[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for Use LDAPS instead of plaintext LDAP?

[Assistant]
SharpHound.exe --secureldap
``

More help on the CLI commands here.

> [!SUCCESS]
> Here are a few tips and tricks on the collection process
>
> * Testers can absolutely run SharpHound from a computer that is not enrolled in the AD domain, by running it in a domain user context (e.g. with runas, pass-the-hash or overpass-the-hash). This is useful when domain computers have antivirus or other protections preventing (or slowing) testers from using enumerate or exploitation tools.
> * When obtaining a foothold on an AD domain, testers should first run SharpHound with all collection methods, and then start a loop collection to enumerate more sessions.

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like system, a non-official (but very effective nonetheless) Python version can be used.

BloodHound.py is a Python ingestor for BloodHound.

`bash
bloodhound.py --zip -c All -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc "$DC_HOST" -ns "$DC_IP"
`

> [!TIP]
> This ingestor is not as powerful as the C# one. It lacks most GPO collection methods, but you can complete GPO collection with GPOHound. The good news is that it can do pass-the-hash. It becomes really useful when compromising a domain account's NT hash.

An alternative called RustHound (Rust) can be used as well.

`bash
rusthound --zip -d "$DOMAIN" -i "$DC_IP" -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -o "$OUTDIR"
``

:::

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for Use LDAPS instead of plaintext LDAP?

Response:
SharpHound.exe --secureldap
``

More help on the CLI commands here.

> [!SUCCESS]
> Here are a few tips and tricks on the collection process
>
> * Testers can absolutely run SharpHound from a computer that is not enrolled in the AD domain, by running it in a domain user context (e.g. with runas, pass-the-hash or overpass-the-hash). This is useful when domain computers have antivirus or other protections preventing (or slowing) testers from using enumerate or exploitation tools.
> * When obtaining a foothold on an AD domain, testers should first run SharpHound with all collection methods, and then start a loop collection to enumerate more sessions.

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like system, a non-official (but very effective nonetheless) Python version can be used.

BloodHound.py is a Python ingestor for BloodHound.

`bash
bloodhound.py --zip -c All -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc "$DC_HOST" -ns "$DC_IP"
`

> [!TIP]
> This ingestor is not as powerful as the C# one. It lacks most GPO collection methods, but you can complete GPO collection with GPOHound. The good news is that it can do pass-the-hash. It becomes really useful when compromising a domain account's NT hash.

An alternative called RustHound (Rust) can be used as well.

`bash
rusthound --zip -d "$DOMAIN" -i "$DC_IP" -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -o "$OUTDIR"
``

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Give me the More command to use ldaps instead of plaintext ldap

[Assistant]
More help on the CLI commands [here](https://github.com/BloodHoundAD/SharpHound#cli).

> [!SUCCESS]
> Here are a few tips and tricks on the collection process
>
> * Testers can absolutely run SharpHound from a computer that is not enrolled in the AD domain, by running it in a domain user context (e.g. with runas, [pass-the-hash](../../movement/ntlm/pth.md) or [overpass-the-hash](../../movement/kerberos/ptk.md)). This is useful when domain computers have antivirus or other protections preventing (or slowing) testers from using enumerate or exploitation tools.
> * When obtaining a foothold on an AD domain, testers should first run SharpHound with all collection methods, and then start a loop collection to enumerate more sessions.

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like system, a non-official (but very effective nonetheless) Python version can be used.

[BloodHound.py](https://github.com/fox-it/BloodHound.py) is a Python ingestor for BloodHound.

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Give me the More command to use ldaps instead of plaintext ldap

Response:
More help on the CLI commands [here](https://github.com/BloodHoundAD/SharpHound#cli).

> [!SUCCESS]
> Here are a few tips and tricks on the collection process
>
> * Testers can absolutely run SharpHound from a computer that is not enrolled in the AD domain, by running it in a domain user context (e.g. with runas, [pass-the-hash](../../movement/ntlm/pth.md) or [overpass-the-hash](../../movement/kerberos/ptk.md)). This is useful when domain computers have antivirus or other protections preventing (or slowing) testers from using enumerate or exploitation tools.
> * When obtaining a foothold on an AD domain, testers should first run SharpHound with all collection methods, and then start a loop collection to enumerate more sessions.

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like system, a non-official (but very effective nonetheless) Python version can be used.

[BloodHound.py](https://github.com/fox-it/BloodHound.py) is a Python ingestor for BloodHound.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute Use LDAPS instead of plaintext LDAP?

[Assistant]
More help on the CLI commands [here](https://github.com/BloodHoundAD/SharpHound#cli).

> [!SUCCESS]
> Here are a few tips and tricks on the collection process
>
> * Testers can absolutely run SharpHound from a computer that is not enrolled in the AD domain, by running it in a domain user context (e.g. with runas, [pass-the-hash](../../movement/ntlm/pth.md) or [overpass-the-hash](../../movement/kerberos/ptk.md)). This is useful when domain computers have antivirus or other protections preventing (or slowing) testers from using enumerate or exploitation tools.
> * When obtaining a foothold on an AD domain, testers should first run SharpHound with all collection methods, and then start a loop collection to enumerate more sessions.

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like system, a non-official (but very effective nonetheless) Python version can be used.

[BloodHound.py](https://github.com/fox-it/BloodHound.py) is a Python ingestor for BloodHound.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute Use LDAPS instead of plaintext LDAP?

Response:
More help on the CLI commands [here](https://github.com/BloodHoundAD/SharpHound#cli).

> [!SUCCESS]
> Here are a few tips and tricks on the collection process
>
> * Testers can absolutely run SharpHound from a computer that is not enrolled in the AD domain, by running it in a domain user context (e.g. with runas, [pass-the-hash](../../movement/ntlm/pth.md) or [overpass-the-hash](../../movement/kerberos/ptk.md)). This is useful when domain computers have antivirus or other protections preventing (or slowing) testers from using enumerate or exploitation tools.
> * When obtaining a foothold on an AD domain, testers should first run SharpHound with all collection methods, and then start a loop collection to enumerate more sessions.

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like system, a non-official (but very effective nonetheless) Python version can be used.

[BloodHound.py](https://github.com/fox-it/BloodHound.py) is a Python ingestor for BloodHound.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `More help on the CLI commands [here](https://github.com/BloodHoundAD/SharpHound#cli).`?

[Assistant] This command is used for use ldaps instead of plaintext ldap. Use LDAPS instead of plaintext LDAP

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `More help on the CLI commands [here](https://github.com/BloodHoundAD/SharpHound#cli).`?

Response: This command is used for use ldaps instead of plaintext ldap. Use LDAPS instead of plaintext LDAP


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute Use LDAPS instead of plaintext LDAP?

[Assistant]
> [!TIP]
> This ingestor is not as powerful as the C# one. It lacks most GPO collection methods, but you can complete GPO collection with [GPOHound](https://github.com/cogiceo/GPOHound). The good news is that it can do pass-the-hash. It becomes really useful when compromising a domain account's NT hash.

An alternative called [RustHound](https://github.com/OPENCYBER-FR/RustHound) (Rust) can be used as well.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
> [!TIP]
> This ingestor is not as powerful as the C# one. It lacks most GPO collection methods, but you can complete GPO collection with [GPOHound](https://github.com/cogiceo/GPOHound). The good news is that it can do pass-the-hash. It becomes really useful when compromising a domain account's NT hash.

