[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about Delete the account (requires elevated rights)?

[Assistant]
StandIn.exe --computer 'PENTEST01' --delete
``

:::

> [!TIP]
> Testers need to be aware that the MAQ attribute set to a non-zero value doesn't necessarily mean the users can create machine accounts. The right to add workstations to a domain can in fact be changed in the Group Policies. Group Policy Management Console (gpmc.msc) > Domain Controllers OU > Domain Controllers Policy > Computer Configuration > Policies > Windows Settings > Security Settings > Local Policies > User Rights Assigments > Add workstations to domain`

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about Delete the account (requires elevated rights)?

Response:
StandIn.exe --computer 'PENTEST01' --delete
``

:::

> [!TIP]
> Testers need to be aware that the MAQ attribute set to a non-zero value doesn't necessarily mean the users can create machine accounts. The right to add workstations to a domain can in fact be changed in the Group Policies. Group Policy Management Console (gpmc.msc) > Domain Controllers OU > Domain Controllers Policy > Computer Configuration > Policies > Windows Settings > Security Settings > Local Policies > User Rights Assigments > Add workstations to domain`


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute Delete the account (requires elevated rights)?

[Assistant]
StandIn.exe --computer 'PENTEST01' --delete
``

:::

> [!TIP]
> Testers need to be aware that the MAQ attribute set to a non-zero value doesn't necessarily mean the users can create machine accounts. The right to add workstations to a domain can in fact be changed in the Group Policies. Group Policy Management Console (gpmc.msc) > Domain Controllers OU > Domain Controllers Policy > Computer Configuration > Policies > Windows Settings > Security Settings > Local Policies > User Rights Assigments > Add workstations to domain`

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute Delete the account (requires elevated rights)?

Response:
StandIn.exe --computer 'PENTEST01' --delete
``

:::

> [!TIP]
> Testers need to be aware that the MAQ attribute set to a non-zero value doesn't necessarily mean the users can create machine accounts. The right to add workstations to a domain can in fact be changed in the Group Policies. Group Policy Management Console (gpmc.msc) > Domain Controllers OU > Domain Controllers Policy > Computer Configuration > Policies > Windows Settings > Security Settings > Local Policies > User Rights Assigments > Add workstations to domain`


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does Pre-Windows 2000 computers - Theory work?

[Assistant]
When a new computer account is configured as "pre-Windows 2000 computer", its password is set based on its name (i.e. lowercase computer name without the trailing $). When it isn't, the password is randomly generated.

Once an authentication occurs for a pre-Windows 2000 computer, according to TrustedSec's blogpost, its password will usually need to be changed.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does Pre-Windows 2000 computers - Theory work?

Response:
When a new computer account is configured as "pre-Windows 2000 computer", its password is set based on its name (i.e. lowercase computer name without the trailing $). When it isn't, the password is randomly generated.

Once an authentication occurs for a pre-Windows 2000 computer, according to TrustedSec's blogpost, its password will usually need to be changed.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform Pre-Windows 2000 computers - Theory?

[Assistant]
When a new computer account is configured as "pre-Windows 2000 computer", its password is set based on its name (i.e. lowercase computer name without the trailing $). When it isn't, the password is randomly generated.

Once an authentication occurs for a pre-Windows 2000 computer, according to TrustedSec's blogpost, its password will usually need to be changed.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform Pre-Windows 2000 computers - Theory?

Response:
When a new computer account is configured as "pre-Windows 2000 computer", its password is set based on its name (i.e. lowercase computer name without the trailing $). When it isn't, the password is randomly generated.

Once an authentication occurs for a pre-Windows 2000 computer, according to TrustedSec's blogpost, its password will usually need to be changed.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe Pre-Windows 2000 computers - Practice in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant]
Finding computer accounts that have been "pre-created" (i.e. manually created in ADUC instead of automatically added when joining a machine to the domain), but have never been used can be done by filtering the UserAccountControl attribute of all computer accounts and look for the value 4128 (32|4096) (deductible via the UserAccountControl flags):

* 32 - PASSWD_NOTREQD
* 4096 - WORKSTATION_TRUST_ACCOUNT

The logonCount attribute can be filtered as well.

The ldapsearch-ad tool can be used to find such accounts. Once "pre-created" computer accounts that have not authenticated are found, they should be usable with their lowercase name set as their password. This can be tested with NetExec (Python) for instance.

```powershell

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe Pre-Windows 2000 computers - Practice in the context of penetration testing

Response:
Finding computer accounts that have been "pre-created" (i.e. manually created in ADUC instead of automatically added when joining a machine to the domain), but have never been used can be done by filtering the UserAccountControl attribute of all computer accounts and look for the value 4128 (32|4096) (deductible via the UserAccountControl flags):

* 32 - PASSWD_NOTREQD
* 4096 - WORKSTATION_TRUST_ACCOUNT

The logonCount attribute can be filtered as well.

The ldapsearch-ad tool can be used to find such accounts. Once "pre-created" computer accounts that have not authenticated are found, they should be usable with their lowercase name set as their password. This can be tested with NetExec (Python) for instance.

```powershell


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on Pre-Windows 2000 computers - Practice

[Assistant]
Finding computer accounts that have been "pre-created" (i.e. manually created in ADUC instead of automatically added when joining a machine to the domain), but have never been used can be done by filtering the UserAccountControl attribute of all computer accounts and look for the value 4128 (32|4096) (deductible via the UserAccountControl flags):

* 32 - PASSWD_NOTREQD
* 4096 - WORKSTATION_TRUST_ACCOUNT

The logonCount attribute can be filtered as well.

The ldapsearch-ad tool can be used to find such accounts. Once "pre-created" computer accounts that have not authenticated are found, they should be usable with their lowercase name set as their password. This can be tested with NetExec (Python) for instance.

```powershell

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on Pre-Windows 2000 computers - Practice

Response:
Finding computer accounts that have been "pre-created" (i.e. manually created in ADUC instead of automatically added when joining a machine to the domain), but have never been used can be done by filtering the UserAccountControl attribute of all computer accounts and look for the value 4128 (32|4096) (deductible via the UserAccountControl flags):

* 32 - PASSWD_NOTREQD
* 4096 - WORKSTATION_TRUST_ACCOUNT

The logonCount attribute can be filtered as well.

The ldapsearch-ad tool can be used to find such accounts. Once "pre-created" computer accounts that have not authenticated are found, they should be usable with their lowercase name set as their password. This can be tested with NetExec (Python) for instance.

```powershell


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is 1. find pre-created accounts that never logged on?

[Assistant] ldapsearch-ad -l $LDAP_SERVER -d $DOMAIN -u $USERNAME -p $PASSWORD -t search -s '(&(userAccountControl=4128)(logonCount=0))' | tee results.txt

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What is 1. find pre-created accounts that never logged on?

Response: ldapsearch-ad -l $LDAP_SERVER -d $DOMAIN -u $USERNAME -p $PASSWORD -t search -s '(&(userAccountControl=4128)(logonCount=0))' | tee results.txt


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute 1. find pre-created accounts that never logged on?

