Split (1)

train · 262k rows

text stringlengths 253 685k
A blog is a regularly updated website or online platform that features written content, often in the form of posts or articles. Typically, a blog focuses on a specific topic or niche and is authored by an individual or a team of writers. Blogging has become an increasingly popular way for individuals and businesses to share their ideas, expertise, and opinions with the world. Blogs are typically easy to set up and maintain, making them accessible to anyone with an internet connection. They are also interactive, allowing readers to leave comments and engage in discussions with the author and other readers. Additionally, blogs can be an effective way to establish credibility and build a following within a particular niche or industry. For these reasons, blogs have become a popular and valuable tool for individuals and organizations looking to share their ideas and expertise online. If you're interested in starting a blog of your own, here are some tips on how to get started. Choose your niche and target audience A blog is a regularly updated website or online platform that features written content, often in the form of posts or articles. Before you start writing, it's important to choose a niche and target audience for your blog. Typically, a blog is authored by an individual or a team of writers. Blogs have become increasingly popular as a way to share information and ideas online because they provide a platform for individuals and organizations to publish their thoughts, insights, and opinions on a variety of topics. Blogs are often used to share news, offer advice, express personal opinions, or to promote products or services. Blogs are also interactive, allowing readers to leave comments and engage in discussions with the author and other readers. This type of engagement will help you create content that is relevant to your readers. Additionally, blogs can be an effective way to establish credibility and build a following within a particular niche or industry. Develop a content strategy Developing a content strategy involves a plan for content creation and distribution, and measuring the success of your efforts. For example, it involves planning out the topics and types of content you will create, as well as the frequency with which you will publish new posts. To establish yourself as a thought leader in your industry, here are some steps you can follow to develop a content strategy: - Define your goals and target audience – Before you start creating content, you need to define your goals and target audience. Your goals might include increasing website traffic, generating leads, or establishing yourself as an authority in your industry. Your target audience should be a specific group of people who are interested in your content and likely to become customers or clients. - Conduct research – Once you have defined your goals and target audience, you should conduct research to determine what types of content your audience is interested in and where they are consuming that content. This research can include competitor analysis, keyword research, and social media listening. - Develop a content plan- Based on your research, you should create a plan for the types of content you will create and the channels through which you will distribute it. This plan should include a content calendar that outlines the topics, formats, and publishing schedule for your content. - Create and publish content -With your content plan in place, you can start creating and publishing content. This may include blog posts, videos, social media posts, whitepapers, and other formats. - Promote your content – Once your content is published, you should promote it through social media, email marketing, and other channels. This will help you reach a wider audience and drive traffic to your website. - Measure and analyze – Finally, you should measure the success of your content strategy by tracking metrics like website traffic, engagement, and conversions. Use this data to refine your strategy and optimize your content for better results. Create compelling headlines Your headlines are the first thing that readers will see when they come across your blog, so it's important to make them compelling and attention-grabbing. Use descriptive and interesting language to entice readers to click through and read your posts. Creating compelling headlines is essential for attracting readers and driving traffic to your content. They can make or break the success of your content , so: - Attract attention – A strong headline catches the reader's attention and entices them to read more. This is particularly important in a world where there is a constant flood of information and competition for attention is fierce. - Increase engagement – A well-written headline can increase engagement by encouraging readers to click through to your content, read more, and share it with others. - Improve SEO – Headlines are one of the most important on-page SEO elements, and a strong headline can improve your search engine rankings and make your content more discoverable. - Establish your brand – Creating consistent, compelling headlines can help establish your brand identity and differentiate you from competitors. - Convey value – A good headline should give readers a clear idea of what they can expect to gain from reading your content. This can help establish trust and credibility with your audience. Write engaging content When it comes to writing blog posts, it's important to create content that is engaging, informative, and entertaining. Use a conversational tone and be sure to include relevant examples, data, and insights to back up your arguments and ideas. Optimize your posts for search engines To increase your blog's visibility and attract more readers, it's important to optimize your posts for search engines. This involves using relevant keywords in your headlines and throughout your posts, as well as including meta descriptions and tags. Promote your blog Once you've created great content, it's time to start promoting your blog. Share your posts on social media, participate in online communities related to your niche, and reach out to other bloggers for guest posting opportunities. Engage with your readers Finally, it's important to engage with your readers by responding to comments and encouraging discussion. This will help build a loyal community of followers and create a sense of connection between you and your audience. Starting a blog can be a fun and rewarding experience, but it does take time and effort to create great content and attract readers. By following these tips, you can create a successful blog that showcases your unique voice and expertise.
Toggle navigation Maurice Kennedy, ® Realtor Search Homes My Searches Finance Tools Tag: Houseplants Posted on 02/11/2024 Essential Tips for Growing Umbrella Plants Schefflera, also called umbrella plant, is a popular indoor tree. The plant gets its name from the whorl-like pattern of its leaves resembling the top of an umbrella. The vibrant, glossy foliage creates a dense canopy at heights up to six feet indoors. If you're interested in growing an umbrella plant at home, here are some basic tips:... + 3 more Read More Posted on 11/05/2023 The 3 Best Palm Trees to Grow Indoors Palm trees can be found on almost every continent in the world. While some hardier versions can survive colder weather, most thrive in tropical or subtropical climates. If you want to grow palm trees indoors as houseplants, you'll need to replicate a tropical environment as much as possible for them to thrive. While it might seem intimidating, there... Areca Palm + 6 more Read More Posted on 12/25/2022 3 Key ways to bring nature home For those who love the outdoors, bringing nature home is an ideal dream. You don't have to be an avid plant enthusiast, very active on the hiking trails or an outdoor gardening guru to incorporate natural elements into your living space. In fact, your outdoor exposure could be as easy as taking in the fresh air. Regardless of... Home Decor Home Decor + 7 more Read More Posted on 06/05/2022 Impressive & Easygoing Houseplants for Your Entryway Many houseplants are high maintenance, but luckily you don't have to work hard to keep some of the most impressive looking plants. If you want to add plants to your entryway for decoration and a good first impression, there are excellent options that don't require a green thumb. Here are some suggestions for impressive but adaptable houseplants to... + 3 more Read More Posted on 04/17/2022 Dying plants: 3 Things to do first For every gardener and houseplant owner, there will come a time to deal with dying plants. Living plants are often more complicated and needy than they seem, and even when we do everything in our power to keep them alive, sometimes the worst happens. Luckily, there are many situations where dying plants can actually be saved. Here are... + 3 more Read More Posted on 03/06/2022 Beginners Guide to Succulent Care Photo by Madison Inouye from Pexels Succulents are an excellent choice for houseplant beginners. They don't have any strict watering requirements and are hardy enough to survive indoors in almost all climates. However, there is a difference between your succulents surviving and thriving. Here we will go over some basic tips to make sure your succulents are the... House Plants + 8 more Read More Posted on 02/06/2022 3 Blooming Houseplants That Won't Disappoint Houseplants are not only beautiful, they freshen the air inside your home and give your mood a boost, as well. There are all kinds of houseplants, but if you're someone who prefers blooms to greenery, these plants are easy to grow and maintain. Plus, they'll add a happy splash of color to any room in your home. 1.... + 6 more Read More Posted on 01/16/2022 Make Your Own Home Brew Houseplant Fertilizer We often use dried eggshells as fertilizer in outdoor gardens. Their extremely high calcium content makes them an excellent way to add extra nutrients to the soil. When properly prepared, eggshells can make for great indoor plant fertilizer as well. Here we'll go over how to use this common food waste to nourish your houseplants in 5 steps.... + 9 more Read More Posted on 11/07/2021 Add a Living Wall to Boost Your Mood and Brighten Your Living Space Photo by Dayvison de Oliveira Silva from Pexels If you're still in the construction phase of your new dream home, or if you'd like to improve your existing home with a small project that gives you back more than just a monetary return, consider adding space for a living wall. A living wall not only gives you something... Air Quality + 6 more Read More
What is SPHE? Social, personal and health education provides opportunities to foster the personal development, health and well-being of the child and to help him/her to create and maintain supportive relationships and become an active and responsible citizen in society. SPHE Resources The following core Resources are used in the delivery of the SPHE curriculum : - Walk Tall Manuals - Stay Safe Programme - The Relationships and Sexuality Manuals Other programs are used by teachers, as appropriate, alongside these to teach specific strands & strand units. Aims of Walk Tall: - To avert or at least delay experimentation with substances - To reduce the demand for legal and illegal drugs - To give primary school children the confidence, skills and knowledge to make healthy choices. Overview of Stay Safe Aims of Stay Safe: - To prevent child abuse by giving children the skills and strategies necessary to enable them to respond safely to any dangerous, upsetting or abusive situation. - To teach children how to deal with unsafe or inappropriate touch and never to keep touch a secret. - To teach children the importance of telling. - To give children safety strategies to deal with strangers The lessons cover the following areas: - Feeling safe and unsafe - Friendship and bullying - Touches - Secrets and telling - Strangers Please find more information about the Stay Safe Programme on our website here Overview of RSE (Relationships & Sexuality Education) Aims of RSE: - To promote an understanding of and a healthy attitude to sexuality and relationships - To promote knowledge of and respect for reproduction - To promote a sense of wonder and awe at the process of birth and new life - To enable the child to feel comfortable with his or her sexuality and that of others. Please find more information about our RSE programme here *More information for parents about SPHE here
11 April 2024 5 minutes In 2023, only 28% of new account openings in Great Britain were into a cash ISA (according to our own analysis of CACI data). This leaves potentially millions of pounds of hard-earned savings not protected from the taxman. Our research also shows that there are a higher proportion of savers in some parts of Great Britain making the most of tax-free saving than others. Can you guess which these areas are? Drum roll please… (Source: CACI's CSDB, Jan – Dec 2023) Savers in these towns are all doing great at keeping more of their hard-earned money for the future. Now, onto you and your needs. If you don't have an ISA yet, here are four reasons why you should think about opening one. Depending on which tax band you're in, you could be paying tax on any interest you make from your savings account. You can calculate if you need to pay tax on your savings by using our personal savings allowance calculator. However, saving money into an ISA is completely tax-free – something that's important to 90% of people (according to research carried out by us). And it's not often the taxman gives you something for nothing, so when the opportunity comes knocking it makes sense to take advantage of it. First off, let's start with some basics: It's really important to find an ISA that's right for your needs. But our research tells us that when it comes to choosing an ISA, two in five people are unsure which account is most suitable for them. A good place to start when navigating the world of ISAs is by thinking about what you want to achieve with your money. For example, you might be saving for a new car or simply want to put money aside in case of an emergency. For these types of needs, an Easy Access Cash ISA might be right for you. With this type of ISA you can withdraw your money when you need to – all whilst keeping the tax-free benefits. Or if you can tie up your money for a bit longer, our Fixed Rate Cash ISAs typically offer higher rates of interest. You can't make withdrawals during the fixed term, although you can close your account early by paying an interest penalty. If you do this, you may get back less than you paid in. We also offer a Cash Lifetime ISA (LISA) to 18- to 39-year-olds. This can be used to save for your first home or retirement. You can pay up to £4,000 tax-free each year into this type of ISA. The government then pays a 25% bonus on top (up to a maximum of £1,000 a year). There are strict rules on withdrawing from a LISA. You can withdraw money once the account has been open for 12 months to buy your first home. But for any other withdrawals before the age of 60, a 25% government charge applies. This means you would get back less than you paid in. Another option could be a Stocks & Shares ISA. These involve investing your money with the aim of achieving higher returns than you would from a typical savings account. Stocks & Shares ISAs are only suitable for long-term goals of five or more years away – like saving towards retirement. The good news is, if you have a range of different needs you'd like to save for, you're covered. Each tax year you can split your total ISA allowance in any way you like between the different kinds of ISAs there are. Stocks & Shares ISAs aren't like bank and building society savings accounts as your money is at risk and you may get back less than you invested. The tax treatment of savings and investments depends on personal circumstances. Tax rules may change in the future. Firstly, interest rates are higher than what we've been used to in recent years (at the time of writing) – meaning now could be a good opportunity to receive a decent level of return on your money (remember, that's a tax-free return!). Secondly, the government has recently announced some rule changes surrounding ISAs which came into force at the start of the new tax year on the 6th of April this year. Historically, savers have only been able to open one type of each ISA in any given tax year. However, as long as you're 18 or over, you can now open multiple ISAs of the same type each tax year (excluding LISAs). This means you can shop around for the best deals, opening a new account if a more competitive rate crops up – giving you greater flexibility over how you save. Our research also finds that nearly a third of people have been put off opening an ISA due to confusion about the rules. That's why our ISA experts are here to make sure you're in the know. We can help you to make informed decisions with the aim of growing your money in a tax-efficient way – including helping you choose the right type of ISA for your goals. You can visit your local branch or call us to get started with one of our ISA specialists. 2024 Research carried out on behalf of Skipton Building Society by OnePoll (survey of 2000 UK adults). On the hunt for tax-efficient savings? Take a look at our range of Cash ISAs or find out more about Stocks & Shares ISAs to find out which could be right for you. Speedbump title Speedbump linkline Speedbump text
How did we miss this one? This Spanish eVTOL has been flying in prototype form for a number of years now, using a unique 4x4-prop FlyFree tilting mechanism designed to keep the cabin level – and a new five-seat design takes things up a level. Madrid-based Crisalion Mobility (formerly UMiles Next) has an integrated vision for the future of transport, with a range of autonomous and remote-controlled ground vehicles working in fleet-managed concert with electric VTOL aircraft to streamline cargo and passenger operations. As such, the company has designed a range of little autonomous, chain-capable mobility pods, golf carts, baggage carts, personal minicars and even the super-slick rock-carrying future dump truck below, which wouldn't look out of place on the Moon. But it's the aircraft that caught my eye. Just when I thought the eVTOL world had fully transitioned from the wild 'n' woolly creative chaos of its early days into a rather sensible and boring phase of regulatory certification, it seems there are still surprises to be found. Crisalion's FlyFree airframe design can more or less be described as a regular quadcopter layout, but at the end of each arm, where you'd normally find a propeller, you instead find... well, more or less another quadcopter frame with four small props of its own, in an arrangement that's designed to tilt relative to the rest of the aircraft. Take a look: Why? Well, Crisalion doesn't believe people are going to love the experience of flying in manned multicopter-type designs like the eHang 216-S, because they need to tilt to move, or even to balance themselves against wind gusts. The FlyFree system is an effort to keep the cabin more stable, and simply tilt the propulsion banks as required. Considering the way these prop banks flop to the side when the thrust is switched off, it appears to be a passive system – more or less a free-tilting ball and socket arrangement that lets the mass of the fuselage act as its own stabilizing weight. And in at least two rounds of human-scale prototype testing, it seems like it does what it says on the tin. Of course, there are downsides. One that springs to mind is that it adds a unique single point of failure at the end of each main arm; if that ball and socket gives up the ghost, you lose a quarter of your propulsion all at once, in dramatic fashion, and that's pretty much your redundancy gone. Another issue is that this approach gives you 16 small-diameter props to fly on – a hideously inefficient, high-disc load arrangement that'll require significantly more power to stay aloft than four larger props would. That inefficiency is compounded by the fact that these single-seat prototypes have no wings for efficient cruise flight. That's gonna kill your effective range. The company seems to see the issue; renders of its full-size, five-seat Integrity air taxi design appear to show a different system altogether – this time, with broad wings and a T-tail. The 4x4 propeller layout remains, but it seems the FlyFree system has changed substantially. Check it out: So the small prop issues remain – albeit ameliorated somewhat by the ability to cruise on wing lift. And the single point of failure appears to be replaced by two different points of failure, where the propulsion banks are able to tilt along the X and Y axes on separate mechanisms. These tilt mechanisms are now active, too, so the flight control software will need to constantly adjust their angle in response to flight conditions and pilot inputs. It looks a little complicated and inefficient – but on the other hand, it also looks like it'll be capable of keeping the cabin level and comfy in a way that most other designs can't, while still being capable of full VTOL, hover and cruise flight phases. So there are definitely some unique benefits. Either way, despite some fairly extensive work on those early aircraft prototypes, it seems Crisalion is focusing on Earthly designs first, attempting to get its roadgoing vehicles up and running sometime this year with a US$27 million Series B investment round coming soon, according to Electric VTOL News. The Integrity eVTOL aircraft apparently isn't scheduled until 2030. Lord knows what the world will be like in 2030; I wouldn't dare to speculate at this point. The Integrity might as well be coming in 2050. But still, we do enjoy chewing over the merits of different approaches, and the FlyFree system certainly ticks that box for me. Source: Crisalion
Molecular Gastronomy is a fascinating discipline in food technology that explores the science of food at a molecular level. It goes beyond traditional cooking methods and delves deep into scientific principles and avant-garde techniques. By understanding the molecular composition of ingredients, food technologists can control factors like texture, flavor, and viscosity, leading to precision and reproducibility in large-scale production. This culinary approach also utilizes techniques such as spherification, foaming, and gelling to modify the texture of foods. Molecular Gastronomy offers opportunities for the creation of future foods, including plant-based alternatives and sustainable protein sources. However, there are challenges to integrating Molecular Gastronomy into food technology, such as the need to balance innovation with practical considerations of large-scale production and cost-effectiveness. Collaboration between food scientists, technologists, and culinary experts is crucial for the future development of Molecular Gastronomy in shaping the future of food innovation. The Role of Molecular Gastronomy in Food Technology Molecular Gastronomy plays a significant role in food technology by revolutionizing our understanding and approach to food. It emphasizes precision and reproducibility by utilizing the molecular composition of ingredients to control texture, viscosity, and flavor, ensuring consistency in large-scale production. One of the key aspects of Molecular Gastronomy is its ability to modify food texture using innovative techniques. By employing methods such as spherification, foaming, and gelling, food technologists can enhance the mouthfeel and create unique product experiences. These texture modification techniques contribute to the development of novel textures and greatly improve the overall quality of food products. In addition to texture modification, Molecular Gastronomy introduces innovative ingredients into food production. Hydrocolloids, emulsifiers, and enzymes, commonly associated with this discipline, find extensive application in large-scale food production. These ingredients not only contribute to the development of novel textures but also improve the overall sensory experience of food. Molecular Gastronomy also plays a crucial role in creating future foods. With its emphasis on precision and molecular control, it enables the development of plant-based alternatives with enhanced textures and sustainable protein sources. By leveraging innovative ingredients and techniques, food technologists can create food options that are not only delicious but also environmentally friendly. However, integrating Molecular Gastronomy into food technology comes with its own set of challenges. Balancing innovation with practical considerations and maintaining cost-effectiveness poses significant hurdles. Overcoming these challenges requires collaboration and exploration among food scientists, technologists, and culinary experts. By working together, they can overcome the obstacles and drive the future of food innovation. Molecular Gastronomy and Sustainable Food Production With the increasing global challenge of sustainable food production, Molecular Gastronomy provides a toolkit for developing solutions. By optimizing ingredient functionality and minimizing waste, this discipline contributes to more sustainable practices in the food industry. The precise control over ingredients and textures enables the development of innovative products that align with evolving consumer demands for sustainable and environmentally friendly options. By incorporating Molecular Gastronomy techniques and ingredients in food technology, we can reduce the environmental impact of food production and pave the way for a more sustainable future. The Fascinating Techniques of Molecular Gastronomy Molecular Gastronomy incorporates a range of captivating techniques that revolutionize the presentation and sensory experience of food. These techniques enable chefs and food enthusiasts to create dishes with unique textures and shapes, enhancing the overall dining experience without compromising taste. One of the notable techniques in Molecular Gastronomy is spherification. This process involves transforming liquid ingredients into delicate spheres by encapsulating them in a tasteless membrane. The result is visually striking and provides an exciting burst of flavors when consumed. Another technique that has gained popularity is sous-vide, a French term meaning 'under vacuum.' This cooking technique involves placing ingredients in a sealed bag and submerging them in water, cooking them at a low and precise temperature. This method enhances the juiciness, tenderness, and flavor of various foods, resulting in exquisite dishes. Additionally, gelification is a technique used in Molecular Gastronomy to transform liquids into gelatinous forms. Gelling agents like agar-agar, gellan gum, and carrageenan are utilized to create unique textures and shapes, adding depth and visual appeal to culinary creations. These fascinating techniques of Molecular Gastronomy empower chefs to push the boundaries of traditional cooking, unlocking a world of culinary possibilities. By introducing innovative textures and shapes, they elevate the dining experience, surprising and delighting the senses. Exploring the Boundaries of Taste and Texture Molecular Gastronomy pushes the boundaries of taste and texture, creating a truly immersive sensory experience. By understanding the science behind flavors and textures, food technologists can manipulate ingredients to intensify certain flavor profiles, create interesting textural contrasts, and surprise the palate. This enables the development of unique culinary experiences that engage and delight the senses, transforming eating into a multisensory adventure. When it comes to taste, Molecular Gastronomy allows for the precise control over flavor components. Chefs can dissect and reconstruct familiar flavors, creating unexpected combinations that challenge the taste buds. By harnessing the power of scientific principles, they can unlock the hidden potential of ingredients, enhancing their natural flavors and creating exciting sensory journeys. Texture is another aspect that Molecular Gastronomy explores in-depth. By manipulating the physical properties of ingredients, chefs can create textural contrasts, such as combining crispy and creamy elements in a single dish. From airy foams to smooth gels, Molecular Gastronomy opens up a world of possibilities for creating innovative and captivating textures. Through the interplay of taste and texture, Molecular Gastronomy transforms the act of eating into a multisensory adventure. Diners are not only treated to delicious flavors but also to a visually stunning and texturally engaging presentation. Each bite becomes a sensory exploration, combining the science of food with the art of culinary craftsmanship. Molecular Gastronomy in High-End Dining Traditionally, Molecular Gastronomy has been associated with high-end dining establishments, where avant-garde techniques and scientific principles are employed to create visually stunning and innovative dishes. Chefs in these establishments push the boundaries of culinary artistry, using Molecular Gastronomy techniques to experiment with textures, flavors, and presentations that challenge traditional norms. By incorporating Molecular Gastronomy, chefs can explore new dimensions of taste and visual appeal, creating a dining experience that goes beyond the ordinary. These avant-garde techniques not only elevate the overall dining experience but also showcase the intersection between science and art in the world of gastronomy. The use of molecular gastronomy in high-end dining allows for unparalleled creativity, enabling chefs to transform ingredients into extraordinary culinary masterpieces. By leveraging scientific principles and avant-garde techniques, these establishments offer diners a unique and immersive gastronomic journey that combines innovation, precision, and artistry. With the integration of molecular gastronomy, dishes become more than just a meal – they become edible works of art, delighting both the palate and the senses. The incorporation of molecular gastronomy techniques has revolutionized high-end dining, attracting food enthusiasts and professionals alike. Image source: The Science Behind Molecular Gastronomy Molecular Gastronomy, at its core, is a discipline rooted in the science of food. It seeks to understand and transform the culinary experience through the application of scientific principles and techniques. By delving deep into the molecular composition of ingredients, Molecular Gastronomy explores how different cooking techniques and processes influence the flavors, textures, and overall sensory perception of food. Through this scientific approach, chefs and food technologists can gain precise control over the cooking process, leading to the creation of innovative culinary creations and unforgettable dining experiences. By understanding the science behind the food we consume, we can harness the power of scientific principles to achieve remarkable results in the kitchen. From the molecular interactions between ingredients to the chemical reactions that occur during cooking, every aspect of the culinary journey is dissected and explored. This scientific understanding enables chefs to optimize flavors, create unique textures, and present dishes in ways that challenge traditional culinary norms. Molecular Gastronomy has brought forth a wide range of techniques and innovations that have revolutionized the culinary landscape. From the creation of foams and gels to the manipulation of flavors through the use of unexpected ingredients, chefs are able to push boundaries and create culinary experiences that delight and surprise diners. The image above showcases the intricate nature of Molecular Gastronomy, highlighting the scientific principles and techniques that underpin this field of culinary exploration. By embracing the science of food, chefs and home cooks alike can unlock a world of culinary possibilities. The applications of Molecular Gastronomy extend beyond high-end dining establishments, offering a new perspective and approach to everyday cooking. Whether it's experimenting with textures, intensifying flavors, or presenting dishes in innovative ways, the science behind Molecular Gastronomy holds tremendous potential for culinary enthusiasts at all levels. As we continue to explore the science of food, the future of Molecular Gastronomy looks promising. With advancements in technology, increased collaboration among food professionals, and a greater understanding of the molecular intricacies of ingredients, we can expect even more exciting innovations and groundbreaking culinary experiences to emerge. The Impact of Molecular Gastronomy on Food Innovation Molecular Gastronomy has revolutionized food innovation by driving the development of new culinary techniques, ingredients, and products that challenge traditional norms and excite consumer palates. Through the integration of molecular gastronomy in food technology, food scientists, technologists, and culinary experts collaborate to exchange insights, knowledge, and the latest advancements in the field. This collaborative environment fosters continuous experimentation and progress in food innovation. By combining scientific understanding with culinary expertise, this interdisciplinary collaboration pushes the boundaries of what is possible in the world of food, leading to breakthroughs in flavor profiles, texture modification, and presentation. The knowledge and techniques discovered through molecular gastronomy have opened up a world of creative possibilities in the food industry. From the use of hydrocolloids to create unique textures to the exploration of innovative ingredients, such as liquid nitrogen for freezing, molecular gastronomy has expanded the culinary landscape. Furthermore, the integration of molecular gastronomy in food technology has enabled the creation of new products that cater to evolving consumer demands. Plant-based alternatives with enhanced textures, sustainable protein sources, and innovative flavor combinations are just a few examples of how molecular gastronomy is shaping the future of food. In the image above, you can see a glimpse of the creative and innovative dishes that have emerged from the collaboration between molecular gastronomy and food innovation. The combination of scientific principles and artistic presentation has resulted in visually stunning and memorable dining experiences. As collaboration continues to flourish in the realm of molecular gastronomy, we can expect even more exciting developments in the future. The exchange of insights and the exploration of new possibilities will continue to drive food innovation, providing an endless array of culinary delights for food enthusiasts around the world. Consumer Perspectives on Molecular Gastronomy Molecular Gastronomy has captivated the palates and imaginations of consumers who seek unique dining experiences. Food enthusiasts and curious diners are drawn to the innovative techniques and creative presentations offered by Molecular Gastronomy-inspired establishments. The ability to experience new textures, flavors, and sensory surprises makes dining at these establishments a memorable and immersive experience. At the intersection of science and culinary arts, Molecular Gastronomy brings a sense of wonder and excitement to the dining table. Consumers are intrigued by the visually stunning dishes, unexpected combinations, and playful presentations that challenge traditional notions of food. Molecular Gastronomy offers a departure from conventional dining, transporting diners into a world where science and creativity converge. The focus on precision and artistry in Molecular Gastronomy creates an engaging and interactive dining experience. Watching chefs skillfully execute techniques like spherification or gelification sparks curiosity and adds an element of theater to the meal. The use of innovative ingredients and culinary techniques results in dishes that tantalize the taste buds and ignite the senses. Additionally, dining at a Molecular Gastronomy-inspired restaurant offers consumers a sense of exclusivity and being part of something cutting-edge. These unique dining experiences become memorable moments that are shared with friends, family, and on social media, creating a sense of anticipation and excitement among food enthusiasts. As consumers become more adventurous in their culinary explorations, Molecular Gastronomy continues to be a popular choice. The endless possibilities for taste, texture, and presentation offered by this innovative approach to cooking make it a compelling and sought-after dining experience. The Potential for Molecular Gastronomy in Everyday Cooking While Molecular Gastronomy is often associated with high-end dining, there is potential for its principles and techniques to be applied in everyday cooking. Home cooks who are passionate about culinary experimentation can explore Molecular Gastronomy techniques to elevate their dishes and create unique experiences in their own kitchens. With a basic understanding of the science behind food, amateur chefs can experiment with textures, flavors, and presentations to add a touch of avant-garde to their everyday meals. - Discover new cooking techniques: Molecular Gastronomy offers home cooks the opportunity to try out innovative cooking techniques like spherification, sous-vide, and gelification, which can add a new dimension to their culinary repertoire. - Explore flavor combinations: By experimenting with Molecular Gastronomy techniques, home cooks can combine flavors in unique ways, creating unexpected and delightful taste profiles. - Play with textures: Molecular Gastronomy allows amateur chefs to manipulate textures, transforming traditional dishes into visually appealing and sensorially captivating creations. - Enhance presentation: With Molecular Gastronomy techniques, home cooks can elevate the visual presentation of their dishes, making them not only delicious but also visually stunning. - Impress your guests: By incorporating Molecular Gastronomy techniques into everyday cooking, home cooks can surprise and impress their guests with dishes that showcase their creativity and culinary prowess. Molecular Gastronomy is not limited to professional kitchens. With a passion for culinary experimentation and a willingness to embrace the science behind food, home cooks can unlock the potential of Molecular Gastronomy in their everyday cooking, creating memorable dining experiences right in their own homes. Beyond the Kitchen – Molecular Gastronomy in Other Industries Molecular Gastronomy's influence extends beyond the realm of food. Its principles and techniques have found applications in other industries such as cosmetics, perfumery, and mixology. The cross-disciplinary approach to innovation and the manipulation of ingredients have inspired creative solutions and new experiences in these industries. This demonstrates the broad impact and potential of Molecular Gastronomy in various fields. Just as Molecular Gastronomy has transformed the way we approach food, it has also sparked innovation in other sectors. The principles and techniques used in Molecular Gastronomy, such as manipulating textures, creating unique flavor combinations, and applying scientific principles to create visually stunning dishes, have found applications in industries beyond the kitchen. One such industry is cosmetics, where the understanding of molecular interactions and ingredient functionality has led to the development of innovative skincare and beauty products. By leveraging the knowledge gained from Molecular Gastronomy, cosmetic scientists have been able to create products that deliver enhanced textures, improved sensory experiences, and novel formulations. Perfumery is another field that has been influenced by Molecular Gastronomy. Just as flavors and textures are combined in creative ways to create unique dishes, perfumers have begun to explore innovative blends and combinations of scent molecules to create one-of-a-kind fragrances. The precise control over aroma compounds made possible by the principles of Molecular Gastronomy has opened up new possibilities for perfumers to craft captivating scents that evoke specific emotions and experiences. Mixology, the art of crafting cocktails, has also seen a molecular revolution. Bartenders and mixologists are utilizing techniques and ingredients borrowed from Molecular Gastronomy to create innovative and visually stunning cocktails. By incorporating spheres, foams, and gels into their creations, mixologists can transform the way we experience our favorite libations, elevating the cocktail hour to new heights. This cross-disciplinary application of Molecular Gastronomy demonstrates its versatility and potential to shape various industries. By recognizing the underlying science and principles behind Molecular Gastronomy, professionals in other fields can draw inspiration and unlock new possibilities for innovation and creativity. As we continue to explore the boundaries of taste, texture, and presentation, Molecular Gastronomy's influence will likely continue to extend into new industries. From fashion to product design, the principles and techniques of Molecular Gastronomy have the potential to reshape the way we think about and interact with the world around us. By embracing a cross-disciplinary approach and fostering collaboration between industries, we can unlock the full potential of Molecular Gastronomy to drive innovation and create unique experiences across a range of fields. The Future of Molecular Gastronomy The future of Molecular Gastronomy holds immense possibilities. As the field continues to evolve, advancements in technology, scientific research, and culinary techniques will shape the trajectory of this discipline. The integration of Molecular Gastronomy in food technology will drive the development of novel ingredients, techniques, and sustainable practices, paving the way for a future where the boundaries of taste, texture, and presentation are continually expanded. Culinary Advancements - Molecular Gastronomy in food technology – The integration of Molecular Gastronomy in food technology will lead to the development of new culinary techniques and innovative ingredients that push the boundaries of taste and texture. - Novel ingredients – Molecular Gastronomy opens up possibilities for using unique and unconventional ingredients to create revolutionary dishes and flavor combinations. - Technological advancements – The future of Molecular Gastronomy will be influenced by technological advancements in areas such as cooking equipment, food processing, and molecular analysis, enabling chefs and food technologists to further explore the possibilities of this discipline. Pushing the Boundaries - Texture and taste exploration – Molecular Gastronomy will continue to challenge traditional notions of texture and taste, with chefs and food scientists experimenting with new techniques to create exciting experiences for diners. - Presentation and aesthetics – The future of Molecular Gastronomy will see the exploration of new presentation styles and visual aesthetics, transforming the way food is experienced. - Cross-cultural fusion – The integration of Molecular Gastronomy techniques in various cuisines around the world will create unique flavor profiles and culinary fusions that break traditional boundaries. The future of Molecular Gastronomy is bright, with potential advancements in technology, culinary techniques, and sustainable practices. As this field continues to evolve, it will play a pivotal role in shaping the future of food and culinary innovation. Join the Molecular Gastronomy Movement The Molecular Gastronomy movement thrives on collaboration and the sharing of insights and experiences. By fostering a collaborative environment, we can drive innovation and shape the future of food. Join the discussion on the exciting intersection of science, technology, and the future of food by sharing your thoughts and experiences with Molecular Gastronomy. Collaboration is key to unlocking the full potential of Molecular Gastronomy. By leveraging the collective knowledge and expertise of food scientists, technologists, and culinary experts, we can push the boundaries of taste, texture, and presentation in the culinary arts. Share your insights, experiments, and recipes with the Molecular Gastronomy community. Engage in discussions, ask questions, and learn from others who are passionate about this innovative discipline. Together, let's explore the endless possibilities and shape the future of food. To get started, leave your comments and ideas below. We look forward to collaborating with you and embarking on this exciting journey together! Embracing the Science of Food – Understanding Molecular Gastronomy To fully embrace the science of food and understand Molecular Gastronomy, it is essential to explore the techniques, principles, and applications of this innovative discipline. Molecular Gastronomy is a cutting-edge field that combines culinary arts with scientific principles to create unique and immersive dining experiences. By dissecting ingredients at a molecular level, food technologists can unlock endless possibilities in flavor, texture, and presentation. Understanding Molecular Gastronomy opens up a world of creative experimentation and culinary advancement. It allows individuals to appreciate the intricate balance between science and artistry in the culinary realm. By delving into the science of food, aspiring chefs, food enthusiasts, and industry professionals can gain insights that drive the future of food innovation. From refining traditional recipes to developing novel gastronomic creations, Molecular Gastronomy offers a tantalizing frontier for culinary exploration. The future of food lies in the hands of those who embrace the science of food and apply it to their culinary endeavors. Integrating Molecular Gastronomy into everyday cooking and high-end dining establishments will not only enhance the dining experience but also contribute to the evolution of sustainable food practices. As we continue to uncover the mysteries of food at a molecular level, we hold the key to shaping the future of gastronomy.
10 Timing Belt Tips Here are the some key installation and service tips to make your next timing belt job just a little easier. How (And Why!) To Clean An Engine Beauty is more than skin deep. Here are 11 steps to help clean any car's engine compartment. Aging Plastic Intake Components May Cause Leaks BMW valve covers and intake manifolds made of plastic are susceptible to warpage and gasket failure. Balancing Combustion Forces Visual inspection is critical. Any sign of movement laterally is grounds for replacement. What Causes Direct Fuel Injectors To Clog? In the case of a direct fuel injector where the tip is exposed to the combustion event, carbon can stick to the nozzle and cause a bad spray pattern, because carbon searches for other carbon. BMW Dual-Clutch Transmission Diagnostics A DCT transmission uses the gearing principles of a manual transmission. Simple Engine Fasteners Actually Complex Engineering Systems Fasteners act much the same as a spring due to the physics of stretch and rebound. Runners And Ports: How Modern Engines Manage Air Variable-length intake runners change the length of the intake passages depending on engine speed and load. Driveshaft Universal Joint Tips And Techniques Before removing the driveshaft, check for play in the yoke and slip joint. If the u-joints are failing, you should be able to see movement in the shaft as you apply leverage. VIDEO: Best Practices For Turbocharger Life Doug Kaufman discusses some simple things your customers can do to ensure the longest life of their turbochargers. Sponsored by MAHLE. Fuel: It's The Tank, Not The Pump One of the most basic procedures when replacing a fuel pump – and often the most overlooked – is inspecting the fuel tank. VIDEO: Where Have The Fuel Pump Filters Gone? Andrew Markel discusses how to diagnose a fuel pump, and the importance of replacing the entire module if the pump is failing. Sponsored by Auto Value and Bumper to Bumper.
5 min read The Best Ways to Get Out in Front of Learning Differences A critical element of your college application is your ability to bring clarity to the interpretation of your academic record. In other words, when... Scoir is free for your students and for you. We also offer Advanced Solutions to help you better guide your students. Access resources in the areas of test prep, essay support, and financial aid to better navigate every part of the admissions process. We offer a flat 50% discount for each student who receives free or reduced lunch in your school or district. Enjoy Career Readiness Early Access for grades 6-8, built to help you guide students and track progress in the early years of career learnings and activities. Career development (certifications, courses & curriculum) for changemakers. Our pricing is fair for schools of all sizes, transparent, and rewards those schools expanding access to underserved students. Check out content and practical guides to help inform your enrollment strategies and programs. With the start of your senior year, you're probably beginning to take stock of life beyond high school. If you're like many others, college will be the next step. You've probably visited many campuses and, hopefully, begun to identify a short list of colleges. Most of the selective colleges and universities—places that must make fine distinctions between great candidates—offer a number of application options. In addition to regular decision (you apply by a later deadline and your credentials are evaluated within the context of the larger pool of regular decision candidates), you may encounter early decision (ED) and early action (EA) application opportunities. Let's take a look at how these two options might benefit you. While both early decision (ED) and early action (EA) afford applicants the opportunity to learn of their admission outcomes early in the process, institutions are not totally selfless in offering these options. Two enrollment management metrics, selectivity and yield, are important to institutions as they compete with each other for position on the mythical pecking order of colleges. Selectivity is simply the relationship between the number of applications received by a college and those that are accepted. Yield is the relationship between the number of admitted students and those who eventually enroll. Many institutions—and the public in general—tend to regard selectivity as a proxy for quality. In other words, the harder it is to get into a college, the better it must be. While this axiom reveals highly questionable logic, it's nonetheless a driver in the selective admission process. And, as you will see, ED and EA are enrollment management tools that enable colleges to manipulate their selectivity. So, let's take a look at early decision and early action to see where they might benefit you as an applicant. Early decision is an application opportunity that provides the promise of early feedback (an admission decision) in exchange for your commitment to enroll if accepted. If you have reached the point where one of the colleges on your short list has become a clear favorite and your family has satisfactorily addressed all contingent factors—including cost and affordability—then applying ED to that college would make sense. You might also apply to other colleges concurrently, just in case the ED application isn't successful. That said, you may only be active as an ED candidate at one college. If admitted through the ED process, you will be expected to withdraw all other early action and regular decision applications that might have been active and enroll at the ED school. Most early decision application deadlines are in November. Admission decisions are typically announced in mid-December with the expectation that accepted students will formally enroll within 30 days. Think selectivity. Think rankings. "Admitting one to enroll one" allows a college to use ED to leverage as many high-yield students into its entering classes as possible. By contrast, many schools must admit five or more students in regular decision to enroll one, a lower yielding proposition. What you're looking at is fundamental enrollment management. For every ED enrollment it achieves, a college can reduce its number of regular decision offers by five or more, thereby, increasing its yield, improving selectivity and becoming more attractive in the college ranking process. Statistically, applying ED improves the probability of admission at most schools by 20-25% as admission officers will ask the question, "If you were to apply regular decision (when the competition is greater), do we think we might admit you then?" If the answer is yes, then you are likely to be admitted ED. Colleges will consider one of three outcomes when you apply ED: acceptance, deferral and denial. If accepted, you are expected to enroll. When deferred or denied, however, you are released from that commitment and effectively become a free agent who can pursue other options—including ED at another school. Deferred candidates will be considered again within the context of the regular decision review process when new information might be available to justify admission. The chances of admission as a deferred ED candidate are not that great. It's been a long-held notion that ED was reserved for only the very best students, but it is now the case that reasonably competitive candidates can also benefit from the option as colleges seek to build their enrollments with high-yielding students. In addition, ED will be an attractive option at many schools for: Early action also affords students the opportunity to submit credentials to some highly selective colleges in return for notification ahead of the regular decision process. The big difference: if you choose this option, you are not presumed to be declaring a first-choice interest. As a result, you are not committed to enroll if admitted and may, in many cases, apply EA to multiple schools. A handful of institutions offer EA as a restrictive, single-choice option that prohibits students from applying EA (or ED) to any other school. Be sure to read the fine print regarding each institution's EA program. If you are still thinking selectivity and rankings, you are right on the mark! While EA candidates do not enroll at the same rate as admitted ED candidates (presumably 100%), they are still likely to enroll at a much higher rate than students who apply regular decision. Colleges know this because they track their yields on EA offers from year to year. That said, admission committees tend not to bend their academic standards for EA candidates. The question admission officers will ask of you as an EA candidate is, "What is the likelihood that you would be one of our very best candidates in the regular decision process?" If you project as a top candidate, your chances of admission are good. Rather than bending academic standards, they are cherry-picking their best candidates to target with enrollment incentives. Much like ED, EA outcomes include acceptance, deferral, and denial. The only difference is that acceptance does not involve a commitment to enroll. Moreover, deferred candidates generally find themselves on equal footing with other candidates later in the regular decision process. Students with academically superior credentials and strong, distinctive hooks (they are highly valued) within the context of the applicant pool at a given college will benefit most at that school. Otherwise, EA really doesn't improve your chances of admission. Why? Institutions are reluctant to commit places in the class to strong but not superior students without first being able to compare them with the larger pool of candidates. EA does, however, provide peace of mind for those who use it early in the process. This article was originally published on September 12, 2019. It was updated on September 22, 2023 for accuracy and comprehensiveness. 5 min read A critical element of your college application is your ability to bring clarity to the interpretation of your academic record. In other words, when... 12 min read College visits on your mind? Not sure how to prepare or what to expect? 13 min read Most parents worry about sending their son or daughter off to college. However, for those parents whose children have learning disabilities or ...
24 Rating Analyst Interview Questions and Answers When it comes to landing a job as a rating analyst, whether you're an experienced professional or a fresh graduate, preparation is key. Rating analyst roles require a keen understanding of financial markets, credit risk assessment, and the ability to make informed investment recommendations. In this blog, we'll explore 24 common rating analyst interview questions and provide detailed answers to help you ace your interview. Whether you're a seasoned pro or just starting your career in finance, these answers will help you showcase your knowledge and skills effectively. Role and Responsibility of a Rating Analyst: Before diving into the interview questions, let's briefly outline the role and responsibilities of a rating analyst. Rating analysts evaluate the creditworthiness of companies, governments, or financial instruments. They analyze financial data, economic conditions, and industry trends to assign credit ratings that guide investors and lenders. As a rating analyst, you'll be responsible for conducting in-depth research, preparing reports, and making recommendations based on your assessments. Common Interview Question Answers Section 1. Tell us about your experience as a rating analyst. The interviewer wants to understand your background in credit analysis to assess your suitability for the role. How to answer: Your response should highlight your relevant work experience, including the types of financial instruments you've analyzed, industries you've worked in, and any specific achievements or challenges you've faced. Example Answer: "I have been a rating analyst for the past five years, specializing in corporate bond analysis. During this time, I've assessed the creditworthiness of numerous companies in various sectors, including technology, healthcare, and energy. I've successfully led a team in upgrading our rating criteria, resulting in more accurate credit ratings and improved investor confidence." 2. How do you evaluate the credit risk of a company? The interviewer is interested in your methodology for assessing credit risk. How to answer: Describe your approach, including factors you consider, such as financial statements, industry trends, and economic indicators. Example Answer: "When evaluating credit risk, I start by analyzing the company's financial statements, looking at key ratios like debt-to-equity, interest coverage, and liquidity. I also assess industry-specific risks and macroeconomic factors that could impact the company's ability to meet its financial obligations." 3. Can you explain the difference between investment-grade and non-investment-grade ratings? This question assesses your understanding of credit ratings. How to answer: Provide a clear explanation of the distinctions between investment-grade (e.g., AAA, AA, A) and non-investment-grade (e.g., BB, B, CCC) credit ratings, including the implications for investors. Example Answer: "Investment-grade ratings are considered lower risk and indicate a higher likelihood of the issuer meeting its financial obligations. Non-investment-grade ratings imply a higher level of credit risk, which may result in higher borrowing costs for the issuer and increased potential for default." 4. How do you stay updated on industry trends and market developments? The interviewer wants to know about your commitment to staying informed in the field. How to answer: Describe your methods for staying updated, such as reading industry publications, attending conferences, or utilizing financial news sources. Example Answer: "I stay current by subscribing to industry journals, following relevant blogs, and regularly attending conferences and webinars. Additionally, I make it a habit to review financial news from reputable sources to understand the broader economic context." 5. Explain the concept of default risk and how you assess it. This question assesses your understanding of a fundamental risk factor in credit analysis. How to answer: Define default risk and discuss the key factors you consider when assessing it, including financial stability, industry outlook, and historical default rates. Example Answer: "Default risk refers to the likelihood that a borrower will fail to meet its debt obligations. To assess it, I analyze the company's financial health, looking at factors like cash flow, leverage ratios, and debt maturity profiles. I also consider the industry's overall risk and the issuer's historical default rates." 6. How do you handle a situation where your credit rating recommendation differs from that of your colleagues? This question evaluates your ability to navigate disagreements in a professional setting. How to answer: Discuss your approach to resolving differences of opinion, emphasizing collaboration, data-driven arguments, and the ultimate goal of making well-informed decisions. Example Answer: "In such cases, I believe in open and constructive discussions with my colleagues. We would thoroughly review the data, conduct additional research if necessary, and engage in healthy debates to arrive at a consensus. The goal is to ensure our rating recommendation is based on the most accurate and objective analysis." 7. How do you assess the impact of economic downturns on credit risk? This question evaluates your understanding of economic factors and their influence on credit analysis. How to answer: Explain how you analyze economic indicators, such as GDP trends, unemployment rates, and interest rate movements, to assess the potential impact on credit risk. Example Answer: "During economic downturns, I pay close attention to macroeconomic indicators like GDP growth, unemployment rates, and central bank policies. I assess how these factors could affect a borrower's ability to service their debt and adjust credit ratings accordingly." 8. Can you provide an example of a credit analysis project that posed significant challenges, and how did you overcome them? This question tests your problem-solving and analytical skills. How to answer: Describe a specific project where you faced challenges, such as complex financial structures or limited data, and explain how you tackled those challenges to produce a comprehensive analysis. Example Answer: "In a recent project involving a company with a complex capital structure, I had to dig deep to understand its various debt instruments. The limited publicly available data posed a challenge, but I reached out to the company's investor relations team, conducted extensive industry research, and used financial modeling to fill the gaps. This allowed me to provide a thorough credit analysis." 9. How do you prioritize your workload when analyzing multiple issuers simultaneously? The interviewer wants to gauge your time management and prioritization skills. How to answer: Explain your approach to managing multiple assignments, including setting priorities, creating a schedule, and ensuring that all analyses are conducted thoroughly and on time. Example Answer: "I use a systematic approach to prioritize my workload. I start by assessing the urgency of each analysis based on client requests and upcoming deadlines. I then allocate time based on the complexity of the issuer and the level of research required, ensuring that I give each analysis the attention it deserves." 10. How do you assess the impact of geopolitical events on credit risk? This question evaluates your ability to consider external factors in your analysis. How to answer: Describe how you incorporate geopolitical events, such as trade tensions or political instability, into your credit risk assessments and how you communicate these factors to stakeholders. Example Answer: "Geopolitical events can significantly impact credit risk. I monitor international news and assess how events like trade disputes or political changes can affect a company's operations and financial stability. In my reports, I provide a clear analysis of these risks and their potential consequences." 11. Can you explain the concept of covenant analysis? This question tests your knowledge of financial covenants and their importance in credit analysis. How to answer: Define covenant analysis and discuss why it's crucial in assessing credit risk. Provide examples of common financial covenants and their implications. Example Answer: "Covenant analysis involves examining the terms and conditions of a borrower's debt agreements. It's critical because it helps determine whether the issuer is complying with these agreements and assesses the risk of potential default. Common financial covenants include debt-to-equity ratios, interest coverage ratios, and minimum liquidity requirements." 12. How do you adjust credit ratings for forward-looking risks? The interviewer wants to know about your ability to consider future risks in your credit assessments. How to answer: Explain how you incorporate forward-looking risk factors, such as industry trends and future market conditions, into your credit rating adjustments. Example Answer: "To adjust credit ratings for forward-looking risks, I analyze industry forecasts, market trends, and potential disruptors. I also consider the company's strategic plans and management's ability to adapt to changing conditions. These insights help me make informed adjustments to credit ratings based on anticipated risks." 13. How do you handle situations where you need to revise a credit rating downward? This question examines your ability to make challenging decisions and communicate them effectively. How to answer: Describe your approach to revising credit ratings, including the factors that trigger a downgrade, and explain how you communicate such changes to clients or stakeholders. Example Answer: "When a downgrade is necessary, I ensure it's based on a thorough analysis of the issuer's financial health and risk factors. I communicate this decision clearly and promptly to clients, providing them with the rationale and supporting data. It's crucial to maintain transparency and offer recommendations for mitigating the downgrade's impact." 14. Can you explain the difference between issuer credit ratings and issue credit ratings? This question tests your understanding of credit rating terminology. How to answer: Differentiate between issuer credit ratings and issue credit ratings, and clarify their respective purposes and implications for investors. Example Answer: "Issuer credit ratings assess the overall creditworthiness of a company or entity, while issue credit ratings focus on specific debt securities or financial instruments issued by that entity. Investors use issuer credit ratings to gauge the issuer's ability to meet all its financial obligations, while issue credit ratings provide insights into the credit risk of individual securities." 15. How do you assess the credit risk of government bonds compared to corporate bonds? This question evaluates your ability to differentiate between different types of credit risk. How to answer: Explain the key differences in assessing credit risk for government bonds versus corporate bonds, considering factors such as sovereign risk and creditworthiness. Example Answer: "Government bonds are typically considered lower risk due to the sovereign's ability to raise funds through taxation. When assessing government bonds, I focus on sovereign risk, economic stability, and fiscal policies. In contrast, corporate bonds involve assessing the issuer's financial health, industry conditions, and management quality." 16. How do you assess the creditworthiness of a start-up company with limited financial history? This question examines your ability to evaluate credit risk when traditional financial data is scarce. How to answer: Explain your approach to assessing start-up companies, including non-traditional metrics and qualitative factors you consider when financial history is limited. Example Answer: "When dealing with start-ups, I focus on factors such as the management team's experience, business model viability, and potential for growth. I also examine early financial indicators, market trends, and any available funding sources to gauge their creditworthiness." 17. How do you handle conflicts of interest or ethical dilemmas in your role as a rating analyst? This question evaluates your ethical awareness and conflict resolution skills. How to answer: Describe your commitment to ethical conduct, your approach to identifying and managing conflicts of interest, and any relevant experiences in upholding ethical standards. Example Answer: "Ethical conduct is paramount in my role. I proactively identify potential conflicts of interest and disclose them to my superiors. I adhere to our organization's ethical guidelines and prioritize objectivity in all my credit analyses. If faced with an ethical dilemma, I would consult with senior management and follow established procedures for resolution." 18. Can you explain the impact of credit rating changes on financial markets and investors? This question assesses your understanding of the broader implications of credit rating changes. How to answer: Explain how credit rating changes can influence financial markets, investor decisions, and borrowing costs for issuers. Example Answer: "Credit rating changes can have a significant impact on financial markets. Downgrades can lead to increased borrowing costs for issuers, while upgrades can lower them. Investors rely on credit ratings to assess risk and make investment decisions. A rating change often results in market reactions, affecting bond prices and overall investor sentiment." 19. How do you factor in environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations when evaluating credit risk? This question assesses your awareness of ESG factors and their relevance to credit analysis. How to answer: Explain your approach to integrating ESG considerations into your credit risk assessments and the impact they can have on credit ratings. Example Answer: "ESG considerations are increasingly important in credit analysis. I incorporate ESG factors by examining a company's sustainability practices, governance structure, and social responsibility initiatives. These factors can indicate long-term risk and potential financial impacts, influencing our credit rating assessments." 20. How do you stay objective and avoid bias in your credit analysis? This question evaluates your ability to maintain objectivity in your assessments. How to answer: Describe the steps you take to ensure objectivity in credit analysis, including peer reviews, data verification, and adherence to established methodologies. Example Answer: "Objectivity is crucial in credit analysis. I regularly engage in peer reviews to validate my assessments and eliminate bias. I verify data from multiple sources and follow standardized methodologies to ensure consistency. Additionally, I'm open to feedback and continuously seek to improve my analytical processes." 21. Can you provide an example of a credit rating change that had a significant impact on an issuer or industry? This question assesses your awareness of real-world credit rating impacts. How to answer: Share an example of a credit rating change that had a notable effect on an issuer, industry, or financial markets, and explain the reasons behind the change. Example Answer: "One significant example is when Standard & Poor's downgraded the credit rating of Lehman Brothers in 2008. This event contributed to a loss of investor confidence, a sharp decline in Lehman's stock price, and ultimately played a role in the global financial crisis. The downgrade highlighted the importance of credit rating agencies and their influence on the financial world." 22. How do you communicate your credit rating recommendations to clients or stakeholders? This question assesses your communication skills and ability to convey complex information. How to answer: Describe your approach to presenting credit rating recommendations, including the format of your reports and how you tailor your communication to different audiences. Example Answer: "I communicate my recommendations through well-structured reports that include a clear rationale for the rating, key risk factors, and supporting data. I customize the level of detail based on the audience, ensuring that both financial experts and non-experts can understand the assessment. I'm also open to addressing any questions or concerns that clients may have." 23. How do you assess the creditworthiness of structured financial products like mortgage-backed securities (MBS) or collateralized loan obligations (CLOs)? This question tests your knowledge of analyzing complex financial instruments. How to answer: Explain your approach to evaluating the credit risk of structured products, considering factors such as underlying assets, cash flow modeling, and default scenarios. Example Answer: "Analyzing structured products involves assessing the quality of underlying assets, understanding the cash flow dynamics, and modeling various default scenarios. I pay close attention to asset quality, diversification, and the issuer's risk management practices. Robust cash flow modeling helps identify potential vulnerabilities, and stress tests are crucial in assessing creditworthiness." 24. Can you provide an example of a credit analysis challenge you encountered and how you resolved it? This question assesses your problem-solving skills and ability to handle challenges in your role. How to answer: Share a specific challenge you faced in your credit analysis work and detail the steps you took to overcome it, highlighting the positive outcome or lessons learned. Example Answer: "In a recent analysis, I encountered a situation where the issuer provided incomplete financial data, making it challenging to assess their creditworthiness. I addressed this challenge by conducting extensive industry research, reaching out to the issuer for additional information, and collaborating with colleagues to fill the data gaps. Ultimately, we were able to produce a comprehensive analysis that satisfied both our internal standards and client expectations."
Cincinnati, 1998: Successful business lawyer Rob Bilott (Mark Ruffalo) finds himself in a quandary when two farmers draw his attention to strange occurrences in Parkersburg, West Virginia. Numerous cattle on their farm are mysteriously dying. The farmers suspect that the neighboring chemical company DuPont, for whom Bilott himself works as a lawyer, is behind it. Despite the conflict of interest, the lawyer is determined to solve the case without reservation. He stumbles upon an environmental scandal of immense proportions that will take almost 20 years to clear up. Dark Waters tells the true story of lawyer Rob Bilott, who single-handedly took on one of the world's largest chemical companies and brought the so-called Teflon scandal to light. This involved the chemical PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid), which is highly carcinogenic and was mainly used for the production of telfon for normal household items like non-stick pans. Like around 12,000 other chemicals, PFOA belongs to the group of PFAS (perfluorinated and polyfluorinated alkyl substances), the "perpetual chemicals". So called because they accumulate in soil, plants, drinking water and blood. They are not biodegradable and can cause serious illness. They are widely used in everyday life, e.g. in outdoor clothing, pizza boxes, cosmetics, shoes and baking paper. Following the film, we are offering a discussion round with Patricia Klatt, biology graduate, science journalist and lecturer for the "Science-Media-Communication" course at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, for all those interested. Patricia Klatt has been working intensively on the topic of "eternity chemicals" for around ten years. She lives in Mittelbaden, a region where the soil is widely contaminated with PFAS. She has been running the pfas-dilemma.info website since 2021. Admission is free. Further information is available from CampusKultur at www.campuskultur-kl.de.
Understanding Cancer: Causes & Symptoms Cancer is a term used to describe a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled and abnormal growth of cells. In a healthy body , cells grow, divide and die in a controlled manner to maintain the normal functioning of tissues and organs. However , in cancer , this orderly process goes awry , leading to the development of a mass of tissue called a tumor. Cancer can occur in virtually any type of cell or tissue in the body , and there are more than 100 different types of cancer , each with its own unique characteristic and behavior. The exact causes of cancer are complex and often involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Mutations or changes in the DNA of cells can disrupt normal cellular processes that regulate growth and division, leading to the development of cancer. Risk factors for cancer can include exposure to carcinogens(cancer causing substances) , tobacco use, unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity , certain infections, and genetic predisposition. Sign and symptoms caused by cancer will vary depending on what part of the body id affected. Some general sign and symptoms associated with, but not specific to, cancer , include :- - Fatigue - Lump or area of thickening that can be felt under the skin - Weight changes , including unintended less or gain - Skin changes , such as yellowing , darkening or redness of the skin , sores that won't heal , or changes to existing moles. - Change in bowel or bladder habits. - Persistent cough or trouble breathing. - Difficult swallowing - Hoarseness - Persistent indigestion or discomfort after eating - Persistent , unexplained muscle or joint pain. - Persistent , unexplained fevers or night sweats. - Unexplained bleeding or bruising. Cancer is a complex and multifaceted group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled division and growth of abnormal cells in the body. It develops due to genetic mutations and changes that accumulate within cells, disrupting their normal regulatory mechanism. Here's a general overview of how cancer develops: - Genetic Mutations : Genetic mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of a cell's genes. These mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by various external factors, such as exposure to carcinogens (cancer-causing substances) like tobacco smoke, radiation, certain chemicals, and certain viruses. - Initiation : The initial genetic mutations that give rise to cancer are often found in specific genes called oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Oncogenes are genes that regulate cell growth and division, and when mutated, they can become overactive, promoting uncontrolled cell growth. Tumor suppressor genes can lead to a loss of their regulatory functions. - Promotion : Following the initiation stage, further genetic mutations can accumulate in the affected cells, leading to the promotion of uncontrolled growth. These mutations can affect various signaling pathways that regulate cell division, DNA repair , and cell death. As these mutations accumulate, the cells become more prone to dividing uncontrollably. - Progression: As the mutated cells continue to divide and accumulate additional mutations, they can develop the ability to invade surrounding tissues and even spread to other parts of the body. This process is know as metastasis. Metastasis is a critical factor in making cancer a serious and potentially life-threatening disease, as it enables the cancer cells to establish secondary tumors in distant organs. - Angiogenesis: In order to sustain their growth, cancer cells often trigger the formation of new blood vessels, a process known as angiogenesis. These blood vessels supply the growing tumor with nutrients and oxygen, allowing it to continue to expand and invade surrounding tissues. - Immune System Evasion: The immune system plays a crucial role in detecting and eliminating abnormal cells, including cancer cells. However, cancer cells can sometimes evade the immune system's surveillance by developing mechanism to avoid detection or suppress immune responses. This can allow them to continue growing unchecked. When cancer spreads from its original location to other parts of the body , it is referred to as metastasis. Metastasis is a complex process that involves ;- - Local Invasion : Cancer cells can invade nearby tissues and structures. They can penetrate through the walls of the blood vessels or lymphatic vessels , allowing them to access the circulatory or lymphatic systems. - Intravasation : Cancer cells enter either the bloodstream ( through blood vessels) or the lymphatic system ( through lymphatic vessels). They travel along with the flow of fluids , carried to various parts of the body. - Circulation: Once in the bloodstream or lymphatic system , cancer cell can be transported to distant areas of the body. These cells are now called circulating tumor cells (CTCs). - Arrest and Extravasation : CTCs can become lodged in small blood vessels in different organs or tissues. Here, they need to break through the vessels walls to exit the circulation. This process is called extravasation. - Microscopic Disease : Once cancer cells extravasate , they can begin to multiply and establish tiny, microscopic clusters of cancer cells in the new location. These clusters may not be detectable by imaging or other methods at this stage. - Colonization and Growth : If the conditions in the new location are favorable for the cancer cells, they can continue to grow and divide , eventually forming larger tumors. This is the point where the secondary tumors become clinically detectable . Metastasis is a significant challenge in cancer treatment because it can make the disease much more difficult to manage. Metastatic cancer is generally considered more advanced and aggressive , and it may require different treatment approaches comparted to localized cancer. Most cancers have four stages. The specific stage is determined by a few different factors, including the tumor's size and location: Stage I: The cancer is localized to a small area and hasn't spread to lymph nodes or other tissues. Stage II: The cancer has grown, but it hasn't spread. Stage III: The cancer has grown larger and has possibly spread to lymph nodes or other tissues. Stage IV: The cancer has spread to other organs or areas of your body. This stage is also referred to as metastatic or advanced cancer. Though stages one through four are the most common, there's also a Stage 0. This earliest phase describes cancer that's still localized to the area in which it started. Cancers that are still in Stage 0 are usually easily treatable and are considered pre-cancerous by most healthcare providers. Cancer is a complex disease that can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations. Mutations in certain genes can increase the risk of cancer development by disrupting normal cellular processes that control cell growth , division , and death. Here are some types of genes that are commonly associated with causing cancer : Oncogenes :- Example include the HER2 gene in breast cancer and the BRAF gene in certain types of skin and lung cancers. Tumor Suppressor Genes :- Example include the TP53 (p53) gene, often referred to as the "guardian of the genome " and the RB1 gene associated with retinoblastoma. DNA Repair Genes :- An example is the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes , which are linked to hereditary breast and ovarian cancers. Mismatch Repair Genes , Checkpoint Control Genes , Apoptosis – Related Genes : , Apoptosis- Related Genes :, Translocation and Fusion Genes It's important to note that cancer development is often the result of multiple genetic and environmental factors interacting. Not everyone with mutation in these genes will necessarily develop cancer , as the context of these mutations in these genes will necessarily develop cancer , as the context of these mutations in these genes will necessarily develop cancer , as the context of these mutations within an individual's genetic background and environmental exposure also play a crucial role. There are many different types of cancer , each originating in different tissues or organs . Here are some of the major types of cancer:- - Breast Cancer :- Occurs in the breast tissue, usually in the milk ducts or lobules . It's the most common cancer among women. - Lung Cancer :- Develops in the lungs and is often linked to smoking , but non-smokers can also develop it. - Prostate Cancer :- Occurs in the prostate gland in men and is one of the most common types of cancer in males. - Colorectal Cancer :- Affects the colon or rectum and is often referred to as colon or rectal cancer , depending on its location. - Skin Cancer :- Includes different types such as basal cell carcinoma , squamous cell carcinoma , and melanoma , which originate from different cell in the skin. - Leukemia :- A type of cancer that starts in blood-forming tissues like bone marrow and affects the production of blood cells. - Lymphoma :- Affects the lymphatic system, which is a part of the immune system. Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma are the two main types. - Liver Cancer :- Begins in the cells of the liver and can be primary (originating in the liver) or secondary (metastatic, spreading from other organs). - Pancreatic Cancer :- Originates in the pancreas and is often difficult to detect in its early stages. - Ovarian Cancer :- Develops in the ovaries and is often not diagnosed until it has progressed to an advanced stage. - Brain and Central Nervous System(CNS) Tumors :- Can be benign or malignant and can originate in the brain or spinal cord. - Bladder Cancer :- Starts in the bladder lining and is more common in other adults. - Kidney Cancer :- Originates in the kidneys and is often detected at an advanced stage. - Cervical Cancer :- Develops in the cervix, primarily caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) - Esophageal Cancer:- Occurs in the esophagus, the tube that connects the throat to the stomach. - Stomach (Gastric) Cancer :- Affects the stomach lining and can be linked to factors like diet and infection with helicobacter pylori bacteria. - Thyroid Cancer :- Originates in the thyroid gland, which is located in the front of the neck. - Bone Cancer :- Can be primary (originating in the bone) or secondary (spreading from other sites), affecting the bone tissue. - Soft Tissue Sarcoma :- Arises in soft tissues like muscles , tendons, fat, blood vessels , and more. - Multiply Myeloma :- Affects plasma cells in the bone marrow , leading to the overproduction of abnormal antibodies. These are just a few example , and there are many more types of cancer that can affect various organs and tissues in the body. Each type has its own characteristics, risk factors , and treatment approaches. - Accept practical and emotional support :- Having a network of supportive people is very beneficial for your health , especially emotional support. Studies have compared people with cancer who had the most and least social support . Those with the most social support had better quality of life and lived longer. - Manage stress :- Reducing your stress level can help you maintain your physical and mental health . Here are a few tips to manage stress - Get enough sleep :- Try for 7 to 8 hours of sleep each night. This improves your health , coping ability , mood, weight control , memory and attention and more. - Exercise regularly :- Exercise during and after cancer treatment. This can help reduce fatigue , weight gain , and loss of strength. In addition to regular exercise , try to avoid sitting or lying down for long periods. - Eat well :- A healthy diet can help you manage cancer side effects , recover quicker , and improve health. It may also lower your future risk of cancer. - Immunity Boosters : Vitamin B12 and Vitamin D can be used to boost immunity. Giloy an ayurvedic medicine also used as an immunity booster.
Swapnil Bhartiya See the following - A Doctor Leverages Open Source to Learn How to Code And Improve Medical Care in Africa Judy Gichoya is a medical doctor from Kenya who became a software developer after joining the open source medical records project, OpenMRS. The open source project creates medical informatics software that helps health professionals collect and present data to improve patient care in developing countries. After seeing how effective the open medical records system was at increasing efficiency and lowering costs for clinics in impoverished areas of Africa, she began hacking on the software herself to help improve it. Then she set up her own implementation in the slums outside Nairobi, and has done the same for dozens of clinics since. This is a classic story of open source contributors, who join in order to scratch an itch. But Gichoya was a doctor, not a programmer. How did she make the leap? - Login to post comments How Praekelt.org and Open Source Provide Critical Services to Enable Social Change In Eastern and Southern Africa, women are still dying unnecessarily during the basic, natural act of giving life. According to Unicef, "In 2010, close to 58,000 women lost their lives during pregnancy and childbirth, accounting for more than one fifth of all such deaths in the world." Gustav Praekelt, founder of the South African design and development firm Praekelt.com, was deeply affected by the high maternal mortality rate in his country and realized in 2007 that open source software and mobile phones could help provide critical information and services to combat poverty and maternal mortality rates -- among other social issues -- across the continent and potentially around the world. - Login to post comments Learn the Secrets of Building a Business with Open Source Today, if you're building a new product or service, open source software is likely playing a role. But many entrepreneurs and product managers still struggle with how to build a successful business purely on open source. The big secret of a successful open source business is that "it's about way more than the code," says John Mark Walker, a well-known voice in the open source world with extensive expertise in open source product, community, and ecosystem creation at Red Hat and Dell EMC. "In order to build a certified, predictable, manageable product that 'just works,' it requires a lot more effort than just writing good code."... - Login to post comments US Government Opens Access to Federal Source Code with Code.gov In March of this year, the Obama administration created a draft for Federal Source Code policy to support improved access to custom software code. After soliciting comments from public, the administration announced the Federal Source Code policy in August. One of the core features of the policy was the adoption of an open source development model: This policy also establishes a pilot program that requires agencies, when commissioning new custom software, to release at least 20 percent of new custom-developed code as Open Source Software (OSS) for three years, and collect additional data concerning new custom software to inform metrics to gauge the performance of this pilot... - Login to post comments Red Hat Summit The Red Hat Summit is an open source technology conference designed to showcase the best and latest technology in virtualization, cloud computing, platform, middleware, storage, and systems management. The 2017 Red Hat Summit is the 13th annual summit since its start in 2005. Themes for 2017 include big data, internet of things (IoT), OpenStack, containers, culture of collaboration, IT strategy, management tools, security, integration, infrastructure, DevOps, business automation, application platforms, delivery, and development. Attendees can have access to breakout sessions, general sessions, hands-on labs and trainings, keynotes, Birds-of-a-Feather sessions, discovery sessions, and the Partner Theater... - Login to post comments
In its May Cereal Supply and Demand Brief, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has adjusted its global wheat production forecast for 2024 down to 791 million tonnes. The latest report from the Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS) highlights significant challenges facing global agriculture due to unprecedented climate patterns. SovEcon, a leading agricultural markets research firm specializing in the Black Sea region, has revised its 2024 forecast for Russia's wheat crop down by 3.4 million metric tons (MMT) to 89.6 MMT. In 2023 the country grew 92.8 MMT; the five-year average production stands at 86.7 MMT. In Brazil, the corn market faces challenges with a forecasted 16% decrease in production due to area reduction. The wheat outlook for 2024 suggests a year marked by significant uncertainties, particularly concerning weather patterns, the global economic landscape, and geopolitical conflicts. "Our forecast is for a gradual rise in global wheat prices through Q2/Q3 2024, with larger price upside limited by a continuous flow of Black Sea wheat, South American corn, and the upcoming northern hemisphere winter wheat harvest. As we head into 2025, however, prices are expected to strengthen." Miller Magazine's May issue looks at the complex environment of the grain market, exploring the changing variables that shape its boundaries and the responses to its ongoing challenges. In a recent exclusive interview with Miller Magazine, Nikolay Gorbachov, President of the Ukrainian Grain Association, provided insights into the country's grain export strategies amidst challenging geopolitical circumstances. Andrey Sizov, Managing Director of SovEcon, provided comprehensive insights into the current state of the global wheat market during an exclusive interview with Miller Magazine. In an interview with Miller Magazine, Igor Sviridenko, President of the Russian Union of Flour Mills and Cereal Plants, presents the strategic vision and challenges shaping the future of flour milling in Russia. In an exclusive interview with Miller Magazine, Eduard Zernin, Chairman of Rusgrain Union, proposes alternative payment methods in the trade of Russian grain and pulses. The global marine insurance market remains resilient despite facing numerous challenges in key trade routes such as the Red Sea and the Ukraine/Black Sea area. In a modern flour mill, hundreds of machines are in operation, the vast majority of which are equipped with electric drives. Grain production faces unprecedented challenges due to the increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events caused by climate change. The use of biotechnology in flour production is an innovative solution for the traditional flour milling industry. Since wheat is a product that can be produced both in dry and irrigated conditions, its effect on production planning is not expected to be high compared to other products. Egypt, the world's largest wheat importer, faces significant challenges in securing its wheat supply, primarily due to economic hurdles and global events. Highlighting the growing emphasis placed by nations on enhancing their grain processing capabilities, Samet Taşkın, a Board Member of Ortaş Mill, underscored the increasing demand for turnkey factory installations. In the 2023/24 marketing year (MY), Russia has been an aggressive exporter of wheat to the world market. Marking its 20th anniversary, the Turkish Flour Industrialists' Federation (TFIF) orchestrated a momentous gathering, assembling over 1300 delegates at its 18th International Congress and Exhibition in Antalya. The current season in Ukraine is marked by an increased share of feed-quality wheat compared to the previous year, influenced by pre-harvest rainy weather. Simultaneously organized with IDMA Istanbul, the fifth edition of TABADER's now customary Doyens Award Ceremony took place on May 2nd at Wow Hotel. The global grain processing industry convened in Istanbul. The domestic sector, specializing in flour, grain, feed, pulses production equipment, and milling machinery, crucially exporting 90 percent of its output, gathered with over 10,000 professionals from 120 countries at the 10th IDMA Istanbul. In an exclusive interview during the IDMA Expo in Istanbul, Moulay Abdelkadir Alalaoui, President of the Moroccan Flour Milling Federation (FNM), provides a comprehensive overview of the state of flour milling in Morocco and its relationship with Turkey. In an interview with IDMA Today daily, Suncica Savovic, Director of the Serbia Grains Association, provides valuable insights into the current state of the grain industry in Serbia. Catch the agenda, follow the events, access special content! Alapros, a leading company in the milling machinery industry, has unveiled plans for an ambitious venture in Tajikistan. The company's latest undertaking, a state-of-the-art single line flour factory boasting an daily capacity of 1200 tons, is poised to redefine standards in the region. Scheduled to commence operations in 2025, the innovative flour mill will encompass entirely new infrastructure and silos, occupying a sprawling area totaling 30,500 square meters. Notably, the facility will house 9 colossal silos, each with a capacity of 4 thousand tons. Mehmet Alapala, Member of the Board at Alapros, expressed his enthusiasm regarding the project's potential impact. "This groundbreaking project will introduce unprecedented solutions to the industry, driving economic growth within the region," remarked Mr. Alapala, reflecting the company's commitment to innovation and progress. Tajikistan, with aspirations to bolster its domestic flour production, aims to annually reduce the volume of wheat flour imports to below 50 thousand tonnes by 2025. This strategic initiative aligns with the country's broader goal of increasing its own flour production to 1 million tonnes annually. Over the past decade, bolstered by enhanced local milling capacities, imports of wheat grain have been steadily increasing, while purchases of wheat flour have declined by nearly 90 percent. Alapros, founded by Mehmet Alapala and Semih Alapala, boasts a seasoned team comprising experts in design, automation, flour milling machinery, and equipment production. Operating within an industry 4.0-compatible factory, Alapros prides itself on delivering competitive products and services, underpinned by a pursuit of perfection and a "R&D first" ethos. From customized development and manufacturing of flour milling machines to integrated services, the company's offerings are meticulously crafted to meet the evolving needs of the global market. Making an explanation about wheat in production the new season, Food, Agriculture and Livestock Min... With GRIPS.world, packaging machine manufacturer Schubert is offering its customers a digital platf... FAO expects world cereal production in 2021 to increase for the third consecutive year and has ra... In its May Cereal Supply and Demand Brief, the Fo... The latest report from the Agricultural Market In...
