[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do obtain metadata (anonymous bind)

[Assistant]
windapsearch --dc "$DC_IP" --module metadata
``

=== ldapdomaindump

ldapdomaindump is an Active Directory information dumper via LDAP, outputting information in human-readable HTML files.

`bash
ldapdomaindump --user "$DOMAIN"\\"$USER" --password "$PASSWORD" --outdir ldapdomaindump "$DC_IP"
`

=== ntlmrelayx

With Impacket's ntlmrelayx (Python), it is possible to gather lots of information regarding the domain users and groups, the computers, ADCS, etc. through a NTLM authentication relayed within an LDAP session.

`bash
ntlmrelayx -t ldap://"$DC_IP" --dump-adcs --dump-laps --dump-gmsa
`

=== Invoke-PassTheCert

With the Invoke-PassTheCert fork, we may dump LDAP entries or ACEs as follows, authenticating through Schannel via PassTheCert (PowerShell version).

> Note: the README contains the methodology to request a certificate using certreq from Windows (with a password, or an NTHash).
``powershell

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do obtain metadata (anonymous bind)

Response:
windapsearch --dc "$DC_IP" --module metadata
``

=== ldapdomaindump

ldapdomaindump is an Active Directory information dumper via LDAP, outputting information in human-readable HTML files.

`bash
ldapdomaindump --user "$DOMAIN"\\"$USER" --password "$PASSWORD" --outdir ldapdomaindump "$DC_IP"
`

=== ntlmrelayx

With Impacket's ntlmrelayx (Python), it is possible to gather lots of information regarding the domain users and groups, the computers, ADCS, etc. through a NTLM authentication relayed within an LDAP session.

`bash
ntlmrelayx -t ldap://"$DC_IP" --dump-adcs --dump-laps --dump-gmsa
`

=== Invoke-PassTheCert

With the Invoke-PassTheCert fork, we may dump LDAP entries or ACEs as follows, authenticating through Schannel via PassTheCert (PowerShell version).

> Note: the README contains the methodology to request a certificate using certreq from Windows (with a password, or an NTHash).
``powershell


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for obtain metadata (anonymous bind)

[Assistant]
=== ldapdomaindump

[ldapdomaindump](https://github.com/dirkjanm/ldapdomaindump) is an Active Directory information dumper via LDAP, outputting information in human-readable HTML files.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for obtain metadata (anonymous bind)

Response:
=== ldapdomaindump

[ldapdomaindump](https://github.com/dirkjanm/ldapdomaindump) is an Active Directory information dumper via LDAP, outputting information in human-readable HTML files.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `=== ldapdomaindump`?

[Assistant] This command is used for obtain metadata (anonymous bind). obtain metadata (anonymous bind)

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `=== ldapdomaindump`?

Response: This command is used for obtain metadata (anonymous bind). obtain metadata (anonymous bind)


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out obtain metadata (anonymous bind) during a pentest?

[Assistant]
=== ntlmrelayx

With [Impacket](https://github.com/SecureAuthCorp/impacket)'s [ntlmrelayx](https://github.com/SecureAuthCorp/impacket/blob/master/examples/ntlmrelayx.py) (Python), it is possible to gather lots of information regarding the domain users and groups, the computers, [ADCS](../movement/adcs/), etc. through a [NTLM authentication relayed](../movement/ntlm/relay.md) within an LDAP session.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out obtain metadata (anonymous bind) during a pentest?

Response:
=== ntlmrelayx

With [Impacket](https://github.com/SecureAuthCorp/impacket)'s [ntlmrelayx](https://github.com/SecureAuthCorp/impacket/blob/master/examples/ntlmrelayx.py) (Python), it is possible to gather lots of information regarding the domain users and groups, the computers, [ADCS](../movement/adcs/), etc. through a [NTLM authentication relayed](../movement/ntlm/relay.md) within an LDAP session.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `=== ntlmrelayx`?

[Assistant] This command is used for obtain metadata (anonymous bind). obtain metadata (anonymous bind)

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `=== ntlmrelayx`?

Response: This command is used for obtain metadata (anonymous bind). obtain metadata (anonymous bind)


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out obtain metadata (anonymous bind) during a pentest?

[Assistant]
=== Invoke-PassTheCert

With the [Invoke-PassTheCert](https://github.com/jamarir/Invoke-PassTheCert) fork, we may dump LDAP entries or ACEs as follows, authenticating through Schannel via [PassTheCert](https://www.thehacker.recipes/ad/movement/schannel/passthecert) (PowerShell version).

> Note: the [README](https://github.com/jamarir/Invoke-PassTheCert/blob/main/README.md) contains the methodology to request a certificate using [certreq](https://github.com/GhostPack/Certify/issues/13#issuecomment-3622538862) from Windows (with a password, or an NTHash).

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
=== Invoke-PassTheCert

With the [Invoke-PassTheCert](https://github.com/jamarir/Invoke-PassTheCert) fork, we may dump LDAP entries or ACEs as follows, authenticating through Schannel via [PassTheCert](https://www.thehacker.recipes/ad/movement/schannel/passthecert) (PowerShell version).

> Note: the [README](https://github.com/jamarir/Invoke-PassTheCert/blob/main/README.md) contains the methodology to request a certificate using [certreq](https://github.com/GhostPack/Certify/issues/13#issuecomment-3622538862) from Windows (with a password, or an NTHash).


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `=== Invoke-PassTheCert`?

[Assistant] This command is used for obtain metadata (anonymous bind). obtain metadata (anonymous bind)

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `=== Invoke-PassTheCert`?

Response: This command is used for obtain metadata (anonymous bind). obtain metadata (anonymous bind)


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is Dump any LDAP object in the 'ADLAB.LOCAL' domain, then extract the ones with the WORKSTATION_TRUST_ACCOUNT, or NORMAL_ACCOUNT UAC flags?

[Assistant]
$DumpLdap = Invoke-PassTheCert -Action 'Filter' -LdapConnection $LdapConnection -SearchBase 'DC=ADLAB,DC=LOCAL' -SearchScope Subtree -Properties  -LDAPFilter '(objectClass=)'
$DumpLdap |?{$_.sAMAccountName -ne $null -and ($_.useraccountcontrol -like 'WORKSTATION_TRUST_ACCOUNT' -or $_.useraccountcontrol -like 'NORMAL_ACCOUNT')} |Select-Object sAMAccountName,description,useraccountcontrol,distinguishedname,serviceprincipalname |fl

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What is Dump any LDAP object in the 'ADLAB.LOCAL' domain, then extract the ones with the WORKSTATION_TRUST_ACCOUNT, or NORMAL_ACCOUNT UAC flags?

Response:
$DumpLdap = Invoke-PassTheCert -Action 'Filter' -LdapConnection $LdapConnection -SearchBase 'DC=ADLAB,DC=LOCAL' -SearchScope Subtree -Properties  -LDAPFilter '(objectClass=)'
$DumpLdap |?{$_.sAMAccountName -ne $null -and ($_.useraccountcontrol -like 'WORKSTATION_TRUST_ACCOUNT' -or $_.useraccountcontrol -like 'NORMAL_ACCOUNT')} |Select-Object sAMAccountName,description,useraccountcontrol,distinguishedname,serviceprincipalname |fl


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out Dump any LDAP object in the 'ADLAB.LOCAL' domain, then extract the ones with the WORKSTATION_TRUST_ACCOUNT, or NORMAL_ACCOUNT UAC flags during a pentest?