[Assistant] ldapsearch-ad -l $LDAP_SERVER -d $DOMAIN -u $USERNAME -p $PASSWORD -t search -s '(&(userAccountControl=4128)(logonCount=0))' | tee results.txt

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute 1. find pre-created accounts that never logged on?

Response: ldapsearch-ad -l $LDAP_SERVER -d $DOMAIN -u $USERNAME -p $PASSWORD -t search -s '(&(userAccountControl=4128)(logonCount=0))' | tee results.txt


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does 2. extract the sAMAccountNames of the results work?

[Assistant] cat results.txt | grep "sAMAccountName" | awk '{print $4}' | tee computers.txt

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does 2. extract the sAMAccountNames of the results work?

Response: cat results.txt | grep "sAMAccountName" | awk '{print $4}' | tee computers.txt


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on 2. extract the sAMAccountNames of the results

[Assistant] cat results.txt | grep "sAMAccountName" | awk '{print $4}' | tee computers.txt

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on 2. extract the sAMAccountNames of the results

Response: cat results.txt | grep "sAMAccountName" | awk '{print $4}' | tee computers.txt


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is 3. create a wordlist of passwords matching the Pre-Windows 2000 generation, based on the account names?

[Assistant] cat results.txt | grep "sAMAccountName" | awk '{print tolower($4)}' | tr -d '$' | tee passwords.txt

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What is 3. create a wordlist of passwords matching the Pre-Windows 2000 generation, based on the account names?

Response: cat results.txt | grep "sAMAccountName" | awk '{print tolower($4)}' | tr -d '$' | tee passwords.txt


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for 3. create a wordlist of passwords matching the Pre-Windows 2000 generation, based on the account names

[Assistant] cat results.txt | grep "sAMAccountName" | awk '{print tolower($4)}' | tr -d '$' | tee passwords.txt

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for 3. create a wordlist of passwords matching the Pre-Windows 2000 generation, based on the account names

Response: cat results.txt | grep "sAMAccountName" | awk '{print tolower($4)}' | tr -d '$' | tee passwords.txt


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about 4. bruteforce, line per line (user1:password1, user2:password2, ...)?

[Assistant]
nxc smb $DC_IP -u "computers.txt" -p "passwords.txt" --no-bruteforce
``

> You will see the error message STATUS_NOLOGON_WORKSTATION_TRUST_ACCOUNT when you have guessed the correct password for a computer account that has not been used yet. (trustedsec.com)

Testers can then change the Pre-Windows 2000 computer accounts' password (i.e. rpcchangepwd.py, kpasswd.py, etc.) in order to use it.

> [!SUCCESS]
> Alternatively, Filip Dragovic was able to authenticate using Kerberos without having to change the account's password. (source)
>
> `bash
> getTGT.py $DOMAIN/$COMPUTER_NAME\$:$COMPUTER_PASSWORD
> ``
>
> The ticket obtained can then be used with ptt.md

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about 4. bruteforce, line per line (user1:password1, user2:password2, ...)?

Response:
nxc smb $DC_IP -u "computers.txt" -p "passwords.txt" --no-bruteforce
``

> You will see the error message STATUS_NOLOGON_WORKSTATION_TRUST_ACCOUNT when you have guessed the correct password for a computer account that has not been used yet. (trustedsec.com)

Testers can then change the Pre-Windows 2000 computer accounts' password (i.e. rpcchangepwd.py, kpasswd.py, etc.) in order to use it.

> [!SUCCESS]
> Alternatively, Filip Dragovic was able to authenticate using Kerberos without having to change the account's password. (source)
>
> `bash
> getTGT.py $DOMAIN/$COMPUTER_NAME\$:$COMPUTER_PASSWORD
> ``
>
> The ticket obtained can then be used with ptt.md


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for 4. bruteforce, line per line (user1:password1, user2:password2, ...)

[Assistant]
nxc smb $DC_IP -u "computers.txt" -p "passwords.txt" --no-bruteforce
``

> You will see the error message STATUS_NOLOGON_WORKSTATION_TRUST_ACCOUNT when you have guessed the correct password for a computer account that has not been used yet. (trustedsec.com)

Testers can then change the Pre-Windows 2000 computer accounts' password (i.e. rpcchangepwd.py, kpasswd.py, etc.) in order to use it.

> [!SUCCESS]
> Alternatively, Filip Dragovic was able to authenticate using Kerberos without having to change the account's password. (source)
>
> `bash
> getTGT.py $DOMAIN/$COMPUTER_NAME\$:$COMPUTER_PASSWORD
> ``
>
> The ticket obtained can then be used with ptt.md

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for 4. bruteforce, line per line (user1:password1, user2:password2, ...)

Response:
nxc smb $DC_IP -u "computers.txt" -p "passwords.txt" --no-bruteforce
``

> You will see the error message STATUS_NOLOGON_WORKSTATION_TRUST_ACCOUNT when you have guessed the correct password for a computer account that has not been used yet. (trustedsec.com)

Testers can then change the Pre-Windows 2000 computer accounts' password (i.e. rpcchangepwd.py, kpasswd.py, etc.) in order to use it.

> [!SUCCESS]
> Alternatively, Filip Dragovic was able to authenticate using Kerberos without having to change the account's password. (source)
>
> `bash
> getTGT.py $DOMAIN/$COMPUTER_NAME\$:$COMPUTER_PASSWORD
> ``
>
> The ticket obtained can then be used with ptt.md


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe RODC - Theory in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant]
> The read-only Domain Controller (RODC) is a solution that Microsoft introduced for physical locations that don’t have adequate security to host a Domain Controller but still require directory services for resources in those locations. A branch office is the classic use case.
>
> (By Elad Shamir on specterops.io)

RODC holds a read-only filtered copy of the Active Directory database with all the sensitives attributes deleted, like the LAPS passwords (this refers to RODC Filtered Attribute Set#rodc-fas) (FAS)), and cache only specific credentials.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe RODC - Theory in the context of penetration testing

Response:
> The read-only Domain Controller (RODC) is a solution that Microsoft introduced for physical locations that don’t have adequate security to host a Domain Controller but still require directory services for resources in those locations. A branch office is the classic use case.
>
> (By Elad Shamir on specterops.io)

RODC holds a read-only filtered copy of the Active Directory database with all the sensitives attributes deleted, like the LAPS passwords (this refers to RODC Filtered Attribute Set#rodc-fas) (FAS)), and cache only specific credentials.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through RODC - Theory

[Assistant]
> The read-only Domain Controller (RODC) is a solution that Microsoft introduced for physical locations that don’t have adequate security to host a Domain Controller but still require directory services for resources in those locations. A branch office is the classic use case.
>
> (By Elad Shamir on specterops.io)

RODC holds a read-only filtered copy of the Active Directory database with all the sensitives attributes deleted, like the LAPS passwords (this refers to RODC Filtered Attribute Set#rodc-fas) (FAS)), and cache only specific credentials.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
> The read-only Domain Controller (RODC) is a solution that Microsoft introduced for physical locations that don’t have adequate security to host a Domain Controller but still require directory services for resources in those locations. A branch office is the classic use case.
>
> (By Elad Shamir on specterops.io)

