. Later in his life, Einstein's political view was in favor of socialism and critical of capitalism, which he detailed in his essays such as "Why Socialism?" His opinions on the Bolsheviks also changed with time. In 1925, h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 62 | 216 | [
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11,413 | Albert Einstein | Einstein was deeply impressed by Mahatma Gandhi, with whom he exchanged written letters. He described Gandhi as "a role model for the generations to come". The initial connection was established on 27 September 1931, when Wilfrid Israel took his Indian guest V. A. Sundaram to meet his friend Einstein at his summer home... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 63 | 216 | [
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11,414 | Albert Einstein | Einstein was a figurehead leader in helping establish the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, which opened in 1925, and was among its first Board of Governors. Earlier, in 1921, he was asked by the biochemist and president of the World Zionist Organization, Chaim Weizmann, to help raise funds for the planned university. He... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 64 | 216 | [
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11,415 | Albert Einstein | Einstein was not a nationalist and was against the creation of an independent Jewish state, which would be established without his help as Israel in 1948. He felt that the waves of arriving Jews of the Aliyah could live alongside existing Arabs in Palestine. Nevertheless, upon the death of Israeli president Weizmann in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 65 | 216 | [
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11,416 | Albert Einstein | Einstein spoke of his spiritual outlook in a wide array of original writings and interviews. He said he had sympathy for the impersonal pantheistic God of Baruch Spinoza's philosophy. He did not believe in a personal god who concerns himself with fates and actions of human beings, a view which he described as naïve. He... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 66 | 216 | [
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11,417 | Albert Einstein | Einstein was primarily affiliated with non-religious humanist and Ethical Culture groups in both the UK and US. He served on the advisory board of the First Humanist Society of New York, and was an honorary associate of the Rationalist Association, which publishes "New Humanist" in Britain. For the 75th anniversary of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 67 | 216 | [
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11,418 | Albert Einstein | In a German-language letter to philosopher Eric Gutkind, dated 3 January 1954, Einstein wrote:The word God is for me nothing more than the expression and product of human weaknesses, the Bible a collection of honorable, but still primitive legends which are nevertheless pretty childish. No interpretation no matter how ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 68 | 216 | [
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11,419 | Albert Einstein | Einstein had been sympathetic toward vegetarianism for a long time. In a letter in 1930 to Hermann Huth, vice-president of the German Vegetarian Federation (Deutsche Vegetarier-Bund), he wrote:Although I have been prevented by outward circumstances from observing a strictly vegetarian diet, I have long been an adherent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 69 | 216 | [
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11,420 | Albert Einstein | He became a vegetarian himself only during the last part of his life. In March 1954 he wrote in a letter: "So I am living without fats, without meat, without fish, but am feeling quite well this way. It almost seems to me that man was not born to be a carnivore." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 70 | 216 | [
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11,421 | Albert Einstein | His mother played the piano reasonably well and wanted her son to learn the violin, not only to instill in him a love of music but also to help him assimilate into German culture. According to conductor Leon Botstein, Einstein began playing when he was 5. However, he did not enjoy it at that age. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 71 | 216 | [
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11,422 | Albert Einstein | When he turned 13, he discovered the violin sonatas of Mozart, whereupon he became enamored of Mozart's compositions and studied music more willingly. Einstein taught himself to play without "ever practicing systematically". He said that "love is a better teacher than a sense of duty." At the age of 17, he was heard by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 72 | 216 | [
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11,423 | Albert Einstein | Music took on a pivotal and permanent role in Einstein's life from that period on. Although the idea of becoming a professional musician himself was not on his mind at any time, among those with whom Einstein played chamber music were a few professionals, including Kurt Appelbaum, and he performed for private audiences... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 73 | 216 | [
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11,424 | Albert Einstein | In 1931, while engaged in research at the California Institute of Technology, he visited the Zoellner family conservatory in Los Angeles, where he played some of Beethoven and Mozart's works with members of the Zoellner Quartet. Near the end of his life, when the young Juilliard Quartet visited him in Princeton, he pla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 74 | 216 | [
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11,425 | Albert Einstein | On 17 April 1955, Einstein experienced internal bleeding caused by the rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, which had previously been reinforced surgically by Rudolph Nissen in 1948. He took the draft of a speech he was preparing for a television appearance commemorating the state of Israel's seventh anniversary wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 75 | 216 | [
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11,426 | Albert Einstein | Einstein refused surgery, saying, "I want to go when I want. It is tasteless to prolong life artificially. I have done my share; it is time to go. I will do it elegantly." He died in the University Medical Center of Princeton at Plainsboro early the next morning at the age of 76, having continued to work until near the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 76 | 216 | [
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11,427 | Albert Einstein | During the autopsy, the pathologist Thomas Stoltz Harvey removed Einstein's brain for preservation without the permission of his family, in the hope that the neuroscience of the future would be able to discover what made Einstein so intelligent. Einstein's remains were cremated in Trenton, New Jersey, and his ashes wer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 77 | 216 | [
