| {"message": {"transcript": [{"chunks": [{"end": 0.6, "start": 0.0, "text": "In"}, {"end": 1.08, "start": 0.6, "text": "my"}, {"end": 1.56, "start": 1.08, "text": "humble"}, {"end": 2.0, "start": 1.56, "text": "opinion,"}, {"end": 2.48, "start": 2.0, "text": "the"}, {"end": 3.16, "start": 2.48, "text": "single"}, {"end": 3.56, "start": 3.16, "text": "most"}, {"end": 4.28, "start": 3.56, "text": "important"}, {"end": 5.24, "start": 4.28, "text": "biochemical"}, {"end": 6.12, "start": 5.24, "text": "reaction,"}, {"end": 6.68, "start": 6.12, "text": "especially"}, {"end": 6.96, "start": 6.68, "text": "to"}, {"end": 7.72, "start": 6.96, "text": "us,"}, {"end": 8.0, "start": 7.72, "text": "is"}, {"end": 9.2, "start": 8.0, "text": "cellular"}, {"end": 10.0, "start": 9.2, "text": "respiration."}, {"end": 11.64, "start": 10.0, "text": "And"}, {"end": 12.76, "start": 11.64, "text": "the"}, {"end": 13.88, "start": 12.76, "text": "reason"}, {"end": 15.12, "start": 13.88, "text": "why"}, {"end": 15.36, "start": 15.12, "text": "I"}, {"end": 15.72, "start": 15.36, "text": "feel"}, {"end": 16.12, "start": 15.72, "text": "so"}, {"end": 16.64, "start": 16.12, "text": "strongly"}, {"end": 16.84, "start": 16.64, "text": "about"}, {"end": 17.2, "start": 16.84, "text": "that"}, {"end": 17.28, "start": 17.2, "text": "is"}, {"end": 17.44, "start": 17.28, "text": "because"}, {"end": 17.68, "start": 17.44, "text": "this"}, {"end": 17.92, "start": 17.68, "text": "is"}, {"end": 18.44, "start": 17.92, "text": "how"}, {"end": 18.68, "start": 18.44, "text": "we"}, {"end": 19.4, "start": 18.68, "text": "derive"}, {"end": 20.16, "start": 19.4, "text": "energy"}, {"end": 20.52, "start": 20.16, "text": "from"}, {"end": 20.92, "start": 20.52, "text": "what"}, {"end": 21.28, "start": 20.92, "text": "we"}, {"end": 21.52, "start": 21.28, "text": "eat,"}, {"end": 21.72, "start": 21.52, "text": "or"}, {"end": 21.92, "start": 21.72, "text": "from"}, {"end": 22.16, "start": 21.92, "text": "our"}, {"end": 22.36, "start": 22.16, "text": "fuel,"}, {"end": 22.8, "start": 22.36, "text": "or"}, {"end": 22.8, "start": 22.8, "text": "if"}, {"end": 23.16, "start": 22.8, "text": "we"}, {"end": 23.44, "start": 23.16, "text": "want"}, {"end": 23.48, "start": 23.44, "text": "to"}, {"end": 23.68, "start": 23.48, "text": "be"}, {"end": 24.08, "start": 23.68, "text": "specific,"}, {"end": 24.6, "start": 24.08, "text": "from"}, {"end": 25.32, "start": 24.6, "text": "glucose."}, {"end": 25.32, "start": 25.32, "text": "At"}, {"end": 25.64, "start": 25.32, "text": "the"}, {"end": 25.68, "start": 25.64, "text": "end"}, {"end": 25.68, "start": 25.68, "text": "of"}, {"end": 25.72, "start": 25.68, "text": "the"}, {"end": 26.0, "start": 25.72, "text": "day,"}, {"end": 26.4, "start": 26.0, "text": "most"}, {"end": 26.48, "start": 26.4, "text": "of"}, {"end": 26.6, "start": 26.48, "text": "what"}, {"end": 26.84, "start": 26.6, "text": "we"}, {"end": 26.92, "start": 26.84, "text": "eat,"}, {"end": 27.04, "start": 26.92, "text": "or"}, {"end": 27.04, "start": 27.04, "text": "at"}, {"end": 27.24, "start": 27.04, "text": "least"}, {"end": 28.04, "start": 27.24, "text": "carbohydrates,"}, {"end": 28.2, "start": 28.04, "text": "end"}, {"end": 28.44, "start": 28.2, "text": "up"}, {"end": 28.6, "start": 28.44, "text": "as"}, {"end": 28.84, "start": 28.6, "text": "glucose"}, {"end": 28.96, "start": 28.84, "text": "in"}, {"end": 29.52, "start": 28.96, "text": "the"}, {"end": 29.8, "start": 29.52, "text": "future"}, {"end": 29.96, "start": 29.8, "text": "video."}], "text": " In my humble opinion, the single most important biochemical reaction, especially to us, is cellular respiration. And the reason why I feel so strongly about that is because this is how we derive energy from what we eat, or from our fuel, or if we want to be specific, from glucose. At the end of the day, most of what we eat, or at least carbohydrates, end up as glucose in the future video."}, {"chunks": [{"end": 30.24, "start": 30.0, "text": "those,"}, {"end": 30.32, "start": 30.24, "text": "I'll"}, {"end": 30.52, "start": 30.32, "text": "talk"}, {"end": 31.0, "start": 30.52, "text": "about"}, {"end": 31.16, "start": 31.0, "text": "how"}, {"end": 31.32, "start": 31.16, "text": "we"}, {"end": 31.76, "start": 31.32, "text": "derive"}, {"end": 32.24, "start": 31.76, "text": "energy"}, {"end": 32.52, "start": 32.24, "text": "from"}, {"end": 32.96, "start": 32.52, "text": "fats"}, {"end": 33.04, "start": 32.96, "text": "or"}, {"end": 33.8, "start": 33.04, "text": "proteins."}, {"end": 34.36, "start": 33.8, "text": "But"}, {"end": 35.0, "start": 34.36, "text": "cellular"}, {"end": 36.24, "start": 35.0, "text": "respiration,"}, {"end": 37.72, "start": 36.24, "text": "let's"}, {"end": 38.12, "start": 37.72, "text": "go"}, {"end": 38.36, "start": 38.12, "text": "from"}, {"end": 38.88, "start": 38.36, "text": "glucose"}, {"end": 40.76, "start": 38.88, "text": "to"}, {"end": 41.84, "start": 40.76, "text": "energy"}, {"end": 42.08, "start": 41.84, "text": "and"}, {"end": 42.28, "start": 42.08, "text": "some"}, {"end": 42.6, "start": 42.28, "text": "other"}, {"end": 43.24, "start": 42.6, "text": "byproducts."}, {"end": 43.24, "start": 43.24, "text": "And"}, {"end": 43.480000000000004, "start": 43.24, "text": "to"}, {"end": 43.519999999999996, "start": 43.480000000000004, "text": "be"}, {"end": 43.6, "start": 43.519999999999996, "text": "a"}, {"end": 43.88, "start": 43.6, "text": "little"}, {"end": 44.0, "start": 43.88, "text": "bit"}, {"end": 44.32, "start": 44.0, "text": "more"}, {"end": 44.6, "start": 44.32, "text": "specific"}, {"end": 45.12, "start": 44.6, "text": "about"}, {"end": 45.24, "start": 45.12, "text": "it,"}, {"end": 45.24, "start": 45.24, "text": "let"}, {"end": 45.32, "start": 45.24, "text": "me"}, {"end": 45.88, "start": 45.32, "text": "write"}, {"end": 46.0, "start": 45.88, "text": "the"}, {"end": 46.32, "start": 46.0, "text": "chemical"}, {"end": 47.04, "start": 46.32, "text": "reaction"}, {"end": 47.239999999999995, "start": 47.04, "text": "right"}, {"end": 47.64, "start": 47.239999999999995, "text": "here."}, {"end": 48.08, "start": 47.64, "text": "So"}, {"end": 48.32, "start": 48.08, "text": "the"}, {"end": 48.84, "start": 48.32, "text": "chemical"}, {"end": 49.28, "start": 48.84, "text": "formula"}, {"end": 49.8, "start": 49.28, "text": "for"}, {"end": 51.36, "start": 49.8, "text": "glucose,"}, {"end": 51.760000000000005, "start": 51.36, "text": "you're"}, {"end": 51.8, "start": 51.760000000000005, "text": "going"}, {"end": 51.8, "start": 51.8, "text": "to"}, {"end": 51.879999999999995, "start": 51.8, "text": "have"}, {"end": 52.28, "start": 51.879999999999995, "text": "6"}, {"end": 53.08, "start": 52.28, "text": "carbons,"}, {"end": 54.28, "start": 53.08, "text": "12"}, {"end": 55.96, "start": 54.28, "text": "hydrogens,"}, {"end": 56.239999999999995, "start": 55.96, "text": "and"}, {"end": 56.64, "start": 56.239999999999995, "text": "6"}, {"end": 57.36, "start": 56.64, "text": "oxygens."}, {"end": 57.480000000000004, "start": 57.36, "text": "So"}, {"end": 58.0, "start": 57.480000000000004, "text": "that's"}, {"end": 58.2, "start": 58.0, "text": "your"}, {"end": 58.480000000000004, "start": 58.2, "text": "glucose"}, {"end": 58.72, "start": 58.480000000000004, "text": "right"}, {"end": 59.96, "start": 58.72, "text": "there."}], "text": " those, I'll talk about how we derive energy from fats or proteins. But cellular respiration, let's go from glucose to energy and some other byproducts. And to be a little bit more specific about it, let me write the chemical reaction right here. So the chemical formula for glucose, you're going to have 6 carbons, 12 hydrogens, and 6 oxygens. So that's your glucose right there."}, {"chunks": [{"end": 60.08, "start": 60.0, "text": "So"}, {"end": 60.16, "start": 60.08, "text": "if"}, {"end": 60.48, "start": 60.16, "text": "you"}, {"end": 60.72, "start": 60.48, "text": "had"}, {"end": 61.32, "start": 60.72, "text": "one"}, {"end": 61.68, "start": 61.32, "text": "mole"}, {"end": 62.48, "start": 61.68, "text": "of"}, {"end": 62.88, "start": 62.48, "text": "glucose,"}, {"end": 63.32, "start": 62.88, "text": "that's"}, {"end": 63.56, "start": 63.32, "text": "your"}, {"end": 64.6, "start": 63.56, "text": "glucose"}, {"end": 64.84, "start": 64.6, "text": "right"}, {"end": 65.48, "start": 64.84, "text": "there."}, {"end": 65.72, "start": 65.48, "text": "And"}, {"end": 65.84, "start": 65.72, "text": "then"}, {"end": 66.16, "start": 65.84, "text": "to"}, {"end": 66.6, "start": 66.16, "text": "that"}, {"end": 66.92, "start": 66.6, "text": "one"}, {"end": 67.44, "start": 66.92, "text": "mole"}, {"end": 67.6, "start": 67.44, "text": "of"}, {"end": 67.96, "start": 67.6, "text": "glucose,"}, {"end": 68.03999999999999, "start": 67.96, "text": "if"}, {"end": 68.24, "start": 68.03999999999999, "text": "you"}, {"end": 69.32, "start": 68.24, "text": "had"}, {"end": 69.68, "start": 69.32, "text": "six"}, {"end": 70.36, "start": 69.68, "text": "moles"}, {"end": 70.64, "start": 70.36, "text": "of"}, {"end": 71.12, "start": 70.64, "text": "molecular"}, {"end": 72.08, "start": 71.12, "text": "oxygen"}, {"end": 72.4, "start": 72.08, "text": "running"}, {"end": 72.72, "start": 72.4, "text": "around"}, {"end": 73.03999999999999, "start": 72.72, "text": "the"}, {"end": 74.84, "start": 73.03999999999999, "text": "cell,"}, {"end": 75.64, "start": 74.84, "text": "then,"}, {"end": 76.2, "start": 75.64, "text": "and"}, {"end": 76.56, "start": 76.2, "text": "this"}, {"end": 76.6, "start": 76.56, "text": "is"}, {"end": 76.84, "start": 76.6, "text": "kind"}, {"end": 76.92, "start": 76.84, "text": "of"}, {"end": 77.03999999999999, "start": 76.92, "text": "a"}, {"end": 77.08, "start": 77.03999999999999, "text": "gross"}, {"end": 77.56, "start": 77.08, "text": "simplification"}, {"end": 78.16, "start": 77.56, "text": "for"}, {"end": 78.44, "start": 78.16, "text": "cellular"}, {"end": 79.2, "start": 78.44, "text": "respiration."}, {"end": 79.28, "start": 79.2, "text": "I"}, {"end": 79.4, "start": 79.28, "text": "think"}, {"end": 79.48, "start": 79.4, "text": "everyone"}, {"end": 79.52, "start": 79.48, "text": "will"}, {"end": 80.24, "start": 79.52, "text": "appreciate"}, {"end": 80.28, "start": 80.24, "text": "over"}, {"end": 80.28, "start": 80.28, "text": "the"}, {"end": 80.6, "start": 80.28, "text": "course"}, {"end": 80.6, "start": 80.6, "text": "of"}, {"end": 80.72, "start": 80.6, "text": "the"}, {"end": 81.36, "start": 80.72, "text": "next"}, {"end": 81.52, "start": 81.36, "text": "few"}, {"end": 82.0, "start": 81.52, "text": "videos"}, {"end": 82.08, "start": 82.0, "text": "that"}, {"end": 82.32, "start": 82.08, "text": "one"}, {"end": 82.52, "start": 82.32, "text": "can"}, {"end": 83.0, "start": 82.52, "text": "get"}, {"end": 83.36, "start": 83.0, "text": "as"}, {"end": 83.84, "start": 83.36, "text": "involved"}, {"end": 84.56, "start": 83.84, "text": "into"}, {"end": 85.03999999999999, "start": 84.56, "text": "this"}, {"end": 85.48, "start": 85.03999999999999, "text": "mechanism"}, {"end": 85.72, "start": 85.48, "text": "as"}, {"end": 86.16, "start": 85.72, "text": "possible."}, {"end": 86.24, "start": 86.16, "text": "I"}, {"end": 86.4, "start": 86.24, "text": "think"}, {"end": 86.56, "start": 86.4, "text": "it's"}, {"end": 86.84, "start": 86.56, "text": "nice"}, {"end": 86.96000000000001, "start": 86.84, "text": "to"}, {"end": 87.08, "start": 86.96000000000001, "text": "get"}, {"end": 87.28, "start": 87.08, "text": "the"}, {"end": 87.36, "start": 87.28, "text": "big"}, {"end": 87.72, "start": 87.36, "text": "picture."}, {"end": 87.8, "start": 87.72, "text": "But"}, {"end": 87.84, "start": 87.8, "text": "if"}, {"end": 87.96000000000001, "start": 87.84, "text": "you"}, {"end": 88.0, "start": 87.96000000000001, "text": "give"}, {"end": 88.2, "start": 88.0, "text": "me"}, {"end": 88.52, "start": 88.2, "text": "some"}, {"end": 89.52, "start": 88.52, "text": "glucose,"}, {"end": 89.6, "start": 89.52, "text": "if"}, {"end": 89.76, "start": 89.6, "text": "you"}, {"end": 89.8, "start": 89.76, "text": "have"}, {"end": 89.96000000000001, "start": 89.8, "text": "one"}], "text": " So if you had one mole of glucose, that's your glucose right there. And then to that one mole of glucose, if you had six moles of molecular oxygen running around the cell, then, and this is kind of a gross simplification for cellular respiration. I think everyone will appreciate over the course of the next few videos that one can get as involved into this mechanism as possible. I think it's nice to get the big picture. But if you give me some glucose, if you have one"}, {"chunks": [{"end": 90.36, "start": 90.0, "text": "mole"}, {"end": 90.52, "start": 90.36, "text": "of"}, {"end": 90.96, "start": 90.52, "text": "glucose"}, {"end": 91.08, "start": 90.96, "text": "and"}, {"end": 91.52, "start": 91.08, "text": "6"}, {"end": 91.96, "start": 91.52, "text": "moles"}, {"end": 92.16, "start": 91.96, "text": "of"}, {"end": 93.24, "start": 92.16, "text": "oxygen"}, {"end": 93.4, "start": 93.24, "text": "through"}, {"end": 93.52, "start": 93.4, "text": "the"}, {"end": 94.08, "start": 93.52, "text": "process"}, {"end": 94.24, "start": 94.08, "text": "of"}, {"end": 95.12, "start": 94.24, "text": "cellular"}, {"end": 95.76, "start": 95.12, "text": "respiration."}, {"end": 96.16, "start": 95.76, "text": "And"}, {"end": 96.32, "start": 96.16, "text": "so"}, {"end": 96.36, "start": 96.32, "text": "I'm"}, {"end": 96.68, "start": 96.36, "text": "just"}, {"end": 96.92, "start": 96.68, "text": "writing"}, {"end": 96.96, "start": 96.92, "text": "it"}, {"end": 97.08, "start": 96.96, "text": "as"}, {"end": 97.28, "start": 97.08, "text": "kind"}, {"end": 97.44, "start": 97.28, "text": "of"}, {"end": 97.6, "start": 97.44, "text": "a"}, {"end": 97.72, "start": 97.6, "text": "big"}, {"end": 98.12, "start": 97.72, "text": "black"}, {"end": 98.44, "start": 98.12, "text": "box"}, {"end": 98.72, "start": 98.44, "text": "right"}, {"end": 99.03999999999999, "start": 98.72, "text": "now."}, {"end": 99.44, "start": 99.03999999999999, "text": "Let"}, {"end": 99.6, "start": 99.44, "text": "me"}, {"end": 99.72, "start": 99.6, "text": "pick"}, {"end": 99.8, "start": 99.72, "text": "a"}, {"end": 100.03999999999999, "start": 99.8, "text": "nice"}, {"end": 100.4, "start": 100.03999999999999, "text": "color."}, {"end": 100.56, "start": 100.4, "text": "So"}, {"end": 100.8, "start": 100.56, "text": "this"}, {"end": 100.88, "start": 100.8, "text": "is"}, {"end": 103.2, "start": 100.88, "text": "cellular"}, {"end": 105.08, "start": 103.2, "text": "respiration,"}, {"end": 105.56, "start": 105.08, "text": "which"}, {"end": 105.76, "start": 105.56, "text": "we'll"}, {"end": 105.92, "start": 105.76, "text": "see"}, {"end": 106.08, "start": 105.92, "text": "is"}, {"end": 106.4, "start": 106.08, "text": "quite"}, {"end": 107.08, "start": 106.4, "text": "involved,"}, {"end": 107.36, "start": 107.08, "text": "but"}, {"end": 107.6, "start": 107.36, "text": "I"}, {"end": 107.8, "start": 107.6, "text": "guess"}, {"end": 107.96000000000001, "start": 107.8, "text": "anything"}, {"end": 108.0, "start": 107.96000000000001, "text": "can"}, {"end": 108.16, "start": 108.0, "text": "be"}, {"end": 108.4, "start": 108.16, "text": "if"}, {"end": 108.6, "start": 108.4, "text": "you"}, {"end": 108.84, "start": 108.6, "text": "want"}, {"end": 109.12, "start": 108.84, "text": "to"}, {"end": 109.2, "start": 109.12, "text": "be"}, {"end": 109.52, "start": 109.2, "text": "particular"}, {"end": 109.96000000000001, "start": 109.52, "text": "enough"}, {"end": 110.16, "start": 109.96000000000001, "text": "about"}, {"end": 110.4, "start": 110.16, "text": "it."