RODC holds a read-only filtered copy of the Active Directory database with all the sensitives attributes deleted, like the LAPS passwords (this refers to RODC Filtered Attribute Set#rodc-fas) (FAS)), and cache only specific credentials.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe RODC - RODC Management in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant] As any Active Directory object, an RODC has an attribute named managedBy. Any user or group specified in the attribute has local administrative rights on the RODC. From an attacker point of view, this means that compromising an account listed in the managedBy attribute leads to an RODC admin access. And with sufficient rights to modify this attribute, an attacker can promote himself to RODC admin.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe RODC - RODC Management in the context of penetration testing

Response: As any Active Directory object, an RODC has an attribute named managedBy. Any user or group specified in the attribute has local administrative rights on the RODC. From an attacker point of view, this means that compromising an account listed in the managedBy attribute leads to an RODC admin access. And with sufficient rights to modify this attribute, an attacker can promote himself to RODC admin.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do RODC - RODC Management

[Assistant] As any Active Directory object, an RODC has an attribute named managedBy. Any user or group specified in the attribute has local administrative rights on the RODC. From an attacker point of view, this means that compromising an account listed in the managedBy attribute leads to an RODC admin access. And with sufficient rights to modify this attribute, an attacker can promote himself to RODC admin.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do RODC - RODC Management

Response: As any Active Directory object, an RODC has an attribute named managedBy. Any user or group specified in the attribute has local administrative rights on the RODC. From an attacker point of view, this means that compromising an account listed in the managedBy attribute leads to an RODC admin access. And with sufficient rights to modify this attribute, an attacker can promote himself to RODC admin.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about RODC - Authentication with an RODC?

[Assistant]
To authenticate a principal locally, the RODC must be allowed to retrieve his credentials. Only users, groups and computers that are in the msDS-RevealOnDemandGroup and not in msDS-NeverRevealGroup may have their credentials cached#credential-caching) on the RODC to be used for future local authentication (in this case, their principal name IDs are added to its msDS-Revealed-List attribute). The attributes msDS-RevealOnDemandGroup and msDS-NeverRevealGroup define the Password Replication Policy) of the RODC.

> The default PRP (Password Replication Policy) specifies that no account passwords can be cached on any RODC, and certain accounts are explicitly denied from being cached on any RODC.\
> (Microsoft#credential-caching))

In case the RODC has cached the principal's credentials and thus, is able to authenticate it locally, it will issue a TGT. To do so, the RODC holds a derived version of the krbtgt key named krbtgt_XXXXX(where XXXXX is its random version number) and uses it to sign and encrypt the generated TGT. This krbtgt account's version number can also be found in its msDS-SecondaryKrbTgtNumber attribute.

> [!TIP]
> The RODC computer account has reset rights on the account krbtgt_XXXXX's password.

When the RODC generates the TGT, it indicates in the kvno field the version number of the key used to generate the ticket. With this TGT, it is possible to request a Service Ticket (ST) against the RODC or any accessible standard writable Domain Controller (provided that the principal is listed in msDS-RevealOnDemandGroup and not listed in msDS-NeverRevealGroup).

![](<assets/RODC Authentication mindmap.png>)

RODC authentication flow{.caption}

![](<assets/RODC Access to resources mindmap.png>)

RODC service access flow{.caption}

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about RODC - Authentication with an RODC?

Response:
To authenticate a principal locally, the RODC must be allowed to retrieve his credentials. Only users, groups and computers that are in the msDS-RevealOnDemandGroup and not in msDS-NeverRevealGroup may have their credentials cached#credential-caching) on the RODC to be used for future local authentication (in this case, their principal name IDs are added to its msDS-Revealed-List attribute). The attributes msDS-RevealOnDemandGroup and msDS-NeverRevealGroup define the Password Replication Policy) of the RODC.

> The default PRP (Password Replication Policy) specifies that no account passwords can be cached on any RODC, and certain accounts are explicitly denied from being cached on any RODC.\
> (Microsoft#credential-caching))

In case the RODC has cached the principal's credentials and thus, is able to authenticate it locally, it will issue a TGT. To do so, the RODC holds a derived version of the krbtgt key named krbtgt_XXXXX(where XXXXX is its random version number) and uses it to sign and encrypt the generated TGT. This krbtgt account's version number can also be found in its msDS-SecondaryKrbTgtNumber attribute.

> [!TIP]
> The RODC computer account has reset rights on the account krbtgt_XXXXX's password.

When the RODC generates the TGT, it indicates in the kvno field the version number of the key used to generate the ticket. With this TGT, it is possible to request a Service Ticket (ST) against the RODC or any accessible standard writable Domain Controller (provided that the principal is listed in msDS-RevealOnDemandGroup and not listed in msDS-NeverRevealGroup).

![](<assets/RODC Authentication mindmap.png>)

RODC authentication flow{.caption}

![](<assets/RODC Access to resources mindmap.png>)

RODC service access flow{.caption}


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do RODC - Authentication with an RODC

[Assistant]
To authenticate a principal locally, the RODC must be allowed to retrieve his credentials. Only users, groups and computers that are in the msDS-RevealOnDemandGroup and not in msDS-NeverRevealGroup may have their credentials cached#credential-caching) on the RODC to be used for future local authentication (in this case, their principal name IDs are added to its msDS-Revealed-List attribute). The attributes msDS-RevealOnDemandGroup and msDS-NeverRevealGroup define the Password Replication Policy) of the RODC.

> The default PRP (Password Replication Policy) specifies that no account passwords can be cached on any RODC, and certain accounts are explicitly denied from being cached on any RODC.\
> (Microsoft#credential-caching))

In case the RODC has cached the principal's credentials and thus, is able to authenticate it locally, it will issue a TGT. To do so, the RODC holds a derived version of the krbtgt key named krbtgt_XXXXX(where XXXXX is its random version number) and uses it to sign and encrypt the generated TGT. This krbtgt account's version number can also be found in its msDS-SecondaryKrbTgtNumber attribute.

> [!TIP]
> The RODC computer account has reset rights on the account krbtgt_XXXXX's password.

When the RODC generates the TGT, it indicates in the kvno field the version number of the key used to generate the ticket. With this TGT, it is possible to request a Service Ticket (ST) against the RODC or any accessible standard writable Domain Controller (provided that the principal is listed in msDS-RevealOnDemandGroup and not listed in msDS-NeverRevealGroup).

![](<assets/RODC Authentication mindmap.png>)

RODC authentication flow{.caption}

![](<assets/RODC Access to resources mindmap.png>)

RODC service access flow{.caption}

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do RODC - Authentication with an RODC

Response:
To authenticate a principal locally, the RODC must be allowed to retrieve his credentials. Only users, groups and computers that are in the msDS-RevealOnDemandGroup and not in msDS-NeverRevealGroup may have their credentials cached#credential-caching) on the RODC to be used for future local authentication (in this case, their principal name IDs are added to its msDS-Revealed-List attribute). The attributes msDS-RevealOnDemandGroup and msDS-NeverRevealGroup define the Password Replication Policy) of the RODC.