[Assistant]
$DumpLdap = Invoke-PassTheCert -Action 'Filter' -LdapConnection $LdapConnection -SearchBase 'DC=ADLAB,DC=LOCAL' -SearchScope Subtree -Properties  -LDAPFilter '(objectClass=)'
$DumpLdap |?{$_.sAMAccountName -ne $null -and ($_.useraccountcontrol -like 'WORKSTATION_TRUST_ACCOUNT' -or $_.useraccountcontrol -like 'NORMAL_ACCOUNT')} |Select-Object sAMAccountName,description,useraccountcontrol,distinguishedname,serviceprincipalname |fl

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out Dump any LDAP object in the 'ADLAB.LOCAL' domain, then extract the ones with the WORKSTATION_TRUST_ACCOUNT, or NORMAL_ACCOUNT UAC flags during a pentest?

Response:
$DumpLdap = Invoke-PassTheCert -Action 'Filter' -LdapConnection $LdapConnection -SearchBase 'DC=ADLAB,DC=LOCAL' -SearchScope Subtree -Properties  -LDAPFilter '(objectClass=)'
$DumpLdap |?{$_.sAMAccountName -ne $null -and ($_.useraccountcontrol -like 'WORKSTATION_TRUST_ACCOUNT' -or $_.useraccountcontrol -like 'NORMAL_ACCOUNT')} |Select-Object sAMAccountName,description,useraccountcontrol,distinguishedname,serviceprincipalname |fl


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of Dump all the inbound ACEs of user 'Kinda KU. USY' in the 'ADLAB.LOCAL' domain, then extract the permissive rights granted to non-default RIDs (i.e. above 1000), or permissive groups (e.g. 'Everyone' with SID 'S-1-1-0')

[Assistant]
$DumpInboundACLs = Invoke-PassTheCert -Action 'GetInboundACEs' -LdapConnection $LdapConnection -Object 'CN=Kinda KU. USY,CN=Users,DC=ADLAB,DC=LOCAL'
$DumpInboundACLs |?{ $_.AceQualifier -eq 'AccessAllowed' -and ($_.AccessMaskNames -ilike 'GenericAll' -or $_.AccessMaskNames -ilike 'GenericWrite' -or $_.AccessMaskNames -ilike 'WriteProperty' -or $_.AccessMaskNames -ilike 'WriteDACL') -and ($_.SecurityIdentifier -match 'S-1-5-21-(\d+-){3}\d{4,}' -or $_.SecurityIdentifier -match 'S-1-5-21-(\d+-){3}513' -or $_.SecurityIdentifier -match 'S-1-5-21-(\d+-){3}515' -or $_.SecurityIdentifier -in @('S-1-1-0', 'S-1-5-11', 'S-1-5-15', 'S-1-5-7', 'S-1-5-32-545', 'S-1-5-32-546')) }
``

:::

NetExec (Python) also has useful modules that can be used to

* map information regarding AD-CS (Active Directory Certificate Services)
* show subnets listed in AD-SS (Active Directory Sites and Services)
* list the users description
* print the Machine Account Quota domain-level attribute's value

``bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of Dump all the inbound ACEs of user 'Kinda KU. USY' in the 'ADLAB.LOCAL' domain, then extract the permissive rights granted to non-default RIDs (i.e. above 1000), or permissive groups (e.g. 'Everyone' with SID 'S-1-1-0')

Response:
$DumpInboundACLs = Invoke-PassTheCert -Action 'GetInboundACEs' -LdapConnection $LdapConnection -Object 'CN=Kinda KU. USY,CN=Users,DC=ADLAB,DC=LOCAL'
$DumpInboundACLs |?{ $_.AceQualifier -eq 'AccessAllowed' -and ($_.AccessMaskNames -ilike 'GenericAll' -or $_.AccessMaskNames -ilike 'GenericWrite' -or $_.AccessMaskNames -ilike 'WriteProperty' -or $_.AccessMaskNames -ilike 'WriteDACL') -and ($_.SecurityIdentifier -match 'S-1-5-21-(\d+-){3}\d{4,}' -or $_.SecurityIdentifier -match 'S-1-5-21-(\d+-){3}513' -or $_.SecurityIdentifier -match 'S-1-5-21-(\d+-){3}515' -or $_.SecurityIdentifier -in @('S-1-1-0', 'S-1-5-11', 'S-1-5-15', 'S-1-5-7', 'S-1-5-32-545', 'S-1-5-32-546')) }
``

:::

NetExec (Python) also has useful modules that can be used to

* map information regarding AD-CS (Active Directory Certificate Services)
* show subnets listed in AD-SS (Active Directory Sites and Services)
* list the users description
* print the Machine Account Quota domain-level attribute's value

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for Dump all the inbound ACEs of user 'Kinda KU. USY' in the 'ADLAB.LOCAL' domain, then extract the permissive rights granted to non-default RIDs (i.e. above 1000), or permissive groups (e.g. 'Everyone' with SID 'S-1-1-0')

[Assistant]
$DumpInboundACLs = Invoke-PassTheCert -Action 'GetInboundACEs' -LdapConnection $LdapConnection -Object 'CN=Kinda KU. USY,CN=Users,DC=ADLAB,DC=LOCAL'
$DumpInboundACLs |?{ $_.AceQualifier -eq 'AccessAllowed' -and ($_.AccessMaskNames -ilike 'GenericAll' -or $_.AccessMaskNames -ilike 'GenericWrite' -or $_.AccessMaskNames -ilike 'WriteProperty' -or $_.AccessMaskNames -ilike 'WriteDACL') -and ($_.SecurityIdentifier -match 'S-1-5-21-(\d+-){3}\d{4,}' -or $_.SecurityIdentifier -match 'S-1-5-21-(\d+-){3}513' -or $_.SecurityIdentifier -match 'S-1-5-21-(\d+-){3}515' -or $_.SecurityIdentifier -in @('S-1-1-0', 'S-1-5-11', 'S-1-5-15', 'S-1-5-7', 'S-1-5-32-545', 'S-1-5-32-546')) }
``

:::

NetExec (Python) also has useful modules that can be used to

* map information regarding AD-CS (Active Directory Certificate Services)
* show subnets listed in AD-SS (Active Directory Sites and Services)
* list the users description
* print the Machine Account Quota domain-level attribute's value

``bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for Dump all the inbound ACEs of user 'Kinda KU. USY' in the 'ADLAB.LOCAL' domain, then extract the permissive rights granted to non-default RIDs (i.e. above 1000), or permissive groups (e.g. 'Everyone' with SID 'S-1-1-0')

Response:
$DumpInboundACLs = Invoke-PassTheCert -Action 'GetInboundACEs' -LdapConnection $LdapConnection -Object 'CN=Kinda KU. USY,CN=Users,DC=ADLAB,DC=LOCAL'
$DumpInboundACLs |?{ $_.AceQualifier -eq 'AccessAllowed' -and ($_.AccessMaskNames -ilike 'GenericAll' -or $_.AccessMaskNames -ilike 'GenericWrite' -or $_.AccessMaskNames -ilike 'WriteProperty' -or $_.AccessMaskNames -ilike 'WriteDACL') -and ($_.SecurityIdentifier -match 'S-1-5-21-(\d+-){3}\d{4,}' -or $_.SecurityIdentifier -match 'S-1-5-21-(\d+-){3}513' -or $_.SecurityIdentifier -match 'S-1-5-21-(\d+-){3}515' -or $_.SecurityIdentifier -in @('S-1-1-0', 'S-1-5-11', 'S-1-5-15', 'S-1-5-7', 'S-1-5-32-545', 'S-1-5-32-546')) }
``

:::

NetExec (Python) also has useful modules that can be used to

* map information regarding AD-CS (Active Directory Certificate Services)
* show subnets listed in AD-SS (Active Directory Sites and Services)
* list the users description
* print the Machine Account Quota domain-level attribute's value

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute Dump all the inbound ACEs of user 'Kinda KU. USY' in the 'ADLAB.LOCAL' domain, then extract the permissive rights granted to non-default RIDs (i.e. above 1000), or permissive groups (e.g. 'Everyone' with SID 'S-1-1-0')?