}, {"end": 110.84, "start": 110.4, "text": "Through"}, {"end": 111.56, "start": 110.84, "text": "cellular"}, {"end": 112.0, "start": 111.56, "text": "respiration,"}, {"end": 112.28, "start": 112.0, "text": "we're"}, {"end": 112.32, "start": 112.28, "text": "going"}, {"end": 112.32, "start": 112.32, "text": "to"}, {"end": 113.64, "start": 112.32, "text": "produce"}, {"end": 114.28, "start": 113.64, "text": "6"}, {"end": 115.72, "start": 114.28, "text": "moles"}, {"end": 116.0, "start": 115.72, "text": "of"}, {"end": 116.44, "start": 116.0, "text": "carbon"}, {"end": 117.36, "start": 116.44, "text": "dioxide,"}, {"end": 118.8, "start": 117.36, "text": "6"}, {"end": 119.96000000000001, "start": 118.8, "text": "moles"}], "text": " mole of glucose and 6 moles of oxygen through the process of cellular respiration. And so I'm just writing it as kind of a big black box right now. Let me pick a nice color. So this is cellular respiration, which we'll see is quite involved, but I guess anything can be if you want to be particular enough about it. Through cellular respiration, we're going to produce 6 moles of carbon dioxide, 6 moles"}, {"chunks": [{"end": 120.56, "start": 120.0, "text": "of"}, {"end": 121.84, "start": 120.56, "text": "water,"}, {"end": 122.64, "start": 121.84, "text": "and"}, {"end": 123.16, "start": 122.64, "text": "this"}, {"end": 123.44, "start": 123.16, "text": "is"}, {"end": 123.92, "start": 123.44, "text": "the"}, {"end": 124.32, "start": 123.92, "text": "super"}, {"end": 124.56, "start": 124.32, "text": "important"}, {"end": 124.88, "start": 124.56, "text": "part,"}, {"end": 125.32, "start": 124.88, "text": "and"}, {"end": 125.88, "start": 125.32, "text": "we're"}, {"end": 126.04, "start": 125.88, "text": "going"}, {"end": 126.04, "start": 126.04, "text": "to"}, {"end": 127.8, "start": 126.04, "text": "produce"}, {"end": 129.0, "start": 127.8, "text": "energy."}, {"end": 129.36, "start": 129.0, "text": "And"}, {"end": 129.84, "start": 129.36, "text": "this"}, {"end": 130.2, "start": 129.84, "text": "is"}, {"end": 130.32, "start": 130.2, "text": "the"}, {"end": 130.88, "start": 130.32, "text": "energy"}, {"end": 131.32, "start": 130.88, "text": "that"}, {"end": 131.64, "start": 131.32, "text": "can"}, {"end": 132.36, "start": 131.64, "text": "be"}, {"end": 132.8, "start": 132.36, "text": "used"}, {"end": 133.0, "start": 132.8, "text": "to"}, {"end": 133.64, "start": 133.0, "text": "do"}, {"end": 134.16, "start": 133.64, "text": "useful"}, {"end": 134.48, "start": 134.16, "text": "work,"}, {"end": 134.6, "start": 134.48, "text": "to"}, {"end": 134.84, "start": 134.6, "text": "heat"}, {"end": 135.2, "start": 134.84, "text": "our"}, {"end": 135.56, "start": 135.2, "text": "bodies,"}, {"end": 135.8, "start": 135.56, "text": "to"}, {"end": 136.68, "start": 135.8, "text": "provide"}, {"end": 138.48, "start": 136.68, "text": "electrical"}, {"end": 138.92000000000002, "start": 138.48, "text": "impulses"}, {"end": 139.4, "start": 138.92000000000002, "text": "in"}, {"end": 139.64, "start": 139.4, "text": "our"}, {"end": 140.0, "start": 139.64, "text": "brains."}, {"end": 140.76, "start": 140.0, "text": "Whatever"}, {"end": 141.32, "start": 140.76, "text": "energy,"}, {"end": 142.07999999999998, "start": 141.32, "text": "especially"}, {"end": 142.28, "start": 142.07999999999998, "text": "a"}, {"end": 142.76, "start": 142.28, "text": "human"}, {"end": 143.0, "start": 142.76, "text": "body"}, {"end": 143.12, "start": 143.0, "text": "needs,"}, {"end": 143.24, "start": 143.12, "text": "but"}, {"end": 143.36, "start": 143.24, "text": "it's"}, {"end": 143.6, "start": 143.36, "text": "not"}, {"end": 143.76, "start": 143.6, "text": "just"}, {"end": 144.24, "start": 143.76, "text": "humans,"}, {"end": 144.64, "start": 144.24, "text": "it's"}, {"end": 145.2, "start": 144.64, "text": "provided"}, {"end": 145.44, "start": 145.2, "text": "by"}, {"end": 145.72, "start": 145.44, "text": "this"}, {"end": 146.76, "start": 145.72, "text": "cellular"}, {"end": 147.36, "start": 146.76, "text": "respiration"}, {"end": 147.68, "start": 147.36, "text": "mechanism."}, {"end": 147.96, "start": 147.68, "text": "And"}, {"end": 148.12, "start": 147.96, "text": "when"}, {"end": 148.92000000000002, "start": 148.12, "text": "you"}, {"end": 149.48, "start": 148.92000000000002, "text": "say"}, {"end": 149.96, "start": 149.48, "text": "energy,"}], "text": " of water, and this is the super important part, and we're going to produce energy. And this is the energy that can be used to do useful work, to heat our bodies, to provide electrical impulses in our brains. Whatever energy, especially a human body needs, but it's not just humans, it's provided by this cellular respiration mechanism. And when you say energy,"}, {"chunks": [{"end": 151.04, "start": 150.0, "text": "You"}, {"end": 151.44, "start": 151.04, "text": "might"}, {"end": 152.0, "start": 151.44, "text": "say,"}, {"end": 152.36, "start": 152.0, "text": "hey,"}, {"end": 152.8, "start": 152.36, "text": "Sal,"}, {"end": 153.08, "start": 152.8, "text": "in"}, {"end": 153.48, "start": 153.08, "text": "the"}, {"end": 153.76, "start": 153.48, "text": "last"}, {"end": 153.76, "start": 153.76, "text": "video,"}, {"end": 153.84, "start": 153.76, "text": "didn't"}, {"end": 154.32, "start": 153.84, "text": "you"}, {"end": 154.68, "start": 154.32, "text": "just,"}, {"end": 154.88, "start": 154.68, "text": "well,"}, {"end": 155.32, "start": 154.88, "text": "if"}, {"end": 155.64, "start": 155.32, "text": "that"}, {"end": 155.8, "start": 155.64, "text": "was"}, {"end": 156.08, "start": 155.8, "text": "the"}, {"end": 156.52, "start": 156.08, "text": "last"}, {"end": 157.04, "start": 156.52, "text": "video"}, {"end": 157.96, "start": 157.04, "text": "you"}, {"end": 158.52, "start": 157.96, "text": "watched,"}, {"end": 158.8, "start": 158.52, "text": "you"}, {"end": 160.04, "start": 158.8, "text": "probably"}, {"end": 160.4, "start": 160.04, "text": "saw"}, {"end": 160.92, "start": 160.4, "text": "that"}, {"end": 161.28, "start": 160.92, "text": "I"}, {"end": 161.64, "start": 161.28, "text": "said"}, {"end": 161.64, "start": 161.64, "text": "that"}, {"end": 162.64, "start": 161.64, "text": "ATP"}, {"end": 162.8, "start": 162.64, "text": "is"}, {"end": 163.04, "start": 162.8, "text": "the"}, {"end": 164.12, "start": 163.04, "text": "energy"}, {"end": 165.48, "start": 164.12, "text": "currency"}, {"end": 165.8, "start": 165.48, "text": "for"}, {"end": 166.48, "start": 165.8, "text": "biological"}, {"end": 167.0, "start": 166.48, "text": "systems."}, {"end": 167.2, "start": 167.0, "text": "And"}, {"end": 167.32, "start": 167.2, "text": "so"}, {"end": 167.56, "start": 167.32, "text": "you"}, {"end": 167.56, "start": 167.56, "text": "might"}, {"end": 167.72, "start": 167.56, "text": "say,"}, {"end": 168.24, "start": 167.72, "text": "hey,"}, {"end": 168.8, "start": 168.24, "text": "well,"}, {"end": 169.16, "start": 168.8, "text": "it"}, {"end": 169.28, "start": 169.16, "text": "looks"}, {"end": 169.68, "start": 169.28, "text": "like"}, {"end": 169.72, "start": 169.68, "text": "glucose"}, {"end": 169.72, "start": 169.72, "text": "is"}, {"end": 169.76, "start": 169.72, "text": "the"}, {"end": 170.28, "start": 169.76, "text": "energy"}, {"end": 170.84, "start": 170.28, "text": "currency"}, {"end": 171.0, "start": 170.84, "text": "for"}, {"end": 171.64, "start": 171.0, "text": "biological"}, {"end": 172.44, "start": 171.64, "text": "systems."}, {"end": 172.72, "start": 172.44, "text": "And"}, {"end": 173.6, "start": 172.72, "text": "to"}, {"end": 174.36, "start": 173.6, "text": "some"}, {"end": 174.56, "start": 174.36, "text": "degree,"}, {"end": 175.04, "start": 174.56, "text": "both"}, {"end": 175.52, "start": 175.04, "text": "answers"}, {"end": 175.72, "start": 175.52, "text": "would"}, {"end": 175.88, "start": 175.72, "text": "be"}, {"end": 176.96, "start": 175.88, "text": "correct,"}, {"end": 177.12, "start": 176.96, "text": "but"}, {"end": 177.24, "start": 177.12, "text": "to"}, {"end": 177.56, "start": 177.24, "text": "just"}, {"end": 177.8, "start": 177.56, "text": "see"}, {"end": 178.07999999999998, "start": 177.8, "text": "how"}, {"end": 178.12, "start": 178.07999999999998, "text": "it"}, {"end": 178.4, "start": 178.12, "text": "kind"}, {"end": 178.44, "start": 178.4, "text": "of"}, {"end": 178.64, "start": 178.44, "text": "fits"}, {"end": 179.32, "start": 178.64, "text": "together"}, {"end": 179.56, "start": 179.32, "text": "is"}, {"end": 179.96, "start": 179.56, "text": "that"}], "text": " You might say, hey, Sal, in the last video, didn't you just, well, if that was the last video you watched, you probably saw that I said that ATP is the energy currency for biological systems. And so you might say, hey, well, it looks like glucose is the energy currency for biological systems. And to some degree, both answers would be correct, but to just see how it kind of fits together is that"}, {"chunks": [{"end": 180.08, "start": 180.0, "text": "Process"}, {"end": 180.52, "start": 180.08, "text": "of"}, {"end": 181.24, "start": 180.52, "text": "cellular"}, {"end": 182.08, "start": 181.24, "text": "respiration,"}, {"end": 182.16, "start": 182.08, "text": "it"}, {"end": 182.44, "start": 182.16, "text": "does"}, {"end": 182.96, "start": 182.44, "text": "produce"}, {"end": 183.44, "start": 182.96, "text": "energy"}, {"end": 183.84, "start": 183.44, "text": "directly,"}, {"end": 184.08, "start": 183.84, "text": "but"}, {"end": 184.24, "start": 184.08, "text": "that"}, {"end": 185.2, "start": 184.24, "text": "energy"}, {"end": 185.6, "start": 185.2, "text": "is"}, {"end": 186.12, "start": 185.6, "text": "used"}, {"end": 186.32, "start": 186.12, "text": "to"}, {"end": 186.96, "start": 186.32, "text": "produce"}, {"end": 187.12, "start": 186.96, "text": "ATP."}, {"end": 187.36, "start": 187.12, "text": "So"}, {"end": 187.76, "start": 187.36, "text": "if"}, {"end": 187.84, "start": 187.76, "text": "I"}, {"end": 188.24, "start": 187.84, "text": "were"}, {"end": 188.32, "start": 188.24, "text": "to"}, {"end": 188.72, "start": 188.32, "text": "break"}, {"end": 189.8, "start": 188.72, "text": "down"}, {"end": 190.2, "start": 189.8, "text": "this"}, {"end": 190.64, "start": 190.2, "text": "energy"}, {"end": 191.08, "start": 190.64, "text": "portion"}, {"end": 191.24, "start": 191.08, "text": "of"}, {"end": 191.96, "start": 191.24, "text": "cellular"}, {"end": 192.36, "start": 191.96, "text": "respiration"}, {"end": 192.56, "start": 192.36, "text": "right"}, {"end": 193.36, "start": 192.56, "text": "there,"}, {"end": 193.76, "start": 193.36, "text": "some"}, {"end": 193.84, "start": 193.76, "text": "of"}, {"end": 193.88, "start": 193.84, "text": "it"}, {"end": 193.92, "start": 193.88, "text": "would"}, {"end": 194.08, "start": 193.92, "text": "just"}, {"end": 194.2, "start": 194.08, "text": "be"}, {"end": 195.16, "start": 194.2, "text": "heat."}, {"end": 195.36, "start": 195.16, "text": "It"}, {"end": 195.72, "start": 195.36, "text": "just"}, {"end": 196.04, "start": 195.72, "text": "warms"}, {"end": 196.12, "start": 196.04, "text": "up"}, {"end": 196.36, "start": 196.12, "text": "the"}, {"end": 196.88, "start": 196.36, "text": "cell."}, {"end": 197.07999999999998, "start": 196.88, "text": "And"}, {"end": 197.32, "start": 197.07999999999998, "text": "then"}, {"end": 197.6, "start": 197.32, "text": "some"}, {"end": 198.16, "start": 197.6, "text": "of"}, {"end": 198.36, "start": 198.16, "text": "it"}, {"end": 198.72, "start": 198.36, "text": "is"}, {"end": 198.96, "start": 198.72, "text": "used,"}, {"end": 199.16, "start": 198.96, "text": "and"}, {"end": 199.52, "start": 199.16, "text": "this"}, {"end": 199.76, "start": 199.52, "text": "is"}, {"end": 199.84, "start": 199.76, "text": "what"}, {"end": 200.24, "start": 199.84, "text": "the"}, {"end": 200.84, "start": 200.24, "text": "textbooks"}, {"end": 201.24, "start": 200.84, "text": "will"}, {"end": 201.4, "start": 201.24, "text": "tell"}, {"end": 201.48, "start": 201.4, "text": "you,"}, {"end": 201.8, "start": 201.48, "text": "the"}, {"end": 203.72, "start": 201.8, "text": "textbooks"}, {"end": 204.0, "start": 203.72, "text": "will"}, {"end": 204.24, "start": 204.0, "text": "say"}, {"end": 204.24, "start": 204.24, "text": "it"}, {"end": 205.0, "start": 204.24, "text": "produces"}, {"end": 205.12, "start": 205.0, "text": "38"}, {"end": 205.12, "start": 205.12, "text": "ATPs"}, {"end": 205.12, "start": 205.12, "text": "that"}, {"end": 205.28, "start": 205.12, "text": "can"}, {"end": 205.4, "start": 205.28, "text": "be"}, {"end": 205.84, "start": 205.4, "text": "more"}, {"end": 206.28, "start": 205.84, "text": "readily"}, {"end": 206.6, "start": 206.28, "text": "used"}, {"end": 206.76, "start": 206.6, "text": "by"}, {"end": 207.2, "start": 206.76, "text": "cells"}, {"end": 207.32, "start": 207.2, "text": "to"}, {"end": 207.84, "start": 207.32, "text": "contract"}, {"end": 208.8, "start": 207.84, "text": "muscles"}, {"end": 209.0, "start": 208.8, "text": "or"}, {"end": 209.96, "start": 209.0, "text": "generate"}], "text": " Process of cellular respiration, it does produce energy directly, but that energy is used to produce ATP. So if I were to break down this energy portion of cellular respiration right there, some of it would just be heat. It just warms up the cell. And then some of it is used, and this is what the textbooks will tell you, the textbooks will say it produces 38 ATPs that can be more readily used by cells to contract muscles or generate"}, {"chunks": [{"end": 210.6, "start": 210.0, "text": "nerve"}, {"end": 211.24, "start": 210.6, "text": "impulses"}, {"end": 211.24, "start": 211.24, "text": "or"}, {"end": 211.36, "start": 211.24, "text": "do"}, {"end": 211.72, "start": 211.36, "text": "whatever"}, {"end": 212.04, "start": 211.72, "text": "else,"}, {"end": 212.12, "start": 212.04, "text": "or"}, {"end": 212.48, "start": 212.12, "text": "grow"}, {"end": 212.92, "start": 212.48, "text": "or"}, {"end": 213.24, "start": 212.92, "text": "divide,"}, {"end": 213.24, "start": 213.24, "text": "or"}, {"end": 214.0, "start": 213.24, "text": "whatever"}, {"end": 214.28, "start": 214.0, "text": "else"}, {"end": 214.4, "start": 214.28, "text": "the"}, {"end": 214.68, "start": 214.4, "text": "cell"}, {"end": 215.0, "start": 214.68, "text": "might"}, {"end": 215.28, "start": 215.0, "text": "need."