> The default PRP (Password Replication Policy) specifies that no account passwords can be cached on any RODC, and certain accounts are explicitly denied from being cached on any RODC.\
> (Microsoft#credential-caching))

In case the RODC has cached the principal's credentials and thus, is able to authenticate it locally, it will issue a TGT. To do so, the RODC holds a derived version of the krbtgt key named krbtgt_XXXXX(where XXXXX is its random version number) and uses it to sign and encrypt the generated TGT. This krbtgt account's version number can also be found in its msDS-SecondaryKrbTgtNumber attribute.

> [!TIP]
> The RODC computer account has reset rights on the account krbtgt_XXXXX's password.

When the RODC generates the TGT, it indicates in the kvno field the version number of the key used to generate the ticket. With this TGT, it is possible to request a Service Ticket (ST) against the RODC or any accessible standard writable Domain Controller (provided that the principal is listed in msDS-RevealOnDemandGroup and not listed in msDS-NeverRevealGroup).

![](<assets/RODC Authentication mindmap.png>)

RODC authentication flow{.caption}

![](<assets/RODC Access to resources mindmap.png>)

RODC service access flow{.caption}


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe RODC - Practice in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant]
Several attacks can be performed on RODCs:

* RODC golden ticket
* Key list attack
* Exploiting control over a RODC computer object

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe RODC - Practice in the context of penetration testing

Response:
Several attacks can be performed on RODCs:

* RODC golden ticket
* Key list attack
* Exploiting control over a RODC computer object


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on RODC - Practice

[Assistant]
Several attacks can be performed on RODCs:

* RODC golden ticket
* Key list attack
* Exploiting control over a RODC computer object

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
Several attacks can be performed on RODCs:

* RODC golden ticket
* Key list attack
* Exploiting control over a RODC computer object


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does Security groups - Theory work?

[Assistant]
> In the Windows Server operating system, there are several built-in accounts and security groups that are preconfigured with the appropriate rights and permissions to perform specific tasks. (Microsoft?redirectedfrom=MSDN))

There are scenarios where testers can obtain full control over members of built-in security groups. The usual targets are members of the "Administrators", "Domain Admins" or "Entreprise Admins" groups, however, other groups can sometimes lead to major privileges escalation.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
> In the Windows Server operating system, there are several built-in accounts and security groups that are preconfigured with the appropriate rights and permissions to perform specific tasks. (Microsoft?redirectedfrom=MSDN))

There are scenarios where testers can obtain full control over members of built-in security groups. The usual targets are members of the "Administrators", "Domain Admins" or "Entreprise Admins" groups, however, other groups can sometimes lead to major privileges escalation.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on Security groups - Theory

[Assistant]
> In the Windows Server operating system, there are several built-in accounts and security groups that are preconfigured with the appropriate rights and permissions to perform specific tasks. (Microsoft?redirectedfrom=MSDN))

There are scenarios where testers can obtain full control over members of built-in security groups. The usual targets are members of the "Administrators", "Domain Admins" or "Entreprise Admins" groups, however, other groups can sometimes lead to major privileges escalation.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on Security groups - Theory

Response:
> In the Windows Server operating system, there are several built-in accounts and security groups that are preconfigured with the appropriate rights and permissions to perform specific tasks. (Microsoft?redirectedfrom=MSDN))

There are scenarios where testers can obtain full control over members of built-in security groups. The usual targets are members of the "Administrators", "Domain Admins" or "Entreprise Admins" groups, however, other groups can sometimes lead to major privileges escalation.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe Security groups - Practice in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant]
Below is a table summing up some groups' rights and abuse paths.

| Security Group               | Rights and abuses                                                                                |
| ---------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe Security groups - Practice in the context of penetration testing

Response:
Below is a table summing up some groups' rights and abuse paths.

| Security Group               | Rights and abuses                                                                                |
| ---------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do Security groups - Practice

[Assistant]
Below is a table summing up some groups' rights and abuse paths.

| Security Group               | Rights and abuses                                                                                |
| ---------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do Security groups - Practice

Response:
Below is a table summing up some groups' rights and abuse paths.

| Security Group               | Rights and abuses                                                                                |
| ---------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about Password guessing - Theory?

[Assistant]
There are scenarios where testers need to operate credential guessing for lateral movement, privilege escalation, or for obtaining a foothold on a system. Depending on the target user (or target system), guessing can be achieved differently.

There are three major types of credential guessing.

* Common passwords: a list of common passwords (admin, backup, qwerty, ...) are tested against one or more users. This technique is to be used with care since it can cause lockouts and a lot of noise, depending on the target organization's policies.
* Default passwords: certain technologies come with default passwords that are often left unchanged. This technique is similar to the "common passwords" technique, but generates less noise and has fewer chances of locking out an account.
* Situational guessing: there are many cases where user passwords are not common and yet easily guessable when knowing the organization's vocabulary and context.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about Password guessing - Theory?

Response:
There are scenarios where testers need to operate credential guessing for lateral movement, privilege escalation, or for obtaining a foothold on a system. Depending on the target user (or target system), guessing can be achieved differently.

There are three major types of credential guessing.

* Common passwords: a list of common passwords (admin, backup, qwerty, ...) are tested against one or more users. This technique is to be used with care since it can cause lockouts and a lot of noise, depending on the target organization's policies.
* Default passwords: certain technologies come with default passwords that are often left unchanged. This technique is similar to the "common passwords" technique, but generates less noise and has fewer chances of locking out an account.
* Situational guessing: there are many cases where user passwords are not common and yet easily guessable when knowing the organization's vocabulary and context.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for Password guessing - Theory?

[Assistant]
There are scenarios where testers need to operate credential guessing for lateral movement, privilege escalation, or for obtaining a foothold on a system. Depending on the target user (or target system), guessing can be achieved differently.

There are three major types of credential guessing.

* Common passwords: a list of common passwords (admin, backup, qwerty, ...) are tested against one or more users. This technique is to be used with care since it can cause lockouts and a lot of noise, depending on the target organization's policies.
* Default passwords: certain technologies come with default passwords that are often left unchanged. This technique is similar to the "common passwords" technique, but generates less noise and has fewer chances of locking out an account.
* Situational guessing: there are many cases where user passwords are not common and yet easily guessable when knowing the organization's vocabulary and context.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for Password guessing - Theory?

Response:
There are scenarios where testers need to operate credential guessing for lateral movement, privilege escalation, or for obtaining a foothold on a system. Depending on the target user (or target system), guessing can be achieved differently.

There are three major types of credential guessing.

* Common passwords: a list of common passwords (admin, backup, qwerty, ...) are tested against one or more users. This technique is to be used with care since it can cause lockouts and a lot of noise, depending on the target organization's policies.
* Default passwords: certain technologies come with default passwords that are often left unchanged. This technique is similar to the "common passwords" technique, but generates less noise and has fewer chances of locking out an account.
* Situational guessing: there are many cases where user passwords are not common and yet easily guessable when knowing the organization's vocabulary and context.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain Password guessing - Common passwords

[Assistant]
Depending on the target service, different lists of common passwords (e.g. the SecLists ones) and different tools can be used.