[Assistant]
:::

[NetExec](https://github.com/Pennyw0rth/NetExec) (Python) also has useful modules that can be used to

* map information regarding [AD-CS (Active Directory Certificate Services)](../movement/adcs/)
* show subnets listed in AD-SS (Active Directory Sites and Services)
* list the users description
* print the [Machine Account Quota](../movement/builtins/machineaccountquota.md) domain-level attribute's value

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute Dump all the inbound ACEs of user 'Kinda KU. USY' in the 'ADLAB.LOCAL' domain, then extract the permissive rights granted to non-default RIDs (i.e. above 1000), or permissive groups (e.g. 'Everyone' with SID 'S-1-1-0')?

Response:
:::

[NetExec](https://github.com/Pennyw0rth/NetExec) (Python) also has useful modules that can be used to

* map information regarding [AD-CS (Active Directory Certificate Services)](../movement/adcs/)
* show subnets listed in AD-SS (Active Directory Sites and Services)
* list the users description
* print the [Machine Account Quota](../movement/builtins/machineaccountquota.md) domain-level attribute's value


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `:::`?

[Assistant] This command is used for dump all the inbound aces of user 'kinda ku. usy' in the 'adlab.local' domain, then extract the permissive rights granted to non-default rids (i.e. above 1000), or permissive groups (e.g. 'everyone' with sid 's-1-1-0'). Dump all the inbound ACEs of user 'Kinda KU. USY' in the 'ADLAB.LOCAL' domain, then extract the permissive rights granted to non-default RIDs (i.e. above 1000), or permissive groups (e.g. 'Everyone' with SID 'S-1-1-0')

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: This command is used for dump all the inbound aces of user 'kinda ku. usy' in the 'adlab.local' domain, then extract the permissive rights granted to non-default rids (i.e. above 1000), or permissive groups (e.g. 'everyone' with sid 's-1-1-0'). Dump all the inbound ACEs of user 'Kinda KU. USY' in the 'ADLAB.LOCAL' domain, then extract the permissive rights granted to non-default RIDs (i.e. above 1000), or permissive groups (e.g. 'Everyone' with SID 'S-1-1-0')


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does list PKIs/CAs work?

[Assistant] nxc ldap "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -M adcs

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: nxc ldap "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -M adcs


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for list PKIs/CAs

[Assistant] nxc ldap "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -M adcs

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for list PKIs/CAs

Response: nxc ldap "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -M adcs


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about list subnets referenced in AD-SS

[Assistant] nxc ldap "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -M subnets

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about list subnets referenced in AD-SS

Response: nxc ldap "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -M subnets


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform list subnets referenced in AD-SS?

[Assistant] nxc ldap "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -M subnets

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform list subnets referenced in AD-SS?

Response: nxc ldap "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -M subnets


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about machine account quota?

[Assistant] nxc ldap "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -M maq

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about machine account quota?

Response: nxc ldap "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -M maq


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute machine account quota?

[Assistant] nxc ldap "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -M maq

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: nxc ldap "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -M maq


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe users description in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant]
nxc ldap "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -M get-desc-users
``

The PowerShell equivalent to netexec's subnets modules is the following

`powershell
[System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Forest]::GetCurrentForest().Sites.Subnets
``

> [!TIP]
> LDAP anonymous binding is usually disabled but it's worth checking. It could be handy to list the users and test for ASREProasting (since this attack needs no authentication).

> [!SUCCESS]
> Automation and scripting
>
> * A more advanced LDAP enumeration can be carried out with BloodHound (see this).
> * The enum4linux tool can also be used, among other things, for LDAP recon (see this).

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe users description in the context of penetration testing

Response:
nxc ldap "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -M get-desc-users
``

The PowerShell equivalent to netexec's subnets modules is the following

`powershell
[System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Forest]::GetCurrentForest().Sites.Subnets
``

> [!TIP]
> LDAP anonymous binding is usually disabled but it's worth checking. It could be handy to list the users and test for ASREProasting (since this attack needs no authentication).

> [!SUCCESS]
> Automation and scripting
>
> * A more advanced LDAP enumeration can be carried out with BloodHound (see this).
> * The enum4linux tool can also be used, among other things, for LDAP recon (see this).


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for users description?

[Assistant]
nxc ldap "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -M get-desc-users
``

The PowerShell equivalent to netexec's subnets modules is the following

`powershell
[System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Forest]::GetCurrentForest().Sites.Subnets
``

> [!TIP]
> LDAP anonymous binding is usually disabled but it's worth checking. It could be handy to list the users and test for ASREProasting (since this attack needs no authentication).

> [!SUCCESS]
> Automation and scripting
>
> * A more advanced LDAP enumeration can be carried out with BloodHound (see this).
> * The enum4linux tool can also be used, among other things, for LDAP recon (see this).

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for users description?

Response:
nxc ldap "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -M get-desc-users
``

The PowerShell equivalent to netexec's subnets modules is the following

`powershell
[System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Forest]::GetCurrentForest().Sites.Subnets
``

> [!TIP]
> LDAP anonymous binding is usually disabled but it's worth checking. It could be handy to list the users and test for ASREProasting (since this attack needs no authentication).

> [!SUCCESS]
> Automation and scripting
>
> * A more advanced LDAP enumeration can be carried out with BloodHound (see this).
> * The enum4linux tool can also be used, among other things, for LDAP recon (see this).


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use The for users description?

[Assistant] The PowerShell equivalent to netexec's `subnets` modules is the following

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Response: The PowerShell equivalent to netexec's `subnets` modules is the following


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do users description

[Assistant] The PowerShell equivalent to netexec's `subnets` modules is the following

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: The PowerShell equivalent to netexec's `subnets` modules is the following


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `The PowerShell equivalent to netexec's `subnets` modules is the following`?

[Assistant] This command is used for users description. users description

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `The PowerShell equivalent to netexec's `subnets` modules is the following`?

Response: This command is used for users description. users description


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about MS-RPC - Theory?

[Assistant]
MS-RPC (Microsoft Remote Procedure Call) is a protocol that allows requesting service from a program on another computer without having to understand the details of that computer's network. An MS-RPC service can be accessed through different transport protocols, among which:

* a network SMB pipe (listening ports are 139 & 445)
* plain TCP or plain UDP (listening port set at the service creation)
* a local SMB pipe

RPC services over an SMB transport, i.e. port 445/TCP, are reachable through "named pipes"' (through the IPC$ share). There are many interesting named pipes that allow various operations from NULL sessions context, to local administrative context.

* \pipe\lsarpc: enumerate privileges, trust relationships, SIDs, policies and more through the LSA (Local Security Authority)
* \pipe\samr: enumerate domain users, groups and more through the local SAM database (only works pre Win 10 Anniversary)
* \pipe\svcctl: remotely create, start and stop services to execute commands (used by Impacket's psexec.py and smbexec.py)
* \pipe\atsvc: remotely create scheduled tasks to execute commands (used by Impacket's atexec.py)
* \pipe\epmapper: used by DCOM (Distributed Component Object Model), itself used by WMI (Windows Management Instrumentation), itself abused by attackers for command execution (used by Impacket's wmiexec.py). DCOM is also used by MMC (Microsoft Management Console), itslef abused by attackers for command execution (Impacket's dcomexec.py)

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about MS-RPC - Theory?