An alternative called [RustHound](https://github.com/OPENCYBER-FR/RustHound) (Rust) can be used as well.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `> [!TIP]`?

[Assistant] This command is used for use ldaps instead of plaintext ldap. Use LDAPS instead of plaintext LDAP

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: This command is used for use ldaps instead of plaintext ldap. Use LDAPS instead of plaintext LDAP


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does BloodHound ⚙ - Analysis work?

[Assistant]
Once the collection is over, the data can be uploaded and analyzed in BloodHound by doing the following.

* Find paths between specified nodes
* Run pre-built analytics queries to find common attack paths
* Run custom queries to help in finding more complex attack paths or interesting objects
* Run manual neo4j queries
* Mark nodes as high value targets for easier path finding
* Mark nodes as owned for easier path finding
* Find information about selected nodes: sessions, properties, group membership/members, local admin rights, Kerberos delegations, RDP rights, outbound/inbound control rights (ACEs), and so on
* Find help about edges/attacks (abuse, OPSEC considerations, references)

Using BloodHound can help find attack paths and abuses like ACEs abuse, Kerberos delegations abuse, credential dumping and credential shuffling, GPOs abuse, Kerberoast, ASREProast, domain trusts attacks, etc.

![](<./assets/Graph example.png>)

For detailed and official documentation on the analysis process, testers can check the following resources: the BloodHound GUI, nodes and edges.

> [!SUCCESS]
> Some custom queries can be used to go even further with the analysis of attack paths, such as Exegol's custom queries.

> [!SUCCESS]
> Here are some examples of quick wins to spot with BloodHound
>
> * shadow admins: users that are not members of privileged Active Directory groups but have sensitive privileges over the domain (run graph queries like "find principals with DCSync rights", "users with most local admin rights", or check "inbound control rights" in the domain and privileged groups node info panel)
> * other over-privileged users: user that can control many objects (ACEs) and that often leads to admins, shadow admins or sensitive servers (check for "outbound control rights" in the node info panel)
> * over-privileged computers: find computers that can do (un)constrained Kerberos delegation (run graph queries like "find computer with unconstrained delegations")
> * admin compu

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
Once the collection is over, the data can be uploaded and analyzed in BloodHound by doing the following.

* Find paths between specified nodes
* Run pre-built analytics queries to find common attack paths
* Run custom queries to help in finding more complex attack paths or interesting objects
* Run manual neo4j queries
* Mark nodes as high value targets for easier path finding
* Mark nodes as owned for easier path finding
* Find information about selected nodes: sessions, properties, group membership/members, local admin rights, Kerberos delegations, RDP rights, outbound/inbound control rights (ACEs), and so on
* Find help about edges/attacks (abuse, OPSEC considerations, references)

Using BloodHound can help find attack paths and abuses like ACEs abuse, Kerberos delegations abuse, credential dumping and credential shuffling, GPOs abuse, Kerberoast, ASREProast, domain trusts attacks, etc.

![](<./assets/Graph example.png>)

For detailed and official documentation on the analysis process, testers can check the following resources: the BloodHound GUI, nodes and edges.

> [!SUCCESS]
> Some custom queries can be used to go even further with the analysis of attack paths, such as Exegol's custom queries.

> [!SUCCESS]
> Here are some examples of quick wins to spot with BloodHound
>
> * shadow admins: users that are not members of privileged Active Directory groups but have sensitive privileges over the domain (run graph queries like "find principals with DCSync rights", "users with most local admin rights", or check "inbound control rights" in the domain and privileged groups node info panel)
> * other over-privileged users: user that can control many objects (ACEs) and that often leads to admins, shadow admins or sensitive servers (check for "outbound control rights" in the node info panel)
> * over-privileged computers: find computers that can do (un)constrained Kerberos delegation (run graph queries like "find computer with unconstrained delegations")
> * admin compu


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for BloodHound ⚙ - Analysis?

[Assistant]
Once the collection is over, the data can be uploaded and analyzed in BloodHound by doing the following.

* Find paths between specified nodes
* Run pre-built analytics queries to find common attack paths
* Run custom queries to help in finding more complex attack paths or interesting objects
* Run manual neo4j queries
* Mark nodes as high value targets for easier path finding
* Mark nodes as owned for easier path finding
* Find information about selected nodes: sessions, properties, group membership/members, local admin rights, Kerberos delegations, RDP rights, outbound/inbound control rights (ACEs), and so on
* Find help about edges/attacks (abuse, OPSEC considerations, references)

Using BloodHound can help find attack paths and abuses like ACEs abuse, Kerberos delegations abuse, credential dumping and credential shuffling, GPOs abuse, Kerberoast, ASREProast, domain trusts attacks, etc.

![](<./assets/Graph example.png>)

For detailed and official documentation on the analysis process, testers can check the following resources: the BloodHound GUI, nodes and edges.

> [!SUCCESS]
> Some custom queries can be used to go even further with the analysis of attack paths, such as Exegol's custom queries.

> [!SUCCESS]
> Here are some examples of quick wins to spot with BloodHound
>
> * shadow admins: users that are not members of privileged Active Directory groups but have sensitive privileges over the domain (run graph queries like "find principals with DCSync rights", "users with most local admin rights", or check "inbound control rights" in the domain and privileged groups node info panel)
> * other over-privileged users: user that can control many objects (ACEs) and that often leads to admins, shadow admins or sensitive servers (check for "outbound control rights" in the node info panel)
> * over-privileged computers: find computers that can do (un)constrained Kerberos delegation (run graph queries like "find computer with unconstrained delegations")
> * admin compu

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for BloodHound ⚙ - Analysis?

Response:
Once the collection is over, the data can be uploaded and analyzed in BloodHound by doing the following.

* Find paths between specified nodes
* Run pre-built analytics queries to find common attack paths
* Run custom queries to help in finding more complex attack paths or interesting objects
* Run manual neo4j queries
* Mark nodes as high value targets for easier path finding
* Mark nodes as owned for easier path finding
* Find information about selected nodes: sessions, properties, group membership/members, local admin rights, Kerberos delegations, RDP rights, outbound/inbound control rights (ACEs), and so on
* Find help about edges/attacks (abuse, OPSEC considerations, references)

Using BloodHound can help find attack paths and abuses like ACEs abuse, Kerberos delegations abuse, credential dumping and credential shuffling, GPOs abuse, Kerberoast, ASREProast, domain trusts attacks, etc.

![](<./assets/Graph example.png>)

For detailed and official documentation on the analysis process, testers can check the following resources: the BloodHound GUI, nodes and edges.

> [!SUCCESS]
> Some custom queries can be used to go even further with the analysis of attack paths, such as Exegol's custom queries.

> [!SUCCESS]
> Here are some examples of quick wins to spot with BloodHound
>
> * shadow admins: users that are not members of privileged Active Directory groups but have sensitive privileges over the domain (run graph queries like "find principals with DCSync rights", "users with most local admin rights", or check "inbound control rights" in the domain and privileged groups node info panel)
> * other over-privileged users: user that can control many objects (ACEs) and that often leads to admins, shadow admins or sensitive servers (check for "outbound control rights" in the node info panel)
> * over-privileged computers: find computers that can do (un)constrained Kerberos delegation (run graph queries like "find computer with unconstrained delegations")
> * admin compu


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of DHCP

[Assistant]
When connecting a computer to most enterprise networks, if the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is enabled, it will assign an IP address to that computer, and send a lot of information. Nameservers and domain names are usually set through DHCP offer packets.