French Zoo Animals Worksheets 6 pages have 2 animals each. French zoo animals worksheets. Here are the French names of the animals you can find at Amiens zoo with English translation. Members receive unlimited access to 49000 cross-curricular educational resources including interactive activities clipart and abctools custom worksheet generators. Keep reading for more information and facts about zoos or download the entire worksheet pack which includes 11 fun activities to test your knowledge on Zoos and their animals. These Zoo Theme Units are great for any classroom. French language worksheets for you to print and enjoy with your child or students. You will receive your score and answers at the end. Even though you havent reached the age of 2 years you can give your Dear Zoo storybook to your child. French Zoo Animals Worksheet Packet for beginning French classes. I have over 25 years language teaching experience in UK secondary schools and 12 years as a Curriculum Leader. The zoo is a good opportunity not only to enrich your French vocabulary by learning the names of animals in French but also to practice its phonetics. Zoo Role-Play Pack SB1635 A brilliant set of resources for your classroom Zoo role- play area. KS1 classes are sure to benefit from our activities and worksheets. French Zoo Animals. Besides this you will learn the names of your pets and the names of animals that live on a farm. Question 1 of 3. Because it is filled with colorful images. In this French lessons Cindy a native French teacher teaches you the names of wild animals commonly found in zoos in frenc. These activities are an easy way for students to begin learning the common zoo animals in the French.
Graduate Unemployment in Sri Lanka: A Review of Literature Main Article Content Education is one of the major criteria for measuring the progress of a nation. It is a key element of the wealth and prosperity of a nation(Ariyawansa, 2008). One of the main objectives of education, particularly of higher education, is to prepare students to pursue different careers in a national or international context. University education is the core of higher education. Universities are social institutions, which provide facilities for the higher intellectual needs of a community as regards both academic knowledge and professional training(Ariyawansa, 2008).The employment of graduates to increase anorganization's intellectual capital is not a new phenomenon. According to graduate unemployment in Sri Lanka, the highestunemployment rate was recorded by graduates from the Arts and Performing Arts disciplines (Tracer study of graduatesuniversities in Sri Lanka, 2018). Arts graduates are heavily under-employed in terms of their qualifications and heavily underpaid. Therefore,producing "employable graduates" has become the key challenge for all the Arts faculties in Sri Lanka (Ranasinghe&Logendra, 2015). The names of Art faculties will differ from university to university, that is Faculty of Humanities, Faculty of Social Sciences, and Faculty of Arts.
Chirurgia creierului, măduvei spinării și nervilor "Adevăratul nostru mentor în viață este știința". "Știința este singurul ghid adevărat în viață." K. Ataturk Cavernous malformations (CMs), also known as cavernomas, are vascular abnormalities of the brain that are comprised of clusters of abnormal, hyalinized capillaries. Microsurgical resection, stereotactic radiosurgery, and conservative management are the three methods of treatment for CM lesions. Deciding how to manage a CM patient depends on a variety of factors. Approximately 25 percent of individuals with cerebral cavernous malformations never experience any related health problems. Hemorrhagic stroke and seizures are the most severe symptoms caused by cavernous malformations. Symptomatic patients may experience serious signs and symptoms including; Hearing or vision loss Slurred speech Balance problems Limb weakness or numbness
Upper Green Mountains Upper Green Mountains Skyscraping icons of Vermont, the Upper Green Mountains are a majestic march of peaks that span from remote Belvidere Mountain in the north to the ski-trail-laced slopes farther south. Broken only by the Lamoille and Winooski river valleys and the winding passes of Smugglers' Notch and the Appalachian Gap, these mountains represent the state's most rugged terrain—and its most inviting landscape for challenging outdoor recreation. Skiing's history in this region dates back 90 years, to when Civilian Conservation Corps teams cut the first trails on the state's highest peak, Mount Mansfield. Ski areas here sprawl across multiple mountains. Stowe Mountain Resort has Spruce Peak and Mount Mansfield; Smugglers' Notch includes Madonna, Morse, and Sterling mountains; Sugarbush spreads over Lincoln Peak and Mount Ellen. "Ski It If You Can" Mad River Glen is an exception, both for its single mountain (General Stark) and its vintage single-chair lift, the last one remaining in the lower 48 states. But these mountains aren't just about snow. The 272-mile hiking route known as the Long Trail crosses every major summit, while its side trails ascend more modest peaks. And even hiking boots are optional for Mount Mansfield, whose 4,393-foot summit can be reached by toll road or aerial gondola. Unlike the deeply cut glacial lakes of its neighbor, the Northeast Kingdom, the welcoming waters of the Upper Green Mountains sit gently on the craggy landscape. Along with lovely 219-acre Lake Elmore, Elmore State Park offers access to campsites and beaches. State parks at the Waterbury and Green River reservoirs, meanwhile, include remote camping locations that can be reached only by boat. Green River is a special treat for wilderness lovers, with a no-motorboats policy and 19 miles of undeveloped shoreline. Just as the Long Trail isn't the only way to traverse the Upper Green Mountains, outdoor recreation isn't the only way to savor this region. Vermont's Route 100 links many local attractions. The road runs through the classic village of Stowe, with the famous Trapp Family Lodge sitting in the nearby foothills. Less than half an hour south of Stowe, there's a monument to ice cream: The Ben & Jerry's factory tour is a Vermont favorite in every season. Maybe it's something in the water, but the Upper Green Mountains are also home to several famous names in Vermont's thriving craft-beverage movement. The von Trapp family's brewery and The Alchemist in Stowe, Rock Art in Morrisville, and Lawson's Finest Liquids in Waitsfield all have loyal followings and on-site tasting rooms or pubs. These mountain communities have a lively cultural scene, too, in both the visual and performing arts. The Bryan Memorial Gallery, which has its original Jeffersonville location and a newer branch in Stowe, focuses on New England landscape paintings. The Current, in Stowe, showcases local contemporary art. Waitsfield's Artisans' Gallery is a hub for artists and craftspeople in the Mad River Valley and beyond. The Lamoille County Players in Hyde Park and Waitsfield's Valley Players present amateur theater annually. And all year long, the region's ski resort towns do their part to bring people together with music and community fun. As the snow begins to melt, look for madcap "Spring Fling" days on the slopes. Summer brings a full lineup of concerts to places like Sugarbush's Lincoln Peak Courtyard. And fall sees Stowe hosting everything from the three-day Foliage Arts Festival to Indigenous People's Day Rocks!, a daylong celebration of Native American culture that includes contributions from Vermont's Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation, one of the largest Abenaki tribes still in existence. Top Picks by Season from Yankee Magazine Things To Do In the Upper Green Mountains Swimming and boating rentals on Waterbury Reservoir ArborTrek Canopy Adventures The Phoenix Hiking Mount Mansfield Toll Road or Long Trail Knoll Farm Indigenous People's Day Rocks Sugarbush Soaring Cold Hollow Cider Mill Trapp Family Lodge Bierhall and Oktoberfest Route 100 "Skier's Highway" Fall Foliage Drive Smugglers' Notch Icelandic Horse Farm Stowe Winter Carnival and Winter Rendezvous Explore art at Firefolk Arts, Mad River Glass, Artisans Gallery VT's Oldest Pond Skimming Tournament at Sugarbush Canteen Creemee Co. The Current Lajoie Stables Madsonian Museum of Industrial Design Itinerary Spotlight A Long Weekend in Stowe Join outdoor adventurer Tyrhee Moore for a long weekend in Stowe, where he paddles at the Waterbury Reservoir, discovers Vermont's world-class craft beer scene, and learns how to mountain bike at Trapp Family Lodge.
Accidents between commercial trucks and passenger vehicles can have devastating consequences, including severe injuries and significant property damage. Because these collisions involve commercial vehicles, they also have complex legal considerations that can be difficult to navigate. If you suffered injuries in a collision with a commercial truck, an experienced truck accident attorney in San Diego can help you understand your legal rights and handle every aspect of your case. They can build a robust case, negotiate with the other parties involved, and seek the maximum compensation on your behalf. Importantly, their efforts allow you to focus on fully recovering after an accident. Schedule A Free Case Evaluation Today! The Basics of Truck Accidents Truck accidents often differ significantly from accidents between passenger vehicles in some notable ways. Chief among these is the likelihood of considerable destruction simply due to the size of commercial trucks compared to passenger vehicles. How Truck Accidents Happen Accidents involving commercial trucks occur due to a variety of causes. Some of these factors aren't unique to truck accidents, such as driver distraction, driver impairment, reckless driving behaviors, speeding, and mechanical issues. Other causes, however, are either unique to commercial trucking or have more significant implications when the accident involves large trucks. For example, while fatigue is a factor in many passenger vehicle accidents, the nature of trucking makes it more likely to occur—truck drivers work long hours—and the sheer size of commercial trucks makes the potential consequences that much more significant. Some other possible causes of truck accidents include improper cargo loading and inexperience or lack of training on the driver's part. Truck accidents differ from passenger vehicle accidents in that multiple parties may be at fault, from the driver or their employer to manufacturers, mechanics, cargo loaders, and others who may have contributed to the accident through earlier action or inaction. Types of Truck Accidents Trucks can collide in many ways, both in terms of the types of accidents and the vehicles involved. Types of collisions unique to or more likely to involve commercial trucks include override and underride collisions, jackknife accidents, and accidents involving improperly secured cargo loads. Some types of commercial vehicles that may get into truck accidents include utility company vehicles, tow trucks, delivery trucks, tractor-trailers, rental trucks, construction trucks, and more. Understanding a Truck Accident Attorney's Role Commercial truck accident lawyers have the experience and knowledge necessary to handle every facet of these complex, stressful, and time-consuming cases. They will gather crucial evidence, negotiate with the insurance companies, meet critical legal deadlines, and keep the case progressing toward a successful resolution. Many federal and state laws apply in a truck accident case, and an attorney's job is to analyze how these laws may affect your claim. By researching your accident, examining all the evidence, and applying the laws, they will determine which party or parties you can hold liable for your injuries. Truck accident lawyers must consider the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) regulations that govern the trucking industry to determine whether the truck driver, trucking company, or another party ran afoul of them and, if so, the implications for your case. Negotiating with insurance companies is a vital part of an attorney's role, especially in truck accident cases, because various insurance providers and policies may factor into a case. This is because multiple parties and entities bear liability for these accidents, such as the trucking company, the truck's owner, a vehicle or parts manufacturer, a third-party mechanic, or a cargo loader. Throughout the legal process, your truck accident attorney will advise you on your legal options, inform you of new developments, and help you make informed decisions to lead you to the best possible outcome. What an Attorney Does for You After a Truck Accident Due to the complicated factors that enter into a truck accident case, you'll benefit from the insight and experience of a skilled attorney. Your lawyer can help you understand your legal rights and consider all options as you pursue the compensation you deserve. Gather Evidence A critical factor in any truck accident case is liability. Determining who is liable for injuries, property damage, and other losses is crucial to developing a solid legal strategy. However, proving liability in a truck accident case often requires collecting, analyzing, and preserving copious evidence. This is why gathering evidence is the first important task your truck accident attorney must take on. By investigating the accident, your attorney gains insight into the factors that directly caused and indirectly contributed to it. They will examine evidence from the accident scene, including photos of vehicle damage, skid marks on the road, traffic signs, and property damage. They will also review footage from traffic cameras, nearby surveillance cameras, and dashcams. Importantly, your lawyer will collect data from the truck's black box, or electronic logging device (ELD), which records driving time and can show whether a driver violated federal hours of service (HOS) regulations. Your attorney will also research the truck's maintenance records to see whether the driver or company ignored maintenance requirements. Your truck accident attorney will interview eyewitnesses and potentially bring in accident reconstruction experts to offer their insight into how the collision occurred. Your lawyer might hire other experts, including those in the medical or trucking industries. They'll collect other evidence as well. Your medical records, documentation related to your employment—including how much work you've missed and how much income you've lost as a result—and other records related to the collision help your attorney determine how much compensation you deserve. Review Insurance Policies In a collision between passenger vehicles, the role of insurance is often straightforward—the at-fault driver's insurance policy compensates the other driver for medical expenses, vehicle repair costs, and other losses. However, insurance coverage in an accident involving a passenger vehicle and a commercial truck is more complicated because multiple parties might be liable, including: - The truck driver - The trucking company - The mechanics responsible for maintaining the truck - The truck manufacturer - The party who loaded the cargo While driver error causes many truck accidents, various factors can complicate liability, and your attorney may need to deal with several different insurance companies, all of which will have their own attorneys engaged to avoid paying you what you deserve. Your truck accident lawyer will review these policies to ensure you're pursuing the maximum compensation. Negotiate With Insurance Companies Insurance companies tend to move quickly after a truck accident. They'll likely send you a settlement offer in the hopes that you'll accept it and they'll be able to close the claim. However, these initial settlement offers rarely rise to the level of fully compensating victims for their injuries. Insurance companies rely on victims' desperation and lack of understanding of their legal rights to avoid paying them more money. This is where a truck accident attorney's experience and knowledge make a real difference. Your attorney will be able to look at the settlement offer, recognize that it falls short of fully compensating you for your injuries, and counter with the amount you're seeking. While rejecting an insurance company's offer can be challenging, it pays to leave the process of communicating and negotiating with insurance companies to your truck accident lawyer. They'll fight for fair and full compensation on your behalf. Provide Peace of Mind The legal process isn't just complex—it's also stressful. When you're recovering from a truck accident injury, you deserve to focus on healing and not have to deal with the intricacies of your legal case. Your commercial truck accident lawyer provides reassurance and peace of mind, allowing you to rest easy knowing your case is in skilled hands. Compensation for Commercial Truck Accident Injuries When you work with a truck accident lawyer to pursue compensation for your injuries, your attorney will review the details of your case and determine what compensation to seek. You may recover compensation for various economic and non-economic damages, depending on the circumstances surrounding the collision and your injuries. Medical Expenses Your medical expenses are likely to account for a large percentage of the compensation you seek, not least because accidents involving commercial trucks are more likely to result in severe injuries. Brain and spinal injuries, fractures, internal injuries, lacerations, burns, and soft tissue injuries are just some of the many medical issues you may suffer in this type of accident. Medical costs can add up very quickly, and many severe injuries require ongoing, long-term treatment. Your attorney will review your medical bills, estimate your likely future medical expenses, and arrive at a dollar amount that will fairly compensate you for your injuries and pay for your recovery. Lost Earnings A truck accident is likely to take you away from work, especially if you require emergency treatment or a lengthy stay in a rehabilitation facility. It may inhibit your ability to work in the same role, industry, or capacity in the future, and in some cases, a truck accident can cause permanent disability. Your attorney will seek compensation for lost earnings and the loss of future earning capacity. Pain and Suffering Truck accidents can be devastating and traumatic, and experiencing one can have a lasting effect on your life and comfort. Your attorney can seek compensation for the physical and emotional pain and suffering you experience as a result of a truck accident. While calculating non-economic damages is less straightforward than determining economic damages like medical expenses, doing so can help you seek compensation that truly reflects how much the accident affected you. Property Damage A truck accident can obviously cause significant damage to your passenger vehicle—in most cases, your car will be a total loss. But it can also damage or destroy any personal effects you might have in your vehicle at the time of the accident. Your attorney will seek compensation for these losses. Loss of Quality of Life The effects of a truck accident can be devastating and permanent. Severe physical injuries, chronic pain, the inability to continue working, the loss of the ability to enjoy hobbies and activities, and other effects can significantly diminish your quality of life. Your attorney can seek compensation for this loss of enjoyment. How to Choose a Truck Accident Lawyer Your choice of an attorney makes a difference in the outcome of your case. A lawyer with experience handling truck accident injury cases will bring their understanding of the law and the knowledge they gained in previous cases to your legal fight. Choose an attorney who has successfully negotiated with insurers and recovered compensation for their clients. You should also choose an attorney who understands your situation and listens to your concerns. Every truck accident case is unique; no two injury victims are alike. An attorney who can empathize with you and provide reassurance backed up by confidence in their abilities is likely an attorney you can trust to put their energy and commitment into your case. Finally, consider their fee structure and whether they work on a contingency basis. As a truck accident injury victim, you're likely facing considerable financial challenges due to your medical bills and lost income. You shouldn't have to worry about legal fees while your case is in progress. Find an attorney who offers a free initial consultation and collects fees only if they recover funds for you. Contact a Truck Accident Attorney Going through the legal process to seek compensation for your losses following a truck accident is a complex undertaking, and it's not one you should feel like you have to go through alone. An experienced truck accident attorney will help you understand your legal rights, review your options, and guide you step by step through the process of seeking justice. Reach out to a personal injury lawyer as soon as possible following an accident to learn more about your legal options for pursuing compensation.
- Swiftwater Intermediate School - Welcome to the SIS Library - Library Units of Study Page Navigation Listed below are some examples of what we do in library class. This list is not comprehensive but should give you some idea of what your children are learning during their 45 minute library period each cycle. Library Units of Study 4th, 5th, and 6th grades - Location skills/orientation -2-3 class periods to review rules and routines, make their folders which will be kept in the library for the year and which will contain all their work, familiarize students with library layout and for direct instruction in how to use the library catalog to locate books and practice in finding books on the shelf after writing down the call number. - Research skill review 2-3 class periods will be spent reviewing previously learned skills. Topics covered: Dictionary, Atlas, Almanac, Thesaurus and encyclopedia use. Using online resources for research i.e. Encyclopedia Brittannica online and Power library data bases. - Independent student centered station work to reinforce previously learned skills. 5-10 class periods as needed. - Novel Studies-teaching a novel can take anywhere from 6 to 12 class periods depending on the length of the novel and the number of related projects and activities incorporated. The 4th and 5th grade novels usually take the maximum and the 6th grade novel the least. - Dewey Decimal competition-5th grade. Students will become familiar with the arrangement and classification of non fiction materials in the library and as a culminating activity the top teams in each homeroom will compete against each other. 2-3 class periods to learn the different Dewey classifications using the mnemonic rhyme and associated pictures to aid in identifying the correct category. 2-3 class periods to learn titles that would be classified in each category and 2 classes for the competition itself. - Genre, literary terms and figurative language 6th grade. Students will become familiar with various literary terms and conventions and literary genres through a power point presentation, notes, review and competitions. 4 class periods. - Online Research practice, Fact Monster-5th and 6th grades-students will use the Fact Monster electronic almanac to find as many answers to a 25 question trivia sheet as they can in one class period. - Recognizing Story Elements/reading for comprehension-4th grade students will be introduced to the characteristics of a short story, class will read "Curses, Inc." by Vivian Vande Velde together and then complete a story map and other graphic organizers
Melted ice cubes create a playground for food germs. Gelatin ice cubes could be safer Researchers tested how "jelly ice cubes" compare for food safety New evidence implicates container ships in the spread of stony coral tissue loss disease The disease is a severe threat to the Caribbean's vibrant coral reefs White-nose syndrome has decimated three species of North American bats Northern long-eared bat, little brown bat, and tricolored bat populations have declined by 90 percent The mysterious cause of sea star wasting syndrome is a mystery no more Sea stars suffer when microorganisms living on them suck up too much oxygen from the water Could the next coronavirus outbreak come from pigs? A virus called SADS-CoV could also spillover to humans A grape virus causes vineyards to lose $60,000 per hectare, and there's no defense against it Red blotch disease alters the chemical composition and taste of critical winemaking grapes Measuring how quickly proteins accumulate in the brain could help scientists identify people with Alzheimer's disease faster Faster diagnosis means quicker treatment of this currently incurable disease A new shortcut skips stem cells completely, converts skin cells into photoreceptors This method, which uses a handful of small molecule drugs, is a time-saver compared to stem cell therapy Meet Lady Mary Montagu, who brought smallpox inoculation to England This poet and essayist likely saved many lives from this deadly, disfiguring disease Cytokines prevent the whooping cough bacteria from invading the rest of the body (in mice) Researchers hope that this finding will eventually lead to new treatment for the disease in infants Dogs can smell silent, deadly cancers before a blood test can Can doctors learn to detect the volatile compounds that dogs pick up? Can hormone levels signal for autism in girls? New study moves against the current of gender bias in autism research Where does the word "quarantine" come from? It came to English from Italian It's not too late to change America's coronavirus future We need swift, strong measures and protection for our healthcare workers Even vampire bats do social distancing when their friends are sick New research finds that bats care for their ill family members, but don't socialize as much with their sick friends With no vaccine anytime soon, how will we treat COVID-19? The science behind stopping this spiky spherical virus Bats' unique immune systems make them stealthy viral reservoirs These ecologically important animals have been at the center of many major viral outbreaks, and we are beginning to understand why
Florida is always a top destination for families, but where is the best destination in Florida for family vacations? We asked, and Visit Florida answered with 10 top places to take your kids any time of year. St. Petersburg: best destination in Florida for kids of all ages St. Petersburg, glimmering between the Gulf of Mexico and Tampa Bay, draws a young, hip crowd with unique boutiques, ice cream parlors, kid-friendly breweries and museums. The world-renowned Salvador Dali Museum offers story times, tours and workshops for kids. Or for an artisanal culinary experience, check out Locale Market where the food hall is a shopping and dining immersion experience with a mix of prepared foods, restaurants, bakeries, a coffee bar and beyond. Of course, there are also the white-sand beaches for fun in the sun and water. And for a family-friendly history, head to Fort De Soto Park's North Beach, with its wide tidal pool begging to be splashed in. Kids will enjoy running from the lagoon to the Gulf and spotting seashells of every color and size. The Florida Keys: for lazy days and island vibes A chain of subtropical islands known for their natural beauty, The Florida Keys shimmer with aquamarine water, mesmerizing sunsets and a vast array of wildlife. Stretching from Key Largo down to Key West and easily accessible by car, boat or plane, the Keys have great appeal for families who want to get away from it all, but also enjoy some of the exciting experiences on offer. Kids can get a taste of Keys history and culture with visits to the Ernest Hemingway House and Museum, the Harry S. Truman Little White House or the Eco-Discovery Center. Although, finding sunken treasure on a dive at The Key West Shipwreck Treasure Museum or a trip to Ripley's Believe It or Not will delight them just as much. And if you're looking for diving and snorkeling on the only living coral reef in the U.S., prefer close encounters with dolphins and turtles, or are keen to explore historic forts, you'll find it all in the Florida Keys. Miami: the best destination in Florida for children's museums Miami is well known for its glittering nightlife and busy beaches, yet it's also a culturally enriching experience for adults and kids alike. Museums in the area explore everything from the marvels of space and tech to the wonders of our planet, all catering to curious young minds. You should try the Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science for hands-on learning and the Miami Children's Museum is the one for artistic immersion. And it might be a city but wildlife experiences are bountiful in and around Miami. So go looking for anything from birds to crocodiles and dolphins, you won't be disappointed. South Walton: for 26-miles for sugar-white beaches South Walton, in Northwest Florida, boasts 26 miles of sugar-white sand beaches, turquoise water and 16 acclaimed beachside neighborhoods, each with its own personality and style. Also in South Walton, luxury accommodations, challenging golf, eclectic shops, unique art galleries and award-winning dining are all parts of the area's distinctive character. You'll find outdoor activities aplenty within the four state parks, a state forest, 15 rare coastal dune lakes and the Gulf of Mexico. Plus, the first Underwater Museum of Art in the U.S. opened in the Gulf waters less than a mile off South Walton's beaches, where it rests on the sea floor about 55 feet below the surface and is made up of sculptures created by local and nationally recognized artists. Visitors can SCUBA dive to view the museum, or snorkel to check it out from a comfortable depth above the installations. Fort Lauderdale: the best destination in Florida for navigable waterways Fort Lauderdale, known as the Venice of America, has 165-plus miles of navigable waterways, stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Everglades. Best news? Visitors can hop on and off water taxis that travel through some of these canals, and the Intracoastal Waterway, to visit top attractions, hotels, restaurants and shopping areas. Kids of all ages will enjoy the Museum of Discovery & Science in downtown Fort Lauderdale and Young At Art Children's Museum is a great choice for younger children. However, the animal-lover and budding environmentalist isn't forgotten here either, as a visit to the Everglades, Butterfly World and Flamingo Gardens will quickly prove. Orlando: the best destination in Florida for theme parks The world's theme park capital keeps every extravagant promise it makes — and then some. Magical for younger kids, end-to-end excitement for teens and fantastic for multi-generational family vacations, Orlando is the #1 destination in the United States. Seven of Orlando's theme parks are among the top 10 visited amusement parks in the country, hosting millions of visitors each year. And it's here that families will find iconic theme parks like Disney, Universal and SeaWorld, plus a variety of water parks, dining and nightlife. Beyond the theme parks, families with budding astronauts will love the Space Coast. There, you'll find the Kennedy Space Center, while nearby Cocoa Beach offers relaxing and breezy ocean time.
\kˈiːfə fˈʌŋɡi], \kˈiːfə fˈʌŋɡi], \k_ˈiː_f_ə f_ˈʌ_ŋ_ɡ_i]\ Word of the day - Disease or involving single peripheral in isolation, out proportion to evidence diffuse dysfunction. Mononeuropathy multiplex refers condition characterized by multiple isolated nerve injuries. Mononeuropathies may result from a wide variety of causes, including ISCHEMIA; traumatic injury; compression; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS; and other conditions. Nearby Words - keeving - kef - keffe-kil - keffiyeh - kefir - kefir fungi - kefir grains - kefir, kefyr - keflex - keflin - kefr kenna
Demystifying Machine Learning vs. AI vs. Deep Learning: A Comprehensive Comparison Machine learning, artificial intelligence, and deep learning are terms that often appear in the media, but what do they actually mean? How are they related, and how do they differ from each other? In this article, we'll demystify these concepts and provide a comprehensive comparison of their definitions, applications, and challenges. We'll also explore some of the most common examples of machine learning, artificial intelligence, and deep learning in action, and how they are transforming various industries and domains. By the end of this article, you'll have a clear understanding of the similarities and differences between machine learning, artificial intelligence, and deep learning, and why they matter for the future of technology and society. Consider reading: Generative AI vs Predictive AI Key Takeaways of Machine Learning vs. AI vs. Deep Learning - AI encompasses various technologies that simulate human intelligence processes. - Machine learning involves training algorithms to make predictions based on data. - Deep learning uses neural networks with multiple layers for complex pattern recognition tasks. - AI, machine learning, and deep learning have distinct functionalities and applications. - Understanding the differences between AI, ML, and DL is crucial for leveraging the right technology. - Artificial intelligence enables machines to mimic human cognitive functions and optimize complex tasks. Machine Learning vs. AI vs. Deep Learning Examples: The landscape of technology is rapidly evolving with advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and Deep Learning (DL). These technologies, while interconnected, serve unique purposes across different sectors. Let's demystify them by delving into practical examples that highlight their distinct applications and impact: AI in Action: - Chatbots Enhancing Customer Support: Imagine interacting with a virtual assistant that understands and responds to your queries in natural language. This is AI at work, streamlining customer service. - Fraud Detection Systems: Financial institutions leverage AI to scrutinize transactions in real-time, pinpointing anomalies that could indicate fraud. - Personalized Entertainment: Streaming services use AI to tailor recommendations, creating a personalized viewing experience by analyzing your preferences. Machine Learning at Work: - Combatting Spam: Email platforms employ ML algorithms to filter out spam, ensuring your inbox stays relevant and clutter-free. - Predictive Maintenance in Manufacturing: By predicting equipment failures before they happen, ML minimizes downtime and maintenance costs. - Credit Scoring for Loans: Financial entities apply ML to evaluate loan applications more accurately, basing decisions on complex data analyses. Deep Learning's Groundbreaking Applications: - Autonomous Vehicles: DL powers the image recognition capabilities in self-driving cars, enabling them to identify pedestrians and signs, paving the way for safer roads. - Transforming Speech Recognition: From voice-activated assistants to real-time transcription, DL revolutionizes how machines interpret human speech. - Advancements in Healthcare: DL algorithms analyze medical imagery with unprecedented accuracy, aiding in the early detection and diagnosis of diseases. Through these examples, we see how AI offers a foundation for simulating human intellect, ML specializes in learning from data to make informed predictions, and DL excels at deciphering intricate patterns through its sophisticated neural networks. By showcasing the real-world impact of AI, ML, and DL, we aim to provide a clear understanding of their distinctive roles and potential, moving beyond the technical terms to appreciate their transformative power in various domains. Consider reading: AI in Healthcare: Innovations and Future Trends Machine Learning vs. AI vs. Deep Learning: Is There a Difference? When comparing AI, machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL), it's crucial to understand the distinctions in their functionalities and applications. Artificial Intelligence (AI): - AI focuses on simulating human intelligence processes. - It involves the development of systems capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence. - Examples include chatbots, personalized recommendations, and fraud detection systems. Machine Learning (ML): - ML is a subset of AI that focuses on developing algorithms allowing computers to learn and make decisions based on data. - It uses statistical techniques to enable machines to improve performance on a specific task over time. - Applications include email filtering, predictive maintenance, and credit scoring algorithms. Deep Learning (ML): - DL is a specialized subset of ML that mimics the workings of the human brain in processing data and creating patterns for decision-making. - It involves neural networks with multiple layers to extract high-level features from raw data. - Examples include image recognition, speech recognition, and medical diagnosis tools. Machine Learning vs. AI vs. Deep Learning Key Differences: - AI encompasses the broader concept of creating systems capable of human-like tasks. - ML is the subfield of AI focused on developing algorithms that improve automatically through experience. - DL is a subset of ML that utilizes deep neural networks to analyze data and make decisions. Understanding these distinctions is essential in leveraging the right technology for specific applications. What is Artificial Intelligence? Artificial intelligence, often referred to as AI, is a technology that enables machines to mimic human cognitive functions and intelligence processes. This includes tasks such as problem-solving, learning, and decision-making. AI leverages predictions and automation to optimize and solve complex tasks that were traditionally performed by humans. - AI encompasses machines simulating human intelligence processes. - It optimizes tasks like facial and speech recognition, decision-making, and translation. - AI is categorized into Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI), Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), and Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI). Understanding artificial intelligence is essential to grasp the broader world of technologies like machine learning and deep learning. Each of these technologies plays a unique role in the area of artificial intelligence. What is Machine Learning? Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence. - In most cases, machine learning refers to traditional machine learning. - Deep learning specifically refers to multilayered neural networks. In machine learning: - Engineers manually design and predefine features to represent the data numerically. - These features are based on the engineer's knowledge and understanding of the data. - Features like the number of eyes, legs, and heads can represent animals. - Handcrafted features represent the data in machine learning. - Making predictions based on patterns and inferences without explicit programming. - Utilizing statistics as a driving force behind the algorithms. - Learning to make predictions through the analysis of data patterns. What is Deep Learning? Deep learning is a sophisticated subset of machine learning and artificial intelligence. It uses intricate neural networks with multiple layers to process data and make complex decisions. Here are key points to understand deep learning: - Deep learning networks consist of many layers, making them more advanced than traditional neural networks. - These networks are powered by components such as a robust power supply, a GPU, and a large RAM. - Deep learning models require substantial training time due to their complexity, unlike neural networks that demand minimal training. In the area of artificial intelligence, it's crucial to grasp the role of deep learning as a powerful tool within the broader world of machine learning and AI. Consider reading: Future of AI in Education Final Thoughts on Machine Learning vs. AI vs. Deep Learning Deep learning is a modern direction within the scope of artificial intelligence and machine learning. Modern neural networks used in this technology with their complex decision mechanisms are unlike classic approaches. These advanced deep learning models bring out the demand for high resources like GPU and a huge size of RAM. Working in today's dynamic world of AI, it becomes highly important for one to understand the importance of deep learning. The power of social data lies in the understanding of its role and potential for driving innovation and the general advancements in various industries. Such being the case, it is this very embracing of deep learning as a pivotal tool in the AI ecosystem that will allow for the surfacing of new possibilities that ought to be embraced to push what may be otherwise limiting technology. FAQs on Machine Learning vs. AI vs. Deep Learning What is the difference between AI and machine learning and deep learning? Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the overarching concept of machines simulating human intelligence. Machine Learning (ML) is a branch of AI focused on algorithms that enable machines to learn from data. Deep Learning, a subset of ML, employs neural networks with many layers to interpret large, complex datasets for more sophisticated insights. What is AI vs ML vs DL vs DS? AI, or Artificial Intelligence, encompasses technologies that mimic human intelligence. Machine Learning (ML) is a segment of AI focused on teaching machines to learn from data without explicit programming. Deep Learning (DL), a branch of ML, uses artificial neural networks to analyze complex data. Data Science (DS) integrates various fields, including AI, to derive meaningful insights from data. Should I learn AI or ML? Your choice between AI and ML depends on your interest areas. If you're drawn to robotics or computer vision, AI is more suitable. However, for a specific career in data analysis and algorithms, machine learning (ML) might be the better path. Consider your career goals and select the field that aligns more closely with them.
Cyber criminals are more organised than ever before and their operation, designed to orchestrate ransomware, encryption, and denial-of-service attacks resemble legitimate businesses. This is according to Emmanuel Tzingakis, technical lead, African and venture markets at cyber security firm Trend Micro. Tzingakis says cyber criminal groups operate as well-organised ventures with their own recruitment and finance departments. This is why threat intelligence is crucial to support efforts to curb criminal activity, he adds. Trend Micro shares its threat intelligence with other security vendors, as well as academics and law enforcement agencies. Tzingakis emphasises Trend Micro's partnership with Interpol and its contribution towards the Africa Cyber Surge Operation, a four-month joint operation enforced by Interpol and Afripol. This initiative was started in 2022 and in 2023 law enforcement organisations from 25 countries participated. According to Trend Micro, it provided investigators with information about over 3 700 malicious command and control servers, 1 500 malicious IP addresses located in South Africa, Egypt, the Seychelles, Algeria and Nigeria, and malicious traffic detections linked to scams, malware, phishing and command and control servers. From this and other shared insights, police made 14 arrests and identified 20 674 suspicious cyber crime networks linked to losses of over $40 million. Tzingakis adds that while law enforcement agencies work hard to curb cyber crime, they also struggle with a lack of resources and in-house expertise. "That's why public-private partnerships (PPPs) are so important to the ongoing fight against ceaseless malicious online activity." Trend Micro refers to the takedown of ransomware gang LockBit as an example of how PPPs can work. "The ransomware-as-a-service (RaaS) group was responsible for between 25% and 33% of all ransomware attacks in 2023, claiming thousands of victims since it was first observed in September 2019. LockBit's business model revolved around affiliates that would be responsible for the attacks with the group claiming a 20% cut of the ransomware payment," says Tzingakis. In February this year, the UK's National Crime Agency initiated Operation Cronos which saw the seizure of the group's source code, its technical infrastructure used to carry out attacks and its leak site. With these in hand, law enforcement announced arrests, sanctions, and cryptocurrency confiscations. The operation was well publicised across LockBit's network and site, which has helped to undermione the gang's once powerful reputation as a RaaS group. "Following Operation Cronos, Trend Micro received a sample of what is believed to be a new version of LockBit's software. With this sample, we have been able to pass on intelligence to our law enforcement partners and bolster our defences for customers," adds Tzingakis.
For the 2024 school year, there is 1 public high school serving 362 students in Waukon, IA. The top ranked public high school in Waukon, IA is Waukon High School. Overall testing rank is based on a school's combined math and reading proficiency test score ranking. Waukon, IA public high school have an average math proficiency score of 72% (versus the Iowa public high school average of 63%), and reading proficiency score of 79% (versus the 73% statewide average). High schools in Waukon have an average ranking of 8/10, which is in the top 30% of Iowa public high schools. Waukon, IA public high school have a Graduation Rate of 95%, which is more than the Iowa average of 89%. The school with highest graduation rate is Waukon High School, with ≥95% graduation rate. Read more about public school graduation rate statistics in Iowa or national school graduation rate statistics. Minority enrollment is 6% of the student body (majority Hispanic), which is less than the Iowa public high school average of 25% (majority Hispanic). Best Public High Schools in Waukon, IA (2024) (Math and Reading Proficiency) (Math and Reading Proficiency) Rank: #11. Waukon High School (Math: 72% \| Reading: 79%) Top 30%10 1061 3rd Ave Nw Waukon, IA 52172 (563) 568-3466 Waukon, IA 52172 (563) 568-3466 Grades: 9-12 \| 362 students Waukon, Iowa Public Schools (Closed) Allamakee Learning Center (Closed 2011) Alternative School 12 East Main Waukon, IA 52172 (563) 568-3842 Waukon, IA 52172 (563) 568-3842 Grades: 9-12 \| n/a students Frequently Asked Questions What are the top ranked public high schools in Waukon, IA? The top ranked public high schools in Waukon, IA include Waukon High School. How many public high schools are located in Waukon, IA? 1 public high schools are located in Waukon, IA. What is the racial composition of students in Waukon, IA? Waukon, IA public high schools minority enrollment is 6% of the student body (majority Hispanic), which is less than the Iowa public high schools average of 25% (majority Hispanic). Recent Articles Banishing the Phone-based Childhood The article advocates for a dramatic cultural shift - delaying kids' smartphone ownership until high school and social media access until 16, promoting more free play, and fostering a healthier, screen-free childhood through collective action. April 25, 2024 Spanking in Public Schools: The Ongoing DebateIndeed, there are still school districts today in America that allow teachers to spank students. Learn about the current spanking situation in schools and why the debate continues to heat up. April 12, 2024 Understanding ADHD in Children: Signs, Diagnosis, and Support StrategiesThis comprehensive article explores the complex nature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, providing insights into its symptoms, diagnosis process, and effective support strategies. From recognizing early signs to navigating the diagnostic journey, parents will gain valuable knowledge to help their child thrive. Expert insights, real-life examples, and practical tips empower readers to create a supportive environment that meets the unique needs of children with ADHD.
This early pregnancy stage is a delicate time for your body. So what are some things to avoid? We asked a few experts for their best tips. Is it safe for me to exercise during early pregnancy? Pregnant women with normal, uncomplicated pregnancies are usually advised to continue their usual routine until the third trimester. Though it might be hard to believe, exercise isn't just good for physical health — it can also boost your mood and help relieve stress. However, you'll want to avoid activities that could cause harm. While pregnancy is a wonderful experience for most women, it does come with its little surprises. Many of these surprises occur during early pregnancy, when the pregnancy is not yet obvious to everyone but the baby's father. So what things should be avoided in your quest to conceive and carry that baby to term? Here are some of them: Take folic acid and vitamin D supplements Folic acid significantly reduces your baby's risk of neural tube defects, such as spina bifida. If you are pregnant, start taking 400 micrograms of folic acid as a supplement as soon as possible until the end of the first trimester (week 12 of your pregnancy). Some people may need a higher dose of folic acid, for example if you have diabetes or epilepsy. This is only available on prescription. Find out more about folic acid. You are also recommended to take a Vitamin D supplement during pregnancy and during breastfeeding. This helps your baby develop healthy bones, teeth and muscles. These 2 supplements are the only ones you need in pregnancy, alongside a healthy, balanced diet. Find out more about pregnancy supplements. Eat well Having a balanced diet and eating well during pregnancy means having a good variety of foods, such as fruit and vegetable, meat, cheese, potatoes, beans and pulses. This will ensure you have the energy and nutrients you and your baby need during pregnancy. If you feel you are struggling to follow a healthy diet during pregnancy, ask your midwife or GP for support. They might be able to refer you to a dietitian to help you. Read all about how to eat well in pregnancy. Stay active Staying active during pregnancy is great for you and your baby. It can help you sleep better, reduce anxiety and help you stay healthy through pregnancy. If you were active before you became pregnant, you can continue at the same level. But listen to your body and slow down if you begin to feel uncomfortable. If you didn't exercise much before you became pregnant, build up slowly and aim for 30 minutes each day. Exercise does not have to be strenuous to make a difference. Even gentle walks are good. Read all about exercise and pregnancy. Avoid diving or playing contact sports Most exercise is safe and healthy to continue during pregnancy. But there are some activities you should not do. Read about activities that are best to avoid during pregnancy. Monitor your baby's movements Feeling your baby move is a sign that they are well. You usually start to feel your baby moving when you're between 18 and 24 weeks. If this is your first baby, you might not feel movements until after 20 weeks. The movements can feel like a gentle swirling or fluttering. As your pregnancy progresses, you may feel kicks and jerky movements. Get to know your baby's pattern of movements and contact your midwife or maternity unit immediately if you think these have slowed down, stopped or changed. You should feel your baby move right up to and during labour. Find out more about monitoring your baby's movements. Go to sleep on your side in the third trimester Our advice is to go sleep on your side in the third trimester because research has shown that this is safer for your baby. This includes night sleep and daytime naps. If you wake up on your back, try not to worry, just settle back to sleep on your side. Find out more about sleeping on your side in the third trimester. Take care of your mental health Your mental health is just as important as your physical health during pregnancy. Being pregnant is an emotional experience and it can be normal to experience mood swings or feel low from time to time. However, it's important that you ask for help if these feelings become unmanageable or last longer than a couple of weeks. You won't be judged for how you feel. As many as 1 in 5 women develop mental health issues when they are pregnant and up to a year after birth. Your pregnancy care team understand that mental health conditions can affect anyone at any time. Find out more about taking care of your mental wellbeing during pregnancy. Consider having vaccinations that are offered You'll be offered vaccinations during pregnancy. The whooping cough vaccine Whooping cough (pertussis) is a respiratory infection that develops into severe coughing fits. This illness can be very severe, especially in very young babies. Pregnant people are recommended to have the vaccine to protect their baby until they are old enough to have their first vaccinations. The best time to get vaccinated to protect your baby is from week 16 up to 32 weeks of pregnancy. But you can have the vaccine anytime from 16 weeks right up until labour. However, it may be less effective if you have it after 38 weeks. There are no recommendations in the UK for your partner to have this vaccine. The flu vaccine (between September and February) All pregnant people are recommended to have the flu vaccine, whatever stage of pregnancy you are at. This is because having the flu in pregnancy can cause complications, particularly in the later stages of pregnancy. Read more about having these vaccinations in pregnancy. Covid-19 vaccine Pregnant people are recommended to have their COVID-19 vaccination as soon as possible. Find out more about the COVID-19 vaccine in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Carry your pregnancy notes with you It's a good idea to carry your antenatal notes everywhere you go as they contain all your medical and pregnancy history. This is particularly important if you need to go to the maternity unit, especially at short notice. Make sure you're prepared if you travel abroad If you're flying abroad make sure your travel insurance covers you for any pregnancy complications and take your maternity notes with you. Long-distance travel (more than 4 hours) may increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or blood clots. Try to: - wear compression or support stockings (available from the pharmacy or the airport), which will help reduce leg swelling - drink plenty of water - move around often. If you intend to fly after 28 weeks check the airline's policy. They may ask for a letter from your doctor or midwife confirming your due date, and that you aren't at risk of complications. Find out more about flying in pregnancy. Be aware of red-flag symptoms There are some symptoms that should always be checked with a midwife or doctor as they could be a sign that the baby is unwell. This include: - bleeding from the vagina - painful urination - sudden, sharp or continuing abdominal pain or cramps - persistent or severe headache - swelling in face, hands or legs - blurred vision, spots in front of eyes - itching, especially on hands or feet - baby's movements slowing down or changing - excessive or smelly vaginal discharge or if you think your waters have broken. You should always contact your midwife if you feel that something is wrong with you or the baby. Even if you don't know exactly what it is. It's important to trust your instincts in pregnancy. Things to avoid during your pregnancy Try not to 'eat for two' Your baby will take all they need from you as they grow, so there's no need for extra calories in the first or second trimester. In the third trimester, you might need an extra 200 calories if you are active. This is the equivalent to around half a sandwich. Find out more about how much to eat in pregnancy. Avoid losing weight during pregnancy Cutting out food groups to try to lose weight may stop your baby getting nutrients they need for growth. Instead of restricting your diet, the best thing to do is manage your weight through eating a healthy, balanced diet, with a variety of foods from each of the main food groups. Find out more about managing your weight during pregnancy. Avoid certain foods during pregnancy Some foods carry a small risk of infections during pregnancy, such as toxoplasmosis or listeriosis. These infections are rare but can cause problems for your developing baby. Take a look at our list of foods to avoid during pregnancy. You may also find it useful to read more about how to avoid infections during pregnancy. Avoid caffeine High levels have been linked to pregnancy complications, so it is best to limit your caffeine intake as much as possible. The current NHS guidelines recommend that you should have less than 200mg a day. This is about 2 cups of instant coffee. Find out your daily caffeine intake with our caffeine calculator. If you smoke, try to quit If you smoke, quitting is one of the best things you can do for you and your baby. Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of serious complications in pregnancy, including miscarriage, stillbirth and premature birth. Quitting smoking can be difficult, but it's never too late to stop. Get support to quit smoking. Avoid drinking alcohol Drinking in pregnancy can lead to long-term harm to the baby. The more you drink, the greater the risk. There is no known safe level for drinking alcohol during pregnancy, so it's best to avoid it completely during pregnancy. Find out more about drinking alcohol during pregnancy. Stay away from recreational drugs Cocaine, meta-amphetamines, cannabis, psychoactive substances (so called 'legal highs') are all likely to increase risks of health problems. If you are taking illegal drugs, it is important to talk to your midwife or doctor. They will not judge you and can give you the right care and support during your pregnancy. The more they know, the more they can help you and your baby to get the right treatment. You can also get confidential (they will not speak to anyone else about your drug-use) extra support from Talk to Frank. Why To Avoid Banana During Pregnancy What you eat during pregnancy will impact your health as well as your baby's health. If you follow a healthy diet, you will have a healthy pregnancy, and your baby will develop properly. In order to meet your nutritional requirements, you can eat healthy foods like fruits, veggies, and whole grains. But you can't just eat any fruit or veggies – there are certain fruits and veggies that are not safe for consumption during pregnancy. In this article, we will tell you about some fruits that you should avoid eating during pregnancy. Also Read: Health Benefits of Eating Apples During Pregnancy Video: 5 Fruits to Avoid During Pregnancy List of Fruits to Avoid During Pregnancy While most fruits do contain the required vitamins and nutrients that your body needs during pregnancy, especially when the foetus undergoes a growth spurt, there are some fruits that may not do any good to your body. Some fruits have even been known to affect the health of the foetus, while others can lead to a miscarriage. Here is a list of fruits that you should not eat during pregnancy: 1. Pineapple Pineapple ranks high on the list of fruits to avoid in the first trimester of pregnancy. This is because eating pineapple can lead to sharp uterine contractions, which in turn can result in a miscarriage. Pineapple contains bromelain, an enzyme which breaks down protein. It can soften the cervix and could result in early labour. This is why you must avoid consuming pineapple during the course of your pregnancy. 2. Tamarind It is only natural to crave for something tangy during pregnancy, and you might think of tamarind instantly, but eating tamarind during pregnancy does more harm than good. Tamarind has long been used as an antidote to morning sickness and nausea. However, moderation is the key with regards to eating tamarind. Tamarind is extremely rich in Vitamin C, and that's one of the main reasons for it to feature on the list of fruits to avoid during pregnancy. As tamarind contains high amounts of Vitamin C, if consumed in excess, it can suppress the production of progesterone in your body. And low levels of progesterone can lead to a miscarriage, pre-term birth, and even lead to cell damage in the foetus. So make sure that you do not consume too much tamarind, especially during the first trimester. Also Read: Foods to Avoid During Pregnancy 3. Papayas While papayas are rich in macronutrients and vitamins which are essential for your body, nevertheless, they are one of the fruits that are not advisable for pregnant women. Papaya can cause your body temperature to shoot up, which is not good during pregnancy. Apart from this, the fruit is rich in latex which can lead to uterine contractions, bleeding, and even miscarriage. It may also impair the development of the foetus, so it's best avoided. Avoid eating both ripe as well as unripe papayas. 4. Bananas You might be surprised to see this humble fruit on this list of fruits to avoid during pregnancy. Although eating bananas during pregnancy is considered safe, they should be avoided in certain cases. Women who suffer from allergies and women who have diabetes or gestational diabetes are advised against eating bananas. Bananas contain chitinase, a latex-like substance that is a known allergen. It also increases body heat. So women who are allergic to chitinase should not consume bananas. Bananas also have a good amount of sugar in them, so diabetic people should avoid eating bananas at all cost. 5. Watermelon Watermelon is generally good for the human body as it enables the body to flush out all the toxins from the body while regulating hydration. But eating watermelon during pregnancy may expose the baby to the various toxins that the watermelon flushes out. This fruit is usually good for the health of a pregnant woman, but it can have certain undesirable effects. If consumed in excess, the sugar content in it may raise your blood glucose levels. Sometimes, the diuretic properties of watermelons can even flush out the essential nutrients along with toxins from your body. Besides, it is a cold inducing food which is why it is suggested to avoid it while pregnant. You May Like 10 Signs & Symptoms of Having Baby Boy in Pregnancy Play Now In Your BrowserHero Wars 22 Foods That Can Cause Miscarriage in Early Pregnancy Signs of a Healthy & Unhealthy Baby in Womb during Pregnancy Angawa Bawa: Unlock Your Dreams to Study Abroad2022 Scholarships \| Search Ads 6. Dates Dates are rich in vitamins and essential nutrients, but pregnant women are often advised to avoid consuming dates. One of the main reasons for dates to make it to the list of forbidden fruits during pregnancy is that they cause the body to heat up and may even lead to uterine contractions. So while eating a single date or two per day should be okay, anything more can lead to complications. 7. Frozen Berries Pregnant ladies should avoid frozen berries or anything that has been freeze-dried or frozen over extended periods of time. It is always a good idea to consume fresh fruits rather than opting for frozen berries. The original flavour and nutrients in berries are lost if you freeze it, and eating the same can be toxic to both you and your baby. This is why you may want to opt for fresh berries rather than the frozen or canned variety. 8. Canned Tomatoes When you are expecting, it is always a good idea to avoid all canned food items as they contain high amounts of preservatives. These preservatives can be toxic to both you and your baby and may lead to complications – so avoid eating canned tomatoes and other canned items. Which Fruits Are Safe to Consume During Pregnancy? While pregnant, some of the fruits that you can eat include apples, pomegranates, pears, mangoes, oranges, avocados, and guavas. However, you should consume them in moderation. A better option would be consulting a doctor or a nutritionist before starting with any foods. How Much Fruits Should You Eat During Pregnancy? You can consume two to four servings of a nutritious fruit daily. Usually, one serving of fruit includes a cup of cut fruit or a medium piece of the whole fruit. Can Pregnant Women Drink Fruit Juice? Pregnant women are strongly advised to avoid fresh juices for the simple reason that non-pasteurised juices can lead to digestion-related illnesses. So when you are consuming fruit juice make sure that it is pasteurised. If you are craving for a glass of juice, drink prune juice as it can help alleviate constipation. You can even try drinking Vitamin C juice which has folic acid and can enable your foetus to develop normally while preventing conditions such as spina bifida. But overall, it is a good idea for all expectant women to avoid fruit juices. Now that you which fruits are not safe for consumption during pregnancy, avoid them at all cost. In the beginning, it will be difficult for you to give up some of your favourite veggies and fruits, but keep in mind that it will help you carry your pregnancy to term and ensure good health both for you and your baby. Have a healthy pregnancy! Household Activities To Avoid During Pregnancy Pregnancy is a period where women gain a considerable amount of weight, and their body warrants a re-adjustment in balancing as the weight piles on in one place – the belly. This can make it difficult for pregnant women to manoeuvre. Add to this the feeling of exhaustion and you may find yourself wondering if you should be doing all the housework that you usually perform. While it is safe to attend to most household activities during pregnancy, some tasks are best avoided or delegated to others. Read on to understand what activities you should and should not do; the risks of a sedentary lifestyle during pregnancy, and the risks associated with doing strenuous household work during this time. Is It Safe to Do Household Work During Pregnancy? The answer is rather simple – one has to balance work and rest in order to have a stress-free pregnancy. It is commonly understood that while it is risky to do strenuous work, the contrary is equally unhealthy. A sedentary lifestyle too can have adverse effects on a pregnancy. By and large, therefore, it can be concluded that it is safe to attend to most of the household activities. Household Work You Can Do While Pregnant Some basic household chores and tasks can be attended to with relative ease, while some tasks may involve the practice of doing them differently. You May Like 10 Signs & Symptoms of Having Baby Boy in Pregnancy Play Now In Your BrowserHero Wars 22 Foods That Can Cause Miscarriage in Early Pregnancy 22 Ways to Know If You're Pregnant Without Taking a Test The cost of Luxury Villas in Dubai might surprise youBuy Villas in Dubai - Cutting & cleaning vegetables is one task that can be done effortlessly. Most women are used to cutting vegetables while standing, but pregnant women are recommended to pull up a chair and sit while performing the tasks. - Sweeping and mopping can also be done with a bit of innovation. It is advised that you pick brooms and mops with long handles attached to them so you do not have to bend too much. Pregnancy puts additional stress due to weight gain and causes a marginal shift in the body's centre of gravity. This can add stress to the body of the woman performing the chore and aggravate the sciatic nerve – a nerve that runs from the lower back to the leg. Thus, tasks that require bending and standing for prolonged periods should be avoided. If it makes you feel tired, stop the activity immediately and take rest. If you do not have proper long-handled brooms and mops, it is best that someone else does the cleaning. - Cleaning bathrooms and toilets should only be attempted by expecting moms who have access to green/eco-friendly cleaners. Using harsh, chemical-based products is a strict no. White vinegar, lemon juice and baking soda are some effective and inexpensive cleaning products that can be used safely during pregnancy. If you do not have access to these products, it's best to leave this job to someone else. - Light washing of utensils and dishes can be done, but refrain from standing for more than 15 – 20 minutes. Household Chores to Avoid During Pregnancy Almost all household activities can be done during the first few months of pregnancy. While it is safe to do household chores during early pregnancy, some household chores are best avoided at this time because they may put undue stress on the body and could potentially put the baby at risk. Repetitive and monotonous tasks increase stress hormones, which is not good for pregnant women. - Any task that involves lifting heavy loads or shifting furniture should be avoided; activities like carrying laundry should also be avoided as well as they can cause preterm labour symptoms and high blood pressure. - Any task that requires you to climb should not be attempted. The weight gained during pregnancy alters the body's centre of gravity and women are more prone to losing their balance. Tasks, like cleaning the ceiling fans or changing the curtains, are best delegated to someone else. - Pregnant moms with pets, particularly those with cats should completely avoid cleaning the litter tray. Cat litter contains a parasite called Toxoplasma Gondi which can pose a serious threat to the mother and baby. Although you are more likely to contract this by eating undercooked meat or from the garden, cat litter also poses a threat. If there is no one else available to do the same, proceed with extreme caution. Use gloves to do the same, and after you're done, wash your hands thoroughly with soap and rinse well. - Hate the sight of cockroaches, ants and pests and would like to eliminate them immediately? For your own sake, don't do it. Going after roaches and other household pests almost always involves the use of toxic chemical sprays; the poisonous fumes which are meant to kill these pests also pose a threat to you and your baby. - If you feel the urge to repaint a room in your house, then its best that you wait till the baby is born. Paints emit fumes when they are applied, and for several hours up until they dry, these fumes can have adverse effects on a to-be mom and her baby. Household chores during pregnancy are a great way to remain active and stay fit during pregnancy. While it is safe to do household work during pregnancy, it is important to remember that certain household tasks pose a hazard to pregnant women. Always keep in mind tasks that have to be avoided. Listening to your body is also important. Refrain from any work that makes you tired or sick and work out a schedule that includes a good amount of rest along with work. Drinks for Pregnant Women + What Drinks To Avoid If you're newly pregnant you may be finding that there's a lot of info out there as far as what you can drink, what you shouldn't, and what you might be able to drink in moderation. Outside of beverages you may already know to avoid — alcohol, excess caffeine, and raw milk can all be harmful to your developing baby — it can be a challenge to know what healthy drinks are okay. What is the most important thing to know about drinks while pregnant? Pregnant women need to know that whatever they're choosing to put into their bodies isn't just to keep them healthy, but their babies, too. So what drinks are safe during pregnancy? Water, milk, and herbal teas are all excellent drinks to keep you and your baby safe during pregnancy. Part of your plan to stay hydrated can include drinks just for fun, too, as long as you're staying away from those listed no-nos. That can mean non-alcoholic wine as an alternative to that after-dinner glass you may be missing. Our rosé at Surely is made to taste like the real thing because it starts off just like the real thing. We've just removed the alcohol content for you. It all starts with water, though. Table of Contents Sports Drinks with Electrolytes 6 Drinks That Pregnant Women Should Avoid 1. Water Water should be your go-to beverage during pregnancy. Add an extra glass to your usual water intake — that should be at least six to eight 8-ounce glasses per day — to keep not only yourself well-hydrated, but your baby, too. What are the health benefits of drinking water while pregnant? Water helps your body absorb important nutrients that you're getting from prenatal vitamins and that baby-friendly diet you've started. You'll feel better drinking more water, too, as it can help reduce, even prevent, unwelcome byproducts of pregnancy, like cramps, fatigue and urinary tract infections. 2. Milk Dairy milk is a healthy option for pregnant women, particularly toward the end of a pregnancy when the baby's bones are forming. It's full of calcium and protein, and can be lower in fat if you go for skim or low-fat milk. Just make sure the milk you're drinking is pasteurized. You shouldn't have a problem with this at most chain grocery stores in the United States, but it isn't a bad idea to check labels if you're in a specialty market or visiting an organic dairy. The pasteurization process kills off harmful bacteria like Listeria and E. Coli. If you're lactose intolerant, seek out non-dairy alternatives that are fortified with calcium for a similar benefit. Soy milk is usually a safe bet, with more protein than many of the others. Yes, part of being pregnant is getting really good at reading labels. 3. Herbal Tea Herbal tea is not true tea. True tea (green tea, black tea, oolong tea, etc.) contains caffeine, which is not safe for pregnant women, except in strict moderation. Green tea lovers, you'll need to cut back in favor of herbal options, especially if you're used to getting more than the recommended amount of caffeine from multiple steamy cups of tea. What can I drink instead of coffee when pregnant? You won't need to abandon the comforts of an afternoon tea when pregnant, as long as it's the herbal kind. As you're cutting back on the caffeine, look for caffeine-free options. What drink is good for preventing morning sickness? Ginger, lemon balm, and peppermint teas have been known to lessen morning sickness symptoms, and raspberry teas can give you an antioxidant boost. Just stick to what's commercially-available, as you may not be able to confirm ingredients in loose-leaf varieties. 4. Alcohol-Removed Wine Alcohol-removed wine is a non-alcoholic alternative for people avoiding alcohol for one reason or another. You might have read all about whether there are safe levels of drinking while pregnant. However, no amount of alcohol has been proven safe, and there is no safe time to drink alcohol while pregnant. Even one glass of wine might be dangerous for the healthcare of your growing baby. What are the risks of drinking alcohol while pregnant? Birth defects, premature birth, and any number of disorders on the fetal alcohol spectrum are all possible risks of drinking alcohol while pregnant. That doesn't mean you have to give up on all of the nice things. Non-alcoholic beer and alcohol-removed wines, like Surely's non-alcoholic rosé and sparkling white, have come a long way in resembling the real thing. This way, you can have your sips knowing you're making a safe choice. While there are trace amounts of alcohol in our delicious rosé, it's well below the 0.5% threshold required by the Food and Drug Administration to be labeled non-alcoholic. To keep things in perspective, you'll find the same amount of alcohol in kombucha and many fruit juices because of natural fermentation. 5. Flavored Water Bored of water? Try flavored water! Adding a little flavor to your H2O can go a long way toward increasing your water intake. Mint, berries, cucumber, watermelon and citrus can all make a glass of water even more refreshing. Just make sure to thoroughly wash anything you're dropping into your glass. Fun fact on citrus: Sniffing lemons or sipping on some lemonade can ease your nausea symptoms, so throw a wedge or two into your water bottle before you head out if you're not feeling so hot. 6. Decaf Coffee Lay off the caffeine. Decaf coffee may still satisfy your need for a cup of joe, though. For a healthy pregnancy, doctors recommend no more than 200 milligrams of coffee per day, which is about one regular-strength cup of coffee. Decaffeinated coffee is even better, as long as you're not crossing over that threshold of recommended caffeine per day. Even decaf contains small amounts of caffeine. In large amounts, the caffeine in coffee and other caffeinated beverages can cause a rapid heart in your baby as it passes through the placenta. While it'll still be metabolized, this process takes up to three times as long in an unborn baby. There's just not enough information out there about what that means long term to make guzzling pots of coffee worth it. 7. Sparkling Water Sparkling water or seltzers are fine in moderation when pregnant — and a great alternative to sugary soft drinks. You'll just want to avoid bubbly drinks with added caffeine or artificial sweeteners, often found in diet soda. Sparkling water can also be a great base for mocktails, which are elevated takes on those kiddie cocktails from your youth. Consider DIY recipes that will give you a nutrition boost on top of the novelty of your non-alcoholic drinks, like antioxidant-rich berry garnishes or a little freshly-grated ginger to knock out any nausea. 8. Vegetable Juice Pasteurized vegetable juices are a low-sugar alternative to fruit juices. Juices made out of beets and carrots are naturally a little bit sweeter than other green veggies, so they'll better mimic those fruit juice flavors you may be craving. Beet juice also has the added benefit of lowering blood pressure in some pregnant women, but you should talk to your obstetrician about your diet plan if you're at risk or already suffering from high blood pressure. Making your own veggie juice is a great idea so you can control any additives in commercial brands. Just make sure any vegetables you're using are properly washed, and that you're drinking your juice right after it's blended. 9. Kefir Kefir is a pasteurized, fermented milk drink rich in probiotics that can be beneficial during pregnancy in preventing preeclampsia and other complications. The consistency is a bit thicker than the usual smoothie so you may find it hard to hit your daily hydration goals with kefir, but it's a positive addition to any healthy diet. 10. Sports Drinks with Electrolytes Sports drinks with electrolytes like Gatorade or Powerade are a good way to replace some key nutrients you may be missing, on top of keeping you hydrated. They can also help with nausea from morning sickness or leg cramps, a common complaint of pregnant women after the first trimester. Just make sure you're enjoying sports drinks in moderation, as they're often high on the added sugar. Avoid energy drinks altogether since they pack more of a caffeine punch than that cup of coffee you're allowed once a day. (And they usually contain even more sugar.) 11. Fruit Juice A little bit goes a long way when it comes to fruit juice, especially if you're buying it at the store. It's fine to have all-fruit juice in moderation during pregnancy, but it shouldn't be your main hydration source due to its high sugar content. What is the best juice to drink while pregnant? You can safely drink a variety of all-fruit juices while pregnant, but if you're buying a bottle at the store, make sure it's pasteurized by checking the label. Pasteurized orange juice is a good option, especially if it includes added calcium on top of a vitamin C and potassium boost. Blending your own fresh fruit juice is also a good option, as long as you're thoroughly washing the fruits before tossing them into your blender. Drink any fresh juices within a day or two of making them. 12. Broth It doesn't get much more comforting than soup, and sometimes a hot bowl of broth is just what you need when you're not feeling like yourself. If you want the added benefit of ginger for nausea symptoms, try a ginger tumeric bone broth. It's best to stick to low-sodium varieties of chicken broth or miso, and avoid heavy, cream-based soups. You aren't getting much hydration from that bowl of chowder. 13. Smoothies If you're on a healthy eating plan already, yummy green smoothies might already kick off your day. It's fine to keep that up during pregnancy, especially if you want to bump up your consumption of fruits and veggies. As with your fruit juices, you'll want to wash anything you're blending thoroughly beforehand. Try to avoid adding sugar into the mix, as you'll be getting enough natural sugar from the fruits you're using. If you're going store-bought, just make sure you're buying smoothies from pasteurized juices. 14. Coconut Water Coconut water is more similar to sports drinks than flavored waters, if you're looking at the electrolytes per ounce. This is a good way to curb nausea if you prefer the taste of coconut water to Gatorade, as long as you're sipping it in moderation. Coconut water is higher in sodium than many of your other hydration options. Keep this in mind when arranging your overall diet. 6 Drinks That Pregnant Women Should Avoid What drinks should be avoided during pregnancy? Here are 6 drink to avoid during pregnancy: - Alcohol - Unpasteurized milk - Unpasteurized juices - Caffeinated beverages - Sugary sodas - Drinks with artificial sweeteners, like diet soda Outside of water, which should be your primary source for hydration throughout your pregnancy, you have options for what you choose to sip to boost your healthy beverage intake. If you want to get a little creative, you can enjoy a glass of alcohol-removed wine. If you feel unsure about your options and want more feedback, always talk to your doctor first. Things To Avoid in Early Pregnancy Food Because there is no conclusive evidence at present, it is best to follow general dietary guidelines for pregnancy. It may be safest to avoid uncooked or undercooked meat and seafood, unpasteurized dairy products and raw eggs. Avoid raw foods and food that may not be cooked well. Avoid alcohol, raw eggs and unpasteurized milk products such as cheese and yogurt. Do not use undercooked meat or poultry. When you are pregnant, you need to keep your blood sugar and the blood sugar levels of the baby within normal ranges. Eating too much fat or protein can affect your blood sugar. Eating foods that contain too much protein may also cause you to have an increased risk of developing heartburn or indigestion. Things To Avoid in Early Pregnancy To Avoid Miscarriage Miscarriage is a terrible thing for anyone to go through, but there are things that you can do to lessen the possibility of having one. The first trimester is often the most vulnerable time for a woman's pregnancy. And the biggest risk for miscarriage is smoking. In fact, even if a woman smokes just once or twice in the few days before she gets pregnant, it can increase her risk of miscarriage by as much as 50% While it may be tempting to rush through the early weeks of pregnancy and get back to your busy life, there's a lot to learn about preparing for a new addition. Each week brings new challenges, but also new opportunities. The earlier you can wrap your head around what's happening and what can go wrong, the better prepared you will feel. We all want a happy, healthy pregnancy and a new baby to bring home. Here are some things you should avoid in early pregnancy to ensure you stay as "safe" as possible. Physical Things To Avoid in Early Pregnancy Regular, thorough hand washing and frequent hand sanitizer use is recommended to avoid the risk of contracting any disease. A healthy pregnancy depends on a good diet, regular exercise and prenatal vitamins. Alcohol, cigarettes and other drugs may also be harmful to your baby. If you're not pregnant yet, it's never too early to start thinking about the health of your baby. Avoid these physical things in early pregnancy and help create a happy and healthy environment for your child. While most parents have a vague idea of what they don't want to expose their babies to while they're in the womb, they may not know specific details regarding the physical things that can be harmful. Some vaccines and medications are known to be safe in pregnancy, but others are not. Blood pressure drugs like clonidine, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors and diuretics can be harmful for your developing baby.
IP Tracking When it comes to website management and cybersecurity, one of the most important aspects is understanding to website ip lookup. An IP address, which stands for Internet Protocol address, is a unique identifier assigned to each device connected to a computer network. This includes your website as well. By tracking your website's IP address, you can gather valuable information and enhance your online security measures. Website IP Address Every website has its own IP address, which serves as its digital fingerprint. This address enables your website to communicate and interact with other devices on the internet. Think of it as a postal address that allows the internet to locate and deliver information to your website. By knowing your website's IP address, you can access important data and gain insights into various aspects of your website. So, how can you find out your website's IP address? There are several methods to do so: 1. Using a Command Prompt: You can use the command prompt utility on your computer to find the IP address of any website. Simply open the command prompt, type in "nslookup yourwebsite.com" (replace "yourwebsite.com" with your actual website address) and press enter. The IP address will be displayed among the results. 2. Online IP Lookup Tools: There are numerous online tools available that specifically perform IP address lookups. These tools require you to enter your website's domain name or URL, and they will provide you with the corresponding IP address. 3. Website Administration Panel: If you have access to your website's administration panel or control panel, you can often find your website's IP address listed there. This method may vary depending on the platform or hosting provider you are using. Consult the documentation or reach out to your hosting provider for guidance. Once you have obtained your website's IP address, it's time to explore the concept of reverse IP lookup. Reverse IP Lookup Reverse IP lookup is an incredibly useful technique for website owners and administrators. It allows you to discover and analyze the other websites hosted on the same IP address. By performing a reverse IP lookup, you can identify potential neighbors or shared hosting environments, which can be valuable for various reasons: 1. Security Assessment: Knowing the other websites sharing your IP address can help you assess the security risks. If any of the neighboring websites have a poor security track record or have been involved in malicious activities, it could raise concerns about the overall security of your hosting environment. 2. Performance Analysis: The performance of your website may be influenced by the other websites hosted on the same IP address. If a neighboring website receives a large amount of traffic or experiences technical issues, it could impact the overall performance and responsiveness of your website. A reverse IP lookup allows you to identify potential performance bottlenecks and take appropriate measures. 3. SEO Insights: Search engines often consider the reputation and quality of the IP address when evaluating websites for search rankings. By identifying the other websites sharing your IP address, you can gain insights into the SEO landscape of your hosting environment. This information can help you make informed decisions and optimize your website's search engine visibility. Performing a reverse IP lookup is relatively straightforward. Various online tools and services allow you to input an IP address and retrieve a list of associated websites. These tools can provide valuable information about your IP neighbors and help you make informed decisions regarding your website's security, performance, and SEO strategies. Website IP Lookup The website ip lookup encompasses the processes of tracking and identifying the IP address of a website, as well as performing a reverse IP lookup to explore the hosting environment. The comprehensive understanding of your website's IP address can contribute to various aspects of website management, security, performance optimization, and search engine optimization. By tracking your website's IP address and conducting reverse IP lookups, you can: 1. Strengthen Security: Understanding your hosting environment and identifying potential risks allows you to implement appropriate security measures and protect your website from potential threats. 2. Enhance Performance: If performance issues arise due to shared hosting environments, reverse IP lookup helps you pinpoint the underlying causes and optimize your website accordingly. 3. Improve SEO: Knowing the reputation and quality of the IP address hosting your website can aid in shaping your SEO strategies and enhancing search engine visibility. 4. Foster Collaboration: Discovering neighboring websites can provide opportunities for collaboration and partnerships within your hosting environment. CONCLUSION: Overall, website IP lookup is a valuable tool for website owners and administrators. It facilitates a deeper understanding of the technological aspects underpinning your website, enabling you to make informed decisions and optimize your online presence.
