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# Copyright (C) 2020, UChicago Argonne, LLC. All rights reserved.
# Released under the modified BSD license. See COPYING.md for more details.
using Printf
bin(x) = [xi > 0.5 for xi in x]
function validate(instance_filename::String, solution_filename::String)
instance = UnitCommitment.read(instance_filename)
solution = JSON.parse(open(solution_filename))
return validate(instance, solution)
end
"""
validate(instance, solution)::Bool
Verifies that the given solution is feasible for the problem. If feasible,
silently returns true. In infeasible, returns false and prints the validation
errors to the screen.
This function is implemented independently from the optimization model in
`model.jl`, and therefore can be used to verify that the model is indeed
producing valid solutions. It can also be used to verify the solutions produced
by other optimization packages.
"""
function validate(
instance::UnitCommitmentInstance,
solution::Union{Dict,OrderedDict},
)::Bool
"Thermal production (MW)" ∈ keys(solution) ?
solution = Dict("s1" => solution) : nothing
err_count = 0
err_count += _validate_units(instance, solution)
err_count += _validate_reserve_and_demand(instance, solution)
if err_count > 0
@error "Found $err_count validation errors"
return false
end
return true
end
function _validate_units(instance::UnitCommitmentInstance, solution; tol = 0.01)
err_count = 0
for sc in instance.scenarios
for unit in sc.thermal_units
production = solution[sc.name]["Thermal production (MW)"][unit.name]
reserve = [0.0 for _ in 1:instance.time]
spinning_reserves =
[r for r in unit.reserves if r.type == "spinning"]
if !isempty(spinning_reserves)
reserve += sum(
solution[sc.name]["Spinning reserve (MW)"][r.name][unit.name]
for r in spinning_reserves
)
end
actual_production_cost =
solution[sc.name]["Thermal production cost (\$)"][unit.name]
actual_startup_cost =
solution[sc.name]["Startup cost (\$)"][unit.name]
is_on = bin(solution[sc.name]["Is on"][unit.name])
for t in 1:instance.time
# Auxiliary variables
if t == 1
is_starting_up = (unit.initial_status < 0) && is_on[t]
is_shutting_down = (unit.initial_status > 0) && !is_on[t]
ramp_up =
max(0, production[t] + reserve[t] - unit.initial_power)
ramp_down = max(0, unit.initial_power - production[t])
else
is_starting_up = !is_on[t-1] && is_on[t]
is_shutting_down = is_on[t-1] && !is_on[t]
ramp_up =
max(0, production[t] + reserve[t] - production[t-1])
ramp_down = max(0, production[t-1] - production[t])
end
# Compute production costs
production_cost, startup_cost = 0, 0
if is_on[t]
production_cost += unit.min_power_cost[t]
residual = max(0, production[t] - unit.min_power[t])
for s in unit.cost_segments
cleared = min(residual, s.mw[t])
production_cost += cleared * s.cost[t]
residual = max(0, residual - s.mw[t])
end
end
# Production should be non-negative
if production[t] < -tol
@error @sprintf(
"Unit %s produces negative amount of power at time %d (%.2f)",
unit.name,
t,
production[t]
)
err_count += 1
end
# Verify must-run
if !is_on[t] && unit.must_run[t]
@error @sprintf(
"Must-run unit %s is offline at time %d",
unit.name,
t
)
err_count += 1
end
# Verify reserve eligibility
for r in sc.reserves
if r.type == "spinning"
if unit ∉ r.thermal_units && (
unit in keys(
solution[sc.name]["Spinning reserve (MW)"][r.name],
)
)
@error @sprintf(
"Unit %s is not eligible to provide reserve %s",
unit.name,
r.name,
)
err_count += 1
end
end
end
# If unit is on, must produce at least its minimum power
if is_on[t] && (production[t] < unit.min_power[t] - tol)
@error @sprintf(
"Unit %s produces below its minimum limit at time %d (%.2f < %.2f)",
unit.name,
t,
production[t],
unit.min_power[t]
)