Response:
MS-RPC (Microsoft Remote Procedure Call) is a protocol that allows requesting service from a program on another computer without having to understand the details of that computer's network. An MS-RPC service can be accessed through different transport protocols, among which:

* a network SMB pipe (listening ports are 139 & 445)
* plain TCP or plain UDP (listening port set at the service creation)
* a local SMB pipe

RPC services over an SMB transport, i.e. port 445/TCP, are reachable through "named pipes"' (through the IPC$ share). There are many interesting named pipes that allow various operations from NULL sessions context, to local administrative context.

* \pipe\lsarpc: enumerate privileges, trust relationships, SIDs, policies and more through the LSA (Local Security Authority)
* \pipe\samr: enumerate domain users, groups and more through the local SAM database (only works pre Win 10 Anniversary)
* \pipe\svcctl: remotely create, start and stop services to execute commands (used by Impacket's psexec.py and smbexec.py)
* \pipe\atsvc: remotely create scheduled tasks to execute commands (used by Impacket's atexec.py)
* \pipe\epmapper: used by DCOM (Distributed Component Object Model), itself used by WMI (Windows Management Instrumentation), itself abused by attackers for command execution (used by Impacket's wmiexec.py). DCOM is also used by MMC (Microsoft Management Console), itslef abused by attackers for command execution (Impacket's dcomexec.py)


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on MS-RPC - Theory

[Assistant]
MS-RPC (Microsoft Remote Procedure Call) is a protocol that allows requesting service from a program on another computer without having to understand the details of that computer's network. An MS-RPC service can be accessed through different transport protocols, among which:

* a network SMB pipe (listening ports are 139 & 445)
* plain TCP or plain UDP (listening port set at the service creation)
* a local SMB pipe

RPC services over an SMB transport, i.e. port 445/TCP, are reachable through "named pipes"' (through the IPC$ share). There are many interesting named pipes that allow various operations from NULL sessions context, to local administrative context.

* \pipe\lsarpc: enumerate privileges, trust relationships, SIDs, policies and more through the LSA (Local Security Authority)
* \pipe\samr: enumerate domain users, groups and more through the local SAM database (only works pre Win 10 Anniversary)
* \pipe\svcctl: remotely create, start and stop services to execute commands (used by Impacket's psexec.py and smbexec.py)
* \pipe\atsvc: remotely create scheduled tasks to execute commands (used by Impacket's atexec.py)
* \pipe\epmapper: used by DCOM (Distributed Component Object Model), itself used by WMI (Windows Management Instrumentation), itself abused by attackers for command execution (used by Impacket's wmiexec.py). DCOM is also used by MMC (Microsoft Management Console), itslef abused by attackers for command execution (Impacket's dcomexec.py)

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
MS-RPC (Microsoft Remote Procedure Call) is a protocol that allows requesting service from a program on another computer without having to understand the details of that computer's network. An MS-RPC service can be accessed through different transport protocols, among which:

* a network SMB pipe (listening ports are 139 & 445)
* plain TCP or plain UDP (listening port set at the service creation)
* a local SMB pipe

RPC services over an SMB transport, i.e. port 445/TCP, are reachable through "named pipes"' (through the IPC$ share). There are many interesting named pipes that allow various operations from NULL sessions context, to local administrative context.

* \pipe\lsarpc: enumerate privileges, trust relationships, SIDs, policies and more through the LSA (Local Security Authority)
* \pipe\samr: enumerate domain users, groups and more through the local SAM database (only works pre Win 10 Anniversary)
* \pipe\svcctl: remotely create, start and stop services to execute commands (used by Impacket's psexec.py and smbexec.py)
* \pipe\atsvc: remotely create scheduled tasks to execute commands (used by Impacket's atexec.py)
* \pipe\epmapper: used by DCOM (Distributed Component Object Model), itself used by WMI (Windows Management Instrumentation), itself abused by attackers for command execution (used by Impacket's wmiexec.py). DCOM is also used by MMC (Microsoft Management Console), itslef abused by attackers for command execution (Impacket's dcomexec.py)


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does MS-RPC - Find exposed services work?

[Assistant]
The epmapper (MS-RPC EndPoint Mapper) maps services to ports. It uses port 135/TCP and/or port 593/TCP (for RPC over HTTP). Through epmapper, tools like Impacket's rpcdump.py (Python) or rpcdump.exe (C) from rpctools can find exposed RPC services.

```bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does MS-RPC - Find exposed services work?

Response:
The epmapper (MS-RPC EndPoint Mapper) maps services to ports. It uses port 135/TCP and/or port 593/TCP (for RPC over HTTP). Through epmapper, tools like Impacket's rpcdump.py (Python) or rpcdump.exe (C) from rpctools can find exposed RPC services.

```bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for MS-RPC - Find exposed services?

[Assistant]
The epmapper (MS-RPC EndPoint Mapper) maps services to ports. It uses port 135/TCP and/or port 593/TCP (for RPC over HTTP). Through epmapper, tools like Impacket's rpcdump.py (Python) or rpcdump.exe (C) from rpctools can find exposed RPC services.

```bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for MS-RPC - Find exposed services?

Response:
The epmapper (MS-RPC EndPoint Mapper) maps services to ports. It uses port 135/TCP and/or port 593/TCP (for RPC over HTTP). Through epmapper, tools like Impacket's rpcdump.py (Python) or rpcdump.exe (C) from rpctools can find exposed RPC services.

```bash


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain MS-RPC - Null sessions

[Assistant] NULL sessions are unauthenticated SMB sessions that allow attackers to operate RPC calls through SMB named pipes without being authenticated first. This allows for many recon techniques like the enumeration of domain and local information (users, groups, RIDs, SIDs, policies, etc.).

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: NULL sessions are unauthenticated SMB sessions that allow attackers to operate RPC calls through SMB named pipes without being authenticated first. This allows for many recon techniques like the enumeration of domain and local information (users, groups, RIDs, SIDs, policies, etc.).


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for MS-RPC - Null sessions

[Assistant] NULL sessions are unauthenticated SMB sessions that allow attackers to operate RPC calls through SMB named pipes without being authenticated first. This allows for many recon techniques like the enumeration of domain and local information (users, groups, RIDs, SIDs, policies, etc.).

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for MS-RPC - Null sessions

Response: NULL sessions are unauthenticated SMB sessions that allow attackers to operate RPC calls through SMB named pipes without being authenticated first. This allows for many recon techniques like the enumeration of domain and local information (users, groups, RIDs, SIDs, policies, etc.).


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain MS-RPC - Recon through interesting named pipes

[Assistant]
The Samba utility named rpcclient can be used to operate recon through MS-RPC services behind SMB named pipes. It offers multiple useful commands.

* lsaquery: get domain name and SID (Security IDentifier)
* enumalsgroups builtin: list local groups, returns RIDs (Relative IDs)
* queryaliasmem <RID>: list local group members, returns SIDs
* lookupsids <SID>: resolve SID to name
* lookupnames <NAME>: resolve name to SID
* enumdomusers: list users, equivalent to net user /domain
* enumdomgroups: list groups equivalent to net group /domain
* queryuser <rid/name>: obtain info on a user, equivalent to net user <user> /domain
* querygroupmem <rid>: obtain group members, equivalent to net group <group> /domain
* getdompwinfo: get password policy

``bash
rpcclient -c "command" -U "" -N "$TARGET"
``

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Explain MS-RPC - Recon through interesting named pipes

Response:
The Samba utility named rpcclient can be used to operate recon through MS-RPC services behind SMB named pipes. It offers multiple useful commands.