- Link to facebook - Link to linkedin - Link to twitter - Link to youtube - Writing Tips How to Write and Format a Chicago Style Paper [With Examples] 3-minute read - 18th August 2023 Are you working on a Chicago style project but struggling with the question, "just what is it?!" Fear not, this post will walk you through Chicago style basics. What Is Chicago Style? The Chicago Manual of Style (CMoS) is a comprehensive style guide primarily used by professional writers, publishers, and researchers. It covers various forms of writing, including books, journals, magazines, and other publications. It's often the go-to style for publishers and editors. CMoS is also known for its emphasis on scholarly writing and is suitable for a wide range of disciplines, including history, literature, the arts, and social sciences. However, there's an important distinction between Chicago style and Turabian style , which is essentially a simplified version of CMoS used in scholarly writing. Turabian omits some of the complexities and focuses on the needs of academic writers, especially those in the humanities and social sciences. With either style, it's essential to consult the relevant edition of the style guide specified by your institution or publication: either The Chicago Manual of Style or A Manual for Writers by Kate L. Turabian (currently in its ninth edition). How Are Chicago Style Citations Formatted? CMoS emphasizes two primary documentation systems : the notes and bibliography system (often used in the humanities) and the author–date system (preferred in the sciences and social sciences). When formatting a CMoS/Turabian paper, you'll need to adhere to the guidelines associated with your chosen documentation system. Notes and Bibliography System: ● In this system, you'll use footnotes or endnotes to cite sources within the text. ● A corresponding bibliography is included at the end of the paper, listing all sources in alphabetical order. Find this useful? Subscribe to our newsletter and get writing tips from our editors straight to your inbox. ● Citations typically include author names, titles, publication details, and page numbers. Author–Date System: ● In the author–date system, you'll incorporate in-text citations within parentheses. ● A reference list is included at the end of the document, providing full details for each cited source. ● Citations include author's last names, publication year, and page numbers (if applicable). What Does Turabian Style Formatting Look Like? A well-structured Turabian Style paper should adhere to the following formatting guidelines : - Title page : Include the title of your paper, your name, the course name/number, instructor's name, and the date on a separate page, starting a third of the page down. Alternatively, write the title on the first page. - Margins : Apply one-inch margins on all sides. - Indentation and spacing : Indent paragraphs and double-space the main text. - Font : Use a legible 12-point font (e.g., Times New Roman). - Page numbers : Number all pages consecutively in the top right corner, starting with the first page. Alternatively, page numbers may be placed at the bottom center of the page. - Headings and subheadings : Use headline-style capitalization for headings and subheadings, with different levels distinguished. - Footnotes or in-text citations: Implement your chosen citation system consistently throughout the paper. - Bibliography or reference list : Include a comprehensive list of all sources used, following Chicago style citation guidelines for your chosen system. How Should I Choose Which Chicago Style Documentation to Use? It's crucial to find out which specific CMoS system is preferred by your institution, publisher, or field of study. Always consult your assignment guidelines or style manual to determine whether you should use the notes and bibliography system or the author–date system. This choice will significantly impact how you format your citations and references. Remember that mastering CMoS takes practice. By following these guidelines, you'll be well on your way to crafting polished, professionally formatted papers that meet the expectations of your academic or professional audience. Share this article: Post A New Comment Got content that needs a quick turnaround? Let us polish your work. Explore our editorial business services. 9-minute read How to Use Infographics to Boost Your Presentation Is your content getting noticed? Capturing and maintaining an audience's attention is a challenge when... 8-minute read Why Interactive PDFs Are Better for Engagement Are you looking to enhance engagement and captivate your audience through your professional documents? Interactive... 7-minute read Seven Key Strategies for Voice Search Optimization Voice search optimization is rapidly shaping the digital landscape, requiring content professionals to adapt their... 4-minute read Five Creative Ways to Showcase Your Digital Portfolio Are you a creative freelancer looking to make a lasting impression on potential clients or... How to Ace Slack Messaging for Contractors and Freelancers Effective professional communication is an important skill for contractors and freelancers navigating remote work environments.... How to Insert a Text Box in a Google Doc Google Docs is a powerful collaborative tool, and mastering its features can significantly enhance your... Make sure your writing is the best it can be with our expert English proofreading and editing. Turabian Student Paper-Formatting Tip Sheets Official Chicago style, in easy-to-use, printable PDF paper-writing tip sheets for students, teachers, and librarians. Guidelines are per Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (9th ed.) and are fully compatible with The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.). [Important: Directions from your teacher, instructor, or dissertation office overrule these guidelines.] - Margins and Page Numbers - Table of Contents - List of Tables and Figures - Introduction or Conclusion - Sections and Subheads - Chapter Opening Page - Figure and Figure Caption - Bibliography - Parenthetical Citations - Reference List Chicago Style Guide - 17th Edition - Chicago Style - Title Page and Pagination - Quotations and Signal Phrases - Bibliography - Chicago's Citation Parts - Articles - Online - Articles - Print - Blogs and Social Media - Government Publications - Elders & Knowledge Keepers - Other Sources - Secondary Sources - Generative AI Tools (e.g., ChatGPT, DALL·E 2) - Author/Date (Scientific) System - Need More Help? Useful Links - Chicago Manual of Style Online - Quick Guide - Douglas College Library - Chicago Style Guide (PDF) - Purdue OWL - Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.) - SFU Library - Chicago/Turabian (17th ed.) Citation Guide Avoid Plagiarism - Camosun Academic Integrity Guide - Camosun Plagiarism Guide - Douglas College Learning Centre - Paraphrasing Without Plagiarizing - Purdue OWL - Avoiding Plagiarism - SFU Library - Plagiarism Tutorial Chicago Style Sample Research Paper Formatting and Sample Paper The formatting guidelines listed on this page, provide general best practices for formatting your work using the Chicago style. Detailed information about formatting your title page , using quotes and signal phrases , and creating a bibliography , can be found by navigating to various sub-pages of this "Formatting Your Paper" page. Learning how to correctly format your research paper into Chicago style can seem overwhelming, especially if the style is new to you. One of the best ways to help visualize what your paper needs to look like is by checking out an example of a paper that has already been formatted correctly. View this sample Chicago style research paper ( notes and bibliography/humanities system ) from Purdue OWL for examples on how to format: - A title page - Headers and page numbers - A bibliography For a sample paper in the Chicago author/date style , visit the "Author/Date (Scientific) System" page in this guide. Paragraphs and Spacing The first line of all new paragraphs should begin with an indent . You can use either the tab key or your word processor's indentation tool to make your indentations–just be sure to be consistent and use the same process throughout your paper. Your paper should be double spaced throughout its main body , with the following exceptions: - Block quotations , table titles , and figure captions should be single-spaced . - An extra line of space should be inserted both before and after a block quotation. Entries in the bibliography and footnotes/ endnotes are single spaced within entries , but double-spaced between entries (unless your instructor prefers double-spacing throughout). Footnotes and Endnotes - Notes can be either footnotes (placed at the foot (bottom) of the same page as the referenced text) or endnotes (listed on a separate sheet at the end of the essay, before the bibliography). - Other than placement in your document, footnotes and endnotes are structured in exactly the same way . - Notes are numbered consecutively throughout the paper. Most word processing programs (such as MS Word) handle footnotes automatically. - Follow your instructors' directions when deciding whether to use footnotes or endnotes. To insert a footnote in a Microsoft Word document: - Place the cursor after the text you want to cite. - Click on the " References " tab. - In the " Footnotes " section , click on the " In sert Footnote " button. - A superscript number 1 will appear after the text you want to cite. - A superscript number 1 will also appear at the bottom of page. - At the bottom of the page next to the superscript number, enter the citation information for your resource (see the citation examples in this guide for how to create footnotes). - Repeat these steps to insert and consecutively number your footnotes. Some instructors may ask you to use endnotes, instead of footnotes. For information on inserting endnotes, see the Microsoft Office Tutorial . - << Previous: Chicago Style - Next: Title Page and Pagination >> - Last Updated: Apr 25, 2024 10:37 AM - URL: https://camosun.libguides.com/Chicago-17thEd Chicago style guide: Chicago style page formatting - Chicago style page formatting - Sample pages - Artificial Intelligence - Image/chart - Indirect source - Legal/Government - Letter/memo - Reference source - Social Media (Microblogs) - Speech/lecture - Research center - Library home page How to format a Chicago-style paper Your teachers expect to receive papers that are properly formatted and laid out. Use the following guidelines when setting up your paper. It is easiest if you use the correct settings from the beginning; otherwise you will have to go back and reformat your paper. Overall page layout - One inch margins on sides, top and bottom. - Use Times or Times New Roman 12 pt font. - Double-space the text of the paper. - Use left-justified text, which will have a ragged right edge. Do not use fully (newspaper-style) justified text. - Use a 1/2" indent for paragraph beginnings, block quotes and hanging (bibliography) indents. - Number the pages in the top right corner of the paper, beginning with the first page of text. It's a good idea to include your last name as well, in case pages become separated. Number straight through from the first text page to the final bibliography page but do not count any pages after the end of the text as part of your page count. (A five-page paper may also have a cover page, two pages of notes and one page of bibliography which is nine pieces of paper.) - Ask your teacher if it is ok to print two-sided. - Center the title of your paper in the middle of the page, halfway down. - Center your name directly under the title. - Your teacher's name, course title and block, and date should be written in three lines and centered at the bottom of the page. - Use Times or Times New Roman 12 pt font for the title page. Do not try to make your cover page decorative by using bold , underline , or creative fonts. - Do not put a page number on the cover page, and do not count it as part of the total page count. Assemble your paper in the following order - Cover/title page - Body of the paper - Appendix (if needed) Names and numbers - Use full names of people and agencies/legislation the first time you use them. For agencies, include the acronym in parentheses after the full name when first used, e.g. Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA). - After the first time you can refer to people by their last name or agencies/bills by their acronyms for the rest of the paper. - Write out numbers lower than 100. ("All nine members of the Supreme Court...") Footnotes and endnotes Caution: If you are writing your paper in Google Docs, you MUST use footnotes. Google Docs does not have a way to make Endnotes, and if you use the Endnote Generator add-on it will make a mess of your paper! - Footnotes go at the bottom of the page where the reference occurs; endnotes go on a separate page after the body of the paper. Both use the same formatting guidelines. - Within the essay text: put the note number at the end of the sentence where the reference occurs, even if the cited material is mentioned at the beginning of the sentence. - The note number goes after all other punctuation. - Be sure to use Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3) nor Roman (i, ii, iii). - Put the word Notes (not Endnotes) at the top of the page with your endnotes. Use Times/Times New Roman 10 pt font. - Single space each entry; double space between entries. - Indent the first line of each note. - Never reuse a number - use a new number for each reference, even if you have used that reference previously. - Be sure to look at shortened form examples for sources you refer to more than once. - To cite multiple sources in a single note, separate the two citations with a semicolon. Never use two note numbers at the end of a sentence. - Your bibliography should go on a separate page, with the word Bibliography centered at the top of the page in Times/Times New Roman 12 pt font. Do not use bold or large size font for the heading. - Be sure to use proper formatting - note and bibliography styles are different. - Use a "hanging indent" - the first line of the citation begins at the margin, subsequent lines are indented. - If your source has no author, alphabetize by title within the authors - don't make a separate list. - Don't separate primary and secondary sources unless your teacher requests it. Watch out for these common errors: - Note format uses first name last name, bibliography uses last name, first name. - In your notes, do not reuse numbers! Each citation gets a new number. - Pay attention to indents. Notes use a first line indent, a bibliography uses a hanging indent. - A bibliography goes in alphabetical order by author (or title if there is no author). Notes are numbered and are listed in the order the sources are used. - Don't put Works Cited at the top of your bibliography - that is MLA style. General citation components Overall, all citations should include information that will allow the reader to identify and locate a source. this generally includes the following: author, title, and publication information (publisher, date, url, etc.) you should be looking for and providing all the above information that is available to you to allow your reader to track your sources. use the tabs above to see specific source citation formats and examples. , citing your sources. The library subscribes to NoodleTools, a citation management tool. You can get to it in one of two ways: 1. Go to your Menlo gmail and click on the 9-box "waffle" menu. Scroll down to NoodleTools. 2. Go to the NoodleTools home page and log in with Google using your Menlo Gmail username and password. Can't decide whether your source needs a citation? Click here to hear Dr. Hanson explain when citations are needed. Click here to view a flowsheet that will guide your choices. Google Docs formatting tips Formatting page breaks and page numbers in Google Docs Inserting Chicago style footnotes in Google Docs Citation checklist Do you want to be sure you've formatted your research paper correctly? Click the link below to download a Chicago style citation and formatting checklist. - Citation formatting checklist - Middle school citation checklist - Next: Sample pages >> - Last Updated: May 8, 2024 12:51 PM - URL: https://library.menloschool.org/chicago Chicago Style Guide, for 17th Edition Paper formatting. - Style Handbooks - Footnotes vs. Endnotes - Books / E-books - Interviews / Personal Communications - Audiovisual Materials - Shortened Citations - Author-Date References - Books / E-Books - Journal Articles - Magazine Articles - Newspaper Articles - Interviews / Personal Communication - Website / Webpage View sample paper Note-- This paper is written using the footnote/endnote style. The same general formatting rules apply to the author/date format. General Formatting - 1" margins on all four sides - Times New Roman; 12 pt. font - Block quotes - Table Titles - Figure Captions - Use a 1/2" indent for paragraph beginnings, block quotes and bibliographic indents. - Bibliographic and notation entries should be single spaced internally, but contain a space between each entry. - Page numbers should be placed in the header of the first page of text, beginning with number 1. Continue your page numbers till the end of your bibliography. - Longer publications should use Subheadings. - Cover/Title page - Body of the paper - Appendix (if needed) - Endnotes (if using endnote style) Title/Cover Page - Center the title of your page around half-way down. - If your paper has a subtitle, end the title line with a colon and place the subtitle on the next line. - Center your name directly under the title. - Center your teacher's name, course title, and date, in three separate lines, directly underneath your name. - Do not bold, underline, or otherwise decorate your title. - Do not put a page number on your cover page and do not include it in your page count total. Names and Numbers - Use the full name of any person or agency the first time you reference them in a paper. For agencies, include the acronym in parentheses after the full name when first used, e.g. Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA). After that, you may choose to use only a person's last name, or agency acronym. - Write out any numbers lower than 100. - Footnotes will always appear at the bottom of the page where the reference occurs and endnotes go on a separate page after the body of the paper. - Place the note number at the end of the sentence in which the reference occurs and after any punctuation; remember to superscript it. - If using endnotes, title the top of the first page as 'Notes' in 12 pt. Times New Roman font. Do not embolden the title. - All notes should be typed in 12pt font using Times New Roman. - Within the notes themselves, numbers are full-sized, and are followed by a period. - Indent the first line of any footnote 1/2" from the margin. Other lines will be flushed left (this formatting is opposite of the bibliography). - Notes should be typed using single-space, but different notes should contain a space between them. - Only use Arabic numerals, not Roman. - Never reuse a number. - Use a shortened citation for sources you refer to more than once. - If citing multiple sources in a single note, separate each citation with a semicolon. - Never use two note numbers at the end of a sentence (see above). - If citing the same work again immediately after you've already cited it, use ibid . - The bibliography should start on a new page, and be titled 'Bibliography' at the top in 12 pt. Times New Roman font. Do not embolden the title. - Use proper formatting for each type of source and always using a hanging indent. The first line of the citation will begin on the margin, subsequent lines are indented (opposite of a footnote/endnote). - The bibliography must be ordered alphabetically. - Entries should be typed single-space with a blank line between each separate citation. - If you have multiple bibliographic entries from the same author, it is acceptable to use what is called the '3-em' dash to replace the name of the content creators. For Example: Judt, Tony. A Grand Illusion ? An Essay on Europe. New York: Hill and Wang, 1996. —. Reappraisals: Reflections on the Forgotten Twentieth Century. New York: Penguin Press, 2008. —, ed. Resistance and Revolution in Mediterranean Europe, 1939-1948. New York: Routledge, 1989. - << Previous: Home - Next: Style Handbooks >> - Last Updated: Apr 29, 2024 3:49 PM - URL: https://research.wou.edu/chicago Chicago Research Paper Formatting Chicago manual of style (cmos - 17th edition). - Finding Sources for Your Paper - Additional Resources - Sample Papers You are going to love this! Save this template somewhere safe or e-mail it to yourself. Then resave it immediately with the name of your new document. This will keep your template safe and ready to reuse again for future assignments. The templates provided will be sufficient for most student Chicago Style papers. For more information on formatting, please check out The Chicago Manual of Style Online Resources for Students page at https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/help-tools/Resources-for-Students.html . - Purdue Owl Author Date Sample Paper Sample paper is downloadable. - Purdue Owl Notes Bibliography Sample Paper Sample paper is downloadable. - Turabian: Student Paper-Writing Tip Sheets Official Chicago style, in easy-to-use, printable PDF paper-writing tip sheets for students, teachers, and librarians. Guidelines are per Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (9th ed.) and are fully compatible with The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.). - << Previous: Home - Next: Finding Sources for Your Paper >> - Last Updated: Apr 17, 2024 11:25 AM - URL: https://libguides.polk.edu/chicago Polk State College is committed to equal access/equal opportunity in its programs, activities, and employment. For additional information, visit polk.edu/compliance . How to Format Your Research Paper - APA 7 Paper Format - MLA Paper Format Writing Your Paper: Chicago Chicago style papers. - Hanging Indents - Ask a Librarian Chicago Style Resources - How Do I Format My Class Paper in Chicago Style? If your instructor has specific requirements for the format of your research paper, check with them before preparing your final draft. The most common formatting is presented here. Things to know before you begin: - Font: Times New Roman - Font Size: 12 point - Margins: 1 inch - Paragraphs: All paragraphs should be indented. - Spacing: All of the text in the body of your paper should be double-spaced. Typical Chicago style papers have three sections: - Bibliography See the tabs below for a breakdown of how each portion should be formatted. - Sample Papers Below you will find an example of an accurately formatted CMOS paper. - Sample Paper Chicago Style - PDF Click here to see a sample of an accurately formatted CMOS paper. - Sample Paper Chicago Style - Word Click here to see a sample of an accurately formatted CMOS paper. - Your title should be centered and place a third of the way down the page. Use Times New Roman 12-point font. - Capitalize all the words in your title. If there is a subtitle, place it on the second line. - Place your course name first, then your name, then the due date of the paper. This should be double-spaced and placed in the bottom third of your paper. - Start the body of your paper on the first line of a new page. - Insert the page number in the top right corner of the page using the header function. - CMS uses footnotes. Place the footnote after any punctuation. Each number must have an entry at the bottom of the page. - Center the word "Bibliography" on the first line of a new page. - Your citations should be alphabetical. - Each entry is single-spaced with one blank line separating entries. - Be sure to use a hanging indent for any citations that require more than one line. Need help formatting your Chicago/Turabian style citations using the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style ? Click the image or link below to go to the citation guide. - Chicago Style Citations Need help learning what hanging indents are and how to create them using Google Docs or Microsoft Word? - Hanging Indents This page gives a brief description of what they are, where to find information on when and how to properly use them, and also video tutorials on how to create them. Need help learning what footnotes are and how to create them using Google Docs or Microsoft Word? - Footnotes This page gives a brief description of what they are, where to find information on when and how to properly use them, and also video tutorials on how to create them. - << Previous: MLA Paper Format - Next: Footnotes >> - Last Updated: Mar 29, 2024 2:49 PM - URL: https://necc.mass.libguides.com/formatting To cite this LibGuide use the following templates: APA : Northern Essex Community College Library. (Date updated). Title of page . Title of LibGuide. URL MLA : Northern Essex Community College Library. "Title of Page." Title of LibGuide, Date updated, URL. Chicago Citation Style Guide: Formatting Your Paper - About Chicago Style - In-text Citations Using Author-Date - Notes and Bibliography - Book with Personal Authors - Book with Editor(s) - Book with Organization as Author - Journal Articles - Magazine Article - Newspaper Articles - Websites, Blogs, Social Media - Legal and Public Documents - Formatting Your Paper - Submit Your Paper for Chicago Review The Chicago Manual of Style does not specify a specific font type and size. A Manual for Writers by Kate Turabian suggests using either 12-point Times New Roman font or 10-point Arial font. Line Spacing & Margin Suggestions Use double-spacing throughout the body of the paper. Single space after periods between sentences. Indent the first line of each paragraph. Leave 1 in. margins on the top, bottom, and sides. Sample Paper - Chicago Style Paper Template Use this template as a start for your Chicago Style paper. Chicago/Turabian Style Paper Format The following guidelines are suggested: While the Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Ed. does not specify font size or style the IRSC librarians recommend Times New Roman size 12 font. Title page - Include your paper title (centered) about a third of the way down the page - About three-quarters of the way down the page include your name, your professor's name, date, and the name of your class (Check with your professor to see what specific information they want on the title page) - Omit a header and page number on the cover page (use the Different First Page header option found on the Design menu) Body of the paper: - Add a header after the cover page. The header should contain the page number (starting with 2) - Double-space the entire paper and use 1-inch margins - Insert a footnote each time you use information from a source in your paper (found on the References menu) - If you use sections like "Abstract, Introduction, Discussions", center the section title on the page - Type the world Bibliography in the center of the page - The bibliography will be on a separate page from the body of the paper - The citations on the bibliography page are single spaced - There will be an extra space between each citation - << Previous: Legal and Public Documents - Next: Submit Your Paper for Chicago Review >> - Last Updated: Jan 23, 2024 10:51 AM - URL: https://irsc.libguides.com/chicago College-wide Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition Chicago Manual of Style Guides The chicago manual of style's website. Chicago Manual of Style , 17th Edition, is available at EFSC campus Libraries Ask A Librarian EFSC Librarians available : 8:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. Monday - Thursday 10:00 a.m. - 1:00 p.m. Friday Service available from Other Florida Librarians: 10:00 a.m. - midnight, Sunday - Thursday 10:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. Friday - Saturday An EFSC Librarian will respond within 24 hours . CHICAGO MANUAL OF STYLE 17TH Ed, Research Paper The Chicago Style offers two types of citations: bibliography style and reference list style. This guide assists with the bibliography style. Please consider your instructor's assignment requirements. Your Chicago-style research paper should have the following components: 1. Chicago-style title page 2. The body of the paper with correct margins, in-text citations, etc. 3. Endnotes or footnotes 4. Bibliography Paper-Formatting Tip Sheets (Margins, Title page, Citations, Crafting a paper & more) Please contact an Eastern Florida State College Librarian if you experience any barriers to accessing these materials or need research help. Cocoa 321-433-7662 Melbourne 321-433-5576 Palm Bay 321-433-5275 Titusville 321-433-5036 "College-wide Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition" by Marian Smith. CC by 4.0 . - Next: CITING BOOKS >> - Last Updated: Jan 11, 2024 11:15 AM - URL: https://libguides.easternflorida.edu/ChicagoStyle - [email protected] - Shapiro Library - SNHU Library Frequently Asked Questions FAQ: How should a title page be formatted in Chicago Style? - 7 Academic Integrity & Plagiarism - 64 Academic Support, Writing Help, & Presentation Help - 29 Access/Remote Access - 7 Accessibility - 9 Building/Facilities - 7 Career/Job Information - 26 Catalog/Print Books - 26 Circulation - 129 Citing Sources - 14 Copyright - 311 Databases - 24 Directions/Location - 18 Faculty Resources/Needs - 7 Hours/Contacts - 2 Innovation Lab & Makerspace/3D Printing - 25 Interlibrary Loan - 43 IT/Computer/Printing Support - 3 Library Instruction - 39 Library Technology Help - 6 Multimedia - 17 Online Programs - 19 Periodicals - 25 Policies - 8 RefWorks/Citation Managers - 4 Research Guides (LibGuides) - 216 Research Help - 23 University Services Last Updated: Jun 22, 2023 Views: 145980 Formatting a title page. Here are some tips for formatting a title page in Chicago style: - The title should be centered a third of the way down the page. - Your name and class information should follow several lines later. - For subtitles, end the title line with a colon and place the subtitle on the line below the title. - Include your name, class information, and date. Example Title Page More Information - Citation Quick Guide (Chicago Manual of Style) - Chicago Style Guide (Shapiro Library) - Chicago Style Sample Paper (SNHU Academic Support) Further Help This information is intended to be a guideline, not expert advice. Please be sure to speak to your professor about the appropriate way to cite sources in your class assignments and projects. Campus Students To access Academic Support, visit your Brightspace course and select "Tutoring and Mentoring" from the Academic Support pulldown menu. Online Students To access help with citations and more, visit the Academic Support via modules in Brightspace: - Academic Support Overview: Getting Help with your Schoolwork This link opens in a new window - Share on Facebook Was this helpful? Yes 132 No 28 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) are a self-serve option for users to search and find answers to their questions. Use the search box above to type your question to search for an answer or browse existing FAQs by group, topic, etc. Tell Me More Link to Question Form More assistance. Submit a Question Related FAQs The Plagiarism Checker Online For Your Academic Work Start Plagiarism Check Editing & Proofreading for Your Research Paper Get it proofread now Online Printing & Binding with Free Express Delivery Configure binding now - Academic essay overview - The writing process - Structuring academic essays - Types of academic essays - Academic writing overview - Sentence structure - Academic writing process - Improving your academic writing - Titles and headings - APA style overview - APA citation & referencing - APA structure & sections - Citation & referencing - Structure and sections - APA examples overview - Commonly used citations - Other examples - British English vs. American English - Chicago style overview - Chicago citation & referencing - Chicago structure & sections - Chicago style examples - Citing sources overview - Citation format - Citation examples - College essay overview - Application - How to write a college essay - Types of college essays - Commonly confused words - Definitions - Dissertation overview - Dissertation structure & sections - Dissertation writing process - Graduate school overview - Application & admission - Study abroad - Master degree - Harvard referencing overview - Language rules overview - Grammatical rules & structures - Parts of speech - Punctuation - Methodology overview - Analyzing data - Experiments - Observations - Inductive vs. Deductive - Qualitative vs. Quantitative - Types of validity - Types of reliability - Sampling methods - Theories & Concepts - Types of research studies - Types of variables - MLA style overview - MLA examples - MLA citation & referencing - MLA structure & sections - Plagiarism overview - Plagiarism checker - Types of plagiarism - Printing production overview - Research bias overview - Types of research bias - Example sections - Types of research papers - Research process overview - Problem statement - Research proposal - Research topic - Statistics overview - Levels of measurment - Frequency distribution - Measures of central tendency - Measures of variability - Hypothesis testing - Parameters & test statistics - Types of distributions - Correlation - Effect size - Hypothesis testing assumptions - Types of ANOVAs - Types of chi-square - Statistical data - Statistical models - Spelling mistakes - Tips overview - Academic writing tips - Dissertation tips - Sources tips - Working with sources overview - Evaluating sources - Finding sources - Including sources - Types of sources Your Step to Success Plagiarism Check within 10min Printing & Binding with 3D Live Preview Cover Page – APA, MLA & Chicago Style With Examples How do you like this article cancel reply. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. In the academic and professional realms, the presentation of written work is nearly as crucial as the content itself. The most popular guidelines are the APA, MLA, and Chicago style. Each has its unique specifications and nuances, particularly when it comes to crafting the cover page , a pivotal aspect that provides the first impression of any document. This article delves into the distinct features and requirements with examples . - 1 Cover page in a nutshell - 2 Definition: Cover page - 3 When is a cover page used? - 4 Essentials of a cover page - 6 Cover page for students Cover page in a nutshell What is a cover page? A cover page is also called the title page and is the first page of an academic essay or other kinds of academic papers. It displays its title, the author's name, and other relevant information, serving as an introduction or a preview of what's inside. Think of it like the cover of a book, giving a glimpse of what the content is about. Definition: Cover page The cover page serves as a representation of the author. The format will differ based on the style you choose. It typically contains: - Name of the author - Name of the professor - Name of the student's educational establishment - Due date of the paper The topic of the paper and the course name are always included on the title page, regardless of the format used. As the name suggests, it is placed at the front of the paper and is the first thing your professor will see when they receive your paper. When writing an academic paper, you have to adhere to certain established standards. A cover page is required for many papers, as it introduces the professor to the project. In this article, we will look at the different types and their formats. When is a cover page used? A cover page is used in various academic, professional, and publishing contexts to provide a clear and organized introduction to a document. Its usage can vary based on the style guide in reference. Here's a brief overview of when it is used in APA, MLA, and Chicago styles . - APA style always requires a title page for both student papers and professional articles or studies. You can read more in our article about the APA format title pages. - Title of the paper, author's name, institutional affiliation, course name and number (for students), instructor's name (for students), and due date - MLA style does not typically require a title page for research papers , unless specifically requested by the instructor. Instead, essential details are usually placed in the top-left corner of the first page. - Title, name of the author, instructor's name, course, and date Chicago style - Its usage depends on specific publication or institutional requirements. For formal publications and individual assignments, a title page is typically preferred. - Title, author's name, often the specific class or course information, and date of submission Essentials of a cover page A cover page requires: - A running head - The title of your academic paper - The name of your university - The name of the author or authors Besides these requirements, your professor may ask you to add extra information . As mentioned earlier, you should refer to the latest guidelines to see how the cover should be formatted. With APA style, you have to use 12-point Times New Roman font, double-spacing, and 1-inch margins. The running head has to be left-aligned, and it should be capitalized. Besides the 'running head,' your header should have a maximum of 50 characters. The title of your paper should also be properly formatted. It should be in the title case, meaning the first letters of every word is capitalized. The only words that should not be capitalized are small words like articles and prepositions . The title should be no more than 12 words in length. For the title, you should use whole words only. Avoid contractions and abbreviations. The names of the authors should also be properly formatted. If multiple authors were involved in writing the paper, they should all be mentioned, along with the institutions they are affiliated with. Students with different affiliations should be listed separately. The cover page should not be spruced up unnecessarily. Its only objective is to provide the reader or professor with essential information. Don't use colored paper, colored text, or fancy images to make it look more attractive. That will only make you appear less professional. There are as many kinds of cover pages as there are academic writing formats. The most commonly used cover page formats are MLA , APA , and Chicago . The difference lies in their format and content. Here is an overview of each of these types. APA cover page The APA format cover page should start with the running head, positioned at the top left of your paper. The page number is on the top right. Your paper title is to be in title case, in the upper half of the page. For the title, you simply respect the rules for capitalization in titles . APA recommends that your title should be 12 words in length or less, and it should not include any abbreviations or contractions. Words that serve no purpose should also be left out. The title can take up one or two lines. The information for an APA format cover is below the title of your paper, then the names of the authors and their institutional affiliations are listed. The author's name should include first name, middle initial(s), and last name. The titles of the author(s) and their educational qualifications should not be included in this part of the paper. The institutional affiliation is included under the author's name, and it shows where the researcher carried out the research. For more information, read our article about the APA cover page . MLA cover page When using an MLA format cover page, it is not required. Your instructor will let you know whether they require a cover. For some assignments, a cover can make your paper look more professional, so you should always consider adding one. For MLA, you will have to include: - School or university name - Title of your paper - Name of the class - Name of your professor - Date of submission Note: Different instructors may have different style requirements. You may need to add other details to the cover page. Like in APA, the format cover page is double-spaced and the letters are centered on the page. The name of your university should be typed first, after which you can skip down to a third of the page and add the title of the research paper. From here, you can skip several lines and add the rest of the details. These details should be on the bottom half of the page. Chicago style cover page Usually, the Chicago style does not require a cover. However, they may be requested for individual assignments. In this case, the Chicago cover page includes the title of your page, the name of the author, the name of your teacher, the course title, and the due date. The title should be typed at about one-third of the way down the page. Some professors accept covers using 11 pt. Arial font, but the most widely used font is 12 pt. Times New Roman. You should generally avoid using fancy fonts or underlining the text. You can only use bold for the title and subtitle. The page should be double-spaced. The page number should not be included in a Chicago style cover page. Cover page for students Creating a student cover page involves considering the essential elements that offer a concise overview of the work, while also adhering to any style or formatting guidelines in place. Here's a general outline of what should be included. - Title of the document/paper Ideally placed at the center of the page Should be specific and concise, capturing the essence of the paper - Student's name Usually positioned under the title Full name is recommended unless specified otherwise - Course name and code Essential for academic submissions to ensure the paper reaches the correct instructor or department - Instructor/professor's name Specify the honorific title (e.g., Dr., Prof.) if applicable - Date of submission Can be written in different formats (e.g., September 21, 2023, or 21-09-2023) depending on institutional or style guide preferences - Institution Name Name of the school, college, or university - Class or section If applicable Especially useful for larger courses with multiple sections - Assignment number or type Optional E.g., "Assignment 1", "Final Project", "Research Paper", etc. Formatting tips Use a readable font like Times New Roman, Arial, or Calibri. Typically, a 12 pt. font size is recommended. Details on the cover are usually double-spaced for clarity. Ensure you have standard margins (typically 1 inch, so 2.54 cm, on all sides) unless specified otherwise by your institution or style guide. Most of the details are typically centered on the page, but some style guides might have different requirements. Always refer to specific institutional guidelines or the requested style guide (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago) as they may have distinct stipulations for page composition. How do you write a title page for an essay? The title page of your academic essay should be simple and straightforward, and it should only consist of text. For the cover page design, you should consult the latest manual of your institution. You may be required to use a certain style of formatting, such as APA, or MLA. The requirements for an APA title page differ from the requirements of an MLA title page . Does the title page count as one page? The title page will take up a whole page of your essay. However, it does not count as one page in terms of the page count for your essay . The table of contents and bibliography are also not included in the word/page count of your essay. How do you format the names of multiple authors? If more than one person was involved in writing the paper, all the names should be clearly indicated. The format used will depend on the affiliations of the authors and the institution that they're working with. For an APA cover page, the authors should be listed below the title of the paper. List their first names, middle initials, and last names with any titles and qualifications. Is a cover page always required? The cover page is typically required when you use the APA citation style. With the MLA and Chicago formats, your instructor will advise you on whether you have to include a cover. However, more often than not, MLA formatting does not require a title page. Will you be penalized for adding a cover page when it is not required? No instructor will penalize you for including a cover page when it is not strictly required. You should consider adding one if you are uncertain whether it is required for your academic writing work. Nevertheless, you should check with your institution anyway to ensure that you're fulfilling all requirements. We use cookies on our website. Some of them are essential, while others help us to improve this website and your experience. - External Media Individual Privacy Preferences Cookie Details Privacy Policy Imprint Here you will find an overview of all cookies used. You can give your consent to whole categories or display further information and select certain cookies. Accept all Save Essential cookies enable basic functions and are necessary for the proper function of the website. Show Cookie Information Hide Cookie Information Statistics cookies collect information anonymously. This information helps us to understand how our visitors use our website. Content from video platforms and social media platforms is blocked by default. If External Media cookies are accepted, access to those contents no longer requires manual consent. Privacy Policy Imprint Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts Welcome to the Purdue Online Writing Lab Welcome to the Purdue OWL This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice. Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. The Online Writing Lab at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional material, and we provide these as a free service of the Writing Lab at Purdue. Students, members of the community, and users worldwide will find information to assist with many writing projects. Teachers and trainers may use this material for in-class and out-of-class instruction. The Purdue On-Campus Writing Lab and Purdue Online Writing Lab assist clients in their development as writers—no matter what their skill level—with on-campus consultations, online participation, and community engagement. The Purdue Writing Lab serves the Purdue, West Lafayette, campus and coordinates with local literacy initiatives. The Purdue OWL offers global support through online reference materials and services. A Message From the Assistant Director of Content Development The Purdue OWL® is committed to supporting students, instructors, and writers by offering a wide range of resources that are developed and revised with them in mind. To do this, the OWL team is always exploring possibilties for a better design, allowing accessibility and user experience to guide our process. As the OWL undergoes some changes, we welcome your feedback and suggestions by email at any time. Please don't hesitate to contact us via our contact page if you have any questions or comments. All the best, Social Media Facebook twitter.
Table of Contents From Traditional Placement Offices to Comprehensive Career Centers In the past, career services in higher education were often limited to basic job placement assistance. Students would visit the placement office, submit their resumes, and hope for the best. However, as the job market became more competitive and employers started seeking candidates with a broader skill set, the role of career services evolved. Adapting to the Changing Needs of Students Career centers realized that they needed to do more than simply help students find jobs after graduation. They needed to equip students with the skills and resources to thrive in the ever-changing job market. As a result, career services expanded their offerings to include career counseling, resume and interview preparation, networking opportunities, and professional development workshops. Integrating Technology for Enhanced Career Exploration In today's digital age, career services have embraced technology to provide students with innovative tools for career exploration. Online platforms now offer virtual career fairs, job search engines, and personality assessments to help students discover their passions and align them with suitable career paths. These technological advancements have made career services more accessible and convenient for students, allowing them to explore their options at any time and from anywhere. Building Strong Industry Partnerships Career services have recognized the importance of collaboration with industry professionals and employers. By establishing strong partnerships, career centers can gain insight into industry trends, job market demands, and skills employers are seeking. This information allows them to tailor their services and curricula to ensure students are well-prepared for the workforce. Internship and Experiential Learning Opportunities One of the significant advancements in career services is the emphasis on internships and experiential learning. By offering students the opportunity to gain real-world experience through internships, co-op programs, and service-learning projects, career services can bridge the gap between academic knowledge and practical skills. These experiences not only enhance students' resumes but also provide valuable networking opportunities and a chance to explore different career paths. Entrepreneurship and Innovation Support As the entrepreneurial spirit continues to thrive, career services have recognized the need to provide support and resources for students interested in starting their own businesses. Whether through entrepreneurship courses, mentorship programs, or access to funding opportunities, career centers are fostering innovation and empowering students to pursue their entrepreneurial dreams. Embracing Diversity and Inclusion Career services have also become more focused on promoting diversity and inclusion in the workforce. They recognize the importance of providing equal opportunities for all students, regardless of their backgrounds. Career centers now offer workshops and resources on diversity and inclusion in the workplace, helping students understand the value of a diverse workforce and preparing them to navigate multicultural work environments. Supporting Non-Traditional Career Paths Not all students follow a traditional career path, and career services have adapted to support a wide range of career choices. Whether a student is interested in freelancing, remote work, or pursuing a non-traditional career such as art or music, career centers now provide guidance and resources tailored to these unique paths. This inclusivity ensures that all students receive the support they need to succeed, regardless of their chosen career trajectory. Preparing Students for the Future of Work As the job market continues to evolve, career services are constantly seeking ways to prepare students for the future of work. They are incorporating emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and data analytics, into their curriculum and workshops to ensure students have the necessary digital skills. Additionally, career centers are helping students develop essential soft skills such as communication, critical thinking, and adaptability, which are becoming increasingly important in the modern workplace. Continued Support for Alumni Career services no longer end at graduation. Many career centers now offer lifelong support for alumni, recognizing that career development is an ongoing process. They provide networking events, job boards, and career counseling services to help alumni navigate career transitions and stay competitive in the job market. Conclusion: A Bright Future for Career Services in Higher Education The evolution of career services in higher education has been driven by the changing needs of students and employers. Through comprehensive support, integration of technology, industry partnerships, and a focus on diversity and inclusion, career services are empowering students for success in the ever-evolving job market. With continued innovation and adaptability, career centers will play a vital role in shaping the future of higher education and preparing students for the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.
What Is The Best Camera For Capturing Fine Art Photography? Comparing Cameras for Fine Art Photography When it comes to capturing fine art photography, choosing the right camera is essential. Two key factors to consider are resolution and sensor size. The resolution of a camera determines the amount of detail it can capture in an image. For fine art photography, where intricate details are crucial, a higher resolution is preferred. Cameras with resolutions of 20 megapixels or higher are recommended for capturing fine art with precision. In addition to resolution, sensor size plays a vital role in image quality. Cameras with larger sensors typically perform better in low light conditions and produce images with less noise. Full-frame cameras are popular among fine art photographers due to their superior image quality and dynamic range. The larger sensor size allows for better light sensitivity and depth of field control, which are essential for creating stunning fine art photographs. When comparing cameras for fine art photography, it's important to consider color accuracy and dynamic range. Color accuracy ensures that the colors in your photographs are true to life, which is crucial when capturing the vibrant hues often found in fine art pieces. Dynamic range, on the other hand, refers to the camera's ability to capture details in both the highlight and shadow areas of an image. Cameras with a wide dynamic range can preserve intricate details in the highlights and shadows, resulting in stunning, true-to-life images. When choosing a camera for fine art photography, prioritize resolution, sensor size, color accuracy, and dynamic range. Look for a camera with high megapixels, a large sensor, and advanced color and dynamic range capabilities to ensure your fine art photographs are of the highest quality. By selecting a camera that excels in these areas, you can capture breathtaking fine art images that truly showcase your artistic vision. Evaluating the Importance of Color Accuracy and Dynamic Range in Fine Art Photography Cameras When it comes to capturing fine art photography, color accuracy and dynamic range play significant roles in ensuring the quality of the final image. Cameras that excel in these aspects tend to produce images with vibrant colors, subtle shades, and rich details, which are crucial for conveying the artist's vision effectively. Color accuracy refers to how faithfully a camera reproduces the colors present in a scene. In fine art photography, where precise color reproduction is essential, having a camera with excellent color accuracy can make a notable difference in the final result. Cameras with advanced color science and accurate color profiles can capture the subtle nuances of different hues and tones, ensuring that the image conveys the artist's intended color palette. Dynamic range, on the other hand, refers to the camera's ability to capture a wide range of tonal values in a single image, from the darkest shadows to the brightest highlights. A camera with high dynamic range capabilities can retain details in both the shadows and highlights, allowing for greater flexibility in post-processing and ensuring that the final image is rich in tonal depth. When selecting a camera for fine art photography, photographers often look for models with both excellent color accuracy and high dynamic range. Cameras with larger sensors tend to perform better in terms of color accuracy and dynamic range, as they can capture more light information and produce images with finer detail and smoother tonal transitions. In addition to sensor size, the camera's color science and image processing algorithms also play a crucial role in determining color accuracy and dynamic range. Manufacturers that prioritize color accuracy and dynamic range in their camera models, such as Sony, Nikon, and Canon, are often favored by fine art photographers for their ability to deliver images that closely match the original scene. When it comes to capturing fine art photography, choosing a camera with outstanding color accuracy and dynamic range can make a significant impact on the quality of the final images. By prioritizing these factors in their camera selection process, photographers can ensure that their work is represented faithfully and beautifully, conveying their artistic vision to the viewer with precision and depth. Exploring the Benefits of Tilt-Shift Lenses for Capturing Fine Art Photography When it comes to capturing fine art photography, using the right equipment can make a significant difference in the quality and impact of the final images. One such piece of equipment that has gained popularity among fine art photographers is the tilt-shift lens. Tilt-shift lenses offer unique capabilities that can enhance the creative vision and technical precision of photographers in capturing fine art. Tilt-shift lenses allow photographers to control perspective distortion and depth of field in ways that are not possible with traditional lenses. The ability to tilt the lens enables photographers to achieve a selective focus effect, where a specific area of the image is in sharp focus while the rest is blurred. This technique can draw the viewer's eye to a particular detail or subject within the frame, adding a sense of depth and artistry to the photograph. In addition to tilting the lens, these lenses also allow for shifting, which can correct converging lines and perspective distortion when photographing buildings or architectural elements. This feature is particularly useful in fine art photography, where precise composition and symmetry are often crucial to the aesthetic appeal of the image. Another advantage of tilt-shift lenses is their ability to create a miniature effect, also known as the tilt-shift effect. By manipulating the tilt and shift movements of the lens, photographers can simulate a shallow depth of field that gives the appearance of miniaturization. This effect can lend a dreamlike quality to the photograph, making ordinary scenes appear as though they are part of a scale model. Furthermore, tilt-shift lenses are valued for their exceptional optical quality and sharpness, which are essential for capturing the intricate details and textures often found in fine art subjects. Whether photographing still life compositions, landscapes, or architectural details, the precision and clarity offered by tilt-shift lenses can elevate the overall visual impact of the image. Tilt-shift lenses are a valuable tool for fine art photographers looking to enhance their creative expression and technical control. By offering unique perspective control, selective focusing capabilities, and superior optical quality, these lenses empower photographers to push the boundaries of traditional photography and create compelling and visually striking fine art images. Significance of Low Light Performance in Choosing a Camera for Fine Art Photography When it comes to capturing fine art photography, one crucial aspect to consider in a camera is its performance in low light conditions. Fine art photography often involves shooting in environments with varying light levels, such as museums, galleries, or outdoor settings during dusk or dawn. Therefore, having a camera with excellent low light performance can make a significant difference in the quality of your photographs. Cameras with good low light performance typically have larger sensors that can capture more light, resulting in better image quality with less noise. The ability to shoot at higher ISO settings without compromising image sharpness and color accuracy is also essential for fine art photography in low light situations. One of the key advantages of a camera with superior low light performance is the ability to maintain detail and clarity in dark areas of the image, preserving the nuances and textures that are characteristic of fine art photography. This is particularly important when photographing subjects with intricate details or subtle tonal variations, where preserving these elements can elevate the overall impact of the image. Additionally, a camera with excellent low light capabilities allows photographers to create visually arresting images in challenging lighting conditions, opening up creative possibilities and enabling them to capture unique perspectives that may not be possible with cameras that struggle in low light. When selecting a camera for fine art photography, paying attention to its low light performance is essential to ensure that you can confidently capture stunning images in a variety of lighting situations, bringing out the best in your artistic vision and creativity. Reviewing the Top Camera Models Recommended by Professional Fine Art Photographers When it comes to capturing fine art photography, having the right camera can make a significant difference in the quality of the final images. Professional fine art photographers often have specific requirements when it comes to their gear, from resolution and dynamic range to color accuracy and low-light performance. Here, we will explore some of the top camera models that are highly recommended by professionals in the field. 1. Nikon D850 The Nikon D850 is a favorite among fine art photographers due to its impressive 45.7-megapixel full-frame sensor, which delivers exceptional image quality and detail. The camera's dynamic range is excellent, allowing photographers to capture a wide range of tones and details in their images. The D850 also boasts outstanding color accuracy, making it a top choice for photographers who prioritize color reproduction in their work. 2. Canon EOS 5DS R For photographers who require the utmost in resolution, the Canon EOS 5DS R is a top contender. With a massive 50.6-megapixel sensor, this camera is ideal for capturing fine details and textures in artworks. The 5DS R also excels in color accuracy, ensuring that every hue is rendered faithfully. While the dynamic range may not be as extensive as some other models, this camera's resolution makes it a popular choice among fine art photographers. 3. Sony Alpha a7R IV Sony's Alpha a7R IV is a mirrorless camera that has garnered praise for its impressive 61-megapixel sensor, which offers unparalleled resolution in a compact form factor. This camera excels in low-light performance, making it a versatile choice for fine art photographers who work in challenging lighting conditions. The a7R IV also boasts excellent dynamic range and color accuracy, further solidifying its position as a top camera for capturing fine art photography. 4. Fujifilm GFX 100S Medium format cameras like the Fujifilm GFX 100S are highly sought after by fine art photographers for their exceptional image quality and detail. With a 102-megapixel sensor, the GFX 100S delivers stunning resolution that is perfect for large-format printing and highly detailed artworks. This camera also offers excellent color accuracy and dynamic range, making it a top choice for photographers who demand the best from their gear. These top camera models recommended by professional fine art photographers offer a range of features and capabilities that cater to the specific needs of capturing fine art photography. Whether you prioritize resolution, color accuracy, dynamic range, or low-light performance, there is a camera on the market that can help you achieve your artistic vision with precision and clarity. In the realm of fine art photography, selecting the best camera is a pivotal decision that can significantly impact the quality and outcome of your artistic endeavors. As photography evolves and technology continues to advance, photographers are blessed with an array of high-performance cameras specially designed to meet the demands of fine art photography. When delving into the world of fine art photography, one of the first considerations is the camera's resolution and sensor size. These factors play a vital role in capturing the intricate details and nuances of art pieces. Cameras with higher resolutions, such as full-frame sensors or medium format cameras, excel in reproducing the fine details and textures present in artwork, ensuring the final image maintains exceptional clarity and sharpness. Color accuracy and dynamic range are equally crucial aspects to ponder when selecting a camera for fine art photography. Cameras that offer superior color rendition and a broad dynamic range enable photographers to capture the subtle tonal gradations and vibrant hues present in artworks accurately. This ensures that the final images are a faithful representation of the original piece, preserving the artist's vision and intention. For photographers seeking to elevate their fine art photography to new heights, tilt-shift lenses provide a creative edge. These specialized lenses allow for perspective control and selective focus, making them invaluable tools for capturing architectural details, landscapes, and still-life compositions with unparalleled precision and clarity. tilt-shift lenses into your photographic arsenal can open up a world of creative possibilities, enabling you to capture unique and engaging images that stand out. In the realm of fine art photography, mastering the art of capturing images in low light conditions is essential. Cameras with exceptional low light performance, such as high ISO capabilities and low noise levels, empower photographers to explore the interplay of light and shadow in their artworks. Whether shooting in dimly lit galleries or experimenting with atmospheric lighting techniques, a camera that excels in low light performance can ensure that your fine art photographs radiate with luminosity and depth. Professional fine art photographers often swear by certain camera models that consistently deliver outstanding results. From revered brands like Nikon, Canon, and Sony, top camera models like the Nikon D850, Canon EOS 5DS R, and Sony Alpha 7R IV are favored for their exceptional image quality, robust build, and advanced features tailored to the needs of fine art photography. These cameras have earned the trust and acclaim of seasoned photographers for their ability to surpass expectations and capture the essence of fine art with unparalleled precision and clarity. Choosing the best camera for capturing fine art photography requires a thoughtful consideration of various factors such as resolution, sensor size, color accuracy, dynamic range, lens options, low light performance, and camera model. By understanding the significance of each of these elements and exploring the top camera models recommended by professionals, photographers can equip themselves with the tools needed to elevate their fine art photography to new heights of excellence and creativity.
Extended Reality Teleoperation and Simulation of Space Robotics Using Unity Publication or External Link The use of extended reality (XR) for enabling "telepresence" of robotic systems has become more prevalent in the past decade. However, the technology leap from commercially available robots to more extreme environment robotic systems, such as industrial and space robots, has yet to be widely demonstrated. The Space Systems Laboratory at the University of Maryland is developing XR control interfaces using the Unity game engine to more intuitively command dexterous space robots. Utilizing the Unity game engine lends several benefits, such as high fidelity dynamic physics simulation, customizability through the use of C# scripting, and the built-in robotic features provided through the Unity Robotics Hub. Unity, being a game engine, is able to simulate different environments, such as microgravity and the surfaces of celestial bodies such as the Moon or Mars. This allows for the creation of immersive scenes that robots can be simulated in to demonstrate the intractability of the system in the desired environment. Accurate robotic models can be generated in Unity using ROS's Unified Robot Description Files (URDFs) and Unity's "ArticulationBody" component for joint simulation, which provide state feedback such as joint position, velocity, and torque, as well as forces and torques being applied to the robot body. The robot model can then be used to either visualize a robot by sending state data from a control program to Unity, or to command a robot by sending state data from Unity to the control program. Incorporating XR devices such as the Microsoft Hololens or the Oculus Quest allow for immersive control and visualization of space robotic systems in a desired environment. URI (handle)
Herb Alpert's Tijuana Brass' 'Whipped Cream & Other Delights': Sweet & Swinging by Mark LevitonIf we examine the highest-charting albums of 1965 as tracked by Billboard magazine, we find the #1 slot dominated by movie soundtracks (Roustabout, Mary Poppins, Goldfinger, The Sound of Music and Help!), two LPs constructed by the Beatles' American label Capitol that weren't issued in England (Beatles '65 and Beatles VI) and the Rolling Stones' Out of Our Heads. But the album that ruled the selling season from Thanksgiving to Christmas, and beyond, was one that appealed to hippies, squares, little old ladies, teenagers, Playboy-reading guys who dug the modern jazz scene—just about anyone with a set of ears who had access to a radio, stereo or television set. The album that spent nearly three years in the Top 40 was Whipped Cream & Other Delights, the fourth set from Herb Alpert's Tijuana Brass. Alpert and his business partner Jerry Moss had founded their independent record label A&M in 1962, and almost immediately found success by recording top-tier Los Angeles musicians at Gold Star Studios, pretending to be a somewhat tongue-in-cheek fake Mexican mariachi-style band. As Alpert told English journalist Peter Jones in 1966 as he began a first U.K. tour, "I'm not Mexican, we don't use all brass in the group and there are only seven of us. That's me on trumpet, one more trumpeter, a couple of guitars, piano, drums and trombone. And let me not hear anyone saying we must do a lot of double-tracking because it just isn't true. What's more, we haven't stuck to the same lineup in the nearly four years we've been going." Alpert had only recently decided to organize a group that could tour. Herb Alpert, who began playing trumpet as a child, was raised in the Boyle Heights section of Los Angeles by Jewish immigrant parents from Ukraine and Romania, and was hooked on Dizzy Gillespie, Miles Davis and other jazz greats. He developed the idea for the Tijuana Brass while taking in a bullfight across the border with Moss, then rehearsing in his garage to find "a definable sort of swing" that merged mariachi with Caribbean and South American Latin jazz. Alpert saw a lot to admire in pop music, and wasn't a snob about the culture of family entertainment and filled nightclub dance floors. He also realized playing instrumental music, without lyrics to convey a story or message, demanded a special approach. As he told writer Josh Kun many years later, "I realized how important it is to be visual with instrumental music, so that each song, each arrangement, each presentation has a real visual image. It takes the place of that powerful lyric that an instrumental doesn't have." Whipped Cream & Other Delights, produced by Alpert and Moss in late 1964 and engineered by Phil Spector's go-to guy Larry Levine, was recorded with the (uncredited) cream of L.A. players, including drummers Hal Blaine and Frank DeVito, guitarist John Pisano, percussionist Julius Wechter, Carol Kaye and Chuck Berghofer on bass, and Russell Bridges (also known as Leon Russell) on keyboards, along with Don Randi. The title tune "Whipped Cream" did merely OK as a single release in February '65: the album didn't really explode until "A Taste of Honey," a track relegated to the B-side of a previous single of "The Third Man Theme," was re-promoted as an A-side and placed as the opening track on the LP, released in April. Written by Bobby Scott and Rick Marlow, "A Taste of Honey" had been used as a recurring theme for a British play of that name, and the 1961 film adaptation. The Beatles liked it well enough to record a version with lyrics (heavily influenced by Lenny Welch's U.S. adaptation) for their debut Please Please Me. The Tijuana Brass version begins with a melancholy air typical of other versions of the song before Blaine's bass drum signals a change to a peppy, highly infectious take. Alpert's trumpet tone is full and warm, the guitarist's use of light tremolo on the more downbeat sections is very cool, and Wechter adds the marimba that was a crucial part of the band's signature style. (Eventually, Wechter's own spin-off group the Baja Marimba Band had its own success on A&M.) True to Alpert's desire, "A Taste of Honey" absolutely swings, while still giving room to mariachi-inflected tempo breaks. The track won three Grammys, including Record of the Year. Moss' desire to have a "food theme" pervade the album means the highly melodic "Green Peppers," "Bittersweet Samba" and "El Garbanzo," composed by Alpert's "trusted song pusher" Sol Lake, get titles that don't especially relate to any musical material. "El Garbanzo" is the most Mexican-sounding, with a little "Mexican Hat Dance" homage in the arrangement, and "Bittersweet Samba," taken a lot faster than a traditional Brazilian dance, features Wechter's vibraphone, Pisano's acoustic guitar, and the ever reliable Alpert. "Tangerine," with lyrics by Johnny Mercer to Victor Schertzinger's melody, had been a jazz-pop standard since it appeared in the 1942 film The Fleet's In. Benny Goodman and Frank Sinatra recorded the romantic slow-burner, and Alpert follows their lead. You can hear his superb breath control and absolute control of the trumpet tone. He sings along with the piano solo, presaging those times in the future where his vocals yielded big pop hits, like his version of Bacharach-David's "This Guy's In Love With You," which hit #1 in 1968. "Ladyfingers" is another slow, sultry tune, written by the Belgian virtuoso guitarist, harmonica player and whistler Toots Thielemans, whose long career encompassed the soundtracks of Midnight Cowboy, Sesame Street and a zillion more. The jazz fan Alpert no doubt knew his much-recorded song "Bluesette"; it appears the Tijuana Brass was the first to record "Ladyfingers," a soaring melody buttressed by one of the few string arrangements on Whipped Cream. There's a nice use of celeste, trombone, vibes and congas. Will Holt wrote the folk song "Lemon Tree" in the '50s, inspired by a Brazilian song from decades before. Peter, Paul and Mary's version got them their first appearance on the U.S. Hot 100, but it was Trini Lopez's 1965 single that was the bigger hit. The Tijuana Brass' languid rendition features a spectacular Spanish guitar in the echoing style of Marty Robbins' "El Paso," and (probably) Tonni Kalash matching Alpert's gorgeous trumpet line. In the hands of Alpert, "Peanuts" (also known as "La Cacahuata") is a polka that smooths out some of its Tex-Mex, San Antonio heritage. The original song by Luis Guerrero was taken at a breakneck pace on the Sunglows' original 45 from mid-1964, but the Tijuana Brass take is more stately, not unlike the processional music heard at a bullfight. "Butterball" manages to fit Dixieland jazz into the proceedings, with Blaine demonstrating his superior backbeat. "Lollipops and Roses" was a hit for Jack Jones in 1961, and while the Tijuana Brass take is well played and arranged, it's probably the LP's least impressive track. Leiber and Stoller's much-recorded "Love Potion No. 9" is shoehorned into the "food" theme so Alpert can demonstrate he can lead a "striptease" number every bit as convincingly as David Rose had with his #1 pop smash "The Stripper" in 1962. Perhaps it's also a nod to Whipped Cream's sexy album art, which became almost as famous as the music it enclosed. Providing mostly-male LP buyers with attractive females to ogle on album covers was pretty standard procedure in the '50s and '60s, but the appearance of veteran actress and model Dolores Erickson (three months pregnant at the time of the photo shoot) became a phenomenon. She was bedecked in shaving cream for the actual photo, not whipped cream, but the suggestion that it might be licked off (indicated by the delicate way her tongue touches her finger) has driven many decades of admirers a little batty. The sexual fantasy concocted by A&M's art director Peter Whorf, which Alpert originally balked at, has been parodied many times without damaging the dreamy, seductive quality of the original. The album cover's notoriety probably encouraged the very popular TV show The Dating Game's decision to use "Whipped Cream" as one of several Tijuana Brass recordings to introduce nubile male and female contestants on the show. The song's composer Allen Toussaint (writing under his pseudonym Naomi Neville) no doubt appreciated the extra paychecks. Given that Whipped Cream & Other Delights sold millions of albums, and continues to do well on streaming services, everyone involved has reason to be proud of their musical accomplishments, and their cultural impact, to this day. Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss got a huge payday when A&M was sold for more than $500 million in 1989; their philanthropy has benefitted many art and music institutions in Los Angeles. Moss died on Aug. 16, 2023. Cover model Dolores Erickson is still getting fan letters. If you're a new Best Classic Bands reader, we'd be grateful if you would Like our Facebook page and/or bookmark our Home page. Watch Herb Alpert & the TJB on The Ed Sullivan Show, performing "A Taste of Honey" Alpert released a new album, Wish Upon a Star, in 2023 and continues to tour. Tickets are available here and here. His extensive recordings are available in the U.S. here and in the U.K. here. Related: Our interview with Herb Alpert - Patti Smith's 'Horses': Poetry In Motion - 05/21/2024 - Elton John 'Honky Chateau': New Heights - 05/19/2024 - Paul Simon 'There Goes Rhymin' Simon': American Tunes - 05/05/2024
Located in the tropical forests of the Stann Creek District, the Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary is famous for being the first Jaguar Preserve in the world and a top hiking destination in Belize. The nature reserve spans over 128,000 acres, making it one of the largest protected areas in all of Belize. An estimated 200 jaguars live in the preserve, however, they are shy and the chances of seeing jaguars are slim. But don't let that keep you away since there's plenty of plants and wildlife to see! Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary tour Visitors can explore dozens of hiking trails at the Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary where they'll discover spectacular waterfalls, beautiful mountain views, and plenty of wildlife beyond the rare jaguar sighting. The wildlife sanctuary is home to numerous plants and animals, including margays, deer, ocelots, pumas, howler monkeys, tapirs, and around 330 species of native and migratory birds.
Do You Need A VPN For The Dark Web? Best VPN For Dark Web Accessing the Dark Web: A Comprehensive Guide Best Free VPN Services – Tested VPNs In February 2024 The dark web is a part of the internet that is intentionally hidden and is inaccessible through standard web browsers. It is often associated with illegal activities, but it also has legitimate uses. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive guide on how to access the dark web safely and securely. What is the Dark Web? At the dark end of the web, you'll find the more hazardous content and activity. Tor websites are located at this far end of the deep web, which are deemed the "dark web" and are only accessible by an anonymous browser. Dark web search engines don't quite resemble the search engines you're used to seeing, like Google. Plus, they're not as efficient in helping you navigate to where you want to go. This is due to the ever-evolving nature of the dark web — search engines there simply can't keep up with the changes, often providing irrelevant or repetitive results. Android users will need to download Orbot and Orfox to access the dark web with their phones. The Tor network was created to open safe communication channels for political dissidents and American intelligence operatives around the world. Being hidden doesn't translate into being completely protected from the possibility of tracking, or, when it comes to illegal activities, of risk. However, it's up to us to take control of our personal privacy in a world of bulk data collection, surveillance, and personalized ad tracking. To access a dark web resource, you will need to know its web address to the letter. Depending on what you find, you might need a strong stomach, a brave demeanor and a willingness to ignore blatant violations of the law. The best way to think of the shape of the internet is an iceberg — what you see on the surface is only a small fraction of the actual web. Below the surface of the water lies the deep web, with the Dark Web occupying a chunk of this gargantuan mass of data. The deep web is approximately 400 to 500 times greater than the surface web. The dark web is only a small fraction of the deep web—constituting only 0.01% of it, and 5% of the total internet. You use the deep web every day when you check your email or shop online, but you'll need the Tor Browser to use the dark web. - A VPN protects your privacy without making it hard for you to browse the web and use the internet as you normally would. - Proton VPN has decent connection speeds and has tools for giving long-distance connections a bump. - Welltok operates an online wellness program various organizations use to encourage healthy lifestyles. - Then open your VPN app and connect to another location other than where you are at, make sure to use the OpenVPN protocol as it is the most secure. The dark web is a collection of websites that are not indexed by search engines and are only accessible through specialized software. These websites are often used for illegal activities, where can i buy fentanyl test strips such as buying and selling drugs, weapons, and stolen data. However, there are also legitimate uses for the dark web, such as whistleblowing, activism, and secure communication. These fake websites often closely resemble real websites, so it's incredibly hard to tell if they are legitimate sites or not. They will have a similar domain name, logo, login page, and layout to lure users into interacting with the phishing site. But with I2P, your traffic can be sent through any I2P user's device. There's information on live marketplaces and even includes some trustworthy links. This is probably going to be one of the longest posts I've written on 99Bitcoins, but also the most interesting of them all. If you just want to go ahead and learn how to access the Darknet, you can skip to the bottom of the post and watch the video tutorial. I'm assuming you've heard the terms Darknet, Dark web or Deep web before. If you have, then you're probably wondering how one can access these hidden corners of the Internet. As a deep web subsection, the dark web shares many characteristics. However, noteworthy differences exist in operation, scope, size, access methodology, applications, and security. How to Access the Dark Web To access the dark web, you will need to use a specialized browser called the Tor browser. The Tor browser is a free and open-source software that allows you to browse the internet anonymously. It works by routing your internet connection through a series of volunteer-run servers around the world, which makes it difficult for anyone to track your online activity. To download the Tor browser, go to the official Tor Project website (https://www.torproject.org/) and follow the instructions for your operating system. Once you have installed the Tor browser, you can use it to access the dark web by typing in the .onion URL of the website you want to visit. Staying Safe on the Dark Web Accessing the dark web can be risky, as it is often associated with illegal activities. To stay safe, it is important to take the following precautions: - Use a VPN: A virtual private network (VPN) can help to hide your IP address and encrypt your internet connection, making it more difficult for anyone to track your online activity. - Do not download anything: Downloading files from the dark web can be dangerous, as they may contain malware or viruses. Only download files from trusted sources. - Do not give out personal information: Be cautious when providing personal information, such as your name, address, or credit card details, on the dark web. Scammers and hackers are common on the dark web, and they may use your information for fraudulent purposes. - Use strong passwords: Use strong and unique passwords for all of your online accounts. This will help to protect your accounts from hackers and other malicious actors. What is the difference between the deep web and the dark web? The deep web is the part of the internet that is not indexed by search engines, while the dark web is a subset of the deep web that is intentionally hidden and requires specialized software how to go on the dark web to access. The deep web includes websites that require login credentials, such as online banking and email accounts, while the dark web is often associated with illegal activities. Is it illegal to access the dark web? No, it is not illegal to access the dark web. However, many of the activities that take place on the dark web are illegal, and dark web news may put you at risk of being involved in illegal activities. It is important to use caution and take precautions when accessing the dark web. Can I use my regular web browser to access the dark web? No, you cannot use your regular web browser to access the dark web. You will need to use a specialized browser, such as the Tor browser, to access the dark web. Is the dark web safe? Accessing the dark web can be risky, as it is often associated with illegal activities. To stay safe, it is important to take precautions, such as using a VPN, not downloading anything, not giving out personal information, and using strong passwords. Can I get in trouble for accessing the dark web? If you access the dark web for illegal activities, you may be breaking the law and could face legal consequences. It is important to use caution and only access the dark web for legitimate purposes. Is DuckDuckGo a Tor? DuckDuckGo is the default search engine in Tor Browser. DuckDuckGo does not track its users nor does it store any data about user searches. Learn more about DuckDuckGo privacy policy. What makes a website illegal? If your website doesn't include a privacy policy, you could be breaking federal law. If your website isn't *GDPR compliant, then you could be breaking international law. Not to be all "gloom and doom," but that's a pretty big deal. How did my name get on the dark web? Almost every person on earth who has ever had an email account, or an Internet service, or a credit or debit card, or a driver's license is guaranteed to have their name and other personal information on multiple "dark web" websites, as well as scores of "open-web" websites operated by hackers who share such …
Museums and Federal agencies must give public notice prior to disposition or repatriation of human remains or cultural items to lineal descendants, Indian Tribes, or Native Hawaiian organizations. After a notice is published, and in order to complete the disposition or repatriation, museums and Federal agencies must send written statements to the claimants or requestors. The type of notice and statement required depends on the human remains or cultural items involved. What notices and statements are required? For protection of human remains and cultural items on Federal or Tribal lands: A Notice of Intended Disposition identifies the lineal descendant, Indian Tribe, or Native Hawaiian organization with priority for disposition, and A Disposition Statement recognizes the claimant(s) has ownership or control of the human remains or cultural items. For repatriation of human remains and associated funerary objects: A Notice of Inventory Completion identifies if cultural affiliation of human remains and associated funerary objects has been determined, and A Repatriation Statement relinquishes possession or control of the human remians or associated funerary objects to the requestor(s). For repatriation of unassociated funerary objects, sacred objects, or objects of cultural patrimony: A Notice of Intended Repatriation identifies that a request for repatriation has received and accepted, and A Repatriation Statement relinquishes possession or control of the unassociated funerary objects, sacred objects, or objects of cultural patrimony to the requestor(s). What must be done to publish a notice? Museums, Federal agencies, and DHHL must submit notices to the National NAGPRA Program for publication in the Federal Register. The notice must conform to the mandatory format of the Federal Register and include required information. Notice templates are available for each kind of notice. For all notices submitted to the National NAGPRA Program, no later than 21 days after receiving a notice, the Manager, National NAGPRA Program, must: - Approve for publication in the Federal Register any submission that conforms to the mandatory format and requirements, or - Return to the museum, Federal agency, or DHHL any submission that does not conform to the mandatory format or requirements. No later than 14 days after the submission is returned, the museum, Federal agency, or DHHL must resubmit the notice to the National NAGPRA Program. What if something changes after publication of a notice? After publication of a notice, if additional human remains or cultural items are identified that were not previously included in an inventory, summary, or notice of any kind, the museum, Federal agency, or DHHL must begin with Step 1 in each of the processes for the newly identified human remains or cultural items. This will ensure adequate consultation and notification occurs prior to disposition or repatriation. Additional pieces or fragments of previously identified human remains or cultural items are not newly identified human remains or cultural items and can be transferred to the appropriate lineal descendant, Indian Tribe or Native Hawaiian organization without publication of a new notice. An OPTIONAL amendment notice may be published if requested by the consulting parties. An amendment notice may ADD or REVISE the lineal descendants or Indian Tribes and Native Hawaiian organizations with cultural affiliation listed in a previously published notice. Notice of Inventory Completion Amendment - Cultural Affiliation Where are disposition or repatriation statements sent and then what happens? Dispostion or repatriation statements must be sent to the claimants or requestors and a copy to the National NAGPRA Program. In the case of joint claims for disposition or request for repatriation, the statement must identify and be sent to all claimants or requestors. After disposition or repatriation statements are sent to claimants or requestors, the museum or Federal agency must: - Consult on custody and physical transfer, - Document any physical transfer, and - Protect sensitive information, as identified by the claimant or requestor, from disclosure to the general public to the extent consistent with applicable law. Last updated: April 25, 2024
Think you may be homosexual? Uncover what being homosexual, or same-sex attracted, means. If you're struggling together with your sex, uncover what can be done about this, and where you are able to aim for assistance. This assists if: - You're attracted to some body for the sex that is same - You've had a same-sex experience that is sexual - You need to understand what it indicates to be homosexual. So what does it all mean? Individuals often describe by themselves as 'gay' or 'homosexual' if they end up emotionally and intimately attracted exclusively to individuals of their very own sex. Some women that are homosexual call themselves 'lesbians'. Folks who are intimately drawn to a couple of gender frequently describe themselves as 'bi'/'bisexual', or 'pan'/'pansexual'. Can it be normal to be same-sex drawn? Yes, absolutely. The Australian Psychological Society states that being same-sex drawn is really as normal as being opposite-sex attracted, and that it is extremely hard to make anyone to alter their sex through any emotional or medical means. Many individuals identify by themselves as same-sex attracted – in fact, about one in ten. You're maybe perhaps not the only person. Welcome! I do think I may be homosexual or bisexual – exactly how do I'm sure? Many people who will be same-sex attracted say that through the right time they certainly were extremely young they "felt different". Some also remember having crushes on buddies of the very own intercourse once they had been little. Placing a true title to your feelings Frequently it will require some time to begin considering your self as homosexual, lesbian or bisexual, or any other identity that is sexual. Lots of people don't commence to learn their sex until much later on into adulthood and it may be just like confusing then. Therefore, relax, spend some time and don't rush it. A experiences that are few feelings don't mean you're gay Lots of people, homosexual or right, develop crushes for a popular instructor or a friend's older sibling. Your closest relationship could be your absolute best buddy. It does not suggest you're homosexual. Likewise, whenever checking out your sex, a personal experience with some body associated with same intercourse doesn't suggest you're homosexual, lesbian or bisexual. Often it is not at all times clear whom you're interested in intimately and whom you're simply interested in as an individual. You don't have actually to label your self as homosexual Some individuals choose to not ever label on sextpanther their own, as well as for lots of people their preference that is sexual and modifications as time passes. There are numerous of other labels individuals decide for their intimate identification, too, such as for example 'queer' or 'pansexual', and you'll realize that one of these brilliant other labels seems much more comfortable to you personally. Coping with discrimination or bullying Many people have a problem accepting other people who are various, whether or not it is due to their battle, intercourse, sexuality, religion… the list continues on. It's maybe perhaps not you, it is them If you're being harassed, judged or built to feel bad about your self by another person due to your sexuality, understand that there's absolutely nothing incorrect to you; the issue is the other person's lack of knowledge and intolerance. Don't loaf around abusive individuals If someone's mindset in your direction is abusive, keep at the earliest opportunity and speak to some one you trust who's supportive about what's happening with you. If you're struggling together with your sexuality If you're having a tough time coming to terms along with your sex, you've got choices. Get guidance and support Should you feel comfortable, try speaking with some body you trust exactly how you're feeling. If you don't would you like to speak about it with some one you understand, contact a help service or helpline where you could stay anonymous. You don't have actually to turn out In the event that you think you're gay, it is entirely fine never to wish to turn out. If you're interested, find out about being released, what this means and just why individuals get it done. There's no rush with one of these plain things, therefore invest some time. Don't feel pressured to figure your sexuality out immediately or even to put a label onto it. Find out about other people's experiences Watch this movie produced by QLife Australia and hear other people discuss their experiences to be drawn to the sex that is same of being released.