On UNIX-like systems, the /etc/resolv.conf file will store information for name resolution operations after the DHCP offer.

The nmap tool can be used with its broadcast-dhcp-discover.nse script to easily parse those packets.

``bash
nmap --script broadcast-dhcp-discover
``

> [!TIP]
> In many cases, there will be MAC address filtering, static IP addressing, VLANs or other NAC (Network Access Control) and 802.1x that can prevent testers from obtaining this information. In those situations, Wireshark can be used to manually inspect broadcast and multicast packets that travel on the network and find valuable information that could help bypass those mitigations.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
When connecting a computer to most enterprise networks, if the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is enabled, it will assign an IP address to that computer, and send a lot of information. Nameservers and domain names are usually set through DHCP offer packets.

On UNIX-like systems, the /etc/resolv.conf file will store information for name resolution operations after the DHCP offer.

The nmap tool can be used with its broadcast-dhcp-discover.nse script to easily parse those packets.

``bash
nmap --script broadcast-dhcp-discover
``

> [!TIP]
> In many cases, there will be MAC address filtering, static IP addressing, VLANs or other NAC (Network Access Control) and 802.1x that can prevent testers from obtaining this information. In those situations, Wireshark can be used to manually inspect broadcast and multicast packets that travel on the network and find valuable information that could help bypass those mitigations.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out DHCP during a pentest?

[Assistant]
When connecting a computer to most enterprise networks, if the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is enabled, it will assign an IP address to that computer, and send a lot of information. Nameservers and domain names are usually set through DHCP offer packets.

On UNIX-like systems, the /etc/resolv.conf file will store information for name resolution operations after the DHCP offer.

The nmap tool can be used with its broadcast-dhcp-discover.nse script to easily parse those packets.

``bash
nmap --script broadcast-dhcp-discover
``

> [!TIP]
> In many cases, there will be MAC address filtering, static IP addressing, VLANs or other NAC (Network Access Control) and 802.1x that can prevent testers from obtaining this information. In those situations, Wireshark can be used to manually inspect broadcast and multicast packets that travel on the network and find valuable information that could help bypass those mitigations.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out DHCP during a pentest?

Response:
When connecting a computer to most enterprise networks, if the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is enabled, it will assign an IP address to that computer, and send a lot of information. Nameservers and domain names are usually set through DHCP offer packets.

On UNIX-like systems, the /etc/resolv.conf file will store information for name resolution operations after the DHCP offer.

The nmap tool can be used with its broadcast-dhcp-discover.nse script to easily parse those packets.

``bash
nmap --script broadcast-dhcp-discover
``

> [!TIP]
> In many cases, there will be MAC address filtering, static IP addressing, VLANs or other NAC (Network Access Control) and 802.1x that can prevent testers from obtaining this information. In those situations, Wireshark can be used to manually inspect broadcast and multicast packets that travel on the network and find valuable information that could help bypass those mitigations.


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use nmap for dhcp?

[Assistant] nmap --script broadcast-dhcp-discover

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Response: nmap --script broadcast-dhcp-discover


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on DHCP

[Assistant] nmap --script broadcast-dhcp-discover

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: nmap --script broadcast-dhcp-discover


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `nmap --script broadcast-dhcp-discover`?

[Assistant] This command is used for dhcp. DHCP

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `nmap --script broadcast-dhcp-discover`?

Response: This command is used for dhcp. DHCP


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about DNS - Finding Domain Controllers

[Assistant]
AD-DS (Active Directory Domain Services) rely on DNS SRV RR (service location resource records). Those records can be queried to find the location of some servers: the global catalog, LDAP servers, the Kerberos KDC and so on.

::: tabs

=== dnsutils

nslookup is a DNS client that can be used to query SRV records. It usually comes with the dnsutils package.

```bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about DNS - Finding Domain Controllers

Response:
AD-DS (Active Directory Domain Services) rely on DNS SRV RR (service location resource records). Those records can be queried to find the location of some servers: the global catalog, LDAP servers, the Kerberos KDC and so on.

::: tabs

=== dnsutils

nslookup is a DNS client that can be used to query SRV records. It usually comes with the dnsutils package.

```bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for DNS - Finding Domain Controllers?

[Assistant]
AD-DS (Active Directory Domain Services) rely on DNS SRV RR (service location resource records). Those records can be queried to find the location of some servers: the global catalog, LDAP servers, the Kerberos KDC and so on.

::: tabs

=== dnsutils

nslookup is a DNS client that can be used to query SRV records. It usually comes with the dnsutils package.

```bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for DNS - Finding Domain Controllers?

Response:
AD-DS (Active Directory Domain Services) rely on DNS SRV RR (service location resource records). Those records can be queried to find the location of some servers: the global catalog, LDAP servers, the Kerberos KDC and so on.

::: tabs

=== dnsutils

nslookup is a DNS client that can be used to query SRV records. It usually comes with the dnsutils package.

```bash


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about Other ways to find services hosts that may be DCs

[Assistant]
nslookup -type=srv _kerberos._tcp."$DOMAIN"
nslookup -type=srv _kpasswd._tcp."$DOMAIN"
nslookup -type=srv _ldap._tcp."$DOMAIN"
``

The same commands can be operated the old way with nslookup.

=== nmap

The nmap tool can be used with its dns-srv-enum.nse script to operate those queries.

`bash
nmap --script dns-srv-enum --script-args dns-srv-enum.domain="$DOMAIN"
`

:::

In order to function properly, the tools need to know the domain name and which nameservers to query. That information is usually sent through DHCP offers and stored in the /etc/resolv.conf or /run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf file in UNIX-like systems.

If needed, the nameservers may be found with a port scan on the network by looking for DNS ports 53/TCP and 53/UDP.

`bash
nmap -v -sV -p 53 "$RANGE"
nmap -v -sV -sU -p 53 "$RANGE"
``

> [!TIP]
> The DNS service is usually offered by the domain controllers

https://petri.com/active_directory_srv_records

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about Other ways to find services hosts that may be DCs

Response:
nslookup -type=srv _kerberos._tcp."$DOMAIN"
nslookup -type=srv _kpasswd._tcp."$DOMAIN"
nslookup -type=srv _ldap._tcp."$DOMAIN"
``

The same commands can be operated the old way with nslookup.

=== nmap

The nmap tool can be used with its dns-srv-enum.nse script to operate those queries.

`bash
nmap --script dns-srv-enum --script-args dns-srv-enum.domain="$DOMAIN"
`

:::

In order to function properly, the tools need to know the domain name and which nameservers to query. That information is usually sent through DHCP offers and stored in the /etc/resolv.conf or /run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf file in UNIX-like systems.

If needed, the nameservers may be found with a port scan on the network by looking for DNS ports 53/TCP and 53/UDP.

`bash
nmap -v -sV -p 53 "$RANGE"
nmap -v -sV -sU -p 53 "$RANGE"
``

> [!TIP]
> The DNS service is usually offered by the domain controllers

https://petri.com/active_directory_srv_records


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute Other ways to find services hosts that may be DCs?