* Hydra (C) can be used against a lot (50+) of services like FTP, HTTP, IMAP, LDAP, MS-SQL, MYSQL, RDP, SMB, SSH and many many more.
* NetExec (Python) can be used against LDAP, WinRM, SMB, SSH and MS-SQL.
* Kerbrute (Go) and smartbrute (Python) can be used against Kerberos pre-authentication.

> [!TIP]
> netexec has useful options for password guessing
>
> * --no-bruteforce: tries user1 -> password1, user2 -> password2 instead of trying every password for every user
> * --continue-on-success: continues authentication attempts even after successes
>
> Smartbrute has equivalent features
>
> * --line-per-line: equivalent of netexec's --no-bruteforce option
> * --stop-on-success: reversed equivalent of netexec's --continue-on-success option

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Explain Password guessing - Common passwords

Response:
Depending on the target service, different lists of common passwords (e.g. the SecLists ones) and different tools can be used.

* Hydra (C) can be used against a lot (50+) of services like FTP, HTTP, IMAP, LDAP, MS-SQL, MYSQL, RDP, SMB, SSH and many many more.
* NetExec (Python) can be used against LDAP, WinRM, SMB, SSH and MS-SQL.
* Kerbrute (Go) and smartbrute (Python) can be used against Kerberos pre-authentication.

> [!TIP]
> netexec has useful options for password guessing
>
> * --no-bruteforce: tries user1 -> password1, user2 -> password2 instead of trying every password for every user
> * --continue-on-success: continues authentication attempts even after successes
>
> Smartbrute has equivalent features
>
> * --line-per-line: equivalent of netexec's --no-bruteforce option
> * --stop-on-success: reversed equivalent of netexec's --continue-on-success option


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on Password guessing - Common passwords

[Assistant]
Depending on the target service, different lists of common passwords (e.g. the SecLists ones) and different tools can be used.

* Hydra (C) can be used against a lot (50+) of services like FTP, HTTP, IMAP, LDAP, MS-SQL, MYSQL, RDP, SMB, SSH and many many more.
* NetExec (Python) can be used against LDAP, WinRM, SMB, SSH and MS-SQL.
* Kerbrute (Go) and smartbrute (Python) can be used against Kerberos pre-authentication.

> [!TIP]
> netexec has useful options for password guessing
>
> * --no-bruteforce: tries user1 -> password1, user2 -> password2 instead of trying every password for every user
> * --continue-on-success: continues authentication attempts even after successes
>
> Smartbrute has equivalent features
>
> * --line-per-line: equivalent of netexec's --no-bruteforce option
> * --stop-on-success: reversed equivalent of netexec's --continue-on-success option

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on Password guessing - Common passwords

Response:
Depending on the target service, different lists of common passwords (e.g. the SecLists ones) and different tools can be used.

* Hydra (C) can be used against a lot (50+) of services like FTP, HTTP, IMAP, LDAP, MS-SQL, MYSQL, RDP, SMB, SSH and many many more.
* NetExec (Python) can be used against LDAP, WinRM, SMB, SSH and MS-SQL.
* Kerbrute (Go) and smartbrute (Python) can be used against Kerberos pre-authentication.

> [!TIP]
> netexec has useful options for password guessing
>
> * --no-bruteforce: tries user1 -> password1, user2 -> password2 instead of trying every password for every user
> * --continue-on-success: continues authentication attempts even after successes
>
> Smartbrute has equivalent features
>
> * --line-per-line: equivalent of netexec's --no-bruteforce option
> * --stop-on-success: reversed equivalent of netexec's --continue-on-success option


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe Password guessing - Default passwords in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant]
This technique can be used with the same tools as the "common passwords" technique but with short and specific password lists. Depending on the number of passwords to try, the bruteforce can be done manually too.

Below are good examples of where to find default passwords

* SecLists's Default Credentials Sheet (for password)
* ihebski's DefaultCreds cheatsheet (for passwords and SSH keys)

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe Password guessing - Default passwords in the context of penetration testing

Response:
This technique can be used with the same tools as the "common passwords" technique but with short and specific password lists. Depending on the number of passwords to try, the bruteforce can be done manually too.

Below are good examples of where to find default passwords

* SecLists's Default Credentials Sheet (for password)
* ihebski's DefaultCreds cheatsheet (for passwords and SSH keys)


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on Password guessing - Default passwords

[Assistant]
This technique can be used with the same tools as the "common passwords" technique but with short and specific password lists. Depending on the number of passwords to try, the bruteforce can be done manually too.

Below are good examples of where to find default passwords

* SecLists's Default Credentials Sheet (for password)
* ihebski's DefaultCreds cheatsheet (for passwords and SSH keys)

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on Password guessing - Default passwords

Response:
This technique can be used with the same tools as the "common passwords" technique but with short and specific password lists. Depending on the number of passwords to try, the bruteforce can be done manually too.

Below are good examples of where to find default passwords

* SecLists's Default Credentials Sheet (for password)
* ihebski's DefaultCreds cheatsheet (for passwords and SSH keys)


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe Password guessing - Situational guessing in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant]
Users are known to be a weak (if not the weakest) link of security. Unaware users are known to choose passwords that are easy to remember, hence easy to guess. Below are a few examples that are found to be often used.

* the username
* the name of the company
* the city, or state
* the examples above with transformations (i.e. numbers and special characters before or after, capital letters, l33tspeak, and so on)
* a combination of some of the examples above

Testers can try the combinations of user/passwords with the tools mentioned in the "common passwords" technique.

> [!TIP]
> username-anarchy is a tool that can produce a list of usernames based on a firstname and lastname.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe Password guessing - Situational guessing in the context of penetration testing

Response:
Users are known to be a weak (if not the weakest) link of security. Unaware users are known to choose passwords that are easy to remember, hence easy to guess. Below are a few examples that are found to be often used.

* the username
* the name of the company
* the city, or state
* the examples above with transformations (i.e. numbers and special characters before or after, capital letters, l33tspeak, and so on)
* a combination of some of the examples above

Testers can try the combinations of user/passwords with the tools mentioned in the "common passwords" technique.

> [!TIP]
> username-anarchy is a tool that can produce a list of usernames based on a firstname and lastname.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for Password guessing - Situational guessing?

[Assistant]
Users are known to be a weak (if not the weakest) link of security. Unaware users are known to choose passwords that are easy to remember, hence easy to guess. Below are a few examples that are found to be often used.

* the username
* the name of the company
* the city, or state
* the examples above with transformations (i.e. numbers and special characters before or after, capital letters, l33tspeak, and so on)
* a combination of some of the examples above

Testers can try the combinations of user/passwords with the tools mentioned in the "common passwords" technique.

> [!TIP]
> username-anarchy is a tool that can produce a list of usernames based on a firstname and lastname.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for Password guessing - Situational guessing?

Response:
Users are known to be a weak (if not the weakest) link of security. Unaware users are known to choose passwords that are easy to remember, hence easy to guess. Below are a few examples that are found to be often used.