}, {"end": 215.52, "start": 215.28, "text": "So"}, {"end": 215.8, "start": 215.52, "text": "really"}, {"end": 216.4, "start": 215.8, "text": "cellular"}, {"end": 216.72, "start": 216.4, "text": "respiration,"}, {"end": 216.8, "start": 216.72, "text": "to"}, {"end": 217.0, "start": 216.8, "text": "say"}, {"end": 217.08, "start": 217.0, "text": "it"}, {"end": 217.48, "start": 217.08, "text": "produces"}, {"end": 217.84, "start": 217.48, "text": "energy,"}, {"end": 218.16, "start": 217.84, "text": "a"}, {"end": 218.48, "start": 218.16, "text": "little"}, {"end": 219.24, "start": 218.48, "text": "disingenuous."}, {"end": 219.52, "start": 219.24, "text": "It's"}, {"end": 219.68, "start": 219.52, "text": "really"}, {"end": 219.8, "start": 219.68, "text": "the"}, {"end": 220.28, "start": 219.8, "text": "process"}, {"end": 220.28, "start": 220.28, "text": "of"}, {"end": 220.64, "start": 220.28, "text": "taking"}, {"end": 221.56, "start": 220.64, "text": "glucose"}, {"end": 221.68, "start": 221.56, "text": "and"}, {"end": 222.36, "start": 221.68, "text": "producing"}, {"end": 222.36, "start": 222.36, "text": "ATPs"}, {"end": 222.36, "start": 222.36, "text": "with"}, {"end": 222.64, "start": 222.36, "text": "maybe"}, {"end": 223.04, "start": 222.64, "text": "heat"}, {"end": 223.48, "start": 223.04, "text": "as"}, {"end": 223.96, "start": 223.48, "text": "a"}, {"end": 224.48, "start": 223.96, "text": "byproduct."}, {"end": 224.84, "start": 224.48, "text": "But"}, {"end": 225.0, "start": 224.84, "text": "it's"}, {"end": 225.24, "start": 225.0, "text": "probably"}, {"end": 225.48, "start": 225.24, "text": "nice"}, {"end": 225.84, "start": 225.48, "text": "to"}, {"end": 226.07999999999998, "start": 225.84, "text": "have"}, {"end": 226.6, "start": 226.07999999999998, "text": "that"}, {"end": 226.8, "start": 226.6, "text": "heat"}, {"end": 227.07999999999998, "start": 226.8, "text": "around."}, {"end": 227.48, "start": 227.07999999999998, "text": "We"}, {"end": 227.64, "start": 227.48, "text": "need"}, {"end": 227.84, "start": 227.64, "text": "to"}, {"end": 228.07999999999998, "start": 227.84, "text": "be"}, {"end": 228.6, "start": 228.07999999999998, "text": "reasonably"}, {"end": 228.88, "start": 228.6, "text": "warm"}, {"end": 229.0, "start": 228.88, "text": "in"}, {"end": 229.24, "start": 229.0, "text": "order"}, {"end": 229.72, "start": 229.24, "text": "for"}, {"end": 229.88, "start": 229.72, "text": "our"}, {"end": 230.12, "start": 229.88, "text": "cells"}, {"end": 230.2, "start": 230.12, "text": "to"}, {"end": 230.56, "start": 230.2, "text": "operate"}, {"end": 231.0, "start": 230.56, "text": "correctly."}, {"end": 231.04, "start": 231.0, "text": "So"}, {"end": 231.24, "start": 231.04, "text": "the"}, {"end": 231.72, "start": 231.24, "text": "whole"}, {"end": 232.4, "start": 231.72, "text": "point"}, {"end": 232.64, "start": 232.4, "text": "is"}, {"end": 233.04, "start": 232.64, "text": "really"}, {"end": 233.32, "start": 233.04, "text": "to"}, {"end": 233.56, "start": 233.32, "text": "go"}, {"end": 233.8, "start": 233.56, "text": "from"}, {"end": 235.04, "start": 233.8, "text": "glucose,"}, {"end": 235.2, "start": 235.04, "text": "from"}, {"end": 235.44, "start": 235.2, "text": "one"}, {"end": 235.88, "start": 235.44, "text": "mole"}, {"end": 236.0, "start": 235.88, "text": "of"}, {"end": 236.32, "start": 236.0, "text": "glucose,"}, {"end": 236.44, "start": 236.32, "text": "and"}, {"end": 236.44, "start": 236.44, "text": "the"}, {"end": 236.68, "start": 236.44, "text": "textbooks"}, {"end": 236.8, "start": 236.68, "text": "will"}, {"end": 237.0, "start": 236.8, "text": "tell"}, {"end": 237.4, "start": 237.0, "text": "you,"}, {"end": 238.12, "start": 237.4, "text": "to"}, {"end": 239.96, "start": 238.12, "text": "38"}], "text": " nerve impulses or do whatever else, or grow or divide, or whatever else the cell might need. So really cellular respiration, to say it produces energy, a little disingenuous. It's really the process of taking glucose and producing ATPs with maybe heat as a byproduct. But it's probably nice to have that heat around. We need to be reasonably warm in order for our cells to operate correctly. So the whole point is really to go from glucose, from one mole of glucose, and the textbooks will tell you, to 38"}, {"chunks": [{"end": 240.0, "start": 240.0, "text": "And"}, {"end": 240.04, "start": 240.0, "text": "the"}, {"end": 240.48, "start": 240.04, "text": "reality"}, {"end": 240.88, "start": 240.48, "text": "is"}, {"end": 241.12, "start": 240.88, "text": "this"}, {"end": 241.4, "start": 241.12, "text": "is"}, {"end": 242.08, "start": 241.4, "text": "in"}, {"end": 243.16, "start": 242.08, "text": "kind"}, {"end": 243.4, "start": 243.16, "text": "of"}, {"end": 243.92, "start": 243.4, "text": "the"}, {"end": 244.2, "start": 243.92, "text": "ideal"}, {"end": 245.24, "start": 244.2, "text": "circumstances"}, {"end": 245.52, "start": 245.24, "text": "that"}, {"end": 245.68, "start": 245.52, "text": "you'll"}, {"end": 246.56, "start": 245.68, "text": "produce"}, {"end": 247.2, "start": 246.56, "text": "38"}, {"end": 247.4, "start": 247.2, "text": "ATPs."}, {"end": 247.8, "start": 247.4, "text": "I"}, {"end": 248.12, "start": 247.8, "text": "was"}, {"end": 248.36, "start": 248.12, "text": "reading"}, {"end": 248.48, "start": 248.36, "text": "up"}, {"end": 248.8, "start": 248.48, "text": "about"}, {"end": 249.0, "start": 248.8, "text": "it"}, {"end": 249.12, "start": 249.0, "text": "a"}, {"end": 249.32, "start": 249.12, "text": "little"}, {"end": 249.32, "start": 249.32, "text": "bit"}, {"end": 249.56, "start": 249.32, "text": "before"}, {"end": 249.68, "start": 249.56, "text": "doing"}, {"end": 249.88, "start": 249.68, "text": "this"}, {"end": 250.36, "start": 249.88, "text": "video."}, {"end": 250.56, "start": 250.36, "text": "And"}, {"end": 250.76, "start": 250.56, "text": "the"}, {"end": 251.56, "start": 250.76, "text": "reality"}, {"end": 251.76, "start": 251.56, "text": "is,"}, {"end": 252.44, "start": 251.76, "text": "depending"}, {"end": 252.44, "start": 252.44, "text": "on"}, {"end": 252.48, "start": 252.44, "text": "the"}, {"end": 253.08, "start": 252.48, "text": "efficiency"}, {"end": 253.08, "start": 253.08, "text": "of"}, {"end": 253.2, "start": 253.08, "text": "the"}, {"end": 253.8, "start": 253.2, "text": "cell"}, {"end": 253.88, "start": 253.8, "text": "in"}, {"end": 254.4, "start": 253.88, "text": "performing"}, {"end": 255.16, "start": 254.4, "text": "cellular"}, {"end": 256.28, "start": 255.16, "text": "respiration,"}, {"end": 256.44, "start": 256.28, "text": "it'll"}, {"end": 257.0, "start": 256.44, "text": "probably"}, {"end": 257.64, "start": 257.0, "text": "be"}, {"end": 258.16, "start": 257.64, "text": "more"}, {"end": 258.16, "start": 258.16, "text": "on"}, {"end": 258.28, "start": 258.16, "text": "the"}, {"end": 258.92, "start": 258.28, "text": "order"}, {"end": 258.96, "start": 258.92, "text": "of"}, {"end": 259.48, "start": 258.96, "text": "29"}, {"end": 259.64, "start": 259.48, "text": "to"}, {"end": 260.04, "start": 259.64, "text": "30"}, {"end": 260.08, "start": 260.04, "text": "ATPs."}, {"end": 260.2, "start": 260.08, "text": "But"}, {"end": 260.8, "start": 260.2, "text": "there's"}, {"end": 261.12, "start": 260.8, "text": "a"}, {"end": 261.32, "start": 261.12, "text": "huge"}, {"end": 261.8, "start": 261.32, "text": "variation"}, {"end": 262.12, "start": 261.8, "text": "here,"}, {"end": 262.64, "start": 262.12, "text": "and"}, {"end": 262.8, "start": 262.64, "text": "people"}, {"end": 262.88, "start": 262.8, "text": "are"}, {"end": 263.4, "start": 262.88, "text": "really"}, {"end": 263.64, "start": 263.4, "text": "still"}, {"end": 264.48, "start": 263.64, "text": "studying"}, {"end": 264.68, "start": 264.48, "text": "this"}, {"end": 265.16, "start": 264.68, "text": "idea."}, {"end": 265.64, "start": 265.16, "text": "But"}, {"end": 265.96, "start": 265.64, "text": "this"}, {"end": 266.04, "start": 265.96, "text": "is"}, {"end": 266.32, "start": 266.04, "text": "all"}, {"end": 266.92, "start": 266.32, "text": "cellular"}, {"end": 267.48, "start": 266.92, "text": "respiration"}, {"end": 267.48, "start": 267.48, "text": "is."}, {"end": 267.48, "start": 267.48, "text": "In"}, {"end": 267.6, "start": 267.48, "text": "the"}, {"end": 267.92, "start": 267.6, "text": "next"}, {"end": 267.96, "start": 267.92, "text": "few"}, {"end": 268.28, "start": 267.96, "text": "videos,"}, {"end": 268.56, "start": 268.28, "text": "we're"}, {"end": 268.72, "start": 268.56, "text": "going"}, {"end": 268.8, "start": 268.72, "text": "to"}, {"end": 268.8, "start": 268.8, "text": "break"}, {"end": 268.88, "start": 268.8, "text": "it"}, {"end": 269.28, "start": 268.88, "text": "down"}, {"end": 269.68, "start": 269.28, "text": "into"}, {"end": 269.96, "start": 269.68, "text": "its"}], "text": " And the reality is this is in kind of the ideal circumstances that you'll produce 38 ATPs. I was reading up about it a little bit before doing this video. And the reality is, depending on the efficiency of the cell in performing cellular respiration, it'll probably be more on the order of 29 to 30 ATPs. But there's a huge variation here, and people are really still studying this idea. But this is all cellular respiration is. In the next few videos, we're going to break it down into its"}, {"chunks": [{"end": 270.2, "start": 270.0, "text": "kind"}, {"end": 270.24, "start": 270.2, "text": "of"}, {"end": 270.84, "start": 270.24, "text": "constituent"}, {"end": 271.4, "start": 270.84, "text": "parts,"}, {"end": 271.68, "start": 271.4, "text": "and"}, {"end": 271.84, "start": 271.68, "text": "I'm"}, {"end": 272.04, "start": 271.84, "text": "going"}, {"end": 272.36, "start": 272.04, "text": "to"}, {"end": 272.8, "start": 272.36, "text": "introduce"}, {"end": 273.12, "start": 272.8, "text": "them"}, {"end": 273.76, "start": 273.12, "text": "to"}, {"end": 274.16, "start": 273.76, "text": "you"}, {"end": 274.72, "start": 274.16, "text": "right"}, {"end": 275.04, "start": 274.72, "text": "now"}, {"end": 275.28, "start": 275.04, "text": "just"}, {"end": 275.68, "start": 275.28, "text": "so"}, {"end": 276.08, "start": 275.68, "text": "you"}, {"end": 276.52, "start": 276.08, "text": "kind"}, {"end": 276.72, "start": 276.52, "text": "of"}, {"end": 277.28, "start": 276.72, "text": "realize"}, {"end": 277.52, "start": 277.28, "text": "that"}, {"end": 277.6, "start": 277.52, "text": "these"}, {"end": 277.84, "start": 277.6, "text": "are"}, {"end": 279.56, "start": 277.84, "text": "parts"}, {"end": 281.36, "start": 279.56, "text": "of"}, {"end": 281.84, "start": 281.36, "text": "cellular"}, {"end": 282.92, "start": 281.84, "text": "respiration."}, {"end": 283.12, "start": 282.92, "text": "The"}, {"end": 283.6, "start": 283.12, "text": "first"}, {"end": 284.2, "start": 283.6, "text": "stage"}, {"end": 284.44, "start": 284.2, "text": "is"}, {"end": 285.24, "start": 284.44, "text": "called"}, {"end": 285.92, "start": 285.24, "text": "glycolysis,"}, {"end": 286.32, "start": 285.92, "text": "which"}, {"end": 286.64, "start": 286.32, "text": "literally"}, {"end": 287.04, "start": 286.64, "text": "means"}, {"end": 287.36, "start": 287.04, "text": "breaking"}, {"end": 287.56, "start": 287.36, "text": "up"}, {"end": 288.12, "start": 287.56, "text": "glucose."}, {"end": 288.48, "start": 288.12, "text": "And"}, {"end": 288.48, "start": 288.48, "text": "just"}, {"end": 288.68, "start": 288.48, "text": "so"}, {"end": 288.92, "start": 288.68, "text": "you"}, {"end": 289.4, "start": 288.92, "text": "know,"}, {"end": 289.64, "start": 289.4, "text": "this"}, {"end": 289.88, "start": 289.64, "text": "part,"}, {"end": 289.96, "start": 289.88, "text": "the"}, {"end": 290.32, "start": 289.96, "text": "gli"}, {"end": 290.6, "start": 290.32, "text": "for"}, {"end": 291.32, "start": 290.6, "text": "glucose,"}, {"end": 291.56, "start": 291.32, "text": "or"}, {"end": 292.92, "start": 291.56, "text": "the"}, {"end": 293.32, "start": 292.92, "text": "glyco"}, {"end": 293.8, "start": 293.32, "text": "for"}, {"end": 294.44, "start": 293.8, "text": "glucose,"}, {"end": 294.68, "start": 294.44, "text": "really."}, {"end": 294.68, "start": 294.68, "text": "And"}, {"end": 294.96, "start": 294.68, "text": "then"}, {"end": 295.48, "start": 294.96, "text": "lysis"}, {"end": 295.72, "start": 295.48, "text": "means"}, {"end": 295.96, "start": 295.72, "text": "to"}, {"end": 296.24, "start": 295.96, "text": "break"}, {"end": 296.52, "start": 296.24, "text": "up."}, {"end": 296.64, "start": 296.52, "text": "When"}, {"end": 296.76, "start": 296.64, "text": "you"}, {"end": 297.24, "start": 296.76, "text": "saw"}, {"end": 297.8, "start": 297.24, "text": "hydrolysis,"}, {"end": 297.88, "start": 297.8, "text": "it"}, {"end": 298.2, "start": 297.88, "text": "means"}, {"end": 298.52, "start": 298.2, "text": "using"}, {"end": 298.92, "start": 298.52, "text": "water"}, {"end": 299.08, "start": 298.92, "text": "to"}, {"end": 299.32, "start": 299.08, "text": "break"}, {"end": 299.44, "start": 299.32, "text": "up"}, {"end": 299.6, "start": 299.44, "text": "a"}, {"end": 299.96, "start": 299.6, "text": "molecule."}], "text": " kind of constituent parts, and I'm going to introduce them to you right now just so you kind of realize that these are parts of cellular respiration. The first stage is called glycolysis, which literally means breaking up glucose. And just so you know, this part, the gli for glucose, or the glyco for glucose, really. And then lysis means to break up. When you saw hydrolysis, it means using water to break up a molecule."}, {"chunks": [{"end": 300.76, "start": 300.0, "text": "Glycolysis"}, {"end": 301.48, "start": 300.76, "text": "means"}, {"end": 301.72, "start": 301.48, "text": "we're"}, {"end": 302.04, "start": 301.72, "text": "going"}, {"end": 302.12, "start": 302.04, "text": "to"}, {"end": 302.36, "start": 302.12, "text": "be"}, {"end": 302.72, "start": 302.36, "text": "breaking"}, {"end": 302.88, "start": 302.72, "text": "up"}, {"end": 303.24, "start": 302.88, "text": "glucose."}, {"end": 303.6, "start": 303.24, "text": "And"}, {"end": 303.76, "start": 303.6, "text": "in"}, {"end": 304.0, "start": 303.76, "text": "case"}, {"end": 304.04, "start": 304.0, "text": "you"}, {"end": 304.56, "start": 304.04, "text": "care"}, {"end": 304.76, "start": 304.56, "text": "about"}, {"end": 305.04, "start": 304.76, "text": "things"}, {"end": 305.64, "start": 305.04, "text": "like"}, {"end": 305.96, "start": 305.64, "text": "word"}, {"end": 306.52, "start": 305.96, "text": "origins,"}, {"end": 306.96, "start": 306.52, "text": "glucose"}, {"end": 307.24, "start": 306.96, "text": "comes"}, {"end": 308.48, "start": 307.24, "text": "from"}, {"end": 308.68, "start": 308.48, "text": "the"}, {"end": 309.08, "start": 308.68, "text": "gluoc"}, {"end": 309.96, "start": 309.08, "text": "part"}, {"end": 310.2, "start": 309.96, "text": "of"}, {"end": 310.64, "start": 310.2, "text": "glucose."}, {"end": 310.76, "start": 310.64, "text": "It"}, {"end": 311.52, "start": 310.76, "text": "comes"}, {"end": 312.12, "start": 311.52, "text": "for"}, {"end": 312.4, "start": 312.12, "text": "Greek"}, {"end": 312.68, "start": 312.4, "text": "for"}, {"end": 313.96, "start": 312.68, "text": "sweet."