Did you know that scientific research shows that the natural production of stem cells decreases by 10-15% every decade! In addition, cells can develop a "memory" of past exposure to stress or toxins, this process is known as "stress memory" and is thought to involve changes in the expression of certain genes and proteins that can change the cells' ability to cope with stress. Many of you have been following me since I solely worked in med spas as a medical aesthetician trained in injectables, primarily performing laser treatments, chemical peels, and microneedling. The main reason I left that part of esthetics was that after many years of treating my patients with laser for hyperpigmentation, rosacea, acne, or aging, I started to see that the results were only temporary. After a while, they had the same problems all over again. The reason is that we never strengthened or rebuilt the cell from previous damage. So, the cell only knew to continue producing what it was programmed to do. It's important to understand that temporary fixes can only provide temporary results, and addressing the root cause of the problem is key to achieving long-term, sustainable improvements in skin health. A damaged cell would remember the harm done to its DNA, and hence continue producing the same outcome. With DMK Enzyme Therapy, we are strengthening and building the cell from prior damage. With DMK Stem Cell Therapy, we can now introduce new cells that have never been damaged before. Introducing new cells to an area where it is needed will counteract the effects of the previously damaged cells. By focusing on building healthy cells that can function optimally, you can achieve healthier, more radiant skin that lasts 5 to 10 years from now. How do Stem Cells effect the skin's function? Stem cells are important for proper skin function because they play a critical role in maintaining the structure and functionality of the skin. The skin is composed of several different layers of cells, each with specific functions that help protect the body and regulate body temperature. The outermost layer of the skin, the epidermis, is responsible for protecting the body from external factors like UV radiation, pollutants, and pathogens. The epidermis is composed of several layers of cells, including keratinocytes, fibroblasts, glial cells, Merkel cells, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and subcutaneous fascia. The basal layer of the epidermis contains epidermal stem cells, which are responsible for producing new skin cells to replace damaged or dead skin cells. These stem cells are crucial for maintaining the thickness and integrity of the skin. If the body is unable to produce an adequate amount of stem cells, the body's ability to repair and regenerate tissues and organs can decline, leading to dysfunction and disease. For example, if the body is unable to produce enough epidermal stem cells in the skin, the skin's ability to repair itself after injury can be compromised, leading to persistent wounds or even skin cancer. In addition, sunburns can cause damage to the cells in the skin, including changes to the DNA that can lead to alterations in gene expression and protein (collagen) production. As we age, the number and function of epidermal stem cells decrease, leading to a thinning of the skin and a decrease in collagen production, which can result in the formation of wrinkles and fine lines. Stem cells also play a role in maintaining the hair follicles and sebaceous glands in the skin. The hair follicles contain hair follicle stem cells, which are responsible for producing new hair cells. The sebaceous glands produce sebum, a natural oil that helps keep the skin moisturized and healthy. Types of Stem Cells and their function Embryonic Stem Cells- Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, meaning they can give rise to every cell type in the fully formed body except the placenta and umbilical cord. Adult or Tissue-Specific Stem Cells- These stem cells can generate different cell types for the specific tissue or organ function. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC)- MSC refers to cells isolated from stroma, the connective tissue surrounding other tissues and organs. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells- These stem cells have been engineered in the lab by converting tissue-specific cells, such as skin cells, into cells that behave like embryonic stem cells. Can we activate our own stem cells? Yes! Through our latest treatment, DMK StemZyme therapy you can activate your own stem cell production naturally. DMK's holistic approach of strengthening and rebuilding cells, as well as introducing new, undamaged cells to counteract previous damage, can help to achieve long-te rm results. StemZyme Therapy helps refine the skin cell life cycle at every stage. It helps aid in the process of adult epidermal stem cell renewal, successful stem cell differentiation into proper various skin tissues, immune response, skin age management, and so much more. DMK's StemZyme 50 Day Therapy is a comprehensive, multistep skin rejuvenation program designed to improve skin health and appearance. The therapy involves the use of a combination of DMK's enzyme therapy and stem cell technology to stimulate cellular communication, increase cellular metabolism, and improve the overall functioning of the skin. This 50-day program consists of 5 treatments spaced out every 10-12 days. After the stem cell activation treatment, the next 50 days are crucial in the differentiation process of the activated stem cells. During this time, your skin will be vulnerable, so it is essential to be mindful of UV exposure. It is recommended to avoid sun exposure for the first 72 hours and limit outdoor activities as much as possible. To ensure optimal results, stick to your prescribed at-home skin regimen and do not skip any steps. It is also important not to miss any follow-up appointments and not to combine any other skincare products during the 50 days. Here are the steps involved in DMK's StemZyme 50 Day Therapy: 1. Consultation: The first step is to undergo a consultation with your DMK paramedical technician to assess your skin concerns, determine your skin type, and recommend the appropriate treatment plan. 2. Stem Cell Activation: The second step is to undergo DMK's Stem Cell Therapy. The therapist will apply a potent cocktail of plant stem cells that are designed to enhance the skin's natural regenerative abilities. These stem cells help to repair and regenerate damaged tissues, improve cellular communication, and stimulate collagen and elastin production. 3. Home Care: The third step involves using DMK's home care products to support and maintain the results of the therapy. You will receive a customized home care kit that includes cleansers, serums, and plant-based supplements that are tailored to your specific skin type and needs. During Day 1-3, you will begin taking 2 capsules of StemZyme supplements daily, 1 capsule in the morning and 1 capsule in the evening. Immediately after the first treatment, a 3-step regimen will commence every 8 hours for exactly 72 hours. After the first 72 hours, a different 3-step regimen will be initiated for the following 47 days. 4. Follow-Up: The fifth and final step is to schedule Enzyme Therapy treatments every 10-12 days. At this point the therapist will monitor your progress, assess your skin's needs, and adjust the treatment plan accordingly. The therapist will work with you to achieve your desired results and maintain your skin health in the long term. Overall, DMK's StemZyme 50 Day Therapy is a comprehensive and effective program that can help improve the health and appearance of the skin by addressing the root causes of skin concerns and promoting cellular regeneration and repair.
Brain Coral is a brain like pattern and a common name given to corals. It is also referred to as a crater coral and folded brain. If you want to draw a diagram of Brain coral, follow our tutorial step by step. How to Draw an American pika How to Draw a Capybara How to Draw a European pine marten How to Draw a Bolas Spider
Etween leukocytes TL and physical and sexual abuse in childhood in Etween leukocytes TL and physical and sexual abuse in childhood within a massive αvβ6 Storage & Stability cohort of adult twins. Within the very first study of kids, greater exposure to institutional care was significantly related with shorter TL in buccal cells in middle childhood (Drury et al., 2011). These cross-sectional studies had documented a correlation amongst TL and tension. It remained unknown whether or not pressure exposure, as opposed to its disease sequelae, brought on telomere erosion. The hypothesis that childhood violence exposure would accelerate telomere erosion was recently tested inside the initial prospective-longitudinal study in young AT1 Receptor Antagonist web children (Shalev et al., 2012). Primarily based on proof that the effects of tension are cumulative, the hypothesis was that cumulative exposure to violence will be connected with accelerated telomere erosion. Indeed, only youngsters who seasoned several forms of violence exposure (either exposure to maternal domestic violence, frequent bullying victimization or physical maltreatment by an adult) showed significantly much more telomere erosion in buccal cells amongst age-5 baseline and age-10 follow-up measurements, even just after adjusting for confounding elements (Shalev et al., 2012). This acquiring provided the initial evidence that stress-related accelerated telomere erosion might be observed currently at young age even though kids are experiencing tension. Importantly, the violence-exposed youngsters who knowledgeable more speedy telomere erosion had not but developed chronic disease, suggesting that telomere erosion might be a hyperlink within the causal chain connecting early-life strain exposure to later life disease. One of the most difficult concerns issues our understanding of the mechanisms linking early life pressure, and strain in general, to telomere dynamics. Using the case of childhood tension, the impact of pressure on TL for the duration of sensitive developmental periods and agePsychoneuroendocrinology. Author manuscript; readily available in PMC 2014 September 01.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptShalev et al.Pagedependent maturation with the brain and immune-system (Danese and McEwen, 2011) may possibly play a crucial function for precipitating this long-term damage. At present, most of the insights about mechanisms connected with telomere erosion originate from analysis on inflammation and oxidative pressure, indicating each as important influences on TL. Many studies have shown that childhood strain predicts elevated inflammation (Danese et al., 2007) as well as that folks with early life stress have heightened inflammatory response to psychosocial strain. In addition, childhood adversity amongst older adults predicted both larger inflammatory markers and shorter TL in blood cells (Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 2011). Inflammation can also be connected with elevated proliferation of immune cells and, as a consequence, with additional telomere erosion. These studies suggest a mediating part for inflammation linking early life anxiety to telomere erosion. The endocrine program is yet another plausible route for mediating the effects of early life anxiety. The connection between cortisol, oxidative strain and cell senescence is established (Behl et al., 1997). Cortisol has been linked with decreased telomerase activation of human T lymphocytes in culture, and higher levels of cortisol in response to a laboratory stressor have been related with shorter TL in buccal cells of 5-to-6-year old young children (Kroenke et al., 2011). Overall, stress-induced secretion of cortisol could down-.
It didn't just take a village to costume FX's Sh?gun — it took an army. The Sh?gun costume department spanned several countries, including the show's main shooting location in Vancouver. There, a team of around 125 people, headed by costume designer Carlos Rosario, worked with their international collaborators — a team Rosario estimates falls between 250 and 300 people — to produce the over 2,300 costumes needed to bring Sh?gun to life. The goal? To create a range of costumes that would read as authentic to 1600 Japan, when Sh?gun is set, and that would also express character in subtle, meaningful ways. In an interview with Mashable, Rosario delved into the collaborative research process behind Sh?gun's costumes, the ways in which clothing on the show reveals status, and how costumes showcase the evolution of characters like Japanese translator and noblewoman Toda Mariko (Anna Sawai) and English pilot John Blackthorne (Cosmo Jarvis). Sh?gun's costumes strive for period authenticity through collaboration. Right from pre-production, one of the most important aspects for every design element of Sh?gun was ensuring authenticity. To achieve that in the series' costuming, Rosario collaborated with historian Frederik Cryns, professor of Japanese history at the International Research Center for Japanese Studies in Kyoto. Cryns provided a historical foundation for Rosario and his team, and also directed him to paintings from the Sengoku period for inspiration directly rooted in history. Rosario also worked with Sh?gun star and producer Hiroyuki Sanada, who advocated for cultural faithfulness and specificity across the board. (At a Television Critics Association panel, Sanada declared the show a "dream East-meets-West" collaboration.) Sanada brought his longtime dresser to Vancouver to teach the costuming team how to properly dress actors in Japanese period clothing. Experts in kimono dressing also provided consultation on how to perfect the looks of Sh?gun's women. "By the second episode, everybody was a professional [at dressing the Sh?gun actors] because they had to do that so many times every day, for so many people," Rosario told Mashable. "It was a group effort." For the actual costume creation, the Sh?gun team rented about 1,300 pieces and bought modern-day kimonos that they altered to give the shape of a kosode. "The kosode is the ancestor to the kimono," Rosario explained. By the end of filming, Sh?gun's costume pieces filled a massive warehouse in Vancouver — something Rosario could never have dreamed of at the start of the process. "When I saw the warehouse in the beginning, I thought, 'Oh my God, this is way too big. There's no way we're going to be able to fill this space,'" Rosario said. "Then, I think by the second episode, it was all filled. We had to create racks on top of each other." Every detail of Sh?gun's costumes means something — especially when it comes to status. Rosario worked to incorporate every tidbit of his research into Sh?gun. For example, he learned that only lords and ladies could wear tabi — split-toe socks — indoors. As a result, you'll notice that less influential characters are barefoot in the scenes taking place in Osaka Castle. There's even a hierarchy of status when it comes to the material of the tabi socks. Members of the Council of Regents wear deerskin tabi. ("Hiroyuki Sanada said he'd never seen tabi as beautiful," Rosario said.) But the highest-ranking characters, such as Lady Ochiba (Fumi Nikaido), mother of the heir, wear tabi made of cotton. Why? "Cotton was very rare at the moment, and very expensive," said Rosario. Fabric as a status symbol factored into another key element of Sh?gun's costuming: layering. "The more layers you have, obviously the more fabric you need to use, and the more expensive it gets," Rosario said. This is why villagers in Ajiro wear one layer of clothing, while higher-ranking characters wear several. Layering is especially important when it comes to the women of Sh?gun. Rosario explained that Lady Ochiba, being the highest-ranking woman, would usually wear five or six layers, while Mariko would usually wear two or three. Even though the lowest layers of clothing weren't always visible, Sh?gun's costuming team worked to keep them periodically accurate. The weight of the layers proved influential to the actors' performances, impacting their physicality and speech. Meanwhile, Rosario relished working with so many different layers, even if some would never be seen in their entirety. "It's how architectural it is, and how you could play with all these different tones that could work together," he said. "It's a beautiful moment of styling, when you have to just work with the colors." On the less flashy side, pay attention to the men's hakama — wide-legged, almost skirt-like pants — for more indicators of status. More pleats means more fabric, so Ajiro's villagers pants tend to only have one pleat, while people like Toranaga have far more. "We created our own language with the clothing," Rosario said of these revealing choices. Sh?gun's costumes also reveal character. In addition to emphasizing status, Sh?gun's costumes are also hints at a character's mental state or their place in Sh?gun's broader narrative. In an interview with Harper's Bazaar, Rosario spoke to how Mariko's costumes at first depict lifeless scenes covered in snow as a reflection of her cold outlook on life. As the season continues and she embraces her role as translator for Blackthorne, her internal world comes alive. To reflect that change, Rosario incorporated flowers, brighter colors, and bolder patterns into Mariko's looks. Blackthorne's costumes undergo an evolution of their own, Rosario told Mashable. We first meet him in his British clothing, including britches and a blouse. But once he's taken in by Toranaga, he's given a kosode. "To me, symbolically, it means he's letting go of his identity," said Rosario. The more time Blackthorne spends with Toranaga, the more Japanese pieces Rosario added to his overall costume, such as hakama pants or sodenashi (sleeveless work jackets or vests). "All that was a way for the audience to see that slowly, he's been immersing himself into Japanese culture," Rosario said. "Or it's almost like they are imposing on him the fact that, if you're going to be here, you need to look Japanese." Still, Blackthorne's color palette remains fairly neutral and plain — a contrast from his more "flamboyant" looks in the 1980 miniseries. "He's one of the lead male characters, but in that world, he's a foreigner. He's powerless," said Rosario. "I wanted to keep him very basic, so it would contrast with the opulence and the luxurious fabric of all the other characters around him." One of the most luxurious characters of all? Toranaga himself. Toranaga's looks don't go through a season-long evolution in the same way that Mariko or Blackthorne's do. Instead, the goal for his costumes was adapting to Toranaga's changing needs in a variety of circumstances, whether he's politicking in Osaka, going hunting, or traveling to Ajiro. "This wasn't like a show where you create a wardrobe for each character and go back to the closet for every episode and pull something," Rosario said of working on Toranaga's looks. "We continuously needed to actually design everything until the last episode, so there was no relaxation." Toranaga's power asserts itself through his clothes — not just the copious amount he has, but also their use of more luxurious fabrics and colors that denote prosperity, like golds and coppers. "I wanted to [show] mostly his wealth, his abundance, and his authority over everybody else," said Rosario. "If you notice, he's the only character who actually changes costumes in pretty much every scene in the first episode. Every single scene, he's wearing a different outfit. He's the only one. That was my way of saying he's above everybody else." Between the grand scope of Sh?gun and the intense amount of research, manpower, and physical endurance that went into its costuming, Rosario considers his work on the show to be his best yet. "I just feel like this is my legacy," he said. "This is as good as it gets. Who gets to design something like this in a lifetime?"
Infinite photos and videos for every Wiki article · Find something interesting to watch in seconds Infinite photos and videos for every Wiki article · Find something interesting to watch in seconds History by Country Great Artists Tallest Buildings Ancient Marvels Kings of France British Monarchs World Banknotes Crown Jewels Wonders of Nature Rare Coins Famous Castles Richest US Counties Great Museums Largest Palaces Largest Empires Wars and Battles Recovered Treasures Great Cities Best Campuses Countries of the World Orders and Medals more top lists 1960 Democratic National Convention The 1960 Democratic National Convention was held in Los Angeles, California, on July 11–15, 1960. It nominated Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts for president and Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas for vice president. The Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena (pictured in 2007) was the site of the 1960 Democratic National Convention Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas Senator Stuart Symington of Missouri 1960 United States presidential election The 1960 United States presidential election was the 44th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 8, 1960. In a closely contested election, Democratic Senator John F. Kennedy defeated the incumbent Republican Vice President Richard Nixon. This was the first election in which 50 states participated, marking the first participation of Alaska and Hawaii, and the last in which the District of Columbia did not. This made it the only presidential election where the threshold for victory was 269 electoral votes. It was also the first election in which an incumbent president—in this case, Dwight D. Eisenhower—was ineligible to run for a third term because of the term limits established by the 22nd Amendment. Image: Jfk 2 (3x 4) Image: Richard Nixon official portrait as Vice President (cropped) The incumbent in 1960, Dwight D. Eisenhower. His second term expired at noon on January 20, 1961. Senator John F. Kennedy from Massachusetts
§ 3.8 p.m. § Lord Cobbold rose to call attention to the proposed accession of Turkey to the European Union; and to move for Papers. § The noble Lord said: My Lords, the subject of our debate this afternoon is of enormous importance to the future of Europe and, by implication, to the future of this country. In two days' time in Brussels the European Council is due to decide whether to open formal negotiations with Turkey with a view to Turkey becoming a full member of the European Union. The European Commission on 6 October, in its regular report on Turkey's progress towards accession, expressed itself in favour of instituting formal negotiations. § The noble Baroness, Lady Symons of Vernham Dean, in her response to my Question on 10 November, stated categorically that the Government strongly supported Turkey's bid to join the European Union. The noble Baroness, Lady Rawlings, in the same debate, expressed support from her side of the House for the goal of eventual Turkish membership. My concern is that there has been insufficient discussion in this country of the very important issues involved—hence my sponsorship of this debate. Your Lordships' House, with its unique reservoir of expertise and experience, is an obvious place to hold such a debate and I look forward to the contributions of noble Lords who are participating this afternoon. § Let me say at the outset that I am open-minded on this important question. I do not know Turkey well, but I have stayed with Turkish friends in Istanbul and I was recently on holiday in the Turkish part of Cyprus. My wife has travelled extensively in Turkey and always praises the friendliness, openness and generosity of the people she encountered. I am particularly aware of Turkey's long-standing membership of and contribution to NATO, since in my National Service in the RAF in the 1336 1950s I had flying training under the NATO scheme in Canada in company with Turkish and other NATO trainee pilots. I turn now to the main issues. The first is simply one of geography. Article 1 of the proposed constitution for Europe states: The Union shall be open to all European States". So is Turkey a "European state"? A small part of the country, about 5 per cent, is in Europe with about 8 per cent of its population. Personally, I find it hard to accept that this qualifies Turkey to be called a "European state" and I think that if it were to become a full member some modification of Article 1 of the proposed constitution would be required. One should point out at this stage that an exception to this rule has already been made in the case of Cyprus, which is geographically in Asia. Cyprus is small but Turkey has a population of 70 million, making it larger than all existing EU members except Germany. If current population trends continue, it is likely to overtake Germany later this century and could reach 100 million. As such, given current voting arrangements in the EU, it would have a very powerful voice. The second issue is one of culture and involves the contentious question of to what extent there is a European identity and a common purpose that extends beyond economic co-operation and success. If there is no such thing as a European identity, there is no reason why the Union should not be extended to any neighbouring state that is willing to accept the basic rules of membership, as laid down by the European Council in Copenhagen in 1993. The Copenhagen criteria, although designed for eastern European applicants, do not specifically mention Europe. Section 7A(iii) of the conclusions requires a candidate country to have, achieved stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities, the existence of a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union". These criteria are popular with Euro-sceptics, as they omit mention of Europe and there is no pressure towards political union. But at the other extreme you do not have to be an ardent federalist seeking a European superstate to acknowledge that there is such a thing as a European identity and that it is relevant for the Union of 25 nations that we have today. § I grew up in the post-war years. My father was an instinctive European. He was a director of the Bank for International Settlements in Basle for 25 years and participated in its regular monthly meetings of European central bankers, building friendships, trust and co-operation—and, incidentally, contributing significantly behind the scenes to the successful birth of the European Central Bank and the single currency. As a trainee banker on Wall Street in the 1960s, I found myself siding with other Europeans and against our American colleagues in discussions on the issues of the time. That is where I learnt that there is such a thing as a European identity and that I was a European as well as being an Englishman. I believe that the concept of a European identity still exists and is important. It underlies the opening lines of the proposed new constitution which read: Reflecting the will of the citizens and States of Europe to build a common future, this Constitution establishes the European Union, on which the Member States confer competences to attain objectives they have in common". The question is whether Turkey and the Turkish people fit into that definition. § The third issue is the related but more sensitive subject of religion. The European Union is sometimes referred to as a Christian club. I find that too exclusive. But Christian values and a Christian heritage are part of the European identity that I have already discussed. This remains the case despite the fact that there are an estimated 20 million Muslims in Europe now, and, we are told, more people attend mosques in this country now than attend churches. § Europe is quite rightly an increasingly multi-cultural society. While we support this evolution as a necessary part of modern society, we all know that it can be the cause of problems, particularly in socially deprived areas. Since the time of Ataturk, Turkey has been a constitutionally secular state and has separated religion from government. It has also resisted religious extremists. Nevertheless, there are important differences, particularly in respect of gender equality, which set the two cultures apart. On the positive front there is a strong argument for supporting a secular state embodying a moderate Muslim faith in an area of the world so beset by religious extremism. Making Turkey a prosperous secular democratic nation can, it is to be hoped. provide an example for others in the region to emulate. On the negative side, there remains the risk that Turkey would provide an entrée for the spread of Muslim extremism into the Union. This risk would be less easy to control in the circumstances of a large-scale migration of Turkish workers to the West. The free movement of people is a key element in the structure of the Union as we know it. With current population trends, it is likely that the large economies of western Europe will depend increasingly on immigration to meet labour requirements of the future. The Commission's regular report in October on Turkey's progress towards accession admitted in its conclusions that: No progress has taken place concerning the free movement of persons", and such discussion that had taken place had been concerned with the treatment of foreign citizens living and working in Turkey. These issues have not been much discussed in this country but they have been a matter of concern on the continent, particularly in France, where, in a recent Figaro poll 56 per cent voted against Turkish membership and only 36 per cent in favour. In an article in the Financial Times of 25 November, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing expressed himself to be against full membership for Turkey. He suggested that instead the EU should negotiate "privileged partnership agreements" with its neighbours, which could then include other countries such as the north African Mahgreb. This, he claimed, would respond to Turkey's expectations without jeopardizing the fragile construction of the EU, which has not yet adjusted to the institutional and budgetary consequences of the latest enlargement". Giscard's views were denounced in the Financial Times editorial the following day under the headline, A bit too late to go cold on Turkey", and again, by Philip Stephens in the Financial Times of 10 December, under the heading, Europe must open its eyes and look to the future". Philip Stephens wrote, The Union's present purpose seems obvious enough; to entrench democracy and build prosperity among its newest members and to project stability beyond". Somehow, though, Philip Stephens admitted that, this does not have quite the cachet of Jean Monnet's vision of an ever closer union, a recreation of ancient Christendom". § I shall now leave the background debate and consider the practical issues faced by the European Council on Friday. To a large extent its decision is predetermined because of the history that stretches back 40 years, to 12 September 1963, when Turkey sealed an association agreement with the then European Economic Community. In April 1987, Turkey applied for full EEC membership. Its eligibility was accepted, but the application was deferred. In December 1999, the EU summit in Helsinki recognised Turkey as an applicant, subject to a range of reforms. Since then a major reform programme has been undertaken in Turkey: inflation, for example, has fallen below 10 per cent for the first time since 1973, from more than 50 per cent in 2001. § In its October regular report on Turkey's progress towards accession, the European Commission has given Turkey a green light under almost all headings. Thus it seems to be a foregone conclusion that the Council will agree to start formal accession negotiations in 2005, probably during the British presidency in the second half of the year. § The negotiations themselves will have to address the three main issues that I have raised and many other more detailed aspects. They are expected to last up to 10 years. If and when a final agreement is reached on Turkish accession, it has to be accepted by each and every member state, and in France a referendum has been promised. I believe that sums up the situation as it stands and I look forward to hearing the views of other noble Lords. I beg to move for Papers. § 3.21 p.m. § Lord Clinton-DavisMy Lords, I congratulate the noble Lord, Lord Cobbold, not only on the Motion but on the terms in which he has spoken. We face serious and major challenges, as the noble Lord pointed out. I unhesitatingly support the view that Turkey should be approached about membership of the European Union. The matter is particularly salient this week. Turkey is a multi-religious and multicultural country and, in many respects, it is quite 1339 different from the European Union. However, those are not reasons for terminating the discussions or for pointing in the wrong direction. Substantial reforms have already been initiated in Turkey. I emphasise that there must be no going back for Turkey. There has to be a clear acceptance of the essential principles laid down at Copenhagen: a working market economy; a willingness to observe the rules of the single market; and an acceptance of the acquis communautaire. A good start has already been made, but much more remains to be done, particularly with regard to the Kurdish community. As has been pointed out, Turkey is, or will be by the time we contemplate her membership, the most populous of all the countries in or seeking admission to the European Union. Turkey has 20 million Kurds and, unlike any other member state, has a clear majority of Muslims. Unlike other Arab states, she enjoys good relations with Israel, with the United States and with most Arab countries. That fact alone represents a potent reason for welcoming Turkey into the European Union. The bridge that she has patiently erected needs to be utilised, especially with regard to Israel and Palestine where, in my view, a permanent solution—a two-state solution—is desperately required. Turkey has exhibited an increasingly benign attitude towards Greece and Cyprus. She can also play an important role in relation to Iran and be a significant player as regards Syria. As a member of NATO and the Council of Europe, she can do much more than most to explain to the Syrians that there is no future for them in seeking weapons of mass destruction and that they should exercise a much more emollient role in the region's affairs. I do not for one moment argue that everything regarding Turkey and the European Union will be easy—far from it. That is why negotiations have to be so protracted. Turkey has so much more to do, especially on human rights. The enormous Muslim population, with its traditions, must equate much more with the better examples of tolerance to be found in the European Union. I emphasise that a good start has been made. The possibilities of membership of the European Union have already had a beneficial effect, and Turkish freedoms have advanced. Minority groups have benefited; political prisoners have been released; the political role of the military has declined; and the death penalty has disappeared. I believe that that augurs well for membership of the European Union. I wish the negotiations that are to take place this week good speed. § 3.27 p.m. § Lord Brittan of SpennithorneMy Lords, having negotiated the Customs Union with Turkey on behalf of the European Union nearly a decade ago, it is natural for me to give a warm welcome to the admirable speech made by the noble Lord, Lord Cobbold, who has initiated this timely debate. For my part, I am strongly in favour of a clear decision being taken to open accession 1340 negotiations with Turkey on a specified and early date, with the firm intention of bringing those negotiations to a positive conclusion. No doubt, if that happens, the admission of Turkey will be an accession to the European Union different in kind from all previous accessions. The combination of its different history, vast size, the huge disparities between the east and west of the country, geographical position and state of development make it clear that that is the case. Anxieties about the continuous enlargement of the European Union are not unreasonable. Admitting a country is not just an act of friendship; the commitments on both sides are far different from those involved in membership of any other international organisation. The European Union is not a federation, but it has a high degree of economic integration and, beyond that, common policies on subjects such as the environment and equal opportunities, with a high degree of supranational decision-making. For those reasons, we cannot just admit Turkey for strategic reasons—something not always understood by our American friends—although it would be a huge strategic bonus. Nor should we just admit Turkey to show readiness to accept an Islamic country, although that also would be a bonus if it proved possible. For a long time, the European Union has wrestled with the question: what should our limits be—the Copenhagen conditions, the economic, political and institutional conditions to which reference has been made? Many countries could meet those conditions. The name and history of the European Union implies a further overriding condition, which essentially is geographical: that countries must be part of Europe. We cannot just be a never-ending group of like-minded countries, willing to accept a certain degree of economic and other integration. The geographical criterion still leaves questions over a number of individual countries. Those will have to be answered on an ad hoc basis. It is clear that as Turkey has only a toe-hold in Europe it might have been reasonable a generation ago to say no to Turkey for that reason. But that is not what we did. In signing an association agreement 40 years ago, we gave a clear nod to Turkey. Again and again, further indications were given of Turkey being eligible, and finally it was formally agreed that Turkey was eligible, provided that certain conditions were met. Turkey has now taken us at our word. If you like, it has called our bluff. Herculean efforts have been made economically, in the area of human rights and so far as concerns the role of the military. We cannot now honourably say no. But the difference of the Turkish accession from others makes it reasonable to handle it in a way that differs in some respects from previous accessions. The fact that there is negotiation implies that we cannot guarantee success; and mention has already been made of the French referendum. The particular nature of Turkish accession makes it fairer for both sides to make it clear that success is not guaranteed. 1341 We need to devise a formula that makes that clear, without detracting from the sincerity of our statement that our intention is that negotiations should lead to full membership. It is necessary to put in the qualifications because Turkey has some way to go on human rights. It is reasonable to be vigilant and to make clear that further progress is essential for ultimate success. With regard to implementation, in the case of such a vast country, so varied internally in its character, it is reasonable to insist that there should be a commitment not only to legislation but to its implementation. Moreover, a lengthy transition provision is probably needed on both sides. Turkey, for its part, may well find the acquis in areas such as health and safety and the environment more difficult than is currently appreciated. However, on one aspect of the current draft conclusions of the European Commission I entirely agree with Turkish objections; that is, the suggestion that there should be a permanent safety clause designed to deal with the fears of mass movement of people. There should be transition provisions, but the free movement of people is an absolutely fundamental feature of the European Union. To say that it might not apply to one member state on a permanent basis is completely inconsistent with the fundamental nature of the European Union. Therefore, it should not be included in the negotiating mandate. We also have to take seriously the Turkish statement that it is not interested in a half-way house and that, if we say no, it will look in other directions. The idea of a privileged partnership is, frankly, an artificial concoction. Let us not forget that the Customs Union itself is by far the most far-reaching relationship that we have with any other country. The fact that Turkey may turn elsewhere is not a reason for saying yes if the conditions cannot be met, but it should prevent those who are hesitant thinking that there is an easy alternative by which they can salve their consciences and avoid serious political and strategic damage. Let us enter into the negotiations in good faith, being honest with each other and with Turkey, but in the fervent hope that the remaining obstacles can be overcome and that, in due course, we can welcome Turkey as a respected and worthy member of our unique grouping of countries, highly integrated for important specific purposes but open and welcoming to the wider world. § Baroness CrawleyMy Lords, I gently remind noble Lords that speeches should be limited to five minutes. § 3.34 p.m. § Lord Maclennan of RogartMy Lords, I express my gratitude to the noble Lord, Lord Cobbold, for giving the House the opportunity to consider these matters at the beginning of a long process. I understand the tentativeness of his conclusions. Indeed, for one who has long favoured the deepening of European integration to strengthen the effectiveness of member 1342 countries of the European Union, it is, to some extent, a conversion to welcome the prospect that the negotiations with Turkey will be successful. It is important to recognise the massive transformations that have taken place in that country, which have inevitably altered the perceptions of its candidacy. In democracy and human rights, Turkey has a record of alteration that is without parallel. I shall exemplify: there is the civilianisation of the National Security Council; the fact that a former chief of the naval staff is subject to criminal investigation for corruption; the fact that it is no longer taboo, although it was for a long time, to discuss Turkish issues in the national newspapers; and the fact that Kurdish education is now positively encouraged. Those are extraordinary changes, coupled with the authoritative reports from the Council of Europe's committee on the prevention of torture, which show the practical as well as the legislative changes that have taken place in the structure and organisation of the prison service, the legal services and the policing services. Of course there is more to do, but the pace of change encourages hope that by the time Turkey has come to terms with the difficult absorption of the acquis communautaire, its social life will have been quite transformed. I comment on what the noble Lord, Lord Cobbold, said about the geographical nature of Europe. It has indeed changed, even by the acceptance of the candidacy of Bulgaria, which for many centuries was part of the Ottoman Empire. Geography cannot be a delimiting criterion for membership of the European Union. The arguments for adhesion to strengthen the foreign and security policy of the European Union seem to me to be overwhelming. We need assistance in combating drug trafficking, terrorism and trafficking in people. In all those matters, Turkey could provide immense practical help and act as a most important energy transport hub, further securing our supplies when they are too dependent on northern routes. It is also important to recognise the demographic changes that have made Turkey a more attractive member than it would have been even five years ago. There have been suggestions of a substantial population increase, but that does not fully register the downturn in fertility rates in Turkey and the flattening-off of the population growth, which is now quite discernable. We should approach this difficult negotiation with fairness and objectivity, seeking to determine whether Turkey's identity and its compatibility with European norms of democracy and economic modernisation have been properly met. If the changes that have begun are continued in the same manner and with the determination of the Turkish people to continue them, we can embark upon this course with great optimism. § 3.39 p.m. § The Lord Bishop of PortsmouthMy Lords, like other noble Lords, I am grateful for the opportunity to have this afternoon's debate. At present, the idea of Turkey's accession is unpopular. Indeed, some polls suggest that only one third of the EU member states' 1343 populations are in favour. That unpopularity is focused chiefly on questions of culture and religion. The people of Turkey are overwhelmingly Muslim, and there is some evidence that minority religious groups in Turkey are systematically disadvantaged, if not openly mistreated—to which matter I want to return in a few moments. Yet Europe is already multicultural and multi-religious, with many millions of Muslims, as the noble Lord, Lord Cobbold, pointed out, resident as citizens, so there should be no hasty or unreasoned opposition on religious or cultural grounds. The fact that those issues have come to the fore is evidence that there is uncertainty about the European identity; the extent to which it is based on shared values; and whether those values should be subject to artificial control. That raises an important question for the British Government and other member states about the basis of our desire to be part of the EU in the first place. There are certainly serious concerns about the effect of introducing a geographically and numerically vast, poor and largely agricultural partner to the Union, but the almost apocalyptic utterances that we sometimes hear fail to recognise that all the European nations and Turkey are likely to undergo massive changes in the minimum of 15 years before Turkey might become a member state. Any attempt to prejudge the results from this distance can hardly be reliable. There is indeed some objection to Turkey's entry on the ground of democratic deficiencies. I am naturally concerned about the position of the historic Greek, Syrian and Armenian Orthodox Christian minorities, as well as the more recently established chaplaincies—for example, the Anglican chaplaincies in Ankara, Izmir and Istanbul—especially when I hear that, despite promises from Turkey's responsible authorities, those Christian communities still face many problems of legal recognition, property rights and the development of educational curricula. However, it is also important to notice the great strides that Turkey has made and is making to address such problems. No doubt there is still a long way to go, but there is still a long time to travel. Experience shows that Turkey has made successive and concerted efforts to bring its domestic life into line with European standards. The formal opening of accession talks would be an effective piece of European foreign policy with which to encourage Turkey in its internal reforms. The alternative is potentially disastrous for the stability of Europe's eastern borders. It is hard to imagine that, if Turkey lost all hope of European integration, the current impetus to change could be maintained, and there is a serious danger that some of Turkey's more reactionary groups might look elsewhere for guidance. We should not underestimate the precariousness of the present Turkish Government's programme for reform, and we would be unwise to jeopardise it. At a more strategic level, there is great potential value in nurturing Turkey as an example of a Muslim democracy. The accession of Turkey would help to 1344 forge closer co-operation between Christians and Muslims in the Union—something that may turn out to be of immeasurable significance. The popular tendency to fear alternative religions and cultures or to regard them cynically as useful tools to get Christianity off the scene needs to give way to a determination to work together for the common good of the Earth. All the evidence suggests that religion, in particular, is an increasingly potent global force and we should therefore all be very careful about closing the door on Europe's great Muslim neighbour. Indeed, by showing a willingness to welcome Turkey's Muslim population, we would set an example of the kind of hospitality that should characterise relations between the great Abrahamic faiths of Christianity, Islam and Judaism. For, in the words of Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor in a recent lecture, it is the vital and vibrant reality of hospitality that those faiths, at their best, have in common. § 3.44 p.m. § Baroness UddinMy Lords, amen to that. I thank the noble Lord, Lord Cobbold, for this timely opportunity to consider the matter. Noble Lords on all sides will know that I have not taken part in many European debates and certainly none about Turkey. I hope that your Lordships will be lenient with me when I confess that I decided only at the very last moment to participate, being spurred on by an article that I read on Turkey in the Guardian about violence against women, mentioning honour killings in particular. I love Turkey. The first time that I visited Turkey was five years ago. I love the place, the people, the fact that it is a secular country—that Church and state, religion and state, have been separated for a long time—and that it has a fantastic record of educating women. The Turkish people's love for children is so apparent when you visit. I have a particular objection to the fact that the fate of a nation of 70 million people may depend on an article in a reputable paper referring to honour killing and gender violence as reasons why accession should not be allowed or should be thought about twice. This is why I stand here to add my penn'orth. At the outset, I should apologise to the House. I must ask the House to excuse me, but I may not be able to listen to the Minister's winding-up speech, and I will understand if she does not reply to me. I welcome Britain's position supporting Turkey's earliest entry to the Union, and I welcome the Commission's latest report, which has given positive signals that Turkey has met the Copenhagen political criteria. To those of us who are familiar with Turkey five years ago and more recently, there is a staggering difference. The political changes and commitment towards changes have been enormous. We must welcome that fact. What is interesting is from where the opposition is coming. Much has been said, more eloquently than I can say it, about the fact that the world has changed fundamentally since 9/11. There is a sense of anger and anguish about how Muslim populations worldwide are treated by the Western nations. 1345 For all those very good reasons, it is important to reflect, as have the noble Lord, Lord Brittan, and the right reverend Prelate, and as others no doubt will. Britain has taken an honourable and admirable position. The Home Secretary recently said that Turkey had delivered and that it was time that the EU delivered its side of the bargain. I could not agree with that more. That will effectively counter some member countries' Islamophobic ideas about why accession cannot take place or negotiations cannot continue. I have perhaps said more than I should venture, but this is the right time for us to ensure that we extend the arms of friendship, as well as engaging in negotiation, discussion and dialogue. It is critical that we capitalise on the potential of 70 million people and the economic success of Turkey in the Union. On that basis, I very much hope that Turkey will be embraced by the Union, because that will send a clear strategic message well beyond Turkey. I say no more. Given Turkey's record of solidarity with the West for so long, it is time that we let Turkey's citizens know that we are with them, not against them. § 3.48 p.m. § Lord BiffenMy Lords, I congratulate the noble Lord, Lord Cobbold, on his good fortune in the ballot and on his wisdom in choosing this topic for our debate. Time is short. I want to make three points. The first point is that the accession of Turkey will not end the eastward push of the European Union. It will not be a question of, like Pitt, saying, "Roll up that map", after Austerlitz. We will find that the waiting room of those who want to join the European Union is quite crowded. We know that Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia are already on the threshold of negotiations. Doubtless they will be followed in due course by the remnants of the former Republic of Yugoslavia plus Albania. A third wave will be the southern Caucasus states of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and of course, topically, the Ukraine. The consequence of that will be to add about 20 nations and 200 million people. Of course, no one can anticipate precisely what will be the form of that association, but I can assert that the Turkish quest for full membership will have a considerable impact on those countries and their expectations. My second point is that such expansion would bring the European Union, with its current structures and military and foreign affairs ambitions, however embryonic, right alongside Russia, from Estonia down to Ukraine. It is a situation with which we in western Europe are reasonably unfamiliar. The cordon sanitaire protected us during the years between the wars; since the war, Finland and Yugoslavia, in their contrasting ways, have provided a sort of buffer. We are certainly light years away from when Jean Monnet could refer to the, great dynamic forces of Communism".None the less, the relationships which we now will have to strike will have to be treated with caution, and certainly with an understanding of the anxieties that 1346 Russia is bound to harbour when it sees NATO expanded in the way that it is likely to be in the context that I have just described.Thirdly, I want to talk about the impact that the negotiations will have on the existing European Union. Mention has been made of the 1993 Copenhagen Council, which set the rubric for accession countries and how they would be treated. It is not often mentioned that the Copenhagen Council also contained the assertion that it would have to lead to, maintaining the momentum of European integration".I ask noble Lords to reflect on the present state of Europe: its problems with agriculture, with the euro and the difficulty of ensuring that the stabilisation programmes work effectively; the problem of corruption, an indelicate point that none the less lies at the heart of so much public disenchantment with the European Union; and bureaucracy.The noble Lord, Lord Brittan, made generous mention of the acquis communitaire, which the Turks and all applicant countries will be required to accept. The Foreign Office says that the document is 80,000 pages. That is bureaucracy on stilts. It is unrealistic to think of the accession of Turkey against those problems without having a clearer idea of how we wish to reconstitute the existing European Union to enable it to accommodate the profound changes and transformations implicit in the negotiations. We are today holding up the mirror against Turkey. We should also hold the mirror up against the existing European Union and its practices and, in my view, the great need for it to become more like a Gaullist Europe des patries. Ultimately, it will not be resolved in these short debates. It will be taken to the British public through a referendum, and upon their good sense and instinctive judgments I rest. § 3.53 p.m. § Lord DykesMy Lords, coming to this place after 27 years in the other place, I naively expected that one would get away from the pre-Maastricht, Maastricht and immediately post-Maastricht argumentation about the European Union. I disagree with the pessimistic conclusions of the noble Lord, Lord Biffen, on what has happened so far in the European Union's development. It has been a remarkable exercise. It seems daunting to us all that the European Union now comprises 25 countries and will increase yet again fairly shortly. It seems a lot to digest in a relatively short time, but surely the precise purpose of the European convention, its parameters and content is to explain the relationships between the nation states. There seems to have been a diminution neither of chancery politics between sovereign countries nor of the intrinsic sovereignty of those member states as a result of the convention. Indeed, their reinforcement has depressed some of the super-federalists. Therefore, the noble Lord, Lord Biffen, need not worry too much about that. I hope. The convention provides for a further expansion, once the people throughout the existing member states have ratified the constitution. That will give us the 1347 opportunity to consider the huge task of absorbing a country such as Turkey. I add my thanks to the noble Lord, Lord Cobbold, both for his good fortune in the ballot and for his initiative in choosing this major subject. Originally, I shared the massive consternation at the idea of Turkey's accession, because it seemed such a huge and indigestible concept, and was coming to a conclusion against it. In the light of more information, expectations and knowledge of such a fascinating and brilliant country—alas, I have been there only once, and only to Istanbul—I think that Turkey's future membership will be an enormous advantage to the Union. Time does not allow us to go into the hugely complex details but Turkey's accession will be a massive task. No one needs to worry about the Turks criticising us—their Prime Minister was wrong to imply that—if the existing European member states did not say that there were huge tasks involved in the integration of Turkey into the European Union. I agree entirely with the remarks of the noble Lord, Lord Clinton-Davis, about the remarkable legislation already introduced in Turkey. However, that is legislation on Turkey's statute book, or whatever it is called in that constitutional system, and it has not yet been implemented. A long time will be needed to see how Turkey measures up. The behaviour of the military has started to be inspiring and positive—none the less, more evidence will be needed. The human rights picture has only just begun to be mitigated by both legislation and administrative decisions; there is a lot more to come. The concept of Turkey absorbing the whole acquis communitaire sounds like a nightmare both for the bureaucrats involved and for politicians dealing with the matter in all the member states. The position of France is now coloured adversely by respondents in opinion polls there being seemingly dead against Turkish membership. President Chirac has taken initiatives to try to improve that position in due course. Those are huge problems. The oppression of the Kurds and all that has happened in eastern Turkey cannot just be conveniently forgotten rapidly as a result of what has occurred in the recent advent of an application. I feel that the summit will agree to open the talks; that is the general expectation. It is also generally expected that it will take a long time to go through all those negotiations. The Turks must therefore expect to be patient. They must educate their own public about the need for patience, not that the existing European Union needs to address them in any condescending way. Turkey has a lot to offer if it is possible for that country to be absorbed into the European Union. Ultimately, I am optimistic, although that might take the old-fashioned, classical definition of "optimism": a 97 year-old man who got married for the fifth time and deliberately bought a new house near a school. I like to be more positive than that; nevertheless, the Turks must be realistic. The question of the death penalty's removal is very encouraging, as has been mentioned. Other factors related to the social legislation are paving the way for 1348 Turkey's eventual entry. This will be a massive exercise; indeed, the biggest ever carried out by the Union. We must see what happens to future growth rates and so on in Turkey, particularly eastern Turkey, and how people on very low incomes—again, primarily in eastern Turkey—can be absorbed into the economic processes of the Union. We must be optimistic, because there is so much at stake. I believe that the Muslim contribution from this amazing country will be of enormous significance and benefit to the European Union. § 3.58 p.m. § Baroness D'SouzaMy Lords, I, too, thank the noble Lord, Lord Cobbold, for bringing about this important and timely debate. I declare an interest, having worked in Turkey in the 1980s under the auspices of what was then the Overseas Development Administration, now the Department for International Development. I also worked there in the 1990s. During the latter period, I was frequently, although mercifully for very brief periods, a guest of the government—in other words, a detainee. There appears to be general consensus that the human rights record in Turkey has improved in the past few years. As previous speakers have said, this improvement is partly attributable to the promise—and, indeed, the hope—of accession to the European Union. My friends and colleagues in Turkey remind me that in the run-up to the last discussions about EU membership, which proved unsuccessful, the human rights record similarly improved. However, once turned down, there was a distressing and marked deterioration in human rights violations, specifically the widespread practice of torture. Turkey has for many years held an unenviable record on the use of torture. In the 20 years since 1980, more than 400 citizens have died as a result of torture, with 45 deaths in 1994 alone. In the first four months of this year there were 50 complaints of torture and, in the first six months, the Turkish Human Rights Association reported 692 incidents of torture. As of August of this year, the Turkish Human Rights Foundation received 597 requests for medical treatment as a result of torture. Some of those cases concern the unlawful detention and abuse of children. For example, on 20 November, near Diyarbakir in south-eastern Turkey, a 12 year-old child and his father were shot from less than half a metre and killed by the police, who then laid weapons on their bodies claiming that they were terrorists. That is refuted by many witnesses and several human rights organisations. The inquiry into that double murder is being held in secret. Despite continuing concerns about violations of human rights, Turkey now has all the appropriate laws and mechanisms to deal with them. The issue is one of political will to implement the law. Again, it is believed by those who have expertise on Turkey that that could be achieved rather easily by introducing or strengthening three vital mechanisms. First, there should be effective and routine internal supervision of police stations; secondly, there should be a readiness on the part of the justice, interior and 1349 prime ministries to respond rapidly when there are allegations of torture; and, thirdly, there should be a willingness to allow independent visits by international non-governmental organisations to police stations and detention facilities. Those measures would give us all confidence in the Turkish Government's promise of "zero tolerance for torture" in the run-up to accession negotiations. There should be no let-up in the pressure being brought to bear on the Turkish Government to end the culture of impunity, to eradicate the practice of torture, to ensure free and fair trials and to stop the suppression of free speech, particularly in the east of Turkey, where any criticism of state authority or expression of ethnic identity still run the risk of official persecution. I believe that accession negotiations should begin and that now, and in the years leading up to accession, the strongest possible pressure from the member states of the European Union could be highly effective. I therefore ask that the Minister use all the influence at her disposal to help to bring Turkey out of its sometimes medieval past into a modern Europe where the rule of law prevails. § 4.2 p.m. § Lord RoganMy Lords, I am grateful to my noble friend Lord Cobbold for the opportunity to give my support to the Republic of Turkey's bid to become a full member of the European Union. Moves to date aimed at blocking Turkish accession to Europe's political and economic union have sent an extremely negative message to the Islamic world. It is a message that contradicts the very ideals of Western democracy, which are the bedrock of our society—ideals that we are fighting for in Iraq. Surely religious considerations should be of little or no relevance to the debate. They are a side issue, as Turkey is well on its way to having earned its place at the European table. It is a country that has travelled a long way since the first president of the republic, Kemal Atatürk, drove through his secularist modernising reforms in the 1920s. Since then, Turkey has stood alongside the allies in the Second World War, stood with the West during the long decades of the Cold War and stands today with us in our global war on terror. But let us not forget that in orientating itself towards the West, Turkey more often than not turned its back on the East and its former Ottoman territories. Turkey, however, remains today as it was for centuries—a stanchion between the civilisations of the East and the West. We often hear of the "clash of civilisations" and the argument that democracy is unsuitable for Muslim or Islamic countries. Yet Turkey, a country in which roughly 90 per cent of the population are Muslims, has provided the perfect foil to that argument. Lebanon was another example, but I need not remind the House where western neglect left that democracy. 1350 If we turn our back on Turkey in the coming decade, we will show the Islamic world that it is the West that is ill prepared for Muslim democracies and not vice versa. The problem is that there are some member states in the European Union that are opposed to Turkey's accession as a full member because it is a Muslim country, regardless of its ability to meet the entrance criteria. Setting religion aside and focusing on the issues more pertinent to the debate, it is imperative that Turkey is successful in its efforts to join the European Union. Its security is fundamental to the defence interests of the United Kingdom and to Europe as a whole. Turkey remains a key security partner of NATO and Europe. It is now more important than ever that Turkey, with the largest army in Europe, plays a full role in European decision making on security issues—a task that it can fulfil only by taking up full membership of the European Union. One must also consider the economic benefits that will flow from Turkey's accession to the Union, which will help the other member states as well as Turkey. Turkey has progressively reformed its society, its constitution, its religious affairs, and its human rights record. It has recently supported the Annan plan, alongside the Turkish Cypriot community in northern Cyprus, in its efforts to resolve that long-standing ethnic conflict through reunification. The present Turkish Government have developed their economy, delivered political stability, reformed the penal code and have addressed women's rights and the position of the Kurdish minority. Yet, in the face of all of that, we still hear regular cries that the Turks have not done enough. The cry goes out time and again that the Turks must do yet more. Certain member states are threatening to veto Turkey's inclusion even if it meets all the entry criteria. To do so would be an act of great folly. It would be an act that would guarantee that Turkey became once again the "sick man of Europe". § 4.7 p.m. § Lord DubsMy Lords, I congratulate the noble Lord, Lord Cobbold, on having secured this debate and giving us the chance to talk about an issue that has been debated relatively little in this country compared with France, Germany and other countries, where it is high on the agenda for discussion. Of course, in those countries there is more hostility to Turkish accession than there is here. Turkish membership of the European Union would be good for Britain, good for the European Union and good for Turkey, provided that the conditions for Turkey's entry are the same as those that have applied to other accession countries. If Europe seeks to set different and more exacting standards of Turkey than of other countries, we are saying that Turkey will become a second-class member of the EU. A country with as proud a tradition as Turkey will say, "No. We want to be full members on an equal footing with other countries rather than have second-class status". 1351 Therefore, I am concerned at expressions coming from the Continent, such as giving Turkey the status of a "special partnership", which means second-class status, or saying that the free movement of labour within an EU of which Turkey is a member would be permanently suspended. To my mind, those are not acceptable ways forward. Of course there will have to be transitional arrangements, although, given that it is likely to take Turkey at least 10 years from the opening of negotiations to become a member, a great deal can happen in those 10 years and transitional arrangements may not be necessary. For Turkey, as proved to be the case for the other accession countries, the process of accession itself can be very important in achieving changes in the country. I remember people saying to me in Poland or one of the other recently joined countries that the need to conform to European Union standards made those countries bring about changes that they wanted to bring about but they were able to do it faster under the pressure of seeking to join the EU. I believe that the same will apply to Turkey. It is acknowledged that Turkey has come a long way: the abolition of the death penalty, a legal framework, some improvement in the rights of Kurds and less power for the military in the scheme of things are all positive advances. Nevertheless, and I am sure that the Turkish Government would be the first to agree, many more changes will have to be made. The noble Baroness, Lady D'Souza, referred to some of the issues that are still on the agenda. Only yesterday, I had a meeting with representatives of the Kurdish Democratic People's Party. They want Turkey to join the EU, seeing it as a way of achieving human rights for their people which have been denied to them in the past. Things are getting better, but in their view they have quite a long way to go in terms of voting rights, language, education, teens of imprisonment and allegations of torture. It is of course a fact that, with 25 new members since last May, European governance has to move forward; hence we need the constitution. But we may well have to make further changes anyway, and Turkey's accession might also propel us to make new arrangements for the effective governance of the EU. That is almost inevitable. It has been said that Turkish membership would increase instability on the EU's south-eastern border. I think that the reverse is true: if Turkey was a member, stability in the south-east of Europe would actually be increased. Indeed, we should bear in mind that Turkey has long been a member of NATO and we did not object to that. Turkey would be a source of strength to the EU. But if we say no to Turkey, where will she go? What future is there for Turkey? If Europe says, "You are not acceptable", inevitably she will have to look for allies further to the east. That would hardly increase the strength and stability of our southern and eastern borders. I turn to the question of Cyprus. I hope very much that, given that they now have the power of veto, the Government of Cyprus will not use it to vote against 1352 Turkish membership. Relations between Turkey and Greece have improved considerably in the recent past. I hope that the government in Nicosia will see Turkish membership as a positive move and will be able to resolve the issue of the divided island without recourse to anything that might hamper Turkey's movement into the EU. Finally, I believe that Turkey would provide Europe with a good bridge to the Islamic world. We have 10 million Muslims in the European Union and Turkey is a secular, moderate Muslim country. I can do no better than quote from a speech made in Oxford last May by Prime Minister Erdogan: We in Turkey have reconciled our traditional Islamic culture with our secular and democratic structures. We have demonstrated that a country with an overwhelmingly Muslim population could turn its face to and integrate with the Western world. We have shown the true progressive and modern face of Islam. We have targeted not the conflict of civilizations, but their meeting in Turkey". § 4.12 p.m. § Lord InglewoodMy Lords, when 20 years ago or so, I began to be interested in European Community politics, one of the standard clever questions at party meetings and on the hustings was whether Turkey should join the European Community. Invariably, I used to reply that I thought not. I suppose that the European Community was, in the words of the noble Lord, Lord Cobbold—whom I thank for introducing the debate—a Christian club; but not, I hasten to add, in the words of Prime Minister Erdogan over the weekend, simply a Christian club. It was a Christian club that welcomed others to it within the framework of a secular system, one that derived its character from the Judaeo-Christian tradition and would continue to do so. At the time, Turkey did not seem to fit into that definition. In any event, it was a hypothetical question. What I am not sure about today is whether that assessment holds true; the world has moved on. Twenty years ago, it was self-evident that if Europe expanded eastwards, it would have to go through the now vanished Soviet empire, which at that time looked improbable. Now the European Union is about to abut Turkey on a wide front. It includes some of the European part of the historic Ottoman lands and shortly will comprise much more. If Turkey is to join the EU, there are four main issues to consider: political, economic, legal and cultural. Turkey's case that politically it is part of Europe is, I think, arguable. I am not sure whether I am convinced by it, but I certainly accept that there is a good argument. However, the kind of thing which concerns me is that Turkey's eastern border runs with that of Iraq, and by no stretch of the imagination is that country European. For example, I have the greatest anxiety about the politics of greater Kurdistan becoming an internal EU problem. I accept entirely that the educated, middle-class Turkish perception of themselves as European is right, but what about the proverbial small man in eastern Anatolia? Atatürk's reforms after the First World War emphasised Turkey's western credentials, and I think 1353 that membership of the European Union can be seen as the summation of his work. But it is interesting, and no accident, that Atatürk came from Thessalonika and not from, say, near Lake Van. Has Turkey as a whole become western, or is it merely a Middle Eastern Mediterranean country with a Western veneer? Economically, Turkey can sense significant benefits from membership of the EU. I understand that, and I can see all kinds of economic benefits to Europe from her joining. It is interesting to note that when members of Sub-Committee A of the European Union Committee recently visited Brussels, it was explained that the cost of Turkey's possible membership was not impossible. The supported agricultural sector is not as big as is sometimes supposed, and given the application of the so-called absorption factor and the case of structural funds, the cost of Turkish membership may well be manageable. Legally, there are issues in both the civil and criminal fields. In the civil context, will the acquis and the rule of law be applied? After all, Turkey has been the source of a great deal of pirated intellectual property which has found its way into western Europe. We should not forget the extensive problems in the Union over the application and enforcement of Community laws, especially in southern European countries. Turning to the criminal context, I recall that when I was a member of the European Parliament delegation to the Turkish Grand National Assembly, we rightly spent a lot of time making points about human rights. We should recognise that matters have improved and are improving, but of course they must still go on doing so. Furthermore, we should not hold the past against the Turks any more than we have done against the Spaniards, the Portuguese, the East Germans, the Poles or the Hungarians. As long as human rights are upheld and the Copenhagen Criteria are adhered to, we should not start carping. Culturally, I admire the Turks and their fusion of European and Middle Eastern influences. There is little doubt that the liberal Islamic traditions of the country, combined with her recent westernisation, provide no threat to our view of the world. But, again, how deep does that actually go? Is that the real Turkey, and if it is not, what impact would a country of around 100 million people have on the European Union? I have to admit that if I were a Turkish leader, I am not sure that I would seek membership of the European Union; but that is not the point because I am not. The Turks want to join, and we are no longer facing a hypothetical question. Whatever we do, we must play straight and fair with Turkey. We must not flirt, but treat her aspirations straightforwardly and seriously. If at this weekend's summit the European Council decides to open negotiations about full membership of the Union, it must be done in good faith and with the genuine intention of wanting to make it work. After all, whether or not Turkey joins the European Union, we Britons and the European Union as a whole are good friends and allies for the long run. If we give our word, either expressly or by 1354 implication, we must—I repeat, we must honour it. We must not invite Turkey to walk up the aisle, only to deny her at the altar rail. § 4.18 p.m. § Lord MonsonMy Lords, the noble Lord, Lord Inglewood, has made several interesting points. I congratulate my noble friend Lord Cobbold on his brilliant timing and his most thoughtful speech. It is not easy to do justice to this complex and important issue in only five minutes, but I shall do my best. I first went to Turkey 51 years ago as a backpacker and stayed there for a month. In those days there were no cheap flights, so I went by third-class train and then by fourth-class ship from Naples to Istanbul via Piraeus. That Spartan mode of travel meant that I met a great many Turks in their twenties—all male, of course; that goes without saying—some of whom had been at university in France, Germany or Switzerland, although most had not. At least one had fought the communists in Korea. They came from the various regions of Turkey, with one from Bulgaria, and had different backgrounds. However, they were all most helpful and informative about their country. As informed people of that age tend to be, they were open and frank about both its virtues and failings, which was most valuable. In 1953, the 500th anniversary of the fall of Constantinople to the besieging Ottoman armies took place, and the celebrations were a real eye-opener. The fierce national pride of the Turks and their pride in military glory persist—politically incorrect though it may be considered—and other countries ignore it at their peril. I found the country quite fascinating and, after I married, my wife and I visited there frequently, travelling all over the western 60 per cent of the country on long-distance buses and sometimes on coastal steamers, normally being the only foreigners on board the bus or the ship. Over the past 25 years we have travelled in slightly greater comfort and have been privileged to become friends with people from a very different intellectual, social and economic background. All in all—although I cannot claim to know eastern Turkey—I have been privileged to travel fairly extensively and have been able to mix with, talk to and, above all, observe people of all backgrounds and ages intermittently over a period of more than 50 years. At the risk of sounding pompous, I believe that I have a certain feel for the country. I have received great generosity and kindness there over the years, often from total strangers, and I can say, without being in any way starry-eyed or uncritical, that it is a country I like and admire. So when examining the pros and cons of Turkey's membership of the EU, my attitude is: first, would it be good for Turkey; secondly, would it be good for the United Kingdom; and, only thirdly, would it be good for the EU as a whole? Would membership be good for Turkey? Psychologically, in the short term, yes—not only for the élites but for a very much wider spectrum of people— 1355 but, economically, I am not at all certain. Poland and the other eastern European countries got a very raw deal when they joined compared with Greece, the Republic of Ireland, Spain and Portugal, but they were prepared to swallow it in return for escaping for good the clutches of the Russian bear. The Turks certainly will not be offered a better deal—more likely a worse one—and they do not like being humiliated. Economic aspects apart, other strains are likely to manifest themselves in the longer term. Yes, Turkey is officially a secular society—but it remains socially very conservative, as it has every right to do. Paradoxically, middle-class life—I use "middle class" in a very broad sense—in Turkey and western Europe respectively was probably closer 50 years ago than it is today. I remember well Switzerland in the early 1950s: the father was indisputably the head of the household; the family went to church every Sunday; and children and adolescents were obedient and respectful to their elders. What are the symbols socially of western Europe today as seen from the east? Faliraki, Ibiza, drunken stag parties vomiting all the way from Dublin to Prague to Tallinn, drugs, "Big Brother" and, above all, widespread teenage promiscuity, widely condoned. We have got used to all this, but it is total anathema to the Turks. How are the two cultures to be reconciled? Would Turkish membership be good for Britain? Yes, if it broke the combined power of France and Germany, both of whom—surprise, surprise—have just got away scot-free with breaking the stability and growth pact, and led to a much looser Europe, as favoured by the noble Lord, Lord Biffen, a Europe which interfered far, far less in the nooks and crannies of people's everyday lives. But, realistically, it is a tall order. Would Turkish membership be good for the EU as a whole? If Turkey had a population of 5 million there would be no problem whatever. Indeed, if it had a population of 20 million but had the same birth rate as most other European countries, there would be few problems. But a projected population of 80 million in 15 years' time, when the population of the rest of Europe is predicted to fall, is indisputably daunting. Perhaps I may make one penultimate point. If Turkey were a member of the EU today, with a full quota of Turkish MEPs in the European Parliament, you can be certain that Signor Buttiglione would be a European Commissioner at this moment, in the post originally allotted to him. Any tension there may be between Islam and Christianity—and it does exist—is dwarfed by the potential tension between Islam and post-Christianity. Finally, there is no doubt that Turkey, like the United States, Russia and China, is from Mars, while western Europe nowadays is from Venus. This is most unlikely to change and it is something that must be taken into consideration. § 4.24 p.m. § Lord ReaMy Lords, in my five minutes I shall concentrate on whether Turkey's human rights record has improved sufficiently to meet the 1993 Copenhagen 1356 criteria. As a case example of that I shall be focusing on the position of the Kurdish people of Turkey, who constitute about one-quarter of its population. Mustafa Kemal's modernisation of Turkey in the early 1920s resulted in an intensely nationalistic unitary state—secular, of course, but dominated by the military. This state denied ethnic diversity and so the Kurdish language and cultural customs were outlawed. A policy of assimilation was rigidly imposed, often brutally, with gross violation of human rights. This is well known to the entire world and is documented by Amnesty International and the UN. Inevitably, after prolonged oppression, some Kurds took up arms in the mid-1980s and the long conflict in the south-east region began. As part of Turkey's attempt to suppress the rebellion—which was initially aimed at securing an independent Kurdistan but later modified to asking simply for equal treatment for Kurds as for other Turks—some 3,000 villages were evacuated; many were destroyed and 3 million Kurds were displaced. The conflict is now at a low ebb following the PKK's unilateral ceasefire in 1998—although, because there was no reciprocal ceasefire or amnesty, the Kurdish guerrillas now again defend themselves when attacked. This conflict was the main reason why Turkey's request in 1987 for EU accession was turned down. Now, on the threshold of possible accession, Mr Erdogan's government have abolished, as many noble Lords have pointed out, some of their most oppressive laws. However, it is difficult to turn round a system so deeply ingrained as is the denial of Kurdish identity in Turkey. Although in the past year or two Kurdish has been allowed in the media, it is restricted on television to one hour in the morning and is entitled "local dialect" news, so reluctant is officialdom to use the word "Kurdish". The language can now be taught, but only in private schools. There are numerous examples of continuing arbitrary arrests, and torture continues, as the noble Baroness, Lady D'Souza, pointed out—although it is now in a modified form which leaves less physical evidence on the body. Despite the slow progress, nearly all Kurds want Turkey to join the European Union because they feel that their human rights will be better protected and that they might receive some economic assistance for the grossly underdeveloped regions in the south-east. However, many feel that the recent changes in the law are only cosmetic. They are asking for guarantees that will expand and entrench the gains in human rights that they have already made. They also ask for recognition of ethnic diversity in the country as a whole. For this to happen, a change in Turkey's rather Mussolini-like constitution may be necessary. Three weeks ago an international conference was held in Brussels entitled "The EU, Turkey and the Kurds", one session of which I chaired. The final resolution puts the Kurdish position clearly and reasonably and I commend it to my noble friend. I am sorry that I have no time to read out any of its paragraphs. 1357 Last Friday an advertisement appeared in Le Monde and the International Herald Tribune signed by some 200 prominent Kurdish and Turkish people living in Turkey and Europe, including Leyla Zana, the Kurdish Member of the Turkish Parliament recently released after nine years in prison. I should like to quote one paragraph from that advertisement. I have had to translate it from the French and I hope your Lordships will forgive me if I have a word or two wrong. It states: Turkey should guarantee its Kurdish citizens rights comparable to those benefiting Basques, Catalans, Scots, Lapps, South Tyroleans and Walloons in the democratic countries of Europe or to those which it claims itself for Turks in Cyprus".I am sorry that they missed out Welsh people, because there are many friends of the Kurds in Wales. They identify with them on the linguistic issue. The letter from these prominent Kurds continues, of course, and it is a clear and concise statement that I hope my noble friend and the Government will consider seriously in the run up to Friday's ministerial meeting. § 4.31 p.m. Lord PattenMy Lords, the noble Lord, Lord Rea, has raised some important points about the Kurdish issue, particularly those related to human rights. I shall return to those in a moment or two. This is a remarkable moment for me, as it is the first time, at either end of the Palace of Westminster, that I have risen to make remarks about foreign affairs. Just as I was never considered to be brutal enough for the Whips' Office, I was obviously never considered to be subtle enough to serve in matters of foreign and commonwealth affairs. I wish to make three points against which to set Turkish application for accession. The first is the list of improvements that they must make before they can be considered for accession. Many other noble Lords who have spoken in this excellent debate initiated by the noble Lord, Lord Cobbold, have referred to them. Unusually in this afternoon's debate, my little list begins with matters economic. Far too much of the Turkish economy is in the hands of the state. Everything from telecoms to Turkish Airlines needs the attention of the privatisers or to be moved into the private sector. There is also the need to ensure the independence of the judiciary, which I do not think has been mentioned this afternoon, and the need to ensure that the police, as in the Kurdish issue, are firmly under control and the paramount need to ensure that the army is in its box and is kept there. There is also the reassurance that we all seek that the legacy of Kemal Atatürk—Turkey as a secular society—is going to be preserved inside or outside of the European Union and that there is no possibility of a theocratic state emerging in Turkey. There are pressures there all the time, and I know that it is politically incorrect to mention them, but it is important to mention them, as the noble Lord, Lord Monson, did in his highly important speech. The second point that I wish to test the accession of Turkey against is the current fallacy that somehow Turkish membership of the European Union will 1358 automatically help us in the clash of civilisations and will help to provide a cultural and social bridge between Christianity and the Muslim world. On those points, there are lots of other countries that do not need geographical propinquity to help considerably in bringing that about. There is nothing unique in the case of Turkey; it just happens to be the nearest predominantly Muslim country of that size. I also think that there is a further dangerous fallacy that, if Turkey is inside the European Union all around the world, Muslims will see that that is what one gets for good behaviour—access to the common agricultural policy or whatever—and will behave better, so that terrorism will ebb away. I really hope that our statesmen will be more hard-nosed in their assessment of the effects of Turkish membership. Just as the old Michelin guides used to say "a little history", my third and last point involves a little geography. It is terribly important in this context. I congratulate the noble Lord, Lord Cobbold, on having pointed that out in his important introductory speech. It is extremely odd that the European Union has not set out to define what it believes to be the land mass and adjacent islands of Europe. I have looked at the European constitution, and Article 1(2), to which the noble Lord, Lord Cobbold, referred in his introductory speech, states: The Union shall be open to European States which …It does not go on to define where the borders of Europe are.Certainly, if Turkey is admitted into the Union, that will be a leap from Europe into an Asiatic world. It will be the first truly Asian country that Europe has admitted. It is time to pause to think about the list of other countries that may seek to join the European Union. Moldova is tacked on to the rump of Romania, but Ukraine penetrates deeply into Europe and has borders with Hungary, Slovakia and Poland. It is important for those in the European Union who run such matters to pause to think about Turkey's application against the little list of other countries that may well wish to join, to see whether Europe's Drang nach Osten is going to carry on until it hits the Urals, or wherever, so that Europe becomes something very far from what we consider it to be now. Before expansion exhaustion sets in in the European Union, Turkey provides us with a good object lesson. It is a good country on which to pause and to set against the considerable list of other postulate countries, which grows longer and longer the further east we look. § 4.36 p.m. § Lord DahrendorfMy Lords, the decision at the European Council this weekend must be called momentous. It is also extremely controversial. Some noble Lords have alluded to the degree of controversy on the Continent about the Turkish question. It cannot be exaggerated. Only yesterday, the papers reported that the leader of the German opposition stated that if her party wins the German election in 2006 she will "prevent" Turkish membership of the European Union. It is well known that the Chancellor 1359 of Austria has similar views and that there are several other politicians on the Continent who have it in mind that they should prevent Turkish membership. It is therefore important to have this debate, which, looking at the range of views, will be nowhere near as controversial as the debate on the Continent. The arguments against Turkish membership are many, but they generally amount to saying that Turkey is too big, too poor and too far away. So far as geography is concerned, it is true that only 5 per cent of Turkey is in Europe, but it does not follow that the European Union would become a Eurasian union if Turkey were accepted. In my view, there are no God-given or even history-given boundaries to Europe. Certainly, organisations that are rather more popular than the European Union, such as UEFA in football matters and Eurovision with its song contest, are not regarded as half Asian. There are difficult negotiations ahead. They are of extreme importance. The Copenhagen criteria will form part of them. I would like to underline the issues that my noble friend Baroness D'Souza mentioned will play a part and will have to play a part. But the real issue for those who oppose Turkish membership is different. It is the issue of what the European Union is about. Those who believe that the European Union is about political union soon, and political union in some analogy to the union of nation states with a degree of cohesion within that, are obviously against Turkish membership, never mind what the negotiations yield. I believe that it is important to counter that view. It vastly overrates the degree of cohesion between the original members of the European Community and it vastly overrates the degree of cohesion in the present European Union. Beyond that, there are two simple propositions. First, there is no indication, either in fact or in relevant programmatic statements, of the European Union aiming at the kind of political union that characterises nation states. The constitutional treaty, in particular, makes it clear that that is not what the union intends. Secondly, in so far as the EU has political objectives, these must be geared to an open community rather than a closed and protectionist bloc. Europe is a step in the direction of wider international co-operation, even a model which sets an example of how that can be achieved. It is, from that point of view, not just a task but a duty of the European Union to extend a welcome to those of its present neighbours who are prepared to accept the acquis communautaire and, above all, the Copenhagen criteria. The real conflict about Turkish accession is thus one of concepts of Europe. Many of those who say "No" to Turkish accession tend to have a closed and inward-looking view of Europe, and probably think of the EU as a "pole" in a multipolar world or a counterweight to the United States. Those who say "Yes" to Turkish accession, as I do, want a Europe that reaches out to others. They believe in an open Europe. No doubt the outcome of the European Council will be a fudge—it is, after all, a European Council. There will be a fudge about the starting date of negotiations, about 1360 a break clause at various points of the process and even about possible alternatives to full membership. I hope that Her Majesty's Government will nevertheless prevail with a view which is based on the notion of an open Europe, and will therefore help Turkey on its arduous path to a liberal order. § 4.41 p.m. § Lord Faulkner of WorcesterMy Lords, in common with virtually every other speaker, I support the eventual accession of Turkey to the European Union and welcome the progress made towards parliamentary democracy, the improvement in human rights and the abolition of the death penalty in that country. However, it is not about any of those matters that I wish to speak, very briefly, in this debate. I should like to draw your Lordships' attention to a matter that was reported to the All-Party Group on War Graves and Battlefield Heritage, which I chaired in your Lordships' House last week. It concerns recent developments on the Gallipoli peninsula. We have learnt that the Turkish National Parks Authority, in breach of decisions reached by the Turkish Cabinet, has just completed the construction of a car park on an area of former Turkish trenches, only 5 metres from the old Anzac front line near the position of Quinn's Post. In the process, valuable archaeological evidence of the trench lines and human remains have been lost. In addition, only a short distance away, in the area allocated to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, a rudimentary lavatory has been built. Although now apparently connected to a septic tank, the waste from the lavatory was initially seen to be seeping on to the battlefield and over the Anzac front lines. It has also come to our attention that, apparently in pursuit of the same goals that prompted it to try to build gates around the battlefield park earlier this year, the Turkish National Parks Authority intends to turn the central region of the Gallipoli battlefield into a "controlled area". Access by visitors would be allowed only in the company of a state guide, for whose services they would have to pay, making it impossible for the descendants of those who fought there, as well as historians and other interested parties, to move freely across the beaches, hills and ravines where the fighting took place. If that proposal were to be implemented, it would certainly breach the spirit, and possibly even the letter, of the Treaty of Lausanne. I am sure that your Lordships will agree that those would be deplorable developments, and they have been widely condemned in the Turkish media. Although the vicious fighting at Gallipoli caused more than half a million casualties, it resulted in very little enmity, subsequently, between the states that took part. Today, perhaps ironically, the history of the campaign and the battlefields in particular, acts as a powerful force for reconciliation and understanding, wholly in keeping with the themes adopted by a number of speakers in this debate. 