* the username
* the name of the company
* the city, or state
* the examples above with transformations (i.e. numbers and special characters before or after, capital letters, l33tspeak, and so on)
* a combination of some of the examples above

Testers can try the combinations of user/passwords with the tools mentioned in the "common passwords" technique.

> [!TIP]
> username-anarchy is a tool that can produce a list of usernames based on a firstname and lastname.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about Password guessing - Bruteforcing with lockout policies?

[Assistant]
Smartbrute (Python) and sprayhound (Python) can dynamically fetch the organization's users and lockout policy to only bruteforce accounts that have a few attempts left in order to avoid locking them out. This can only be done when supplying a valid Active Directory account's credentials. These tools have the ability to check if accounts have their username set as password. Finally, a great additional feature is that neo4j is supported and compromised accounts can be set as owned (useful when working with BloodHound).

> [!WARNING] Locking out accounts
> As always when bruteforcing passwords in production environments, it is advised to be extra careful. Specific rule and custom tools can be put in place to lock accounts on too many failed attempts. Few offensive tools analyse granular policies. Fewer tools (none to my knowledge) enumerate custom defensive tools configurations.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about Password guessing - Bruteforcing with lockout policies?

Response:
Smartbrute (Python) and sprayhound (Python) can dynamically fetch the organization's users and lockout policy to only bruteforce accounts that have a few attempts left in order to avoid locking them out. This can only be done when supplying a valid Active Directory account's credentials. These tools have the ability to check if accounts have their username set as password. Finally, a great additional feature is that neo4j is supported and compromised accounts can be set as owned (useful when working with BloodHound).

> [!WARNING] Locking out accounts
> As always when bruteforcing passwords in production environments, it is advised to be extra careful. Specific rule and custom tools can be put in place to lock accounts on too many failed attempts. Few offensive tools analyse granular policies. Fewer tools (none to my knowledge) enumerate custom defensive tools configurations.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do Password guessing - Bruteforcing with lockout policies

[Assistant]
Smartbrute (Python) and sprayhound (Python) can dynamically fetch the organization's users and lockout policy to only bruteforce accounts that have a few attempts left in order to avoid locking them out. This can only be done when supplying a valid Active Directory account's credentials. These tools have the ability to check if accounts have their username set as password. Finally, a great additional feature is that neo4j is supported and compromised accounts can be set as owned (useful when working with BloodHound).

> [!WARNING] Locking out accounts
> As always when bruteforcing passwords in production environments, it is advised to be extra careful. Specific rule and custom tools can be put in place to lock accounts on too many failed attempts. Few offensive tools analyse granular policies. Fewer tools (none to my knowledge) enumerate custom defensive tools configurations.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do Password guessing - Bruteforcing with lockout policies

Response:
Smartbrute (Python) and sprayhound (Python) can dynamically fetch the organization's users and lockout policy to only bruteforce accounts that have a few attempts left in order to avoid locking them out. This can only be done when supplying a valid Active Directory account's credentials. These tools have the ability to check if accounts have their username set as password. Finally, a great additional feature is that neo4j is supported and compromised accounts can be set as owned (useful when working with BloodHound).

> [!WARNING] Locking out accounts
> As always when bruteforcing passwords in production environments, it is advised to be extra careful. Specific rule and custom tools can be put in place to lock accounts on too many failed attempts. Few offensive tools analyse granular policies. Fewer tools (none to my knowledge) enumerate custom defensive tools configurations.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about Spraying

[Assistant]
Credential spraying is a technique that attackers use to try a few passwords (or keys) against a set of usernames instead of a single one. This technique is just credential guessing but "sprayed" (i.e. against multiple accounts) and tools that can do credential guessing can usually do spraying.

```bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
Credential spraying is a technique that attackers use to try a few passwords (or keys) against a set of usernames instead of a single one. This technique is just credential guessing but "sprayed" (i.e. against multiple accounts) and tools that can do credential guessing can usually do spraying.

```bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform Spraying?

[Assistant]
Credential spraying is a technique that attackers use to try a few passwords (or keys) against a set of usernames instead of a single one. This technique is just credential guessing but "sprayed" (i.e. against multiple accounts) and tools that can do credential guessing can usually do spraying.

```bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
Credential spraying is a technique that attackers use to try a few passwords (or keys) against a set of usernames instead of a single one. This technique is just credential guessing but "sprayed" (i.e. against multiple accounts) and tools that can do credential guessing can usually do spraying.

```bash


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does netexec example work?

[Assistant] nxc smb target_ip -d domain.local -u users.txt -p "password" --no-bruteforce --continue-on-succes

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: nxc smb target_ip -d domain.local -u users.txt -p "password" --no-bruteforce --continue-on-succes


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do netexec example

[Assistant] nxc smb target_ip -d domain.local -u users.txt -p "password" --no-bruteforce --continue-on-succes

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: nxc smb target_ip -d domain.local -u users.txt -p "password" --no-bruteforce --continue-on-succes


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain smartbrute example (dynamic user list)

[Assistant] smartbrute smart -bp "password" kerberos -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" --kdc-ip "$KDC" kerberos

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Explain smartbrute example (dynamic user list)

Response: smartbrute smart -bp "password" kerberos -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" --kdc-ip "$KDC" kerberos


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on smartbrute example (dynamic user list)

[Assistant] smartbrute smart -bp "password" kerberos -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" --kdc-ip "$KDC" kerberos

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on smartbrute example (dynamic user list)

Response: smartbrute smart -bp "password" kerberos -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" --kdc-ip "$KDC" kerberos


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of smartbrute example (static users list)

[Assistant]
smartbrute brute -bU users.txt -bp "password" kerberos --kdc-ip "$KDC"
```

> [!TIP]
> Read the "Password guessing" article for more insight.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of smartbrute example (static users list)

Response:
smartbrute brute -bU users.txt -bp "password" kerberos --kdc-ip "$KDC"
```

> [!TIP]
> Read the "Password guessing" article for more insight.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for smartbrute example (static users list)

[Assistant]
smartbrute brute -bU users.txt -bp "password" kerberos --kdc-ip "$KDC"
```

> [!TIP]
> Read the "Password guessing" article for more insight.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for smartbrute example (static users list)

Response:
smartbrute brute -bU users.txt -bp "password" kerberos --kdc-ip "$KDC"
```

> [!TIP]
> Read the "Password guessing" article for more insight.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about Stuffing

[Assistant]
When credentials are found (through dumping or cracking for instance), attackers can try to use them to obtain access on other accounts. This attacks can be powerful against organizations that use shared or common passwords.

This technique can be combined with credential guessing when attackers try to operate transformations to the recovered passwords (i.e. numbers and special characters before or after, capital letters, l33tspeak, and so on). These new password lists can even be used in an additional cracking process.

> [!TIP]
> The same tools used for guessing can be used for stuffing and guessing.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
When credentials are found (through dumping or cracking for instance), attackers can try to use them to obtain access on other accounts. This attacks can be powerful against organizations that use shared or common passwords.