[Assistant]
nslookup -type=srv _kerberos._tcp."$DOMAIN"
nslookup -type=srv _kpasswd._tcp."$DOMAIN"
nslookup -type=srv _ldap._tcp."$DOMAIN"
``

The same commands can be operated the old way with nslookup.

=== nmap

The nmap tool can be used with its dns-srv-enum.nse script to operate those queries.

`bash
nmap --script dns-srv-enum --script-args dns-srv-enum.domain="$DOMAIN"
`

:::

In order to function properly, the tools need to know the domain name and which nameservers to query. That information is usually sent through DHCP offers and stored in the /etc/resolv.conf or /run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf file in UNIX-like systems.

If needed, the nameservers may be found with a port scan on the network by looking for DNS ports 53/TCP and 53/UDP.

`bash
nmap -v -sV -p 53 "$RANGE"
nmap -v -sV -sU -p 53 "$RANGE"
``

> [!TIP]
> The DNS service is usually offered by the domain controllers

https://petri.com/active_directory_srv_records

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute Other ways to find services hosts that may be DCs?

Response:
nslookup -type=srv _kerberos._tcp."$DOMAIN"
nslookup -type=srv _kpasswd._tcp."$DOMAIN"
nslookup -type=srv _ldap._tcp."$DOMAIN"
``

The same commands can be operated the old way with nslookup.

=== nmap

The nmap tool can be used with its dns-srv-enum.nse script to operate those queries.

`bash
nmap --script dns-srv-enum --script-args dns-srv-enum.domain="$DOMAIN"
`

:::

In order to function properly, the tools need to know the domain name and which nameservers to query. That information is usually sent through DHCP offers and stored in the /etc/resolv.conf or /run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf file in UNIX-like systems.

If needed, the nameservers may be found with a port scan on the network by looking for DNS ports 53/TCP and 53/UDP.

`bash
nmap -v -sV -p 53 "$RANGE"
nmap -v -sV -sU -p 53 "$RANGE"
``

> [!TIP]
> The DNS service is usually offered by the domain controllers

https://petri.com/active_directory_srv_records


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] What is the The syntax for other ways to find services hosts that may be dcs?

[Assistant]
The same commands can be operated the old way with nslookup.

=== nmap

The [nmap](https://nmap.org/) tool can be used with its [dns-srv-enum.nse](https://nmap.org/nsedoc/scripts/dns-srv-enum.html) script to operate those queries.

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

What is the The syntax for other ways to find services hosts that may be dcs?

Response:
The same commands can be operated the old way with nslookup.

=== nmap

The [nmap](https://nmap.org/) tool can be used with its [dns-srv-enum.nse](https://nmap.org/nsedoc/scripts/dns-srv-enum.html) script to operate those queries.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute Other ways to find services hosts that may be DCs?

[Assistant]
The same commands can be operated the old way with nslookup.

=== nmap

The [nmap](https://nmap.org/) tool can be used with its [dns-srv-enum.nse](https://nmap.org/nsedoc/scripts/dns-srv-enum.html) script to operate those queries.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
The same commands can be operated the old way with nslookup.

=== nmap

The [nmap](https://nmap.org/) tool can be used with its [dns-srv-enum.nse](https://nmap.org/nsedoc/scripts/dns-srv-enum.html) script to operate those queries.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `The same commands can be operated the old way with nslookup.`?

[Assistant] This command is used for other ways to find services hosts that may be dcs. Other ways to find services hosts that may be DCs

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `The same commands can be operated the old way with nslookup.`?

Response: This command is used for other ways to find services hosts that may be dcs. Other ways to find services hosts that may be DCs


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for Other ways to find services hosts that may be DCs

[Assistant]
:::

In order to function properly, the tools need to know the domain name and which nameservers to query. That information is usually [sent through DHCP offers](dhcp.md) and stored in the `/etc/resolv.conf` or `/run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf` file in UNIX-like systems.

If needed, the nameservers may be found with a port scan on the network by looking for DNS ports `53/TCP` and `53/UDP`.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for Other ways to find services hosts that may be DCs

Response:
:::

In order to function properly, the tools need to know the domain name and which nameservers to query. That information is usually [sent through DHCP offers](dhcp.md) and stored in the `/etc/resolv.conf` or `/run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf` file in UNIX-like systems.

If needed, the nameservers may be found with a port scan on the network by looking for DNS ports `53/TCP` and `53/UDP`.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `:::`?

[Assistant] This command is used for other ways to find services hosts that may be dcs. Other ways to find services hosts that may be DCs

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: This command is used for other ways to find services hosts that may be dcs. Other ways to find services hosts that may be DCs


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe DNS - Reverse lookups in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant]
In Active Directory Integrated DNS, reverse lookup zones are used to resolve IP addresses to hostnames. This operation relies on DNS PTR records. This allows to find the names of the hosts in a network. The presence of reverse lookup zones is not mandatory in Active Directory, hence limiting reverse lookup capabilities.

```bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe DNS - Reverse lookups in the context of penetration testing

Response:
In Active Directory Integrated DNS, reverse lookup zones are used to resolve IP addresses to hostnames. This operation relies on DNS PTR records. This allows to find the names of the hosts in a network. The presence of reverse lookup zones is not mandatory in Active Directory, hence limiting reverse lookup capabilities.

```bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through DNS - Reverse lookups

[Assistant]
In Active Directory Integrated DNS, reverse lookup zones are used to resolve IP addresses to hostnames. This operation relies on DNS PTR records. This allows to find the names of the hosts in a network. The presence of reverse lookup zones is not mandatory in Active Directory, hence limiting reverse lookup capabilities.

```bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
In Active Directory Integrated DNS, reverse lookup zones are used to resolve IP addresses to hostnames. This operation relies on DNS PTR records. This allows to find the names of the hosts in a network. The presence of reverse lookup zones is not mandatory in Active Directory, hence limiting reverse lookup capabilities.

```bash


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about DNS - Dump DNS Records in a Domain

[Assistant]
By default any user in Active Directory can enumerate all DNS records in the Domain or Forest DNS zones, similarly to a zone transfer.

::: tabs

=== adidnsdump

adidnsdump can be used for that purpose.

``bash
adidnsdump -u "$DOMAIN"\\"$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" ldap://"$DC_IP" -r
cat records.csv
`

=== bloodyad

Alternatively, it can be achieved using bloodyad.

`bash
bloodyAD --host "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" get dnsDump
`

=== netexec

netexec's Enum_dns module utilizes WMI to dump DNS information from an Active Directory DNS Server. It extracts MicrosoftDNS_ResourceRecord (complete zone information) from all found domains.
`bash
netexec smb "$DC_IP" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -d "$DOMAIN" -M enum_dns
`
> [!TIP]
> So far this module only works with Administrative privileges.

=== dig

If zone transfers are allowed, dig can be used to request a zone transfer.

`bash
dig axfr @"$DC_IP" "$DOMAIN"
``

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about DNS - Dump DNS Records in a Domain

Response:
By default any user in Active Directory can enumerate all DNS records in the Domain or Forest DNS zones, similarly to a zone transfer.

::: tabs

=== adidnsdump

adidnsdump can be used for that purpose.