err_count += 1
end
# If unit is on, must produce at most its maximum power
if is_on[t] &&
(production[t] + reserve[t] > unit.max_power[t] + tol)
@error @sprintf(
"Unit %s produces above its maximum limit at time %d (%.2f + %.2f> %.2f)",
unit.name,
t,
production[t],
reserve[t],
unit.max_power[t]
)
err_count += 1
end
# If unit is off, must produce zero
if !is_on[t] && production[t] + reserve[t] > tol
@error @sprintf(
"Unit %s produces power at time %d while off (%.2f + %.2f > 0)",
unit.name,
t,
production[t],
reserve[t],
)
err_count += 1
end
# Startup limit
if is_starting_up && (ramp_up > unit.startup_limit + tol)
@error @sprintf(
"Unit %s exceeds startup limit at time %d (%.2f > %.2f)",
unit.name,
t,
ramp_up,
unit.startup_limit
)
err_count += 1
end
# Shutdown limit
if is_shutting_down && (ramp_down > unit.shutdown_limit + tol)
@error @sprintf(
"Unit %s exceeds shutdown limit at time %d (%.2f > %.2f)",
unit.name,
t,
ramp_down,
unit.shutdown_limit
)
err_count += 1
end
# Ramp-up limit
if !is_starting_up &&
!is_shutting_down &&
(ramp_up > unit.ramp_up_limit + tol)
@error @sprintf(
"Unit %s exceeds ramp up limit at time %d (%.2f > %.2f)",
unit.name,
t,
ramp_up,
unit.ramp_up_limit
)
err_count += 1
end
# Ramp-down limit
if !is_starting_up &&
!is_shutting_down &&
(ramp_down > unit.ramp_down_limit + tol)
@error @sprintf(
"Unit %s exceeds ramp down limit at time %d (%.2f > %.2f)",
unit.name,
t,
ramp_down,
unit.ramp_down_limit
)
err_count += 1
end
# Verify startup costs & minimum downtime
if is_starting_up
# Calculate how much time the unit has been offline
time_down = 0
for k in 1:(t-1)
if !is_on[t-k]
time_down += 1
else
break
end
end
if (t == time_down + 1) && (unit.initial_status < 0)
time_down -= unit.initial_status
end
# Calculate startup costs
for c in unit.startup_categories
if time_down >= c.delay
startup_cost = c.cost
end
end
# Check minimum downtime
if time_down < unit.min_downtime
@error @sprintf(
"Unit %s violates minimum downtime at time %d",
unit.name,
t
)
err_count += 1
end
end
# Verify minimum uptime
if is_shutting_down
# Calculate how much time the unit has been online
time_up = 0
for k in 1:(t-1)
if is_on[t-k]
time_up += 1
else
break
end
end
if (t == time_up + 1) && (unit.initial_status > 0)
time_up += unit.initial_status
end
# Check minimum uptime
if time_up < unit.min_uptime
@error @sprintf(
"Unit %s violates minimum uptime at time %d",
unit.name,
t
)
err_count += 1
end
end
# Verify production costs
if abs(actual_production_cost[t] - production_cost) > 1.00
@error @sprintf(
"Unit %s has unexpected production cost at time %d (%.2f should be %.2f)",
unit.name,
t,
actual_production_cost[t],
production_cost
)
err_count += 1
end
# Verify startup costs
if abs(actual_startup_cost[t] - startup_cost) > 1.00
@error @sprintf(
"Unit %s has unexpected startup cost at time %d (%.2f should be %.2f)",
unit.name,
t,
actual_startup_cost[t],
startup_cost
)
err_count += 1
end
end
end
for pu in sc.profiled_units
production = solution[sc.name]["Profiled production (MW)"][pu.name]
for t in 1:instance.time
# Unit must produce at least its minimum power
if production[t] < pu.min_power[t] - tol
@error @sprintf(
"Profiled unit %s produces below its minimum limit at time %d (%.2f < %.2f)",
pu.name,
t,
production[t],
pu.min_power[t]
)
err_count += 1
end
# Unit must produce at most its maximum power
if production[t] > pu.max_power[t] + tol
@error @sprintf(
"Profiled unit %s produces above its maximum limit at time %d (%.2f > %.2f)",
pu.name,
t,
production[t],
pu.max_power[t]
)
err_count += 1
end
end
end
for su in sc.storage_units
storage_level = solution[sc.name]["Storage level (MWh)"][su.name]
charge_rate =
solution[sc.name]["Storage charging rates (MW)"][su.name]