}, {"end": 314.28, "start": 313.96, "text": "And"}, {"end": 314.8, "start": 314.28, "text": "glucose"}, {"end": 315.24, "start": 314.8, "text": "is"}, {"end": 315.56, "start": 315.24, "text": "indeed"}, {"end": 316.12, "start": 315.56, "text": "sweet."}, {"end": 316.36, "start": 316.12, "text": "And"}, {"end": 316.76, "start": 316.36, "text": "then"}, {"end": 317.2, "start": 316.76, "text": "all"}, {"end": 318.6, "start": 317.2, "text": "sugars,"}, {"end": 318.68, "start": 318.6, "text": "we"}, {"end": 318.88, "start": 318.68, "text": "put"}, {"end": 319.56, "start": 318.88, "text": "this"}, {"end": 319.92, "start": 319.56, "text": "os"}, {"end": 320.36, "start": 319.92, "text": "ending."}, {"end": 320.68, "start": 320.36, "text": "So"}, {"end": 320.72, "start": 320.68, "text": "that"}, {"end": 320.92, "start": 320.72, "text": "just"}, {"end": 321.08, "start": 320.92, "text": "means"}, {"end": 322.96, "start": 321.08, "text": "sugar."}, {"end": 323.08, "start": 322.96, "text": "So"}, {"end": 323.16, "start": 323.08, "text": "you"}, {"end": 323.36, "start": 323.16, "text": "might"}, {"end": 323.52, "start": 323.36, "text": "think"}, {"end": 323.68, "start": 323.52, "text": "it's"}, {"end": 324.16, "start": 323.68, "text": "kind"}, {"end": 324.48, "start": 324.16, "text": "of"}, {"end": 324.64, "start": 324.48, "text": "a"}, {"end": 324.88, "start": 324.64, "text": "redundant"}, {"end": 325.28, "start": 324.88, "text": "statement"}, {"end": 325.44, "start": 325.28, "text": "to"}, {"end": 325.68, "start": 325.44, "text": "say"}, {"end": 325.68, "start": 325.68, "text": "sweet"}, {"end": 325.96, "start": 325.68, "text": "sugar,"}, {"end": 326.44, "start": 325.96, "text": "but"}, {"end": 326.96, "start": 326.44, "text": "there"}, {"end": 327.12, "start": 326.96, "text": "are"}, {"end": 327.32, "start": 327.12, "text": "some"}, {"end": 327.48, "start": 327.32, "text": "sugars"}, {"end": 327.48, "start": 327.48, "text": "that"}, {"end": 327.76, "start": 327.48, "text": "aren't"}, {"end": 327.96, "start": 327.76, "text": "sweet."}, {"end": 328.24, "start": 327.96, "text": "For"}, {"end": 328.52, "start": 328.24, "text": "example,"}, {"end": 329.96, "start": 328.52, "text": "lactose."}], "text": " Glycolysis means we're going to be breaking up glucose. And in case you care about things like word origins, glucose comes from the gluoc part of glucose. It comes for Greek for sweet. And glucose is indeed sweet. And then all sugars, we put this os ending. So that just means sugar. So you might think it's kind of a redundant statement to say sweet sugar, but there are some sugars that aren't sweet. For example, lactose."}, {"chunks": [{"end": 330.4, "start": 330.0, "text": "It"}, {"end": 330.96, "start": 330.4, "text": "might"}, {"end": 331.12, "start": 330.96, "text": "be"}, {"end": 331.24, "start": 331.12, "text": "a"}, {"end": 331.48, "start": 331.24, "text": "little"}, {"end": 331.64, "start": 331.48, "text": "bit,"}, {"end": 331.72, "start": 331.64, "text": "but"}, {"end": 332.0, "start": 331.72, "text": "when"}, {"end": 332.52, "start": 332.0, "text": "you"}, {"end": 333.04, "start": 332.52, "text": "actually"}, {"end": 333.52, "start": 333.04, "text": "digest"}, {"end": 334.0, "start": 333.52, "text": "lactose,"}, {"end": 334.12, "start": 334.0, "text": "then"}, {"end": 334.2, "start": 334.12, "text": "you"}, {"end": 334.56, "start": 334.2, "text": "can"}, {"end": 334.76, "start": 334.56, "text": "turn"}, {"end": 334.76, "start": 334.76, "text": "it"}, {"end": 334.88, "start": 334.76, "text": "into"}, {"end": 335.24, "start": 334.88, "text": "an"}, {"end": 335.56, "start": 335.24, "text": "actual"}, {"end": 335.84, "start": 335.56, "text": "sweet"}, {"end": 336.0, "start": 335.84, "text": "sugar."}, {"end": 336.0, "start": 336.0, "text": "But"}, {"end": 336.2, "start": 336.0, "text": "it"}, {"end": 336.52, "start": 336.2, "text": "doesn't"}, {"end": 337.04, "start": 336.52, "text": "taste"}, {"end": 337.32, "start": 337.04, "text": "sweet"}, {"end": 337.88, "start": 337.32, "text": "like"}, {"end": 338.48, "start": 337.88, "text": "glucose"}, {"end": 338.72, "start": 338.48, "text": "or"}, {"end": 339.56, "start": 338.72, "text": "fructose"}, {"end": 339.96, "start": 339.56, "text": "or"}, {"end": 340.64, "start": 339.96, "text": "sucrose"}, {"end": 340.72, "start": 340.64, "text": "would"}, {"end": 341.04, "start": 340.72, "text": "taste."}, {"end": 341.84, "start": 341.04, "text": "But"}, {"end": 342.24, "start": 341.84, "text": "anyway,"}, {"end": 342.56, "start": 342.24, "text": "that's"}, {"end": 342.64, "start": 342.56, "text": "an"}, {"end": 343.16, "start": 342.64, "text": "aside."}, {"end": 343.32, "start": 343.16, "text": "But"}, {"end": 343.68, "start": 343.32, "text": "the"}, {"end": 343.92, "start": 343.68, "text": "first"}, {"end": 344.56, "start": 343.92, "text": "step"}, {"end": 344.92, "start": 344.56, "text": "of"}, {"end": 345.96, "start": 344.92, "text": "cellular"}, {"end": 346.36, "start": 345.96, "text": "respiration"}, {"end": 346.56, "start": 346.36, "text": "is"}, {"end": 347.44, "start": 346.56, "text": "glycolysis,"}, {"end": 348.04, "start": 347.44, "text": "breaking"}, {"end": 348.52, "start": 348.04, "text": "up"}, {"end": 348.76, "start": 348.52, "text": "of"}, {"end": 349.52, "start": 348.76, "text": "glucose."}, {"end": 350.0, "start": 349.52, "text": "And"}, {"end": 350.16, "start": 350.0, "text": "what"}, {"end": 350.32, "start": 350.16, "text": "it"}, {"end": 350.76, "start": 350.32, "text": "does"}, {"end": 350.8, "start": 350.76, "text": "is"}, {"end": 351.0, "start": 350.8, "text": "it"}, {"end": 351.68, "start": 351.0, "text": "breaks"}, {"end": 351.8, "start": 351.68, "text": "up"}, {"end": 352.04, "start": 351.8, "text": "the"}, {"end": 352.68, "start": 352.04, "text": "glucose"}, {"end": 353.08, "start": 352.68, "text": "from"}, {"end": 353.12, "start": 353.08, "text": "a"}, {"end": 354.12, "start": 353.12, "text": "6-carbon"}, {"end": 355.32, "start": 354.12, "text": "molecule."}, {"end": 355.4, "start": 355.32, "text": "So"}, {"end": 355.52, "start": 355.4, "text": "it"}, {"end": 356.0, "start": 355.52, "text": "literally"}, {"end": 356.32, "start": 356.0, "text": "takes"}, {"end": 356.4, "start": 356.32, "text": "it"}, {"end": 356.52, "start": 356.4, "text": "from"}, {"end": 356.88, "start": 356.52, "text": "a"}, {"end": 357.32, "start": 356.88, "text": "6-carbon"}, {"end": 358.6, "start": 357.32, "text": "molecule."}, {"end": 358.6, "start": 358.6, "text": "Let"}, {"end": 358.68, "start": 358.6, "text": "me"}, {"end": 358.92, "start": 358.68, "text": "draw"}, {"end": 358.92, "start": 358.92, "text": "it"}, {"end": 359.12, "start": 358.92, "text": "like"}, {"end": 359.96, "start": 359.12, "text": "this."}], "text": " It might be a little bit, but when you actually digest lactose, then you can turn it into an actual sweet sugar. But it doesn't taste sweet like glucose or fructose or sucrose would taste. But anyway, that's an aside. But the first step of cellular respiration is glycolysis, breaking up of glucose. And what it does is it breaks up the glucose from a 6-carbon molecule. So it literally takes it from a 6-carbon molecule. Let me draw it like this."}, {"chunks": [{"end": 361.32, "start": 360.0, "text": "A"}, {"end": 361.6, "start": 361.32, "text": "six"}, {"end": 361.96, "start": 361.6, "text": "carbon"}, {"end": 362.48, "start": 361.96, "text": "molecule"}, {"end": 362.8, "start": 362.48, "text": "that"}, {"end": 363.12, "start": 362.8, "text": "looks"}, {"end": 363.28, "start": 363.12, "text": "like"}, {"end": 363.28, "start": 363.28, "text": "this."}, {"end": 363.32, "start": 363.28, "text": "And"}, {"end": 363.68, "start": 363.32, "text": "it's"}, {"end": 364.2, "start": 363.68, "text": "actually"}, {"end": 364.32, "start": 364.2, "text": "a"}, {"end": 364.56, "start": 364.32, "text": "cycle."}, {"end": 364.56, "start": 364.56, "text": "Let"}, {"end": 364.72, "start": 364.56, "text": "me"}, {"end": 364.88, "start": 364.72, "text": "show"}, {"end": 364.96, "start": 364.88, "text": "you"}, {"end": 365.16, "start": 364.96, "text": "what"}, {"end": 365.56, "start": 365.16, "text": "glucose"}, {"end": 365.92, "start": 365.56, "text": "actually"}, {"end": 366.04, "start": 365.92, "text": "looks"}, {"end": 368.12, "start": 366.04, "text": "like."}, {"end": 368.36, "start": 368.12, "text": "This"}, {"end": 368.84, "start": 368.36, "text": "is"}, {"end": 369.48, "start": 368.84, "text": "glucose"}, {"end": 369.68, "start": 369.48, "text": "right"}, {"end": 370.04, "start": 369.68, "text": "here."}, {"end": 370.04, "start": 370.04, "text": "And"}, {"end": 370.4, "start": 370.04, "text": "notice"}, {"end": 370.56, "start": 370.4, "text": "you"}, {"end": 371.36, "start": 370.56, "text": "have"}, {"end": 371.88, "start": 371.36, "text": "one,"}, {"end": 373.2, "start": 371.88, "text": "two,"}, {"end": 373.96, "start": 373.2, "text": "three,"}, {"end": 374.76, "start": 373.96, "text": "four,"}, {"end": 375.56, "start": 374.76, "text": "five,"}, {"end": 375.84, "start": 375.56, "text": "six"}, {"end": 376.2, "start": 375.84, "text": "carbons."}, {"end": 376.32, "start": 376.2, "text": "I"}, {"end": 376.48, "start": 376.32, "text": "got"}, {"end": 376.68, "start": 376.48, "text": "this"}, {"end": 376.84, "start": 376.68, "text": "off"}, {"end": 377.04, "start": 376.84, "text": "of"}, {"end": 377.32, "start": 377.04, "text": "Wikipedia."}, {"end": 377.76, "start": 377.32, "text": "Just"}, {"end": 377.92, "start": 377.76, "text": "look"}, {"end": 378.0, "start": 377.92, "text": "up"}, {"end": 378.2, "start": 378.0, "text": "glucose"}, {"end": 378.52, "start": 378.2, "text": "and"}, {"end": 378.6, "start": 378.52, "text": "you"}, {"end": 378.8, "start": 378.6, "text": "can"}, {"end": 378.96, "start": 378.8, "text": "see"}, {"end": 379.6, "start": 378.96, "text": "this"}, {"end": 380.12, "start": 379.6, "text": "diagram"}, {"end": 380.2, "start": 380.12, "text": "if"}, {"end": 380.28, "start": 380.2, "text": "you"}, {"end": 380.68, "start": 380.28, "text": "want"}, {"end": 380.92, "start": 380.68, "text": "to"}, {"end": 381.0, "start": 380.92, "text": "kind"}, {"end": 381.08, "start": 381.0, "text": "of"}, {"end": 381.2, "start": 381.08, "text": "see"}, {"end": 381.2, "start": 381.2, "text": "the"}, {"end": 382.4, "start": 381.2, "text": "details"}, {"end": 382.56, "start": 382.4, "text": "where,"}, {"end": 382.8, "start": 382.56, "text": "you"}, {"end": 383.04, "start": 382.8, "text": "know,"}, {"end": 383.24, "start": 383.04, "text": "you"}, {"end": 383.76, "start": 383.24, "text": "can"}, {"end": 384.08, "start": 383.76, "text": "see"}, {"end": 384.12, "start": 384.08, "text": "I"}, {"end": 384.52, "start": 384.12, "text": "have"}, {"end": 384.88, "start": 384.52, "text": "six"}, {"end": 385.12, "start": 384.88, "text": "carbons,"}, {"end": 385.48, "start": 385.12, "text": "six"}, {"end": 385.76, "start": 385.48, "text": "oxygens."}, {"end": 385.92, "start": 385.76, "text": "That's"}, {"end": 386.28, "start": 385.92, "text": "one,"}, {"end": 386.76, "start": 386.28, "text": "two,"}, {"end": 387.12, "start": 386.76, "text": "three,"}, {"end": 387.48, "start": 387.12, "text": "four,"}, {"end": 387.84, "start": 387.48, "text": "five,"}, {"end": 388.28, "start": 387.84, "text": "six."}, {"end": 388.32, "start": 388.28, "text": "And"}, {"end": 388.4, "start": 388.32, "text": "then"}, {"end": 388.64, "start": 388.4, "text": "all"}, {"end": 388.64, "start": 388.64, "text": "of"}, {"end": 388.88, "start": 388.64, "text": "these"}, {"end": 389.0, "start": 388.88, "text": "little"}, {"end": 389.52, "start": 389.0, "text": "small"}, {"end": 389.76, "start": 389.52, "text": "blue"}, {"end": 389.96, "start": 389.76, "text": "things."}], "text": " A six carbon molecule that looks like this. And it's actually a cycle. Let me show you what glucose actually looks like. This is glucose right here. And notice you have one, two, three, four, five, six carbons. I got this off of Wikipedia. Just look up glucose and you can see this diagram if you want to kind of see the details where, you know, you can see I have six carbons, six oxygens. That's one, two, three, four, five, six. And then all of these little small blue things."}, {"chunks": [{"end": 390.64, "start": 390.0, "text": "are"}, {"end": 390.92, "start": 390.64, "text": "my"}, {"end": 391.6, "start": 390.92, "text": "hydrogens."}, {"end": 391.68, "start": 391.6, "text": "So"}, {"end": 392.2, "start": 391.68, "text": "that's"}, {"end": 392.36, "start": 392.2, "text": "what"}, {"end": 392.8, "start": 392.36, "text": "glucose"}, {"end": 393.2, "start": 392.8, "text": "actually"}, {"end": 393.56, "start": 393.2, "text": "looks"}, {"end": 393.8, "start": 393.56, "text": "like."}, {"end": 394.24, "start": 393.8, "text": "But"}, {"end": 394.44, "start": 394.24, "text": "the"}, {"end": 395.16, "start": 394.44, "text": "process"}, {"end": 395.44, "start": 395.16, "text": "of"}, {"end": 396.2, "start": 395.44, "text": "glycolysis,"}, {"end": 396.44, "start": 396.2, "text": "you're"}, {"end": 396.84, "start": 396.44, "text": "essentially"}, {"end": 397.0, "start": 396.84, "text": "just"}, {"end": 397.68, "start": 397.0, "text": "taking"}, {"end": 397.88, "start": 397.68, "text": "the,"}, {"end": 398.2, "start": 397.88, "text": "I'm"}, {"end": 398.4, "start": 398.2, "text": "writing"}, {"end": 398.52, "start": 398.4, "text": "it"}, {"end": 398.84, "start": 398.52, "text": "out"}, {"end": 399.0, "start": 398.84, "text": "as"}, {"end": 399.24, "start": 399.0, "text": "a"}, {"end": 399.44, "start": 399.24, "text": "kind"}, {"end": 399.52, "start": 399.44, "text": "of"}, {"end": 399.72, "start": 399.52, "text": "a"}, {"end": 400.04, "start": 399.72, "text": "string,"}, {"end": 400.16, "start": 400.04, "text": "but"}, {"end": 400.32, "start": 400.16, "text": "you"}, {"end": 400.32, "start": 400.32, "text": "could"}, {"end": 400.68, "start": 400.32, "text": "imagine"}, {"end": 400.72, "start": 400.68, "text": "it"}, {"end": 400.84, "start": 400.72, "text": "as"}, {"end": 400.88, "start": 400.84, "text": "a"}, {"end": 401.8, "start": 400.88, "text": "chain."}, {"end": 402.04, "start": 401.8, "text": "And"}, {"end": 402.2, "start": 402.04, "text": "it"}, {"end": 402.32, "start": 402.2, "text": "has"}, {"end": 402.8, "start": 402.32, "text": "oxygens"}, {"end": 402.88, "start": 402.8, "text": "and"}, {"end": 403.44, "start": 402.88, "text": "hydrogens"}, {"end": 403.64, "start": 403.44, "text": "added"}, {"end": 403.88, "start": 403.64, "text": "to"}, {"end": 404.0, "start": 403.88, "text": "it,"}, {"end": 404.64, "start": 404.0, "text": "to"}, {"end": 404.8, "start": 404.64, "text": "each"}, {"end": 404.84, "start": 404.8, "text": "of"}, {"end": 405.0, "start": 404.84, "text": "these"}, {"end": 405.4, "start": 405.0, "text": "carbons."