``bash
adidnsdump -u "$DOMAIN"\\"$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" ldap://"$DC_IP" -r
cat records.csv
`

=== bloodyad

Alternatively, it can be achieved using bloodyad.

`bash
bloodyAD --host "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" get dnsDump
`

=== netexec

netexec's Enum_dns module utilizes WMI to dump DNS information from an Active Directory DNS Server. It extracts MicrosoftDNS_ResourceRecord (complete zone information) from all found domains.
`bash
netexec smb "$DC_IP" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -d "$DOMAIN" -M enum_dns
`
> [!TIP]
> So far this module only works with Administrative privileges.

=== dig

If zone transfers are allowed, dig can be used to request a zone transfer.

`bash
dig axfr @"$DC_IP" "$DOMAIN"
``


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for DNS - Dump DNS Records in a Domain

[Assistant]
By default any user in Active Directory can enumerate all DNS records in the Domain or Forest DNS zones, similarly to a zone transfer.

::: tabs

=== adidnsdump

adidnsdump can be used for that purpose.

``bash
adidnsdump -u "$DOMAIN"\\"$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" ldap://"$DC_IP" -r
cat records.csv
`

=== bloodyad

Alternatively, it can be achieved using bloodyad.

`bash
bloodyAD --host "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" get dnsDump
`

=== netexec

netexec's Enum_dns module utilizes WMI to dump DNS information from an Active Directory DNS Server. It extracts MicrosoftDNS_ResourceRecord (complete zone information) from all found domains.
`bash
netexec smb "$DC_IP" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -d "$DOMAIN" -M enum_dns
`
> [!TIP]
> So far this module only works with Administrative privileges.

=== dig

If zone transfers are allowed, dig can be used to request a zone transfer.

`bash
dig axfr @"$DC_IP" "$DOMAIN"
``

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for DNS - Dump DNS Records in a Domain

Response:
By default any user in Active Directory can enumerate all DNS records in the Domain or Forest DNS zones, similarly to a zone transfer.

::: tabs

=== adidnsdump

adidnsdump can be used for that purpose.

``bash
adidnsdump -u "$DOMAIN"\\"$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" ldap://"$DC_IP" -r
cat records.csv
`

=== bloodyad

Alternatively, it can be achieved using bloodyad.

`bash
bloodyAD --host "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" get dnsDump
`

=== netexec

netexec's Enum_dns module utilizes WMI to dump DNS information from an Active Directory DNS Server. It extracts MicrosoftDNS_ResourceRecord (complete zone information) from all found domains.
`bash
netexec smb "$DC_IP" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -d "$DOMAIN" -M enum_dns
`
> [!TIP]
> So far this module only works with Administrative privileges.

=== dig

If zone transfers are allowed, dig can be used to request a zone transfer.

`bash
dig axfr @"$DC_IP" "$DOMAIN"
``


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use adidnsdump for dns - dump dns records in a domain?

[Assistant]
adidnsdump -u "$DOMAIN"\\"$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" ldap://"$DC_IP" -r
cat records.csv

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

How do I use adidnsdump for dns - dump dns records in a domain?

Response:
adidnsdump -u "$DOMAIN"\\"$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" ldap://"$DC_IP" -r
cat records.csv


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute DNS - Dump DNS Records in a Domain?

[Assistant]
adidnsdump -u "$DOMAIN"\\"$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" ldap://"$DC_IP" -r
cat records.csv

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute DNS - Dump DNS Records in a Domain?

Response:
adidnsdump -u "$DOMAIN"\\"$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" ldap://"$DC_IP" -r
cat records.csv


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `adidnsdump -u "$DOMAIN"\\"$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" ldap://"$DC_IP" -r`?

[Assistant] This command is used for dns - dump dns records in a domain. Dump DNS Records in a Domain

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `adidnsdump -u "$DOMAIN"\\"$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" ldap://"$DC_IP" -r`?

Response: This command is used for dns - dump dns records in a domain. Dump DNS Records in a Domain


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use bloodyAD for dns - dump dns records in a domain?

[Assistant] bloodyAD --host "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" get dnsDump

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

How do I use bloodyAD for dns - dump dns records in a domain?

Response: bloodyAD --host "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" get dnsDump


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do DNS - Dump DNS Records in a Domain

[Assistant] bloodyAD --host "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" get dnsDump

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do DNS - Dump DNS Records in a Domain

Response: bloodyAD --host "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" get dnsDump


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `bloodyAD --host "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" get dnsDump`?

[Assistant] This command is used for dns - dump dns records in a domain. Dump DNS Records in a Domain

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `bloodyAD --host "$DC_IP" -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" get dnsDump`?

Response: This command is used for dns - dump dns records in a domain. Dump DNS Records in a Domain


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Give me the netexec command to dns - dump dns records in a domain

[Assistant] netexec smb "$DC_IP" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -d "$DOMAIN" -M enum_dns

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Give me the netexec command to dns - dump dns records in a domain

Response: netexec smb "$DC_IP" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -d "$DOMAIN" -M enum_dns


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform DNS - Dump DNS Records in a Domain?

[Assistant] netexec smb "$DC_IP" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -d "$DOMAIN" -M enum_dns

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform DNS - Dump DNS Records in a Domain?

Response: netexec smb "$DC_IP" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -d "$DOMAIN" -M enum_dns


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `netexec smb "$DC_IP" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -d "$DOMAIN" -M enum_dns`?

[Assistant] This command is used for dns - dump dns records in a domain. Dump DNS Records in a Domain

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `netexec smb "$DC_IP" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -d "$DOMAIN" -M enum_dns`?

Response: This command is used for dns - dump dns records in a domain. Dump DNS Records in a Domain


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use dig for dns - dump dns records in a domain?

[Assistant] dig axfr @"$DC_IP" "$DOMAIN"

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

How do I use dig for dns - dump dns records in a domain?

Response: dig axfr @"$DC_IP" "$DOMAIN"


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute DNS - Dump DNS Records in a Domain?

[Assistant] dig axfr @"$DC_IP" "$DOMAIN"

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: dig axfr @"$DC_IP" "$DOMAIN"


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `dig axfr @"$DC_IP" "$DOMAIN"`?

[Assistant] This command is used for dns - dump dns records in a domain. Dump DNS Records in a Domain

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `dig axfr @"$DC_IP" "$DOMAIN"`?

Response: This command is used for dns - dump dns records in a domain. Dump DNS Records in a Domain


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of enum4linux ⚙

[Assistant]
The Perl script enum4linux.pl is a powerful tool able to operate recon techniques for LDAP, NBT-NS and MS-RPC. It's an alternative to a similar program named enum.exe (C++) created for Windows systems. Lately, a rewrite of enum4linux in Python has surfaced, called enum4linux-ng. The enum4linux scripts are mainly wrappers around the Samba tools nmblookup, net, rpcclient and smbclient.

The following techniques can be operated.

* Service & port scan (for LDAP(S), SMB, NetBIOS, MS-RPC)
* NetBIOS names and workgroup (via reverse lookup)
* SMB dialects checks (SMBv1 only or SMBv1 and higher)
* RPC sessions checks (checks if the user creds supplied are valid or if null session works)
* Domain information via LDAP (find out whether host is a parent or child DC)
* Domain information via RPC (via SMB named pipe \pipe\lsarpc for MS-RPC)
* OS information via RPC (via SMB named pipe \pipe\srvsvc for MS-RPC)
* Users, groups, shares, policies, printers, services via RPC
* Users, groups and machines via RID cycling
* SMB Share names bruteforcing

All of the techniques mentioned above (except RID cycling) will be operated when running the following command.