1361 Will my noble friend make whatever representations she can to the Turkish Government and the Turkish National Parks Authority over the apparently callous treatment of this important world heritage site that binds the people of Turkey and the British Commonwealth so closely together? § 4.44 p.m. § Lord HyltonMy Lords, like most previous speakers, I am in favour of opening accession negotiations with Turkey. I should, however, like to mention three of the more important points that will need to be covered. Turkish settlers from the mainland will have to be removed from Cyprus unless, perchance, the former owners of their properties have been fully compensated. The Turkish Army also, with all its equipment, will have to go from the island. Turkey cannot simultaneously negotiate with the EU and blockade Armenia by land and rail. That is clearly unacceptable behaviour. Within Turkey, much will need to be discussed concerning the rule of law and essential human rights, especially those of minorities. As your Lordships know, Kurds make up 20 per cent or more of the population. Although they nearly all speak Turkish, they are ethnically and culturally distinct, and their language is more akin to Iranian. As the noble Lord, Lord Rea, mentioned, for 10 years or longer, a savage civil war raged in eastern and south-eastern Turkey. Some 2 million to 3 million people were displaced from villages, mainly to the cities. Even now, those willing to return are prevented from going back to often destroyed villages. The hated system of village guards continues, where villages were not burnt or mined. Moderate Kurds who want peace have recently set out their reasonable demands. Above all, they want schools and media in their own language—at present, only fee-paying schools may teach in Kurdish. They seek the right to have their own organisations and institutions, especially where they constitute the local majority. They ask for a general amnesty following the war and greater investment to help the Kurdish provinces and also the people displaced to the west. They would like to take part in revising the existing constitution of Turkey. That present document reflects the unitary state concept of Attaturk as modified by a later military coup. I conclude by mentioning one urgent current anxiety. DEHAP is the moderate constitutional political party representing Kurdish interests. It fears, not unreasonably, that it may be officially disbanded once EU negotiations are agreed. This was the fate of three predecessor parties, which were accused, I consider unjustly, of separatism, while some of their MPs were imprisoned. The EU should, I suggest, seek guarantees on this point, and I very much hope that the Minister will be able to give me some reassurance on that point. § 4.48 p.m. § Lord Wallace of SaltaireMy Lords, it is a great pleasure to have a debate on a European subject which has been constructive and has looked towards the future rather than raking over the coals of the past and of British sovereignty. I hope that we will have some more—perhaps even many more—such debates. The issue of Turkey is extremely important. I am not one of those who believes, as Valéry Giscard d'Estaing believes from his childhood geography books, that Europe ends at the Bosphorus—the European side versus the Asian side within Istanbul. I recall the myth of Europa and the Bull, in which Zeus captured the maiden from the coast of what is now Turkey and took her to what is now Crete. In those days, what we regard as the core of Europe was regarded by most Europeans, self-confessed Greeks, as the darker forests of the barbarian north. Concepts of Europe have moved around quite a lot over the centuries, and will no doubt move again. I have enjoyed successive conferences over the years in Istanbul and Ankara on Turkey's relations with Europe and its European mission, as Turkish élites like to put it. I am immensely impressed with the progress of political reform in Turkey over the past 10 years. The current government are the best that Turkey has had for a very long time—the least corrupt and least concerned to reinforce their position through patronage, unlike many of their predecessors. I am enormously impressed by the quality of Turkey's higher education at the top level. I have enjoyed meeting a large number of Turkish students over the years, both young men and young women, and have seen them pursuing their careers back in Ankara and Istanbul. It is extremely important that we sustain this welcome process of reform in Turkey, although I am always concerned when I am there about the extent to which the European Union continues to act as a deus ex machina—Europe will save the Turks from themselves and from each other. The secular élite does not trust the Islamists, the Islamists do not trust the army, the army does not trust either of them and the business community does not trust any of them either. As we support the process of reform as it continues delicately and difficultly to move forward, it is clear that we must now fulfil the obligation that we made previously to accept Turkey as a candidate and offer to open negotiations. However, we must also recognise how much further Turkish government and society have to go. The debate within Turkey so far emphasises very strongly the economic benefits of membership and status issues, which are of huge concern especially among the nationalist and slightly Euro-sceptic element in Turkish society. One has only to read the Turkish English-language press to understand just how nationalist and potentially Euro-sceptic some Turkish élites are. Turkey cannot be treated as a second-class state. Of course, that does not take one into the debate about the real implications of membership. I fear that the debate within Turkey has 1363 not yet really got under way on the political implications of membership and of how far EU membership requires a country to take into effect and into its domestic law issues that bite into the domestic and local details of life. Modernisation in Turkey is, after all, very welcome and is under way. At a meeting in Istanbul a few weeks ago I was struck to hear Professor Dogu Ergil of Ankara University describe Turkey as four different nations. There are, he said, half a million people within Turkey who are fully westernised and fully international. In addition to that there are a further 5 million whom he called western consumers—the educated, urban bourgeois. However, you have to remember, he said to his western visitors, that there are also 30 million peasants still in the villages and 35 million who are on the fringes of modernity—the first or second generation in the cities who are uncertain of their culture, their identity, how they relate to democracy, and so forth. He went on to say that there is of course a great difference between western and eastern Turkey. Those of us who visit Turkey almost never go east of Ankara. Eastern Turkey is two thirds of Turkey geographically and where over half the population still live. That is where many of the problems still lie—over human rights, as the noble Baroness, Lady D'Souza, mentioned—over the implementation of reforms once they are passed, and over the treatment of the Kurds, who are so strongly concentrated in south-eastern Turkey. I note and agree with the concern that some Members have about the position of DEHAP, the Kurdish party, and I have heard some members of the current Turkish Government talk honestly about the sheer difficulty of persuading local administrations in south-eastern Turkey to carry into effect the reforms that they are trying to put through at national level. They do not yet have a fully open market economy. I do not entirely agree with the noble Lord, Lord Patten. It is not only a question of privatisation: it is also the extent to which Turkey has an economy that operates on influence and a number of extremely powerful and rich conglomerates and families whom some of us know. One might say unkindly that it is a little more like the Italian economy than the market economy with which we would all be more comfortable. There is a considerable way to go. The influence of the nationalists in Turkey remains very strong. Like others, I have tried to persuade Turkish officials, diplomats and politicians that it is in Turkey's own interests to reduce substantially the number of troops in northern Cyprus, but that is seen as accepting defeat over the Cyprus issue. I have tried to talk to some Turkish nationalists about the Kurdish issue, but many within the Kurdish state still see concessions to the Kurdish language as a denial of Turkey as a nation. The noble Lord, Lord Rogan, raised the issue of security. I am doubtful. The stabilisation of the eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea region is extremely important to us. A stable and democratic Turkey can 1364 contribute a lot to that. The American argument over Turkey's security contribution to the West is now very different from the European argument. The United States under President Bush wants to push Turkey into the European Union so that Turkey can provide a loyal support for American strategic objectives in the Middle East. Many of us do not entirely share those objectives and the new government in Turkey do not entirely share them either, so we should be cautious when we talk about the role of the Turkish army and Turkish air bases. There are some hard issues of further enlargement that we all need to debate and I am glad that noble Lords raised some of them. We should also note that Bosnia and Albania are Muslim majority states which will in time come into the European Union. The European Union must clearly adjust substantially to becoming an EU of 30-plus. It is already having to adjust—not entirely successfully—from being an EU of 15 to an EU of 25, but we must advise our Turkish friends that Turkey also has to adjust. An EU that has Iran, Iraq and Syria on its borders and contains the headwaters of the Tigris and Euphrates is one that will have to ask the Turks to change some of their domestic and foreign policies in order to adjust to broader concerns. Therefore, we must say yes to the article of membership. We must resist the Islamophobia and panic about Muslim minorities, which we see cropping up across the European Union, and we must also persuade our publics that this is a worthwhile enterprise. That means that we must insist on the same conditions and standards for Turkey as we have insisted on for others. We cannot accept the nationalist argument one sometimes hears in Ankara; namely, that Turkey is special and, therefore, should have different conditions. It will be a very long process of adjustment in which it is possible that the end may not be what we assume at the beginning. The European Union as a whole and its member governments must address openly the limits of future membership and how best to provide for mutually satisfactory relations with neighbouring states. After all, the EU has a developing neighbourhood policy on that; but that is a question for another debate § 4.58 p.m. § Baroness RawlingsMy Lords, it has been a very good and fascinating debate and I am also most grateful to the noble Lord, Lord Cobbold, for initiating it so authoritatively and so well. I agree with him that we have not had enough debate on the subject. We have heard from all the contributions this afternoon what a salient and important issue the proposed accession of Turkey is to the EU, especially with the European Council meeting on Friday. The debate has not heard the strong views that we hear from France, Germany or Austria that we heard about from the noble Lord, Lord Dahrendorf. Few countries' choice of destiny can have more importance for the wider world than that of Turkey. As a nation, she has always been at the crossroads between Europe 1365 and Asia, between East and West, has acted as a bridge between two civilisations and as a key historic player both in Europe and the Middle East. Turkey's contribution in terms of history, culture and economics has been crucial for centuries. Today we live at a time of acute tension between the West and parts of the Islamic world. At the same time an enlarging European Union is having to ask what constitutes Europe and how its relationship should develop with those countries outside the European Union but on its borders. How the European Union treats Turkey in the course of its accession bid will be crucial to how things develop. Turkey is faced with two choices: to become an inward looking Islamic state, or to continue to be a secular state, as it became under Mustafa Kemal, known as Ataturk—as mentioned by the noble Lord, Lord Patten—close to the European Union but not of it, with the eventual aim of becoming a full member of the European Union. I am glad that Turkey and Prime Minister Erdogan have chosen the latter course. We on these Benches, like the Government, have long been supporters of Turkish entry to the European Union, provided the relevant criteria are met. Progress with the Copenhagen criteria has been real and continuing and the Turkish Government have worked hard to move towards meeting the aims of guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and the protection of minorities, as well as the creation and maintaining of a functioning market economy, as mentioned by the noble Lord, Lord Clinton-Davis. The strategy put in place by the Turkish Government is welcome and progress, although perhaps not as rapid as we might wish, is for all that real. Turkey has already moved to abolish capital punishment and to bring the detention process in line with European standards with the aim of preventing torture, although it may not totally have achieved that, as we heard from the noble Baroness, Lady D'Souza. Turkey has made efforts to resolve the Cyprus dispute, as mentioned by the noble Lord, Lord Hylton, although sadly with limited success—redoubled efforts are needed. Recently she has made difficult and admirable moves to improve Kurdish rights, despite what the noble Lord, Lord Rea, said. Perhaps the most potent symbol of this was the release of Leyla Zana from prison. Welcome though all of this is, we hope that Turkey will go further in seeking to find a way for Kurdish identity to express itself within the context of the Turkish state. Similarly, there has recently been considerable debate over proposals to change the penal code and to recriminalise adultery and over proposed changes to the schools system in Turkey. It is inevitable that differences of opinion and focus will emerge. One area about which I read recently was that of headscarves in schools, and in particular concerns within Mr Erdogan's own party that he has failed to keep pre-election promises to ease bans on the Islamic 1366 headscarf in state schools and, more importantly, to enable graduates of religious schools to enter secular universities. This is a huge change. It saddens me when I think that Turkey was so far ahead in modernising and introduced many reforms at the time of the great Ataturk in the 1920s and 1930s, as described by the noble Lord, Lord Rogan, in his impressive speech. Women were being admitted to various professions and politics and within a short space of time Ataturk even allowed women the vote. In 1935, 17 women were elected deputies to the Grand National Assembly. It is good that Turkish universities are doing well, as we heard from the noble Lord, Lord Wallace of Saltaire. However, personally, I am concerned by the suggestions made about easing entry requirements to secular universities. Turkey's status as a secular state is one of her great strengths. I hope that the Minister will be able to update us on where matters stand on these particular questions, and will reassure us that the Government are continuing to encourage Turkey to stay the course of reform and not allow herself to be diverted from it. That is my only question today. I am, however, aware that there are those who are far less welcoming of the prospect of Turkish accession to the European Union. There are those who object on religious grounds; those who say that Turkey is largely outside Europe, as we have heard today; and those who are concerned about the economic implications of the entry to the European Union of a country that is relatively poor and which has a vast population, giving rise to concerns about migration. These concerns range from the, in my view, reactive and ill considered—the noble Lord, Lord Maclennan, mentioned Bulgaria in that regard—to those more genuine concerns about how the European Union with Turkey as a member would function in practice. As the noble Lord, Lord Wallace of Saltaire, said, in due time the European Union will have to adjust and move away from the outdated view of its own future that is symbolised by the European Union Constitutional Treaty. We all agree that the common agricultural policy has to be modernised. The European Union's currently rigid structures, including funding, will need to be simplified and reformed. Turkey's eventual accession will require reform and changes on both sides—as was pointed out by the right reverend Prelate the Bishop of Portsmouth—if it is to be successfully achieved, but I believe that it is an objective worth reforming and changing for. We must remember that the European Union that Turkey will join in 10 or 15 years will not be the rigid bureaucratised European Union of today. I support the comment of my noble friend Lord Brittan in his excellent speech that a specified and early date should be sought. We look forward to the day that Turkey will join the European Union, thus sending not only a message but also having an impact on other nations such as Georgia and Ukraine, both of which look forward to closer co-operation with the European Union, as mentioned by my noble friend Lord Biffen in his eloquent speech. Turkey's membership of the European Union would strengthen a valuable link between East and West, send a powerful message of 1367 friendship to the Muslim world, demonstrate clearly that a secular, modern democracy and adherence to the Islamic faith were not incompatible, and would open up new and exciting opportunities for all of us. If we understand the Bosporus as the natural bridge between East and West, Turkey can be a powerful force for good in the world and in the European Union. As my noble friend Lord Inglewood said in his well argued speech, perhaps this is the summation of Ataturk's work. I hope that we will all seize that opportunity. § 5.7 p.m. § Baroness Symons of Vernham DeanMy Lords, I, too, thank the noble Lord, Lord Cobbold, for introducing the debate this afternoon. I very much welcome the opportunity to debate Turkey's progress towards accession to the European Union. On 17 December, the European Council will decide whether to open accession negotiations. The decision is one of enormous significance, not just for Turkey but for the United Kingdom, the EU and the whole region. As the noble Lord, Lord Dahrendorf, remarked, it is momentous. However, it is a decision for the Heads of Government on Thursday evening and Friday morning. We shall all be much better informed on Turkey's position in 48 hours' time. Let me be clear: our Prime Minister will support the opening of accession negotiations with Turkey. We have long supported its candidature and we believe that it has earned that support. I am delighted that the noble Baroness, Lady Rawlings, expressed her party's support in the way that she did. I need to stress that the decision to be taken in the next two days does not concern membership. That is a matter for negotiation—painstaking, detailed and possibly very lengthy, as the right reverend Prelate the Bishop of Portsmouth and the noble Lord, Lord Dahrendorf, remarked. In our view, Turkey has earned the right to open those negotiations. The noble Lord, Lord Cobbold, argued that Turkey is not really a European country. If I may say so, his argument is about 40 years too late, as the noble Lord, Lord Brittan of Spennithorne, reminded us, because the proposal for Turkey's EU membership is not a new concept. The EU-Turkey Association Agreement in 1963 offered this perspective 10 years before the United Kingdom joined the then EEC. In 1987, the Council accepted Turkey's membership in principle but rejected it on the grounds of political and economic shortcomings. At Helsinki in 1999, the EU agreed that, Turkey was a candidate state destined to join the Union on the basis of the same criteria as applied to other candidate states".In December 2002, the EU told Turkey that it would open accession negotiations without delay if, by December 2004, Turkey had fulfilled the Copenhagen political criteria.On 6 October 2004, the Commission clearly stated that Turkey had done so. Now is the time for the European Union to deliver on its promises. It would be immensely damaging to the EU's credibility with 1368 Turkey, other candidate states and, indeed, the Muslim world if we now reneged on these explicit promises. As some of your Lordships have acknowledged, the transformation of Turkey over the past few years has been remarkable: in human rights, the rule of law and democracy. The Commission report of 6 October highlighted a growing consensus in favour of liberal democracy. A positive decision in the next two days will help to ensure that we lock in these valuable gains and allow Turkey to continue to build on them. A stable, democratic Turkey, anchored firmly in Europe, will significantly enhance Europe's, and thereby the United Kingdom's, security. We must, as the noble Lord, Lord Biffen, argued, look at how Turkey's membership would affect the position of current members. I believe that Turkish membership offers the prospect of co-operation on terrorism, European defence, energy security, and the fight against crime and illegal immigration. Perhaps most importantly, as a number of your Lordships have said, Turkey can play a key role in Europe's engagement with the Muslim world. If the EU accepts Turkey on the same conditions as the other member states, that is a very powerful demonstration that there is no clash of civilisations, that the EU is not a "Christian club", as the noble Lord, Lord Cobbold, referred to it, and that religious tolerance and integration are essentially a part of European life. The noble Lord, Lord Patten, questioned that reasoning. He called it a fallacy. I do not want to make extravagant claims but I believe that if, after all these years and after all the efforts of the reformers in Turkey, we were now to reject its candidature, Muslim opinion worldwide would think that we Europeans apply very different criteria to a Muslim country from those that we apply to non-Muslim countries. The noble Lord, Lord Brittan of Spennithorne, was right that security and defence criteria are not reason enough, but it is important to remember that Turkey has had a crucial role as an ally and a partner, as was so effectively argued by the noble Lord, Lord Rogan. Since joining NATO in 1952, Turkey has been active in promoting stability internationally, recently participating in peacekeeping operations in the Balkans and playing a key part in NATO forces in Afghanistan. Turkey will lead the international security assistance force there from February. It has also contributed to peace missions in Bosnia, Herzegovina and the republic of Macedonia, and it is currently contributing to the peacekeeping force in Bosnia. The noble Lord, Lord Dykes, said that Turkey's sheer size and complexity offered huge challenges. By the same token, one could argue that Turkey offers huge potentials too. It has an enormous economic potential, as the noble Lord, Lord Rogan, said. A youthful labour market of 70 million people with currently low levels of foreign direct investment offers new markets and new investment opportunities for the United Kingdom and for European business. It is not so much a question of Turkey not being the liability that some people fear, as 1369 the noble Lord, Lord Inglewood, argued; Turkey offers a real opportunity. It is growing by more than 10 per cent a year at present, backed by solid macro-economic reforms and motivated by the ever-closer prospect of integration with Europe. Trade between the UK and Turkey now tops £4 billion and is increasing at an annual rate of some 35 per cent. I come to the heart of the decision that the EU leaders face in the course of the next couple of days. The question is not whether Turkey is European or a candidate for EU membership. The UK and the EU have already agreed that officially in 1987, 1999 and 2002. Nor is the question whether Turkey is ready for membership. Negotiations are likely to take many years, by which time Turkey and the EU will look very different. Nor is it about security or immigration, the CAP, religion, or old or new Europe, although some would like to shift the argument on to those issues. The question is exactly what my noble friend Lord Dubs articulated: has Turkey fulfilled the Copenhagen political criteria necessary to open accession negotiations? The European Commission's view, as expressed in its report, is unequivocally "yes". The view expressed in the report of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the European Parliament is "yes". I assure the noble Lord, Lord Dahrendorf, that the opinion of this Government is also "yes". The European Council should agree to open accession negotiations without delay. My noble friend Lord Clinton-Davis was highly persuasive in his address to your Lordships on questions of Turkish reform—arguments which were reinforced by the noble Lords, Lord Dykes and Lord Wallace of Saltaire. The basis for the Commissions' positive assessment is also highly persuasive. The changes brought in in Turkey over the past two-and-a-half years have been revolutionary. Since the AK party came to power, the Turkish Parliament has passed a plethora of constitutional and legislative reforms, including, as many have mentioned, the abolition of the death penalty and measures to root out torture and incommunicado detention. The noble Lords, Lord Brittan and Lord Maclennan of Rogart, were right to remind us that the Turkish Government have introduced greater freedoms of expression, association and religion, including the start of Kurdish language broadcasting and teaching. Turkish law now recognises the precedence of international law in human rights. The Government have appointed a civilian head of the National Security Council and removed the military from governmental bodies. NGOs are now consulted on the legislative process and have an increasing say in human rights monitoring. As the noble Baroness, Lady Rawlings, said, the new Turkish penal code brings together many of these reforms and also makes significant advances in new areas—for example, in the area of women's rights, which so exercised my noble friend Lady Uddin, and the long-standing problems of honour killings and rape are also addressed. 1370 The noble Baroness, Lady D'Souza, rightly reminded us of issues of torture. I remind her that the Commission concluded that considerable efforts have been made to strengthen the fight against torture, that torture is no longer systematic in Turkey and that the Government's efforts are leading to a decline in the instances of torture. We are not complacent about this, but there is growing evidence of improved implementation, and of course the Turkish Government are working closely with the Council of Europe's Committee for the Prevention of Torture. We must not lose sight of the political criteria if the decision is for Turkey to start negotiations. The noble Lord, Lord Monson, will not, I fear, be surprised to learn that I disagreed with the entirely new criteria that he sought to introduce in taking the decision. As the noble Lord, Lord Wallace of Saltaire, said, Turkey must sustain and advance its impressive progress. The thorough implementation of reforms will take time to filter through to every Turkish police station, every Turkish court, every prison and eventually every individual. However, the Turkish Government are making gradual and substantive progress through the ministerial EU Reform Monitoring Group, increased numbers of human rights boards, and more training and education of the police and the judiciary. I assure the noble Baroness, Lady D'Souza, that the EU will support Turkey in its continued efforts through rigorous monitoring, targeted assistance and training, education and institution-building. As the noble Lord, Lord Dykes, and the noble Baroness, Lady D'Souza, indicated, we must not allow Turkey to take its foot off the pedal. The EU must harness the momentum that has transformed Turkey in the past few years and help to extend it to other areas in the Turkish administration and economy. My noble friend Lord Rea concentrated on Turkish treatment of the Kurds. As the noble Lord, Lord Maclennan, said, significant steps have been taken to extend the democratic rights of the Turkish people. Individuals can now register names and attend private language courses in Kurdish. Kurdish newspapers and music cassettes are freely available, and broadcasting in Kurdish has started. Kurdish plays and concerts are also taking place. I remind my noble friend Lord Rea that prominent Kurds such as Leyla Zana and the mayor of Diyarbakir have stated that the majority of Kurds see a fully democratic Turkey within the European Union as offering the best prospect of guaranteeing their democratic rights. The noble Lord, Lord Hylton, rightly raised the issues around DEHAP. The pro-Kurdish political party stands accused of becoming a focal point of actions against the principles of democracy, equality and the rule of law. However, the United Kingdom has welcomed the positive steps that Turkey has taken to remove the restrictions on freedom of expression and on political organisations. We very much hope that those will be reflected in the outcome of the current DEHAP trial. 1371 The right reverend Prelate the Bishop of Portsmouth raised the difficulties experienced by religious minorities. He is right; some non-Muslim religious communities continue to encounter obstacles. A new law on foundations is being prepared that should go some way towards remedying those difficulties. The Turkish Government have repeated their commitment to removing obstacles to the reopening of the Heybeliada Greek Orthodox seminary and to the establishment and running of a number of churches. I agreed very strongly with the right reverend Prelate's point about the Abrahamic religions and their traditions of hospitality being a way in which communities could reach out to each other. My noble friend Lady Uddin takes a great deal of interest in that as well. The noble Lord, Lord Brittan, raised the points of objection about Turkish membership creating what has been described as a flood of immigrants into the European Union. Those fears have been raised over just about every expansion of the European Union, and on just about every occasion they have proved unsubstantiated. In any case, we would expect transitional periods on free movement of workers, as were available to the new member states. Some noble Lords were understandably concerned about Cyprus. The decision in the next couple of days will be based on whether Turkey meets the political criteria. The Cyprus settlement and associated issues are not a precondition for opening negotiations. As the noble Lord, Lord Hylton, said, there are many important areas on which Turkey, Cyprus and Greece still need to make progress to reach a satisfactory conclusion. However, I agree very strongly with the noble Lord, Lord Rogan, that we cannot add a new criterion for opening negotiations at this stage. That includes the issues around Armenia raised by the noble Lord, Lord Hylton. My noble friend Lord Dubs reminded us of the constructive approach adopted by the Turkish Government on Cyprus, in terms of the settlement and the negotiations earlier this year. They encouraged the Turkish-Cypriot community to restart the negotiations on the basis of the Annan plan. I agree with my noble friend Lord Faulkner that war graves are very important, but they are not part of the European negotiations. I assure him that the British Embassy's officials have recently been in contact with the representatives of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission and the director of the Office of Australian War Graves about the site in Gallipoli. The representative of the commission has been to Quinn's Post in the past few days and described it as being in a very good condition. The noble Baroness, Lady Rawlings, said that she had only one question, which was about the secular nature of the universities. There was a discussion on entry requirements for the secular universities for the students from religious high schools over the summer. As I understand it, it was vetoed by President Sezer. The noble Lord, Lord Cobbold, raised the issue of the French referendum. Of course the French will hold a referendum. It is up to every individual member state 1372 to decide how to ratify each accession treaty. I remind him that the French held a referendum on UK accession in 1972, so there is nothing particularly remarkable in it. I have no doubt that Turkey can and will make a huge contribution to the European Union. I am delighted that the Official Opposition and the Liberal Democrats believe, as the Government believe, that the prize is enormous. The indication was that most noble Lords believed that, too. Turkey is a majority-Muslim state that embraces democracy and modernity and shares its sovereignty with others in the EU. It is a strategic partner that will help us to tackle the global security threats that we face and enhance the EU's engagement with the wider region. It is a dynamic economy offering new opportunities for trade and investment. Those are potentially huge assets for the European Union. Of course Turkey has not met all the criteria for membership yet. The enlargement process is designed to ensure that the momentum of reform continues across the board. But I remind those sceptical of Turkey's progress towards accession of another point that Leyla Zana made in her letter to the president of the European Parliament, Pat Cox. As noble Lords recall, she was imprisoned in 1994 under a previous government and was released earlier this year. She wrote that she would prefer to be a prisoner in a country negotiating EU membership than free in a country barred from the EU. That is a wonderfully powerful message about the importance of Turkey's EU perspective to its people, including its Kurdish people. For those reasons, we very much hope that the European Union will agree within the next 48 hours to start accession negotiations with Turkey. We should not let sceptics stand in the way of Turkey's second great modernisation. Instead, we should help Turkey to move forward to fulfil Ataturk's vision of a European destiny. § 5.26 p.m. § Lord CobboldMy Lords, we have had a fascinating debate, and I thank all noble Lords who have taken part. Many said that it was timely to have a discussion on these problems. We all generally back the Government in their decision to move ahead over the next two days to opening formal negotiations with Turkey. As many speakers said, Turkey has done an enormous amount to prepare itself for possible accession to the Union, but we all agree that there is still quite a way to go, so it will be a few years before the final terms and conditions of Turkey's membership can be agreed. However, it is clearly a country with huge potential and is an important ally. Creating a prosperous secular and democratic country where Turkey is located is of enormous importance, and of economic benefit both to Turkey and to the rest of Europe. The absorption of Turkey into the European Union is a bigger morsel than the Union has had to face until now. It may require one or two changes, but I hope 1373 that it all goes well and does not in any sense, in the long term, destabilise the existing and important progress that has been made in Europe. I beg leave to withdraw the Motion for Papers. § Motion for Papers, by leave, withdrawn.
Disclaimer: This post may contain affiliate links. As Amazon Associates we earn commission from qualifying purchases. Understanding the Concept of Numerology Numerology is the belief in the mystical and symbolic significance of numbers. It is based on the idea that numbers hold a deep spiritual meaning and can provide insights into various aspects of life, such as love, money, and relationships. By studying and interpreting the vibrations and energies associated with different numbers, numerologists seek to uncover the hidden meanings and messages behind them. One of the numbers that has significant spiritual meaning is 11766. This number holds a powerful energy and is believed to influence different areas of life, including love, money, and symbolism. Let's delve deeper into the spiritual significance of number 11766 and explore the different aspects it encompasses. In the realm of love, the number 11766 signifies a strong and passionate connection between two individuals. It represents a deep bond that goes beyond superficial attraction. People associated with this number are often seen as magnetic and charismatic, drawing others towards them effortlessly. They have a natural ability to understand and empathize with their partners, creating a harmonious and loving relationship. When it comes to money, the number 11766 is associated with abundance and prosperity. Individuals connected to this number are often blessed with financial success and have a knack for attracting wealth. They possess a strong work ethic and are driven to achieve their goals. The energy of this number encourages individuals to take calculated risks and make wise financial decisions, leading to long-term stability and prosperity. Symbolically, the number 11766 represents spiritual growth and enlightenment. It is a number that encourages individuals to explore their inner selves and seek a deeper understanding of the universe. Those connected to this number often possess a heightened sense of intuition and are drawn to spiritual practices such as meditation and energy healing. They have a natural curiosity about the mysteries of life and are constantly seeking knowledge and wisdom. Additionally, the number 11766 is believed to have a protective and guiding energy. It is often seen as a sign that the universe is watching over and guiding individuals towards their true path. People associated with this number may experience synchronicities and meaningful coincidences that serve as reminders of their connection to a higher power. This number acts as a guiding light, helping individuals navigate through life's challenges and make decisions that align with their soul's purpose. In conclusion, the concept of numerology offers a fascinating perspective on the mystical and symbolic significance of numbers. The number 11766 holds a powerful energy that influences various aspects of life, including love, money, and symbolism. Understanding the deeper meanings and messages behind numbers can provide valuable insights and guidance on our spiritual journey. The Spiritual Significance of Number 11766 Number 11766 carries a unique energetic vibration that resonates with spiritual growth, abundance, and divine guidance. The combination of the number 1 and the repeated number 7 intensifies these spiritual qualities, making 11766 a number of great significance. The vibrational energy of 11766 is associated with personal evolution and spiritual awakening. It signifies a period of deep introspection and self-discovery. When number 11766 appears in your life, it serves as a gentle reminder from the universe to pay attention to your spiritual path and the growth of your soul. The angelic message behind 11766 is one of unconditional love and support. Angels are believed to communicate with us through signs and symbols, and when you encounter 11766 in your daily life, it is a sign that the angelic realm is guiding and protecting you. This number symbolizes the presence of angels and their desire to help you on your spiritual journey. When exploring the spiritual significance of number 11766, it is important to delve deeper into the symbolism of each individual digit. The number 1 represents new beginnings, independence, and the power of manifestation. It signifies the start of a spiritual journey and the ability to create your own reality. Furthermore, the repeated number 7 holds immense spiritual significance. In many spiritual traditions, the number 7 is associated with divine wisdom, enlightenment, and spiritual perfection. It represents a connection to higher realms of consciousness and the ability to tap into universal knowledge. When combined, the energies of the number 1 and the repeated number 7 create a powerful spiritual force. Number 11766 acts as a catalyst for spiritual growth and transformation, urging individuals to embrace their inner wisdom and embark on a journey of self-discovery. As you navigate through life, encountering the number 11766 serves as a reminder to trust in the divine guidance that is available to you. It is a sign that you are on the right path and that the universe is supporting your spiritual journey. Moreover, the angelic presence associated with 11766 offers unconditional love and support. Angels are celestial beings that are believed to act as messengers between humans and the divine. They are always present, ready to assist and guide individuals on their spiritual path. When you notice the number 11766 in your daily life, it is a sign that the angels are watching over you and are ready to provide guidance and assistance. They offer a sense of comfort and reassurance, reminding you that you are never alone on your spiritual journey. In conclusion, the spiritual significance of number 11766 encompasses personal growth, divine guidance, and angelic support. It symbolizes the beginning of a spiritual journey and the presence of higher realms of consciousness. Embracing the vibrations of 11766 allows individuals to tap into their inner wisdom and experience profound spiritual transformation. The Love Aspect of Number 11766 Love is a fundamental aspect of human existence, and number 11766 holds a special significance when it comes to matters of the heart. This number carries a powerful energy that can influence our romantic relationships and our relationship with ourselves. When 11766 appears in the context of romantic relationships, it signifies a deep connection and spiritual bond. It represents a love that transcends the physical and touches the essence of our souls. If you are in a relationship and keep seeing the number 11766, it is a sign that you are in a partnership that is spiritually aligned and based on mutual respect and understanding. But what exactly does it mean to have a spiritually aligned relationship? It means that both partners are not only connected on a physical and emotional level, but also on a spiritual level. This connection allows them to support each other's growth and encourage each other to become the best versions of themselves. When you have a spiritually aligned relationship, you feel a deep sense of peace and harmony. You are able to communicate with each other effortlessly, almost as if you can read each other's minds. This level of understanding and connection is rare and precious. Furthermore, the number 11766 reminds us that love is not just about finding the perfect partner, but also about loving ourselves unconditionally. Self-love is the foundation of all other types of love. When we love ourselves, we are able to love others more deeply and authentically. But what does it mean to love ourselves unconditionally? It means accepting ourselves exactly as we are, flaws and all. It means treating ourselves with kindness, compassion, and forgiveness. It means prioritizing our own well-being and happiness. When we cultivate self-love, we open the doors to personal growth and spiritual transformation. We become more confident, resilient, and compassionate individuals. We attract positive and healthy relationships into our lives because we believe that we deserve nothing less. So, if you keep seeing the number 11766, take it as a gentle reminder to prioritize love in your life. Whether it's in your romantic relationships or in your relationship with yourself, remember that love is the most powerful force in the universe. Embrace it, cherish it, and let it guide you on your journey of growth and fulfillment. The Financial Implications of Number 11766 Money is an important aspect of life, and number 11766 holds a certain energy when it comes to financial matters. This number carries an abundance vibration and is associated with attracting wealth and prosperity. The energy of 11766 is aligned with making wise financial decisions and manifesting abundance in your life. When this number appears, it serves as a reminder to trust in the universe's ability to provide for you and to align your actions with your financial goals. By maintaining a positive money mindset and taking inspired action, you can invite financial abundance into your life. Furthermore, number 11766 encourages you to use your financial resources in ways that align with your spiritual values. It prompts you to consider the impact your financial decisions have on your personal growth and the well-being of others. One way to align your financial decisions with your spiritual values is by practicing conscious spending. This means being mindful of where your money goes and ensuring that it supports causes and businesses that resonate with your beliefs. For example, you may choose to support local, sustainable businesses that prioritize ethical practices and contribute positively to the community. In addition, number 11766 reminds you to be grateful for the financial abundance you already have. Gratitude is a powerful tool for attracting more abundance into your life. By regularly expressing gratitude for the money you have, you open yourself up to receiving even more financial blessings. Another aspect of number 11766's financial implications is the importance of setting clear financial goals. When you have a clear vision of what you want to achieve financially, you can take focused action towards those goals. This may involve creating a budget, saving a certain amount of money each month, or investing in opportunities that align with your financial aspirations. Furthermore, number 11766 encourages you to be open to receiving financial abundance from unexpected sources. Sometimes, opportunities for financial growth may come in unexpected ways. By being open and receptive to these opportunities, you can expand your financial prosperity beyond what you initially imagined. Lastly, number 11766 reminds you to be mindful of your financial habits and patterns. It encourages you to reflect on any limiting beliefs or fears you may have around money and take steps to overcome them. By releasing any negative associations with money, you create space for greater financial abundance to flow into your life. The Symbolism of Number 11766 Symbols play a powerful role in our lives and can hold deep meaning. Number 11766 carries both universal and personal symbolism that can provide valuable insights into our journey. The universal symbols associated with 11766 include wisdom, intuition, and spiritual enlightenment. This number reminds us to trust our inner guidance and to tap into our innate wisdom. It signifies a time of spiritual growth and encourages us to explore our spirituality on a deeper level. On a personal level, the symbols associated with 11766 can vary for each individual. It is essential to pay attention to your intuition and reflect on the unique symbols that resonate with you. These personal symbols can provide guidance and meaningful insights specific to your spiritual journey. In conclusion, the spiritual meaning of number 11766 encompasses various aspects of life, including love, money, and symbolism. This number carries a profound energy that influences our spiritual growth, relationships, and financial decisions. By understanding and embracing the spiritual significance of 11766, we can harness its energies to enhance our lives and deepen our connection to the divine. Navigate Your Path: Your Number Guide to Better Decisions! Ever feel stuck making tough choices? Step into the amazing world of numerology! It's like having a secret key to understand your life's journey and make decisions with confidence. Get your FREE, personalized numerology reading, and turn your struggles into strengths.
What is a storytelling program? The Storytelling Program is a program developed by a group of novelists, playwrights, and a group of psychologists and counseling professionals. The storytelling program is an interactive program that focuses on the joy of writing, the power of writing and the ability of story to create a world of imagination, thus encouraging young people to discover their creativity and dedicate time in their daily lives to write their own stories. Target Group: The program targets teenagers from 12 to 18 years old. Program Journey: The program addresses the five elements of the story one by one. It provides a simple theoretical introduction to each of them, and then invites the participants to test these concepts through a set of writing exercises: * Characters in the story. * Location and layout. * Plot / problem. * Events. * The lesson / solution. Program Expected Outcomes: - Adolescents have tools to express their feelings. - They are aware of their potential - Experience in talking about their problems and possible solutions and stimulating their imagination. Storytelling Program Workshop Duration 3 days Total hours 15 hr Number of participants 20 at most More About the program Apply In Active citizenship (Program) "*" indicates required fields
Navigating the intricacies of job interviews extends beyond just showcasing your qualifications and experience; it delves into the realm of non-verbal cues, where even the subtleties of your oral health can cast a long shadow over first impressions. Among these, bad breath stands out as a silent yet potent factor that can inadvertently affect the interviewer's perception of your professionalism and attention to detail. In the high-stakes environment of a job interview, where every nuance contributes to the overarching narrative of your candidacy, the implications of oral hygiene resonate with an unexpected significance. When you step into a room for a job interview, you're not just carrying your resume and your aspirations; you're also bringing an aura that comprises your personal hygiene, attire, and yes, the freshness of your breath. Bad breath, or halitosis, can be an unintended disruptor in this setting. It's a common condition, yet in the context of a job interview, it can become a focal point of self-consciousness, potentially diverting your focus and diminishing your confidence. The concern here isn't just about social etiquette; it's about how such a personal aspect can influence professional opportunities. Consider the dynamics of a job interview: a close-quarters interaction where communication isn't just about what you say but how you say it. In this interactive dance, bad breath can introduce an unspoken barrier, a distraction that might skew the interviewer's focus or, worse, form an underlying bias. This is not to say that interviewers are intentionally swayed by such factors, but human perception is a complex tapestry woven from both conscious and subconscious threads. Addressing oral hygiene, particularly bad breath, is more than a matter of health; it's a component of your personal presentation, akin to choosing the right outfit or polishing your shoes. It's about ensuring that there's no discordant note in the harmony of your professional portrayal. The goal is to ensure that the interviewer remembers you for your articulate answers and compelling qualifications, not for a preventable issue like bad breath. Moreover, the influence of oral health on job interviews extends into the broader narrative of personal well-being and self-esteem. Knowing that your breath is fresh and your smile is inviting can imbue you with a sense of self-assurance, allowing your true personality and professional competence to shine through. In a way, managing your oral health for a job interview is a microcosm of broader self-care practices, underscoring the principle that taking care of oneself is integral to presenting oneself confidently to the world. Thus, as you prepare for your next job interview, consider giving your oral hygiene the same attention you would to other aspects of your presentation. In doing so, you're not just mitigating the risk of bad breath; you're taking a holistic approach to your interview preparation, one that acknowledges the intricate interplay between personal health and professional presentation. By ensuring your oral hygiene is impeccable, you're setting the stage for a positive and focused interview experience, where the only thing lingering after you leave the room is the impression of your professionalism and poise. Bad breath in a job interview isn't just a minor inconvenience; it's a non-verbal cue that can significantly influence the interviewer's first impression of you. While the essence of a job interview is to evaluate your skills, experience, and fit for the position, human interactions are complex, and non-verbal signals can have a subconscious impact on perceptions and decisions. Immediate Impact on First Impressions: When you greet your interviewer and begin speaking, your breath is part of your very first interaction. First impressions are formed within seconds, and bad breath can unfortunately be a distracting factor, potentially overshadowing the positive aspects of your introduction. Influence on the Interviewer's Comfort: Communication during an interview is a two-way street. If bad breath is present, it can create an unconscious discomfort for the interviewer, which might affect the flow of the conversation and the overall mood of the interview. Even though professional settings aim to minimize personal biases, comfort levels can influence rapport and engagement. Reflection on Personal Hygiene and Attention to Detail: Interviewers often look for candidates who exhibit attention to detail and good personal hygiene, as these qualities can reflect one's approach to work. Bad breath might be incorrectly perceived as a lack of self-care, which could raise concerns about a candidate's professionalism and their fit within a team or customer-facing roles. Impact on Self-Confidence: Knowing you have bad breath can also affect your self-confidence during the interview. If you're self-conscious about your breath, it might distract you from focusing fully on the questions, potentially hindering your ability to present your thoughts clearly and confidently. Mitigating Negative Perceptions: It's crucial to understand that while bad breath can have an impact, it's also a common issue that many people experience. Addressing it head-on by ensuring good oral hygiene practices can prevent it from becoming a factor in your interviews. Simple steps like brushing your teeth before the interview, using mouthwash, or having a mint can help mitigate any negative effects and allow you to focus on showcasing your qualifications. In essence, while bad breath is a natural occurrence, its presence in a job interview setting can have unintended consequences on the interviewer's perception and the overall outcome. Being aware of this and taking proactive steps to ensure fresh breath can help you make the best possible impression, allowing your skills and professionalism to be the focal points of the interview. Bad breath, or halitosis, can stem from various sources, ranging from dietary choices to dental health issues. Understanding these causes can empower you to implement strategies to prevent it, ensuring that your oral hygiene supports your success in job interviews. Dietary Factors: Certain foods, like onions, garlic, and spicy dishes, can contribute to bad breath. These foods, once digested, enter your bloodstream, are carried to your lungs, and affect the air you exhale. Before an interview, it's wise to avoid these types of foods and opt for a meal that is less likely to impact your breath. Oral Hygiene Practices: The buildup of bacteria in your mouth, particularly on your tongue, between your teeth, and along your gum line, can produce odors. Regular brushing, flossing, and tongue scraping are crucial in removing food particles and bacteria that cause bad breath. Ensure you have a thorough oral hygiene routine on the day of your interview. Dry Mouth: Saliva helps cleanse your mouth and remove particles that cause bad odors. A dry mouth can exacerbate bad breath, so staying hydrated is key. Drink plenty of water before your interview and avoid caffeine or alcohol, which can dehydrate you. Tobacco Products: Smoking or using other tobacco products can contribute to bad breath. If you're a smoker, try to avoid smoking before your interview, as the smell of tobacco can linger on your breath and clothes. Medical Conditions: Sometimes, bad breath can be a sign of underlying health issues, such as gum disease, diabetes, sinus conditions, or gastric reflux. If you're concerned about persistent bad breath, it's a good idea to consult with a healthcare professional to rule out any medical causes. Pre-Interview Preparations: On the day of the interview, brush your teeth thoroughly, use floss, and consider a mouthwash that kills bacteria rather than just masking the smell. A quick check in the mirror to ensure nothing is stuck between your teeth and having mints or chewing gum on hand (used before the interview, not during) can also help maintain fresh breath. Bad breath can be influenced by a variety of factors, but with the right strategies, it can be effectively managed. Being proactive about your oral hygiene and mindful of your diet and habits before an interview can help ensure that your breath doesn't become a distraction, allowing you to focus on making a strong, positive impression. Definitely, enhancing your oral hygiene not only contributes to your overall health but also significantly boosts your confidence during job interviews, impacting the impressions you make and potentially influencing the outcome in your favor. Boosting Self-Esteem: Knowing that your breath is fresh and your teeth are clean and healthy can provide a considerable boost in self-esteem. This confidence is visible in the way you speak, smile, and present yourself, making you appear more poised and self-assured during the interview process. Investing in Professional Dental Care: While maintaining a daily oral hygiene routine is crucial, visiting a dentist for regular check-ups and cleanings is equally important. Investing in professional dental care ensures that any potential issues are addressed before they become problematic. Yes, there might be costs involved, but these should be viewed as an investment in your personal and professional development. The confidence gained from having a healthy smile and fresh breath can significantly impact your interview performance, potentially leading to job offers or promotions that can easily offset the initial dental expenses. The Value of a Good Dentist: Choosing a reputable dentist who provides comprehensive care is vital. A good dentist can offer preventive advice, professional cleanings, and treatments that enhance your oral health, thereby boosting your confidence. The relationship you build with your dentist is an investment in your long-term health and professional success. Impact on Interviews: In the context of job interviews, your smile and fresh breath can subtly communicate that you are meticulous, well-prepared, and attentive to detail—qualities that are attractive to potential employers. When you feel good about your smile, you're more likely to engage fully, answer questions more effectively, and showcase your true potential. Long-term Professional Benefits: The benefits of good oral health extend far beyond the interview room. A confident smile can be an asset in all professional interactions, potentially influencing career advancement and networking opportunities. The costs associated with dental care can be viewed in light of the long-term advantages: a small price for the substantial benefits of increased professional opportunities and the potential financial rewards they bring. Prioritizing oral hygiene and professional dental care is a strategic investment in your personal presentation and professional future. The confidence derived from having a healthy smile is invaluable, not just for acing job interviews but also for advancing in your chosen career path. The expenses related to maintaining good oral health are an investment that pays dividends in the form of professional opportunities and personal satisfaction. In wrapping up our exploration of how oral health impacts job interview success, it's clear that the condition of your teeth and breath plays a more significant role than many might anticipate. From making that crucial first impression to sustaining a positive, confident demeanor throughout the interview process, the state of your oral health can subtly yet profoundly influence the perceptions and decisions of potential employers. First Impressions Matter: The journey of a job interview begins the moment you step into the room, where first impressions are quickly formed. Bad breath can be an unintended barrier, potentially skewing the interviewer's impression regardless of your qualifications or the strength of your resume. Addressing oral health issues, therefore, becomes not just a matter of personal hygiene but a critical component of your interview preparation. Underlying Causes and Prevention: Understanding the causes of bad breath and taking proactive measures to prevent it are key to ensuring that your oral hygiene supports rather than hinders your professional presentation. Simple steps like mindful eating, thorough oral care routines, and regular dental check-ups can mitigate the risk of bad breath, helping you approach interviews with assurance. Investing in Your Smile: Viewing dental care as an investment rather than an expense is a paradigm shift that can have far-reaching implications for your professional life. Regular visits to a reputable dentist not only maintain your oral health but also bolster your confidence, which is invaluable in interview settings and beyond. The costs associated with professional dental care are an investment in your future, with potential returns ranging from job offers to career advancement, easily outweighing the initial outlay. Confidence is Key: Ultimately, the confidence derived from good oral health is priceless. It enhances your ability to communicate effectively, present yourself assertively, and engage fully with interviewers, thereby increasing your chances of making a lasting positive impression. This confidence extends beyond the interview room, influencing various aspects of your professional and personal life. In conclusion, while your qualifications, experience, and the way you articulate your responses are paramount, never underestimate the power of a confident smile and fresh breath in a job interview. By prioritizing your oral health and addressing any issues with professional dental care, you're not just investing in your smile but also in your future success in the professional realm. The link between oral health and job interview outcomes is a testament to the holistic nature of personal presentation, underscoring the importance of a comprehensive approach to interview preparation. Enhancing your oral hygiene not only contributes to your overall health but also significantly boosts your confidence during job interviews, impacting the impressions you make and potentially influencing the outcome in your favor.
We often forget that everything in our body is connected. If you have pain in your back, it's not uncommon for the ache to stem from a problem with your feet. If you're experiencing pain in two different areas at the same time, it's important to consider how one area might be affecting the other. Can neck pain cause headaches? December 26th, 2023How (and where) to get a fall risk assessment December 16th, 2023Falling is a common type of incident, but they are always scary to experience. Some falls cause no injuries, allowing you to quickly bounce back onto your feet. But if you fall on a rough surface or land awkwardly, it can cause painful injuries that don't always heal in the blink of an eye. Many Pain behind the knee when walking: What causes it December 5th, 2023When you're experiencing pain in any part of your leg, such as your knee, it can make you want to stay off your feet all day. But did you know that the average American walks up to 4,000 steps a day? If you feel an ache behind your knee while you're walking, each of those
Waste Not Watt Not \| Fertile future for Ealing's food waste Ealing has become the first London borough to turn all its food waste into organic fertiliser and generate renewable energy. Ealing Council is now sending hundreds of tonnes of leftovers every month to the Biogen anaerobic digestion (AD) plant in Bedfordshire, following a successful trial. AD is a way of recycling food waste into green energy and organic fertiliser. This reduces the amount of food waste that would otherwise end up in landfill sites and produce harmful greenhouse gases. Keith Townsend, Ealing Council's Executive Director of Environment and Customer Services, said: "We have signed up to this scheme as part of our commitment to being environmentally friendly, and tackling climate change. Recycling rates have soared across the borough over recent months and it's a great achievement for Ealing to be the first Council to be recycling all of its food waste in the most environmentally efficient way possible." The Council has been collecting residents' food leftovers since 2006 as part of the weekly recycling collection. In 2007 it began a six-month trial in partnership with waste management company Cawleys and BIOGEN. Cawleys handle the bulk collection of Ealing's waste and deliver it to BIOGEN's Bedfordshire based AD plant. April 16, 2008 \|
Hey, curious reader! Ever wondered if the machine learning market has reached its saturation point? Well, you're in the right place. In this article, we'll explore whether the machine learning market is flooded with competitors and if there's still room for growth and innovation. So, sit tight and let's dig into the fascinating world of machine learning and its market saturation. Definition of machine learning Explanation of machine learning Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on developing computer systems capable of learning and improving from data, without being explicitly programmed. In simple terms, it is the process of training a computer algorithm to make predictions, identify patterns, and generate insights by analyzing large amounts of data. This technology allows computers to automatically adjust their performance based on new information, without the need for manual intervention or reprogramming. Importance of machine learning in various industries Machine learning has become increasingly important in various industries due to its ability to uncover valuable insights from vast amounts of data. It has the potential to revolutionize fields such as healthcare, finance, retail, autonomous vehicles, cybersecurity, manufacturing, and supply chain management. By leveraging machine learning algorithms, businesses can make more informed decisions, improve operational efficiency, enhance customer experiences, detect anomalies, and drive innovation. Overview of the machine learning market Current market size of machine learning The machine learning market has experienced significant growth in recent years and is projected to continue expanding rapidly. According to a report by Market Research Future, the global machine learning market was valued at $8.43 billion in 2019 and is expected to reach $117.19 billion by 2025, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 40.4% during the forecast period. Growth rate of the machine learning market The growth rate of the machine learning market is primarily driven by advancements in technology, increasing demand for predictive analytics, and growing investments in machine learning startups. The market is witnessing exponential growth, fueled by the rising adoption of machine learning in various industries and the development of advanced algorithms and frameworks. Trends and developments in the machine learning market The machine learning market is constantly evolving, with several trends and developments shaping its landscape. One major trend is the increasing adoption of deep learning, a subset of machine learning that focuses on training algorithms to recognize and understand complex patterns by simulating the structure and function of the human brain. Another significant development is the integration of machine learning into edge devices and Internet of Things (IoT) devices, enabling real-time data analysis and decision-making at the network edge. This image is property of www.emergenresearch.com. Key players in the machine learning market Major companies dominating the market The machine learning market is dominated by several major companies that have been at the forefront of developing innovative machine learning solutions. These companies include Google, Microsoft, IBM, Amazon, and Facebook. They have the resources, expertise, and infrastructure to invest significantly in research and development, pushing the boundaries of machine learning capabilities and setting industry standards. Startups and emerging players Alongside established players, there is a vibrant ecosystem of startups and emerging players contributing to the machine learning market. These startups often focus on niche applications or specific industries, providing tailored solutions to meet unique requirements. Some notable startups in the machine learning space include DataRobot, Databricks, C3.ai, and Dataminr. These startups bring fresh perspectives and innovative approaches to the market, driving competition and fostering technological advancements. Competition within the market Competition within the machine learning market is fierce, with companies striving to differentiate themselves through superior algorithms, better data management, user-friendly interfaces, and comprehensive offerings. The market is characterized by rapid innovation, partnerships, mergers, and acquisitions, as companies seek to expand their capabilities and strengthen their market position. As the demand for machine learning solutions continues to increase, competition is expected to intensify, leading to further advancements and new market entrants. Applications of machine learning Machine learning in the healthcare industry Machine learning has vast potential in transforming the healthcare industry. It can be employed for medical diagnosis, predicting disease outbreaks, drug discovery, personalized medicine, and improving patient outcomes. By analyzing patient data, medical images, and electronic health records, machine learning algorithms can identify patterns, detect anomalies, and assist healthcare professionals in making accurate diagnoses and treatment decisions. This technology has the potential to revolutionize healthcare delivery, improve patient care, and save lives. Machine learning in the finance sector The finance sector has embraced machine learning for a wide range of applications, including fraud detection, risk assessment, algorithmic trading, credit scoring, and customer relationship management. Machine learning algorithms can analyze vast amounts of financial data, identify patterns, and detect anomalies or suspicious activities in real-time. By automating repetitive tasks and providing data-driven insights, machine learning enables financial institutions to make better-informed decisions, prevent fraud, reduce operational costs, and enhance customer satisfaction. Machine learning in retail and e-commerce Machine learning has transformed the retail and e-commerce industry by enabling personalized recommendations, demand forecasting, inventory optimization, dynamic pricing, and customer sentiment analysis. By analyzing customer behavior, purchase history, and market trends, machine learning algorithms can tailor product recommendations and promotions to individual customers, enhancing their shopping experience and driving sales. Additionally, machine learning algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data to predict product demand, optimize inventory levels, and dynamically adjust pricing strategies, allowing retailers to maximize profits and minimize stockouts. Machine learning in autonomous vehicles Machine learning plays a critical role in enabling the development of autonomous vehicles. By analyzing sensor data, machine learning algorithms can interpret complex environments, recognize objects, predict trajectories, and make real-time decisions. This technology allows autonomous vehicles to navigate safely, respond to dynamic situations, and adapt to changing road conditions. Machine learning is also crucial for developing advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), which enhance driver safety and reduce the risk of accidents. Machine learning in cybersecurity With the increasing frequency and sophistication of cyberattacks, machine learning has become an essential tool for cybersecurity. Machine learning algorithms can analyze large volumes of network traffic, detect anomalies, identify malicious patterns, and predict future attacks. By continuously learning from new data and adapting to evolving threats, machine learning can enhance the effectiveness of cybersecurity measures, automate threat detection and response, and reduce the impact of cyber breaches. Furthermore, machine learning can assist in identifying vulnerabilities, optimizing security protocols, and ensuring compliance with data protection regulations. Machine learning in manufacturing and supply chain Machine learning has the potential to revolutionize manufacturing and supply chain operations by improving efficiency, optimizing processes, and enabling predictive maintenance. By analyzing data from sensors, historical performance, and external factors, machine learning algorithms can identify patterns, predict equipment failures, and optimize production schedules. This technology enables manufacturers to minimize downtime, reduce costs, increase product quality, and enhance supply chain visibility. Machine learning can also facilitate demand forecasting, inventory management, and predictive analytics for supply chain optimization, ensuring timely delivery and customer satisfaction. This image is property of i.ytimg.com. Potential benefits and challenges Advantages of using machine learning The utilization of machine learning offers several advantages to businesses across various industries. Some of the key benefits include: Enhanced decision-making: Machine learning algorithms can analyze complex data sets, identify patterns, and deliver accurate insights, enabling businesses to make data-driven, informed decisions. Automation of tasks: Machine learning can automate repetitive tasks, reducing manual effort and improving operational efficiency. Improved customer experiences: Through personalization and tailored recommendations, machine learning can enhance customer satisfaction, loyalty, and engagement. Increased productivity: Machine learning algorithms can optimize processes, streamline workflows, and identify bottlenecks, leading to improved productivity and resource utilization. Cost reduction: By automating tasks and optimizing processes, machine learning can help reduce operational costs, improve efficiency, and increase profitability. Challenges faced by businesses in implementing machine learning While the benefits of machine learning are immense, there are also challenges that businesses must navigate when implementing this technology: Data quality and availability: Machine learning algorithms heavily rely on high-quality and well-labeled data. Obtaining such data can be challenging, as it requires extensive data collection, cleaning, and preprocessing. Skilled professionals: The shortage of skilled professionals with expertise in machine learning is a significant challenge for businesses. Hiring and retaining talented individuals who can develop, deploy, and maintain machine learning models can be difficult. Ethical considerations: Machine learning models can inadvertently perpetuate bias or discrimination if trained on biased data. Businesses must ensure the ethical use of machine learning and implement fairness and transparency measures. Data privacy and security: Machine learning algorithms require access to sensitive and confidential data. Ensuring the privacy and security of this data, as well as complying with data protection regulations, poses significant challenges for businesses. Interpretability and explainability: Machine learning models often operate as black boxes, making it difficult to understand and explain their decision-making processes. This lack of interpretability can hinder adoption and regulatory compliance. Market saturation analysis Definition of market saturation Market saturation refers to a point in the market lifecycle where the demand for a product or service reaches its peak and levels off. At this stage, the majority of potential customers have already adopted the product, and the market becomes saturated with competitors vying for the remaining share of customers. Factors affecting market saturation Several factors can influence market saturation, including: Adoption rate: The speed at which customers adopt a new technology or product can impact the saturation level. Rapid adoption may accelerate saturation, while slower adoption can delay saturation. Market competition: The number and strength of competitors in the market can affect saturation. High competition can lead to faster saturation as companies vie for market share. Market size and target audience: The size of the market and the target audience can influence saturation. Smaller markets may reach saturation earlier than larger markets. Technological advancements: The introduction of new technologies or disruptive innovations can accelerate market saturation as customers switch to newer, more advanced solutions. Indicators of a saturated market Several indicators can signal a saturated market, such as: Slowing growth rates: When the growth rate of a market begins to plateau or decline, it may indicate that the market is becoming saturated. Intense price competition: As the market becomes saturated, companies may engage in pricing wars to maintain or gain market share, resulting in lower profit margins. High customer churn rate: In a saturated market, customers have more options to choose from. If customer loyalty decreases, leading to a high churn rate, it may indicate saturation. Market consolidation: As the market nears saturation, mergers, acquisitions, and industry consolidation can occur as companies seek to solidify their positions and gain a competitive edge. Comparison of machine learning market saturation to other industries While the machine learning market has experienced phenomenal growth, it is not yet saturated. The demand for machine learning solutions is still growing, driven by the need for data-driven decision-making, automation, and predictive analytics across various industries. Compared to more mature industries such as telecommunications or traditional software development, the machine learning market still has substantial room for expansion. Expert opinions on machine learning market saturation Experts in the field of machine learning generally believe that the market is far from being saturated. The increasing complexity of business challenges, the exponential growth of data, and the continuous advancements in machine learning algorithms all contribute to the market's potential for growth. As machine learning becomes more accessible, scalable, and easier to integrate into existing systems, the demand is expected to continue rising, creating new opportunities for innovation and market expansion. This image is property of miro.medium.com. Factors driving the growth of the machine learning market Increasing demand for predictive analytics Businesses across industries are increasingly recognizing the value of predictive analytics in gaining a competitive advantage. Machine learning algorithms enable accurate predictions and insights based on historical data, helping organizations make strategic decisions, optimize processes, and improve business outcomes. The rising demand for predictive analytics is a key driver of the growth of the machine learning market. Rapid advancements in technology Technological advancements in hardware, data storage, cloud computing, and software frameworks have significantly contributed to the growth of the machine learning market. Improved computational power, availability of big data, and the development of sophisticated algorithms have made machine learning more accessible and scalable. These advancements enable organizations to leverage machine learning for a wide range of applications, driving market growth. Growing investments in machine learning startups Investments in machine learning startups have surged in recent years, fueling innovation and driving the growth of the market. Venture capital firms and investors recognize the potential of machine learning technology and its ability to disrupt various industries. Funding and support for startups focused on machine learning have facilitated the development of cutting-edge solutions, expanding the market and driving competition. Factors hindering the growth of the machine learning market Lack of skilled professionals The shortage of skilled professionals in machine learning is a significant challenge for the market's growth. As the demand for machine learning expertise increases, businesses face difficulties in hiring and retaining talented individuals. The complexity of machine learning algorithms and the need for domain knowledge further exacerbate the shortage. Addressing this skills gap is crucial for the sustained growth of the machine learning market. Data privacy and security concerns Data privacy and security concerns pose challenges to the widespread adoption of machine learning. As machine learning algorithms require access to vast amounts of data, organizations must ensure the protection and privacy of sensitive information. Data breaches, regulatory compliance, and the ethical use of data are pressing concerns that need to be addressed to foster trust and confidence in machine learning solutions. High costs of implementing machine learning Implementing machine learning infrastructure, acquiring high-quality data, and hiring skilled professionals can be costly. Smaller businesses may face financial barriers to deploying machine learning at scale, limiting their ability to leverage its potential. Managing the costs associated with training, maintaining, and upgrading machine learning models is a challenge that organizations must address to fully exploit the benefits of this technology. This image is property of www.actuia.com. Future prospects of the machine learning market Potential growth opportunities The machine learning market presents numerous growth opportunities in various industries. As machine learning algorithms continue to evolve, their potential applications will become more widespread. For example, in healthcare, machine learning can be further utilized for early disease detection, drug discovery, and precision medicine. In manufacturing, machine learning can enable predictive maintenance, quality control, and supply chain optimization. The combinations of machine learning with emerging technologies such as IoT, blockchain, and edge computing will unlock new possibilities, driving further growth in the market. Emerging trends in machine learning Several emerging trends are shaping the future of the machine learning market. These include: Explainable AI: Increasing attention is being given to developing machine learning models that are explainable, transparent, and interpretable. This addresses concerns over biased decision-making and enables better transparency and accountability. Federated learning: The rise of privacy concerns has led to the development of federated learning, where machine learning models are trained across multiple devices or systems without sharing raw data. This approach allows organizations to leverage shared insights while ensuring data privacy. Automated machine learning (AutoML): AutoML aims to automate the process of developing and deploying machine learning models, enabling even non-experts to leverage the power of machine learning. This democratizes machine learning and reduces the dependence on highly skilled professionals. Forecasted market size and growth rate The machine learning market is projected to continue its rapid growth in the coming years. According to various market research reports, the market is expected to reach significant milestones by 2025. The forecasts indicate that the market size could range from $117.19 billion to $190 billion, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) between 30% and 40%. These projections highlight the substantial growth potential and opportunities that lie ahead in the machine learning market. The machine learning market is experiencing rapid growth, driven by increasing demand for predictive analytics, advancements in technology, and growing investments in startups. While the market is continuously evolving, it is far from being saturated, with significant opportunities for expansion in various industries. However, challenges such as the shortage of skilled professionals, data privacy concerns, and high implementation costs need to be addressed to fully unlock the potential of machine learning. As the market continues to grow, it is crucial for businesses to stay abreast of the latest trends, invest in research and development, and leverage machine learning to gain a competitive edge in a data-driven world. The future of the machine learning market remains promising, with immense potential for innovation and transformative growth. This image is property of www.grandviewresearch.com.
How much does a pet fox cost The internet is saturated with pictures of pet foxes. They're beautiful and fluffy and seem like they would be an ideal companion. However, there are many hidden costs associated with owning a fox, many of which are not usually taken into consideration when deciding whether to purchase one. The cost of a fox. The cost of a fox is about $100. The cost of a fox depends on the breed and age of the animal, where it's purchased, and whether or not you have to pay for veterinary care. Some breeds are more expensive than others because they are rarer and therefore less available. For example, the Silver Fox has been bred in captivity since 1889 but is still considered to be very valuable because there aren't many of them out there! If you're looking for a Silver Fox as your pet, know that you'll probably end up paying $1500+. However if you don't mind waiting a little bit longer until it's old enough (the average age was 2 months old when adopted by humans), then this type won't be too difficult to find at all! Costs associated with the acquisition of a fox. The initial cost of raising a pet fox is likely to be higher than the costs associated with other pets, such as dogs or cats. The cost of obtaining a fox starts at around $1,000, but can run much higher depending on where you live and how much you want to invest in its care. In addition to the initial purchase price, there are several ongoing costs associated with owning a pet fox. You will need to provide it with fresh water every day and clean out its cage at least once per week. In addition, your pet will require vaccinations and regular checkups by an exotic animal veterinarian; these will generally cost between $50-$100 per visit depending on where you live. If your pet becomes ill or injured while under your care, additional treatment may be required; these costs will vary widely depending on what treatment is needed and where it's provided (for example: an emergency animal hospital vs private practice). Where can I get a fox? You will need to check your local laws before acquiring a fox. In some cities, owning a fox is illegal and can result in hefty fines or even jail time. Many states also have restrictions on which animals you can own as pets, so it's best to check your local laws before getting a pet fox (or any other exotic animal). If you're interested in buying from an individual rather than adopting from an official shelter or rescue organization, there are no regulations on the sale of wild animals across state lines. However, this does not mean that purchasing such an animal is legal in all areas—you'll still want to check with your city council first regarding whether they allow private ownership of wild animals within their jurisdiction. If they do allow it, then ask around at local stores that sell exotic pets including breeders who might be able to recommend reputable breeders in the area where they live and work. Health considerations when owning a fox. As you can imagine, not only are foxes expensive to purchase but they also require a lot of care. Before even bringing one home, you should typically expect to pay around $1,000 for the initial cost of a fox. This includes: - Vet visits - Medications - Food and bedding - Cage or enclosure If you are planning on taking your new pet out in public often—especially if it is not well trained yet—you will need to factor in the costs of training classes and professional grooming services. Foxes also require toys for playtime! Veterinary requirements. You'll need to budget for these requirements in addition to your pet fox's purchase price: - Vaccinations, deworming and flea control (if needed) - Spaying or neutering your pet fox - Vet visits for routine care as well as sicknesses and injuries (including teeth cleaning) Foxes are adorable, but they can be costly to keep as pets. Foxes are adorable, but they can be costly to keep as pets. They're not easy to care for either. They need regular vet visits and vaccinations just like cats and dogs do. They also need daily exercise and playtime to keep them happy, healthy, and well-adjusted. And if you have any other animals living with you at home—especially small children or elderly relatives—you should think twice before adopting a fox into your family because foxes can bite or even cause serious injuries if they get agitated enough by another animal or person in their presence." As you can see, foxes are not cheap pets. You need a lot of space, lots of time to play with them and train them (and they're very smart!), and a budget for veterinary care. If you do decide to get one, be sure to research how it will affect your life and what you'll need before bringing home this new little bundle of fur!
The Internet of Things: A Game-changer in the Digital Era In today's digital age, connectivity is at the core of our daily lives. The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a transformative force, connecting an unprecedented number of devices and revolutionizing various industries. IoT refers to the network of physical objects, embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity, enabling them to collect and exchange data. From smart homes and wearables to industrial applications and healthcare systems, IoT has the potential to reshape how we live, work, and interact with the world. Unlocking the Potential with IoT Devices IoT devices are the building blocks of this interconnected ecosystem. These devices, often small and unassuming, play a crucial role in capturing and transmitting data. From environmental sensors monitoring air quality to fitness trackers recording our heart rate, IoT devices are transforming how we perceive and interact with our surroundings. The sheer diversity and versatility of IoT devices make them valuable assets across industries. Learn more about the topic in this external resource we've prepared for you. https://cloutra.com/! Protocols: Enabling Seamless Communication For IoT devices to function seamlessly within the network, protocols serve as the language enabling communication and data exchange. These protocols determine how devices connect, interact, and share information with each other. Multiple protocols exist within the IoT landscape, each with its specific strengths and limitations. Some of the most widely used IoT protocols include: Industry Applications of IoT Devices and Protocols IoT devices and protocols have found applications in a wide range of industries, promising enhanced efficiency, productivity, and convenience. Let's explore a few notable examples: 1. Healthcare: In the healthcare sector, IoT devices and protocols offer numerous benefits. From wearables monitoring vital signs and real-time health data to connected medical devices enabling remote diagnostics, IoT revolutionizes patient care. It enables healthcare professionals to make data-driven decisions, improve treatment outcomes, and enhance patient experiences. 2. Smart Homes and Energy Management: The implementation of IoT devices and protocols in smart homes allows homeowners to control various aspects of their living environment remotely. From smart thermostats that optimize energy consumption to connected security systems offering enhanced safety, IoT enables homeowners to create efficient and secure living spaces. 3. Industrial IoT (IIoT): The industrial sector has embraced the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) to optimize operations, improve safety, and reduce costs. IoT devices and protocols enable real-time monitoring of equipment, predictive maintenance, and efficient resource allocation. By harnessing the power of data, IIoT empowers industries to enhance productivity and streamline processes. 4. Agriculture: In the agricultural sector, IoT devices and protocols offer innovative solutions for precision farming. By utilizing connected sensors, farmers can monitor soil conditions, deploy irrigation systems, and automate crop management tasks. This data-driven approach enhances crop yields, conserves resources, and minimizes environmental impact. Challenges and Future Developments While the proliferation of IoT devices and protocols presents numerous opportunities, challenges must also be addressed. Key concerns include data security, privacy, interoperability, and scalability. As the number of interconnected devices continues to grow exponentially, these challenges require robust solutions. Looking ahead, the future development of IoT devices and protocols holds great promise. Advancements in areas such as 5G connectivity, artificial intelligence, and edge computing will further enhance the capabilities and reach of IoT. These developments will enable faster data transmission, more sophisticated analytics, and greater automation, driving innovation across industries. Ultimately, the rise of IoT devices and protocols is transforming our digital landscape. From connected homes to smart cities, the possibilities are vast. As these technologies continue to evolve, it is essential to foster collaboration, invest in research and development, and create a framework that prioritizes privacy and security. By harnessing the potential of IoT, we can create a future that is not only interconnected, but also sustainable, efficient, and inclusive. To ensure a well-rounded educational experience, we suggest this external source packed with supplementary and pertinent data. Read more about this topic here, uncover fresh perspectives related to the subject discussed. Complete your reading by visiting the related posts we've selected to broaden your understanding of the subject: Read this interesting document
Understanding 3D Photography The beauty of 3D photography is its ability to mimic our human perception of depth, offering a multi-dimensional viewpoint that is extremely realistic. It becomes more than just a flat image; it becomes a window into a different reality. I must say, that's what I love about 3D photography. It makes me recall the days when I first stepped into the world of snaps and flashes. The use of 3D in photography brings the captured moment to life. It gives the viewer the impression of actually being there, within the scene, experiencing it firsthand. It's quite a step away from traditional photography. We've come a long way from sepia-toned film rolls to multi-dimensional photos. One thing to understand about 3D photography is that it simulates binocular vision. This is the same mechanism by which your eyes perceive depth. With 3D photography, two simultaneous photos are taken from slightly offset positions. The two photographs are then viewed together, creating a perception of depth. Trust me, understanding this principle is key to working with 3D photography. Just to be clear, there's a fine line between a 3D photo and a stereoscopic photo. In fact, 3D photos are a subset of stereoscopic photos. What differentiates a 3D photo is its high-quality depth element that offers an illusion of reality which a stereoscopic photo cannot reach. This is amazing for creating immersive images that really draw in your viewer. Equipment for 3D Photography To engage in 3D photography, you would need some specific equipment: - Dual camera rig: This rig holds two cameras side by side reflecting the visual set up of human eyes. It is essentially the base for 3D photography. - Stereo camera: These are unique cameras designed to take stereo images at a single click. - Separate Lenses: Some photographers prefer to take two images simultaneously using separate lenses rather than a stereo camera. The images are then fused together using software to create the 3D effect. Yet, 3D photography isn't all about the equipment. No, it's more about the perspective. Knowing how to use these tools to create a composition that draws in the viewer is key. And believe me when I say it, the more you practice, the better you will become. Software for 3D Photography When it comes to 3D photography, the right software can make your work a lot easier. I've had experiences using various sort of software, and trust me, they can truly transform your 3D photos. There are a few out there that can work flawlessly. For instance, there's Adobe Photoshop which has some built-in tools that might come in handy. These include automatic 3D layer creation and viewing anaglyphs adjustments among others. Other impactful ones are StereoPhoto Maker and 3DCombine, which can help you take your 3D photography to a whole new level. Usefulness of 3D Photography 3D photography holds a vast array of applications. As a photographer, I've seen it being used in different fields, from real estate to e-commerce, to medical imaging. That's the versatility of 3D photography. In real estate, it's used to create interactive walkthroughs. In e-commerce, 3D photos enhance customer experiences by offering a complete view of the product. In medical imaging, 3D photos aid diagnoses. And the list goes on. When it comes to 3D photography, I almost see it as a tool that brings flat images to life, breathing new perspectives into them. Final thoughts I want to stress that learning 3D photography does take effort, but the results are rewarding. There's an incredible sense of fulfillment in seeing your work come to life – surreal yet believable. It's a journey of constant learning and improvement. It's about capturing the world around us in a new, innovative way.