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11,428 | Albert Einstein | In a memorial lecture delivered on 13 December 1965 at UNESCO headquarters, nuclear physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer summarized his impression of Einstein as a person: "He was almost wholly without sophistication and wholly without worldliness ... There was always with him a wonderful purity at once childlike and profou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 78 | 216 | [
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11,429 | Albert Einstein | Einstein bequeathed his personal archives, library, and intellectual assets to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 79 | 216 | [
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11,430 | Albert Einstein | Throughout his life, Einstein published hundreds of books and articles. He published more than 300 scientific papers and 150 non-scientific ones. On 5 December 2014, universities and archives announced the release of Einstein's papers, comprising more than 30,000 unique documents. Einstein's intellectual achievements a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 80 | 216 | [
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11,431 | Albert Einstein | The "Annus Mirabilis" papers are four articles pertaining to the photoelectric effect (which gave rise to quantum theory), Brownian motion, the special theory of relativity, and E = mc that Einstein published in the "Annalen der Physik" scientific journal in 1905. These four works contributed substantially to the found... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 81 | 216 | [
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11,432 | Albert Einstein | Einstein's first paper submitted in 1900 to "Annalen der Physik" was on capillary attraction. It was published in 1901 with the title "Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen", which translates as "Conclusions from the capillarity phenomena". Two papers he published in 1902–1903 (thermodynamics) attempted to int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 82 | 216 | [
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11,433 | Albert Einstein | Einstein returned to the problem of thermodynamic fluctuations, giving a treatment of the density variations in a fluid at its critical point. Ordinarily the density fluctuations are controlled by the second derivative of the free energy with respect to the density. At the critical point, this derivative is zero, leadi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 83 | 216 | [
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11,434 | Albert Einstein | Einstein's ""Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper"" ("On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies") was received on 30 June 1905 and published 26 September of that same year. It reconciled conflicts between Maxwell's equations (the laws of electricity and magnetism) and the laws of Newtonian mechanics by introducing changes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 84 | 216 | [
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11,435 | Albert Einstein | This paper predicted that, when measured in the frame of a relatively moving observer, a clock carried by a moving body would appear to slow down, and the body itself would contract in its direction of motion. This paper also argued that the idea of a luminiferous aether—one of the leading theoretical entities in physi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 85 | 216 | [
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11,436 | Albert Einstein | In his paper on mass–energy equivalence, Einstein produced "E" = "mc" as a consequence of his special relativity equations. Einstein's 1905 work on relativity remained controversial for many years, but was accepted by leading physicists, starting with Max Planck. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 86 | 216 | [
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11,437 | Albert Einstein | Einstein originally framed special relativity in terms of kinematics (the study of moving bodies). In 1908, Hermann Minkowski reinterpreted special relativity in geometric terms as a theory of spacetime. Einstein adopted Minkowski's formalism in his 1915 general theory of relativity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 87 | 216 | [
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11,438 | Albert Einstein | General relativity (GR) is a theory of gravitation that was developed by Einstein between 1907 and 1915. According to general relativity, the observed gravitational attraction between masses results from the warping of space and time by those masses. General relativity has developed into an essential tool in modern ast... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 88 | 216 | [
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11,439 | Albert Einstein | As Einstein later said, the reason for the development of general relativity was that the preference of inertial motions within special relativity was unsatisfactory, while a theory which from the outset prefers no state of motion (even accelerated ones) should appear more satisfactory. Consequently, in 1907 he publish... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 89 | 216 | [
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11,440 | Albert Einstein | In 1911, Einstein published another article "On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light" expanding on the 1907 article, in which he estimated the amount of deflection of light by massive bodies. Thus, the theoretical prediction of general relativity could for the first time be tested experimentally. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 90 | 216 | [
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11,441 | Albert Einstein | In 1916, Einstein predicted gravitational waves, ripples in the curvature of spacetime which propagate as waves, traveling outward from the source, transporting energy as gravitational radiation. The existence of gravitational waves is possible under general relativity due to its Lorentz invariance which brings the con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 91 | 216 | [
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11,442 | Albert Einstein | The first, indirect, detection of gravitational waves came in the 1970s through observation of a pair of closely orbiting neutron stars, PSR B1913+16. The explanation of the decay in their orbital period was that they were emitting gravitational waves. Einstein's prediction was confirmed on 11 February 2016, when resea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 92 | 216 | [
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11,443 | Albert Einstein | While developing general relativity, Einstein became confused about the gauge invariance in the theory. He formulated an argument that led him to conclude that a general relativistic field theory is impossible. He gave up looking for fully generally covariant tensor equations and searched for equations that would be in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 736 | 4,064.254395 | 93 | 216 | [
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