* lsaquery: get domain name and SID (Security IDentifier)
* enumalsgroups builtin: list local groups, returns RIDs (Relative IDs)
* queryaliasmem <RID>: list local group members, returns SIDs
* lookupsids <SID>: resolve SID to name
* lookupnames <NAME>: resolve name to SID
* enumdomusers: list users, equivalent to net user /domain
* enumdomgroups: list groups equivalent to net group /domain
* queryuser <rid/name>: obtain info on a user, equivalent to net user <user> /domain
* querygroupmem <rid>: obtain group members, equivalent to net group <group> /domain
* getdompwinfo: get password policy

``bash
rpcclient -c "command" -U "" -N "$TARGET"
``


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on MS-RPC - Recon through interesting named pipes

[Assistant]
The Samba utility named rpcclient can be used to operate recon through MS-RPC services behind SMB named pipes. It offers multiple useful commands.

* lsaquery: get domain name and SID (Security IDentifier)
* enumalsgroups builtin: list local groups, returns RIDs (Relative IDs)
* queryaliasmem <RID>: list local group members, returns SIDs
* lookupsids <SID>: resolve SID to name
* lookupnames <NAME>: resolve name to SID
* enumdomusers: list users, equivalent to net user /domain
* enumdomgroups: list groups equivalent to net group /domain
* queryuser <rid/name>: obtain info on a user, equivalent to net user <user> /domain
* querygroupmem <rid>: obtain group members, equivalent to net group <group> /domain
* getdompwinfo: get password policy

``bash
rpcclient -c "command" -U "" -N "$TARGET"
``

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on MS-RPC - Recon through interesting named pipes

Response:
The Samba utility named rpcclient can be used to operate recon through MS-RPC services behind SMB named pipes. It offers multiple useful commands.

* lsaquery: get domain name and SID (Security IDentifier)
* enumalsgroups builtin: list local groups, returns RIDs (Relative IDs)
* queryaliasmem <RID>: list local group members, returns SIDs
* lookupsids <SID>: resolve SID to name
* lookupnames <NAME>: resolve name to SID
* enumdomusers: list users, equivalent to net user /domain
* enumdomgroups: list groups equivalent to net group /domain
* queryuser <rid/name>: obtain info on a user, equivalent to net user <user> /domain
* querygroupmem <rid>: obtain group members, equivalent to net group <group> /domain
* getdompwinfo: get password policy

``bash
rpcclient -c "command" -U "" -N "$TARGET"
``


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Show me the rpcclient command for ms-rpc - recon through interesting named pipes

[Assistant] rpcclient -c "command" -U "" -N "$TARGET"

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Show me the rpcclient command for ms-rpc - recon through interesting named pipes

Response: rpcclient -c "command" -U "" -N "$TARGET"


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out MS-RPC - Recon through interesting named pipes during a pentest?

[Assistant] rpcclient -c "command" -U "" -N "$TARGET"

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out MS-RPC - Recon through interesting named pipes during a pentest?

Response: rpcclient -c "command" -U "" -N "$TARGET"


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `rpcclient -c "command" -U "" -N "$TARGET"`?

[Assistant] This command is used for ms-rpc - recon through interesting named pipes. Recon through interesting named pipes

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `rpcclient -c "command" -U "" -N "$TARGET"`?

Response: This command is used for ms-rpc - recon through interesting named pipes. Recon through interesting named pipes


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about MS-RPC - RID Cycling?

[Assistant]
RID Cycling is a method that allows attackers to enumerate domain objects by bruteforcing or guessing RIDs and SIDs, based on the fact that RIDs are sequential.

The Python script ridenum can be used to operate that recon technique, with a Null session or with an authenticated one.

> [!SUCCESS]
> The enum4linux tool can be used to easily operate fast recon through MS-RPC, with Null session or not (see this page).

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about MS-RPC - RID Cycling?

Response:
RID Cycling is a method that allows attackers to enumerate domain objects by bruteforcing or guessing RIDs and SIDs, based on the fact that RIDs are sequential.

The Python script ridenum can be used to operate that recon technique, with a Null session or with an authenticated one.

> [!SUCCESS]
> The enum4linux tool can be used to easily operate fast recon through MS-RPC, with Null session or not (see this page).


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for MS-RPC - RID Cycling

[Assistant]
RID Cycling is a method that allows attackers to enumerate domain objects by bruteforcing or guessing RIDs and SIDs, based on the fact that RIDs are sequential.

The Python script ridenum can be used to operate that recon technique, with a Null session or with an authenticated one.

> [!SUCCESS]
> The enum4linux tool can be used to easily operate fast recon through MS-RPC, with Null session or not (see this page).

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for MS-RPC - RID Cycling

Response:
RID Cycling is a method that allows attackers to enumerate domain objects by bruteforcing or guessing RIDs and SIDs, based on the fact that RIDs are sequential.

The Python script ridenum can be used to operate that recon technique, with a Null session or with an authenticated one.

> [!SUCCESS]
> The enum4linux tool can be used to easily operate fast recon through MS-RPC, with Null session or not (see this page).


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does MS-RPC - IObjectExporter(IOXIDResolver) work?

[Assistant]
DCOM (Distributed Component Object Model) is a group of Microsoft programs in which client program objects can request services on other computers on a network. DCOM is based on the Component Object Model (COM), which provides a set of interfaces for clients and servers to communicate within the same network.

Among these services is IObjectExporter(OXIDResolver GUID=99fcfec4–5260–101b-bbcb-00aa0021347a), which runs on all machines that can support COM+. The DCE-RPC requests allows to invoke the OXIDResolver service and subsequently from this service we can invoke the ServerAlive2() methods. The ServerAlive2 method retrieves information about network interfaces available on a remote machine in a DCOM/COM environment. Specifically, it provides a list of links (bindings) associated with the network interfaces active on the target machine.

To sum up, if the IOXIDResolver service is active and accessible on a windows host, it is possible to find new network endpoints(like IPv6 address) on this last one (via anonymous connection or with credentials). A python script exists to do this task remotly IOXIDResolver-ng.
```bash
python IOXIDResolver-ng.py -t "$TARGET"

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does MS-RPC - IObjectExporter(IOXIDResolver) work?

Response:
DCOM (Distributed Component Object Model) is a group of Microsoft programs in which client program objects can request services on other computers on a network. DCOM is based on the Component Object Model (COM), which provides a set of interfaces for clients and servers to communicate within the same network.

Among these services is IObjectExporter(OXIDResolver GUID=99fcfec4–5260–101b-bbcb-00aa0021347a), which runs on all machines that can support COM+. The DCE-RPC requests allows to invoke the OXIDResolver service and subsequently from this service we can invoke the ServerAlive2() methods. The ServerAlive2 method retrieves information about network interfaces available on a remote machine in a DCOM/COM environment. Specifically, it provides a list of links (bindings) associated with the network interfaces active on the target machine.

To sum up, if the IOXIDResolver service is active and accessible on a windows host, it is possible to find new network endpoints(like IPv6 address) on this last one (via anonymous connection or with credentials). A python script exists to do this task remotly IOXIDResolver-ng.
```bash
python IOXIDResolver-ng.py -t "$TARGET"


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out MS-RPC - IObjectExporter(IOXIDResolver) during a pentest?

[Assistant]
DCOM (Distributed Component Object Model) is a group of Microsoft programs in which client program objects can request services on other computers on a network. DCOM is based on the Component Object Model (COM), which provides a set of interfaces for clients and servers to communicate within the same network.