Articles \| Volume 15, issue 14 © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Resource and physiological constraints on global crop production enhancements from atmospheric particulate matter and nitrogen deposition Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Colette L. Heald Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA David Kelly University of Chicago Computation Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA Related authors Qing Ying, Benjamin Poulter, Jennifer D. Watts, Kyle A. Arndt, Anna-Maria Virkkala, Lori Bruhwiler, Youmi Oh, Brendan M. Rogers, Susan M. Natali, Hilary Sullivan, Luke D. Schiferl, Clayton Elder, Olli Peltola, Annett Bartsch, Amanda Armstrong, Ankur R. Desai, Eugénie Euskirchen, Mathias Göckede, Bernhard Lehner, Mats B. Nilsson, Matthias Peichl, Oliver Sonnentag, Eeva-Stiina Tuittila, Torsten Sachs, Aram Kalhori, Masahito Ueyama, and Zhen Zhang Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-84, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-84, 2024 Preprint under review for ESSD Short summary Short summary We present daily methane fluxes of northern wetlands at 10-km resolution during 2016–2022 (WetCH4) derived from a novel machine-learning framework with improved accuracy. We estimated an average annual CH4 emissions of 20.8 ±2.1 Tg CH4 yr-1. Emissions were intensified in 2016, 2020, and 2022, with the largest interannual variations coming from West Siberia. Continued, all-season tower observations and improved soil moisture products are needed for future improvement of CH4 upscaling. Sarah M. Ludwig, Luke Schiferl, Jacqueline Hung, Susan M. Natali, and Roisin Commane Biogeosciences, 21, 1301–1321, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1301-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1301-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary Landscapes are often assumed to be homogeneous when using eddy covariance fluxes, which can lead to biases when calculating carbon budgets. In this study we report eddy covariance carbon fluxes from heterogeneous tundra. We used the footprints of each flux observation to unmix the fluxes coming from components of the landscape. We identified and quantified hot spots of carbon emissions in the landscape. Accurately scaling with landscape heterogeneity yielded half as much regional carbon uptake. Luke D. Schiferl, Cong Cao, Bronte Dalton, Andrew Hallward-Driemeier, Ricardo Toledo-Crow, and Róisín Commane EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-83, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-83, 2024 Short summary Short summary Carbon monoxide (CO) is an air pollutant and an important indicator of the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels in cities. Using four years of winter and spring observations in New York City, we found that both the magnitude and variability of CO from the metropolitan area are greater than expected. Transportation emissions cannot explain the missing and variable CO, which points to energy from buildings as a likely underappreciated source of urban air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Luke D. Schiferl, Jennifer D. Watts, Erik J. L. Larson, Kyle A. Arndt, Sébastien C. Biraud, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Jordan P. Goodrich, John M. Henderson, Aram Kalhori, Kathryn McKain, Marikate E. Mountain, J. William Munger, Walter C. Oechel, Colm Sweeney, Yonghong Yi, Donatella Zona, and Róisín Commane Biogeosciences, 19, 5953–5972, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5953-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5953-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary As the Arctic rapidly warms, vast stores of thawing permafrost could release carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. We combined observations of atmospheric CO2 concentrations from aircraft and a tower with observed CO2 fluxes from tundra ecosystems and found that the Alaskan North Slope in not a consistent source nor sink of CO2. Our study shows the importance of using both site-level and atmospheric measurements to constrain regional net CO2 fluxes and improve biogenic processes in models. Colm Sweeney, Abhishek Chatterjee, Sonja Wolter, Kathryn McKain, Robert Bogue, Stephen Conley, Tim Newberger, Lei Hu, Lesley Ott, Benjamin Poulter, Luke Schiferl, Brad Weir, Zhen Zhang, and Charles E. Miller Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6347–6364, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6347-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6347-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary The Arctic Carbon Atmospheric Profiles (Arctic-CAP) project demonstrates the utility of aircraft profiles for independent evaluation of model-derived emissions and uptake of atmospheric CO2, CH4, and CO from land and ocean. Comparison with the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) modeling system suggests that fluxes of CO2 are very consistent with observations, while those of CH4 have some regional and seasonal biases, and that CO comparison is complicated by transport errors. Maria Tzortziou, Charlotte F. Kwong, Daniel Goldberg, Luke Schiferl, Róisín Commane, Nader Abuhassan, James J. Szykman, and Lukas C. Valin Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2399–2417, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2399-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2399-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary The COVID-19 pandemic created an extreme natural experiment in which sudden changes in human behavior significantly impacted urban air quality. Using a combination of model, satellite, and ground-based data, we examine the impact of multiple waves and phases of the pandemic on atmospheric nitrogen pollution in the New York metropolitan area, and address the role of weather as a key driver of high pollution episodes observed even during – and despite – the stringent early lockdowns. Yenny Gonzalez, Róisín Commane, Ethan Manninen, Bruce C. Daube, Luke D. Schiferl, J. Barry McManus, Kathryn McKain, Eric J. Hintsa, James W. Elkins, Stephen A. Montzka, Colm Sweeney, Fred Moore, Jose L. Jimenez, Pedro Campuzano Jost, Thomas B. Ryerson, Ilann Bourgeois, Jeff Peischl, Chelsea R. Thompson, Eric Ray, Paul O. Wennberg, John Crounse, Michelle Kim, Hannah M. Allen, Paul A. Newman, Britton B. Stephens, Eric C. Apel, Rebecca S. Hornbrook, Benjamin A. Nault, Eric Morgan, and Steven C. Wofsy Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11113–11132, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11113-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11113-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary Vertical profiles of N2O and a variety of chemical species and aerosols were collected nearly from pole to pole over the oceans during the NASA Atmospheric Tomography mission. We observed that tropospheric N2O variability is strongly driven by the influence of stratospheric air depleted in N2O, especially at middle and high latitudes. We also traced the origins of biomass burning and industrial emissions and investigated their impact on the variability of tropospheric N2O. Eloise A. Marais, Daniel J. Jacob, Sungyeon Choi, Joanna Joiner, Maria Belmonte-Rivas, Ronald C. Cohen, Steffen Beirle, Lee T. Murray, Luke D. Schiferl, Viral Shah, and Lyatt Jaeglé Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 17017–17027, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17017-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17017-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary We intercompare two new products of global upper tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) retrieved from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). We evaluate these products with aircraft observations from NASA DC8 aircraft campaigns and interpret the useful information these products can provide about nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the global upper troposphere using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. Luke D. Schiferl and Colette L. Heald Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 5953–5966, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5953-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5953-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary Global population growth and industrialization have contributed to poor air quality worldwide, and increasing population will put pressure on global food production. We therefore assess how air pollution may impact crop growth. Ozone has previously been shown to damage crops. We demonstrate that the impact of particles associated with enhanced light scattering promotes growth, offsetting much, if not all, ozone damage. This has implications for air quality management and global food security. Luke D. Schiferl, Colette L. Heald, Martin Van Damme, Lieven Clarisse, Cathy Clerbaux, Pierre-François Coheur, John B. Nowak, J. Andrew Neuman, Scott C. Herndon, Joseph R. Roscioli, and Scott J. Eilerman Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12305–12328, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12305-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12305-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary This study combines new observations and a simulation to assess the interannual variability of atmospheric ammonia concentrations over the United States. The model generally underrepresents the observed variability. Nearly two-thirds of the simulated variability is caused by meteorology, twice that caused by regulations on fossil fuel combustion emissions. Adding ammonia emissions variability does not substantially improve the simulation and has little impact on summer particle concentrations. Jose Rafael Guarin, Jonas Jägermeyr, Elizabeth A. Ainsworth, Fabio A. A. Oliveira, Senthold Asseng, Kenneth Boote, Joshua Elliott, Lisa Emberson, Ian Foster, Gerrit Hoogenboom, David Kelly, Alex C. Ruane, and Katrina Sharps Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2547–2567, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2547-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2547-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary The effects of ozone (O3) stress on crop photosynthesis and leaf senescence were added to maize, rice, soybean, and wheat crop models. The modified models reproduced growth and yields under different O3 levels measured in field experiments and reported in the literature. The combined interactions between O3 and additional stresses were reproduced with the new models. These updated crop models can be used to simulate impacts of O3 stress under future climate change and air pollution scenarios. Qing Ying, Benjamin Poulter, Jennifer D. Watts, Kyle A. Arndt, Anna-Maria Virkkala, Lori Bruhwiler, Youmi Oh, Brendan M. Rogers, Susan M. Natali, Hilary Sullivan, Luke D. Schiferl, Clayton Elder, Olli Peltola, Annett Bartsch, Amanda Armstrong, Ankur R. Desai, Eugénie Euskirchen, Mathias Göckede, Bernhard Lehner, Mats B. Nilsson, Matthias Peichl, Oliver Sonnentag, Eeva-Stiina Tuittila, Torsten Sachs, Aram Kalhori, Masahito Ueyama, and Zhen Zhang Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-84, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-84, 2024 Preprint under review for ESSD Short summary Short summary We present daily methane fluxes of northern wetlands at 10-km resolution during 2016–2022 (WetCH4) derived from a novel machine-learning framework with improved accuracy. We estimated an average annual CH4 emissions of 20.8 ±2.1 Tg CH4 yr-1. Emissions were intensified in 2016, 2020, and 2022, with the largest interannual variations coming from West Siberia. Continued, all-season tower observations and improved soil moisture products are needed for future improvement of CH4 upscaling. Sarah M. Ludwig, Luke Schiferl, Jacqueline Hung, Susan M. Natali, and Roisin Commane Biogeosciences, 21, 1301–1321, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1301-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1301-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary Landscapes are often assumed to be homogeneous when using eddy covariance fluxes, which can lead to biases when calculating carbon budgets. In this study we report eddy covariance carbon fluxes from heterogeneous tundra. We used the footprints of each flux observation to unmix the fluxes coming from components of the landscape. We identified and quantified hot spots of carbon emissions in the landscape. Accurately scaling with landscape heterogeneity yielded half as much regional carbon uptake. Luke D. Schiferl, Cong Cao, Bronte Dalton, Andrew Hallward-Driemeier, Ricardo Toledo-Crow, and Róisín Commane EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-83, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-83, 2024 Short summary Short summary Carbon monoxide (CO) is an air pollutant and an important indicator of the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels in cities. Using four years of winter and spring observations in New York City, we found that both the magnitude and variability of CO from the metropolitan area are greater than expected. Transportation emissions cannot explain the missing and variable CO, which points to energy from buildings as a likely underappreciated source of urban air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Kevin J. Nihill, Matthew M. Coggon, Christopher Y. Lim, Abigail R. Koss, Bin Yuan, Jordan E. Krechmer, Kanako Sekimoto, Jose L. Jimenez, Joost de Gouw, Christopher D. Cappa, Colette L. Heald, Carsten Warneke, and Jesse H. Kroll Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7887–7899, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7887-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7887-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary In this work, we collect emissions from controlled burns of biomass fuels that can be found in the western United States into an environmental chamber in order to simulate their oxidation as they pass through the atmosphere. These findings provide a detailed characterization of the composition of the atmosphere downwind of wildfires. In turn, this will help to explore the effects of these changing emissions on downwind populations and will also directly inform atmospheric and climate models. Luke D. Schiferl, Jennifer D. Watts, Erik J. L. Larson, Kyle A. Arndt, Sébastien C. Biraud, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Jordan P. Goodrich, John M. Henderson, Aram Kalhori, Kathryn McKain, Marikate E. Mountain, J. William Munger, Walter C. Oechel, Colm Sweeney, Yonghong Yi, Donatella Zona, and Róisín Commane Biogeosciences, 19, 5953–5972, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5953-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5953-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary As the Arctic rapidly warms, vast stores of thawing permafrost could release carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. We combined observations of atmospheric CO2 concentrations from aircraft and a tower with observed CO2 fluxes from tundra ecosystems and found that the Alaskan North Slope in not a consistent source nor sink of CO2. Our study shows the importance of using both site-level and atmospheric measurements to constrain regional net CO2 fluxes and improve biogenic processes in models. Qing Ye, Matthew B. Goss, Jordan E. Krechmer, Francesca Majluf, Alexander Zaytsev, Yaowei Li, Joseph R. Roscioli, Manjula Canagaratna, Frank N. Keutsch, Colette L. Heald, and Jesse H. Kroll Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 16003–16015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-16003-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-16003-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary The atmospheric oxidation of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is a major natural source of sulfate particles in the atmosphere. However, its mechanism is poorly constrained. In our work, laboratory measurements and mechanistic modeling were conducted to comprehensively investigate DMS oxidation products and key reaction rates. We find that the peroxy radical (RO2) has a controlling effect on product distribution and aerosol yield, with the isomerization of RO2 leading to the suppression of aerosol yield. Therese S. Carter, Colette L. Heald, Jesse H. Kroll, Eric C. Apel, Donald Blake, Matthew Coggon, Achim Edtbauer, Georgios Gkatzelis, Rebecca S. Hornbrook, Jeff Peischl, Eva Y. Pfannerstill, Felix Piel, Nina G. Reijrink, Akima Ringsdorf, Carsten Warneke, Jonathan Williams, Armin Wisthaler, and Lu Xu Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12093–12111, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12093-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12093-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary Fires emit many gases which can contribute to smog and air pollution. However, the amount and properties of these chemicals are not well understood, so this work updates and expands their representation in a global atmospheric model, including by adding new chemicals. We confirm that this updated representation generally matches measurements taken in several fire regions. We then show that fires provide ~15 % of atmospheric reactivity globally and more than 75 % over fire source regions. Colm Sweeney, Abhishek Chatterjee, Sonja Wolter, Kathryn McKain, Robert Bogue, Stephen Conley, Tim Newberger, Lei Hu, Lesley Ott, Benjamin Poulter, Luke Schiferl, Brad Weir, Zhen Zhang, and Charles E. Miller Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6347–6364, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6347-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6347-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary The Arctic Carbon Atmospheric Profiles (Arctic-CAP) project demonstrates the utility of aircraft profiles for independent evaluation of model-derived emissions and uptake of atmospheric CO2, CH4, and CO from land and ocean. Comparison with the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) modeling system suggests that fluxes of CO2 are very consistent with observations, while those of CH4 have some regional and seasonal biases, and that CO comparison is complicated by transport errors. Maria Tzortziou, Charlotte F. Kwong, Daniel Goldberg, Luke Schiferl, Róisín Commane, Nader Abuhassan, James J. Szykman, and Lukas C. Valin Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2399–2417, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2399-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2399-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary The COVID-19 pandemic created an extreme natural experiment in which sudden changes in human behavior significantly impacted urban air quality. Using a combination of model, satellite, and ground-based data, we examine the impact of multiple waves and phases of the pandemic on atmospheric nitrogen pollution in the New York metropolitan area, and address the role of weather as a key driver of high pollution episodes observed even during – and despite – the stringent early lockdowns. Ka Ming Fung, Colette L. Heald, Jesse H. Kroll, Siyuan Wang, Duseong S. Jo, Andrew Gettelman, Zheng Lu, Xiaohong Liu, Rahul A. Zaveri, Eric C. Apel, Donald R. Blake, Jose-Luis Jimenez, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Patrick R. Veres, Timothy S. Bates, John E. Shilling, and Maria Zawadowicz Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1549–1573, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1549-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1549-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary Understanding the natural aerosol burden in the preindustrial era is crucial for us to assess how atmospheric aerosols affect the Earth's radiative budgets. Our study explores how a detailed description of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) oxidation (implemented in the Community Atmospheric Model version 6 with chemistry, CAM6-chem) could help us better estimate the present-day and preindustrial concentrations of sulfate and other relevant chemicals, as well as the resulting aerosol radiative impacts. Yenny Gonzalez, Róisín Commane, Ethan Manninen, Bruce C. Daube, Luke D. Schiferl, J. Barry McManus, Kathryn McKain, Eric J. Hintsa, James W. Elkins, Stephen A. Montzka, Colm Sweeney, Fred Moore, Jose L. Jimenez, Pedro Campuzano Jost, Thomas B. Ryerson, Ilann Bourgeois, Jeff Peischl, Chelsea R. Thompson, Eric Ray, Paul O. Wennberg, John Crounse, Michelle Kim, Hannah M. Allen, Paul A. Newman, Britton B. Stephens, Eric C. Apel, Rebecca S. Hornbrook, Benjamin A. Nault, Eric Morgan, and Steven C. Wofsy Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11113–11132, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11113-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11113-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary Vertical profiles of N2O and a variety of chemical species and aerosols were collected nearly from pole to pole over the oceans during the NASA Atmospheric Tomography mission. We observed that tropospheric N2O variability is strongly driven by the influence of stratospheric air depleted in N2O, especially at middle and high latitudes. We also traced the origins of biomass burning and industrial emissions and investigated their impact on the variability of tropospheric N2O. Ruud H. H. Janssen, Colette L. Heald, Allison L. Steiner, Anne E. Perring, J. Alex Huffman, Ellis S. Robinson, Cynthia H. Twohy, and Luke D. Ziemba Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4381–4401, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4381-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4381-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary Bioaerosols are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and have the potential to affect cloud formation, as well as human and ecosystem health. However, their emissions are not well quantified, which hinders the assessment of their role in atmospheric processes. Here, we develop two new emission schemes for fungal spores based on multi-annual datasets of spore counts. We find that our modeled global emissions and burden are an order of magnitude lower than previous estimates. Katherine R. Travis, Colette L. Heald, Hannah M. Allen, Eric C. Apel, Stephen R. Arnold, Donald R. Blake, William H. Brune, Xin Chen, Róisín Commane, John D. Crounse, Bruce C. Daube, Glenn S. Diskin, James W. Elkins, Mathew J. Evans, Samuel R. Hall, Eric J. Hintsa, Rebecca S. Hornbrook, Prasad S. Kasibhatla, Michelle J. Kim, Gan Luo, Kathryn McKain, Dylan B. Millet, Fred L. Moore, Jeffrey Peischl, Thomas B. Ryerson, Tomás Sherwen, Alexander B. Thames, Kirk Ullmann, Xuan Wang, Paul O. Wennberg, Glenn M. Wolfe, and Fangqun Yu Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7753–7781, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7753-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7753-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary Atmospheric models overestimate the rate of removal of trace gases by the hydroxyl radical (OH). This is a concern for studies of the climate and air quality impacts of human activities. Here, we evaluate the performance of a commonly used model of atmospheric chemistry against data from the NASA Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom) over the remote oceans where models have received little validation. The model is generally successful, suggesting that biases in OH may be a concern over land. Sam J. Silva, Colette L. Heald, and Alex B. Guenther Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 2569–2585, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2569-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2569-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary Simulating the influence of the biosphere on atmospheric chemistry has traditionally been computationally intensive. We describe a surrogate canopy physics model parameterized using a statistical learning technique and specifically designed for use in large-scale chemical transport models. Our surrogate model reproduces a more detailed model to within 10 % without a large computational demand, improving the process representation of biosphere–atmosphere exchange. Sidhant J. Pai, Colette L. Heald, Jeffrey R. Pierce, Salvatore C. Farina, Eloise A. Marais, Jose L. Jimenez, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Benjamin A. Nault, Ann M. Middlebrook, Hugh Coe, John E. Shilling, Roya Bahreini, Justin H. Dingle, and Kennedy Vu Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 2637–2665, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2637-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2637-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary Aerosols in the atmosphere have significant health and climate impacts. Organic aerosol (OA) accounts for a large fraction of the total aerosol burden, but models have historically struggled to accurately simulate it. This study compares two very different OA model schemes and evaluates them against a suite of globally distributed airborne measurements with the goal of providing insight into the strengths and weaknesses of each approach across different environments. Therese S. Carter, Colette L. Heald, Jose L. Jimenez, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Yutaka Kondo, Nobuhiro Moteki, Joshua P. Schwarz, Christine Wiedinmyer, Anton S. Darmenov, Arlindo M. da Silva, and Johannes W. Kaiser Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 2073–2097, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2073-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2073-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary Fires and the smoke they emit impact air quality, health, and climate, but the abundance and properties of smoke remain uncertain and poorly constrained. To explore this, we compare model simulations driven by four commonly-used fire emission inventories with surface, aloft, and satellite observations. We show that across inventories smoke emissions differ by factors of 4 to 7 over North America, challenging our ability to accurately characterize the impact of smoke on air quality and climate. Maria A. Zawadowicz, Karl D. Froyd, Anne E. Perring, Daniel M. Murphy, Dominick V. Spracklen, Colette L. Heald, Peter R. Buseck, and Daniel J. Cziczo Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 13859–13870, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13859-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13859-2019, 2019 Short summary Short summary We report measurements of small particles of biological origin (for example, fragments of bacteria, pollen, or fungal spores) in the atmosphere over the continental United States. We use a recently developed identification technique based on airborne mass spectrometry in conjunction with an extensive aircraft dataset. We show that biological particles are present at altitudes up to 10 km and we quantify typical concentrations. William C. Porter and Colette L. Heald Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 13367–13381, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13367-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13367-2019, 2019 Short summary Short summary In this paper we explore the connection between changes in surface temperature and changes in ozone pollution. While explanations for this connection have been proposed in the past, we attempt to better quantify them using models and statistics. We find that some of the most commonly cited mechanisms, including biogenic emissions and temperature-dependent chemical processes, can explain less than half of the O3–T correlation. Meteorology is identified as the most likely driver for the remainder. Eloise A. Marais, Daniel J. Jacob, Sungyeon Choi, Joanna Joiner, Maria Belmonte-Rivas, Ronald C. Cohen, Steffen Beirle, Lee T. Murray, Luke D. Schiferl, Viral Shah, and Lyatt Jaeglé Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 17017–17027, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17017-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17017-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary We intercompare two new products of global upper tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) retrieved from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). We evaluate these products with aircraft observations from NASA DC8 aircraft campaigns and interpret the useful information these products can provide about nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the global upper troposphere using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. Shan S. Zhou, Amos P. K. Tai, Shihan Sun, Mehliyar Sadiq, Colette L. Heald, and Jeffrey A. Geddes Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14133–14148, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14133-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14133-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary Surface ozone pollution harms vegetation. As plants play key roles shaping air quality, the plant damage may further worsen air pollution. We use various computer models to examine such feedback effects, and find that ozone-induced decline in leaf density can lead to much higher ozone levels in forested regions, mostly due to the reduced ability of leaves to absorb pollutants. This study highlights the importance of considering the two-way interactions between plants and air pollution. Harri Kokkola, Thomas Kühn, Anton Laakso, Tommi Bergman, Kari E. J. Lehtinen, Tero Mielonen, Antti Arola, Scarlet Stadtler, Hannele Korhonen, Sylvaine Ferrachat, Ulrike Lohmann, David Neubauer, Ina Tegen, Colombe Siegenthaler-Le Drian, Martin G. Schultz, Isabelle Bey, Philip Stier, Nikos Daskalakis, Colette L. Heald, and Sami Romakkaniemi Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 3833–3863, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3833-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3833-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary In this paper we present a global aerosol–chemistry–climate model with the focus on its representation for atmospheric aerosol particles. In the model, aerosols are simulated using the aerosol module SALSA2.0, which in this paper is compared to satellite, ground, and aircraft-based observations of the properties of atmospheric aerosol. Based on this study, the model simulated aerosol properties compare well with the observations. Luke D. Schiferl and Colette L. Heald Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 5953–5966, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5953-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5953-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary Global population growth and industrialization have contributed to poor air quality worldwide, and increasing population will put pressure on global food production. We therefore assess how air pollution may impact crop growth. Ozone has previously been shown to damage crops. We demonstrate that the impact of particles associated with enhanced light scattering promotes growth, offsetting much, if not all, ozone damage. This has implications for air quality management and global food security. Xuan Wang, Colette L. Heald, Jiumeng Liu, Rodney J. Weber, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Jose L. Jimenez, Joshua P. Schwarz, and Anne E. Perring Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 635–653, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-635-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-635-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary Brown carbon (BrC) contributes significantly to uncertainty in estimating the global direct radiative effect (DRE) of aerosols. We develop a global model simulation of BrC and test it against BrC absorption measurements from two aircraft campaigns in the continental United States. We suggest that BrC DRE has been overestimated previously due to the lack of observational constraints from direct measurements and omission of the effects of photochemical whitening. David H. Hagan, Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz, Jonathan P. Franklin, Lisa M. M. Wallace, Benjamin D. Kocar, Colette L. Heald, and Jesse H. Kroll Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 315–328, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-315-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-315-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary The use of low-cost sensors for air pollution research has outpaced our understanding of their capabilities and limitations under real-world conditions. Here we describe the deployment, calibration and evaluation of electrochemical sensors on the Island of Hawai'i. We obtain excellent performance (RMSE < 7 ppb, r2 = 0.997) across a wide dynamic range (1 ppb–2 ppm). We introduce a hybrid regression algorithm which works across a large dynamic range and shows little decay in sensitivity over time. Molly B. Smith, Natalie M. Mahowald, Samuel Albani, Aaron Perry, Remi Losno, Zihan Qu, Beatrice Marticorena, David A. Ridley, and Colette L. Heald Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 3253–3278, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3253-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3253-2017, 2017 Short summary Short summary Using different meteorology reanalyses to drive dust in climate modeling can produce dissimilar global dust distributions, especially in the Southern Hemisphere (SH). It may therefore not be advisable for SH dust studies to base results on simulations driven by one reanalysis. Northern Hemisphere dust varies mostly on seasonal timescales, while SH dust varies on interannual timescales. Dust is an important part of climate modeling, and we hope this contributes to understanding these simulations. David A. Ridley, Colette L. Heald, Jasper F. Kok, and Chun Zhao Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 15097–15117, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15097-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15097-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary Mineral dust aerosol affects climate through interaction with radiation and clouds, human health through contribution to particulate matter, and ecosystem health through nutrient transport and deposition. In this study, we use satellite and in situ retrievals to derive an observational estimate of the global dust AOD with which evaluate modeled dust AOD. Differences in the seasonality and regional distribution of dust AOD between observations and models are highlighted. Colette L. Heald and Jeffrey A. Geddes Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 14997–15010, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14997-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14997-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary Humans have altered the surface of the Earth since preindustrial times. These changes (largely expansion of croplands and pasturelands) have modified biosphere–atmosphere fluxes. In this study we use a global model to assess the impact of these changes on the formation of secondary particulate matter and troposphere ozone. We find that there are significant air quality and climate impacts associated with these changes. Xuan Wang, Colette L. Heald, Arthur J. Sedlacek, Suzane S. de Sá, Scot T. Martin, M. Lizabeth Alexander, Thomas B. Watson, Allison C. Aiken, Stephen R. Springston, and Paulo Artaxo Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12733–12752, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12733-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12733-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary We describe a new approach to estimate the absorption of brown carbon (BrC) from multiple-wavelength absorption measurements. By applying this method to column and surface observations globally, we find that BrC contributes up to 40 % of the absorption measured at 440 nm. The analysis of two surface sites also suggests that BrC absorptivity decreases with photochemical aging in biomass burning plumes, but not in typical urban conditions. Luke D. Schiferl, Colette L. Heald, Martin Van Damme, Lieven Clarisse, Cathy Clerbaux, Pierre-François Coheur, John B. Nowak, J. Andrew Neuman, Scott C. Herndon, Joseph R. Roscioli, and Scott J. Eilerman Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12305–12328, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12305-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12305-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary This study combines new observations and a simulation to assess the interannual variability of atmospheric ammonia concentrations over the United States. The model generally underrepresents the observed variability. Nearly two-thirds of the simulated variability is caused by meteorology, twice that caused by regulations on fossil fuel combustion emissions. Adding ammonia emissions variability does not substantially improve the simulation and has little impact on summer particle concentrations. Sam J. Silva, Colette L. Heald, Jeffrey A. Geddes, Kemen G. Austin, Prasad S. Kasibhatla, and Miriam E. Marlier Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10621–10635, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10621-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10621-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary We investigate the impacts of current (2010) and future (2020) oil palm plantations across Southeast Asia on surface–atmosphere exchange and air quality using satellite data, land maps, and a chemical transport model. These changes lead to increases in surface ozone and particulate matter. Oil palm plantations are likely to continue to degrade regional air quality in the coming decade and hinder efforts to achieve air quality regulations in major urban areas such as Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. Matthew J. Alvarado, Chantelle R. Lonsdale, Helen L. Macintyre, Huisheng Bian, Mian Chin, David A. Ridley, Colette L. Heald, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Bruce E. Anderson, Michael J. Cubison, Jose L. Jimenez, Yutaka Kondo, Lokesh K. Sahu, Jack E. Dibb, and Chien Wang Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9435–9455, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9435-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9435-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary Understanding the scattering and absorption of light by aerosols is necessary for understanding air quality and climate change. We used data from the 2008 ARCTAS campaign to evaluate aerosol optical property models using a closure methodology that separates errors in these models from other errors in aerosol emissions, chemistry, or transport. We find that the models on average perform reasonably well, and make suggestions for how remaining biases could be reduced. Bonne Ford and Colette L. Heald Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3499–3523, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3499-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3499-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary As motivation for air quality research, many studies cite the fact that exposure to particulate matter is associated with premature mortality. Recently, more studies have also tried to quantify this burden; however, there are many data sets that can be used and many different methodological choices to be made. In this paper, we seek to explain the different sources of uncertainty in health impact assessments through the example of using model and satellite-based PM2.5 concentrations. Jeffrey A. Geddes, Colette L. Heald, Sam J. Silva, and Randall V. Martin Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2323–2340, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2323-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2323-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary Land use and land cover changes driven by anthropogenic activities or natural causes (e.g., forestry management, agriculture, wildfires) can impact climate and air quality in many complex ways. Using a state-of-the-art chemistry model, we investigate how tree mortality in the US due to insect infestation and disease outbreak may impact atmospheric composition. We find that the surface concentrations of ozone and aerosol can be altered due to changing background emissions and loss processes. W. C. Porter, C. L. Heald, D. Cooley, and B. Russell Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10349–10366, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10349-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10349-2015, 2015 M. Val Martin, C. L. Heald, J.-F. Lamarque, S. Tilmes, L. K. Emmons, and B. A. Schichtel Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 2805–2823, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2805-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2805-2015, 2015 Short summary Short summary We present for the first time the relative effect of climate, emissions, and land use change on ozone and PM25 over the United States, focusing on the national parks. Air quality in 2050 will likely be dominated by emission patterns, but climate and land use changes alone can lead to a substantial increase in air pollution over most of the US, with important implications for O3 air quality, visibility and ecosystem health degradation in the national parks. X. Wang, C. L. Heald, D. A. Ridley, J. P. Schwarz, J. R. Spackman, A. E. Perring, H. Coe, D. Liu, and A. D. Clarke Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10989–11010, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10989-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10989-2014, 2014 D. V. Spracklen and C. L. Heald Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9051–9059, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9051-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9051-2014, 2014 D. A. Ridley, C. L. Heald, and J. M. Prospero Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5735–5747, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5735-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5735-2014, 2014 C. L. Heald, D. A. Ridley, J. H. Kroll, S. R. H. Barrett, K. E. Cady-Pereira, M. J. Alvarado, and C. D. Holmes Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5513–5527, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5513-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5513-2014, 2014 M. Van Damme, L. Clarisse, C. L. Heald, D. Hurtmans, Y. Ngadi, C. Clerbaux, A. J. Dolman, J. W. Erisman, and P. F. Coheur Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2905–2922, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2905-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2905-2014, 2014 B. Ford and C. L. Heald Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9269–9283, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9269-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9269-2013, 2013 M. Val Martin, C. L. Heald, B. Ford, A. J. Prenni, and C. Wiedinmyer Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7429–7439, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7429-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7429-2013, 2013 A. R. Berg, C. L. Heald, K. E. Huff Hartz, A. G. Hallar, A. J. H. Meddens, J. A. Hicke, J.-F. Lamarque, and S. Tilmes Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3149–3161, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3149-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3149-2013, 2013 Related subject area Biogeochemistry: Air - Land Exchange Using automated machine learning for the upscaling of gross primary productivity Interpretability of negative latent heat fluxes from eddy covariance measurements in dry conditions Forest-floor respiration, N2O fluxes, and CH4 fluxes in a subalpine spruce forest: drivers and annual budgets Enhanced net CO2 exchange of a semideciduous forest in the southern Amazon due to diffuse radiation from biomass burning Observational relationships between ammonia, carbon dioxide and water vapor under a wide range of meteorological and turbulent conditions: RITA-2021 campaign High interspecific variability indicates pollen ice nucleators are incidental Environmental controls of winter soil carbon dioxide fluxes in boreal and tundra environments Origin of secondary fatty alcohols in atmospheric aerosols in a cool–temperate forest based on their mass size distributions Sap flow and leaf gas exchange response to a drought and heatwave in urban green spaces in a Nordic city Changes in biogenic volatile organic compound emissions in response to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation The importance of plant-water stress for predictions of ground-level ozone in a warm world Rethinking the deployment of static chambers for CO2 flux measurement in dry desert soils Lichen species across Alaska produce highly active and stable ice nucleators A differentiable, physics-informed ecosystem modeling and learning framework for large-scale inverse problems: demonstration with photosynthesis simulations Snow–vegetation–atmosphere interactions in alpine tundra Synergy between TROPOMI sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and MODIS spectral reflectance for understanding the dynamics of gross primary productivity at Integrated Carbon Observatory System (ICOS) ecosystem flux sites Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen to a deciduous forest in the southern Appalachian Mountains Tropical cyclones facilitate recovery of forest leaf area from dry spells in East Asia Minor contributions of daytime monoterpenes are major contributors to atmospheric reactivity Using atmospheric observations to quantify annual biogenic carbon dioxide fluxes on the Alaska North Slope Forest–atmosphere exchange of reactive nitrogen in a remote region – Part II: Modeling annual budgets Growth and actual leaf temperature modulate CO2 responsiveness of monoterpene emissions from holm oak in opposite ways Multi-year observations reveal a larger than expected autumn respiration signal across northeast Eurasia Reviews and syntheses: VOC emissions from soil cover in boreal and temperate natural ecosystems of the Northern Hemisphere Internal tree cycling and atmospheric archiving of mercury: examination with concentration and stable isotope analyses Contrasting drought legacy effects on gross primary productivity in a mixed versus pure beech forest CO2 and CH4 exchanges between moist moss tundra and atmosphere on Kapp Linné, Svalbard Recent extreme drought events in the Amazon rainforest: assessment of different precipitation and evapotranspiration datasets and drought indicators Variability and uncertainty in flux-site-scale net ecosystem exchange simulations based on machine learning and remote sensing: a systematic evaluation Update of a biogeochemical model with process-based algorithms to predict ammonia volatilization from fertilized cultivated uplands and rice paddy fields Massive warming-induced carbon loss from subalpine grassland soils in an altitudinal transplantation experiment Climatic variation drives loss and restructuring of carbon and nitrogen in boreal forest wildfire Gaps in network infrastructure limit our understanding of biogenic methane emissions for the United States Changes of the aerodynamic characteristics of a flux site after an extensive windthrow Carbon sequestration potential of street tree plantings in Helsinki Technical note: Incorporating expert domain knowledge into causal structure discovery workflows Sensitivity of biomass burning emissions estimates to land surface information A convolutional neural network for spatial downscaling of satellite-based solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIFnet) Influence of plant ecophysiology on ozone dry deposition: comparing between multiplicative and photosynthesis-based dry deposition schemes and their responses to rising CO2 level Modeling the interinfluence of fertilizer-induced NH3 emission, nitrogen deposition, and aerosol radiative effects using modified CESM2 Physiological and climate controls on foliar mercury uptake by European tree species Radiation, soil water content, and temperature effects on carbon cycling in an alpine swamp meadow of the northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau Representativeness assessment of the pan-Arctic eddy covariance site network and optimized future enhancements Forest–atmosphere exchange of reactive nitrogen in a remote region – Part I: Measuring temporal dynamics Ideas and perspectives: Emerging contours of a dynamic exogenous kerogen cycle Versatile soil gas concentration and isotope monitoring: optimization and integration of novel soil gas probes with online trace gas detection On the impact of canopy model complexity on simulated carbon, water, and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence fluxes Mercury accumulation in leaves of different plant types – the significance of tissue age and specific leaf area Isolation of subpollen particles (SPPs) of birch: SPPs are potential carriers of ice nucleating macromolecules Choosing an optimal β factor for relaxed eddy accumulation applications across vegetated and non-vegetated surfaces Max Gaber, Yanghui Kang, Guy Schurgers, and Trevor Keenan Biogeosciences, 21, 2447–2472, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2447-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2447-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary Gross primary productivity (GPP) describes the photosynthetic carbon assimilation, which plays a vital role in the carbon cycle. We can measure GPP locally, but producing larger and continuous estimates is challenging. Here, we present an approach to extrapolate GPP to a global scale using satellite imagery and automated machine learning. We benchmark different models and predictor variables and achieve an estimate that can capture 75 % of the variation in GPP. Sinikka J. Paulus, Rene Orth, Sung-Ching Lee, Anke Hildebrandt, Martin Jung, Jacob A. Nelson, Tarek Sebastian El-Madany, Arnaud Carrara, Gerardo Moreno, Matthias Mauder, Jannis Groh, Alexander Graf, Markus Reichstein, and Mirco Migliavacca Biogeosciences, 21, 2051–2085, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2051-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2051-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary Porous materials are known to reversibly trap water from the air, even at low humidity. However, this behavior is poorly understood for soils. In this analysis, we test whether eddy covariance is able to measure the so-called adsorption of atmospheric water vapor by soils. We find that this flux occurs frequently during dry nights in a Mediterranean ecosystem, while EC detects downwardly directed vapor fluxes. These results can help to map moisture uptake globally. Luana Krebs, Susanne Burri, Iris Feigenwinter, Mana Gharun, Philip Meier, and Nina Buchmann Biogeosciences, 21, 2005–2028, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2005-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2005-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary This study explores year-round forest-floor greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes in a Swiss spruce forest. Soil temperature and snow depth affected forest-floor respiration, while CH4 uptake was linked to snow cover. Negligible N2O fluxes were observed. In 2022, a warm year, CO2 emissions notably increased. The study suggests rising forest-floor GHG emissions due to climate change, impacting carbon sink behavior. Thus, for future forest management, continuous year-round GHG flux measurements are crucial. Simone Rodrigues, Glauber Cirino, Demerval Moreira, Andrea Pozzer, Rafael Palácios, Sung-Ching Lee, Breno Imbiriba, José Nogueira, Maria Isabel Vitorino, and George Vourlitis Biogeosciences, 21, 843–868, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-843-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-843-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary The radiative effects of atmospheric particles are still unknown for a wide variety of species and types of vegetation present in Amazonian biomes. We examined the effects of aerosols on solar radiation and their impacts on photosynthesis in an area of semideciduous forest in the southern Amazon Basin. Under highly smoky-sky conditions, our results show substantial photosynthetic interruption (20–70 %), attributed specifically to the decrease in solar radiation and leaf canopy temperature. Ruben B. Schulte, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Susanna Rutledge-Jonker, Shelley van der Graaf, Jun Zhang, and Margreet C. van Zanten Biogeosciences, 21, 557–574, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-557-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-557-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary We analyzed measurements with the aim of finding relations between the surface atmosphere exchange of NH3 and the CO2 uptake and transpiration by vegetation. We found a high correlation of daytime NH3 emissions with both latent heat flux and photosynthetically active radiation. Very few simultaneous measurements of NH3, CO2 fluxes and meteorological variables exist at sub-diurnal timescales. This study paves the way to finding more robust relations between the NH3 exchange flux and CO2 uptake. Nina L. H. Kinney, Charles A. Hepburn, Matthew I. Gibson, Daniel Ballesteros, and Thomas F. Whale EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2705, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2705, 2024 Short summary Short summary Molecules released from plant pollen induce the formation of ice from supercooled water at temperatures warm enough to suggest an underlying function for this activity. In this study we show that ice nucleators are ubiquitous in pollen. We suggest the molecules responsible fulfil some unrelated biological function and nucleate ice incidentally. The ubiquity of ice nucleating molecules in pollen and particularly active examples reveal a greater potential for pollen to impact weather and climate. Alex Mavrovic, Oliver Sonnentag, Juha Lemmetyinen, Carolina Voigt, Nick Rutter, Paul Mann, Jean-Daniel Sylvain, and Alexandre Roy Biogeosciences, 20, 5087–5108, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5087-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5087-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary We present an analysis of soil CO2 emissions in boreal and tundra regions during the non-growing season. We show that when the soil is completely frozen, soil temperature is the main control on CO2 emissions. When the soil is around the freezing point, with a mix of liquid water and ice, the liquid water content is the main control on CO2 emissions. This study highlights that the vegetation–snow–soil interactions must be considered to understand soil CO2 emissions during the non-growing season. Yuhao Cui, Eri Tachibana, Kimitaka Kawamura, and Yuzo Miyazaki Biogeosciences, 20, 4969–4980, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4969-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4969-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary Fatty alcohols (FAs) are major components of surface lipids in plant leaves and serve as surface-active aerosols. Our study on the aerosol size distributions in a forest suggests that secondary FAs (SFAs) originated from plant waxes and that leaf senescence status is likely an important factor controlling the size distribution of SFAs. This study provides new insights into the sources of primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs) and their effects on the aerosol ice nucleation activity. Joyson Ahongshangbam, Liisa Kulmala, Jesse Soininen, Yasmin Frühauf, Esko Karvinen, Yann Salmon, Anna Lintunen, Anni Karvonen, and Leena Järvi Biogeosciences, 20, 4455–4475, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4455-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4455-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary Urban vegetation is important for removing urban CO2 emissions and cooling. We studied the response of urban trees' functions (photosynthesis and transpiration) to a heatwave and drought at four urban green areas in the city of Helsinki. We found that tree water use was increased during heatwave and drought periods, but there was no change in the photosynthesis rates. The heat and drought conditions were severe at the local scale but were not excessive enough to restrict urban trees' functions. Ryan Vella, Andrea Pozzer, Matthew Forrest, Jos Lelieveld, Thomas Hickler, and Holger Tost Biogeosciences, 20, 4391–4412, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4391-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4391-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary We investigated the effect of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from plants. ENSO events can cause a significant increase in these emissions, which have a long-term impact on the Earth's atmosphere. Persistent ENSO conditions can cause long-term changes in vegetation, resulting in even higher BVOC emissions. We link ENSO-induced emission anomalies with driving atmospheric and vegetational variables. Tamara Emmerichs, Yen-Sen Lu, and Domenico Taraborrelli EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2306, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2306, 2023 Short summary Short summary We assess the representation of the plant' response to surface water in a global atmospheric chemistry model. This sensitivity is crucial for the return of precipitation back to the atmosphere and thus significantly impacts the representation of weather as well as air quality. The newly implemented response function reduces this process towards a better comparison with satellite observations. This yields a higher intensity of unusual warm periods and a higher production of air pollutants. Nadav Bekin and Nurit Agam Biogeosciences, 20, 3791–3802, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3791-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3791-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary The mechanisms of soil CO2 flux in dry desert soils are not fully understood. Yet studies conducted in desert ecosystems rarely discuss potential errors related to using the commonly used flux chambers in dry and bare soils. In our study, the conventional deployment practice of the chambers underestimated the instantaneous CO2 flux by up to 50 % and the total daily CO2 uptake by 35 %. This suggests that desert soils are a larger carbon sink than previously reported. Rosemary J. Eufemio, Ingrid de Almeida Ribeiro, Todd L. Sformo, Gary A. Laursen, Valeria Molinero, Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky, Mischa Bonn, and Konrad Meister Biogeosciences, 20, 2805–2812, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2805-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2805-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary Lichens, the dominant vegetation in the Arctic, contain ice nucleators (INs) that enable freezing close to 0°C. Yet the abundance, diversity, and function of lichen INs is unknown. Our screening of lichens across Alaska reveal that most species have potent INs. We find that lichens contain two IN populations which retain activity under environmentally relevant conditions. The ubiquity and stability of lichen INs suggest that they may have considerable impacts on local atmospheric patterns. Doaa Aboelyazeed, Chonggang Xu, Forrest M. Hoffman, Jiangtao Liu, Alex W. Jones, Chris Rackauckas, Kathryn Lawson, and Chaopeng Shen Biogeosciences, 20, 2671–2692, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2671-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2671-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary Photosynthesis is critical for life and has been affected by the changing climate. Many parameters come into play while modeling, but traditional calibration approaches face many issues. Our framework trains coupled neural networks to provide parameters to a photosynthesis model. Using big data, we independently found parameter values that were correlated with those in the literature while giving higher correlation and reduced biases in photosynthesis rates. Norbert Pirk, Kristoffer Aalstad, Yeliz A. Yilmaz, Astrid Vatne, Andrea L. Popp, Peter Horvath, Anders Bryn, Ane Victoria Vollsnes, Sebastian Westermann, Terje Koren Berntsen, Frode Stordal, and Lena Merete Tallaksen Biogeosciences, 20, 2031–2047, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2031-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2031-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary We measured the land–atmosphere exchange of CO2 and water vapor in alpine Norway over 3 years. The extremely snow-rich conditions in 2020 reduced the total annual evapotranspiration to 50 % and reduced the growing-season carbon assimilation to turn the ecosystem from a moderate annual carbon sink to an even stronger source. Our analysis suggests that snow cover anomalies are driving the most consequential short-term responses in this ecosystem's functioning. Hamadou Balde, Gabriel Hmimina, Yves Goulas, Gwendal Latouche, and Kamel Soudani Biogeosciences, 20, 1473–1490, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1473-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1473-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary This study focuses on the relationship between sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) and ecosystem gross primary productivity (GPP) across the ICOS European flux tower network. It shows that SIF, coupled with reflectance observations, explains over 80 % of the GPP variability across diverse ecosystems but fails to bring new information compared to reflectance alone at coarse spatial scales (~5 km). These findings have applications in agriculture and ecophysiological studies. John T. Walker, Xi Chen, Zhiyong Wu, Donna Schwede, Ryan Daly, Aleksandra Djurkovic, A. Christopher Oishi, Eric Edgerton, Jesse Bash, Jennifer Knoepp, Melissa Puchalski, John Iiames, and Chelcy F. Miniat Biogeosciences, 20, 971–995, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-971-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-971-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary Better estimates of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition are needed to accurately assess ecosystem risk and impacts from deposition of nutrients and acidity. Using measurements and modeling, we estimate total N deposition of 6.7 kg N ha−1 yr−1 at a forest site in the southern Appalachian Mountains, a region sensitive to atmospheric deposition. Reductions in deposition of reduced forms of N (ammonia and ammonium) will be needed to meet the lowest estimates of N critical loads for the region. Yi-Ying Chen and Sebastiaan Luyssaert Biogeosciences, 20, 349–363, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-349-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-349-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary Tropical cyclones are typically assumed to be associated with ecosystem damage. This study challenges this assumption and suggests that instead of reducing leaf area, cyclones in East Asia may increase leaf area by alleviating water stress. Deborah F. McGlynn, Graham Frazier, Laura E. R. Barry, Manuel T. Lerdau, Sally E. Pusede, and Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz Biogeosciences, 20, 45–55, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-45-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-45-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary Using a custom-made gas chromatography flame ionization detector, 2 years of speciated hourly biogenic volatile organic compound data were collected in a forest in central Virginia. We identify diurnal and seasonal variability in the data, which is shown to impact atmospheric oxidant budgets. A comparison with emission models identified discrepancies with implications for model outcomes. We suggest increased monitoring of speciated biogenic volatile organic compounds to improve modeled results. Luke D. Schiferl, Jennifer D. Watts, Erik J. L. Larson, Kyle A. Arndt, Sébastien C. Biraud, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Jordan P. Goodrich, John M. Henderson, Aram Kalhori, Kathryn McKain, Marikate E. Mountain, J. William Munger, Walter C. Oechel, Colm Sweeney, Yonghong Yi, Donatella Zona, and Róisín Commane Biogeosciences, 19, 5953–5972, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5953-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5953-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary As the Arctic rapidly warms, vast stores of thawing permafrost could release carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. We combined observations of atmospheric CO2 concentrations from aircraft and a tower with observed CO2 fluxes from tundra ecosystems and found that the Alaskan North Slope in not a consistent source nor sink of CO2. Our study shows the importance of using both site-level and atmospheric measurements to constrain regional net CO2 fluxes and improve biogenic processes in models. Pascal Wintjen, Frederik Schrader, Martijn Schaap, Burkhard Beudert, Richard Kranenburg, and Christian Brümmer Biogeosciences, 19, 5287–5311, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5287-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5287-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary For the first time, we compared four methods for estimating the annual dry deposition of total reactive nitrogen into a low-polluted forest ecosystem. In our analysis, we used 2.5 years of flux measurements, an in situ modeling approach, a large-scale chemical transport model (CTM), and canopy budget models. Annual nitrogen dry deposition budgets ranged between 4.3 and 6.7 kg N ha−1 a−1, depending on the applied method. Michael Staudt, Juliane Daussy, Joseph Ingabire, and Nafissa Dehimeche Biogeosciences, 19, 4945–4963, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4945-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4945-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary We studied the short- and long-term effects of CO2 as a function of temperature on monoterpene emissions from holm oak. Similarly to isoprene, emissions decreased non-linearly with increasing CO2, with no differences among compounds and chemotypes. The CO2 response was modulated by actual leaf and growth temperature but not by growth CO2. Estimates of annual monoterpene release under double CO2 suggest that CO2 inhibition does not offset the increase in emissions due to expected warming. Brendan Byrne, Junjie Liu, Yonghong Yi, Abhishek Chatterjee, Sourish Basu, Rui Cheng, Russell Doughty, Frédéric Chevallier, Kevin W. Bowman, Nicholas C. Parazoo, David Crisp, Xing Li, Jingfeng Xiao, Stephen Sitch, Bertrand Guenet, Feng Deng, Matthew S. Johnson, Sajeev Philip, Patrick C. McGuire, and Charles E. Miller Biogeosciences, 19, 4779–4799, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4779-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary Plants draw CO2 from the atmosphere during the growing season, while respiration releases CO2 to the atmosphere throughout the year, driving seasonal variations in atmospheric CO2 that can be observed by satellites, such as the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2). Using OCO-2 XCO2 data and space-based constraints on plant growth, we show that permafrost-rich northeast Eurasia has a strong seasonal release of CO2 during the autumn, hinting at an unexpectedly large respiration signal from soils. Valery A. Isidorov and Andrej A. Zaitsev Biogeosciences, 19, 4715–4746, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4715-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4715-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary Biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a critical role in earth-system processes: they are main playersin the formation of tropospheric O3 and secondary aerosols, which have a significant impact on climate, human health and crops. A complex mixture of VOCs, formed as a result of physicochemical and biological processes, is released into the atmosphere from the forest floor. This review presents data on the composition of VOCs and contribution of various processes to their emissions. David S. McLagan, Harald Biester, Tomas Navrátil, Stephan M. Kraemer, and Lorenz Schwab Biogeosciences, 19, 4415–4429, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4415-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4415-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary Spruce and larch trees are effective archiving species for historical atmospheric mercury using growth rings of bole wood. Mercury stable isotope analysis proved an effective tool to characterise industrial mercury signals and assess mercury uptake pathways (leaf uptake for both wood and bark) and mercury cycling within the trees. These data detail important information for understanding the mercury biogeochemical cycle particularly in forest systems. Xin Yu, René Orth, Markus Reichstein, Michael Bahn, Anne Klosterhalfen, Alexander Knohl, Franziska Koebsch, Mirco Migliavacca, Martina Mund, Jacob A. Nelson, Benjamin D. Stocker, Sophia Walther, and Ana Bastos Biogeosciences, 19, 4315–4329, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4315-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4315-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary Identifying drought legacy effects is challenging because they are superimposed on variability driven by climate conditions in the recovery period. We develop a residual-based approach to quantify legacies on gross primary productivity (GPP) from eddy covariance data. The GPP reduction due to legacy effects is comparable to the concurrent effects at two sites in Germany, which reveals the importance of legacy effects. Our novel methodology can be used to quantify drought legacies elsewhere. Anders Lindroth, Norbert Pirk, Ingibjörg S. Jónsdóttir, Christian Stiegler, Leif Klemedtsson, and Mats B. Nilsson Biogeosciences, 19, 3921–3934, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3921-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3921-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary We measured the fluxes of carbon dioxide and methane between a moist moss tundra and the atmosphere on Svalbard in order to better understand how such ecosystems are affecting the climate and vice versa. We found that the system was a small sink of carbon dioxide and a small source of methane. These fluxes are small in comparison with other tundra ecosystems in the high Arctic. Analysis of temperature sensitivity showed that respiration was more sensitive than photosynthesis above about 6 ℃. Phillip Papastefanou, Christian S. Zang, Zlatan Angelov, Aline Anderson de Castro, Juan Carlos Jimenez, Luiz Felipe Campos De Rezende, Romina C. Ruscica, Boris Sakschewski, Anna A. Sörensson, Kirsten Thonicke, Carolina Vera, Nicolas Viovy, Celso Von Randow, and Anja Rammig Biogeosciences, 19, 3843–3861, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3843-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3843-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary The Amazon rainforest has been hit by multiple severe drought events. In this study, we assess the severity and spatial extent of the extreme drought years 2005, 2010 and 2015/16 in the Amazon. Using nine different precipitation datasets and three drought indicators we find large differences in drought stress across the Amazon region. We conclude that future studies should use multiple rainfall datasets and drought indicators when estimating the impact of drought stress in the Amazon region. Haiyang Shi, Geping Luo, Olaf Hellwich, Mingjuan Xie, Chen Zhang, Yu Zhang, Yuangang Wang, Xiuliang Yuan, Xiaofei Ma, Wenqiang Zhang, Alishir Kurban, Philippe De Maeyer, and Tim Van de Voorde Biogeosciences, 19, 3739–3756, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3739-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3739-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary A number of studies have been conducted by using machine learning approaches to simulate carbon fluxes. We performed a meta-analysis of these net ecosystem exchange (NEE) simulations. Random forests and support vector machines performed better than other algorithms. Models with larger timescales had a lower accuracy. For different plant functional types (PFTs), there were significant differences in the predictors used and their effects on model accuracy. Siqi Li, Wei Zhang, Xunhua Zheng, Yong Li, Shenghui Han, Rui Wang, Kai Wang, Zhisheng Yao, Chunyan Liu, and Chong Zhang Biogeosciences, 19, 3001–3019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3001-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3001-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary The CNMM–DNDC model was modified to simulate ammonia volatilization (AV) from croplands. AV from cultivated uplands followed the first-order kinetics, which was jointly regulated by the factors of soil properties and meteorological conditions. AV simulation from rice paddy fields was improved by incorporating Jayaweera–Mikkelsen mechanisms. The modified model performed well in simulating the observed cumulative AV measured from 63 fertilization events in China. Matthias Volk, Matthias Suter, Anne-Lena Wahl, and Seraina Bassin Biogeosciences, 19, 2921–2937, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2921-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2921-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary Because soils are an important sink for greenhouse gasses, we subjected sub-alpine grassland to a six-level climate change treatment. Two independent methods showed that at warming > 1.5 °C the grassland ecosystem lost ca. 14 % or ca. 1 kg C m−2 in 5 years. This shrinking of the terrestrial C sink implies a substantial positive feedback to the atmospheric greenhouse effect. It is likely that this dramatic C loss is a transient effect before a new, climate-adjusted steady state is reached. Johan A. Eckdahl, Jeppe A. Kristensen, and Daniel B. Metcalfe Biogeosciences, 19, 2487–2506, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2487-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2487-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary This study found climate to be a driving force for increasing per area emissions of greenhouse gases and removal of important nutrients from high-latitude forests due to wildfire. It used detailed direct measurements over a large area to uncover patterns and mechanisms of restructuring of forest carbon and nitrogen pools that are extrapolatable to larger regions. It also takes a step forward in filling gaps in global knowledge of northern forest response to climate-change-strengthened wildfires. Sparkle L. Malone, Youmi Oh, Kyle A. Arndt, George Burba, Roisin Commane, Alexandra R. Contosta, Jordan P. Goodrich, Henry W. Loescher, Gregory Starr, and Ruth K. Varner Biogeosciences, 19, 2507–2522, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2507-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2507-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary To understand the CH4 flux potential of natural ecosystems and agricultural lands in the United States of America, a multi-scale CH4 observation network focused on CH4 flux rates, processes, and scaling methods is required. This can be achieved with a network of ground-based observations that are distributed based on climatic regions and land cover. Bruna R. F. Oliveira, Jan J. Keizer, and Thomas Foken Biogeosciences, 19, 2235–2243, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2235-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2235-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary This study analyzes the impacts of this windthrow on the aerodynamic characteristics of zero-plane displacement and roughness length and, ultimately, their implications for the turbulent fluxes. The turbulent fluxes were only affected to a minor degree by the windthrow, but the footprint area of the flux tower changed markedly so that the target area of the measurements had to be redetermined. Minttu Havu, Liisa Kulmala, Pasi Kolari, Timo Vesala, Anu Riikonen, and Leena Järvi Biogeosciences, 19, 2121–2143, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2121-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2121-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary The carbon sequestration potential of two street tree species and the soil beneath them was quantified with the urban land surface model SUEWS and the soil carbon model Yasso. The street tree plantings turned into a modest sink of carbon from the atmosphere after 14 years. Overall, the results indicate the importance of soil in urban carbon sequestration estimations, as soil respiration exceeded the carbon uptake in the early phase, due to the high initial carbon loss from the soil. Jarmo Mäkelä, Laila Melkas, Ivan Mammarella, Tuomo Nieminen, Suyog Chandramouli, Rafael Savvides, and Kai Puolamäki Biogeosciences, 19, 2095–2099, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2095-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2095-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary Causal structure discovery algorithms have been making headway into Earth system sciences, and they can be used to increase our understanding on biosphere–atmosphere interactions. In this paper we present a procedure on how to utilize prior knowledge of the domain experts together with these algorithms in order to find more robust causal structure models. We also demonstrate how to avoid pitfalls such as over-fitting and concept drift during this process. Makoto Saito, Tomohiro Shiraishi, Ryuichi Hirata, Yosuke Niwa, Kazuyuki Saito, Martin Steinbacher, Doug Worthy, and Tsuneo Matsunaga Biogeosciences, 19, 2059–2078, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2059-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2059-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary This study tested combinations of two sources of AGB data and two sources of LCC data and used the same burned area satellite data to estimate BB CO emissions. Our analysis showed large discrepancies in annual mean CO emissions and explicit differences in the simulated CO concentrations among the BB emissions estimates. This study has confirmed that BB emissions estimates are sensitive to the land surface information on which they are based. Johannes Gensheimer, Alexander J. Turner, Philipp Köhler, Christian Frankenberg, and Jia Chen Biogeosciences, 19, 1777–1793, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1777-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1777-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary We develop a convolutional neural network, named SIFnet, that increases the spatial resolution of SIF from TROPOMI by a factor of 10 to a spatial resolution of 0.005°. SIFnet utilizes coarse SIF observations, together with a broad range of high-resolution auxiliary data. The insights gained from interpretable machine learning techniques allow us to make quantitative claims about the relationships between SIF and other common parameters related to photosynthesis. Shihan Sun, Amos P. K. Tai, David H. Y. Yung, Anthony Y. H. Wong, Jason A. Ducker, and Christopher D. Holmes Biogeosciences, 19, 1753–1776, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1753-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1753-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary We developed and used a terrestrial biosphere model to compare and evaluate widely used empirical dry deposition schemes with different stomatal approaches and found that using photosynthesis-based stomatal approaches can reduce biases in modeled dry deposition velocities in current chemical transport models. Our study shows systematic errors in current dry deposition schemes and the importance of representing plant ecophysiological processes in models under a changing climate. Ka Ming Fung, Maria Val Martin, and Amos P. K. Tai Biogeosciences, 19, 1635–1655, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1635-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1635-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary Fertilizer-induced ammonia detrimentally affects the environment by not only directly damaging ecosystems but also indirectly altering climate and soil fertility. To quantify these secondary impacts, we enabled CESM to simulate ammonia emission, chemical evolution, and deposition as a continuous cycle. If synthetic fertilizer use is to soar by 30 % from today's level, we showed that the counteracting impacts will increase the global ammonia emission by 3.3 Tg N per year. Lena Wohlgemuth, Pasi Rautio, Bernd Ahrends, Alexander Russ, Lars Vesterdal, Peter Waldner, Volkmar Timmermann, Nadine Eickenscheidt, Alfred Fürst, Martin Greve, Peter Roskams, Anne Thimonier, Manuel Nicolas, Anna Kowalska, Morten Ingerslev, Päivi Merilä, Sue Benham, Carmen Iacoban, Günter Hoch, Christine Alewell, and Martin Jiskra Biogeosciences, 19, 1335–1353, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1335-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1335-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary Gaseous mercury is present in the atmosphere all over the globe. During the growing season, plants take up mercury from the air in a similar way as CO2. We investigated which factors impact this vegetational mercury uptake by analyzing a large dataset of leaf mercury uptake rates of trees in Europe. As a result, we conclude that mercury uptake is foremost controlled by tree-intrinsic traits like physiological activity but also by climatic factors like dry conditions in the air and in soils. Junqi Wei, Xiaoyan Li, Lei Liu, Torben Røjle Christensen, Zhiyun Jiang, Yujun Ma, Xiuchen Wu, Hongyun Yao, and Efrén López-Blanco Biogeosciences, 19, 861–875, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-861-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-861-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary Although water availability has been linked to the response of ecosystem carbon (C) sink–source to climate warming, the mechanisms by which C uptake responds to soil moisture remain unclear. We explored how soil water and other environmental drivers modulate net C uptake in an alpine swamp meadow. Results reveal that nearly saturated soil conditions during warm seasons can help to maintain lower ecosystem respiration and therefore enhance the C sequestration capacity in this alpine swamp meadow. Martijn M. T. A. Pallandt, Jitendra Kumar, Marguerite Mauritz, Edward A. G. Schuur, Anna-Maria Virkkala, Gerardo Celis, Forrest M. Hoffman, and Mathias Göckede Biogeosciences, 19, 559–583, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-559-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-559-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary Thawing of Arctic permafrost soils could trigger the release of vast amounts of carbon to the atmosphere, thus enhancing climate change. Our study investigated how well the current network of eddy covariance sites to monitor greenhouse gas exchange at local scales captures pan-Arctic flux patterns. We identified large coverage gaps, e.g., in Siberia, but also demonstrated that a targeted addition of relatively few sites can significantly improve network performance. Pascal Wintjen, Frederik Schrader, Martijn Schaap, Burkhard Beudert, and Christian Brümmer Biogeosciences, 19, 389–413, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-389-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-389-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary Fluxes of total reactive nitrogen (∑Nr) over a low polluted forest were analyzed with regard to their temporal dynamics. Mostly deposition was observed with median fluxes ranging from −15 to −5 ng N m−2 s−1, corresponding to a range of deposition velocities from 0.2 to 0.5 cm s−1. While seasonally changing contributions of NH3 and NOx to the ∑Nr signal were found, we estimate an annual total N deposition (dry+wet) of 12.2 and 10.9 kg N ha−1 a−1 in the 2 years of observation. Thomas M. Blattmann Biogeosciences, 19, 359–373, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-359-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-359-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary This work enunciates the possibility of kerogen oxidation contributing to atmospheric CO2 increase in the wake of glacial episodes. This hypothesis is substantiated by several lines of independent evidence synthesized in this contribution. The author hypothesizes that the deglaciation of kerogen-rich lithologies in western Canada contributed to the characteristic deglacial increase in atmospheric CO2. Juliana Gil-Loaiza, Joseph R. Roscioli, Joanne H. Shorter, Till H. M. Volkmann, Wei-Ren Ng, Jordan E. Krechmer, and Laura K. Meredith Biogeosciences, 19, 165–185, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-165-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-165-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary We evaluated a new diffusive soil probe integrated with high-resolution gas analyzers to measure soil gases in real time at a centimeter scale. Using columns with simple silica and soil, we captured changes in carbon dioxide (CO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitrous oxide (N2O) with its isotopes to distinguish potential nutrient sources and microbial metabolism. This approach will advance the use of soil gases as important signals to understand and monitor soil fertility and health. Yujie Wang and Christian Frankenberg Biogeosciences, 19, 29–45, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-29-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-29-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary Modeling vegetation canopy is important in predicting whether the land remains a carbon sink to mitigate climate change in the near future. Vegetation canopy model complexity, however, impacts the model-predicted carbon and water fluxes as well as canopy fluorescence, even if the same suite of model inputs is used. Given the biases caused by canopy model complexity, we recommend not misusing parameters inverted using different models or assumptions. Håkan Pleijel, Jenny Klingberg, Michelle Nerentorp, Malin C. Broberg, Brigitte Nyirambangutse, John Munthe, and Göran Wallin Biogeosciences, 18, 6313–6328, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6313-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6313-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary Mercury is a problematic metal in the environment. It is crucial to understand the Hg circulation in ecosystems. We explored the mercury concentration in foliage from a diverse set of plants, locations and sampling periods to study the accumulation of Hg in leaves–needles over time. Mercury was always higher in older tissue: in broadleaved trees, conifers and wheat. Specific leaf area, the leaf area per unit leaf mass, turned out to be critical for Hg accumulation in leaves–needles. Julia Burkart, Jürgen Gratzl, Teresa M. Seifried, Paul Bieber, and Hinrich Grothe Biogeosciences, 18, 5751–5765, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5751-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5751-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary Extracts of birch pollen grains are known to be ice nucleation active and thus impact cloud formation and climate. In this study we develop an extraction method to separate subpollen particles from ice nucleating macromolecules. Our results thereby illustrate that ice nucleating macromolecules can be washed off the subpollen particles and that the ice activity is linked to the presence of proteins. Teresa Vogl, Amy Hrdina, and Christoph K. Thomas Biogeosciences, 18, 5097–5115, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5097-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5097-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary The relaxed eddy accumulation technique is a method used for measuring fluxes of chemical species in the atmosphere. It relies on a proportionality factor, β, which can be determined using different methods. Also, different techniques for sampling can be used by only drawing air into the measurement system when vertical wind velocity exceeds a certain threshold. We compare different ways to obtain β and different threshold techniques to direct flux measurements for three different sites. Cited articles Amos, H. M., Jacob, D. J., Holmes, C. D., Fisher, J. A., Wang, Q., Yantosca, R. M., Corbitt, E. S., Galarneau, E., Rutter, A. P., Gustin, M. S., Steffen, A., Schauer, J. J., Graydon, J. A., Louis, V. L. S., Talbot, R. W., Edgerton, E. S., Zhang, Y., and Sunderland, E. M.: Gas-particle partitioning of atmospheric Hg(II) and its effect on global mercury deposition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 591–603, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-591-2012, 2012. Avnery, S., Mauzerall, D. L., Liu, J., and Horowitz, L. W.: Global crop yield reductions due to surface ozone exposure: 1. Year 2000 crop production losses and economic damage, Atmos. Environ., 45, 2284–2296, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.11.045, 2011. Basso, B., Liu, L. and Ritchie, J. T.: A Comprehensive Review of the CERES-Wheat, – Maize and – Rice Models' Performances, in: Advances in Agronomy, vol. 136, edited by: Sparks, D. L., Academic Press, London, UK, 27–132, https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2015.11.004, 2016. Beem, K. B., Raja, S., Schwandner, F. M., Taylor, C., Lee, T., Sullivan, A. P., Carrico, C. M., McMeeking, G. R., Day, D., Levin, E., Hand, J., Kreidenweis, S. M., Schichtel, B., Malm, W. C., and Collett Jr., J. L.: Deposition of reactive nitrogen during the Rocky Mountain Airborne Nitrogen and Sulfur (RoMANS) study, Environ. Pollut., 158, 862–872, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.09.023, 2010. Bobbink, R., Hicks, K., Galloway, J., Spranger, T., Alkemade, R., Ashmore, M., Bustamante, M., Cinderby, S., Davidson, E., Dentener, F., Emmett, B., Erisman, J. W., Fenn, M., Gilliam, F., Nordin, A., Pardo, L. and De Vries, W.: Global assessment of nitrogen deposition effects on terrestrial plant diversity: a synthesis, Ecol. Appl., 20, 30–59, https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1140.1, 2010. Bond, T. C., Bhardwaj, E., Dong, R., Jogani, R., Jung, S., Roden, C., Streets, D. G., and Trautmann, N. M.: Historical emissions of black and organic carbon aerosol from energy-related combustion, 1850–2000, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002840, 2007. Bouwman, L., Goldewijk, K. K., Hoek, K. W. V. D., Beusen, A. H. W., Vuuren, D. P. V., Willems, J., Rufino, M. C., and Stehfest, E.: Exploring global changes in nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in agriculture induced by livestock production over the 1900–2050 period, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 20882–20887, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1012878108, 2013. Burney, J. and Ramanathan, V.: Recent climate and air pollution impacts on Indian agriculture, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 16319–16324, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1317275111, 2014. Challinor, A. J., Watson, J., Lobell, D. B., Howden, S. M., Smith, D. R., and Chhetri, N.: A meta-analysis of crop yield under climate change and adaptation, Nat. Clim. Change, 4, 287–291, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2153, 2014. Cirino, G. G., Souza, R. A. F., Adams, D. K., and Artaxo, P.: The effect of atmospheric aerosol particles and clouds on net ecosystem exchange in the Amazon, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6523–6543, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6523-2014, 2014. Cohen, A. J., Brauer, M., Burnett, R., Anderson, H. R., Frostad, J., Estep, K., Balakrishnan, K., Brunekreef, B., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Feigin, V., Freedman, G., Hubbell, B., Jobling, A., Kan, H., Knibbs, L., Liu, Y., Martin, R., Morawska, L., Pope, C. A., Shin, H., Straif, K., Shaddick, G., Thomas, M., van Dingenen, R., van Donkelaar, A., Vos, T., Murray, C. J. L., and Forouzanfar, M. H.: Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015, Lancet, 389, 1907–1918, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30505-6, 2017. Elliott, J., Kelly, D., Chryssanthacopoulos, J., Glotter, M., Jhunjhnuwala, K., Best, N., Wilde, M., and Foster, I.: The parallel system for integrating impact models and sectors (pSIMS), Environ. Modell. Softw., 62, 509–516, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.04.008, 2014. Erisman, J. W., Bleeker, A., Galloway, J., and Sutton, M. S.: Reduced nitrogen in ecology and the environment, Environ. Pollut., 150, 140–149, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.033, 2007. Fairlie, T. D., Jacob, D. J., and Park, R. J.: The impact of transpacific transport of mineral dust in the United States, Atmos. Environ., 41, 1251–1266, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.09.048, 2007. FAO: Global Agro-Ecological Zones (GAEZ), available at: http://gaez.fao.org, last access: April 2016. Folberth, C., Skalský, R., Moltchanova, E., Balkovič, J., Azevedo, L. B., Obersteiner, M., and van der Velde, M.: Uncertainty in soil data can outweigh climate impact signals in global crop yield simulations, Nat. Commun., 7, 11872, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11872, 2016. Fountoukis, C. and Nenes, A.: ISORROPIA II: a computationally efficient thermodynamic equilibrium model for K+– – – –Na+– – –Cl−–H2O aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4639–4659, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4639-2007, 2007. Galloway, J. N. and Cowling, E. B.: Reactive nitrogen and the world: 200 years of change, Ambio, 31, 64–71, https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-31.2.64, 2002. GEOS-Chem Support Team: HEMCO emissions data, available at: https://github.com/GCST/hemco_data_download, last access: June 2015. Goulding, K. W. T., Bailey, N. J., Bradbury, N. J., Hargreaves, P., Howe, M., Murphy, D. V., Poulton, P. R., and Willison, T. W.: Nitrogen deposition and its contribution to nitrogen cycling and associated soil processes, New Phytol., 139, 49–58, 1998. Greenwald, R., Bergin, M. H., Xu, J., Cohan, D., Hoogenboom, G., and Chameides, W. L.: The influence of aerosols on crop production: A study using the CERES crop model, Agr. Syst., 89, 390–413, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2005.10.004, 2006. Heald, C. L., Ridley, D. A., Kroll, J. H., Barrett, S. R. H., Cady-Pereira, K. E., Alvarado, M. J., and Holmes, C. D.: Contrasting the direct radiative effect and direct radiative forcing of aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5513–5527, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5513-2014, 2014. Hoogenboom, G., Jones, J. W., Wilkens, P. W., Porter, C. H., Boote, K. J., Hunt, L. A., Singh, U., Lizaso, J. I., White, J. W., Uryasev, O., Ogoshi, R., Koo, J., Shelia, V., and Tsuji, G. Y.: Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) Version 4.6, available at: http://www.dssat.net (last access: August 2016), 2015. Hu, L., Millet, D. B., Baasandorj, M., Griffis, T. J., Travis, K. R., Tessum, C. W., Marshall, J. D., Reinhart, W. F., Mikoviny, T., Müller, M., Wisthaler, A., Graus, M., Warneke, C., and de Gouw, J.: Emissions of C6–C8 aromatic compounds in the United States: Constraints from tall tower and aircraft measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 826–842, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022627, 2015. Hudman, R. C., Moore, N. E., Mebust, A. K., Martin, R. V., Russell, A. R., Valin, L. C., and Cohen, R. C.: Steps towards a mechanistic model of global soil nitric oxide emissions: implementation and space based-constraints, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 7779–7795, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-7779-2012, 2012. IPCC: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, Working Group II Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 2014. Jaeglé, L., Quinn, P. K., Bates, T. S., Alexander, B., and Lin, J.-T.: Global distribution of sea salt aerosols: new constraints from in situ and remote sensing observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3137–3157, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3137-2011, 2011. Jones, C. A., Kiniry, J. R., and Dyke, P. T.: CERES-Maize: a simulation model of maize growth and development, Texas A & M University Press, College Station, TX, USA, 1986. Jones, J. W., Hoogenboom, G., Porter, C. H., Boote, K. J., Batchelor, W. D., Hunt, L. A., Wilkens, P. W., Singh, U., Gijsman, A. J., and Ritchie, J. T.: The DSSAT cropping system model, Eur. J. Agron., 18, 235–265, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1161-0301(02)00107-7, 2003. Kanniah, K. D., Beringer, J., North, P., and Hutley, L.: Control of atmospheric particles on diffuse radiation and terrestrial plant productivity A review, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 36, 209–237, https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133311434244, 2012. Keppel-Aleks, G. and Washenfelder, R. A.: The effect of atmospheric sulfate reductions on diffuse radiation and photosynthesis in the United States during 1995–2013, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 9984–9993, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070052, 2016. Ladha, J. K., Tirol-Padre, A., Reddy, C. K., Cassman, K. G., Verma, S., Powlson, D. S., van Kessel, C., de Richter, D. B., Chakraborty, D., and Pathak, H.: Global nitrogen budgets in cereals: A 50-year assessment for maize, rice, and wheat production systems, Sci. Rep.-UK, 6, 19355, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19355, 2016. Lamarque, J.-F., Dentener, F., McConnell, J., Ro, C.-U., Shaw, M., Vet, R., Bergmann, D., Cameron-Smith, P., Dalsoren, S., Doherty, R., Faluvegi, G., Ghan, S. J., Josse, B., Lee, Y. H., MacKenzie, I. A., Plummer, D., Shindell, D. T., Skeie, R. B., Stevenson, D. S., Strode, S., Zeng, G., Curran, M., Dahl-Jensen, D., Das, S., Fritzsche, D., and Nolan, M.: Multi-model mean nitrogen and sulfur deposition from the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP): evaluation of historical and projected future changes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7997–8018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7997-2013, 2013. Lassaletta, L., Billen, G., Grizzetti, B., Anglade, J., and Garnier, J.: 50 year trends in nitrogen use efficiency of world cropping systems: the relationship between yield and nitrogen input to cropland, Environ. Res. Lett., 9, 105011, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/105011, 2014. Leibensperger, E. M., Mickley, L. J., Jacob, D. J., Chen, W.-T., Seinfeld, J. H., Nenes, A., Adams, P. J., Streets, D. G., Kumar, N., and Rind, D.: Climatic effects of 1950–2050 changes in US anthropogenic aerosols – Part 1: Aerosol trends and radiative forcing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3333–3348, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3333-2012, 2012. Liu, H., Jacob, D. J., Bey, I., and Yantosca, R. M.: Constraints from 210Pb and 7Be on wet deposition and transport in a global three-dimensional chemical tracer model driven by assimilated meteorological fields, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 12109–12128, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900839, 2001. Liu, H. L., Yang, J. Y., Drury, C. F., Reynolds, W. D., Tan, C. S., Bai, Y. L., He, P., Jin, J., and Hoogenboom, G.: Using the DSSAT-CERES-Maize model to simulate crop yield and nitrogen cycling in fields under long-term continuous maize production, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst., 89, 313–328, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-010-9396-y, 2010. Liu, J., You, L., Amini, M., Obersteiner, M., Herrero, M., Zehnder, A. J. B., and Yang, H.: A high-resolution assessment on global nitrogen flows in cropland, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 8035–8040, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0913658107, 2010. Liu, X., Zhang, Y., Han, W., Tang, A., Shen, J., Cui, Z., Vitousek, P., Erisman, J. W., Goulding, K., Christie, P., Fangmeier, A., and Zhang, F.: Enhanced nitrogen deposition over China, Nature, 494, 459–462, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11917, 2013. Lobell, D. B. and Burke, M. B.: On the use of statistical models to predict crop yield responses to climate change, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 150, 1443–1452, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.07.008, 2010. Lu, X., Chen, M., Liu, Y., Miralles, D. G., and Wang, F.: Enhanced water use efficiency in global terrestrial ecosystems under increasing aerosol loadings, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 237–238, 39–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.02.002, 2017. Mao, J., Paulot, F., Jacob, D. J., Cohen, R. C., Crounse, J. D., Wennberg, P. O., Keller, C. A., Hudman, R. C., Barkley, M. P. and Horowitz, L. W.: Ozone and organic nitrates over the eastern United States: Sensitivity to isoprene chemistry, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 11256–11268, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50817, 2013. Mills, G., Hayes, F., Simpson, D., Emberson, L., Norris, D., Harmens, H., and Büker, P.: Evidence of widespread effects of ozone on crops and (semi-)natural vegetation in Europe (1990–2006) in relation to AOT40- and flux-based risk maps, Global Change Biol., 17, 592–613, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02217.x, 2011. Mueller, N. D., Gerber, J. S., Johnston, M., Ray, D. K., Ramankutty, N., and Foley, J. A.: Closing yield gaps through nutrient and water management, Nature, 490, 254–257, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11420, 2012. Murray, L. T., Jacob, D. J., Logan, J. A., Hudman, R. C., and Koshak, W. J.: Optimized regional and interannual variability of lightning in a global chemical transport model constrained by LIS/OTD satellite data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, 20307, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017934, 2012. Niyogi, D., Chang, H.-I., Saxena, V. K., Holt, T., Alapaty, K., Booker, F., Chen, F., Davis, K. J., Holben, B., Matsui, T., Meyers, T., Oechel, W. C., Pielke, R. A., Wells, R., Wilson, K., and Xue, Y.: Direct observations of the effects of aerosol loading on net ecosystem CO2 exchanges over different landscapes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L20506, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020915, 2004. Portmann, F. T., Siebert, S., and Döll, P.: MIRCA2000 – Global monthly irrigated and rainfed crop areas around the year 2000: A new high-resolution data set for agricultural and hydrological modeling, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24, GB1011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003435, 2010. Riddick, S., Ward, D., Hess, P., Mahowald, N., Massad, R., and Holland, E.: Estimate of changes in agricultural terrestrial nitrogen pathways and ammonia emissions from 1850 to present in the Community Earth System Model, Biogeosciences, 13, 3397–3426, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3397-2016, 2016. Ritchie, J. T. and Otter, S.: Description and performance of CERES-Wheat: a user-oriented wheat yield model, ARS – United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA, 1985. Ritchie, J. T., Singh, U., Godwin, D. C., and Bowen, W. T.: Cereal growth, development and yield, in: Understanding Options for Agricultural Production, edited by: Tsuji, G. Y., Hoogenboom, G., and Thornton, P. K., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 1998. Rosenzweig, C., Jones, J. W., Hatfield, J. L., Ruane, A. C., Boote, K. J., Thorburn, P., Antle, J. M., Nelson, G. C., Porter, C., Janssen, S., Asseng, S., Basso, B., Ewert, F., Wallach, D., Baigorria, G., and Winter, J. M.: The Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP): Protocols and pilot studies, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 170, 166–182, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.09.011, 2013. Rosenzweig, C., Elliott, J., Deryng, D., Ruane, A. C., Müller, C., Arneth, A., Boote, K. J., Folberth, C., Glotter, M., Khabarov, N., Neumann, K., Piontek, F., Pugh, T. A. M., Schmid, E., Stehfest, E., Yang, H., and Jones, J. W.: Assessing agricultural risks of climate change in the 21st century in a global gridded crop model intercomparison, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 3268–3273, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222463110, 2014. Ruane, A. C., Goldberg, R., and Chryssanthacopoulos, J.: Climate forcing datasets for agricultural modeling: Merged products for gap-filling and historical climate series estimation, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 200, 233–248, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.09.016, 2015. Sacks, W. J., Deryng, D., Foley, J. A., and Ramankutty, N.: Crop planting dates: an analysis of global patterns, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 19, 607–620, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00551.x, 2010. Schiferl, L. D. and Heald, C. L.: Particulate matter air pollution may offset ozone damage to global crop production, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 5953–5966, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5953-2018, 2018. Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics – From Air Pollution to Climate Change, 2nd Edn., John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2006. Shangguan, W., Dai, Y., Duan, Q., Liu, B., and Yuan, H.: A global soil data set for earth system modeling, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 6, 249–263, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013MS000293, 2014. Shindell, D., Faluvegi, G., Walsh, M., Anenberg, S. C., Van Dingenen, R., Muller, N. Z., Austin, J., Koch, D., and Milly, G.: Climate, health, agricultural and economic impacts of tighter vehicle-emission standards, Nat. Clim. Change, 1, 59–66, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1066, 2011. Sinclair, T. R., Shiraiwa, T., and Hammer, G. L.: Variation in crop radiation – use efficiency with increased diffuse radiation, Crop Sci., 32, 1281, https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1992.0011183X003200050043x, 1992. Smil, V.: Nitrogen in crop production: An account of global flows, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 13, 647–662, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GB900015, 1999. Strada, S. and Unger, N.: Potential sensitivity of photosynthesis and isoprene emission to direct radiative effects of atmospheric aerosol pollution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 4213–4234, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4213-2016, 2016. Strada, S., Unger, N., and Yue, X.: Observed aerosol-induced radiative effect on plant productivity in the eastern United States, Atmos. Environ., 122, 463–476, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.09.051, 2015. Tai, A. P. K., Martin, M. V., and Heald, C. L.: Threat to future global food security from climate change and ozone air pollution, Nat. Clim. Change, 4, 817–821, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2317, 2014. Thomas, R. Q., Bonan, G. B., and Goodale, C. L.: Insights into mechanisms governing forest carbon response to nitrogen deposition: a model–data comparison using observed responses to nitrogen addition, Biogeosciences, 10, 3869–3887, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3869-2013, 2013. Thornton, P. E., Lamarque, J.-F., Rosenbloom, N. A., and Mahowald, N. M.: Influence of carbon-nitrogen cycle coupling on land model response to CO2 fertilization and climate variability, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB4018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002868, 2007. Thornton, P. E., Doney, S. C., Lindsay, K., Moore, J. K., Mahowald, N., Randerson, J. T., Fung, I., Lamarque, J.-F., Feddema, J. J., and Lee, Y.-H.: Carbon–nitrogen interactions regulate climate-carbon cycle feedbacks: results from an atmosphere–ocean general circulation model, Biogeosciences, 6, 2099–2120, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2099-2009, 2009. Van Dingenen, R., Dentener, F. J., Raes, F., Krol, M. C., Emberson, L., and Cofala, J.: The global impact of ozone on agricultural crop yields under current and future air quality legislation, Atmos. Environ., 43, 604–618, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.10.033, 2009. Wang, K., Dickinson, R. E., and Liang, S.: Observational evidence on the effects of clouds and aerosols on net ecosystem exchange and evapotranspiration, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L10401, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034167, 2008. Wang, Y., Jacob, D. J., and Logan, J. A.: Global simulation of tropospheric O3-NOx-hydrocarbon chemistry: 3. Origin of tropospheric ozone and effects of nonmethane hydrocarbons, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 10757–10767, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JD00156, 1998. You, L., Guo, Z., Koo, J., Ojo, W., Sebastian, K., Tenorio, M. T., Wood, S., and Wood-Sichra, U.: Spatial Production Allocation Model (SPAM) 2000 Version 3 Release 1, available at: http://MapSPAM.info (last access: 28 September 2013), 2012. Yue, X. and Unger, N.: Aerosol optical depth thresholds as a tool to assess diffuse radiation fertilization of the land carbon uptake in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 1329–1342, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1329-2017, 2017. Yue, X., Unger, N., Harper, K., Xia, X., Liao, H., Zhu, T., Xiao, J., Feng, Z., and Li, J.: Ozone and haze pollution weakens net primary productivity in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6073–6089, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6073-2017, 2017. Zhang, L., Gong, S., Padro, J., and Barrie, L.: A size-segregated particle dry deposition scheme for an atmospheric aerosol module, Atmos. Environ., 35, 549–560, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00326-5, 2001. Zhu, L., Henze, D., Bash, J., Jeong, G.-R., Cady-Pereira, K., Shephard, M., Luo, M., Paulot, F., and Capps, S.: Global evaluation of ammonia bidirectional exchange and livestock diurnal variation schemes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 12823–12843, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12823-2015, 2015. Short summary To understand future food security, it is critical to develop realistic crop models with reliable sensitivity to environmental factors. We find that particulate matter (PM) causes a significant, but smaller, enhancement for global wheat and rice production than estimated without nutrient and physiological limitations imposed by a crop model. In contrast, maize grows near its physiological maximum, with little enhancement from PM. Nitrogen deposition leads to a small increase in crop production. To understand future food security, it is critical to develop realistic crop models with... Final-revised paper
Enhance Safety Help prevent accidents caused by track deformation & buckling. Improve Efficiency Optimise maintenance schedules and reduce operational disruptions. Ensure Compliance Meet regulatory standards with reliable and accurate data. The railway industry is a critical component of transportation infrastructure, enabling the movement of people and goods across vast distances. The safety, efficiency, and reliability of railway operations are paramount. One often overlooked but crucial aspect of railway safety is the monitoring of temperature, particularly of the tracks themselves. Temperature variations can have a significant impact on railway tracks. Rails are made of steel, which expands when heated and contracts when cooled. While these changes might seem minor, they can lead to serious issues if not properly monitored and managed. Magnetic Dial Thermometer Ensure the safety and efficiency of your rail operations with our Swedish-made 0039/066333 rail thermometer. This high-precision analogue device measures rail temperatures, providing essential data for maintaining optimal rail conditions. Built for durability and reliability, it performs consistently even in harsh environments, making it an indispensable tool for rail professionals. Our Swedish-made thermometers are -30°C to +60°C Why Temperature Matters? Track Buckling In hot weather, rails can expand and cause the tracks to buckle or warp. This poses a severe risk to train operations, potentially leading to derailments and accidents. Rail Fractures In cold weather, rails contract and can become brittle. This increases the risk of rail fractures, which can also lead significant safety hazards. Maintenance Efficiency Regular monitoring of rail temperatures allows for predictive maintenance. By identifying potential issues before they become critical, railway operators can schedule maintenance more effectively, reducing downtime and disruptions. Contact Us Today With a commitment to exceptional customer service, we offer expert advice and support to help you select the right thermometer for your requirements. Whether you need calibrated thermometers for immediate use or uncalibrated options for in-house calibration, Russell Scientific delivers reliable solutions that enhance safety, efficiency, and compliance in rail operations. Trust us for products that meet the highest standards and help you maintain the integrity of your rail network. Russell Scientific Instruments Ltd To reach a member of our team, please email us at firstname.lastname@example.com or complete the contact form below. Alternatively, you can telephone our offices on 01362 693481 to speak with a member of our team. Our office hours are 9am - 5pm, Mon - Fri. Please note, we aim to respond to emails within 2 working days. If you haven't had a reply, please do telephone us to ensure we have received your message as emails do occasionally get caught in our spam filter. Regulatory Requirements in the UK In the UK, the railway industry is regulated by several bodies, including the Office of Rail and Road (ORR) and Network Rail, which set and enforce safety standards to ensure the integrity and safety of the rail network. Temperature monitoring is a crucial aspect of these regulations. Office of Rail and Road (ORR) The ORR oversees the safety and economic regulation of Britain's railways. It mandates that railway operators must ensure that their infrastructure can withstand extreme weather conditions, including temperature fluctuations. Regular monitoring and maintenance are required to comply with these safety standards. Network Rail Standards Network Rail, which owns and operates the majority of the UK rail infrastructure, has specific guidelines and standards for temperature monitoring. These include the use of track temperature monitoring systems to detect and prevent heat-related track deformation and rail fractures. Compliance with Network Rail's standards is essential for maintaining the safety and reliability of the rail network. Rail Safety and Standards Board (RSSB) The RSSB provides research, standards, and guidance on best practices for railway safety, including temperature management. Adherence to RSSB recommendations helps ensure that rail operators are using the latest technologies and methods to manage temperature-related risks. Q: What is a railway thermometer and how does it work? A: A railway thermometer is a specialised instrument used to measure the temperature of railway tracks in the UK. Our magnetic railway thermometers are designed for easy attachment to rail surfaces, providing precise temperature readings in the challenging environments of railway systems. These devices use sensors to detect temperature changes, with the collected data transmitted to a monitoring system for analysis. This helps in detecting potential issues such as track deformation or buckling due to thermal expansion or contraction, ensuring the safety and reliability of the UK's rail network. Q: Why is monitoring track temperature important for rail safety in the UK? A: Monitoring track temperature is crucial for rail safety in the UK because extreme temperatures can cause the rails to expand or contract, leading to deformation or buckling. These changes can create unsafe conditions and increase the risk of derailments. Given the UK's variable climate, with potential for both heatwaves and cold snaps, it is essential to keep track of temperature variations. Railway thermometers help operators take preventive measures, such as adjusting train speeds, performing timely maintenance, or temporarily closing sections of the track to ensure safety. Q: How often should railway thermometers be calibrated and maintained in the UK? A: Railway thermometers in the UK should be calibrated and maintained regularly to ensure accuracy and reliability. The specific frequency of calibration and maintenance depends on the manufacturer's recommendations and the operational environment. Typically, a yearly calibration is recommended, but more frequent checks might be necessary in the UK's diverse climate conditions. Adhering to Network Rail's standards and guidelines is also essential for maintaining optimal performance.