}, {"end": 405.64, "start": 405.4, "text": "But"}, {"end": 405.76, "start": 405.64, "text": "it"}, {"end": 405.88, "start": 405.76, "text": "has"}, {"end": 406.12, "start": 405.88, "text": "a"}, {"end": 406.76, "start": 406.12, "text": "carbon"}, {"end": 407.08, "start": 406.76, "text": "backbone,"}, {"end": 407.68, "start": 407.08, "text": "and"}, {"end": 407.96, "start": 407.68, "text": "it"}, {"end": 408.32, "start": 407.96, "text": "breaks"}, {"end": 408.52, "start": 408.32, "text": "that"}, {"end": 408.96, "start": 408.52, "text": "carbon"}, {"end": 409.68, "start": 408.96, "text": "backbone"}, {"end": 410.12, "start": 409.68, "text": "into"}, {"end": 414.04, "start": 410.12, "text": "two."}, {"end": 414.32, "start": 414.04, "text": "That's"}, {"end": 414.56, "start": 414.32, "text": "what"}, {"end": 415.36, "start": 414.56, "text": "glycolysis"}, {"end": 416.72, "start": 415.36, "text": "does,"}, {"end": 416.92, "start": 416.72, "text": "right"}, {"end": 417.16, "start": 416.92, "text": "there."}, {"end": 417.4, "start": 417.16, "text": "So"}, {"end": 417.6, "start": 417.4, "text": "you've"}, {"end": 417.88, "start": 417.6, "text": "kind"}, {"end": 417.96, "start": 417.88, "text": "of"}, {"end": 418.4, "start": 417.96, "text": "lyced"}, {"end": 418.96, "start": 418.4, "text": "the"}, {"end": 419.96, "start": 418.96, "text": "glucose."}], "text": " are my hydrogens. So that's what glucose actually looks like. But the process of glycolysis, you're essentially just taking the, I'm writing it out as a kind of a string, but you could imagine it as a chain. And it has oxygens and hydrogens added to it, to each of these carbons. But it has a carbon backbone, and it breaks that carbon backbone into two. That's what glycolysis does, right there. So you've kind of lyced the glucose."}, {"chunks": [{"end": 420.28, "start": 420.0, "text": "Each"}, {"end": 420.52, "start": 420.28, "text": "of"}, {"end": 420.8, "start": 420.52, "text": "these"}, {"end": 421.16, "start": 420.8, "text": "things,"}, {"end": 421.44, "start": 421.16, "text": "and"}, {"end": 421.76, "start": 421.44, "text": "I"}, {"end": 422.4, "start": 421.76, "text": "haven't"}, {"end": 422.84, "start": 422.4, "text": "drawn"}, {"end": 423.2, "start": 422.84, "text": "all"}, {"end": 423.36, "start": 423.2, "text": "the"}, {"end": 423.6, "start": 423.36, "text": "other"}, {"end": 423.6, "start": 423.6, "text": "stuff"}, {"end": 423.6, "start": 423.6, "text": "that's"}, {"end": 423.6, "start": 423.6, "text": "added"}, {"end": 423.64, "start": 423.6, "text": "on"}, {"end": 423.72, "start": 423.64, "text": "to"}, {"end": 424.0, "start": 423.72, "text": "that."}, {"end": 424.12, "start": 424.0, "text": "These"}, {"end": 424.4, "start": 424.12, "text": "things"}, {"end": 424.72, "start": 424.4, "text": "are"}, {"end": 425.16, "start": 424.72, "text": "all"}, {"end": 425.4, "start": 425.16, "text": "bonded"}, {"end": 426.32, "start": 425.4, "text": "with"}, {"end": 426.64, "start": 426.32, "text": "other"}, {"end": 426.92, "start": 426.64, "text": "things,"}, {"end": 426.96, "start": 426.92, "text": "with"}, {"end": 427.12, "start": 426.96, "text": "oxygens"}, {"end": 427.48, "start": 427.12, "text": "and"}, {"end": 427.88, "start": 427.48, "text": "hydrogens"}, {"end": 428.0, "start": 427.88, "text": "and"}, {"end": 428.12, "start": 428.0, "text": "whatever."}, {"end": 428.24, "start": 428.12, "text": "But"}, {"end": 428.4, "start": 428.24, "text": "each"}, {"end": 428.4, "start": 428.4, "text": "of"}, {"end": 428.68, "start": 428.4, "text": "these"}, {"end": 428.92, "start": 428.68, "text": "three"}, {"end": 429.84, "start": 428.92, "text": "carbon"}, {"end": 430.4, "start": 429.84, "text": "backbone"}, {"end": 430.88, "start": 430.4, "text": "molecules"}, {"end": 430.88, "start": 430.88, "text": "are"}, {"end": 431.08, "start": 430.88, "text": "called"}, {"end": 431.68, "start": 431.08, "text": "pyruvate."}, {"end": 431.76, "start": 431.68, "text": "We'll"}, {"end": 431.92, "start": 431.76, "text": "go"}, {"end": 432.44, "start": 431.92, "text": "into"}, {"end": 432.6, "start": 432.44, "text": "a"}, {"end": 432.92, "start": 432.6, "text": "lot"}, {"end": 433.16, "start": 432.92, "text": "more"}, {"end": 433.4, "start": 433.16, "text": "detail"}, {"end": 433.4, "start": 433.4, "text": "on"}, {"end": 433.6, "start": 433.4, "text": "that."}, {"end": 433.76, "start": 433.6, "text": "But"}, {"end": 434.08, "start": 433.76, "text": "by"}, {"end": 435.24, "start": 434.08, "text": "glycolysis,"}, {"end": 436.16, "start": 435.24, "text": "it"}, {"end": 438.0, "start": 436.16, "text": "by"}, {"end": 438.72, "start": 438.0, "text": "itself"}, {"end": 439.6, "start": 438.72, "text": "generates,"}, {"end": 440.08, "start": 439.6, "text": "well,"}, {"end": 440.56, "start": 440.08, "text": "it"}, {"end": 441.0, "start": 440.56, "text": "needs"}, {"end": 441.36, "start": 441.0, "text": "two"}, {"end": 441.92, "start": 441.36, "text": "ATPs."}, {"end": 442.28, "start": 441.92, "text": "So"}, {"end": 444.4, "start": 442.28, "text": "it"}, {"end": 444.96, "start": 444.4, "text": "needs"}, {"end": 445.44, "start": 444.96, "text": "two"}, {"end": 446.56, "start": 445.44, "text": "ATPs,"}, {"end": 446.96, "start": 446.56, "text": "and"}, {"end": 447.96, "start": 446.96, "text": "it"}, {"end": 449.96, "start": 447.96, "text": "generates"}], "text": " Each of these things, and I haven't drawn all the other stuff that's added on to that. These things are all bonded with other things, with oxygens and hydrogens and whatever. But each of these three carbon backbone molecules are called pyruvate. We'll go into a lot more detail on that. But by glycolysis, it by itself generates, well, it needs two ATPs. So it needs two ATPs, and it generates"}, {"chunks": [{"end": 450.72, "start": 450.0, "text": "four"}, {"end": 452.28, "start": 450.72, "text": "ATPs."}, {"end": 452.96, "start": 452.28, "text": "So"}, {"end": 453.24, "start": 452.96, "text": "net,"}, {"end": 454.6, "start": 453.24, "text": "net,"}, {"end": 454.92, "start": 454.6, "text": "on"}, {"end": 455.04, "start": 454.92, "text": "a"}, {"end": 455.2, "start": 455.04, "text": "net"}, {"end": 456.2, "start": 455.2, "text": "basis,"}, {"end": 456.32, "start": 456.2, "text": "it"}, {"end": 456.92, "start": 456.32, "text": "generates"}, {"end": 457.4, "start": 456.92, "text": "two,"}, {"end": 457.8, "start": 457.4, "text": "let"}, {"end": 457.96, "start": 457.8, "text": "me"}, {"end": 458.16, "start": 457.96, "text": "write"}, {"end": 458.36, "start": 458.16, "text": "this"}, {"end": 458.48, "start": 458.36, "text": "in"}, {"end": 458.52, "start": 458.48, "text": "a"}, {"end": 458.72, "start": 458.52, "text": "different"}, {"end": 459.68, "start": 458.72, "text": "color,"}, {"end": 459.8, "start": 459.68, "text": "it"}, {"end": 460.92, "start": 459.8, "text": "generates"}, {"end": 462.44, "start": 460.92, "text": "two"}, {"end": 464.96, "start": 462.44, "text": "net,"}, {"end": 465.88, "start": 464.96, "text": "two"}, {"end": 466.12, "start": 465.88, "text": "net"}, {"end": 466.2, "start": 466.12, "text": "ATPs."}, {"end": 466.44, "start": 466.2, "text": "So"}, {"end": 466.6, "start": 466.44, "text": "that's"}, {"end": 466.88, "start": 466.6, "text": "the"}, {"end": 467.36, "start": 466.88, "text": "first"}, {"end": 468.12, "start": 467.36, "text": "stage."}, {"end": 468.72, "start": 468.12, "text": "And"}, {"end": 468.88, "start": 468.72, "text": "this"}, {"end": 469.08, "start": 468.88, "text": "can"}, {"end": 469.32, "start": 469.08, "text": "occur"}, {"end": 470.04, "start": 469.32, "text": "completely"}, {"end": 470.16, "start": 470.04, "text": "in"}, {"end": 470.36, "start": 470.16, "text": "the"}, {"end": 470.72, "start": 470.36, "text": "absence"}, {"end": 470.88, "start": 470.72, "text": "of"}, {"end": 471.32, "start": 470.88, "text": "oxygen."}, {"end": 471.72, "start": 471.32, "text": "I'll"}, {"end": 471.8, "start": 471.72, "text": "do"}, {"end": 471.92, "start": 471.8, "text": "a"}, {"end": 472.12, "start": 471.92, "text": "whole"}, {"end": 472.24, "start": 472.12, "text": "video"}, {"end": 472.4, "start": 472.24, "text": "on"}, {"end": 472.88, "start": 472.4, "text": "glycolysis"}, {"end": 472.92, "start": 472.88, "text": "in"}, {"end": 473.04, "start": 472.92, "text": "the"}, {"end": 473.92, "start": 473.04, "text": "future."}, {"end": 474.2, "start": 473.92, "text": "Then"}, {"end": 474.48, "start": 474.2, "text": "these"}, {"end": 475.2, "start": 474.48, "text": "byproducts,"}, {"end": 475.36, "start": 475.2, "text": "they"}, {"end": 475.56, "start": 475.36, "text": "get"}, {"end": 475.8, "start": 475.56, "text": "re-engineered"}, {"end": 475.96, "start": 475.8, "text": "a"}, {"end": 476.4, "start": 475.96, "text": "little"}, {"end": 476.4, "start": 476.4, "text": "bit,"}, {"end": 476.4, "start": 476.4, "text": "and"}, {"end": 476.84, "start": 476.4, "text": "then"}, {"end": 477.24, "start": 476.84, "text": "they"}, {"end": 477.52, "start": 477.24, "text": "enter"}, {"end": 477.96, "start": 477.52, "text": "into"}, {"end": 478.12, "start": 477.96, "text": "what's"}, {"end": 478.48, "start": 478.12, "text": "called"}, {"end": 478.64, "start": 478.48, "text": "the"}, {"end": 478.92, "start": 478.64, "text": "Krebs"}, {"end": 479.96, "start": 478.92, "text": "cycle."}], "text": " four ATPs. So net, net, on a net basis, it generates two, let me write this in a different color, it generates two net, two net ATPs. So that's the first stage. And this can occur completely in the absence of oxygen. I'll do a whole video on glycolysis in the future. Then these byproducts, they get re-engineered a little bit, and then they enter into what's called the Krebs cycle."}, {"chunks": [{"end": 480.64, "start": 480.0, "text": "They"}, {"end": 480.88, "start": 480.64, "text": "enter"}, {"end": 481.2, "start": 480.88, "text": "what's"}, {"end": 482.2, "start": 481.2, "text": "called"}, {"end": 483.44, "start": 482.2, "text": "the"}, {"end": 483.96, "start": 483.44, "text": "Krebs"}, {"end": 485.2, "start": 483.96, "text": "cycle,"}, {"end": 485.48, "start": 485.2, "text": "which"}, {"end": 486.68, "start": 485.48, "text": "generates"}, {"end": 487.2, "start": 486.68, "text": "another"}, {"end": 488.6, "start": 487.2, "text": "2-ATP."}, {"end": 488.8, "start": 488.6, "text": "And"}, {"end": 489.12, "start": 488.8, "text": "then,"}, {"end": 489.64, "start": 489.12, "text": "and"}, {"end": 490.0, "start": 489.64, "text": "this"}, {"end": 490.16, "start": 490.0, "text": "is"}, {"end": 490.92, "start": 490.16, "text": "kind"}, {"end": 491.24, "start": 490.92, "text": "of"}, {"end": 491.8, "start": 491.24, "text": "the"}, {"end": 492.32, "start": 491.8, "text": "interesting"}, {"end": 492.56, "start": 492.32, "text": "point,"}, {"end": 492.88, "start": 492.56, "text": "there's"}, {"end": 493.12, "start": 492.88, "text": "another"}, {"end": 493.8, "start": 493.12, "text": "process"}, {"end": 494.12, "start": 493.8, "text": "that"}, {"end": 494.2, "start": 494.12, "text": "you"}, {"end": 494.36, "start": 494.2, "text": "can"}, {"end": 495.0, "start": 494.36, "text": "kind"}, {"end": 495.12, "start": 495.0, "text": "of"}, {"end": 495.36, "start": 495.12, "text": "say"}, {"end": 495.84, "start": 495.36, "text": "happens"}, {"end": 496.24, "start": 495.84, "text": "after"}, {"end": 496.44, "start": 496.24, "text": "the"}, {"end": 496.88, "start": 496.44, "text": "Krebs"}, {"end": 497.24, "start": 496.88, "text": "cycle,"}, {"end": 497.48, "start": 497.24, "text": "but"}, {"end": 497.6, "start": 497.48, "text": "we're"}, {"end": 497.6, "start": 497.6, "text": "in"}, {"end": 497.76, "start": 497.6, "text": "a"}, {"end": 497.96, "start": 497.76, "text": "cell"}, {"end": 498.08, "start": 497.96, "text": "and"}, {"end": 498.2, "start": 498.08, "text": "everything"}, {"end": 498.28, "start": 498.2, "text": "is"}, {"end": 498.52, "start": 498.28, "text": "bumping"}, {"end": 498.64, "start": 498.52, "text": "into"}, {"end": 498.76, "start": 498.64, "text": "everything"}, {"end": 498.96, "start": 498.76, "text": "all"}, {"end": 499.0, "start": 498.96, "text": "of"}, {"end": 499.08, "start": 499.0, "text": "the"}, {"end": 499.56, "start": 499.08, "text": "time."}, {"end": 499.92, "start": 499.56, "text": "But"}, {"end": 500.08, "start": 499.92, "text": "it's"}, {"end": 500.48, "start": 500.08, "text": "normally"}, {"end": 500.92, "start": 500.48, "text": "kind"}, {"end": 501.04, "start": 500.92, "text": "of"}, {"end": 501.28, "start": 501.04, "text": "viewed"}, {"end": 501.44, "start": 501.28, "text": "to"}, {"end": 501.68, "start": 501.44, "text": "be"}, {"end": 502.48, "start": 501.68, "text": "after"}, {"end": 503.24, "start": 502.48, "text": "glycolysis"}, {"end": 503.28, "start": 503.24, "text": "in"}, {"end": 503.48, "start": 503.28, "text": "the"}, {"end": 503.72, "start": 503.48, "text": "Krebs"}, {"end": 504.16, "start": 503.72, "text": "cycle."}, {"end": 505.28, "start": 504.16, "text": "And"}, {"end": 505.6, "start": 505.28, "text": "this"}, {"end": 506.2, "start": 505.6, "text": "requires"}, {"end": 509.96, "start": 506.2, "text": "oxygen."}], "text": " They enter what's called the Krebs cycle, which generates another 2-ATP. And then, and this is kind of the interesting point, there's another process that you can kind of say happens after the Krebs cycle, but we're in a cell and everything is bumping into everything all of the time. But it's normally kind of viewed to be after glycolysis in the Krebs cycle. And this requires oxygen."}, {"chunks": [{"end": 510.4, "start": 510.0, "text": "Oxygen."}, {"end": 510.68, "start": 510.4, "text": "So"}, {"end": 511.76, "start": 510.68, "text": "let"}, {"end": 511.92, "start": 511.76, "text": "me"}, {"end": 512.0, "start": 511.92, "text": "be"}, {"end": 512.32, "start": 512.0, "text": "clear."}, {"end": 513.0, "start": 512.32, "text": "Glycolysis,"}, {"end": 513.24, "start": 513.0, "text": "this"}, {"end": 513.44, "start": 513.24, "text": "first"}, {"end": 513.72, "start": 513.44, "text": "step,"}, {"end": 514.08, "start": 513.72, "text": "no"}, {"end": 514.84, "start": 514.08, "text": "oxygen"}, {"end": 516.0, "start": 514.84, "text": "required,"}, {"end": 517.08, "start": 516.0, "text": "or"}, {"end": 517.44, "start": 517.08, "text": "doesn't"}, {"end": 518.04, "start": 517.44, "text": "need"}, {"end": 518.32, "start": 518.04, "text": "oxygen."}, {"end": 518.48, "start": 518.32, "text": "It"}, {"end": 519.64, "start": 518.48, "text": "can"}, {"end": 520.56, "start": 519.64, "text": "occur"}, {"end": 520.92, "start": 520.56, "text": "with"}, {"end": 521.8, "start": 520.92, "text": "oxygen"}, {"end": 522.0, "start": 521.8, "text": "or"}, {"end": 522.32, "start": 522.0, "text": "without"}, {"end": 522.4, "start": 522.32, "text": "it."}, {"end": 523.52, "start": 522.4, "text": "Oxygen"}, {"end": 523.88, "start": 523.52, "text": "not"}, {"end": 525.8, "start": 523.88, "text": "needed."}, {"end": 526.16, "start": 525.8, "text": "Or"}, {"end": 526.56, "start": 526.16, "text": "you"}, {"end": 526.88, "start": 526.56, "text": "could"}, {"end": 527.16, "start": 526.88, "text": "say"}, {"end": 527.56, "start": 527.16, "text": "this"}, {"end": 528.08, "start": 527.56, "text": "is"}, {"end": 528.52, "start": 528.08, "text": "called"}, {"end": 528.6, "start": 528.52, "text": "an"}, {"end": 529.52, "start": 528.6, "text": "anaerobic"}, {"end": 530.12, "start": 529.52, "text": "process."