Among these services is IObjectExporter(OXIDResolver GUID=99fcfec4–5260–101b-bbcb-00aa0021347a), which runs on all machines that can support COM+. The DCE-RPC requests allows to invoke the OXIDResolver service and subsequently from this service we can invoke the ServerAlive2() methods. The ServerAlive2 method retrieves information about network interfaces available on a remote machine in a DCOM/COM environment. Specifically, it provides a list of links (bindings) associated with the network interfaces active on the target machine.

To sum up, if the IOXIDResolver service is active and accessible on a windows host, it is possible to find new network endpoints(like IPv6 address) on this last one (via anonymous connection or with credentials). A python script exists to do this task remotly IOXIDResolver-ng.
```bash
python IOXIDResolver-ng.py -t "$TARGET"

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out MS-RPC - IObjectExporter(IOXIDResolver) during a pentest?

Response:
DCOM (Distributed Component Object Model) is a group of Microsoft programs in which client program objects can request services on other computers on a network. DCOM is based on the Component Object Model (COM), which provides a set of interfaces for clients and servers to communicate within the same network.

Among these services is IObjectExporter(OXIDResolver GUID=99fcfec4–5260–101b-bbcb-00aa0021347a), which runs on all machines that can support COM+. The DCE-RPC requests allows to invoke the OXIDResolver service and subsequently from this service we can invoke the ServerAlive2() methods. The ServerAlive2 method retrieves information about network interfaces available on a remote machine in a DCOM/COM environment. Specifically, it provides a list of links (bindings) associated with the network interfaces active on the target machine.

To sum up, if the IOXIDResolver service is active and accessible on a windows host, it is possible to find new network endpoints(like IPv6 address) on this last one (via anonymous connection or with credentials). A python script exists to do this task remotly IOXIDResolver-ng.
```bash
python IOXIDResolver-ng.py -t "$TARGET"


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe OUTPUT EXEMPLE in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant]
[*] Anonymous connection on MSRPC
[+] Retriev Network Interfaces for 192.168.5.20...
[+] ServerAlive2 methode find 3 interface(s)
[+] aNetworkAddr addresse : DC01 (Hostname)
[+] aNetworkAddr addresse : 192.168.5.20 (IPv4)
[+] aNetworkAddr addresse : db69:ecdc:d85:1b54:1676:7fa4:f3fe:4249 (IPv6)
```

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe OUTPUT EXEMPLE in the context of penetration testing

Response:
[*] Anonymous connection on MSRPC
[+] Retriev Network Interfaces for 192.168.5.20...
[+] ServerAlive2 methode find 3 interface(s)
[+] aNetworkAddr addresse : DC01 (Hostname)
[+] aNetworkAddr addresse : 192.168.5.20 (IPv4)
[+] aNetworkAddr addresse : db69:ecdc:d85:1b54:1676:7fa4:f3fe:4249 (IPv6)
```


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out OUTPUT EXEMPLE during a pentest?

[Assistant]
[*] Anonymous connection on MSRPC
[+] Retriev Network Interfaces for 192.168.5.20...
[+] ServerAlive2 methode find 3 interface(s)
[+] aNetworkAddr addresse : DC01 (Hostname)
[+] aNetworkAddr addresse : 192.168.5.20 (IPv4)
[+] aNetworkAddr addresse : db69:ecdc:d85:1b54:1676:7fa4:f3fe:4249 (IPv6)
```

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out OUTPUT EXEMPLE during a pentest?

Response:
[*] Anonymous connection on MSRPC
[+] Retriev Network Interfaces for 192.168.5.20...
[+] ServerAlive2 methode find 3 interface(s)
[+] aNetworkAddr addresse : DC01 (Hostname)
[+] aNetworkAddr addresse : 192.168.5.20 (IPv4)
[+] aNetworkAddr addresse : db69:ecdc:d85:1b54:1676:7fa4:f3fe:4249 (IPv6)
```


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about MS-RPC - Enumerate Domain users and computers

[Assistant]
Using auth-level = 1 (No authentication) against the MS-NRPC (Netlogon) interface on domain controllers.
The method calls the DsrGetDcNameEx2 function after binding MS-NRPC interface to check if the user or computer exists without any credentials.
The NauthNRPC tool implements this type of enumeration
``bash
python3 nauth.py -t "$TARGET" -u users_file.txt -f computers_file.txt
``

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about MS-RPC - Enumerate Domain users and computers

Response:
Using auth-level = 1 (No authentication) against the MS-NRPC (Netlogon) interface on domain controllers.
The method calls the DsrGetDcNameEx2 function after binding MS-NRPC interface to check if the user or computer exists without any credentials.
The NauthNRPC tool implements this type of enumeration
``bash
python3 nauth.py -t "$TARGET" -u users_file.txt -f computers_file.txt
``


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for MS-RPC - Enumerate Domain users and computers?

[Assistant]
Using auth-level = 1 (No authentication) against the MS-NRPC (Netlogon) interface on domain controllers.
The method calls the DsrGetDcNameEx2 function after binding MS-NRPC interface to check if the user or computer exists without any credentials.
The NauthNRPC tool implements this type of enumeration
``bash
python3 nauth.py -t "$TARGET" -u users_file.txt -f computers_file.txt
``

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for MS-RPC - Enumerate Domain users and computers?

Response:
Using auth-level = 1 (No authentication) against the MS-NRPC (Netlogon) interface on domain controllers.
The method calls the DsrGetDcNameEx2 function after binding MS-NRPC interface to check if the user or computer exists without any credentials.
The NauthNRPC tool implements this type of enumeration
``bash
python3 nauth.py -t "$TARGET" -u users_file.txt -f computers_file.txt
``


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] What is the python3 syntax for ms-rpc - enumerate domain users and computers?

[Assistant] python3 nauth.py -t "$TARGET" -u users_file.txt -f computers_file.txt

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

What is the python3 syntax for ms-rpc - enumerate domain users and computers?

Response: python3 nauth.py -t "$TARGET" -u users_file.txt -f computers_file.txt


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for MS-RPC - Enumerate Domain users and computers?

[Assistant] python3 nauth.py -t "$TARGET" -u users_file.txt -f computers_file.txt

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: python3 nauth.py -t "$TARGET" -u users_file.txt -f computers_file.txt


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `python3 nauth.py -t "$TARGET" -u users_file.txt -f computers_file.txt`?

[Assistant] This command is used for ms-rpc - enumerate domain users and computers. Enumerate Domain users and computers

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `python3 nauth.py -t "$TARGET" -u users_file.txt -f computers_file.txt`?

Response: This command is used for ms-rpc - enumerate domain users and computers. Enumerate Domain users and computers


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain NBT-NS

[Assistant]
Just like DNS, the NTB-NS (NetBIOS name service) protocol is used to translate names to IP addresses. By default, it's used as a fallback in AD-DS.

The tools nbtscan and nmblookup can be used for reverse lookup (IP addresses to NetBIOS names)

```bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
Just like DNS, the NTB-NS (NetBIOS name service) protocol is used to translate names to IP addresses. By default, it's used as a fallback in AD-DS.

The tools nbtscan and nmblookup can be used for reverse lookup (IP addresses to NetBIOS names)

```bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out NBT-NS during a pentest?

[Assistant]
Just like DNS, the NTB-NS (NetBIOS name service) protocol is used to translate names to IP addresses. By default, it's used as a fallback in AD-DS.