``bash
enum4linux-ng -A "$TARGET"
`

RID cycling can be enabled with the -R` option.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
The Perl script enum4linux.pl is a powerful tool able to operate recon techniques for LDAP, NBT-NS and MS-RPC. It's an alternative to a similar program named enum.exe (C++) created for Windows systems. Lately, a rewrite of enum4linux in Python has surfaced, called enum4linux-ng. The enum4linux scripts are mainly wrappers around the Samba tools nmblookup, net, rpcclient and smbclient.

The following techniques can be operated.

* Service & port scan (for LDAP(S), SMB, NetBIOS, MS-RPC)
* NetBIOS names and workgroup (via reverse lookup)
* SMB dialects checks (SMBv1 only or SMBv1 and higher)
* RPC sessions checks (checks if the user creds supplied are valid or if null session works)
* Domain information via LDAP (find out whether host is a parent or child DC)
* Domain information via RPC (via SMB named pipe \pipe\lsarpc for MS-RPC)
* OS information via RPC (via SMB named pipe \pipe\srvsvc for MS-RPC)
* Users, groups, shares, policies, printers, services via RPC
* Users, groups and machines via RID cycling
* SMB Share names bruteforcing

All of the techniques mentioned above (except RID cycling) will be operated when running the following command.

``bash
enum4linux-ng -A "$TARGET"
`

RID cycling can be enabled with the -R` option.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute enum4linux ⚙?

[Assistant]
The Perl script enum4linux.pl is a powerful tool able to operate recon techniques for LDAP, NBT-NS and MS-RPC. It's an alternative to a similar program named enum.exe (C++) created for Windows systems. Lately, a rewrite of enum4linux in Python has surfaced, called enum4linux-ng. The enum4linux scripts are mainly wrappers around the Samba tools nmblookup, net, rpcclient and smbclient.

The following techniques can be operated.

* Service & port scan (for LDAP(S), SMB, NetBIOS, MS-RPC)
* NetBIOS names and workgroup (via reverse lookup)
* SMB dialects checks (SMBv1 only or SMBv1 and higher)
* RPC sessions checks (checks if the user creds supplied are valid or if null session works)
* Domain information via LDAP (find out whether host is a parent or child DC)
* Domain information via RPC (via SMB named pipe \pipe\lsarpc for MS-RPC)
* OS information via RPC (via SMB named pipe \pipe\srvsvc for MS-RPC)
* Users, groups, shares, policies, printers, services via RPC
* Users, groups and machines via RID cycling
* SMB Share names bruteforcing

All of the techniques mentioned above (except RID cycling) will be operated when running the following command.

``bash
enum4linux-ng -A "$TARGET"
`

RID cycling can be enabled with the -R` option.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
The Perl script enum4linux.pl is a powerful tool able to operate recon techniques for LDAP, NBT-NS and MS-RPC. It's an alternative to a similar program named enum.exe (C++) created for Windows systems. Lately, a rewrite of enum4linux in Python has surfaced, called enum4linux-ng. The enum4linux scripts are mainly wrappers around the Samba tools nmblookup, net, rpcclient and smbclient.

The following techniques can be operated.

* Service & port scan (for LDAP(S), SMB, NetBIOS, MS-RPC)
* NetBIOS names and workgroup (via reverse lookup)
* SMB dialects checks (SMBv1 only or SMBv1 and higher)
* RPC sessions checks (checks if the user creds supplied are valid or if null session works)
* Domain information via LDAP (find out whether host is a parent or child DC)
* Domain information via RPC (via SMB named pipe \pipe\lsarpc for MS-RPC)
* OS information via RPC (via SMB named pipe \pipe\srvsvc for MS-RPC)
* Users, groups, shares, policies, printers, services via RPC
* Users, groups and machines via RID cycling
* SMB Share names bruteforcing

All of the techniques mentioned above (except RID cycling) will be operated when running the following command.

``bash
enum4linux-ng -A "$TARGET"
`

RID cycling can be enabled with the -R` option.


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Give me the enum4linux-ng command to enum4linux ⚙

[Assistant] enum4linux-ng -A "$TARGET"

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Give me the enum4linux-ng command to enum4linux ⚙

Response: enum4linux-ng -A "$TARGET"


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute enum4linux ⚙?

[Assistant] enum4linux-ng -A "$TARGET"

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: enum4linux-ng -A "$TARGET"


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `enum4linux-ng -A "$TARGET"`?

[Assistant] This command is used for enum4linux ⚙. enum4linux ⚙

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `enum4linux-ng -A "$TARGET"`?

Response: This command is used for enum4linux ⚙. enum4linux ⚙


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of Reconnaissance

[Assistant]
When attacking an Active Directory, or in fact any system, it is essential to gather useful information that will help define who, what, when and where. Here are some examples of what information to look for.

* The location of the domain controllers (and other major AD services like KDC, DNS and so on). This can be achieved by resolving standard names, by scanning the network and with standard LDAP queries
* The domain name. It can be found with standard LDAP queries, recon through MS-RPC named pipes, by combining different recon techniques with enum4linux, by inspecting multicast and broadcast name resolution queries, ...
* Domain objects and relations between them with BloodHound, with MS-RPC named pipes and with enum4linux.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
When attacking an Active Directory, or in fact any system, it is essential to gather useful information that will help define who, what, when and where. Here are some examples of what information to look for.

* The location of the domain controllers (and other major AD services like KDC, DNS and so on). This can be achieved by resolving standard names, by scanning the network and with standard LDAP queries
* The domain name. It can be found with standard LDAP queries, recon through MS-RPC named pipes, by combining different recon techniques with enum4linux, by inspecting multicast and broadcast name resolution queries, ...
* Domain objects and relations between them with BloodHound, with MS-RPC named pipes and with enum4linux.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for Reconnaissance

[Assistant]
When attacking an Active Directory, or in fact any system, it is essential to gather useful information that will help define who, what, when and where. Here are some examples of what information to look for.

* The location of the domain controllers (and other major AD services like KDC, DNS and so on). This can be achieved by resolving standard names, by scanning the network and with standard LDAP queries
* The domain name. It can be found with standard LDAP queries, recon through MS-RPC named pipes, by combining different recon techniques with enum4linux, by inspecting multicast and broadcast name resolution queries, ...
* Domain objects and relations between them with BloodHound, with MS-RPC named pipes and with enum4linux.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for Reconnaissance

Response:
When attacking an Active Directory, or in fact any system, it is essential to gather useful information that will help define who, what, when and where. Here are some examples of what information to look for.

* The location of the domain controllers (and other major AD services like KDC, DNS and so on). This can be achieved by resolving standard names, by scanning the network and with standard LDAP queries
* The domain name. It can be found with standard LDAP queries, recon through MS-RPC named pipes, by combining different recon techniques with enum4linux, by inspecting multicast and broadcast name resolution queries, ...
* Domain objects and relations between them with BloodHound, with MS-RPC named pipes and with enum4linux.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does LDAP work?