}, {"end": 530.56, "start": 530.12, "text": "This"}, {"end": 530.72, "start": 530.56, "text": "is"}, {"end": 530.96, "start": 530.72, "text": "the"}, {"end": 531.52, "start": 530.96, "text": "anaerobic"}, {"end": 531.8, "start": 531.52, "text": "part"}, {"end": 531.88, "start": 531.8, "text": "of"}, {"end": 532.24, "start": 531.88, "text": "the"}, {"end": 532.64, "start": 532.24, "text": "respiration."}, {"end": 532.84, "start": 532.64, "text": "Let"}, {"end": 532.92, "start": 532.84, "text": "me"}, {"end": 533.12, "start": 532.92, "text": "write"}, {"end": 533.32, "start": 533.12, "text": "that"}, {"end": 533.48, "start": 533.32, "text": "down,"}, {"end": 534.56, "start": 533.48, "text": "too."}, {"end": 534.84, "start": 534.56, "text": "Maybe"}, {"end": 535.2, "start": 534.84, "text": "I'll"}, {"end": 535.36, "start": 535.2, "text": "write"}, {"end": 535.76, "start": 535.36, "text": "it"}, {"end": 536.36, "start": 535.76, "text": "down"}, {"end": 537.16, "start": 536.36, "text": "here."}, {"end": 539.96, "start": 537.16, "text": "Glycolysis."}], "text": " Oxygen. So let me be clear. Glycolysis, this first step, no oxygen required, or doesn't need oxygen. It can occur with oxygen or without it. Oxygen not needed. Or you could say this is called an anaerobic process. This is the anaerobic part of the respiration. Let me write that down, too. Maybe I'll write it down here. Glycolysis."}, {"chunks": [{"end": 540.72, "start": 540.0, "text": "Since"}, {"end": 540.96, "start": 540.72, "text": "it"}, {"end": 541.12, "start": 540.96, "text": "doesn't"}, {"end": 541.2, "start": 541.12, "text": "need"}, {"end": 541.44, "start": 541.2, "text": "oxygen,"}, {"end": 541.96, "start": 541.44, "text": "we"}, {"end": 542.28, "start": 541.96, "text": "can"}, {"end": 542.92, "start": 542.28, "text": "say"}, {"end": 543.24, "start": 542.92, "text": "it's"}, {"end": 545.6, "start": 543.24, "text": "anaerobic."}, {"end": 545.68, "start": 545.6, "text": "You"}, {"end": 545.88, "start": 545.68, "text": "might"}, {"end": 546.16, "start": 545.88, "text": "be"}, {"end": 546.52, "start": 546.16, "text": "familiar"}, {"end": 546.56, "start": 546.52, "text": "with"}, {"end": 546.68, "start": 546.56, "text": "the"}, {"end": 547.16, "start": 546.68, "text": "idea"}, {"end": 547.36, "start": 547.16, "text": "of"}, {"end": 547.96, "start": 547.36, "text": "aerobic"}, {"end": 549.0, "start": 547.96, "text": "exercise."}, {"end": 549.24, "start": 549.0, "text": "The"}, {"end": 549.52, "start": 549.24, "text": "whole"}, {"end": 550.0, "start": 549.52, "text": "idea"}, {"end": 550.24, "start": 550.0, "text": "of"}, {"end": 550.4, "start": 550.24, "text": "aerobic"}, {"end": 551.2, "start": 550.4, "text": "exercise"}, {"end": 551.4, "start": 551.2, "text": "is"}, {"end": 551.4, "start": 551.4, "text": "to"}, {"end": 551.4, "start": 551.4, "text": "make"}, {"end": 551.52, "start": 551.4, "text": "you"}, {"end": 551.88, "start": 551.52, "text": "breathe"}, {"end": 552.24, "start": 551.88, "text": "hard"}, {"end": 552.28, "start": 552.24, "text": "because"}, {"end": 552.32, "start": 552.28, "text": "you"}, {"end": 552.36, "start": 552.32, "text": "need"}, {"end": 552.6, "start": 552.36, "text": "a"}, {"end": 553.0, "start": 552.6, "text": "lot"}, {"end": 553.16, "start": 553.0, "text": "of"}, {"end": 553.6, "start": 553.16, "text": "oxygen"}, {"end": 553.68, "start": 553.6, "text": "to"}, {"end": 553.96, "start": 553.68, "text": "do"}, {"end": 554.36, "start": 553.96, "text": "aerobic"}, {"end": 555.52, "start": 554.36, "text": "exercises."}, {"end": 555.8, "start": 555.52, "text": "So"}, {"end": 556.48, "start": 555.8, "text": "anaerobic"}, {"end": 556.72, "start": 556.48, "text": "means"}, {"end": 556.8, "start": 556.72, "text": "you"}, {"end": 557.12, "start": 556.8, "text": "don't"}, {"end": 557.52, "start": 557.12, "text": "need"}, {"end": 557.88, "start": 557.52, "text": "oxygen."}, {"end": 558.36, "start": 557.88, "text": "Aerobic"}, {"end": 558.6, "start": 558.36, "text": "means"}, {"end": 558.76, "start": 558.6, "text": "it"}, {"end": 559.04, "start": 558.76, "text": "needs"}, {"end": 559.56, "start": 559.04, "text": "oxygen."}, {"end": 560.16, "start": 559.56, "text": "Anaerobic"}, {"end": 560.36, "start": 560.16, "text": "means"}, {"end": 560.64, "start": 560.36, "text": "the"}, {"end": 560.92, "start": 560.64, "text": "opposite."}, {"end": 561.0, "start": 560.92, "text": "You"}, {"end": 561.36, "start": 561.0, "text": "don't"}, {"end": 561.68, "start": 561.36, "text": "need"}, {"end": 562.08, "start": 561.68, "text": "oxygen."}, {"end": 562.56, "start": 562.08, "text": "So"}, {"end": 563.4, "start": 562.56, "text": "glycolysis,"}, {"end": 564.08, "start": 563.4, "text": "anaerobic,"}, {"end": 564.48, "start": 564.08, "text": "and"}, {"end": 564.6, "start": 564.48, "text": "it"}, {"end": 565.16, "start": 564.6, "text": "produces"}, {"end": 566.56, "start": 565.16, "text": "two"}, {"end": 569.28, "start": 566.56, "text": "ATP's"}, {"end": 569.96, "start": 569.28, "text": "net."}], "text": " Since it doesn't need oxygen, we can say it's anaerobic. You might be familiar with the idea of aerobic exercise. The whole idea of aerobic exercise is to make you breathe hard because you need a lot of oxygen to do aerobic exercises. So anaerobic means you don't need oxygen. Aerobic means it needs oxygen. Anaerobic means the opposite. You don't need oxygen. So glycolysis, anaerobic, and it produces two ATP's net."}, {"chunks": [{"end": 570.28, "start": 570.0, "text": "Krebs"}, {"end": 572.4, "start": 570.28, "text": "cycle."}, {"end": 572.64, "start": 572.4, "text": "There's"}, {"end": 572.72, "start": 572.64, "text": "a"}, {"end": 573.16, "start": 572.72, "text": "little"}, {"end": 573.88, "start": 573.16, "text": "bit"}, {"end": 574.08, "start": 573.88, "text": "of"}, {"end": 574.4, "start": 574.08, "text": "setup"}, {"end": 574.96, "start": 574.4, "text": "involved"}, {"end": 575.4, "start": 574.96, "text": "here,"}, {"end": 575.52, "start": 575.4, "text": "and"}, {"end": 575.64, "start": 575.52, "text": "we'll"}, {"end": 575.72, "start": 575.64, "text": "do"}, {"end": 576.0, "start": 575.72, "text": "the"}, {"end": 576.28, "start": 576.0, "text": "detail"}, {"end": 576.36, "start": 576.28, "text": "on"}, {"end": 576.4, "start": 576.36, "text": "that"}, {"end": 576.48, "start": 576.4, "text": "in"}, {"end": 576.68, "start": 576.48, "text": "the"}, {"end": 577.08, "start": 576.68, "text": "future."}, {"end": 577.32, "start": 577.08, "text": "But"}, {"end": 577.56, "start": 577.32, "text": "then"}, {"end": 578.4, "start": 577.56, "text": "you"}, {"end": 578.84, "start": 578.4, "text": "move"}, {"end": 579.16, "start": 578.84, "text": "over"}, {"end": 579.28, "start": 579.16, "text": "to"}, {"end": 579.32, "start": 579.28, "text": "the"}, {"end": 580.44, "start": 579.32, "text": "Krebs"}, {"end": 581.84, "start": 580.44, "text": "cycle,"}, {"end": 582.44, "start": 581.84, "text": "which"}, {"end": 583.84, "start": 582.44, "text": "is"}, {"end": 584.84, "start": 583.84, "text": "aerobic."}, {"end": 585.04, "start": 584.84, "text": "It"}, {"end": 586.4, "start": 585.04, "text": "requires"}, {"end": 586.92, "start": 586.4, "text": "oxygen"}, {"end": 587.2, "start": 586.92, "text": "to"}, {"end": 587.44, "start": 587.2, "text": "be"}, {"end": 588.2, "start": 587.44, "text": "around."}, {"end": 588.24, "start": 588.2, "text": "And"}, {"end": 588.4, "start": 588.24, "text": "then"}, {"end": 588.64, "start": 588.4, "text": "this"}, {"end": 589.24, "start": 588.64, "text": "produces"}, {"end": 589.56, "start": 589.24, "text": "two"}, {"end": 590.08, "start": 589.56, "text": "ATPs."}, {"end": 590.28, "start": 590.08, "text": "And"}, {"end": 590.52, "start": 590.28, "text": "then"}, {"end": 591.2, "start": 590.52, "text": "this"}, {"end": 591.48, "start": 591.2, "text": "is"}, {"end": 591.8, "start": 591.48, "text": "the"}, {"end": 592.28, "start": 591.8, "text": "part"}, {"end": 592.36, "start": 592.28, "text": "that,"}, {"end": 592.8, "start": 592.36, "text": "frankly,"}, {"end": 593.16, "start": 592.8, "text": "when"}, {"end": 593.4, "start": 593.16, "text": "I"}, {"end": 593.64, "start": 593.4, "text": "first"}, {"end": 593.88, "start": 593.64, "text": "learned"}, {"end": 593.96, "start": 593.88, "text": "it"}, {"end": 594.28, "start": 593.96, "text": "confused"}, {"end": 594.36, "start": 594.28, "text": "me"}, {"end": 594.48, "start": 594.36, "text": "a"}, {"end": 594.72, "start": 594.48, "text": "lot,"}, {"end": 594.84, "start": 594.72, "text": "but"}, {"end": 595.08, "start": 594.84, "text": "I'll"}, {"end": 595.44, "start": 595.08, "text": "just"}, {"end": 595.68, "start": 595.44, "text": "write"}, {"end": 595.72, "start": 595.68, "text": "it"}, {"end": 596.28, "start": 595.72, "text": "in"}, {"end": 596.6, "start": 596.28, "text": "order"}, {"end": 596.64, "start": 596.6, "text": "the"}, {"end": 596.84, "start": 596.64, "text": "way"}, {"end": 596.96, "start": 596.84, "text": "it's"}, {"end": 597.56, "start": 596.96, "text": "traditionally"}, {"end": 597.88, "start": 597.56, "text": "wrote."}, {"end": 598.04, "start": 597.88, "text": "Then"}, {"end": 598.32, "start": 598.04, "text": "you"}, {"end": 598.52, "start": 598.32, "text": "have"}, {"end": 598.68, "start": 598.52, "text": "something"}, {"end": 599.2, "start": 598.68, "text": "called,"}, {"end": 599.92, "start": 599.2, "text": "we're"}, {"end": 599.96, "start": 599.92, "text": "using"}], "text": " Krebs cycle. There's a little bit of setup involved here, and we'll do the detail on that in the future. But then you move over to the Krebs cycle, which is aerobic. It requires oxygen to be around. And then this produces two ATPs. And then this is the part that, frankly, when I first learned it confused me a lot, but I'll just write it in order the way it's traditionally wrote. Then you have something called, we're using"}, {"chunks": [{"end": 600.08, "start": 600.0, "text": "the"}, {"end": 600.28, "start": 600.08, "text": "same"}, {"end": 600.6, "start": 600.28, "text": "colors"}, {"end": 600.8, "start": 600.6, "text": "too"}, {"end": 601.2, "start": 600.8, "text": "much,"}, {"end": 601.8, "start": 601.2, "text": "you"}, {"end": 601.92, "start": 601.8, "text": "have"}, {"end": 602.08, "start": 601.92, "text": "something"}, {"end": 602.36, "start": 602.08, "text": "called"}, {"end": 602.72, "start": 602.36, "text": "the"}, {"end": 603.24, "start": 602.72, "text": "electron"}, {"end": 603.88, "start": 603.24, "text": "transport"}, {"end": 605.56, "start": 603.88, "text": "chain."}, {"end": 605.68, "start": 605.56, "text": "And"}, {"end": 605.84, "start": 605.68, "text": "this"}, {"end": 606.24, "start": 605.84, "text": "part"}, {"end": 607.72, "start": 606.24, "text": "gets"}, {"end": 609.64, "start": 607.72, "text": "credit"}, {"end": 610.48, "start": 609.64, "text": "for"}, {"end": 611.6, "start": 610.48, "text": "producing"}, {"end": 611.88, "start": 611.6, "text": "the"}, {"end": 612.16, "start": 611.88, "text": "bulk"}, {"end": 612.6, "start": 612.16, "text": "of"}, {"end": 613.36, "start": 612.6, "text": "the"}, {"end": 613.44, "start": 613.36, "text": "ATPs."}, {"end": 614.16, "start": 613.44, "text": "34"}, {"end": 614.8, "start": 614.16, "text": "ATPs."}, {"end": 615.36, "start": 614.8, "text": "And"}, {"end": 616.36, "start": 615.36, "text": "this"}, {"end": 616.84, "start": 616.36, "text": "is"}, {"end": 618.2, "start": 616.84, "text": "also"}, {"end": 618.64, "start": 618.2, "text": "aerobic."}, {"end": 619.32, "start": 618.64, "text": "It"}, {"end": 619.76, "start": 619.32, "text": "requires"}, {"end": 621.0, "start": 619.76, "text": "oxygen."}, {"end": 622.48, "start": 621.0, "text": "So"}, {"end": 622.68, "start": 622.48, "text": "you"}, {"end": 623.44, "start": 622.68, "text": "can"}, {"end": 623.72, "start": 623.44, "text": "see,"}, {"end": 623.88, "start": 623.72, "text": "if"}, {"end": 624.08, "start": 623.88, "text": "you"}, {"end": 624.52, "start": 624.08, "text": "had"}, {"end": 624.96, "start": 624.52, "text": "no"}, {"end": 625.32, "start": 624.96, "text": "oxygen,"}, {"end": 625.52, "start": 625.32, "text": "if"}, {"end": 626.04, "start": 625.52, "text": "the"}, {"end": 626.32, "start": 626.04, "text": "cells"}, {"end": 626.52, "start": 626.32, "text": "weren't"}, {"end": 626.72, "start": 626.52, "text": "getting"}, {"end": 626.92, "start": 626.72, "text": "enough"}, {"end": 627.72, "start": 626.92, "text": "oxygen,"}, {"end": 627.8, "start": 627.72, "text": "you"}, {"end": 628.0, "start": 627.8, "text": "can"}, {"end": 628.48, "start": 628.0, "text": "produce"}, {"end": 628.64, "start": 628.48, "text": "a"}, {"end": 628.84, "start": 628.64, "text": "little"}, {"end": 629.32, "start": 628.84, "text": "bit"}, {"end": 629.96, "start": 629.32, "text": "of"}], "text": " the same colors too much, you have something called the electron transport chain. And this part gets credit for producing the bulk of the ATPs. 34 ATPs. And this is also aerobic. It requires oxygen. So you can see, if you had no oxygen, if the cells weren't getting enough oxygen, you can produce a little bit of"}, {"chunks": [{"end": 630.84, "start": 630.0, "text": "energy,"}, {"end": 631.16, "start": 630.84, "text": "but"}, {"end": 631.44, "start": 631.16, "text": "it's"}, {"end": 632.08, "start": 631.44, "text": "nowhere"}, {"end": 632.2, "start": 632.08, "text": "near"}, {"end": 632.44, "start": 632.2, "text": "as"}, {"end": 633.0, "start": 632.44, "text": "much"}, {"end": 633.44, "start": 633.0, "text": "as"}, {"end": 633.64, "start": 633.44, "text": "you"}, {"end": 633.68, "start": 633.64, "text": "can"}, {"end": 634.08, "start": 633.68, "text": "produce"}, {"end": 634.36, "start": 634.08, "text": "once"}, {"end": 634.6, "start": 634.36, "text": "you"}, {"end": 635.04, "start": 634.6, "text": "have"}, {"end": 635.32, "start": 635.04, "text": "the"}, {"end": 635.56, "start": 635.32, "text": "oxygen."}, {"end": 636.04, "start": 635.56, "text": "And"}, {"end": 636.4, "start": 636.04, "text": "actually,"}, {"end": 636.92, "start": 636.4, "text": "when"}, {"end": 637.08, "start": 636.92, "text": "you"}, {"end": 637.52, "start": 637.08, "text": "start"}, {"end": 638.28, "start": 637.52, "text": "running"}, {"end": 638.52, "start": 638.28, "text": "out"}, {"end": 638.52, "start": 638.52, "text": "of"}, {"end": 638.96, "start": 638.52, "text": "oxygen,"}, {"end": 639.2, "start": 638.96, "text": "this"}, {"end": 639.56, "start": 639.2, "text": "can't"}, {"end": 639.96, "start": 639.56, "text": "proceed"}, {"end": 640.36, "start": 639.96, "text": "forward."