discharge_rate =
solution[sc.name]["Storage discharging rates (MW)"][su.name]
actual_charge_cost =
solution[sc.name]["Storage charging cost (\$)"][su.name]
actual_discharge_cost =
solution[sc.name]["Storage discharging cost (\$)"][su.name]
is_charging = bin(solution[sc.name]["Is charging"][su.name])
is_discharging = bin(solution[sc.name]["Is discharging"][su.name])
# time in hours
time_step = sc.time_step / 60
for t in 1:instance.time
# Unit must store at least its minimum level
if storage_level[t] < su.min_level[t] - tol
@error @sprintf(
"Storage unit %s stores below its minimum level at time %d (%.2f < %.2f)",
su.name,
t,
storage_level[t],
su.min_level[t]
)
err_count += 1
end
# Unit must store at most its maximum level
if storage_level[t] > su.max_level[t] + tol
@error @sprintf(
"Storage unit %s stores above its maximum level at time %d (%.2f > %.2f)",
su.name,
t,
storage_level[t],
su.max_level[t]
)
err_count += 1
end
if t == instance.time
# Unit must store at least its minimum level at last time period
if storage_level[t] < su.min_ending_level - tol
@error @sprintf(
"Storage unit %s stores below its minimum ending level (%.2f < %.2f)",
su.name,
storage_level[t],
su.min_ending_level
)
err_count += 1
end
# Unit must store at most its maximum level at last time period
if storage_level[t] > su.max_ending_level + tol
@error @sprintf(
"Storage unit %s stores above its maximum ending level (%.2f > %.2f)",
su.name,
storage_level[t],
su.max_ending_level
)
err_count += 1
end
end
# Unit must follow the energy transition constraint
prev_level = t == 1 ? su.initial_level : storage_level[t-1]
current_level =
(1 - su.loss_factor[t]) * prev_level +
time_step * (
charge_rate[t] * su.charge_efficiency[t] -
discharge_rate[t] / su.discharge_efficiency[t]
)
if abs(storage_level[t] - current_level) > tol
@error @sprintf(
"Storage unit %s has unexpected level at time %d (%.2f should be %.2f)",
unit.name,
t,
storage_level[t],
current_level
)
err_count += 1
end
# Unit cannot simultaneous charge and discharge if it is not allowed
if !su.simultaneous_charge_and_discharge[t] &&
is_charging[t] &&
is_discharging[t]
@error @sprintf(
"Storage unit %s is charging and discharging simultaneous at time %d",
su.name,
t
)
err_count += 1
end
# Unit must charge at least its minimum rate
if is_charging[t] &&
(charge_rate[t] < su.min_charge_rate[t] - tol)
@error @sprintf(
"Storage unit %s charges below its minimum limit at time %d (%.2f < %.2f)",
unit.name,
t,
charge_rate[t],
su.min_charge_rate[t]
)
err_count += 1
end
# Unit must charge at most its maximum rate
if is_charging[t] &&
(charge_rate[t] > su.max_charge_rate[t] + tol)
@error @sprintf(
"Storage unit %s charges above its maximum limit at time %d (%.2f > %.2f)",
unit.name,
t,
charge_rate[t],
su.max_charge_rate[t]
)
err_count += 1
end
# Unit must have zero charge when it is not charging
if !is_charging[t] && (charge_rate[t] > tol)
@error @sprintf(
"Storage unit %s charges power at time %d while not charging (%.2f > 0)",
unit.name,
t,
charge_rate[t]
)
err_count += 1
end
# Unit must discharge at least its minimum rate
if is_discharging[t] &&
(discharge_rate[t] < su.min_discharge_rate[t] - tol)
@error @sprintf(
"Storage unit %s discharges below its minimum limit at time %d (%.2f < %.2f)",
unit.name,
t,
discharge_rate[t],
su.min_discharge_rate[t]
)
err_count += 1
end
# Unit must discharge at most its maximum rate
if is_discharging[t] &&
(discharge_rate[t] > su.max_discharge_rate[t] + tol)
@error @sprintf(
"Storage unit %s discharges above its maximum limit at time %d (%.2f > %.2f)",
unit.name,
t,
discharge_rate[t],
su.max_discharge_rate[t]
)
err_count += 1
end
# Unit must have zero discharge when it is not charging
if !is_discharging[t] && (discharge_rate[t] > tol)