[Assistant]
A lot of information on an AD domain can be obtained through LDAP. Most of the information can only be obtained with an authenticated bind but metadata (naming contexts, DNS server name, Domain Functional Level (DFL)) can be obtainable anonymously, even with anonymous binding disabled.

::: tabs

=== ldeep

The ldeep (Python) tool can be used to enumerate essential information like delegations, gpo, groups, machines, pso, trusts, users, and so on.

```bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
A lot of information on an AD domain can be obtained through LDAP. Most of the information can only be obtained with an authenticated bind but metadata (naming contexts, DNS server name, Domain Functional Level (DFL)) can be obtainable anonymously, even with anonymous binding disabled.

::: tabs

=== ldeep

The ldeep (Python) tool can be used to enumerate essential information like delegations, gpo, groups, machines, pso, trusts, users, and so on.

```bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform LDAP?

[Assistant]
A lot of information on an AD domain can be obtained through LDAP. Most of the information can only be obtained with an authenticated bind but metadata (naming contexts, DNS server name, Domain Functional Level (DFL)) can be obtainable anonymously, even with anonymous binding disabled.

::: tabs

=== ldeep

The ldeep (Python) tool can be used to enumerate essential information like delegations, gpo, groups, machines, pso, trusts, users, and so on.

```bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
A lot of information on an AD domain can be obtained through LDAP. Most of the information can only be obtained with an authenticated bind but metadata (naming contexts, DNS server name, Domain Functional Level (DFL)) can be obtainable anonymously, even with anonymous binding disabled.

::: tabs

=== ldeep

The ldeep (Python) tool can be used to enumerate essential information like delegations, gpo, groups, machines, pso, trusts, users, and so on.

```bash


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain remotely dump information

[Assistant] ldeep ldap -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -d "$DOMAIN" -s ldap://"$DC_IP" all "ldeepdump/$DOMAIN"

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: ldeep ldap -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -d "$DOMAIN" -s ldap://"$DC_IP" all "ldeepdump/$DOMAIN"


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute remotely dump information?

[Assistant] ldeep ldap -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -d "$DOMAIN" -s ldap://"$DC_IP" all "ldeepdump/$DOMAIN"

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute remotely dump information?

Response: ldeep ldap -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -d "$DOMAIN" -s ldap://"$DC_IP" all "ldeepdump/$DOMAIN"


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe parse saved information (in this case, enumerate trusts) in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant]
ldeep cache -d "ldeepdump" -p "$DOMAIN" trusts
``

=== ldapsearch

The ldapsearch (C) tool can also be used.

``bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe parse saved information (in this case, enumerate trusts) in the context of penetration testing

Response:
ldeep cache -d "ldeepdump" -p "$DOMAIN" trusts
``

=== ldapsearch

The ldapsearch (C) tool can also be used.

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through parse saved information (in this case, enumerate trusts)

[Assistant]
ldeep cache -d "ldeepdump" -p "$DOMAIN" trusts
``

=== ldapsearch

The ldapsearch (C) tool can also be used.

``bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through parse saved information (in this case, enumerate trusts)

Response:
ldeep cache -d "ldeepdump" -p "$DOMAIN" trusts
``

=== ldapsearch

The ldapsearch (C) tool can also be used.

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out parse saved information (in this case, enumerate trusts) during a pentest?

[Assistant]
=== ldapsearch

The [ldapsearch](https://git.openldap.org/openldap/openldap) (C) tool can also be used.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out parse saved information (in this case, enumerate trusts) during a pentest?

Response:
=== ldapsearch

The [ldapsearch](https://git.openldap.org/openldap/openldap) (C) tool can also be used.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `=== ldapsearch`?

[Assistant] This command is used for parse saved information (in this case, enumerate trusts). parse saved information (in this case, enumerate trusts)

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `=== ldapsearch`?

Response: This command is used for parse saved information (in this case, enumerate trusts). parse saved information (in this case, enumerate trusts)


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain list naming contexts

[Assistant]
ldapsearch -h "$DC_IP" -x -s base namingcontexts
ldapsearch -H "ldap://$DC_IP" -x -s base namingcontexts

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
ldapsearch -h "$DC_IP" -x -s base namingcontexts
ldapsearch -H "ldap://$DC_IP" -x -s base namingcontexts


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute list naming contexts?

[Assistant]
ldapsearch -h "$DC_IP" -x -s base namingcontexts
ldapsearch -H "ldap://$DC_IP" -x -s base namingcontexts

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
ldapsearch -h "$DC_IP" -x -s base namingcontexts
ldapsearch -H "ldap://$DC_IP" -x -s base namingcontexts


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about enumerate info in a base (e.g. naming context = DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL)

[Assistant]
ldapsearch -h "$DC_IP" -x -b "DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL"
ldapsearch -H "ldap://$TARGET" -x -b "DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL"
``

=== ldapsearch-ad

The ldapsearch-ad Python script can also be used to enumerate essential information like domain admins that have their password set to never expire, default password policies and the ones found in GPOs, trusts, kerberoastable accounts, and so on.\

`bash
ldapsearch-ad --type all --server "$DC_IP" --domain "$DOMAIN" --username "$USER" --password "$PASSWORD"
`

The FFL (Forest Functional Level), DFL (Domain Functional Level), DCFL (Domain Controller Functionality Level) and naming contexts can be listed with the following command.\

`bash
ldapsearch-ad --type info --server "$DC_IP" --domain "$DOMAIN" --username "$USER" --password "$PASSWORD"
`

=== windapsearch

The windapsearch script (Go (preferred) or Python) can be used to enumerate basic but useful information.

``bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about enumerate info in a base (e.g. naming context = DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL)

Response:
ldapsearch -h "$DC_IP" -x -b "DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL"
ldapsearch -H "ldap://$TARGET" -x -b "DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL"
``

=== ldapsearch-ad

The ldapsearch-ad Python script can also be used to enumerate essential information like domain admins that have their password set to never expire, default password policies and the ones found in GPOs, trusts, kerberoastable accounts, and so on.\

`bash
ldapsearch-ad --type all --server "$DC_IP" --domain "$DOMAIN" --username "$USER" --password "$PASSWORD"
`

The FFL (Forest Functional Level), DFL (Domain Functional Level), DCFL (Domain Controller Functionality Level) and naming contexts can be listed with the following command.\

`bash
ldapsearch-ad --type info --server "$DC_IP" --domain "$DOMAIN" --username "$USER" --password "$PASSWORD"
`

=== windapsearch

The windapsearch script (Go (preferred) or Python) can be used to enumerate basic but useful information.

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute enumerate info in a base (e.g. naming context = DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL)?

[Assistant]
ldapsearch -h "$DC_IP" -x -b "DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL"
ldapsearch -H "ldap://$TARGET" -x -b "DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL"
``

=== ldapsearch-ad

The ldapsearch-ad Python script can also be used to enumerate essential information like domain admins that have their password set to never expire, default password policies and the ones found in GPOs, trusts, kerberoastable accounts, and so on.\

`bash
ldapsearch-ad --type all --server "$DC_IP" --domain "$DOMAIN" --username "$USER" --password "$PASSWORD"
`

The FFL (Forest Functional Level), DFL (Domain Functional Level), DCFL (Domain Controller Functionality Level) and naming contexts can be listed with the following command.\

`bash
ldapsearch-ad --type info --server "$DC_IP" --domain "$DOMAIN" --username "$USER" --password "$PASSWORD"
`

=== windapsearch

The windapsearch script (Go (preferred) or Python) can be used to enumerate basic but useful information.

``bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute enumerate info in a base (e.g. naming context = DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL)?

Response:
ldapsearch -h "$DC_IP" -x -b "DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL"
ldapsearch -H "ldap://$TARGET" -x -b "DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL"
``

=== ldapsearch-ad

The ldapsearch-ad Python script can also be used to enumerate essential information like domain admins that have their password set to never expire, default password policies and the ones found in GPOs, trusts, kerberoastable accounts, and so on.\

`bash
ldapsearch-ad --type all --server "$DC_IP" --domain "$DOMAIN" --username "$USER" --password "$PASSWORD"
`

The FFL (Forest Functional Level), DFL (Domain Functional Level), DCFL (Domain Controller Functionality Level) and naming contexts can be listed with the following command.\

`bash
ldapsearch-ad --type info --server "$DC_IP" --domain "$DOMAIN" --username "$USER" --password "$PASSWORD"
`

=== windapsearch

The windapsearch script (Go (preferred) or Python) can be used to enumerate basic but useful information.

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for enumerate info in a base (e.g. naming context = DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL)

[Assistant]
=== ldapsearch-ad

The ldapsearch-ad Python script can also be used to enumerate essential information like domain admins that have their password set to never expire, default password policies and the ones found in GPOs, trusts, kerberoastable accounts, and so on.\

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for enumerate info in a base (e.g. naming context = DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL)

Response:
=== ldapsearch-ad

The ldapsearch-ad Python script can also be used to enumerate essential information like domain admins that have their password set to never expire, default password policies and the ones found in GPOs, trusts, kerberoastable accounts, and so on.\


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `=== ldapsearch-ad`?

[Assistant] This command is used for enumerate info in a base (e.g. naming context = dc=domain,dc=local). enumerate info in a base (e.g. naming context = DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL)

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `=== ldapsearch-ad`?

Response: This command is used for enumerate info in a base (e.g. naming context = dc=domain,dc=local). enumerate info in a base (e.g. naming context = DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL)


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] What is the The syntax for enumerate info in a base (e.g. naming context = dc=domain,dc=local)?

[Assistant] The FFL (Forest Functional Level), DFL (Domain Functional Level), DCFL (Domain Controller Functionality Level) and naming contexts can be listed with the following command.\

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

What is the The syntax for enumerate info in a base (e.g. naming context = dc=domain,dc=local)?

Response: The FFL (Forest Functional Level), DFL (Domain Functional Level), DCFL (Domain Controller Functionality Level) and naming contexts can be listed with the following command.\


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on enumerate info in a base (e.g. naming context = DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL)

[Assistant] The FFL (Forest Functional Level), DFL (Domain Functional Level), DCFL (Domain Controller Functionality Level) and naming contexts can be listed with the following command.\

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on enumerate info in a base (e.g. naming context = DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL)

Response: The FFL (Forest Functional Level), DFL (Domain Functional Level), DCFL (Domain Controller Functionality Level) and naming contexts can be listed with the following command.\


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `The FFL (Forest Functional Level), DFL (Domain Functional Level), DCFL (Domain Controller Functionality Level) and naming contexts can be listed with the following command.\`?

[Assistant] This command is used for enumerate info in a base (e.g. naming context = dc=domain,dc=local). enumerate info in a base (e.g. naming context = DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL)

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `The FFL (Forest Functional Level), DFL (Domain Functional Level), DCFL (Domain Controller Functionality Level) and naming contexts can be listed with the following command.\`?

Response: This command is used for enumerate info in a base (e.g. naming context = dc=domain,dc=local). enumerate info in a base (e.g. naming context = DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL)


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out enumerate info in a base (e.g. naming context = DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL) during a pentest?

[Assistant]
=== windapsearch

The windapsearch script ([Go](https://github.com/ropnop/go-windapsearch) (preferred) or [Python](https://github.com/ropnop/windapsearch)) can be used to enumerate basic but useful information.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out enumerate info in a base (e.g. naming context = DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL) during a pentest?

Response:
=== windapsearch

The windapsearch script ([Go](https://github.com/ropnop/go-windapsearch) (preferred) or [Python](https://github.com/ropnop/windapsearch)) can be used to enumerate basic but useful information.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `=== windapsearch`?

[Assistant] This command is used for enumerate info in a base (e.g. naming context = dc=domain,dc=local). enumerate info in a base (e.g. naming context = DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL)

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `=== windapsearch`?

Response: This command is used for enumerate info in a base (e.g. naming context = dc=domain,dc=local). enumerate info in a base (e.g. naming context = DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL)


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about enumerate users (authenticated bind)?

[Assistant] windapsearch -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" --dc "$DC_IP" --module users

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about enumerate users (authenticated bind)?

Response: windapsearch -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" --dc "$DC_IP" --module users


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for enumerate users (authenticated bind)

[Assistant] windapsearch -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" --dc "$DC_IP" --module users

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for enumerate users (authenticated bind)

Response: windapsearch -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" --dc "$DC_IP" --module users


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does obtain metadata (anonymous bind) work?

[Assistant]
windapsearch --dc "$DC_IP" --module metadata
``

=== ldapdomaindump

ldapdomaindump is an Active Directory information dumper via LDAP, outputting information in human-readable HTML files.

`bash
ldapdomaindump --user "$DOMAIN"\\"$USER" --password "$PASSWORD" --outdir ldapdomaindump "$DC_IP"
`

=== ntlmrelayx

With Impacket's ntlmrelayx (Python), it is possible to gather lots of information regarding the domain users and groups, the computers, ADCS, etc. through a NTLM authentication relayed within an LDAP session.

`bash
ntlmrelayx -t ldap://"$DC_IP" --dump-adcs --dump-laps --dump-gmsa
`

=== Invoke-PassTheCert

With the Invoke-PassTheCert fork, we may dump LDAP entries or ACEs as follows, authenticating through Schannel via PassTheCert (PowerShell version).

> Note: the README contains the methodology to request a certificate using certreq from Windows (with a password, or an NTHash).
``powershell

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does obtain metadata (anonymous bind) work?

Response:
windapsearch --dc "$DC_IP" --module metadata
``

=== ldapdomaindump

ldapdomaindump is an Active Directory information dumper via LDAP, outputting information in human-readable HTML files.

`bash
ldapdomaindump --user "$DOMAIN"\\"$USER" --password "$PASSWORD" --outdir ldapdomaindump "$DC_IP"
`

=== ntlmrelayx

With Impacket's ntlmrelayx (Python), it is possible to gather lots of information regarding the domain users and groups, the computers, ADCS, etc. through a NTLM authentication relayed within an LDAP session.

`bash
ntlmrelayx -t ldap://"$DC_IP" --dump-adcs --dump-laps --dump-gmsa
`

=== Invoke-PassTheCert

With the Invoke-PassTheCert fork, we may dump LDAP entries or ACEs as follows, authenticating through Schannel via PassTheCert (PowerShell version).

> Note: the README contains the methodology to request a certificate using certreq from Windows (with a password, or an NTHash).
``powershell