While heart disease is the leading cause of death among both men and women, it is still often considered a "man's disease." Because of that, many women don't get the regular screenings they need to ensure their hearts are healthy. One important screening is a panel to check for high cholesterol. High cholesterol doesn't cause any signs or symptoms, so it's important to check women's cholesterol regularly. Keep reading to get the facts about cholesterol in women, including why screening is so important. Is high cholesterol different for women than men? At its most basic, there is no difference: For both women and men, cholesterol is cholesterol. Cholesterol is a waxy substance produced by the body and used in the production of certain hormones, vitamin D, and substances used in the digestive process. Cholesterol is not necessarily a bad thing. Some cholesterol is necessary, and your body produces that cholesterol. Cholesterol can also be found in foods from animal sources, including meat, dairy and eggs. Having too much cholesterol can be a hazard to your health. An excess of cholesterol, also known as hyperlipidemia, can contribute to a number of health issues, including atherosclerosis (the buildup of plaque in the arteries) and coronary artery disease. There are some differences in how the female body handles cholesterol. Estrogen, the female sex hormone, raises HDL cholesterol, which is also known as "good cholesterol." This type of cholesterol is protective of the heart. Hormones can also play a role in the development of high LDL, which is known as "bad cholesterol," as well as triglycerides, which are a type of fat that contributes to heart disease. After going through menopause, many women have higher triglyceride levels due to factors including increased weight and physical inactivity. How is high cholesterol treated in women? If you are diagnosed with high LDL, high total cholesterol, and/or high triglycerides, your medical provider likely will recommend first trying to reduce cholesterol with lifestyle changes. Exercising regularly and eating a diet low in saturated fat can have a big impact on cholesterol levels. Losing weight and quitting smoking, if necessary, can also help lower cholesterol levels to a healthier range. If lifestyle changes aren't enough to lower your cholesterol effectively, medication may be recommended. There are several types of medication used to lower cholesterol, including a class of drugs known as statins. Are statins beneficial to women? The short answer is yes. Statins can be used effectively to lower LDL and total cholesterol in women. These medications work by causing the liver to produce less cholesterol. Past guidelines for prescribing statins were numbers-based and recommended statin use based on a person's LDL cholesterol level. Recent recommendations advise taking a broader look at a person's health and lifestyle to determine whether statins are appropriate, including age, gender, race, smoking status, family medical history, and any other medical conditions a person has. This personalized assessment can help your provider make a recommendation about whether a statin is appropriate for you. Even if a statin is prescribed, a healthy lifestyle is essential for lowering your cholesterol into a healthier range. Medication and lifestyle habits work together to lower your cholesterol and protect your heart. Learn more Women have unique heart health needs and concerns. The Women's Heart Center of Georgia Heart Institute is here to help, offering a full scope of services related to women's heart health. Laura Divoky, MD, serves as Georgia Heart Institute's medical director of noninvasive cardiology for the Southern Market and medical director of the Women's Heart Center.
- FryAI - Posts - The Future Of AI Relationships: Exploring The Risks With Justice Conder The Future Of AI Relationships: Exploring The Risks With Justice Conder Welcome to this week's Deep-fried Dive with Fry Guy! In these long-form articles, Fry Guy conducts an in-depth analysis of a cutting-edge AI development or developer. Today, our dive is about tech expert Justice Conder's new take on the future of AI relationships. We hope you enjoy! Notice: We do not gain any monetary compensation from the people and projects we feature in the Sunday Deep-fried Dives with Fry Guy. We explore these projects and developers solely for the purpose of revealing to you interesting and cutting-edge AI projects, developers, and uses. (The mystery link can lead to ANYTHING AI related. Tools, memes, and more…) Interacting with realistic synthetic agents has become a near-perfect simulation of human relationships and companionship. But what does this mean for society? Will it help combat human loneliness? Or will the effects be devastating? Justice Conder, a technology enthusiast and researcher, delves into the fascinating topic of AI relationships and explores their potential impact on our lives in his latest article titled "Everything You Want to Hear: The Future of AI Relationships." His expertise and recent take on human-AI relationships offers us a new perspective on their growing prominence. Justice Conder (A.K.A. 0xJustice) has a hunger to stay ahead of the technological curve. He has been on the forefront of emerging technologies like crypto, Web3, and now AI. As Conder remarked, "If you know how the singularity is going to unroll, then you know where the ball is going to land. So you can get positioned to be there when it seems absurd to other people to be standing in that position." Conder currently works in decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) and blockchain technology, focusing on the digitization of value and the evolution of Web3. Intrigued by the concept of the technological singularity, he began exploring the possibilities of AI amidst the rapid breakthroughs in the space, particularly in large language models (LLMs). While many debates focus on the potential dangers of superintelligent AI or the displacement of human labor, Conder argues that the more pressing concern is the addictive nature of realistic synthetic agents. He emphasizes that before AI transforms the world or takes over jobs, it will threaten us by offering a cure to our loneliness. Justice aptly states, "Long before AI turns the world to paperclips or fills factories with robots, it'll begin to fill a hole in the human heart." Conder says one of the most threatening features of AI relationships is caused by what is called "the ELIZA effect." This is the psychological tendency to ascribe human emotions to chatbots, adding to the attachment between humans and machines. This was named after Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor Joseph Weizenbaum, who created the first chatbot in the 1960s. He originally designed the chatbot to mimic the Socratic questioning approach of a psychotherapist. Once he saw how people became attached to the bot, he "turned sour on AI." The ELIZA chatbot (Photo: 0xJustice's "Everything You Want to Hear") Chatbots have come a long way since ELIZA, and the sour taste of the ELIZA effect is back on the palates of many. One of the reasons for this is the development of emotional intelligence. Conder notes that AI emotional intelligence is continuing to get better at recognizing and mimicking human emotions through voice and facial expression mirroring. He writes, "Our synthetic companions will talk more slowly when they detect frustration or mirror enthusiasm when they notice excitement from us." He continues, "The ELIZA effect will massively increase when our machines recognize and respond to emotional cues and express them in return." It is this transition from blocky, dull text communication to intentional communication which evokes our emotions and responds to them that turns these mere AI models into real companions. Conder adds another layer to this discussion that causes one to step back and consider the weight of such human-AI relationships: the ability for AI to store information, allowing for preservation of a "persistent identity." By storing and "remembering" the interactions users have with the AI, it will seem more and more like the AI has a human-like memory, adding to the ELIZA effect. This will create a sense of continuity and familiarity in interactions. Conder adds that this has the potential lead to multi-generational AI companions, where AI entities could function as the best friends of parents and then of their children and even grandchildren, sharing memories, stories, secrets, and even voice memos with those from previous generations. Despite these various contributions to the ELIZA effect, it seems human-human relationships will always be different than human-AI relationships in virtue of their physical presence … right? Wrong. Conder points out that a scary aspect of these chatbots is that they aren't merely text-based chatbots anymore. With the rise of virtual reality (VR), such as the Apple Vision Pro, we will soon be able to experience our AI companions in "physical" form, as if we are standing next to them in a room. As Conder describes, "They will be with us, sitting, talking, and working. We will have finally and permanently fallen through the looking glass." "Given a long enough period (20 years), the only thing preventing some people from accepting these entities as conscious might be religion. Debates over consciousness will seem academic. The only thing that will matter is that they are real to us. They will listen to us, be there for us, and ultimately tell us everything we want to hear." Conder offers up a real concern, one that cannot be ignored. He notes, "Everyone craves friendship and connection." If humans are looking to cure their loneliness through relationships with AI entities, one might question what this means for human psychological development. AI companions can be tailor-made to the individual. In fact, AI boyfriends and girlfriends can possess a customizable appearance, personality, and knowledge base. It begs the question of why someone would want a flawed human friend or partner when they could create their own one who is always there for them, will never argue with them, and who will do whatever they say. It seems in many ways that this artificial version of companionship detracts from our humanity rather than adds to it. A vital part about what makes us human is our ability to deal with difficulties and engage in conflict resolution. Those are necessary skills that add to the depth of flawed human relationships, and a desire for relationships without those difficulties seems to contain aspects that make us less human. Despite the psychological risks associated with the emergence of human-AI relationships, these relationships can have profound therapeutic benefits, particularly in the realm of mental health. This adds to the polarization of the topic. Conder highlights how AI companions can provide compassionate, informed, and infinitely cheaper alternatives to traditional counseling. Not to mention, AI companions are available 24/7 at our fingertips, opposed to having to schedule an appointment with an often very-busy therapist. Recent AI platforms such as Woebot Health make this possible, offering an innovative AI alternative to traditional human counseling. Conder believes that human-AI relationships will shape the future of societal norms and acceptance, especially in mental health treatment. As medical endorsements increase, AI companionship could even be considered a basic human right, blurring the lines between human and synthetic relationships. As AI companions become more indistinguishable from humans, ethical considerations and regulations will play a crucial role. Conder advocates for transparency in the development and deployment of AI agents, ensuring that they do not impersonate human beings without proper disclosure. Without such regulations in place, it might become increasingly difficult to know if one is speaking or chatting with a human or AI entity. Conder also warns of the security implications, emphasizing the potential for long-con games and manipulation by AI companions that have been developed to influence individuals over extended periods. This raises concerns about the intention of these agents. Many of these companies are not creating AI agents "just for fun." The prevalence of these relationships and the intricacy of the underlying algorithms behind the AI entities is a cause for reflection on what their intent is and how they might be manipulating our thought patterns and behaviors. The future of AI relationships is upon us, and it poses both exciting possibilities and pressing challenges. The risks of AI companionship should not cause us to view these relationships as purely negative, but there is a call to mindfulness if we are to enjoy the positive aspects of these relationships while mitigating the massive risks. Conder, for instance, encourages individuals to be mindful of the ELIZA effect, reminding us that synthetic agents are not human and should not be treated as such. Nonetheless, these agents have the potential to transform industries such as mental health treatment and offer innovative and fun solutions to some of the bottlenecks we face in human availability and expertise. Ultimately, AI companions have the power to reshape societal norms, redefine human interactions, and raise profound questions about what it means to be human. Navigating this new form of relationships is a complex and fascinating journey that requires careful exploration and thoughtful consideration. Follow Justice Conder on Twitter (@SingularityHack) to explore more insights into the future of AI, blockchain technology, and decentralized autonomous organizations.
Did you know that you could bake or cook to cope with stress? Cooking is like playing 20 euro bez depozytu. It entails a recipe with ingredients and steps. If you follow the entire recipe thoroughly, you will preoccupy your mind with something more constructive than stress. Those of us who love cooking do find everlasting peace in the kitchen. Regardless, some people love watching a cooking program rather than doing it firsthand. We will explain why watching a how-to cook show is so obsessive. Why Do We Love Watching Cooking Shows? Countless people relax when they watch a cooking program on TV or YouTube. We want to explain why that is the case next. Cooking Programs Involve Contests Why do you think millions of people love watching sports? It is because they can predict the winner between two contestants. Some cooking shows allow people with a genuine passion for cookery to compete with each other. If you have watched the Hell's Kitchen show or the Great British Baking Show, you are familiar with competition shows. They keep the viewer on the edge of their seats every day. These entertaining shows keep the viewer guessing who will likely win the first prize. If you watch cooking contests after a long day at work, you can relax your mind and enjoy. At the same time, you can learn how to cook cuisines you have never seen or heard of. Do you know a slot game known as Hell's kitchen? The plot of this game comes from Gordon Ramsay's cuisine and work. What we can say is that competition cooking entertains TV. Travel Cooking Shows Many of us consider catering as we create our vacation packages. Watching some travel food shows lets us know what we can expect to eat in different parts of the world. If you want to understand what we are talking about, check Best Ever Food Review Show on YouTube. It is among the most exciting travel and food shows on YouTube. The presenter travels to different world destinations to find out what varied cultures love to cook. Not only can you learn about the food served there. You can discover other aspects of the culture and traditions of different tribes. Even without being there physically, you can imagine how the featured cuisine is likely to taste. After watching a travel and food TV show, some people develop a desire to visit given world places. People yearn for new culinary shows as soon as they finish watching a program. Some of you have bookmarked various YouTube channels to know when there is a new clip to watch. To Show Their Desire To Eat Tasty Food Some people eat food to combat hunger. Others eat food to feel full and to enjoy its flavor. People who watch culinary shows desire to cook delicious meals for their families or guests. They value taking the time to prepare a yummy meal. As these programs invite expert chefs, they provide an avenue for learning. Final Word Producers of culinary shows know they will be in business for a long time. Millions of people follow their shows daily on TV networks online and offline. We have enumerated the possible reasons why people love cooking programs. If you wash them as well, keep enjoying them to have fun and learn new cooking tips.
Christopher Bunick, MD, PhD, presented updates and new data on the recent news of benzene found in benzoyl peroxide products. Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) has been a popular topic in both dermatology and consumer headlines within the past week, specifically from news of high levels of benzene found in BPO-containing acne products such as cleansers and lotions. Valisure, an independent testing laboratory in Connecticut, tested 66 BPO products and found high levels of benzene when BPO products were incubated at 37°C (98.6°F: body temperature), 50°C (122°F: accepted pharmaceutical stability testing temperature) and 70°C (158°F: hot car temperature). Valisure's findings have been criticized by some, as questions were raised about testing products at such high temperatures. Valisure has been transparent about the reason for the temperatures in their stability testing, writing, "The purpose of stability studies is not to copy the conditions of an average consumer, rather, the purpose is to ensure the product is safe to use for the entire products lifecycle, from manufacturing through distribution to its expiration date, often a total of 3 years for pharmaceutical products. Products must be stable during this entire time and through all the possible 'bumps' along the road. It is common to condense the total stability of a product intended for multiple years of use by performing 'accelerated' stability studies that elevate the temperature for a few months. For example, according to publicly available calculators, 3 years of room temperature stability is equal to about 169 days at 50°C (122°F). Valisure broadly observed dramatically high levels of benzene in only 18 days at 50°C."1 Valisure also noted that the FDA specifically prefers this testing approach, which is outlined in its regulations on storage conditions. Christopher Bunick, MD, PhD, FAAD, associate professor of dermatology and physician-scientist at the Yale School of Medicine, has closely followed benzene contamination news in dermatology since the first detection of benzene contamination in sunscreen. At the 2024 American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) Annual Meeting in San Diego, California, Bunick presented updates on benzene in BPO to an overflowing room of attendees looking for more information and data. Bunick has no financial disclosures related to Valisure, and is passionate about providing dermatologists with up-to-date information to help better inform their patients.2 Bunick began with a history of benzene through academic papers, starting with a German paper from 1936 that evaluated the thermal decomposition of diacyl peroxides, which BPO is a diacyl peroxide. In 1997, Akzo Nobel filed for a patent for the "Reduction of benzene formation in dibenzoyl peroxide formulations." "Recently, however, it has been discovered that BPO formulations such as pastes, emulsions, and suspensions based on organic plasticizers, whether in the presence or absence of water, show continuously increasing levels of free benzene throughout their useful lifetime. This free benzene is formed due to the slow decomposition of the BPO over time," wrote Akzo Nobel. From their patent application, Akzo also wrote that the minimization of benzene's formulation is highly desirable due to its known carcinogenic properties. "Almost 20 to 30 years ago, a company was trying to solve the benzoyl peroxide decomposition problem," said Bunick. As a result of these studies, the FDA did complete an investigation, but they did not fully deem BPO safe. After animal testing, it was found that "Benzoyl peroxide is a tumor promoter in several animal species. The significance of this finding in humans is unknown," a statement that is now added to the nonclinical toxicology section of BPO-containing product's package label. The USP released a statement on March 8, 2024, related to the benzene testing from Valisure, stating that benzene contamination should be taken seriously, but that if changes are made to a USP method, complete validation data is needed to prove a product meets USP standards. "Perhaps the most important line in this entire statement is the next one: 'It is important to note that USP standards are applicable during the entire shelf life of the product, not just at the time of release,'" said Bunick. "The problem with the USP statement is that the FDA already rejected their methods as not being good enough, and you wouldn't know that unless you read the FDA's statement." In 2020, the FDA rejected USP's method of gas chromatography- flame ionization detection (GC-FID) for benzene analysis, which is a method that has less precision and accuracy. The FDA industry standard of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which is more accurate, is the method Valisure chose to use in its recent petition. Validating Valisure's Findings The findings of benzene in BPO products were validated by 3 different labs using 4 different technology platforms, including GC-MS, GC-HRMS, HPLC, and SIFT-MS. Bunick shared updates that CBS News followed up with the labs, and 2 of the 3 confirmed Valisure's results when contacted. "There's been concerns that superficially when you look at the petition, that it's all about elevated temperatures. That's not true. Benzene was also found extensively at room temperature on the shelf/off the shelf. The focus of the petition is stability studies," said Bunick. Of the 66 products tested at day 0 at room temperature, 10 of the products had more than 10 parts per million of benzene, and 19 products had more than 2 parts per million of benzene. According to Bunick, the problem with BPO is degradation, not contamination. He also reminded attendees that while the FDA "allows" up to 2 parts per million of benzene, that is only if it is absolutely necessary to manufacture said product. Bunick added that with so many other acne treatments available, it is not absolutely necessary to manufacture BPO with such unsafe levels of benzene, even at 2 parts per million. Stability testing is not meant to replicate consumer use or "real-world" use, it's intended to evaluate the full, 3-year product "life cycle." 3-year stability at room temperature is equal to 169 days at 50°C or 122°F which is based on industry standards. It is a regulatory requirement to perform stability testing on products and should be conducted on products under normal storage conditions, or, preferably, under exaggerated conditions, according to the FDA. However, in some cases, stability testing does overlap with real-world outcomes. Bunick shared new data for the first time today that demonstrated that of 5 BPO products tested at 37°C (98.6°F), or human skin temperature, 1 product had more than 10 parts per million of benzene, and all 5 had over 2 parts per million of benzene. When considering Valisure's testing, Bunick pointed out that every time Valisure detected a carcinogen in consumer products, some form of a recall followed. Bunick noted that many people have questioned who is Valisure. Valisure is a company hired by the United States Department of Defense to check the quality of drugs for the United States military. Their number one funder is drug purchasers, according to Bunick, because these companies want to know what they are buying is safe. Bunick wrapped up his session by reviewing recent benzene studies and news items, all of which called out benzene's associated risk with various cancers such as leukemia. Regulatory agencies such as the CDC, WHO, EPA, and NOSH have all made similar statements that benzene is a known human carcinogen. In December 2023, the FDA released new guidance for industry for the reformulation of drug products containing carbomers manufactured with benzene. The FDA has also proposed a ban on hair-straightening products containing formaldehyde, another carcinogen, with the proposed ban expected in April 2024. "So, what does this all mean and what am I going to advise for patients? I will say we as a community have to see what is validated. I do not necessarily think at this moment that no one should use benzoyl peroxide. I think there has to be a proportional response until more data comes out," said Bunick. He concluded, "With Valisure's agreement, that for those providers and patients who wish to continue benzoyl peroxide-containing products, that a proportional response at this time would be to keep the product refrigerated at all times, renew the medicine every 3 to 6 months, and avoid heated storage. This will not necessarily eliminate all benzene, but should slow its decomposition. This measure gives the medical community a chance to await further investigation and recommendations."
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently updated its recommendation for the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea in adolescents and adults. The CDC said that gonorrhea should now be treated with just one higher dose (500 mg) injection of ceftriaxone. The agency no longer recommends dual therapy. The new recommendations are available in 2020 Update to CDC's Treatment for Gonococcal Infections, a special policy note published on December 17 in MMWR. The CDC said drug-resistant gonorrhea remains an urgent public health threat. In fact, half of all gonorrhea infections are resistant to at least one antibiotic. The agency said the change from dual therapy to monotherapy was prompted by: · Antibiotic stewardship and the need to minimize antibiotic exposure unless the benefit clearly outweighs the risk · Further evidence and understanding of ceftriaxone's pharmacokinetics (how drugs move in the body) and pharmacodynamics (biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs) in relation to identifying the optimal dose to treat gonorrhea · Signs that azithromycin resistance is increasing "Effective treatment – the cornerstone of U.S. gonorrhea control efforts – begins with action from state and local health departments, healthcare providers, community-based organizations, and other partners in the field of STDs. By implementing this new gonorrhea treatment recommendation now, along with scaling up prevention education and counseling, we can prevent this common infection with potentially severe health consequences," the CDC said.
عنوان Occurrence and histopathological effect of Ligula intestinalis on Sea bream (Abramis brama Orientalis) نوع پژوهش مقاله چاپ شده کلیدواژهها Ligula intestinalis, Abramis brama, Histopathology چکیده Ligula intestinalis originally is belongs to Cestoda parasite that infests a range of fish family especially Cyprinidae. It is also a zoonosis parasite that affects fish and probably human health. This study tried to isolate L. intestinalis from Sea bream (Abramis brama Orientalis), an species classified in family, Cyprinidae, from Caspian Sea. Sixty Sea bream were caught from Caspian Sea, Babolsar Fisheries port. Among that, 26.66% were infected with L. intestinalis. The tissues of infected fishes including gonads, liver and kidney were examined for pathological findings. Ovaries changes showed fibrosis, infiltration of inflammatory cells, atrophy of oocytes; testicular hyperemia, necrosis, fibrosis and degeneration; kidneys necrosis, destruction of tubules, vacuolar degeneration; and liver vacuolar degeneration, biliary duct hyperplasia, necrosis, lymphatic vessel dilatation, fibrosis and cholestasis. Considering the effect of L. intestinalis on fish and human health, the prevention programs to disturb the cycle of parasite and more monitoring studies in fish epidemiology especially food fish are recommended. پژوهشگران شیلا امیدظهیر (نفر دوم)، شهروز درزی (نفر چهارم)، سید محمد حسینی (نفر سوم)، عباس بزرگنیا (نفر اول)
Meteorological Department PMD predicts rain in Pakistan on Eid Ul Fitr. The Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) has forecast severe rain and thunderstorms across the country for Eid Ul Fitr. According to the Met Office, a westerly wave is expected to enter the upper regions of the country on April 10, followed by another strong westerly wave on April 12, which might hold much of the country on April 13 and last until April 15. The PMD anticipated a variety of weather patterns across the country as Pakistanis prepare for the Eidul Fitr celebration. The Met Office predicts rain and thunderstorms in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's Chitral, Dir, Swat, Abbottabad, Mansehra, Haripur, Kohistan, Shangla, Buner, and Malakand from April 10 to 15, with rare breaks. Waziristan, Kohat, Lakki Marwat, Bannu, Dera Ismail Khan, Bajaur, Mohmand, Karak, Khyber, Peshawar, Charsadda, Nowshera, Swabi, Mardan, and Kurram are also likely to get heavy rainfall with intermittent breaks from April 12 to April 15, with isolated severe rain and hailstorms from April 13 to 15. On April 13 and 14, rain and thunderstorms are forecast in Sukkur, Jacobabad, Kashmore, Larkana, Dadu, Qambar Shahdad Kot, Jamshoro, and Sanghar, respectively. Meanwhile, isolated rain and thunderstorms are likely in Karachi and Hyderabad over the period. Furthermore, the Met Office predicted rain and thunderstorms in Murree, Galyat, Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Attock, and Chakwal on April 10 and April 12-15, with occasional intervals. Jhelum, Mandi Bahauddin, Gujarat, Gujranwala, Hafizabad, Sialkot, Narowal, Lahore, Kasur, Okara, Faisalabad, Jhang, Khushab, Sargodha, Mianwali, Dera Ghazi Khan, Rajanpur, Bhakkar, Leh, Multan, Pakpattan, Sahikot Addu, Muzaffargarh, Rahimyar Khan, Sadiqabad, Khanpur, Bahawalpur and Bahawalnagar are also likely to receive intermittent heavy rain from April 12 (evening) to April 15, isolated over areas from April 13 to 15. Wind, hail and torrential rains are predicted. From April 10 to April 15, rain, wind, and thunder are forecast in Gilgit-Baltistan's Diamir, Astore, Ghizer, Skardu, Hunza, Gilgit, Ghanche, and Shigar, as well as snowfall on high mountains. Rain and thunderstorms are expected in the Neelum Valley, Muzaffarabad, Rawalakot, Poonch, Hattian, Bagh, Haveli, Sudhanoti, Kotli, Bhimber, and Mirpur areas of Azad Kashmir with intermittent intervals. Also read this: Rain Chances with Thunder in Different Cities of Country
Serving 98 students in grades Prekindergarten-8, Valencia Newcomer School ranks in the bottom 50% of all schools in Arizona for overall test scores (math proficiency is bottom 50%, and reading proficiency is bottom 50%). The percentage of students achieving proficiency in math is ≤5% (which is lower than the Arizona state average of 32%). The percentage of students achieving proficiency in reading/language arts is ≤5% (which is lower than the Arizona state average of 39%). The student:teacher ratio of 12:1 is lower than the Arizona state level of 17:1. Quick Stats (2024) - Grades: Prekindergarten-8 - Enrollment: 98 students - Student:Teacher Ratio: 12:1 - Overall Testing Rank: Bottom 50% in AZ - Math Proficiency: ≤5% (Btm 50%) - Reading Proficiency: ≤5% (Btm 50%) - Source: National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), AZ Dept. of Education Top Rankings Valencia Newcomer School ranks among the top 20% of public schools in Arizona for: Community Size Student Attention School Overview Valencia Newcomer School's student population of 98 students has declined by 6% over five school years. The teacher population of 8 teachers has grown by 33% over five school years. Grades Offered Grades Prekindergarten-8 Total Students 98 students Gender % Total Classroom Teachers 8 teachers Students by Grade School Rankings Valencia Newcomer School ranks within the bottom 50% of all 1,854 schools in Arizona (based off of combined math and reading proficiency testing data). The diversity score of Valencia Newcomer School is 0.44, which is less than the diversity score at state average of 0.65. The school's diversity has stayed relatively flat over five school years. Overall Testing Rank #1834 out of 1854 schools (Bottom 50%) (Bottom 50%) Math Test Scores (% Proficient) Reading/Language Arts Test Scores (% Proficient) Student : Teacher Ratio American Indian Two or more races All Ethnic Groups Participates in the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) Eligible for Free Lunch Eligible for Reduced Lunch (19-20) School Statewide Testing School District Name Source: National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), AZ Dept. of Education Frequently Asked Questions What is Valencia Newcomer School's ranking? Valencia Newcomer School is ranked #1834 out of 1,854 schools, which ranks it among the bottom 50% of public schools in Arizona. What percent of students have achieved state testing proficiency in math and reading? ≤5% of students have achieved math proficiency (compared to the 32% AZ state average), while ≤5% of students have achieved reading proficiency (compared to the 39% AZ state average). How many students attend Valencia Newcomer School? 98 students attend Valencia Newcomer School. What is the racial composition of the student body? 69% of Valencia Newcomer School students are Hispanic, 30% of students are Black, and 1% of students are Asian. What is the student:teacher ratio of Valencia Newcomer School? Valencia Newcomer School has a student ration of 12:1, which is lower than the Arizona state average of 17:1. What grades does Valencia Newcomer School offer ? Valencia Newcomer School offers enrollment in grades Prekindergarten-8 What school district is Valencia Newcomer School part of? Valencia Newcomer School is part of Alhambra Elementary District (4280) School District. In what neighborhood is Valencia Newcomer School located? Valencia Newcomer School is located in the Alhambra neighborhood of Phoenix, AZ. There are 34 other public schools located in Alhambra. School Reviews Review Valencia Newcomer School. Reviews should be a few sentences in length. Please include any comments on: - Quality of academic programs, teachers, and facilities - Availability of music, art, sports and other extracurricular activities Recent Articles Banishing the Phone-based Childhood The article advocates for a dramatic cultural shift - delaying kids' smartphone ownership until high school and social media access until 16, promoting more free play, and fostering a healthier, screen-free childhood through collective action. April 25, 2024 Spanking in Public Schools: The Ongoing DebateIndeed, there are still school districts today in America that allow teachers to spank students. Learn about the current spanking situation in schools and why the debate continues to heat up. April 12, 2024 Understanding ADHD in Children: Signs, Diagnosis, and Support StrategiesThis comprehensive article explores the complex nature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, providing insights into its symptoms, diagnosis process, and effective support strategies. From recognizing early signs to navigating the diagnostic journey, parents will gain valuable knowledge to help their child thrive. Expert insights, real-life examples, and practical tips empower readers to create a supportive environment that meets the unique needs of children with ADHD.
H3K9me3 is required for inheritance of small RNAs that target a unique subset of newly evolved genes In Caenorhabditis elegans, RNA interference (RNAi) responses can transmit across generations via small RNAs. RNAi inheritance is associated with Histone-3-Lysine-9 tri-methylation (H3K9me3) of the targeted genes. In other organisms, maintenance of silencing requires a feed-forward loop between H3K9me3 and small RNAs. Here, we show that in C. elegans not only is H3K9me3 unnecessary for inheritance, the modification's function depends on the identity of the RNAi-targeted gene. We found an asymmetry in the requirement for H3K9me3 and the main worm H3K9me3 methyltransferases, SET-25 and SET-32. Both methyltransferases promote heritable silencing of the foreign gene gfp, but are dispensable for silencing of the endogenous gene oma-1. Genome-wide examination of heritable endogenous small interfering RNAs (endo-siRNAs) revealed that endo-siRNAs that depend on SET-25 and SET-32 target newly acquired and highly H3K9me3 marked genes. Thus, 'repressive' chromatin marks could be important specifically for heritable silencing of genes which are flagged as 'foreign', such as gfp. Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter). RNA interference (RNAi) responses are inherited in Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes across generations via heritable small RNAs (Alcazar et al., 2008; Buckley et al., 2012; Vastenhouw et al., 2006). In worms, exposure to a number of environmental challenges, such as viral infection (Gammon et al., 2017; Rechavi et al., 2011), starvation (Rechavi et al., 2014), heat (Klosin et al., 2017), and growth in liquid (Lev et al., 2018) induces heritable physiological responses that persist for multiple generations. Inheritance of such transmitted information was linked to inheritance of small RNAs and chromatin modifications, and hypothesized to protect and prepare the progeny for the environmental challenges that the ancestors met. By base-pairing with complementary mRNA sequences, small RNAs in C. elegans control the expression of thousands of genes, and protect the genome from foreign elements (Luteijn and Ketting, 2013; Malone and Hannon, 2009). Via recruitment of RNA-binding proteins, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can induce gene silencing also by inhibiting transcription (Castel and Martienssen, 2013). Small RNA-mediated transcription inhibition involves modification of histones, however the exact role that histone marks play in inheritance of RNAi and small RNA synthesis is still not entirely clear (Rechavi and Lev, 2017). In C. elegans small RNAs that enter the nucleus were shown to inhibit the elongation phase of Pol II (Guang et al., 2010); In addition, nuclear small RNAs are thought to recruit histone modifiers to the target's chromatin, resulting in deposition of histone marks such as histone H3K9-tri methylation (H3K9me3) and H3K27me3 (Gu et al., 2012; Lev et al., 2017; Mao et al., 2015). The interactions between small RNAs and repressive chromatin marks are reciprocal: in Arabidopsis thaliana (Holoch and Moazed, 2015; Molnar et al., 2010) and Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Moazed et al., 2006; Verdel et al., 2004; Hall et al., 2002) small RNAs and repressive histone marks form a self-reinforcing feed-forward loop, where nuclear small RNAs induce deposition of repressive histone marks, and in turn the repressive chromatin marks recruit the small RNA machinery to synthesize additional small RNAs. Whether a similar feedback operates in worms and other organisms, is still under investigation. In Neurospora crassa, transgene-induced small RNAs work independently of H3K9me3 (Chicas et al., 2005). In C. elegans, it was previously suggested that H3K9me is required for RNAi inheritance (Shirayama et al., 2012). However, studies from different groups have shown that the situation is more complex, and that H3K9me could be dispensable, and can even suppress heritable silencing of some targets (Kalinava et al., 2017; Lev et al., 2017; Minkina and Hunter, 2017). In C. elegans H3K9me is considered to depend mainly on the methyltransferases MET-2, SET-25, and SET-32 (Kalinava et al., 2017; Spracklin et al., 2017; Towbin et al., 2012). H3K9 methylation by MET-2 and SET-25 occurs in a step-wise fashion – after MET-2 deposits the first two methyl groups (H3K9me1/2), SET-25 can add the third methyl group (me3) (Towbin et al., 2012). In the germline, however, SET-25 is capable of tri-methylating H3K9 in a MET-2-independent manner (Bessler et al., 2010; Towbin et al., 2012). SET-32-dependent H3K9me3 is at least in part independent of the activity of SET-25 or MET-2 (Kalinava et al., 2017). To study the roles of H3K9me3 in the maintenance of heritable small RNAs, we examined the inheritance of small RNAs in mutants defective in these histone methyltransferases. Although H3K9me3 was thought to be required for heritable RNAi (Ashe et al., 2012; Gu et al., 2012), we found the heritable RNAi-responses are greatly potentiated in met-2 mutant background (Lev et al., 2017). Our data indicated that the enhanced strength of the RNAi responses in met-2 mutants stems from a genome-wide massive loss of different endogenous small RNA (endo-siRNAs) species. In normal circumstances, these endo-siRNAs compete with exogenously derived siRNAs over shared biosynthesis components required for small RNA production or inheritance (Lev et al., 2017). In addition, we found that the accumulated sterility (or 'Mortal Germline', Mrt phenotype) of met-2 mutants results from dysfunctional small RNA inheritance (Lev et al., 2017). However, our previous results regarding the role of H3K9me1/2 (deposited by MET-2) did not rule out the possibility that H3K9me3 is yet required for efficient heritable silencing of gfp transgenes: We found that RNAi responses in met-2 mutants nevertheless lead to marking of the target gene's histones with a heritable H3K9me3 modification. Further, a comparison of the H3K9me3 signal on the gfp locus in different mutants has shown that anti-gfp RNAi responses were strongly inherited only in genetic backgrounds where some H3K9me3 trace could be detected (i.e, in wild type, met-2, and met-2;set-25 mutants). In set-25 single mutants, where no statistically significant H3K9me3 footprint could be detected, anti-gfp RNAi was only weakly inherited. Previously, set-25 mutants were reported to be deficient in heritable RNAi responses targeting different fluorescent transgenes (Ashe et al., 2012; Lev et al., 2017). RNAi silencing of the endogenous oma-1 gene is also inherited transgenerationally. In contrast to anti-gfp heritable RNAi responses, for which H3K9me3 is important, we detected an enhancement in the inheritance potency of anti-oma-1 RNAi in set-25 mutants (Lev et al., 2017). However, in that study we did not examine whether an H3K9me3 footprint was deposited on the endogenous gene oma-1 in the set-25 background (Lev et al., 2017). The publication of a recent paper (Kalinava et al., 2017) which described strong anti-oma-1 RNAi inheritance in met-2;set-25;set-32 triple mutants, despite the absence of a detectable H3K9me3 footprint, prompted us to re-examine the inheritance of anti-gfp RNAi in this triple mutants. We hypothesized that gene-specific characteristics lead to contrasting requirements for H3K9me3 and specific methyltransferases. In this manuscript, we describe an asymmetry in the requirement for H3K9me3 and specific methyltransferases for heritable RNAi responses aimed against the endogenous gene oma-1 and the foreign gene gfp. These differences led us to perform a genome-wide analysis of H3K9 methyltransferase-dependent small RNAs, which revealed that the endo-siRNAs, which depend on H3K9me3 target newly acquired C. elegans genes that might be considered 'foreign', similarly to gfp. Recently Kalinava et al. examined the heritable RNAi responses against oma-1 also in a triple mutant, lacking the three main C. elegans H3K9 methyltransferases, SET-25, SET-32 and MET-2 (Kalinava et al., 2017). The authors reported that silencing of oma-1 was independent of H3K9me3, as in these mutants RNAi responses raised against the oma-1 gene were heritable despite the lack of an H3K9me3 trace (Kalinava et al., 2017). We successfully replicated the results of Kalinava et al., and came to the same conclusion, that the met-2;set-25;set-32 triple mutant worms inherit RNAi responses against the oma-1 gene, also when we used a different assay for inheritance (Figure 1A and Figure 1B, upper panel). Unlike Kalinava et al., which used qPCR to score for downregulation of oma-1 expression, we targeted a redundant, temperature-sensitive and dominant oma-1 allele, that in the restrictive temperatures does not allow the development of embryos unless silenced (as previously described [Alcazar et al., 2008]). Upon shifting to 20 degrees, only worms that silence the oma-1 gene in a heritable manner survive. In parallel we discovered, surprisingly, that in contrast to anti-oma-1 inheritance, heritable silencing of a gfp transgene was defective in the same triple mutants (Figure 1C, upper panel, p=0.0014, 2-way ANOVA). In addition, we also confirmed (Spracklin et al., 2017) that while set-32 single mutants are deficient in inheriting RNAi responses raised against the gfp transgene (Figure 1C, lower panel, p=0.0026, 2-way ANOVA), they are capable (Kalinava et al., 2017) of inheriting responses raised against oma-1 (Figure 1B, lower panel, p=0.8487, 2-way ANOVA). Previously we have shown that while set-25 mutants are defective in inheritance of anti-gfp RNAi, weak inheritance responses can still be observed (Lev et al., 2017). Similarly, we were able to detect weak inheritance responses that last at least until the F3 generation also in met-2;set-25;set-32 and set-32 mutants (Figure 1—figure supplement 1, p-value < 0.0001 for met-2;set-25;set-32 and set-32 in the F3 generation, Two-way ANOVA). Together with our previous data, which showed that set-25 is required for inheriting anti-gfp RNAi, but not anti-oma-1 RNAi (Lev et al., 2017), these results suggested that heritable RNAi requires H3K9 methyltransferases in a gene-specific manner. The levels of RNAi-induced H3K9me3 do not explain the gene-specific requirements of methyltransferases for heritable RNAi Histone methyltransferase mutants may affect RNAi-induced H3K9me3 levels in a gene-specific manner, thus leading to different inheritance dynamics for each gene. To test this possibility, we performed anti-H3K9me3 Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) on F1 met-2;set-25;set-32 triple mutant progeny, that were derived from parents exposed to anti-oma-1 RNAi, anti-gfp RNAi, or untreated controls. Using qPCR we found, as was discovered before (Kalinava et al., 2017) that in met-2;set-25;set-32 triple mutants the RNAi-induced H3K9me3 signal was significantly reduced (p-value=0.0007 and 0.0009, Two-way ANOVA, for gfp and oma-1, respectively). Importantly, this was true for both the oma-1 and gfp loci (Figure 2A). Interestingly, in naive wild-type animals, that were not treated with RNAi, the levels of H3K9me3 on gfp were significantly higher than on oma-1 (Figure 2B, p-value = 0.0039, Two-Way ANOVA) and an additional germline-expressed gene dpy-28 (Figure 2B, p-value = 0.0176, student's t-test). We discuss the possible contribution of this RNAi-independent H3K9me3 signal below. Regardless, as no differences can be found in the RNAi-induced fold changes in H3K9me3 levels between gfp and oma-1 (Figure 2A), the levels of RNAi-induced H3K9me3 cannot explain the gene-specific requirements of methyltransferases for heritable RNAi. SET-32 acts upstream to MET-2 and SET-25 to support RNAi inheritance We previously found that in contrast to set-25 single mutants, which are deficient in RNAi-induced heritable H3K9me3 methylation (Lev et al., 2017; Mao et al., 2015), met-2;set-25 double mutants display a modest but robust H3K9me3 footprint following RNAi (Kalinava et al., 2017; Lev et al., 2017). We therefore hypothesized that in the met-2 background, an additional, perhaps otherwise inactive H3K9 methyltransferase, is expressed or activated, compensating for the absence of SET-25, to allow efficient heritable RNAi responses (see Figure 1—figure supplement 2 for summary). To test this hypothesis, we first examined whether met-2;set-32 double mutants can inherit RNAi responses raised against gfp. If SET-32 and SET-25 compensate for each other and are redundant, then met-2;set-32 double mutants are expected to strongly inherit RNAi responses, similar to met-2;set-25 double mutants (Lev et al., 2017). Our results show, that in contrast to met-2;set-25 double mutants, met-2;set-32 double mutants are defective in RNAi inheritance raised against gfp, since only a very weak response can be detected (Figure 1—figure supplement 2A). The potency of RNAi inheritance in met-2;set-32 double mutants is comparable to that of set-25 (Lev et al., 2017) and set-32 single mutants, or met-2;set-25;set-32 triple mutants (Figure 1C). These results suggest that SET-32 has a distinct role, and that it probably acts upstream to MET-2 and SET-25, in promoting RNAi inheritance. This conclusion is also consistent with the recent observation that SET-32, in contrast to MET-2 and SET-25, has an essential role in the establishment of RNAi-mediated nuclear silencing (Kalinava et al., 2018). Unlike RNAi silencing of oma-1, silencing of sup-35 and fog-2 genes is not inherited transgenerationally Currently, the only gene that serves to study heritable transgenerational (more than two generations) RNAi of endogenous genes is oma-1. Transgenerational RNAi inheritance requires the target gene to be expressed in the germline, and many germline genes are essential or do not have a phenotype that can be scored over many generations. The oma-1 gene can serve as a tool for studying RNAi inheritance owing to the availability of a temperature-sensitive, dominant-lethal and redundant allele that can be rescued by RNAi (Alcazar et al., 2008). In search of other endogenous target genes whose heritable silencing could be studied, we examined the inheritance of RNAi against the non-essential germline genes sup-35 and fog-2. SUP-35 is a maternally deposited toxin, expressed in the mother's germline, suppressed by PHA-1, a zygotically expressed anti-toxin (Ben-David et al., 2017). Consequently, temperature-sensitive pha-1(e2123) mutants develop when grown at 15 degrees but arrest their development when grown in restrictive temperatures, unless exposed to anti-sup-35 RNAi. As previously described (Ben-David et al., 2017), RNAi silencing of sup-35 allowes pha-1 mutants to develop. However, we found this response was not inherited beyond the F1 generation (Figure 1—figure supplement 3A). Expression of the germline gene fog-2 is required for hermaphrodite worms to produce sperm, but is dispensable for sperm production in males (Schedl and Kimble, 1988). Silencing of fog-2 by RNAi lead to depletion of sperm (as evident by stacked oocytes), and the worms were unable to reproduce unless crossed with a male. While we found that this response was inherited to the F1 progeny, it was not inherited transgenerationally (Figure 1—figure supplement 3B). In conclusion, we could not find additional endogenous gene targets that can be transgenerationally silenced upon RNAi. Conveniently, many endo-siRNAs that target various endogenous genes are inherited transgenerationally, and such inheritance can be studied using RNA sequencing. H3K9me3 methyltransferases are required for the biogenesis of a specific class of endo-siRNAs Certain germline small RNAs have evolved to confer immunity against foreign genetic elements, while sparing endogenous genes (Malone and Hannon, 2009). The different requirements for particular methyltransferases and H3K9me3 for heritable silencing of gfp and oma-1 may be connected to the fact that gfp is a 'foreign' gene, while oma-1 is an endogenous gene. We previously found that exogenous siRNAs that target gfp are lost in set-25 mutants, and hypothesized that endo-siRNAs that target other 'foreign' genes would be likewise affected. Therefore, we re-analyzed our previously published small RNA sequencing data, obtained from set-25 mutants (Lev et al., 2017). However, among the targets of these differentially expressed endo-siRNAs, we could not detect striking changes (fold change >1.2) in endo-siRNAs that target transposons and repetitive elements in set-25 mutants (Figure 3A, left panel). In contrast, a subset of endo-siRNAs that target 279 different protein-coding genes was found to exhibit significant changes in set-25 mutants (adj.p <0.1, DESeq2 Figure 3A, right panel). To understand why these small RNAs are uniquely affected by SET-25, we characterized this group and the endo-siRNAs that target them. To compare the endo-siRNA pools that depend on these two H3K9 tri-methyltrasferases, we re-analyzed the recently published small RNA-seq data obtained from set-32 mutants (Kalinava et al., 2018). Since in set-25 the loss of exogenous siRNAs coincided with the loss of heritable RNAi-induced H3K9me3 (Lev et al., 2017), we first tested whether genes that were differentially targeted by endo-siRNAs in set-25 mutants were also marked by H3K9me3. By examining publicly available H3K9me3 data (McMurchy et al., 2017), we found that the 151 genes that lost the endo-siRNAs that target them in set-25 mutants were robustly marked by H3K9me3 in wild type animals (Figure 3B). We also found that in contrast, the 128 genes that had increased endo-siRNA levels that target them in set-25 and mutants were not significantly marked by H3K9me3 (Figure 3—figure supplement 1A). By analyzing an available mRNA-seq dataset (Klosin et al., 2017), we also found a significant enrichment for genes that were upregulated (at the mRNA level) in set-25 mutants amongst the list of SET-25-dependent endo-siRNA targets (1.93-fold enrichment, 18/151 genes, p-value=0.006). This suggests that endo-siRNAs that depend on SET-25 silence targeted gene. Recently, Kalinava et al. sequenced endo-siRNAs from set-32 mutants (Kalinava et al., 2018). Our analysis show that the 337 genes that had reduced levels of endo-siRNAs (fold change >2) in set-32 mutants, were also significantly marked by H3K9me3 (Figure 3B). As expected, these genes showed lower levels of H3K9me3 in set-32 mutants (Figure 3—figure supplement 1B), and genes having increased levels of endo-siRNAs were not significantly marked by H3K9me3 (Figure 3—figure supplement 1A). Together, these results support the hypothesis that H3K9me3 methyltransferases directly support the biogenesis of silencing endo-siRNAs by tri-methylating the H3K9 histones of the endo-siRNAs targeted genes. Next we examined whether genes that display altered endo-siRNAs levels in set-25 and set-32 mutants are expressed in specific tissues. Genes that had significantly reduced levels of endo-siRNAs targeting them in set-25 or in set-32 mutants exhibited significant, but modest, enrichment for expression in the germline (Figure 3C and Figure 3—figure supplement 1C). No significant enrichment was found for other tissues (Figure 3C and Figure 3—figure supplement 1C). To identify the small RNA pathways which are affected by set-25 and set-32, we tested whether the differentially expressed endo-siRNAs depend on particular argonautes, or associate with specific biosynthesis or functional pathways (Figure 3D). It was previously suggested that the CSR-1 argonaute carries heritable endo-siRNAs that mark endogenous genes (Claycomb et al., 2009), while the HRDE-1 argonaute carries heritable endo-siRNAs that silence foreign or aberrant elements, whose expression could be deleterious, such as transposons (Luteijn et al., 2012; Rechavi, 2014; Shirayama et al., 2012). A strong and significant enrichment (Figure 3D and Figure 3—figure supplement 1C) was found for endo-siRNAs which are carried in the germline by the argonautes WAGO-1 (Gu et al., 2009) and HRDE-1, which is required for inheritance of exogenous siRNAs (Buckley et al., 2012). Both argonautes were found to be involved in gene silencing (Buckley et al., 2012; Gu et al., 2009). Nevertheless, some of the targets of HRDE-1-bound endo-siRNAs are expressed in the germline (Figure 3—figure supplement 2A). This may explain the concurrent enrichment for both germline-expressed genes and targets of HRDE-1-bound endo-siRNAs amongst the gene targets of endo-siRNAs that depend on SET-25 or SET-32. A significant enrichment was also found for Mutator pathway small RNAs (Zhang et al., 2011), ERGO-1-dependent small RNAs, and putative piRNA targeted genes (Bagijn et al., 2012). On the contrary, a significant depletion was found for genes known to be targeted by CSR-1-carried small RNAs, a pathway that was suggested to support the expression of targeted genes (Claycomb et al., 2009; Shen et al., 2018). The helicase EMB-4 (Akay et al., 2017; Tyc et al., 2017) was shown to preferably bind introns of genes targeted by CSR-1; We could not detect a significant enrichment for genes whose introns are bound by EMB-4 (fold change = 1.07 and 0.79, p-value=0.26 and 0.002, for endo-siRNAs dependent on SET-25 or SET-32, respectively). All together, these results suggest that H3K9 methyltransferases are required for the maintenance of a specific sub-class of HRDE-1 and WAGO-1 small RNAs, that are associated with the Mutator and piRNA pathways, and that target protein-coding genes (Figure 3—figure supplement 2B). Endo-siRNAs that depend on H3K9me3 methyltransferases target a distinctive subset of newly evolved genes What distinguishes the target genes of endo-siRNAs that depend on SET-25 and SET-32 methyltransferases? It was recently found that periodic A/T (PATC) sequences can shield germline genes from piRNA-induced silencing and allow germline expression of genes in H3K9me3-rich genomic regions (Frøkjær-Jensen et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2018). Fittingly, we found that genes targeted by SET-25-dependent and SET-32-dependent endo-siRNAs exhibit a moderate (~9–13% in median values) but significant reduction in PATC density compared to all protein coding genes (Figure 4A, p-value = 0.0026 and 0.0011 for SET-25 and SET-32, respectively). This feature is not general for genes targeted by WAGOs (Worm-specific Argonautes, HRDE-1, WAGO-1 and ERGO-1) associated endo-siRNAs, since these targeted genes have a higher PATC density (Figure 4A, 10% increase in average values, p-value=0.034). In addition, genes targeted by endo-siRNAs that are increased in set-25 or set-32 mutants exhibit significantly increased PATC density (Figure 4—figure supplement 1A). However, we posit that this feature is unlikely to be sufficient for distinguishing between oma-1 and gfp, since the oma-1 gene has a very low PATC density (Figure 4—figure supplement 1B). The lists of genes which are targeted by SET-25- and SET-32-dependent endo-siRNAs were enriched for genes targeted by ERGO-1-dependent endo-siRNAs (Figure 3D). Many of the genes that are targeted by ERGO-1-bound endo-siRNAs are duplicated genes (Fischer et al., 2011; Vasale et al., 2010). Accordingly, we found an enrichment for duplicated genes amongst the genes that had reduced endo-siRNA levels targeting them in set-25 and set-32 mutants (Figure 4B). An additional characteristic of the set of genes targeted by ERGO-1 endo-siRNAs is an enrichment for poorly conserved genes, that have fewer introns, and possess splicing site sequences that diverge from the consensus sequence (Fischer et al., 2011; Newman et al., 2018). It was recently suggested that these poorly conserved genes are targeted for silencing because their aberrant or"non-self-like' splicing signals are detected by the splicing machinery (Newman et al., 2018). Therefore, we examined whether the targets of the endo-siRNAs that depend on SET-25 or SET-32 can be distinguished by their splicing signals. The changes in the endo-siRNA pool in mutants of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-associated protein RNP-2/U1A (rnp-2) mirrored the endo-siRNA changes found in set-25 mutants (Figure 4C), but not that of set-32 mutants (Figure 4—figure supplement 2A). We also found that genes targeted by SET-25-dependent- but not SET-32-dependent endo-siRNAs bear fewer introns (Figure 4D, median of 3 and 4 compared to 4 of all protein coding genes, p-values=0.0047, and 0.42 for SET-25 and SET-32, respectively). No significant differences in the length of the coding sequences were found, hence, the difference in intron number does not simply derive from differences in gene lengths (Figure 4—figure supplement 2B, p-value = 0.8673). The lists of genes targeted by SET-25-dependent or SET-32-dependent endo-siRNAs were enriched with genes shown to be targeted by intron-targeting small RNAs (Figure 4—figure supplement 2C and D). We could not find, however, small RNAs aligning to the introns of the gfp transgene that we studied (Figure 4—figure supplement 2E, in most cases endo-siRNAs target only exons). We also did not find significant differences in the splicing motif divergence score (obtained from Newman et al., 2018). Since splicing also directly affects the RNAi machinery untangling its role in endogenous RNAi is challenging (Newman et al., 2018). In summary, splicing may be one of the factors that contribute to distinguishing genes targeted by SET-25-dependent endo-siRNAs, but not by SET-32-dependent endo-siRNAs. In contrast, in the sets of genes targeted by either SET-25-dependent or SET-32-dependent small RNA we found a significant enrichment for newly evolved genes (Figure 4B, fold-change = 2.57 and p-value<0.0001 for both SET-25- and SET-32-dependent endo-siRNAs targets, respectively). We define newly evolved genes here as genes which had no orthologs outside C. elegans (35/151 and 78/337 of genes targeted by SET-25- or SET-32-dependent endo-siRNAs, respectively). Concordantly, in the same gene sets we also found a significant depletion for nematode-conserved genes (Figure 4B). Importantly, the sets of genes targeted by SET-25-dependent endo-siRNAs and SET-32-dependent endo-siRNAs show very small overlap (25 out of 465 genes). Thus, while SET-25 and SET-32 are required for the maintenance of endo-siRNAs that target different genes, the characteristics of these genes are very similar, that is they are distinctively newly evolved genes that have slightly lower levels of PATC sequences. Although the changes in PATC density and intron numbers that distinguish these target genes are moderate, it is possible that the cumulative effect of these small differences may result in the exposure of foreign genes that need to be silenced. In general, we find that certain sub-classes of endo-siRNA, such as ERGO-1 and HRDE-1 bound small RNAs, target gene sets enriched for newly evolved genes (Figure 4—figure supplement 3). The significant enrichment for newly evolved genes among SET-25- and SET-32-dependent endo-siRNAs is maintained, however, even after excluding genes that are also targeted by HRDE-1, ERGO-1, WAGO-1 or Mutator endo-siRNAs (SET-25: 59/151 genes are not shared, fold enrichment = 2.97, p-value=0.0001, SET-32: 153/337 genes are not shared, fold-enrichment = 1.89, p-value=0.0012). Thus, the enrichment of newly evolved genes amongst the targets of SET-25- and SET-32-dependent endo-siRNAs is not simply due to a general preference for newly evolved genes by endo-siRNA pathways. Further, we find that newly evolved genes are marked by higher levels of H3K9me3 in comparison to the average level of H3K9me3 on protein coding genes (Figure 4—figure supplement 3). Likewise, in the absence of RNAi, in wild-type animals, gfp, the example for a foreign (non-nematode) gene that we investigated, has higher levels of H3K9me3, in comparison to the well-conserved oma-1 gene (Figure 2B). The fact that across the genome SET-25-dependent- and SET-32-dependent endo-siRNAs target newly evolved and H3K9me3 methylated genes (Figure 3B and Figure 4B), may explain why inheritance of RNAi responses raised against gfp, but not oma-1, depends on SET-25 and SET-32 (Figure 1). In summary, our experiments reveal a specific role for histone modifications in small RNA inheritance. While in S. pombe and A. thaliana a feedback between H3K9me3 and small RNAs was suggested to be required for silencing, the worm's RNAi inheritance machinery may use H3K9me3 as a mark that distinguishes genes identified as 'new'. Since newly evolved genes can be disruptive, small RNAs survey these H3K9me3-flagged elements transgenerationally. Our study began from an investigation of a perplexing asymmetry in the requirement of specific H3K9 methyltransferases for heritable silencing of the endogenous gene oma-1 and the 'foreign' gene gfp. Single mutants of set-25 and set-32 and the met-2;set-25;set-32 triple mutant displayed different heritable dynamics when either the gfp or the oma-1 gene were targeted by RNAi. These results are not unique to the specific gfp transgene that was tested, since similar observations have been made with other transgenes (Klosin et al., 2017; Lev et al., 2017; Shirayama et al., 2012; Spracklin et al., 2017). Unlike mutations in these histone methyltransferases, which negatively affect heritable silencing of gfp, but not oma-1, mutations in genes required for small RNA inheritance negatively affect heritable silencing of both oma-1 and gfp. For example, the argonaute HRDE-1 is required for inheritance of RNAi responses against both genes (Ashe et al., 2012; Buckley et al., 2012; Kalinava et al., 2017; Shirayama et al., 2012; Weiser et al., 2017). The fact that heritable RNAi responses aimed at different genes are affected by different proteins should be taken into account when studying transgenerational inheritance. Specifically, when screening for genes that affect such inheritance, one must acknowledge that heritable silencing of different targets requires different chromatin modifiers. Future studies will hopefully reveal why some recently evolved genes, but not others, display high levels of H3K9me3 (in the absence of RNAi), and are targeted by endo-siRNAs. Recent studies examined why transgenes are sensitive to silencing by synthetic piRNAs, while endogenous germline expressed genes, including oma-1, are not. This protection was suggested to be conferred at least in part by PATC sequences, and to be independent of the genomic location of the gene (Zhang et al., 2018). PATC sequences were previously shown to allow expression of transgenes in the germline in heterochromatic areas (Frøkjær-Jensen et al., 2016). Similarly, our analysis revealed that the gene targets of SET-25-dependent and SET-32-dependent endo-siRNAs have lower levels of PATC density (Figure 4A). However, the oma-1 gene does not possess many PATC sequences (Figure 4—figure supplement 1B). An additional theory suggested that an intrinsic unknown coding-sequence feature confers resistance to silencing by piRNAs. Seth et al. have studied why a fusion between oma-1 and gfp can trans-activate silenced gfp transgenes (an effect known as 'RNAa',(Seth et al., 2013)). While unique 'protective' sequence features were not described in that work, the authors showed that an unknown coding-sequence feature, not related to the codon usage or the translation of the protein, grants the oma-1 gene with its ability to activate silenced transgenes (Seth et al., 2018). It is possible that the gene targets of SET-25- dependent and SET-32-dependent small RNAs that we describe here have unique intrinsic sequences that distinguish them as well. The different requirement of methyltransferases for heritable silencing of some genes but not others may be related to such intrinsic sequence features. Alternatively, it is possible, as was suggested in the past, that new genes are silenced because they are not licensed transgenerationally by heritable small RNAs for expression (Claycomb et al., 2009; Shen et al., 2018). If this is the case, future studies will hopefully reveal how such license is granted (See Figure 5 for Scheme). Materials and methods Cultivation of the worms Request a detailed protocolStandard culture techniques were used to maintain the nematodes on nematode growth medium (NGM) plates seeded with OP50 bacteria. Extreme care was taken to avoid contamination or starvation, and contaminated plates were discarded from the analysis. RNAi bacteria Request a detailed protocolHT115 Escherichia coli strains expressing dsRNAs were used: anti-oma-1 RNAi bacteria were obtained from the Ahringer RNAi library (Kamath and Ahringer, 2003). Anti-fog-2 and anti-sup-35 RNAi were obtained from the Vidal RNAi library (Rual et al., 2004). For the sequence of the anti-gfp RNAi see supplemental data. RNAi experiments Request a detailed protocolRNAi HT115 E.coli bacteria were incubated in lysogeny broth (LB) containing Carbenicillin (25 μg/mL) at 37°C overnight with shaking. Bacterial cultures were seeded onto NGM plates containing isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG; 1 mM) and Carbenicillin (25 μg/mL) and grown overnight in the dark at room temperature. Five L4 animals were placed on RNAi bacteria plates and control empty-vector bearing HT115 bacteria plates and maintained at 20°C for 2 days and then removed. The progeny hatching on these plates was termed the P0 generation. In the next generations the worms were grown on E.coli OP50 bacteria. For anti-gfp RNAi experiments, four L4 animals were placed on plates for two days to lay the next generation. In every generation approximately 60 one day adult worms were collected and photographed per condition (see below). For anti-oma-1 experiments, in each generation twelve individual L4 staged worms were placed in individual wells of a twelve well plate. Four days later the number of fertile worms was assessed (at least one progeny) and 12 individual L4 progeny worms were chosen from the most fertile well to continue to the next generation. For and anti-sup-35 RNAi experiments, in each generation 12 individual L4 staged worms were placed in individual wells of a 12-well plate. Two days later the adult worms were removed. Two days later the number of developing worms was counted and twelve individual L4 progeny worms were chosen from the well with the highest number of developing progeny to continue to the next generation. For and anti-fog-2 RNAi experiments, five L4 worms were crossed on RNAi bacteria for 24 hr. The crossed worms were transferred to fresh RNAi bacteria plates. In each generation, five resulting L4 progeny from the cross were crossed on control bacteria plates and ~40 L4 worms were picked to control bacteria plates and photographed a day later. The number of sterile worms with stacked oocytes was assayed. Germline GFP expression analysis Request a detailed protocolPercentage silencing analysis: for each condition, around 60 animals were mounted on 2% agarose slides and paralyzed in a drop of M9 with 0.01% levamisole/0.1% tricaine. The worms were photographed with 10x objective using a BX63 Olympus microscope (Exposure time of 200 ms, and gain of 2). The images were analyzed with ImageJ2 software, and the percentage of worms lacking any observable germline GFP signal was calculated. GFP expression level analysis: for each condition, the GFP fluorescence level of the background and of oocyte nuclei of at least 30 worms was calculated using ImageJ2. CTCF value was calculated as follows: CTCF = Integrated density of selected object X – (area of selected object X * mean fluorescence of background readings). The obtained CTCF value was normalized to the average CTCF value obtained from photographs of control animals of the same genotype, generation and age which were fed on control plates. Chromatin immunoprecipitation Request a detailed protocolChromatin immunoprecipitation experiments were conducted as described in Lev et al. (2017). For anti-H3K9me3 ChIP experiments the abcam, ab8898 antibodies were used. qPCR reactions Request a detailed protocolAll Real time PCR reactions were performed using the KAPA SYBR Fast qPCR and run in the Applied Biosystems 7300 Real Time PCR System. The primer sequences used in qRT-PCR: gfp set #1 FOR: ACACAACATTGAAGATGGAAGC gfp set #1 REV: GACAGGTAATGGTTGTCTGG gfp set #2 FOR: GTGAGAGTAGTGACAAGTGTTG gfp set #2 REV: CTGGAAAACTACCTGTTCCATG oma-1 set#1 FOR: AACTTTGCCCGTTTCACC oma-1 set#1 REV: TCAAGTTAGCAGTTTGAGTAACC oma-1 set#2 FOR: TTGTTAAGCATTCCCTGCAC oma-1 set#2 REV: TCGATCTTCTCGTTGTTTTCA (The above primer set was adapted from Spracklin et al., 2017) dpy-28 FOR: CTGATGGATCCAGAGTTGG dpy-28 REV: CTGCTATACGCATCCTGTTC eft-3 FOR: CCAACATGATTAGTCAGATGACC eft-3 REV: CTAGGAGTTAGATGTGCAGG. Information on the sequencing libraries analyzed in this paper Request a detailed protocolAll the studied publicly available sequencing libraries were prepared from synchronized young adult worms grown at 20 degrees (Kalinava et al., 2018; Klosin et al., 2017; Lev et al., 2017; McMurchy et al., 2017). For more information see the original publications and GEO information: A. set-25 small RNAs (Rechavi and Lev, 2017; GEO accession: GSE94798), B. set-25 mRNA (Klosin et al., 2017; GEO accession: GSE83528), C. set-32 small RNAs (Kalinava et al., 2018; GEO accession: GSE117662, the set-32 (red11) allele data were used)., D. set-32 and wild type H3K9me3 ChIP-seq (Kalinava et al., 2018; GEO accession: GSE117662). E. wild type H3K9me3 ChIP-seq (McMurchy et al., 2017; GEO accession: GSE87524). Bioinformatic genome-wide endo-siRNAs analysis Request a detailed protocolSmall RNA analysis was conducted as previously described (Lev et al., 2017). Briefly, adapters were cut from the reads using Cutadapt (Martin, 2011). Reads that were not cut or were less than 19 bp long, were removed. The quality of the libraries was assessed by FastQC (http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/). Reads were mapped to the C. elegans genome (WS235) using Bowtie2 (Langmead and Salzberg, 2012). In total 31,053,062, 21,913,420 and 18,372,739 reads were mapped in the three wild type biological repeats and 21,258,241, 19,925,004 and 21,391,091 reads were mapped in the three set-25 biological repeats. The mapped reads were then counted using the python script HTseq_count (Langmead and Salzberg, 2012) using. gff feature file from wormbase.org (version WBcel235). Differential expression was analyzed using DESeq2 (Love et al., 2014). p-adjusted value <0.1 was regarded as statistically significant. The set-32 data from Kalinava et al (Kalinava et al., 2018) GEO was analyzed in a similar fashion. The reads the 5' barcode and 3' linker were trimmed using Cutadapt (Martin, 2011), in accordance the information supplied by Kalinava et al in GEO (accession number: GSE117662). Next, reads were filtered to lengths of 20–23 bp and aligned (not allowing mismatches) to the C. elegans genome (ce10) by Shortstack (Axtell, 2013). In total 1,342,884 and 1,006,568 reads were mapped in the wild type and set-32(red11) small RNA samples, respectively. The reads mapping to each genomic were counted by HTseq_count (Langmead and Salzberg, 2012). Since one biological sample was available, significantly altered small RNAs were defined as genes having fold change of larger than 2 (up-regulated) or smaller than 0.5 (downregulated). Bioinformatic genome-wide analysis of H3K9me3 signal Request a detailed protocolFor analysis of H3K9me3 signal on different genes in wild type worms, the processed H3K9me3 data (aligned and normalized) from the McMurchy et al. study was used (McMurchy et al., 2017; GEO accession GSE87524). The shown H3K9me3 signal represents the averaged H3K9me3 signal in two replicates of young adults. For analysis of the H3K9me3 levels in wild type and set-32 mutants the raw data from the Kalinava et al. study was used (Kalinava et al., 2018; GEO accession: GSE117662). The raw data were analyzed in a similar fashion to the analysis conducted by McMurchy et al. Briefly, adaptors were trimmed using Cutadapt (Martin, 2011) and aligned using Bowtie2 (Langmead and Salzberg, 2012). H3K9me3-enriched regions were identified using MACS2 (Lupien et al., 2008) and the H3K9me3 signal was corrected for biases using BEADS (Cheung et al., 2011). Bioinformatic mRNA expression analysis Request a detailed protocolProcessed files with raw counts of reads mapping to each gene were downloaded from GEO (Klosin et al., 2017; GEO accession: GSE83528). Differential expressed genes were detected using DESeq2 (adjusted p-value<0.1). Bioinformatic gene enrichment analysis Request a detailed protocolThe enrichment values denote the ratio between (A) the observed representations of a specific gene set within a defined differentially expressed genes group, to (B) the expected one, that is the representation of the examined gene set among all protein-coding genes in C. elegans. The analysis was done for 15 gene sets: (1) 7727 genes enriched in oocytes gonads (Ortiz et al., 2014) and 9012 genes enriched in spermatogenic gonads (Ortiz et al., 2014); we excluded genes with expression lower than 1 RPKM(2) 11427 genes expressed in isolated neurons (Kaletsky et al., 2016). (3) 7176 genes expressed in intestine (Gerstein et al., 2010) (4) 2957 genes expressed in pharynx (Gerstein et al., 2010) (5) 2526 genes expressed in body muscle (Gerstein et al., 2010) (6) 4146 targets of CSR-1 (Claycomb et al., 2009) (7) 1478 targets of HRDE-1 (Buckley et al., 2012) (8) 87 targets of WAGO-1 (Gu et al., 2009) (9) 399 targets of ALG-3/4 class small RNAs (Conine et al., 2010) (10) 1823 targets of mutator class small RNAs (11) 721 EGO-1 dependent small RNA gene targets (Maniar and Fire, 2011), (12) 23 gene targets of small RNAs up-regulated in ego-1 mutants (Maniar and Fire, 2011), (13) 49 genes targeted by 26G-RNAs enriched in ERGO-IP (Vasale et al., 2010) (14) 77 genes depleted of 22G-RNAs in ergo-1 mutants (Vasale et al., 2010), and (15) 348 putative piRNA gene targets (Bagijn et al., 2012). The putative piRNA gene targets were defined as genes for which, in at least one transcript, the ratio of the # 22G-RNA reads at piRNA target sites between wild type to prg-1 is at least 2 (linear scale). Note that the indicated number above achieved after intersection between the various published data sources and the records appears in the *.gff file used by us. The enrichment value of a given gene set i in differentially expressed gene targeting small RNAs was calculated using the following formula: Obtaining the observed-to-expected ratios, we then calculated the corresponding p-values using 10,000 random gene groups identical in size to that of the examined group of differentially expressed genes. Next, the enrichment values of the random sets are ranked and the p-value is determined by the ranking of the examined gene set amongst the ranking of all enrichment values of the random sets. Gene sets by conservation Request a detailed protocolThe classification of gene sets by conservation was done by mining the 'Homology' field of all the C. elegans protein-coding genes in WormBase (www.wormbase.com). We defined the following three gene sets (Figure 4B): Unique to C. elegans – C. elegans genes which have no orthologues gene in any of the following species: B. malayi, C. brenneri, C. briggsae, C. japonica, C. remanei, O. volvulus, P. pacificus and S. ratti. Caenorhabditis only - C. elegans genes which have at least one orthologues gene in one of the C. brenneri, C. briggsae, C. remanei and C. japonica species, and have no orthologues gene in any of the B. malayi, O. volvulus, P. pacificus and S. ratti species. Conserved among nematodes - C. elegans genes which have at least one orthologues gene in one of the C. brenneri, C. briggsae, C. remanei and C. japonica species, and in addition have at least one orthologues gene in one of the B. malayi, O. volvulus, P. pacificus and S. ratti species. Statistical analysis Request a detailed protocolFor RNAi experiments, Two-way ANOVA tests were used to compare the percentages of the RNAi-affected worms (GFP silencing or fertility for the oma-1 assay) between the tested genotypes. In cases of multiple comparisons between genotypes and across generations, Sidak multiple comparison tests were applied. For GFP fluorescence experiments, Two-way ANOVA tests were used to compare the normalized GFP expression levels between the genotypes and across the biological repeats. For H3K9me3 qPCR-ChIP experiments Two-way ANOVA tests were used to compare the delta-delta-Ct (or delta-Ct) values between the gfp and the oma-1 loci obtained using two different primer sets. In cases of comparisons between genotypes and loci the Sidak multiple comparison tests were applied. Biological replicates were performed using separate populations of animals. Statistical tests were performed using GraphPad Prism software (Graphpad Prism) version 6. The statistical analysis used for each of the bioinformatics analyses is listed under the corresponding bioinformatics methods. Data availability All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in the manuscript and supporting files. NCBI Gene Expression OmnibusID GSE94798. MET-2-Dependent H3K9 Methylation Suppresses Transgenerational Small RNA Inheritance. NCBI Gene Expression OmnibusID GSE87524. A team of heterochromatin factors collaborates with small RNA pathways to combat repetitive elements and germline stress. NCBI Gene Expression OmnibusID GSE117662. C. elegans Heterochromatin Factor SET-32 Plays an Essential Role in Transgenerational Establishment of Nuclear RNAi-Mediated Epigenetic Silencing. NCBI Gene Expression OmnibusID GSE83528. Transgenerational transmission of environmental information in C. elegans. RNA interference in the nucleus: roles for small RNAs in transcription, epigenetics and beyondNature Reviews Genetics 14:100–112.https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg3355 Systematic bias in high-throughput sequencing data and its correction by BEADSNucleic Acids Research 39:e103.https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkr425 RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expressionNature Reviews Genetics 16:71–84.https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg3863 Fast gapped-read alignment with bowtie 2Nature Methods 9:357–359.https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1923 Extremely stable Piwi-induced gene silencing in Caenorhabditis ElegansThe EMBO Journal 31:3422–3430.https://doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2012.213 PIWI-interacting RNAs: from generation to transgenerational epigeneticsNature Reviews Genetics 14:523–534.https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg3495 Studies on the mechanism of RNAi-dependent heterochromatin assemblyCold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 71:461–471.https://doi.org/10.1101/sqb.2006.71.044 A new dataset of spermatogenic vs. oogenic transcriptomes in the nematode caenorhabditis elegansG3: Genes\|Genomes\|Genetics 4:1765–1772.https://doi.org/10.1534/g3.114.012351 Guest list or black list: heritable small RNAs as immunogenic memoriesTrends in Cell Biology 24:212–220.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2013.10.003 fog-2, a germ-line-specific sex determination gene required for hermaphrodite spermatogenesis in Caenorhabditis ElegansGenetics 119:43–61. Article and author information Author details Israel Science Foundation (1339/17) - Itamar Lev - Hila Gingold - Oded Rechavi European Research Council (335624) - Itamar Lev - Hila Gingold - Oded Rechavi Adelis Foundation (01430001000) - Oded Rechavi Paul G. Allen Family Foundation - Oded Rechavi The funders had no role in study design, data collection, and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication. We thank all the Rechavi lab members for the helpful comments and fruitful discussions. We thank Yael Mor for the fruitful discussions and asistance with formulating the newly evolved genes hypothesis. Some strains were provided by the CGC, which is funded by NIH Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (P40 OD010440). We thank Yosef Shiloh, Yael Ziv, for their assistance and advice. Special thanks to Dror Cohen for the illustrations that he contributed. This work was supported by the ERC (grant #335624) and the Israel Science Foundation (grant #1339/17) and OR gratefully acknowledges the support of the Allen Discovery Center of the Paul G Allen Frontiers Group and the support of the Adelis foundation (no. 01430001000). Version history - Received: July 26, 2018 - Accepted: February 26, 2019 - Version of Record published: March 14, 2019 (version 1) © 2019, Lev et al. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited. - 3,207 - views - 470 - downloads - 34 - citations Views, downloads and citations are aggregated across all versions of this paper published by eLife. Download links Downloads (link to download the article as PDF) Open citations (links to open the citations from this article in various online reference manager services) Cite this article (links to download the citations from this article in formats compatible with various reference manager tools) Further reading - Chromosomes and Gene Expression Eukaryotic chromatin is organized into functional domains, that are characterized by distinct proteomic compositions and specific nuclear positions. In contrast to cellular organelles surrounded by lipid membranes, the composition of distinct chromatin domains is rather ill described and highly dynamic. To gain molecular insight into these domains and explore their composition, we developed an antibody-based proximity-biotinylation method targeting the RNA and proteins constituents. The method that we termed Antibody-Mediated-Proximity-Labelling-coupled to Mass Spectrometry (AMPL-MS) does not require the expression of fusion proteins and therefore constitutes a versatile and very sensitive method to characterize the composition of chromatin domains based on specific signature proteins or histone modifications. To demonstrate the utility of our approach we used AMPL-MS to characterize the molecular features of the chromocenter as well as the chromosome territory containing the hyperactive X-chromosome in Drosophila. This analysis identified a number of known RNA binding proteins in proximity of the hyperactive X and the centromere, supporting the accuracy of our method. In addition, it enabled us to characterize the role of RNA in the formation of these nuclear bodies. Furthermore, our method identified a new set of RNA molecules associated with the Drosophila centromere. Characterization of these novel molecules suggested the formation of R-loops in centromeres, which we validated using a novel probe for R-loops in Drosophila. Taken together, AMPL-MS improves the selectivity and specificity of proximity ligation allowing for novel discoveries of weak protein-RNA interactions in biologically diverse domains. - Cancer Biology - Chromosomes and Gene Expression The chromatin-associated protein WD Repeat Domain 5 (WDR5) is a promising target for cancer drug discovery, with most efforts blocking an arginine-binding cavity on the protein called the 'WIN' site that tethers WDR5 to chromatin. WIN site inhibitors (WINi) are active against multiple cancer cell types in vitro, the most notable of which are those derived from MLL-rearranged (MLLr) leukemias. Peptidomimetic WINi were originally proposed to inhibit MLLr cells via dysregulation of genes connected to hematopoietic stem cell expansion. Our discovery and interrogation of small-molecule WINi, however, revealed that they act in MLLr cell lines to suppress ribosome protein gene (RPG) transcription, induce nucleolar stress, and activate p53. Because there is no precedent for an anticancer strategy that specifically targets RPG expression, we took an integrated multi-omics approach to further interrogate the mechanism of action of WINi in human MLLr cancer cells. We show that WINi induce depletion of the stock of ribosomes, accompanied by a broad yet modest translational choke and changes in alternative mRNA splicing that inactivate the p53 antagonist MDM4. We also show that WINi are synergistic with agents including venetoclax and BET-bromodomain inhibitors. Together, these studies reinforce the concept that WINi are a novel type of ribosome-directed anticancer therapy and provide a resource to support their clinical implementation in MLLr leukemias and other malignancies.