The tools nbtscan and nmblookup can be used for reverse lookup (IP addresses to NetBIOS names)

```bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out NBT-NS during a pentest?

Response:
Just like DNS, the NTB-NS (NetBIOS name service) protocol is used to translate names to IP addresses. By default, it's used as a fallback in AD-DS.

The tools nbtscan and nmblookup can be used for reverse lookup (IP addresses to NetBIOS names)

```bash


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain Find names and workgroup from an IP address

[Assistant]
nmblookup -A "$TARGET"
```

> [!SUCCESS]
> Some NBT-NS recon can be carried out with the enum4linux tool (see this page).

https://wiki.wireshark.org/NetBIOS/NBNS

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Explain Find names and workgroup from an IP address

Response:
nmblookup -A "$TARGET"
```

> [!SUCCESS]
> Some NBT-NS recon can be carried out with the enum4linux tool (see this page).

https://wiki.wireshark.org/NetBIOS/NBNS


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform Find names and workgroup from an IP address?

[Assistant]
nmblookup -A "$TARGET"
```

> [!SUCCESS]
> Some NBT-NS recon can be carried out with the enum4linux tool (see this page).

https://wiki.wireshark.org/NetBIOS/NBNS

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform Find names and workgroup from an IP address?

Response:
nmblookup -A "$TARGET"
```

> [!SUCCESS]
> Some NBT-NS recon can be carried out with the enum4linux tool (see this page).

https://wiki.wireshark.org/NetBIOS/NBNS


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about Password policy?

[Assistant]
When attacking Active Directory domains, directly targeting accounts is usually a great start. It could provide initial access and help the attackers operate lateral movement. The easiest way to compromise accounts is to operate some password guessing or spraying. This kind of attack usually yields good results depending on the user's awareness. There are however technical measures that usually are in place, forcing the attackers to balance the number and speed of password attempts.

In order to fine-tune this, the password policy can be obtained. This policy can sometimes be enumerated with a null-session (i.e. an MS-RPC null session or an LDAP anonymous bind).

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

On UNIX-like systems, there are many alternatives that allow obtaining the password policy like polenum (Python), NetExec (Python), ldapsearch-ad (Python) and enum4linux.

```bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about Password policy?

Response:
When attacking Active Directory domains, directly targeting accounts is usually a great start. It could provide initial access and help the attackers operate lateral movement. The easiest way to compromise accounts is to operate some password guessing or spraying. This kind of attack usually yields good results depending on the user's awareness. There are however technical measures that usually are in place, forcing the attackers to balance the number and speed of password attempts.

In order to fine-tune this, the password policy can be obtained. This policy can sometimes be enumerated with a null-session (i.e. an MS-RPC null session or an LDAP anonymous bind).

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

On UNIX-like systems, there are many alternatives that allow obtaining the password policy like polenum (Python), NetExec (Python), ldapsearch-ad (Python) and enum4linux.

```bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform Password policy?

[Assistant]
When attacking Active Directory domains, directly targeting accounts is usually a great start. It could provide initial access and help the attackers operate lateral movement. The easiest way to compromise accounts is to operate some password guessing or spraying. This kind of attack usually yields good results depending on the user's awareness. There are however technical measures that usually are in place, forcing the attackers to balance the number and speed of password attempts.

In order to fine-tune this, the password policy can be obtained. This policy can sometimes be enumerated with a null-session (i.e. an MS-RPC null session or an LDAP anonymous bind).

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

On UNIX-like systems, there are many alternatives that allow obtaining the password policy like polenum (Python), NetExec (Python), ldapsearch-ad (Python) and enum4linux.

```bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
When attacking Active Directory domains, directly targeting accounts is usually a great start. It could provide initial access and help the attackers operate lateral movement. The easiest way to compromise accounts is to operate some password guessing or spraying. This kind of attack usually yields good results depending on the user's awareness. There are however technical measures that usually are in place, forcing the attackers to balance the number and speed of password attempts.

In order to fine-tune this, the password policy can be obtained. This policy can sometimes be enumerated with a null-session (i.e. an MS-RPC null session or an LDAP anonymous bind).

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

On UNIX-like systems, there are many alternatives that allow obtaining the password policy like polenum (Python), NetExec (Python), ldapsearch-ad (Python) and enum4linux.

```bash


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of polenum (obtained through MS-RPC)

[Assistant] polenum -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -d "$DOMAIN"

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of polenum (obtained through MS-RPC)

Response: polenum -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -d "$DOMAIN"


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through polenum (obtained through MS-RPC)

[Assistant] polenum -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -d "$DOMAIN"

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through polenum (obtained through MS-RPC)

Response: polenum -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -d "$DOMAIN"


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of netexec (obtained through MS-RPC)

[Assistant] nxc smb "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" --pass-pol

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of netexec (obtained through MS-RPC)

Response: nxc smb "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" --pass-pol


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform netexec (obtained through MS-RPC)?

[Assistant] nxc smb "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" --pass-pol

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform netexec (obtained through MS-RPC)?

Response: nxc smb "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" --pass-pol


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of ldapsearch-ad (obtained through LDAP)

[Assistant] ldapsearch-ad -l "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -t pass-pol

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of ldapsearch-ad (obtained through LDAP)

Response: ldapsearch-ad -l "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -t pass-pol


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform ldapsearch-ad (obtained through LDAP)?

[Assistant] ldapsearch-ad -l "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -t pass-pol

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform ldapsearch-ad (obtained through LDAP)?

Response: ldapsearch-ad -l "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -t pass-pol


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about enum4linux-ng (obtained through MS-RPC)

[Assistant]
enum4linux-ng -P -w -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" "$DC_IP"
``

=== Windows

From a domain-joined machine, the net cmdlet can be used to obtain the password policy.

`bash
net accounts
net accounts /domain
`

From non-domain-joined machines, it can be done with PowerView (Powershell).

`bash
Get-DomainPolicy
`

Also, the Invoke-PassTheCert fork can be used, authenticating through Schannel via PassTheCert (PowerShell version).

> Note: the README contains the methodology to request a certificate using certreq from Windows (with a password, or an NTHash).
``powershell

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about enum4linux-ng (obtained through MS-RPC)

Response:
enum4linux-ng -P -w -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" "$DC_IP"
``

=== Windows

From a domain-joined machine, the net cmdlet can be used to obtain the password policy.

`bash
net accounts
net accounts /domain
`

From non-domain-joined machines, it can be done with PowerView (Powershell).

`bash
Get-DomainPolicy
`

Also, the Invoke-PassTheCert fork can be used, authenticating through Schannel via PassTheCert (PowerShell version).

> Note: the README contains the methodology to request a certificate using certreq from Windows (with a password, or an NTHash).
``powershell


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for enum4linux-ng (obtained through MS-RPC)?

[Assistant]
enum4linux-ng -P -w -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" "$DC_IP"
``

=== Windows

From a domain-joined machine, the net cmdlet can be used to obtain the password policy.

`bash
net accounts
net accounts /domain
`

From non-domain-joined machines, it can be done with PowerView (Powershell).

`bash
Get-DomainPolicy
`

Also, the Invoke-PassTheCert fork can be used, authenticating through Schannel via PassTheCert (PowerShell version).

> Note: the README contains the methodology to request a certificate using certreq from Windows (with a password, or an NTHash).
``powershell

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for enum4linux-ng (obtained through MS-RPC)?

Response:
enum4linux-ng -P -w -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" "$DC_IP"
``

=== Windows

From a domain-joined machine, the net cmdlet can be used to obtain the password policy.

`bash
net accounts
net accounts /domain
`

From non-domain-joined machines, it can be done with PowerView (Powershell).

`bash
Get-DomainPolicy
`

Also, the Invoke-PassTheCert fork can be used, authenticating through Schannel via PassTheCert (PowerShell version).

> Note: the README contains the methodology to request a certificate using certreq from Windows (with a password, or an NTHash).
``powershell


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute enum4linux-ng (obtained through MS-RPC)?