This technique can be combined with credential guessing when attackers try to operate transformations to the recovered passwords (i.e. numbers and special characters before or after, capital letters, l33tspeak, and so on). These new password lists can even be used in an additional cracking process.

> [!TIP]
> The same tools used for guessing can be used for stuffing and guessing.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out Stuffing during a pentest?

[Assistant]
When credentials are found (through dumping or cracking for instance), attackers can try to use them to obtain access on other accounts. This attacks can be powerful against organizations that use shared or common passwords.

This technique can be combined with credential guessing when attackers try to operate transformations to the recovered passwords (i.e. numbers and special characters before or after, capital letters, l33tspeak, and so on). These new password lists can even be used in an additional cracking process.

> [!TIP]
> The same tools used for guessing can be used for stuffing and guessing.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out Stuffing during a pentest?

Response:
When credentials are found (through dumping or cracking for instance), attackers can try to use them to obtain access on other accounts. This attacks can be powerful against organizations that use shared or common passwords.

This technique can be combined with credential guessing when attackers try to operate transformations to the recovered passwords (i.e. numbers and special characters before or after, capital letters, l33tspeak, and so on). These new password lists can even be used in an additional cracking process.

> [!TIP]
> The same tools used for guessing can be used for stuffing and guessing.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about Cracking - Theory

[Assistant]
Attacking Active Directory domains often leads to obtaining password interesting, but either hashed or encrypted data. When this information cannot be directly leveraged for higher privileges (like with pass-the-hash, overpass-the-hash), it is required to crack it.

Cracking is an operation that can be carried out through different types of attacks:

* Brute-force: every possibility for a given character set and a given length (i.e. aaa, aab, aac, ...) is hashed and compared against the target hash.
* Dictionary: every word of a given list (a.k.a. dictionary) is hashed and compared against the target hash.
* Rainbow tables: the hash is looked for in a pre-computed table. It is a time-memory trade-off that allows cracking hashes faster, but costing a greater amount of memory than traditional brute-force of dictionary attacks. This attack cannot work if the hashed value is salted (i.e. hashed with an additional random value as prefix/suffix, making the pre-computed table irrelevant)

There are many other and more complex types of attacks (incremental, mask, rules, hybrid types, ...) but the major/core ones are the three above.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
Attacking Active Directory domains often leads to obtaining password interesting, but either hashed or encrypted data. When this information cannot be directly leveraged for higher privileges (like with pass-the-hash, overpass-the-hash), it is required to crack it.

Cracking is an operation that can be carried out through different types of attacks:

* Brute-force: every possibility for a given character set and a given length (i.e. aaa, aab, aac, ...) is hashed and compared against the target hash.
* Dictionary: every word of a given list (a.k.a. dictionary) is hashed and compared against the target hash.
* Rainbow tables: the hash is looked for in a pre-computed table. It is a time-memory trade-off that allows cracking hashes faster, but costing a greater amount of memory than traditional brute-force of dictionary attacks. This attack cannot work if the hashed value is salted (i.e. hashed with an additional random value as prefix/suffix, making the pre-computed table irrelevant)

There are many other and more complex types of attacks (incremental, mask, rules, hybrid types, ...) but the major/core ones are the three above.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute Cracking - Theory?

[Assistant]
Attacking Active Directory domains often leads to obtaining password interesting, but either hashed or encrypted data. When this information cannot be directly leveraged for higher privileges (like with pass-the-hash, overpass-the-hash), it is required to crack it.

Cracking is an operation that can be carried out through different types of attacks:

* Brute-force: every possibility for a given character set and a given length (i.e. aaa, aab, aac, ...) is hashed and compared against the target hash.
* Dictionary: every word of a given list (a.k.a. dictionary) is hashed and compared against the target hash.
* Rainbow tables: the hash is looked for in a pre-computed table. It is a time-memory trade-off that allows cracking hashes faster, but costing a greater amount of memory than traditional brute-force of dictionary attacks. This attack cannot work if the hashed value is salted (i.e. hashed with an additional random value as prefix/suffix, making the pre-computed table irrelevant)

There are many other and more complex types of attacks (incremental, mask, rules, hybrid types, ...) but the major/core ones are the three above.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
Attacking Active Directory domains often leads to obtaining password interesting, but either hashed or encrypted data. When this information cannot be directly leveraged for higher privileges (like with pass-the-hash, overpass-the-hash), it is required to crack it.

Cracking is an operation that can be carried out through different types of attacks:

* Brute-force: every possibility for a given character set and a given length (i.e. aaa, aab, aac, ...) is hashed and compared against the target hash.
* Dictionary: every word of a given list (a.k.a. dictionary) is hashed and compared against the target hash.
* Rainbow tables: the hash is looked for in a pre-computed table. It is a time-memory trade-off that allows cracking hashes faster, but costing a greater amount of memory than traditional brute-force of dictionary attacks. This attack cannot work if the hashed value is salted (i.e. hashed with an additional random value as prefix/suffix, making the pre-computed table irrelevant)

There are many other and more complex types of attacks (incremental, mask, rules, hybrid types, ...) but the major/core ones are the three above.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about Cracking - Practice?

[Assistant]
One of the greatest tools that can be used for cracking is hashcat (C). It implements different types of attacks and many types of hashes. It has many other great features like

* it is cross-platform (support for Linux, Windows and macOS) and supports anything that comes with an OpenCL runtime (CPU, GPU, APU, ...)
* it can crack multiple hashes at the same time and use multiple devices at once (distributed cracking networks supported too)
* it can save and restore sessions
* it has a builtin benchmarking system

Below is a short list of the most useful hash types for Active Directory hunting.

| Hash type | -m/--hash-type number |
| ------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| LM hash | 3000 |
| NT hash | 1000 |
| LM response | not supported |
| LMv2 response | not supported |
| NTLM response | 5500 |
| NTLMv2 response | 5600 |
| (DCC1) Domain Cached Credentials | 1100 |
| (DCC2) Domain Cached Credentials 2 | 2100 |
| ASREQroast | 7500 |
| ASREProast | 18200 |
| Kerberoast | 13100 |

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about Cracking - Practice?

Response:
One of the greatest tools that can be used for cracking is hashcat (C). It implements different types of attacks and many types of hashes. It has many other great features like

* it is cross-platform (support for Linux, Windows and macOS) and supports anything that comes with an OpenCL runtime (CPU, GPU, APU, ...)
* it can crack multiple hashes at the same time and use multiple devices at once (distributed cracking networks supported too)
* it can save and restore sessions
* it has a builtin benchmarking system

Below is a short list of the most useful hash types for Active Directory hunting.

| Hash type | -m/--hash-type number |
| ------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| LM hash | 3000 |
| NT hash | 1000 |
| LM response | not supported |
| LMv2 response | not supported |
| NTLM response | 5500 |
| NTLMv2 response | 5600 |
| (DCC1) Domain Cached Credentials | 1100 |
| (DCC2) Domain Cached Credentials 2 | 2100 |
| ASREQroast | 7500 |
| ASREProast | 18200 |
| Kerberoast | 13100 |


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out Cracking - Practice during a pentest?