}, {"end": 640.8, "start": 640.36, "text": "So"}, {"end": 640.8, "start": 640.8, "text": "what"}, {"end": 641.0, "start": 640.8, "text": "happens"}, {"end": 641.76, "start": 641.0, "text": "is"}, {"end": 641.96, "start": 641.76, "text": "some"}, {"end": 642.08, "start": 641.96, "text": "of"}, {"end": 642.6, "start": 642.08, "text": "these"}, {"end": 643.32, "start": 642.6, "text": "byproducts"}, {"end": 643.4, "start": 643.32, "text": "of"}, {"end": 644.64, "start": 643.4, "text": "glycolysis,"}, {"end": 645.16, "start": 644.64, "text": "instead"}, {"end": 645.16, "start": 645.16, "text": "of"}, {"end": 645.52, "start": 645.16, "text": "going"}, {"end": 645.6, "start": 645.52, "text": "into"}, {"end": 645.72, "start": 645.6, "text": "the"}, {"end": 646.0, "start": 645.72, "text": "Krebs"}, {"end": 646.36, "start": 646.0, "text": "cycle"}, {"end": 646.4, "start": 646.36, "text": "in"}, {"end": 646.64, "start": 646.4, "text": "the"}, {"end": 646.92, "start": 646.64, "text": "electron"}, {"end": 647.36, "start": 646.92, "text": "transport"}, {"end": 647.72, "start": 647.36, "text": "chain"}, {"end": 647.84, "start": 647.72, "text": "where"}, {"end": 648.0, "start": 647.84, "text": "they"}, {"end": 648.16, "start": 648.0, "text": "need"}, {"end": 649.08, "start": 648.16, "text": "oxygen,"}, {"end": 649.92, "start": 649.08, "text": "instead"}, {"end": 650.04, "start": 649.92, "text": "they"}, {"end": 650.28, "start": 650.04, "text": "go"}, {"end": 650.44, "start": 650.28, "text": "through"}, {"end": 650.6, "start": 650.44, "text": "a"}, {"end": 650.88, "start": 650.6, "text": "side"}, {"end": 651.36, "start": 650.88, "text": "process"}, {"end": 651.68, "start": 651.36, "text": "called"}, {"end": 652.4, "start": 651.68, "text": "fermentation."}, {"end": 654.72, "start": 652.4, "text": "For"}, {"end": 655.52, "start": 654.72, "text": "some"}, {"end": 656.64, "start": 655.52, "text": "organisms,"}, {"end": 657.04, "start": 656.64, "text": "this"}, {"end": 657.52, "start": 657.04, "text": "process"}, {"end": 657.6, "start": 657.52, "text": "of"}, {"end": 658.32, "start": 657.6, "text": "fermentation"}, {"end": 658.52, "start": 658.32, "text": "takes"}, {"end": 658.92, "start": 658.52, "text": "your"}, {"end": 659.64, "start": 658.92, "text": "byproducts"}, {"end": 659.68, "start": 659.64, "text": "of"}, {"end": 659.96, "start": 659.68, "text": "glycolysis"}], "text": " energy, but it's nowhere near as much as you can produce once you have the oxygen. And actually, when you start running out of oxygen, this can't proceed forward. So what happens is some of these byproducts of glycolysis, instead of going into the Krebs cycle in the electron transport chain where they need oxygen, instead they go through a side process called fermentation. For some organisms, this process of fermentation takes your byproducts of glycolysis"}, {"chunks": [{"end": 660.52, "start": 660.0, "text": "And"}, {"end": 660.88, "start": 660.52, "text": "literally"}, {"end": 661.52, "start": 660.88, "text": "produces"}, {"end": 662.08, "start": 661.52, "text": "alcohol."}, {"end": 662.32, "start": 662.08, "text": "That's"}, {"end": 662.56, "start": 662.32, "text": "where"}, {"end": 663.16, "start": 662.56, "text": "alcohol"}, {"end": 663.36, "start": 663.16, "text": "comes"}, {"end": 664.24, "start": 663.36, "text": "from."}, {"end": 664.44, "start": 664.24, "text": "That's"}, {"end": 665.08, "start": 664.44, "text": "called"}, {"end": 665.6, "start": 665.08, "text": "alcohol"}, {"end": 666.32, "start": 665.6, "text": "fermentation."}, {"end": 666.68, "start": 666.32, "text": "And"}, {"end": 667.08, "start": 666.68, "text": "we,"}, {"end": 667.4, "start": 667.08, "text": "as"}, {"end": 667.56, "start": 667.4, "text": "human"}, {"end": 667.96, "start": 667.56, "text": "beings,"}, {"end": 668.12, "start": 667.96, "text": "I"}, {"end": 668.44, "start": 668.12, "text": "guess"}, {"end": 668.96, "start": 668.44, "text": "fortunately"}, {"end": 669.32, "start": 668.96, "text": "or"}, {"end": 669.68, "start": 669.32, "text": "unfortunately,"}, {"end": 669.84, "start": 669.68, "text": "our"}, {"end": 670.4, "start": 669.84, "text": "muscles"}, {"end": 670.44, "start": 670.4, "text": "do"}, {"end": 670.48, "start": 670.44, "text": "not"}, {"end": 670.92, "start": 670.48, "text": "directly"}, {"end": 671.64, "start": 670.92, "text": "produce"}, {"end": 672.4, "start": 671.64, "text": "alcohol."}, {"end": 672.56, "start": 672.4, "text": "They"}, {"end": 672.96, "start": 672.56, "text": "produce"}, {"end": 673.44, "start": 672.96, "text": "lactic"}, {"end": 674.04, "start": 673.44, "text": "acid."}, {"end": 674.32, "start": 674.04, "text": "So"}, {"end": 674.64, "start": 674.32, "text": "we"}, {"end": 675.12, "start": 674.64, "text": "do"}, {"end": 675.64, "start": 675.12, "text": "lactic"}, {"end": 675.96, "start": 675.64, "text": "acid"}, {"end": 676.2, "start": 675.96, "text": "fermentation."}, {"end": 676.32, "start": 676.2, "text": "Let"}, {"end": 677.44, "start": 676.32, "text": "me"}, {"end": 677.64, "start": 677.44, "text": "write"}, {"end": 677.88, "start": 677.64, "text": "that"}, {"end": 678.2, "start": 677.88, "text": "down."}, {"end": 678.84, "start": 678.2, "text": "Lactic"}, {"end": 679.2, "start": 678.84, "text": "acid."}, {"end": 679.36, "start": 679.2, "text": "That's"}, {"end": 680.68, "start": 679.36, "text": "humans"}, {"end": 680.88, "start": 680.68, "text": "and"}, {"end": 681.36, "start": 680.88, "text": "probably"}, {"end": 681.6, "start": 681.36, "text": "other"}, {"end": 682.8, "start": 681.6, "text": "mammals."}, {"end": 683.64, "start": 682.8, "text": "But"}, {"end": 683.92, "start": 683.64, "text": "other"}, {"end": 684.4, "start": 683.92, "text": "things,"}, {"end": 684.92, "start": 684.4, "text": "like"}, {"end": 685.64, "start": 684.92, "text": "yeast,"}, {"end": 685.8, "start": 685.64, "text": "will"}, {"end": 689.16, "start": 685.8, "text": "do"}, {"end": 689.72, "start": 689.16, "text": "alcohol"}, {"end": 689.96, "start": 689.72, "text": "form"}], "text": " And literally produces alcohol. That's where alcohol comes from. That's called alcohol fermentation. And we, as human beings, I guess fortunately or unfortunately, our muscles do not directly produce alcohol. They produce lactic acid. So we do lactic acid fermentation. Let me write that down. Lactic acid. That's humans and probably other mammals. But other things, like yeast, will do alcohol form"}, {"chunks": [{"end": 690.44, "start": 690.0, "text": "So"}, {"end": 690.84, "start": 690.44, "text": "this"}, {"end": 691.4, "start": 690.84, "text": "is"}, {"end": 691.72, "start": 691.4, "text": "when"}, {"end": 693.04, "start": 691.72, "text": "you"}, {"end": 693.44, "start": 693.04, "text": "don't"}, {"end": 694.0, "start": 693.44, "text": "have"}, {"end": 694.24, "start": 694.0, "text": "oxygen."}, {"end": 694.56, "start": 694.24, "text": "It's"}, {"end": 695.0, "start": 694.56, "text": "actually"}, {"end": 695.08, "start": 695.0, "text": "this"}, {"end": 696.28, "start": 695.08, "text": "lactic"}, {"end": 696.6, "start": 696.28, "text": "acid"}, {"end": 697.16, "start": 696.6, "text": "that"}, {"end": 697.44, "start": 697.16, "text": "if"}, {"end": 698.24, "start": 697.44, "text": "I"}, {"end": 698.48, "start": 698.24, "text": "were"}, {"end": 698.52, "start": 698.48, "text": "to"}, {"end": 698.84, "start": 698.52, "text": "sprint"}, {"end": 699.12, "start": 698.84, "text": "really"}, {"end": 699.64, "start": 699.12, "text": "hard"}, {"end": 699.76, "start": 699.64, "text": "and"}, {"end": 699.76, "start": 699.76, "text": "not"}, {"end": 699.76, "start": 699.76, "text": "be"}, {"end": 699.76, "start": 699.76, "text": "able"}, {"end": 700.0, "start": 699.76, "text": "to"}, {"end": 700.12, "start": 700.0, "text": "get"}, {"end": 700.4, "start": 700.12, "text": "enough"}, {"end": 700.8, "start": 700.4, "text": "oxygen,"}, {"end": 700.92, "start": 700.8, "text": "that"}, {"end": 701.08, "start": 700.92, "text": "my"}, {"end": 701.44, "start": 701.08, "text": "muscles"}, {"end": 701.64, "start": 701.44, "text": "start"}, {"end": 701.8, "start": 701.64, "text": "to"}, {"end": 701.96, "start": 701.8, "text": "ache"}, {"end": 702.08, "start": 701.96, "text": "because"}, {"end": 702.32, "start": 702.08, "text": "this"}, {"end": 702.8, "start": 702.32, "text": "lactic"}, {"end": 703.92, "start": 702.8, "text": "acid"}, {"end": 704.4, "start": 703.92, "text": "starts"}, {"end": 704.8, "start": 704.4, "text": "to"}, {"end": 705.04, "start": 704.8, "text": "build"}, {"end": 705.04, "start": 705.04, "text": "up."}, {"end": 705.24, "start": 705.04, "text": "But"}, {"end": 705.36, "start": 705.24, "text": "that's"}, {"end": 705.48, "start": 705.36, "text": "just"}, {"end": 705.84, "start": 705.48, "text": "a"}, {"end": 706.12, "start": 705.84, "text": "side"}, {"end": 706.24, "start": 706.12, "text": "thing."}, {"end": 706.4, "start": 706.24, "text": "If"}, {"end": 706.76, "start": 706.4, "text": "we"}, {"end": 706.96, "start": 706.76, "text": "have"}, {"end": 707.28, "start": 706.96, "text": "oxygen,"}, {"end": 707.36, "start": 707.28, "text": "we"}, {"end": 707.48, "start": 707.36, "text": "can"}, {"end": 707.56, "start": 707.48, "text": "move"}, {"end": 707.64, "start": 707.56, "text": "to"}, {"end": 707.76, "start": 707.64, "text": "the"}, {"end": 708.0, "start": 707.76, "text": "Krebs"}, {"end": 708.48, "start": 708.0, "text": "cycle,"}, {"end": 708.76, "start": 708.48, "text": "get"}, {"end": 709.04, "start": 708.76, "text": "our"}, {"end": 709.32, "start": 709.04, "text": "two"}, {"end": 709.32, "start": 709.32, "text": "ATBs,"}, {"end": 709.48, "start": 709.32, "text": "and"}, {"end": 709.8, "start": 709.48, "text": "then"}, {"end": 710.2, "start": 709.8, "text": "go"}, {"end": 710.44, "start": 710.2, "text": "on"}, {"end": 710.44, "start": 710.44, "text": "to"}, {"end": 710.76, "start": 710.44, "text": "the"}, {"end": 711.0, "start": 710.76, "text": "electron"}, {"end": 711.44, "start": 711.0, "text": "transport"}, {"end": 711.84, "start": 711.44, "text": "chain"}, {"end": 712.12, "start": 711.84, "text": "and"}, {"end": 712.48, "start": 712.12, "text": "produce"}, {"end": 712.8, "start": 712.48, "text": "34"}, {"end": 713.0, "start": 712.8, "text": "ATBs,"}, {"end": 713.72, "start": 713.0, "text": "which"}, {"end": 714.44, "start": 713.72, "text": "is"}, {"end": 714.92, "start": 714.44, "text": "really"}, {"end": 714.96, "start": 714.92, "text": "the"}, {"end": 715.2, "start": 714.96, "text": "bulk"}, {"end": 715.44, "start": 715.2, "text": "of"}, {"end": 715.6, "start": 715.44, "text": "what"}, {"end": 716.52, "start": 715.6, "text": "happens"}, {"end": 716.64, "start": 716.52, "text": "in"}, {"end": 717.92, "start": 716.64, "text": "respiration."}, {"end": 718.28, "start": 717.92, "text": "Now"}, {"end": 719.0, "start": 718.28, "text": "I"}, {"end": 719.44, "start": 719.0, "text": "kind"}, {"end": 719.44, "start": 719.44, "text": "of"}, {"end": 719.44, "start": 719.44, "text": "said"}, {"end": 719.44, "start": 719.44, "text": "this"}, {"end": 719.44, "start": 719.44, "text": "as"}, {"end": 719.72, "start": 719.44, "text": "an"}, {"end": 719.96, "start": 719.72, "text": "aside."}], "text": " So this is when you don't have oxygen. It's actually this lactic acid that if I were to sprint really hard and not be able to get enough oxygen, that my muscles start to ache because this lactic acid starts to build up. But that's just a side thing. If we have oxygen, we can move to the Krebs cycle, get our two ATBs, and then go on to the electron transport chain and produce 34 ATBs, which is really the bulk of what happens in respiration. Now I kind of said this as an aside."}, {"chunks": [{"end": 720.32, "start": 720.0, "text": "To"}, {"end": 720.32, "start": 720.32, "text": "some"}, {"end": 720.32, "start": 720.32, "text": "degree,"}, {"end": 720.6, "start": 720.32, "text": "this"}, {"end": 720.84, "start": 720.6, "text": "isn't"}, {"end": 721.56, "start": 720.84, "text": "fair"}, {"end": 721.88, "start": 721.56, "text": "because"}, {"end": 722.36, "start": 721.88, "text": "while"}, {"end": 722.72, "start": 722.36, "text": "these"}, {"end": 723.68, "start": 722.72, "text": "guys"}, {"end": 723.88, "start": 723.68, "text": "are"}, {"end": 724.4, "start": 723.88, "text": "operating,"}, {"end": 724.68, "start": 724.4, "text": "they're"}, {"end": 725.08, "start": 724.68, "text": "also"}, {"end": 725.52, "start": 725.08, "text": "producing"}, {"end": 725.8, "start": 725.52, "text": "these"}, {"end": 726.16, "start": 725.8, "text": "other"}, {"end": 727.0, "start": 726.16, "text": "molecules."}, {"end": 727.2, "start": 727.0, "text": "They're"}, {"end": 727.24, "start": 727.2, "text": "not"}, {"end": 727.68, "start": 727.24, "text": "producing"}, {"end": 727.8, "start": 727.68, "text": "them"}, {"end": 728.24, "start": 727.8, "text": "entirely,"}, {"end": 728.36, "start": 728.24, "text": "but"}, {"end": 728.52, "start": 728.36, "text": "what"}, {"end": 728.68, "start": 728.52, "text": "they're"}, {"end": 728.96, "start": 728.68, "text": "doing"}, {"end": 729.12, "start": 728.96, "text": "is"}, {"end": 729.28, "start": 729.12, "text": "they're"}, {"end": 729.8, "start": 729.28, "text": "taking,"}, {"end": 730.44, "start": 729.8, "text": "and"}, {"end": 730.52, "start": 730.44, "text": "I"}, {"end": 730.76, "start": 730.52, "text": "know"}, {"end": 730.84, "start": 730.76, "text": "it"}, {"end": 730.92, "start": 730.84, "text": "gets"}, {"end": 731.44, "start": 730.92, "text": "complicated"}, {"end": 731.64, "start": 731.44, "text": "here,"}, {"end": 731.68, "start": 731.64, "text": "but"}, {"end": 731.8, "start": 731.68, "text": "I"}, {"end": 731.92, "start": 731.8, "text": "think"}, {"end": 732.16, "start": 731.92, "text": "over"}, {"end": 732.32, "start": 732.16, "text": "the"}, {"end": 732.48, "start": 732.32, "text": "course"}, {"end": 732.52, "start": 732.48, "text": "of"}, {"end": 732.64, "start": 732.52, "text": "the"}, {"end": 732.96, "start": 732.64, "text": "next"}, {"end": 733.12, "start": 732.96, "text": "few"}, {"end": 733.6, "start": 733.12, "text": "videos"}, {"end": 733.76, "start": 733.6, "text": "we'll"}, {"end": 733.96, "start": 733.76, "text": "get"}, {"end": 734.04, "start": 733.96, "text": "an"}, {"end": 734.24, "start": 734.04, "text": "intuition"}, {"end": 734.64, "start": 734.24, "text": "for"}, {"end": 735.72, "start": 734.64, "text": "it."}, {"end": 735.84, "start": 735.72, "text": "In"}, {"end": 736.12, "start": 735.84, "text": "these"}, {"end": 736.32, "start": 736.12, "text": "two"}, {"end": 736.6, "start": 736.32, "text": "parts"}, {"end": 736.6, "start": 736.6, "text": "of"}, {"end": 736.8, "start": 736.6, "text": "the"}, {"end": 737.4, "start": 736.8, "text": "reaction,"}, {"end": 738.36, "start": 737.4, "text": "glycolysis"}, {"end": 738.52, "start": 738.36, "text": "and"}, {"end": 738.8, "start": 738.52, "text": "the"}, {"end": 739.6, "start": 738.8, "text": "Krebs"}, {"end": 739.96, "start": 739.6, "text": "cycle,"}, {"end": 740.08, "start": 739.96, "text": "we're"}, {"end": 740.56, "start": 740.08, "text": "constantly"}, {"end": 741.04, "start": 740.56, "text": "taking"}, {"end": 742.12, "start": 741.04, "text": "NAD,"}, {"end": 742.56, "start": 742.12, "text": "or"}, {"end": 742.84, "start": 742.56, "text": "it"}, {"end": 743.08, "start": 742.84, "text": "is"}, {"end": 743.48, "start": 743.08, "text": "NAD"}, {"end": 744.28, "start": 743.48, "text": "plus,"}, {"end": 744.48, "start": 744.28, "text": "and"}, {"end": 745.16, "start": 744.48, "text": "we're"}, {"end": 745.32, "start": 745.16, "text": "adding"}, {"end": 745.68, "start": 745.32, "text": "hydrogens"}, {"end": 746.56, "start": 745.68, "text": "to"}, {"end": 747.04, "start": 746.56, "text": "it"}, {"end": 748.16, "start": 747.04, "text": "to"}, {"end": 748.6, "start": 748.16, "text": "form"}, {"end": 749.96, "start": 748.6, "text": "NADH."