[Assistant]
=== Windows

From a domain-joined machine, the `net` cmdlet can be used to obtain the password policy.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute enum4linux-ng (obtained through MS-RPC)?

Response:
=== Windows

From a domain-joined machine, the `net` cmdlet can be used to obtain the password policy.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `=== Windows`?

[Assistant] This command is used for enum4linux-ng (obtained through ms-rpc). enum4linux-ng (obtained through MS-RPC)

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `=== Windows`?

Response: This command is used for enum4linux-ng (obtained through ms-rpc). enum4linux-ng (obtained through MS-RPC)


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use From for enum4linux-ng (obtained through ms-rpc)?

[Assistant] From non-domain-joined machines, it can be done with [PowerView](https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/master/Recon/PowerView.ps1) (Powershell).

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

How do I use From for enum4linux-ng (obtained through ms-rpc)?

Response: From non-domain-joined machines, it can be done with [PowerView](https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/master/Recon/PowerView.ps1) (Powershell).


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for enum4linux-ng (obtained through MS-RPC)?

[Assistant] From non-domain-joined machines, it can be done with [PowerView](https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/master/Recon/PowerView.ps1) (Powershell).

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: From non-domain-joined machines, it can be done with [PowerView](https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/master/Recon/PowerView.ps1) (Powershell).


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `From non-domain-joined machines, it can be done with [PowerView](https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/master/Recon/PowerView.ps1) (Powershell).`?

[Assistant] This command is used for enum4linux-ng (obtained through ms-rpc). enum4linux-ng (obtained through MS-RPC)

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `From non-domain-joined machines, it can be done with [PowerView](https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/master/Recon/PowerView.ps1) (Powershell).`?

Response: This command is used for enum4linux-ng (obtained through ms-rpc). enum4linux-ng (obtained through MS-RPC)


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is Returns any Password-Policy-related attribute of any object of class domain in the 'ADLAB.LOCAL' Domain?

[Assistant]
Invoke-PassTheCert -Action 'LDAPEnum' -LdapConnection $LdapConnection -Enum 'PassPol' -SearchBase 'DC=ADLAB,DC=LOCAL'
```

:::

> [!TIP]
> Accounts that lockout can be attacked with sprayhound (credential spraying) while those that don't can be directly bruteforced with kerbrute (Kerberos pre-auth bruteforcing)

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What is Returns any Password-Policy-related attribute of any object of class domain in the 'ADLAB.LOCAL' Domain?

Response:
Invoke-PassTheCert -Action 'LDAPEnum' -LdapConnection $LdapConnection -Enum 'PassPol' -SearchBase 'DC=ADLAB,DC=LOCAL'
```

:::

> [!TIP]
> Accounts that lockout can be attacked with sprayhound (credential spraying) while those that don't can be directly bruteforced with kerbrute (Kerberos pre-auth bruteforcing)


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute Returns any Password-Policy-related attribute of any object of class domain in the 'ADLAB.LOCAL' Domain?

[Assistant]
Invoke-PassTheCert -Action 'LDAPEnum' -LdapConnection $LdapConnection -Enum 'PassPol' -SearchBase 'DC=ADLAB,DC=LOCAL'
```

:::

> [!TIP]
> Accounts that lockout can be attacked with sprayhound (credential spraying) while those that don't can be directly bruteforced with kerbrute (Kerberos pre-auth bruteforcing)

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute Returns any Password-Policy-related attribute of any object of class domain in the 'ADLAB.LOCAL' Domain?

Response:
Invoke-PassTheCert -Action 'LDAPEnum' -LdapConnection $LdapConnection -Enum 'PassPol' -SearchBase 'DC=ADLAB,DC=LOCAL'
```

:::

> [!TIP]
> Accounts that lockout can be attacked with sprayhound (credential spraying) while those that don't can be directly bruteforced with kerbrute (Kerberos pre-auth bruteforcing)


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about Port scanning?

[Assistant]
In an Active Directory domain, domain controllers can be easily spotted depending on what services they host. Each service is usually accessible specific TCP and/or UDP port(s) making the DCs stand out in the network. Here is a list of ports to look for when hunting for domain controllers.

* 53/TCP and 53/UDP for DNS
* 88/TCP for Kerberos authentication
* 135/TCP and 135/UDP MS-RPC epmapper (EndPoint Mapper)
* 137/TCP and 137/UDP for NBT-NS
* 138/UDP for NetBIOS datagram service
* 139/TCP for NetBIOS session service
* 389/TCP for LDAP
* 636/TCP for LDAPS (LDAP over TLS/SSL)
* 445/TCP and 445/UDP for SMB
* 464/TCP and 445/UDP for Kerberos password change
* 3268/TCP for LDAP Global Catalog
* 3269/TCP for LDAP Global Catalog over TLS/SSL

The nmap utility can be used to scan for open ports in an IP range.

```bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
In an Active Directory domain, domain controllers can be easily spotted depending on what services they host. Each service is usually accessible specific TCP and/or UDP port(s) making the DCs stand out in the network. Here is a list of ports to look for when hunting for domain controllers.

* 53/TCP and 53/UDP for DNS
* 88/TCP for Kerberos authentication
* 135/TCP and 135/UDP MS-RPC epmapper (EndPoint Mapper)
* 137/TCP and 137/UDP for NBT-NS
* 138/UDP for NetBIOS datagram service
* 139/TCP for NetBIOS session service
* 389/TCP for LDAP
* 636/TCP for LDAPS (LDAP over TLS/SSL)
* 445/TCP and 445/UDP for SMB
* 464/TCP and 445/UDP for Kerberos password change
* 3268/TCP for LDAP Global Catalog
* 3269/TCP for LDAP Global Catalog over TLS/SSL

The nmap utility can be used to scan for open ports in an IP range.

```bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out Port scanning during a pentest?

[Assistant]
In an Active Directory domain, domain controllers can be easily spotted depending on what services they host. Each service is usually accessible specific TCP and/or UDP port(s) making the DCs stand out in the network. Here is a list of ports to look for when hunting for domain controllers.

* 53/TCP and 53/UDP for DNS
* 88/TCP for Kerberos authentication
* 135/TCP and 135/UDP MS-RPC epmapper (EndPoint Mapper)
* 137/TCP and 137/UDP for NBT-NS
* 138/UDP for NetBIOS datagram service
* 139/TCP for NetBIOS session service
* 389/TCP for LDAP
* 636/TCP for LDAPS (LDAP over TLS/SSL)
* 445/TCP and 445/UDP for SMB
* 464/TCP and 445/UDP for Kerberos password change
* 3268/TCP for LDAP Global Catalog
* 3269/TCP for LDAP Global Catalog over TLS/SSL

The nmap utility can be used to scan for open ports in an IP range.

```bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out Port scanning during a pentest?

Response:
In an Active Directory domain, domain controllers can be easily spotted depending on what services they host. Each service is usually accessible specific TCP and/or UDP port(s) making the DCs stand out in the network. Here is a list of ports to look for when hunting for domain controllers.

* 53/TCP and 53/UDP for DNS
* 88/TCP for Kerberos authentication
* 135/TCP and 135/UDP MS-RPC epmapper (EndPoint Mapper)
* 137/TCP and 137/UDP for NBT-NS
* 138/UDP for NetBIOS datagram service
* 139/TCP for NetBIOS session service
* 389/TCP for LDAP
* 636/TCP for LDAPS (LDAP over TLS/SSL)
* 445/TCP and 445/UDP for SMB
* 464/TCP and 445/UDP for Kerberos password change
* 3268/TCP for LDAP Global Catalog
* 3269/TCP for LDAP Global Catalog over TLS/SSL

The nmap utility can be used to scan for open ports in an IP range.

```bash