[Assistant]
One of the greatest tools that can be used for cracking is hashcat (C). It implements different types of attacks and many types of hashes. It has many other great features like

* it is cross-platform (support for Linux, Windows and macOS) and supports anything that comes with an OpenCL runtime (CPU, GPU, APU, ...)
* it can crack multiple hashes at the same time and use multiple devices at once (distributed cracking networks supported too)
* it can save and restore sessions
* it has a builtin benchmarking system

Below is a short list of the most useful hash types for Active Directory hunting.

| Hash type | -m/--hash-type number |
| ------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| LM hash | 3000 |
| NT hash | 1000 |
| LM response | not supported |
| LMv2 response | not supported |
| NTLM response | 5500 |
| NTLMv2 response | 5600 |
| (DCC1) Domain Cached Credentials | 1100 |
| (DCC2) Domain Cached Credentials 2 | 2100 |
| ASREQroast | 7500 |
| ASREProast | 18200 |
| Kerberoast | 13100 |

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out Cracking - Practice during a pentest?

Response:
One of the greatest tools that can be used for cracking is hashcat (C). It implements different types of attacks and many types of hashes. It has many other great features like

* it is cross-platform (support for Linux, Windows and macOS) and supports anything that comes with an OpenCL runtime (CPU, GPU, APU, ...)
* it can crack multiple hashes at the same time and use multiple devices at once (distributed cracking networks supported too)
* it can save and restore sessions
* it has a builtin benchmarking system

Below is a short list of the most useful hash types for Active Directory hunting.

| Hash type | -m/--hash-type number |
| ------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| LM hash | 3000 |
| NT hash | 1000 |
| LM response | not supported |
| LMv2 response | not supported |
| NTLM response | 5500 |
| NTLMv2 response | 5600 |
| (DCC1) Domain Cached Credentials | 1100 |
| (DCC2) Domain Cached Credentials 2 | 2100 |
| ASREQroast | 7500 |
| ASREProast | 18200 |
| Kerberoast | 13100 |


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of Cracking - Dictionnary attack

[Assistant]
Below is an example of how to use hashcat for a dictionary attack.

``bash
hashcat --attack-mode 0 --hash-type $number $hashes_file $wordlist_file
``

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of Cracking - Dictionnary attack

Response:
Below is an example of how to use hashcat for a dictionary attack.

``bash
hashcat --attack-mode 0 --hash-type $number $hashes_file $wordlist_file
``


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for Cracking - Dictionnary attack?

[Assistant]
Below is an example of how to use hashcat for a dictionary attack.

``bash
hashcat --attack-mode 0 --hash-type $number $hashes_file $wordlist_file
``

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for Cracking - Dictionnary attack?

Response:
Below is an example of how to use hashcat for a dictionary attack.

``bash
hashcat --attack-mode 0 --hash-type $number $hashes_file $wordlist_file
``


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use hashcat for cracking - dictionnary attack?

[Assistant] hashcat --attack-mode 0 --hash-type $number $hashes_file $wordlist_file

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

How do I use hashcat for cracking - dictionnary attack?

Response: hashcat --attack-mode 0 --hash-type $number $hashes_file $wordlist_file


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do Cracking - Dictionnary attack

[Assistant] hashcat --attack-mode 0 --hash-type $number $hashes_file $wordlist_file

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do Cracking - Dictionnary attack

Response: hashcat --attack-mode 0 --hash-type $number $hashes_file $wordlist_file


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `hashcat --attack-mode 0 --hash-type $number $hashes_file $wordlist_file`?

[Assistant] This command is used for cracking - dictionnary attack. Dictionnary attack

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `hashcat --attack-mode 0 --hash-type $number $hashes_file $wordlist_file`?

Response: This command is used for cracking - dictionnary attack. Dictionnary attack


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about Cracking - Dictionary and rules attack?

[Assistant]
> [!TIP]
> Hashcat has the ability to inject the plain passwords cracked into the dictionary and start the attack again, and this recursively until no new passwords are found. This can be done with the --loopback argument.
>
> _Nota bene: the new passwords are added to dictionnary caches that will be temporary and deleted after the bruteforce+rules+loopack attack ends._

Hashcat can also be used in a hybrid mode by combining a dictionary attack with rules that will operate transformations to the words of the list.

* Great wordlists: weakpass, packetstorm
* Great rules: pantagrule, OneRuleToRuleThemAll

``bash
hashcat --loopback --attack-mode 0 --rules-file $rules_file --hash-type $number $hashes_file $wordlist_file
``

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about Cracking - Dictionary and rules attack?

Response:
> [!TIP]
> Hashcat has the ability to inject the plain passwords cracked into the dictionary and start the attack again, and this recursively until no new passwords are found. This can be done with the --loopback argument.
>
> _Nota bene: the new passwords are added to dictionnary caches that will be temporary and deleted after the bruteforce+rules+loopack attack ends._

Hashcat can also be used in a hybrid mode by combining a dictionary attack with rules that will operate transformations to the words of the list.

* Great wordlists: weakpass, packetstorm
* Great rules: pantagrule, OneRuleToRuleThemAll

``bash
hashcat --loopback --attack-mode 0 --rules-file $rules_file --hash-type $number $hashes_file $wordlist_file
``


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for Cracking - Dictionary and rules attack

[Assistant]
> [!TIP]
> Hashcat has the ability to inject the plain passwords cracked into the dictionary and start the attack again, and this recursively until no new passwords are found. This can be done with the --loopback argument.
>
> _Nota bene: the new passwords are added to dictionnary caches that will be temporary and deleted after the bruteforce+rules+loopack attack ends._

Hashcat can also be used in a hybrid mode by combining a dictionary attack with rules that will operate transformations to the words of the list.

* Great wordlists: weakpass, packetstorm
* Great rules: pantagrule, OneRuleToRuleThemAll

``bash
hashcat --loopback --attack-mode 0 --rules-file $rules_file --hash-type $number $hashes_file $wordlist_file
``

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for Cracking - Dictionary and rules attack

Response:
> [!TIP]
> Hashcat has the ability to inject the plain passwords cracked into the dictionary and start the attack again, and this recursively until no new passwords are found. This can be done with the --loopback argument.
>
> _Nota bene: the new passwords are added to dictionnary caches that will be temporary and deleted after the bruteforce+rules+loopack attack ends._

Hashcat can also be used in a hybrid mode by combining a dictionary attack with rules that will operate transformations to the words of the list.

* Great wordlists: weakpass, packetstorm
* Great rules: pantagrule, OneRuleToRuleThemAll

``bash
hashcat --loopback --attack-mode 0 --rules-file $rules_file --hash-type $number $hashes_file $wordlist_file
``


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use hashcat for cracking - dictionary and rules attack?

[Assistant] hashcat --loopback --attack-mode 0 --rules-file $rules_file --hash-type $number $hashes_file $wordlist_file

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

How do I use hashcat for cracking - dictionary and rules attack?

Response: hashcat --loopback --attack-mode 0 --rules-file $rules_file --hash-type $number $hashes_file $wordlist_file