@error @sprintf(
"Storage unit %s discharges power at time %d while not discharging (%.2f > 0)",
unit.name,
t,
discharge_rate[t]
)
err_count += 1
end
# Compute storage costs
charge_cost = su.charge_cost[t] * charge_rate[t]
discharge_cost = su.discharge_cost[t] * discharge_rate[t]
# Compare costs
if abs(actual_charge_cost[t] - charge_cost) > tol
@error @sprintf(
"Storage unit %s has unexpected charge cost at time %d (%.2f should be %.2f)",
unit.name,
t,
actual_charge_cost[t],
charge_cost
)
err_count += 1
end
if abs(actual_discharge_cost[t] - discharge_cost) > tol
@error @sprintf(
"Storage unit %s has unexpected discharge cost at time %d (%.2f should be %.2f)",
unit.name,
t,
actual_discharge_cost[t],
discharge_cost
)
err_count += 1
end
end
end
end
return err_count
end
function _validate_reserve_and_demand(instance, solution, tol = 0.01)
err_count = 0
for sc in instance.scenarios
for t in 1:instance.time
load_curtail = 0
fixed_load = sum(b.load[t] for b in sc.buses)
ps_load = 0
production = 0
storage_charge = 0
storage_discharge = 0
if length(sc.price_sensitive_loads) > 0
ps_load = sum(
solution[sc.name]["Price-sensitive loads (MW)"][ps.name][t]
for ps in sc.price_sensitive_loads
)
end
if length(sc.thermal_units) > 0
production = sum(
solution[sc.name]["Thermal production (MW)"][g.name][t]
for g in sc.thermal_units
)
end
if length(sc.profiled_units) > 0
production += sum(
solution[sc.name]["Profiled production (MW)"][pu.name][t]
for pu in sc.profiled_units
)
end
if length(sc.storage_units) > 0
storage_charge += sum(
solution[sc.name]["Storage charging rates (MW)"][su.name][t]
for su in sc.storage_units
)
storage_discharge += sum(
solution[sc.name]["Storage discharging rates (MW)"][su.name][t]
for su in sc.storage_units
)
end
if "Load curtail (MW)" in keys(solution)
load_curtail = sum(
solution[sc.name]["Load curtail (MW)"][b.name][t] for
b in sc.buses
)
end
balance =
fixed_load - load_curtail - production +
ps_load +
storage_charge - storage_discharge
# Verify that production equals demand
if abs(balance) > tol
@error @sprintf(
"Non-zero power balance at time %d (%.2f + %.2f - %.2f - %.2f + %.2f - %.2f != 0)",
t,
fixed_load,
ps_load,
load_curtail,
production,
storage_charge,
storage_discharge,
)
err_count += 1
end
# Verify reserves
for r in sc.reserves
if r.type == "spinning"
provided = sum(
solution[sc.name]["Spinning reserve (MW)"][r.name][g.name][t]
for g in r.thermal_units
)
shortfall =
solution[sc.name]["Spinning reserve shortfall (MW)"][r.name][t]
required = r.amount[t]
if provided + shortfall < required - tol
@error @sprintf(
"Insufficient reserve %s at time %d (%.2f + %.2f < %.2f)",
r.name,
t,
provided,
shortfall,
required,
)
end
elseif r.type == "flexiramp"
upflexiramp = sum(
solution[sc.name]["Up-flexiramp (MW)"][r.name][g.name][t]
for g in r.thermal_units
)
upflexiramp_shortfall =
solution[sc.name]["Up-flexiramp shortfall (MW)"][r.name][t]
if upflexiramp + upflexiramp_shortfall < r.amount[t] - tol
@error @sprintf(
"Insufficient up-flexiramp at time %d (%.2f + %.2f < %.2f)",
t,
upflexiramp,
upflexiramp_shortfall,
r.amount[t],
)
err_count += 1
end
dwflexiramp = sum(
solution[sc.name]["Down-flexiramp (MW)"][r.name][g.name][t]
for g in r.thermal_units
)
dwflexiramp_shortfall =
solution[sc.name]["Down-flexiramp shortfall (MW)"][r.name][t]
if dwflexiramp + dwflexiramp_shortfall < r.amount[t] - tol
@error @sprintf(
"Insufficient down-flexiramp at time %d (%.2f + %.2f < %.2f)",
t,
dwflexiramp,
dwflexiramp_shortfall,
r.amount[t],
)
err_count += 1
end
else
error("Unknown reserve type: $(r.type)")
end
end
end
end
return err_count
end
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