}], "text": " To some degree, this isn't fair because while these guys are operating, they're also producing these other molecules. They're not producing them entirely, but what they're doing is they're taking, and I know it gets complicated here, but I think over the course of the next few videos we'll get an intuition for it. In these two parts of the reaction, glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, we're constantly taking NAD, or it is NAD plus, and we're adding hydrogens to it to form NADH."}, {"chunks": [{"end": 750.84, "start": 750.0, "text": "For"}, {"end": 751.28, "start": 750.84, "text": "one"}, {"end": 752.04, "start": 751.28, "text": "molecule"}, {"end": 752.52, "start": 752.04, "text": "of"}, {"end": 753.0, "start": 752.52, "text": "glucose,"}, {"end": 753.12, "start": 753.0, "text": "this"}, {"end": 753.44, "start": 753.12, "text": "happens"}, {"end": 753.84, "start": 753.44, "text": "to"}, {"end": 754.2, "start": 753.84, "text": "10"}, {"end": 754.64, "start": 754.2, "text": "NADs,"}, {"end": 754.84, "start": 754.64, "text": "or"}, {"end": 755.4, "start": 754.84, "text": "10"}, {"end": 755.56, "start": 755.4, "text": "NAD"}, {"end": 756.08, "start": 755.56, "text": "pluses"}, {"end": 756.2, "start": 756.08, "text": "to"}, {"end": 756.48, "start": 756.2, "text": "become"}, {"end": 756.8, "start": 756.48, "text": "NADHs."}, {"end": 758.0, "start": 756.8, "text": "And"}, {"end": 758.2, "start": 758.0, "text": "those"}, {"end": 758.56, "start": 758.2, "text": "are"}, {"end": 758.88, "start": 758.56, "text": "actually"}, {"end": 759.08, "start": 758.88, "text": "what"}, {"end": 759.64, "start": 759.08, "text": "drive"}, {"end": 759.96, "start": 759.64, "text": "the"}, {"end": 760.52, "start": 759.96, "text": "electron"}, {"end": 761.04, "start": 760.52, "text": "transport"}, {"end": 761.4, "start": 761.04, "text": "chain."}, {"end": 761.52, "start": 761.4, "text": "And"}, {"end": 761.64, "start": 761.52, "text": "I'll"}, {"end": 762.0, "start": 761.64, "text": "talk"}, {"end": 762.0, "start": 762.0, "text": "a"}, {"end": 762.04, "start": 762.0, "text": "lot"}, {"end": 762.36, "start": 762.04, "text": "more"}, {"end": 762.72, "start": 762.36, "text": "about"}, {"end": 762.96, "start": 762.72, "text": "it"}, {"end": 763.04, "start": 762.96, "text": "and"}, {"end": 763.36, "start": 763.04, "text": "kind"}, {"end": 763.48, "start": 763.36, "text": "of"}, {"end": 763.84, "start": 763.48, "text": "how"}, {"end": 764.08, "start": 763.84, "text": "that"}, {"end": 764.36, "start": 764.08, "text": "happens"}, {"end": 764.4, "start": 764.36, "text": "and"}, {"end": 764.68, "start": 764.4, "text": "why"}, {"end": 764.88, "start": 764.68, "text": "is"}, {"end": 765.2, "start": 764.88, "text": "energy"}, {"end": 765.44, "start": 765.2, "text": "being"}, {"end": 765.76, "start": 765.44, "text": "derived"}, {"end": 766.08, "start": 765.76, "text": "and"}, {"end": 766.52, "start": 766.08, "text": "how"}, {"end": 766.72, "start": 766.52, "text": "is"}, {"end": 766.88, "start": 766.72, "text": "this"}, {"end": 767.08, "start": 766.88, "text": "an"}, {"end": 767.6, "start": 767.08, "text": "oxidative"}, {"end": 768.32, "start": 767.6, "text": "reaction"}, {"end": 768.76, "start": 768.32, "text": "and"}, {"end": 768.96, "start": 768.76, "text": "all"}, {"end": 769.0, "start": 768.96, "text": "of"}, {"end": 769.4, "start": 769.0, "text": "that"}, {"end": 769.6, "start": 769.4, "text": "and"}, {"end": 769.6, "start": 769.6, "text": "what's"}, {"end": 770.2, "start": 769.6, "text": "getting"}, {"end": 770.68, "start": 770.2, "text": "oxidized"}, {"end": 770.76, "start": 770.68, "text": "and"}, {"end": 770.96, "start": 770.76, "text": "what's"}, {"end": 771.12, "start": 770.96, "text": "being"}, {"end": 771.36, "start": 771.12, "text": "reduced."}, {"end": 771.76, "start": 771.36, "text": "But"}, {"end": 772.04, "start": 771.76, "text": "I"}, {"end": 772.08, "start": 772.04, "text": "just"}, {"end": 772.08, "start": 772.08, "text": "wanted"}, {"end": 772.08, "start": 772.08, "text": "to"}, {"end": 772.32, "start": 772.08, "text": "give"}, {"end": 772.4, "start": 772.32, "text": "due"}, {"end": 772.72, "start": 772.4, "text": "credit."}, {"end": 772.92, "start": 772.72, "text": "These"}, {"end": 773.24, "start": 772.92, "text": "guys"}, {"end": 773.44, "start": 773.24, "text": "aren't"}, {"end": 773.6, "start": 773.44, "text": "just"}, {"end": 774.0, "start": 773.6, "text": "producing"}, {"end": 774.6, "start": 774.0, "text": "two"}, {"end": 775.32, "start": 774.6, "text": "ATPs"}, {"end": 775.48, "start": 775.32, "text": "in"}, {"end": 775.76, "start": 775.48, "text": "each"}, {"end": 775.76, "start": 775.76, "text": "of"}, {"end": 776.28, "start": 775.76, "text": "these"}, {"end": 776.48, "start": 776.28, "text": "stages."}, {"end": 776.76, "start": 776.48, "text": "They're"}, {"end": 777.16, "start": 776.76, "text": "also"}, {"end": 777.68, "start": 777.16, "text": "producing,"}, {"end": 778.6, "start": 777.68, "text": "actually"}, {"end": 779.32, "start": 778.6, "text": "combined,"}, {"end": 779.96, "start": 779.32, "text": "10"}], "text": " For one molecule of glucose, this happens to 10 NADs, or 10 NAD pluses to become NADHs. And those are actually what drive the electron transport chain. And I'll talk a lot more about it and kind of how that happens and why is energy being derived and how is this an oxidative reaction and all of that and what's getting oxidized and what's being reduced. But I just wanted to give due credit. These guys aren't just producing two ATPs in each of these stages. They're also producing, actually combined, 10"}, {"chunks": [{"end": 780.28, "start": 780.0, "text": "which"}, {"end": 781.04, "start": 780.28, "text": "each"}, {"end": 782.0, "start": 781.04, "text": "produce"}, {"end": 783.32, "start": 782.0, "text": "three"}, {"end": 783.68, "start": 783.32, "text": "ATPs"}, {"end": 784.0, "start": 783.68, "text": "in"}, {"end": 784.48, "start": 784.0, "text": "an"}, {"end": 784.88, "start": 784.48, "text": "ideal"}, {"end": 785.84, "start": 784.88, "text": "situation,"}, {"end": 786.08, "start": 785.84, "text": "the"}, {"end": 786.68, "start": 786.08, "text": "electron"}, {"end": 787.28, "start": 786.68, "text": "transport"}, {"end": 787.56, "start": 787.28, "text": "chain."}, {"end": 787.68, "start": 787.56, "text": "And"}, {"end": 788.08, "start": 787.68, "text": "they're"}, {"end": 788.4, "start": 788.08, "text": "also"}, {"end": 788.76, "start": 788.4, "text": "doing"}, {"end": 789.24, "start": 788.76, "text": "it"}, {"end": 789.32, "start": 789.24, "text": "to"}, {"end": 789.68, "start": 789.32, "text": "this"}, {"end": 789.88, "start": 789.68, "text": "other"}, {"end": 791.04, "start": 789.88, "text": "molecule,"}, {"end": 791.28, "start": 791.04, "text": "FAD,"}, {"end": 792.16, "start": 791.28, "text": "which"}, {"end": 792.48, "start": 792.16, "text": "is"}, {"end": 792.76, "start": 792.48, "text": "very"}, {"end": 793.0, "start": 792.76, "text": "similar."}, {"end": 793.64, "start": 793.0, "text": "But"}, {"end": 793.8, "start": 793.64, "text": "they're"}, {"end": 794.32, "start": 793.8, "text": "producing"}, {"end": 794.32, "start": 794.32, "text": "FADH."}, {"end": 794.96, "start": 794.32, "text": "Now"}, {"end": 796.56, "start": 794.96, "text": "I"}, {"end": 797.04, "start": 796.56, "text": "know"}, {"end": 797.48, "start": 797.04, "text": "all"}, {"end": 798.0, "start": 797.48, "text": "of"}, {"end": 798.16, "start": 798.0, "text": "this"}, {"end": 798.28, "start": 798.16, "text": "is"}, {"end": 798.44, "start": 798.28, "text": "very"}, {"end": 799.36, "start": 798.44, "text": "complicated."}, {"end": 799.44, "start": 799.36, "text": "I'll"}, {"end": 799.92, "start": 799.44, "text": "make"}, {"end": 800.32, "start": 799.92, "text": "videos"}, {"end": 800.4, "start": 800.32, "text": "on"}, {"end": 800.6, "start": 800.4, "text": "this"}, {"end": 800.64, "start": 800.6, "text": "in"}, {"end": 800.72, "start": 800.64, "text": "the"}, {"end": 801.0, "start": 800.72, "text": "future."}, {"end": 801.12, "start": 801.0, "text": "But"}, {"end": 801.36, "start": 801.12, "text": "the"}, {"end": 801.68, "start": 801.36, "text": "important"}, {"end": 801.96, "start": 801.68, "text": "thing"}, {"end": 802.36, "start": 801.96, "text": "to"}, {"end": 803.12, "start": 802.36, "text": "remember"}, {"end": 803.52, "start": 803.12, "text": "is"}, {"end": 803.92, "start": 803.52, "text": "cellular"}, {"end": 805.04, "start": 803.92, "text": "respiration,"}, {"end": 805.4, "start": 805.04, "text": "all"}, {"end": 805.72, "start": 805.4, "text": "it"}, {"end": 805.88, "start": 805.72, "text": "is"}, {"end": 805.88, "start": 805.88, "text": "is"}, {"end": 806.44, "start": 805.88, "text": "taking"}, {"end": 807.4, "start": 806.44, "text": "glucose"}, {"end": 807.56, "start": 807.4, "text": "and"}, {"end": 808.24, "start": 807.56, "text": "kind"}, {"end": 808.64, "start": 808.24, "text": "of"}, {"end": 809.2, "start": 808.64, "text": "repackaging"}, {"end": 809.24, "start": 809.2, "text": "the"}, {"end": 809.8, "start": 809.24, "text": "energy"}, {"end": 809.96, "start": 809.8, "text": "in"}], "text": " which each produce three ATPs in an ideal situation, the electron transport chain. And they're also doing it to this other molecule, FAD, which is very similar. But they're producing FADH. Now I know all of this is very complicated. I'll make videos on this in the future. But the important thing to remember is cellular respiration, all it is is taking glucose and kind of repackaging the energy in"}, {"chunks": [{"end": 810.52, "start": 810.0, "text": "glucose"}, {"end": 810.72, "start": 810.52, "text": "and"}, {"end": 811.24, "start": 810.72, "text": "repackaging"}, {"end": 811.44, "start": 811.24, "text": "it"}, {"end": 811.52, "start": 811.44, "text": "in"}, {"end": 811.68, "start": 811.52, "text": "the"}, {"end": 811.96, "start": 811.68, "text": "form"}, {"end": 812.2, "start": 811.96, "text": "of,"}, {"end": 812.32, "start": 812.2, "text": "your"}, {"end": 812.6, "start": 812.32, "text": "textbooks"}, {"end": 812.68, "start": 812.6, "text": "will"}, {"end": 813.0, "start": 812.68, "text": "tell"}, {"end": 813.24, "start": 813.0, "text": "you,"}, {"end": 813.8, "start": 813.24, "text": "38"}, {"end": 814.04, "start": 813.8, "text": "ATP."}, {"end": 814.4, "start": 814.04, "text": "And"}, {"end": 814.48, "start": 814.4, "text": "if"}, {"end": 814.56, 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{"end": 832.2, "start": 831.4, "text": "generating"}, {"end": 832.44, "start": 832.2, "text": "some"}, {"end": 833.0, "start": 832.44, "text": "ATP's."}, {"end": 833.04, "start": 833.0, "text": "But"}, {"end": 833.12, "start": 833.04, "text": "the"}, {"end": 833.4, "start": 833.12, "text": "more"}, {"end": 833.72, "start": 833.4, "text": "important"}, {"end": 833.72, "start": 833.72, "text": "thing"}, {"end": 833.92, "start": 833.72, "text": "is"}, {"end": 834.16, "start": 833.92, "text": "you're"}, {"end": 834.48, "start": 834.16, "text": "generating"}, {"end": 834.68, "start": 834.48, "text": "some"}, {"end": 835.0, "start": 834.68, "text": "NADH's"}, {"end": 835.0, "start": 835.0, "text": "that"}, {"end": 835.04, "start": 835.0, "text": "are"}, {"end": 835.32, "start": 835.04, "text": "going"}, {"end": 835.96, "start": 835.32, "text": "to"}, {"end": 836.16, "start": 835.96, "text": "be"}, {"end": 836.48, "start": 836.16, "text": "used"}, {"end": 836.88, "start": 836.48, "text": "later"}, {"end": 837.12, "start": 836.88, "text": "in"}, {"end": 837.4, "start": 837.12, "text": "the"}, {"end": 838.16, "start": 837.4, "text": "electron"}, {"end": 839.2, "start": 838.16, "text": "transport"}, {"end": 839.96, "start": 839.2, "text": "chain."}], "text": " glucose and repackaging it in the form of, your textbooks will tell you, 38 ATP. And if you're taking an exam, that's a good number to write. It tends to, in reality, be a smaller number. And it's also going to produce heat. Actually, most of it is going to be heat. But 38 ATP's. And it does it through three stages. The first stage is glycolysis, where you're just literally splitting the glucose into two. You're generating some ATP's. But the more important thing is you're generating some NADH's that are going to be used later in the electron transport chain."}, {"chunks": [{"end": 840.28, "start": 840.0, "text": "split"}, {"end": 840.56, "start": 840.28, "text": "even"}, {"end": 840.96, "start": 840.56, "text": "more"}, {"end": 841.0, "start": 840.96, "text": "in"}, {"end": 841.16, "start": 841.0, "text": "the"}, {"end": 841.4, "start": 841.16, "text": "Krebs"}, {"end": 842.24, "start": 841.4, "text": "cycle,"}, {"end": 842.68, "start": 842.24, "text": "directly"}, {"end": 843.08, "start": 842.68, "text": "producing"}, {"end": 843.4, "start": 843.08, "text": "two"}, {"end": 843.4, "start": 843.4, "text": "ATPs."}, {"end": 843.4, "start": 843.4, "text": "But"}, {"end": 843.44, "start": 843.4, "text": "that"}, {"end": 844.04, "start": 843.44, "text": "produces"}, {"end": 844.24, "start": 844.04, "text": "a"}, {"end": 844.52, "start": 844.24, "text": "lot"}, {"end": 844.88, "start": 844.52, "text": "more"}, {"end": 845.2, "start": 844.88, "text": "NADHs."}, {"end": 845.32, "start": 845.2, "text": "And"}, {"end": 845.72, "start": 845.32, "text": "then"}, {"end": 846.24, "start": 845.72, "text": "all"}, {"end": 847.0, "start": 846.24, "text": "of"}, {"end": 847.28, "start": 847.0, "text": "those"}, {"end": 847.6, "start": 847.28, "text": "NADHs"}, {"end": 847.96, "start": 847.6, "text": "are"}, {"end": 848.48, "start": 847.96, "text": "used"}, {"end": 848.76, "start": 848.48, "text": "in"}, {"end": 849.12, "start": 848.76, "text": "the"}, {"end": 849.4, "start": 849.12, "text": "electron"}, {"end": 849.6, "start": 849.4, "text": "transport"}, {"end": 849.92, "start": 849.6, "text": "chain"}, {"end": 850.56, "start": 849.92, "text": "to"}, {"end": 851.04, "start": 850.56, "text": "produce"}, {"end": 851.28, "start": 851.04, "text": "the"}, {"end": 852.2, "start": 851.28, "text": "bulk"}, {"end": 852.76, "start": 852.2, "text": "of"}, {"end": 853.24, "start": 852.76, "text": "your"}, {"end": 853.76, "start": 853.24, "text": "energy"}, {"end": 854.72, "start": 853.76, "text": "currency,"}, {"end": 855.2, "start": 854.72, "text": "or"}, {"end": 856.36, "start": 855.2, "text": "your"}, {"end": 856.96, "start": 856.36, "text": "34"}, {"end": 858.64, "start": 856.96, "text": "ATPs."}], "text": " split even more in the Krebs cycle, directly producing two ATPs. But that produces a lot more NADHs. And then all of those NADHs are used in the electron transport chain to produce the bulk of your energy currency, or your 34 ATPs."}]}} |