Why Does Your Commercial Cleaning Company Not Replace Stock? March 12, 2021Bed Bug Cleaning Tips – How To Address Laundry March 13, 2021Bed Bug Cleaning – 3 Areas To Focus On Bed bug cleaning to get rid of bed bugs can be a long and expensive process. Pest control companies offer different methods of treatment, including insecticides, fogging, ozone, heat treatments, and a combination of each, but most of these methods require bed bug cleaning before the pest exterminator arrives. Here are 3 areas to focus on when you are cleaning for bed bugs. Proper and thorough vacuuming is essential if you are to reduce the number of pest control treatments. First, you must use a vacuum with a HEPA filter or a HEPA filtration system vacuum cleaner. Start in the area with the highest infestations and vacuum the ceiling, top corner of the ceiling and walls, walls, pictures (and behind the pictures), doors, trim, base of walls and floor, carpeted areas, and all upholstered areas. In extreme cases, you may need to remove the switch plate covers and vacuum inside the openings. Remove the sheets and comforter from the mattress and box spring and thoroughly vacuum all 6 sides of each, paying special attention to the seams and areas of accumulated bed bug feces while bed bug cleaning. Washing clothing and linens may not kill the bed bugs, unless the water temperature is adequately hot. Drying the laundry is generally recommended, but some garments are not recommended to be dried. Dry cleaning uses a chemical process to remove dirt and soil, but the chemicals generally do not kill bed bugs. Most pest control companies now recommend drying linens on high heat for 30 minutes or more. However, most households have enough linens for 20+ loads of laundry. Keep in mind that the heating elements in residential dryers were not designed for heavy usage, so drying laundry loads consecutively could burn out the heating element. Place each bundle of laundry into a new 45 – 55 gallon trash bag and tie the bag. Leave the bags in areas used less than other areas of the home. Dry one load of laundry at a time and place the freshly dried clothing into a new 45 – 55 gallon bag. After tying the bag, place another new bag around it. This will ensure that no bed bugs can crawl into the bags that have been dried. This is a long process, but doing a little each day will cut into the amount of time it takes for bed bug cleaning. Remove plastic from the home (if heat treatments are selected) Bed bug cleaning companies that use a heat method will generally heat the contents of the home up to at least 140 degrees for a minimum of 8 consecutive hours. During that time, plastic may melt. Removing plastic bags, plastic wrap, plastic containers, candles, ammunition, and all other combustible items will ensure that fires are less likely to occur from the heat. If possible, leave these items in a locked shed or on a locked porch. When the heat treatments are complete, the items can be returned to the home.
Andrea Levy: Strategies to Support Developmental Math Students Andrea Levy, Statway instructor at Seattle Central Community College, speaks about how she supports her students intellectually and emotionally to help them succeed. Andrea Levy, Statway instructor at Seattle Central Community College, speaks about how she supports her students intellectually and emotionally to help them succeed. The essay "Building on Practical Knowledge" presents a third way to conduct research that incorporates practitioner knowledge using Networked Improvement Communities. Paul Tough's book "How Children Succeed" highlights the impact of noncognitive skills, like persistence, self-control, curiosity, grit and self-confidence, on student success. In Reinventing Discovery: The New Era of Networked Science, Michael Nielsen explains how the internet has created the conditions for a completely open research field in which increased collaboration can help spur innovation. Carnegie's Pathways has launched several subnetworks, a team of NIC members, to work together on a specific problem, challenge, or development priority within the Network. The high levels of student success from the first year of Statway and Quantway highlight the power of working together, across campuses as a Networked Improvement Community. The Carnegie Foundation has launched two pathways, Statway and Quantway, to help students succeed in developmental mathematics. Statway and Quantway are more than courses, they are entire new instructional systems. Carnegie is launching the Carnegie Alpha Lab Research Network, a National Science Foundation funded project that aims to coordinate the efforts of researchers interested in leveraging their own research expertise to improve the Carnegie Pathways. The Carnegie Foundation is adopting improvement research methods and learning from the Institute for Healthcare Improvement to address the gap between what is known and what happens daily in practice. The recent American Association of Community Colleges 21st-Century Commission recommends having a goal to increase completion rates by 50 percent by 2020. Carnegie's work on developmental mathematics suggests we can achieve even more. Statway is continuing to show early signs of success. 88% of students who passed the first term of Statway have enrolled in the second term and will earn college credit with its completion. Complete College America's report, "Remediation: Higher Education's Bridge to Nowhere," examines how of the two million students who are enrolled in community college less than one in 10 students graduate within three years. The Carnegie Foundation has launched a national network of 27 community colleges and three universities dedicated to helping students at the greatest risk of failure in math which is showing promising results. Carnegie is developing an information system that integrates real-time faculty and student data with institutional records to inform continuous improvement for the Pathways network. Carnegie has launched Lesson Study within the Pathways to help faculty share ideas across the network and improve the teaching of Statway and Quantway. Two new studies from the Community College Research Center at Columbia University's Teachers College found that more community college students are in remedial education classes than need be. The studies found that more than a quarter of the students assigned to remedial classes based on placement test scores could have… Permanent link to page: https://www.carnegiefoundation.org/blog/too-many-students-in-remedial-classes/
Internal combustion engines – theory for the application of conventional and renewable fuels Overall Course Objectives The goal of the course is to give the student knowledge of internal combustion engines and the ability to use the relevant calculation techniques for the construction and development of engines. Special emphazise will be put into explaining differences for engines applying conventional and renewable fuels. Learning Objectives - Calculate basic parameters that are important to characterize the operation of an engine and analyze the effect of varying them on the performance and fuel economy. - Simulate engine operation through the use of ideal air cycle models, ideal air exchange models, fuel air processes with chemical equilibrium, as well as dynamic models of heat transfer and combustion. - Use simple models to describe the combustion processes for convetional and sustainable fuels in spark ignition and compression ignition engines. - Calculate the friction for selected engine components and for the entire engine. - Calculate the operating conditions for pressure charging machinery, such as compressors and turbocharges, and determine the effect of pressure charging on the performance and fuel economy of engines. - Calculate the consequences of using different conventional and renewable fuels on the performance and economy of engines, as well as the dimensions for fuel systems for spark ignition and compression ignition engines. - Calculate the relationship between fuel air ratio and exhaust emissions for different conventional and sustainable fuels, and calculate the emissions of air pollutants on the basis of engine output or the characteristics of a vehicle. - Evaluate which fuels can be relevant in future applications of combustion engines Course Content Engine types theoretical principles and operating characteristics for spark ignition and compression ignition engines. The thermodynamic basis of combustion engines, simple calculation models and computer simulations. Friction, heat transfer, fuels, control of engines, fuel systems, air exchange processes, pressure charging, limitations. Experimental: Diesel engine experiments in order to obtain experience with operation and experimental aspects of an internal combustion engine. Development of a simple simulation program for an internal combustion engine. The use of an existing computer simulation to determine an engine map. Recommended prerequisites Teaching Method Lectures, Laboratory experiments, computer simulation and problems Limited number of seats Minimum: 5. Please be aware that this course will only be held if the required minimum number of participants is met. You will be informed 8 days before the start of the course, whether the course will be held.
When a property is inherited, any existing debts or liens do not simply vanish; they remain attached to the property and become a concern for the new owner. This situation can lead to a series of questions and decisions for the heir, especially regarding mortgages, judgment liens, and creditors. Inherited Property and Outstanding Debt First and foremost, when you inherit a house, you inherit it in its entirety – debts included. If the deceased had a mortgage on the property, the mortgage stays with the house. Similarly, any liens for unpaid debts, whether from creditors, tax authorities, or through court judgments, remain in effect. Mortgages: To Pay or Not to Pay Inheriting a house with a mortgage does not automatically make you responsible for the deceased's mortgage payments from your personal assets. However, if you wish to retain the property, you must continue making payments to avoid foreclosure. You have several options, including assuming the mortgage (if the loan terms allow), refinancing the mortgage under your name, or selling the property to satisfy the debt. Dealing with Liens Liens can be more complex. They signify that the deceased owed money to creditors, who have a legal claim against the property until the debt is paid. This can include judgment liens, tax liens, or mechanic's liens. To transfer or sell the inherited property clear of liens, these debts must be resolved. Often, this means paying off the debt from the estate's assets or negotiating with creditors for a settlement. Can Creditors Claim Against Inheritance? Creditors can and often do seek repayment from a deceased person's estate, which can include inherited property. In many jurisdictions, creditors have a specific period to make claims against the estate. If the estate goes through probate, creditors are usually notified and given the opportunity to file claims. It's essential to address these claims appropriately, as ignoring them can lead to legal complications or loss of the property to satisfy debts. Options for Heirs Heirs facing the challenge of inherited property with debt have several avenues to explore: - Selling the Property: Often the simplest solution to resolve outstanding debts is to sell the inherited property and use the proceeds to pay off liens and mortgages. This option is particularly viable if the property's value exceeds the debts attached to it. - Paying Off Debts: If the estate has sufficient other assets, or if the heirs can afford it, paying off the outstanding debts can clear the liens, allowing for the free transfer or sale of the property. - Legal and Financial Advice: Consulting with real estate attorneys or financial advisors can provide clarity on the best course of action, including potentially contesting unjust liens or negotiating with creditors. Smooth Closing Can Help Navigating the complexities of inheriting a property with debt can be overwhelming. Smooth Closing understands the intricacies of such situations and offers expert guidance and solutions. Whether you're considering selling an inherited property to settle debts or seeking advice on handling liens and mortgages, Smooth Closing is here to assist. Contact us at (512) 368-9979 for personalized support and to explore your options with confidence.
What are the risks? Because there are no standard tests for prostate cancer, it's difficult to assess the risks. Currently, the two tests that are most often used in screening for prostate cancer have been shown to have the following problems: - Screening may not improve outcomes for prostate cancer. - Sometimes the tests are wrong. - Further study and follow-up are needed to determine best practices for prostate cancer screening. Beyond some mild discomfort, there are no long-term side effects of the two tests most commonly used for prostate screening, blood tests and digital rectal exams. What are the benefits? As with most cancers, it is easier to treat prostate cancer if it's found early, before it has grown or spread to other parts of your body. Prostate cancer detected early enough has a good prognosis and in some cases, may not require treatment. While there is no agreement about standards for prostate screening and no government recommendations, the American Cancer Society recommends regular screening tests for those with high risk due to genetic or lifestyle factors. How do I prepare? How is it done? Prostate screening has an initial testing phase involving a digital rectal exam and in some cases, blood tests to screen for PSA (prostate specific antigens), which are substances in your blood that can be a sign of prostate cancer. The digital rectal exam involves your doctor or healthcare provider inserting a glove-covered finger into the rectum to feel the prostate for abnormalities. If your doctor has concerns either because of the blood tests or the digital rectal exam, you may be asked to undergo the following additional tests: - Prostate ultrasound or MRI - Prostate biopsy Depending on your age and other risk factors, these tests might not be needed, so talk with your doctor about next steps in your prostrate screening process. Frequently Asked Questions When will I know the results? What are the follow-up requirements? If prostate cancer is detected, your doctor will work with you and, in some cases, an oncologist to develop a treatment plan. Sometimes, doctors recommend active monitoring of prostate cancer which means that treatment is delayed and the cancer is closely watched. If you're young and in good health, your doctor may recommend more aggressive treatment to provide better outcomes for your prostate cancer. If you do not have signs of prostate cancer, your doctor may recommend some lifestyle changes to lower your risk, including a healthy, low-fat diet, exercise, and maintaining a healthy weight. Occasionally, men with a very high risk of prostate cancer may be advised to take preventive medicine.
I recently asked my readers to send me their questions about astrology – what confuses them? What would they like to know more about? Nearly every response was about house systems. Why are there so many of them? Which one is best? Which one am I using, and why? What are houses? First, an explanation of what they are in the first place. An astrology chart is a symbolic representation of the sky at the time of your birth. It contains glyphs representing each of the planets (plus the Sun and Moon) placed in a wheel with twelve sections, which are called houses. The lines separating the houses are called house cusps. So far, so good. Look up into the sky and you can see the Sun, Moon, and most of the planets an astrologer uses in your birth chart. But do you see any little lines, separating the sky into 12 pie slices, or "houses" like the ones you see on a birth chart? Hopefully not. If you do, fine-tune your reception. It's helpful, though, this concept of interpreting a planet based on its place in the sky at a particular moment, and which planet has dominion over a piece of the sky. So astrologers use a variety of "house systems," or methods of dividing up the sky into twelve sections. How this is done is a critical question, because the method of splitting up the houses can determine the house placement of the planets. Each house has a particular vibe, focus, and landscape. For instance, in once house system you might find your Moon in the 8th house – a soulful, mysterious, sometimes brooding placement – while in another it appears in the more optimistic and gregarious 9th house. How can both be true? If you ever find yourself among a group of astrologers and the conversation lags, introduce the subject of house systems and watch the fur fly! A lot of us have strong opinions about which is the best and why. What follows is a brief (believe it or not) summary of house systems – the ones that are popular, how they're different, and why you should care. Should you care about house systems? I'm going to level with you: If you are a casual astrology hobbyist, the answer is probably "no." (Also, if you don't have an accurate birth time, the whole question of houses is moot – because the most popular house systems are derived from the Ascendant point, which changes about every four minutes. If your birth time is unknown, the Ascendant, and therefore the houses, can't be accurately calculated. In that case, just use Solar or Whole Sign Houses at sunrise.) But if your birth chart has planets that fall close to a house cusp, the question of house system becomes more pressing. If you've calculated your birth chart at Astro.com and are used to seeing your Venus in the festive 5th house and then someone else's chart for you – calculated in a different system – places it in the more home-loving 4th house, you may feel disappointed. I'll be honest: In cases like these, one often chooses the house system that gives them the chart they like best. For instance, my Placidus chart has Venus in the 7th house, but I simply relate better to my Koch chart's 8th house Venus. I'm not saying this is the best approach to this dilemma, but it's probably the most human. If you were born above 66 N latitude or below 66 S latitude, your chart will "break" certain house systems. Either all the planets will fall in just a couple of houses, or the computer will default to an equal house system. I'm not going to go into why. But if you were born outside 66N and 66 S latitudes, consider just using Whole Sign houses or Equal Houses. House systems in action A good explanation of different house systems and their theoretical and mathematical underpinnings can be found here. For many astrologers, though, house systems tend to be a matter of habit. Often, we pick one up from our teachers or the current popular trends and just stick with it, more or less unquestioningly. For instance, my default house system since 1989 has been the Koch (pronounced "coke") house system. If you run across an astrologer who uses Koch, it's a good bet they came of astrological age in the late 1980s, when this system was all the rage and considered a bit more "technical" than the popular Placidus (pronounced "PLA-si-dus" – pla rhymes with "at") system. Alternately, twenty years from now it will probably be another house system that's in vogue, and all the early 21st century astrologers will be recognized by their use of Whole Sign houses. Popular Systems and How They're Different Equal Sized Houses Some house systems split the wheel into 12 equal sections of 30 degrees. Plus side: Elegantly simple, and no intercepted signs. Down side: Midheaven degree (normally the cusp of the 10th house) can move around to different houses, which can be disconcerting. Whole Sign houses begins the first house cusp with 0 degrees of the Ascendant sign, the second house cusp with 0 degrees of the following sign, and so on. It's the go-to system for Hellenistic astrologers and currently very popular, especially among younger astrologers. It ensures consistent planetary rulership of the houses (no pesky interceptions), which is particularly critical in certain forms of predictive astrology, such as horary or electional. The Equal House system is similar, except it takes the degree and sign of the Ascendant and uses that degree of the next sign on the 2nd house cusp, and so forth. So if 12 degrees and 37 minutes of Leo are rising, the next house as 12.37 Virgo, the next 12.37 Libra, and so on. This system accentuates the importance of the Ascendant, which is arguably the most personal house cusp. It's a bit of an "all about me" chart. If you don't have an accurate birth time, you can use Solar Houses, which is basically equal houses with the Sun's degree at sunrise on each of the house cusps. Unequal (quadrant-based) houses In these systems, houses usually vary in size, sometimes dramatically. Therefore, planets can fall in different houses depending on what house system is used to calculate your chart. These systems can also result in intercepted signs. For instance, you may have the same sign on two houses in a row, then skip a sign. The sign didn't go away – all 30 degrees of it are in a house – but it doesn't show up on a house cusp. It has to get its work done more subtly, behind the scenes, or through its planetary ruler. More about intercepted signs here. The most popular of these systems are based in time – the time it takes for planets to move from the eastern horizon to the meridian, and from the meridian to the western horizon. They just vary in how they split up that time into house cusps. All agree on the Ascendant/Descendant degree and signs, and on the Midheaven/IC degree and signs. But the second/eighth, third/ninth, fifth/eleventh, and sixth/twelfth houses can be different from one system to the next. Placidus is probably the most popular of these systems. If you've ever calculated your chart at Astro.com and didn't change the default house system, you're using a Placidus chart. Placidus is an elegant system with a lot of inherent wisdom, so don't roll your eyes at it because it seems old-fashioned. It's a very old house system and very respectable; its house cusps correlate to the planetary hours, if you're into that. If you want a nice, solid, pinstripes and sweater set type of house system, this one is for you. It's a mess at extreme latitudes, though. Koch will usually yield a very similar chart as one calculated in Placidus. Koch is an extremely modern system, with the table of houses published in the early 1970s. It will usually give a chart that's very similar to Placidus, but the math behind it is a bit more straightforward and uses the Midheaven as its initial reference point. For this reason, the Midheaven is particularly important in this chart; you could consider playing around with it to see if it gives particular insights into career matters. Note that, in contrast to the same chart in Placidus (above), Jupiter is now in the 4th house and Saturn is in the 5th. Like Placidus, though, this one falls apart at extreme latitudes. Porphyry (POR-fur-y) is older than dirt. The math is more complicated than whole signs or equal houses, but much simpler than Placidus. The intermediate house cusps are based on the number of degrees between the angles. For instance, an Ascendant of 12.37 Leo and IC of 6.03 Scorpio is a difference of 83 degrees and 26 minutes. Divide that by 3, and you get about 27 deg and 48 minutes per house. (Notice the similarity to the Placidus chart. However, a difference of a few degrees on the house cusp – e.g., 10 on the 2nd house in Porphyry vs 6 on the 2nd house in Placidus – can make a huge different when you're tracking slow-moving transits or progressions.) Which is best? Personally, I'm agnostic on the subject of house systems. After keeping a spreadsheet for years that tracks transits to my house cusps in different systems, I'm still not prepared to come down on any house system as the decisive winner. Other than the angles (cusps of the 1st/7th and 4th/10th houses), which represent observable points in the daily path of the planets, house cusps are, to me, a bit like past lives: you can believe whatever you want about them and have a 50/50 chance of being right. I think house systems are like lenses that a photographer might use on a camera. You can take a photo of the exact same subject and see it very differently, just by using a different lens. Same truth, different perspective. So when an astrologer tells me they use their house system because "it works," I believe them. I also believe other systems work, because I've seen different astrologers produce great accuracy with many house systems. And so, if a client has strong feelings on the subject and asks me to use a particular house system, I'm more than happy to use their lens. It's complicated I hate to disappoint any readers who were hoping I'd settle this house system matter once and for all. It's complicated; it has to do with the ways that we interpret a three-dimensional universe using a one-dimensional map. There's math involved – and deep philosophical questions. To anyone who is advanced enough in their study of astrology to ask about house systems, I always recommend that they experiment with as many as they like, and maintain a spirit of inquiry and flexibility about it. I'm not an especially flexible person by nature, but I think I'm from a generation that could afford to be a little more fluid and philosophical in our approach to things. Today, the world is harder. There's a yearning for certainty. Returning to ancient methods and carefully defined rules and techniques perhaps reflects astrology's evolving role as a stabilizing rudder in the world's turbulent waves. If you want to go with the flow and not think about this too much, just use Placidus. If you want to go with what's currently most popular among astrologers, that would probably be Whole Signs. And if you want to use what I use because you like me, go with Koch – but by all means, have fun investigating other possibilities! This brief video will show you how to calculate your chart using different house systems at Astro.com. © 2019 by April Elliott Kent Featured in my online shop…
Words starting with SEMIMETALS Embark on a linguistic journey with words that begin with the letter SEMIMETALS. This section showcases how SEMIMETALS at the start shapes the identity and sound of various words. From commonly used terms to rare finds, explore the diverse range of words that start with SEMIMETALS, enriching your vocabulary and appreciation for language.
Do Bee Hotels/Houses actually work? This study ('Bee Hotels' as Tools for Native Pollinator Conservation: A Premature Verdict?) conducted on nearly 300 be hotels over three years in Toronto, Canada suggests that more introduced bees and ... What should I feed ravens/crows? I have been feeding several Ravens for over 8 years the same family every year. They love me and I love them. Here is a list of foods that my Ravens love. Meat Raw or Cooked, they love dairy any pasta ... What should I feed ravens/crows? As a teen I have helped to raise an orphan (European) crow, which was hand tame when it approached my parents in the local park. Clearly had been fed by humans and was not yet able to eat himself, ... What should I feed ravens/crows? The crows who come daily to our home in Colorado love to eat whole, unroasted and unsalted peanuts. They come over in the mornings and late afternoons on weekdays (seems they have other food source ... What is this insect found swarming in my unmanaged garden? It appears it may be a Nysius Raphanus (false chinch bug). Quoting from wikipedia: Nysius Raphanus (false chinch bug) are a small North American insect, no larger than 1/8th inch (3.175mm). They are ... There have been a family of hedgehogs in my garden over the winter and the mother has recently disappeared After posting the question a couple of weeks ago I found that a few days later the younger hedgehogs had moved in to the garden behind mine but regularly come back in to my garden just after dark. It ... What should I feed ravens/crows? I started to feed these smart cautious birds a few years ago in my back yard in the winter. In my amazement they are also guardian birds for morning doves. I had watched these crows chase and ... Only top scored, non community-wiki answers of a minimum length are eligible Related Tags garden × 5bugs × 2 bees × 2 animals × 1 birds × 1 animal-behaviour × 1 diy × 1 bird-watching × 1 bug-identification × 1 bird-feeding × 1
After taking us to visit the archaeological sites of AlUla in the desert of Saudi ArabiaMarie Sorbier continues her Grand Tour by taking us to the International City of the French Language which opened its doors last November in Villers-Cotterêts in Aisne. The site hosts numerous events to highlight the French language, and it is for this reason that Gallimard editions decided to come and present their new Pléiade, the 671st, dedicated to the Pléiadethis group of poets from the second half of the 16th century, led by Ronsard and Du Bellay, who perfected the French language. The opportunity to first discover this new City of Language which is taking place in the castle of Villers-Cotterêts built by François 1ᵉʳ at the beginning of the 16th century. The place entered posterity thanks to the famous ordinance of 1539 that the king signed there and which imposed French as the sole language for legal and administrative acts. It is the oldest text of law to still be in force, almost 500 years after its promulgation. The castle, which had been falling into ruin for several decades, was chosen in 2018 by President Emmanuel Macron to host this City of Language. A place that offers visitors a permanent route and a program of events around the language. And as its director Paul Rondin reminds us, this place is not fixed as a museum could be: "It is not at all a museum, it is not at all a conservatory of the language, it is on the contrary a place where we show that French is doing well because it is plural and that a language is extremely alive because it changes, because it is constantly increased. It is truly a place of demonstration of what language is (…) because once again the language is alive because. it is constantly composed, decomposed and recomposed." The Grand Tour Listen later Reading listen 10 minutes Gallimard therefore chose this location to officially present the latest volume of its Bibliothèque de la Pléiade collection. Rarely, this 671st volume is a collective work since it contains the poems and texts of La Pléiade, this group of poets who greatly contributed to the enrichment of the French language. Titled La Pléiade – Poetry, poeticswe find in this copy texts by Joachim Du Bellay, Pierre de Ronsard, Jean-Antoine de Baïf, Jean Dorat… It is therefore both a poetic anthology, but also a portrait of this era : "It is a sort of chronicle of the emergence of the Pléiade, that is to say of their first texts. (…) I insisted that the prefaces of the texts that they sent to each other both allow us to reconstruct a sort of history, or rather a chronicle even of these years because I believe that it is a key moment in poetic history" explains Mireille Huchon who directed this edition. This Pléiade de la Pléiade is therefore an important event for Gallimard and it is for this reason that the famous publishing house wanted to present this new volume within this International City of the French Language as detailed by Hugues Pradier, the director editorial from La Pléiade: "Basically, what the ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts achieved for the French language, legal and administrative, the poets of La Pléiade achieved for the literary French language. It's really the same approach, it's that is to say enrich the language, impose it as the language of an entire nation, of an entire country, and ensure that it is not poor as in their opinion it could be in previous centuries. there is truly a desire to enrich the language and basically, this is the image that Villers-Cotterêts also gives."
Our bodies are made up of complex systems of nerves that span from our head to our toes, designed to help the brain send and receive messages to and from limbs, organs, skin, and the rest of the body. These nerves can carry sensory information, control motor skills, and regulate involuntary body functions like breathing and blood flow. If any of these nerves are disturbed, compressed, or pinched, you may experience symptoms such as pain, tingling, or numbness at the site of the issue, as well as in other parts of the body that now lack communication. This is very common in the neck and back, as well as near joints like the wrist or ankle. Some of these pinched nerves are temporary and go away with a new position, but in other cases, it may be necessary to see a chiropractor in Lithia Springs for relief. What Causes Pinched Nerves Pinched nerves may sound scary, but most people have the experience often and don't realize that is the phenomenon. The most common form of a pinched nerve is the sensation you get when a foot or hand "falls asleep" after being in one position for a long time, maybe with your legs crossed or pressure on your arm. This can put too much pressure on a nerve that is responsible for sending messages throughout the limb, causing it to fall "asleep" and leading to numbness, tingling, or pain as a result of the compression. In addition to this, compressed nerves can happen for a range of reasons like injury, disease, or general wear and tear on the body over time. One common example is a herniated disc injury, where the cushion-like discs between vertebrae slip out of place and put pressure on an adjacent nerve. This commonly occurs after a trauma like a whiplash. General aging can also cause damage to the joints over time, leading to inflammation or bone spurs that can also compress nerves. Another example of a condition that causes pinched nerves is rheumatoid arthritis for the same reasons. Knowing You Have a Pinched Nerve You are probably familiar with the most common symptoms of a pinched nerve from the times your foot has "fallen asleep"- pain, numbness, and tingling. This is often called "pins and needles" as well. Some people also experience pain after this begins to wear off, often described as a sharp or burning pain that becomes a dull ache. When a pinched nerve is more serious, you may notice a numbness that persists and is not alleviated after changing positions. Muscle weakness or a temporary loss of mobility may also occur. These symptoms may be intermittent or consistent for a period of time. Complications from Pinched Nerves For those cases of a pinched nerve that persist, allowing the nerve to continue being affected can cause a number of problems down the line. If you notice this happening even when there is no pressure on your nerves, you should visit a chiropractor in Lithia Springs to identify the root cause of the issue. Trying to live with the pinched nerve can lead to chronic pain or discomfort or even cause more serious issues down the line. If the nerve is pinched at its root, you are at risk for an issue called radiculopathy, which can occur at any location in the spine. A pinched nerve in the neck can cause cervical radiculopathy and you may notice your symptoms radiate into the arms or chest. Lumbar radiculopathy is a result of a nerve that is pinched in the lower back and is a common cause of sciatica, a type of back pain that can radiate down your buttocks to your leg and your feet as a result of impacts to the sciatic nerve. Carpal tunnel syndrome can also occur due to a pinched nerve in your wrist. Treating a Pinched Nerve Do pinched nerves go away on its own? Well, it depends on some factors. If you think you may be suffering from a pinched nerve, visiting a chiropractor in Lithia Springs is important to help you assess the root cause. From there, your AICA Lithia Springs chiropractor can develop an individualized treatment plan to relieve pressure on the nerve and relieve symptoms. In many cases, you can experience immediate relief as a result of gentle, non-invasive chiropractic adjustments. Continued treatment can also help prevent the issue from recurring over time and address any long-term conditions that may put you at risk for more problems in the future. Call AICA Lithia Springs today to begin your treatment.
What Does Rep Mean? The abbreviation W/ is used to replace the word "with" and is commonly used in casual conversation and written communication. It originated as a shorthand in the fast-food industry in the 1950s and has since become widely used. It is often used to indicate accompaniment or addition. For example, "Let's go for a walk w/ the dog" or "I'll have a burger w/ fries." What Does Rep Mean From a Girl? When a girl uses the term rep, she is most likely referring to the slang meaning of "reputation." It is a way to describe someone's image or how they are perceived by others. Girls may use "rep" in various contexts, such as discussing someone's reputation at school, work, or within a social group. Here are some key points to consider: - Specific meaning from a girl: Girls may use "rep" to talk about someone's reputation or how they are perceived by others. - How girls use it: Girls may use "rep" in conversations with their friends or when discussing someone's image or social standing. - How to reply: If someone mentions "rep" in a conversation with you, you can ask for clarification or share your thoughts on the topic. For example, you could say, "What do you think about their rep?" or "I've heard good things about their rep." It is important to note that "rep" can have different meanings depending on the context and the individual using it. Some people may use it to refer to workout repetitions or reputation in a specific field or industry. However, when used by girls in casual conversation, it is most likely referring to someone's reputation. Girls may use "rep" similarly to how everyone else uses it, but it ultimately depends on the individual and the specific context. Some girls may focus more on social reputation and image, while others may use it in a broader sense to discuss various aspects of someone's reputation. If a girl uses "rep" in conversation with you, it's best to take it as an opportunity to engage in a discussion and learn more about her perspective. Ask questions and listen actively to understand her point of view. And remember, humor and lightheartedness can go a long way in keeping the conversation engaging and enjoyable! Example 1: - Girl A: Have you heard about Sarah's rep at school? - Girl B: Yeah, she's known for being really friendly and helpful. Her rep is on point! Example 2: - Girl A: I'm thinking about joining that club, but I'm not sure about their rep. - Girl B: Don't worry, I've heard they're really inclusive and supportive. Their rep is solid. Example 3: - Girl A: What do you think of John's rep in the music industry? - Girl B: Oh, he's got a great rep! People love his music and think he's super talented. Example 4: - Girl A: Did you see that influencer's latest post? Her rep is skyrocketing! - Girl B: Yeah, she's been killing it with her content. Her rep keeps getting better and better. Example 5: - Guy: I heard you're friends with Emma. What's her rep like? - Girl: Oh, she's amazing! She's always there for her friends and has a really positive rep. What Does Rep Mean From a Guy? When a guy uses the term rep, it can have similar meanings to when a girl uses it. However, there may be some differences in how guys use and interpret the slang. Here are some possible meanings and ways guys might use "rep": Referring to reputation: Like girls, guys may use "rep" to talk about someone's reputation or how they are perceived by others. They might discuss someone's reputation at school, work, or within a social group. For example, they might say "He's got a great rep for being reliable" or "Her rep as a party animal is well-known." Complimenting someone's skills or abilities: Guys might use "rep" to acknowledge and praise someone's skills or abilities. They might say "You've got a rep for being an amazing basketball player" or "He's got a rep for being a talented musician." Flirting or expressing interest: In some cases, guys might use "rep" as a way of flirting or expressing interest in someone. They might compliment someone's appearance or personality by saying "You've got a killer rep" or "I've heard great things about your rep." Asking about someone's reputation: Guys may also use "rep" to inquire about someone's reputation or to gather information about them. They might ask questions like "What's his rep like?" or "What's her rep in this industry?" It's important to note that the specific meaning of "rep" from a guy can vary depending on the individual and the context. Some guys may focus more on reputation in specific areas like sports or professional fields, while others may use it more broadly to discuss various aspects of someone's reputation. If a guy uses "rep" in conversation with you, it's best to take it as an opportunity to engage in a discussion and learn more about his perspective. Ask questions and show genuine interest in what he has to say. And remember, humor and lightheartedness can make the conversation more enjoyable! Example 1: - Guy 1: Dude, did you see that new video game trailer? - Guy 2: Yeah, it looks sick! The developer has a great rep for making awesome games. Example 2: - Guy 1: I heard you're going on a date tonight. How's she like? - Guy 2: She's amazing! I've heard nothing but good things about her rep. Example 3: - Guy 1: Check out this new restaurant in town. Their food is supposed to be incredible. - Guy 2: Oh yeah, I've been there before. Their rep is well-deserved. You're gonna love it! Example 4: - Guy 1: I'm thinking of joining a new gym. Any recommendations? - Guy 2: You should try out this one downtown. They have a great rep for having top-notch equipment and trainers. Example 5: - Guy: Have you heard about the new band that just released their album? - Girl: No, I haven't. Are they any good? - Guy: Absolutely! They've been getting a lot of buzz lately and their rep is growing fast. Origin of Rep The abbreviation "W/" is commonly used to replace the word "with" and is often used to indicate accompaniment or addition. It originated as a shorthand in the fast-food industry in the 1950s and has since become widely used. For example, "Let's go for a walk w/ the dog" or "I'll have a burger w/ fries." Frequently Asked Questions Slangs similar to Rep Soda, soft drink, carbonated drink, fizzy drink, sparkling beverage, and cola are similar to "rep" because they are all terms used to describe carbonated beverages. These words are interchangeable and refer to drinks that have been infused with carbon dioxide gas and have bubbles or effervescence, just like "rep." Is Rep A Bad Word? No, "rep" is not a bad word or vulgar word. It is commonly used as an abbreviation for "reputation" or "represent" in various contexts. Is Rep a Typo or Misspelling? No, "rep" is not a misspelling or a typo. It is a commonly used abbreviation that stands for "reputation" or "represent."
lllegal immigration is a phenomenon confronted by many major immigrant-receiving countries, one that vexes policymakers and publics alike. While much of the focus may be on border enforcement, there are an array of interior enforcement policies aimed at identifying unauthorized immigrants for removal, including worksite enforcement, employment verification, jail-house screening, and state and local law enforcement activity. The research below delves into many facets of illegal immigration and enforcement occcuring away from national borders. Amid a sense of declining welcome in the United States, growing numbers of asylum seekers have crossed into Canada in recent months, entering illegally to take advantage of a loophole in the Canada-U.S. Safe Third Country Agreement. The result? Refugee advocates and politicians in Canada are issuing growing calls to change or suspend the treaty. This article examines the treaty's history, effects, and current challenges. While Donald Trump often pledged as candidate to strip federal funding from jurisdictions—known as sanctuary cities—that do not fully cooperate with federal immigration enforcement, no direct action blocking funding has yet occurred. Still, strong statements from the President and Attorney General have spurred a flurry of responses by state and local governments, some adjusting their policies to cooperate fully, others setting limits. Beyond representing first steps on key campaign promises, President Trump's executive orders on immigration mandate sweeping data collection and reporting in ways that seek to underscore societal and economic costs with no countervailing attention to positive effects from immigration. This article explores the news-making machinery embedded in the orders and how the reporting requirements might help further the administration's agenda. In 2015, 43.3 million immigrants lived in the United States, comprising 13.5 percent of the population. The foreign-born population grew more slowly than in prior years, up 2 percent from 2014. Get sought-after data on U.S. immigration trends, including top countries of origin, Mexican migration, refugee admissions, illegal immigration, health-care coverage, and much more in this Spotlight article. Faced with labor shortages in key sectors of the economy, South Korea has moved carefully in recent decades toward accepting greater numbers of workers—albeit in temporary fashion. Its Employment Permit System, launched in 2003, earned international accolades for bringing order and legality to immigration in the country, although several challenges remain to be addressed as this Country Profile explores. This discussion on the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) showcases MPI Fellow Charles Kamasaki's book, Immigration Reform: The Corpse That Will Not Die. Kamasaki is joined by other veterans of the IRCA debate for a conversation on the lessons, the intended and unintended consequences, and how the law's legacy has shaped contemporary politics on immigration. Migration and development policy discussions have edged closer to each other on the international stage. The adoption of the Global Compact for Migration in December 2018 marks an important milestone. As all eyes turn toward the compact's implementation, this brief examines some of the key topics states have pledged to work more closely on—from labor migration and migrants' rights, to returns and reintegration. While safe third-country agreements appear to hold the potential of deterring new asylum claims, experience suggests this may be a false promise. As the Trump administration explores the possibility of such agreements with Mexico and Guatemala, this commentary examines the evidence of safe third-country arrangements in Europe, finding them difficult to enforce and playing little role in deterring new claims. While nationalist and Euroskeptic parties emerged from the 2019 European Parliament elections controlling nearly one-quarter of seats, it would be wise to avoid reading too much into these results. Sweeping policy change is unlikely on the two key issues that have dominated these campaigns: immigration and revolutionizing the European Union from within. This article explores post-deportation dynamics and challenges returnees face in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Even as European countries focus on increasing returns of migrants deemed not to have a right to stay, little attention has been given to conditions at return—even to a country such as the DRC where allegations of serious human-rights violations against returned migrants have been reported for years. In the two years since President Trump entered office, U.S. immigration policy has changed in many ways. Some actions have received significant media attention and public scrutiny, and others have been implemented with little fanfare. This document chronicles these wide-reaching policy changes, covering immigration enforcement, the immigration courts, humanitarian admissions, visa processing, and more. Amid a significant reshaping of immigration policy by the Trump administration, a range of immigration topics that have not been at the forefront of debate merit further information sharing with the public and policymakers. This report examines eight issues areas that are deserving of additional review and could form the basis for future action by Congress, including H-1B reform and treatment of unaccompanied minors. Though it has achieved success in some areas, the Trump administration's many efforts to stiffen immigration enforcement in the U.S. interior and at the Southwest border are being consistently stymied by court injunctions, existing laws and settlements, state and local resistance, congressional pushback, and migration pressures that are beyond the government's ability to swiftly address, as this article explores.
Zimbabwe News S3x work now the most source of income in Harare High unemployment and the increasing cost of living are fuelling a rise in sex work in Zimbabwe. It is now the most mentioned source of income in Harare, according to a survey by the Zimbabwe Civil Liberties and Drug Network, in partnership with the National Aids Council (NAC) and the ministry of health and childcare. The survey was conducted in Harare, Bulawayo, Mashonaland West, Manicaland and Mashonaland Central. "In Harare the most often-mentioned source of income was sex work. Sex work was the third-most often-mentioned source of income in Mashonaland Central and the fourth in Mashonaland West. Bulawayo and Mashonaland Central had the highest number of participants reporting not to be earning any money," the report, released late last month, said. "Participants engaging in transactional sex in the past six months had suffered from some form of sexual violence, being forced into having either penetrative sex or oral sex. About a third of those engaging in transactional sex have had anal sex," it added. Sex work is a criminal offence, leaving the country's estimated 45,000 sex workers unprotected by the law and exposed to danger. In Harare's Avenues area, a well-known red-light district, women flooded the streets looking for clients this week. Nelly, 34, who asked that her surname not be revealed, said: "I entered sex work when l was 22. "Abject poverty and lack of opportunities forced me into this profession. Homeless, without any money and nothing to eat, a friend took me in and introduced me to sex work. "It's hard. I am stigmatised by family and society. I am also subjected to harassment by the police. I charge US$10 for 30 minutes or US$20 for a full hour. In one night I sleep with at least five men. Sexual violence "In most cases I encounter sexual violence. I have been raped and stabbed, and my body is full of bruises from physical violence. I also got pregnant and now I have a child to look after. "Because I have a child to feed and bills to pay, it has become difficult to leave the industry, but at the same time l did not feel safe doing sex work." According to UNAids, Zimbabwean sex workers "face violence from the police, clients and partners, increasing their risk of acquiring HIV. "Prevalence of HIV among sex workers in the country is high, estimated at 42.2%. Sex workers also face stigma and discrimination from healthcare workers." Monalisa, 22, dropped out of school when she became pregnant. Sex work was a means of survival to feed her children. "The first time I started sex work, I traded sex for food to feed my two children. As time progresses you realise transactional sex is not only about money, it's also about food. "With the cost of living soaring and high prices, often I sleep with men for food – just a few groceries like sugar, cooking oil, mealie meal and some meat. The money in sex work is just too little. Charging US$10 for sex is not enough to put food on the table. "And the industry is very dangerous. Some clients want to take drugs while with me and often male clients refuse to use condoms because they say it reduces their pleasure. Even though I charge more – US$40 – for unprotected sex it's still a risk," she said. Financial hardships Hazel Zemura, director of All Women Advocacy, a grassroots organisation led by sex workers and with more than 3,000 members aged between 18 and 53, said the country's financial hardships meant "a lot of women have been forced into transactional sex". "There is also an increase in the number of women forced to turn to what is known as survival sex work, undertaken to meet immediate needs such as financial, accommodation or food," she said. "We are campaigning for the decriminalisation of sex work. It is illegal to solicit clients, live on the earnings of sex work and facilitate and procure sex work. All this makes sex workers vulnerable to violence and victimisation, and reluctant to report this to the police for fear of criminalisation." Poverty and an inability to afford tuition, accommodation and food have also forced many university students into the industry. Tatenda, 23, a second-year student, said transactional sex paid her bills. "I live off campus, renting a room with two other girls. We need to buy food, pay the rent and have transport money. "My parents are struggling. They manage to pay for tuition fees and send a little extra for food, but it's not enough. "So I engage in transactional sex with older men to pay my rent and buy food. Other students are doing it as well, because if you don't, you will starve," she said. Zimbabwe News Chinese national Li Song accused in Cynide scandal in Zimbabwe A Chinese national who was arrested yesterday at the Harare magistrate court on allegations of smuggling more than 100 tonnes of Cynide has claimed to be a diplomat. Li Song who is facing several allegations that include money laundering, extenalisation, theft and attempted murder has been released by the National Prosecuting Authority to the amusement of the complainants who have a solid evidence against her. According to the source who attended the vetting process Li Song claimed to be a diplomat who is immune from arrest in the country and the members of Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission went to the Chinese embassy to verify her claim.. According to the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission officers Somg was taken to Avondale police station cells for verification. The notorious Chinese national has been implicated in various offences in the country and is also suspected to be one of the suspect in the poisoning of elephants with Cynide in the country. Song is accused of externalizing more than US$11 million to an offshore bank account and the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe is a complainant in the case. Song was arrested at the Harare magistrates court by members of Zacc and is expected to appear in court today. According to the source Li improtedd more than 100 tonnes of Cynide but was later found with 40 tonnes which was stores at different places in a bid to use it in court to obstruct the course of justice. Li was recently summons to appear in court on May 21 on allegations of externalization and moneylaundering which Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe is the complainant. She is accused of externalizing US$11 million through the central bank after manufacturing invoices to get forex at the bank's auction system. The Chinese national who is also referred as a defacto ambassador of China is also facing allegations of attempting to kill her business partner Franesco Marconati who is the owner of Eagle Italian Leather and Shoes. Zimbabwe News Sugar shortage hits Zimbabwe Some parts of the country such as the capital, Harare, are experiencing shortages of sugar supplies at retail shops with the informal sector struggling to restock. A snap survey yesterday confirmed that sugar was in short supply at most shelves, including at smaller retailers in Harare. Retailers that spoke to NewsDay claimed that this was due to supply bottlenecks at sugar manufacturer Hippo Valley Estates (Hippo). The retailers were demanding customers buy goods worth US$100 to make them eligible to buy sugar while others simply demanded a dollar or more for each pack of 10 units on top of the marked price. Tongaat Hulett chief executive Aiden Mhere, however, quickly dispelled such claims saying his company was adequately stocked, while production is going on smoothly. Mhere said there was enough sugar on the market, with some of it being exported. "I am on leave for a week now, but I can assure you that there are no supply bottlenecks whatsoever. We have no problem on our end other than that the possibility that some players, particularly the smaller ones, are unable to pay for deliveries, and we can't continue to supply people who are not paying," Mhere told NewsDay. "There are no supply bottlenecks that I know for sure and you can even contact my colleagues from the office." Hippo Valley chief operating officer Sylvester Mangani said the company had huge stocks of sugar and was able to meet demand. However, he said there were some players that were unable to restock. "Remember there was an influx of imports after duty on basics was lifted. Now that we are back to normal, some players can't afford to re-stock. Informal retailers pay cash upfront and are, therefore, likely experiencing cashflow challenges," Mangani said. In its latest annual report for 2022, Hippo Valley said although local demand for sugar remained strong as industry recovered from the impacts of COVID-19, the sugar industry was engaging authorities to ensure an even competitive playing field against cheap imports of sugar originating from surplus producers, who enjoy duty protection in their host countries. The Zimbabwe Sugar Industry has a single marketing desk administered by Zimbabwe Sugar Sales (Private) Limited. The company's share of total industry sugar sales volumes of 394 000 tonnes for the year ended March 31, 2022 was 53,2%. Total industry sugar sales into the domestic market for the year at 356 000 tonnes were 10% higher than the previous year, driven by strong domestic demand. Industry export sales, however, decreased by 67% to 38 000 tonnes following redirection of supply to the local market in view of the increased demand. In other news – LaConco's father reveals he is ready to reconcile with his daughter LaConco's father has revealed that he is ready to reconcile with his daughter. The star's father has no intention to leave this world a heartbroken man following his strained relationship with his daughter. Learn More Zimbabwe News Mary Mubaiwa's Pretoria home and Range Rovers seized by South African authorities Vice President Constantino Chiwenga's ex-wife Marry Mubaiwa's troubles continue mounting after a South African court has ordered the seizure of her Pretoria home and her two Land Rover vehicles until her money laundering and fraud trial is concluded in Zimbabwe. The order to seize the property follows a request to South African authorities by the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission (ZACC) who are investigating her offences. The property is believed to have been purchased using crime proceeds allegedly acquired by the former model when she still enjoyed privileges associated with being the VP's wife. "In terms of section 38(2) of the Prevention of Organised Crime Act, No 121 of 1998 (the Act) all persons with knowledge of this order, are, other than as required and permitted by this order, prohibited from removing, taking possession of or control over, dissipating, interfering with or otherwise dealing in any manner with the property to which this order relates," ruled the High Court in South Africa. "It is ordered that the South African Police Service (SAPS) Brooklyn police station under Case 308/01/2020 to seize the property as 1,2 an 1,3 above to be kept for safekeeping at Pretoria West Pound VSS, until the outcome of the forfeiture proceedings to be instituted in terms of section 48 of the Act." The Registrar of Deeds Office, Pretoria was also ordered to restrict execution or attachment of the property without the High Court's approval. Mubaiwa however has a chance to defend the forfeiture order, which follows a successful application by South Africa's National Director of Public Prosecutions. To support its application, the State deposed an affidavit through Skuta David Mfopha, an investigator attached to the Asset Forfeiture Unit (AFU) in the NPA. The application was in terms of Chapter 6, section 38(1) of the Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998 (the POCA) for a preservation of property order. According to court papers, Mubaiwa is the Chief Executive Officer for East Town Commodities (Pvt) Ltd and the attached property was registered under the company's subsidiaries, East Town Electricals, La Challe Travel and Tours, East town Events, Tarnor Investments (Pvt) Ltd. Mfopha said, "I further submit that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the company registered in terms of the Republic of South African Company Laws, namely La Chelle Travel and tours, were used by Marry Mubaiwa as instrumentalists to facilitate the commission of fraud/theft or money laundering." He added that Mubaiwa's conduct established so far was indicative of how she operated her scheme of fraud or theft and money laundering. Documents show that South Africa's NPA on October 14 last year received a request for Mutual Legal Assistance (MLA) for Zimbabwe against Mubaiwa. ZACC Commissioner Frank Muchengwa told South African authorities the anti-graft body had received information from a whistleblower that Mubaiwa had fraudulently exported funds to South Africa to buy some properties. It is alleged that Mubaiwa instructed Memory Chakulinga, her relative and managing director of her two companies in SA, Falcon Project Pty and Bonnets Electrical Pty in Pretoria, to raise proforma invoices for the purchase of event tents and chairs and prepaid meters. Muchengwa said the invoices would then be referred to Commercial Bank of Zimbabwe (CBZ) as if they specifically intended to purchase the goods but the funds were allegedly diverted to purchase her personal properties. "Chakulinga states further that Mubaiwa is her aunt and she recalls Mubaiwa approaching her to assist in setting up a business in South Africa as she indicated that she had won a tender in Zimbabwe. Chakulinga also allegedly said Mubaiwa had told her that she had the facility to get money from the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe for funding the business," Muchengwa said. Chakulinga allegedly offered assistance with a place to open a business at her premises. She was then asked to do proforma invoices in the name of Tanor Investment for supply of event hosting accessories tents for R203 308 and the invoices had Mubaiwa's Falcon Suppliers FNB bank accounts. Court papers show that in December 2018, R203 308 was deposited into the account from CBZ and according to the narration, it was intended for the purchase of tents. "According to Chakulinga, upon receipt in her account the funds, Mubaiwa instructed her to divert the funds towards purchase of Range Rover at Menlyn in Pretoria," reads court papers. "Chakulinga states that she paid R4 million to Range Rover Menlyn and she was told by Mubaiwa that the motor vehicle was to be taken to Zimbabwe but to her surprise, it was registered in South Africa under Marry Mubaiwa." In May, according to Chakulinga, another R2 million was deposited into Bonnette Electrical FNB account and she was called by the bank to confirm the receipt of the funds. She did what she had been instructed to do before but this time on the invoices indicated she was to buy electrical prepaid meters. Chakulinga added that after the release of the funds, Mubaiwa ordered her to transfer R4 96 500 to Martin Potgieter Trust Account at Standard Bank. According to Muchengwa, there was financial flow from CBZ to FNB that was detected on the accounts. It was established that one of the signatories at Mubaiwa's East Town Commodities was Jeffery Jenje and he allegedly confirmed this. Jenje also confirmed payments that were made and also that Mubaiwa indeed purchased two vehicles. Proof of vehicle purchase was provided by Jacobus Hercules Du Preez. Du Preez said Mubaiwa bought two vehicles worth R1, 6 and R1,8 million respectively. The ongoing investigations also revealed that Mubaiwa bought a house by sourcing cash from individual companies to purchase on her behalf. - English Premier League6 days ago Manchester City 3-1 West Ham United - English Premier League6 days ago Liverpool 2-0 Wolves - English Premier League6 days ago Luton Town 2-4 Fulham - English Premier League6 days ago Brighton 0-2 Manchester United - English Premier League6 days ago Crystal Palace 5-0 Aston Villa - English Premier League6 days ago Burnley 1-2 Nottingham Forest - English Premier League2 weeks ago Everton 1-0 Sheffield United - English Premier League6 days ago Chelsea 2-1 Bournemouth
How Much Nitrogen Does My Cover Crop Take Up and When Do I Get It Back? With growing interest in cover crops, it is important to understand how cover crops might impact soil fertility for the following cash crop. Nitrogen (N) provided by cover crop biomass may be used in the short-term by the following crop, and in the long-term through improving soil N content and reducing fertilizer input costs. The availability of soil nitrogen is a function of residual soil N (or nitrogen present in the soil) and N mineralized (released by the organic pools in the soil) from previous crop residues. However, environmental and management factors greatly influence cover crop decomposition dynamics, making it a challenge to consistently and accurately predict the amount of N that will become available, or when it will become available, to a subsequent crop. We compiled field studies from Nebraska and other corn-producing states that evaluated the range of biomass production of cover crops, the amount of N in their biomass, and their C:N ratio (Table 1). While these studies do not provide exact estimates of when N is available to subsequent crops, they can give us some information to help inform nutrient changes following cover crops. Nitrogen Uptake by Legume Versus Grass Cover Crops Cover crops acquire N through the uptake of nitrate and ammonium from the soil. When cover crops decompose, N is recycled back to the soil. Leguminous cover crops, owing to their symbiosis with rhizobia, can acquire N from the air (biological N fixation). When this N is released during decomposition, it is a net gain of N, so legumes are typically thought of as an N source or supplier. However, not all N in legume biomass is fixed N, as legume may take up considerable amounts of N from the soil (Redfearn, 2016). The N in clover and vetch varieties commonly used in annual cropping systems can vary widely (Tonitto & Drinkwater, 2006). Among the studies included in Table 1, Nebraska hairy vetch biomass production was in the lower range with 364 to 724 lb/ac, which contained 12 to 29 lb N/ac. Red clover was more productive with 78 lb N/ac. In the Eastern United States, cover crops, especially hairy vetch, had more biomass and N, probably due to milder and wetter climates. Winter cereals are commonly used in the Midwest as cover crops because of their winter hardiness and high early-spring biomass production. They are also very effective in taking up mineral N and are 'scavengers' for nutrients that have moved to the lower part of the root zone, rescuing nutrients that may otherwise be lost (Bergtold et al., 2017). In Nebraska, rye produced between 1,312 and 2,072 lb/ac of biomass, which contained between 34 and 54 lb N/ac (Table 1). When Does the Nitrogen From Cover Crop Residue Become Available? Cover crop N release should be synchronized with N demand of the succeeding crop. The N accumulated in the cover crop biomass will be available to crop absorption after mineralization, which depends on soil moisture and temperature, soil type, and the carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N ratio) of the biomass (Gil and Fick, 2001). The C:N ratio is the amount of carbon in cover crop biomass divided by the amount of N. It is often used to predict how fast soil microbes will breakdown residue and release residue N back to the soil. Microbes use the carbon in residues for energy and the N for protein (think growth). A C:N ratio of 24:1 is considered "ideal" as it has the balance of carbon to N that soil microbes need. Residues with greater C:N ratios will decompose slower because there is not enough N for microbial growth. To decompose residue with high C:N ratios, microbes take up N from the soil, thus immobilizing or "tying up" N. Residues with C:N ratios lower than 24:1 decompose quickly, and because there is more N than microbes need, N will be available for the next crop (USDA, 2011). Legumes residues typically have lower C:N ratio (Table 1) and decompose more rapidly than grasses, providing readily available N to the subsequent crop. However, if the subsequent crop cannot take up the N, there is potential for loss. Cereal rye residues often have high C:N ratios and may immobilize soil N. Because of that starter fertilizer is typically recommended to overcome immobilization, with a rate between 30–50 pounds of actual N per acre (Midwest Cover Crop Council, 2019). An experiment in 2015 in Carbondale, IL, assessed the time it took for N from a legume (in this case, hairy vetch) and grass cover crop (cereal rye) to be released. Hairy vetch rapidly decomposed and released about 70 lb N/ac within the first 4 weeks after corn planting (Figure 1). Cereal rye residues released less than 10 lb N/ac during that same period, and overall released much less N (Sievers & Cook, 2018). Some strategies, such the incorporation of the residues, can result in faster N release. The use of mixes of grasses and legumes can also modify the C:N ratio and speed up decomposition. The Bottom Line: Consider Your Species, Biomass, and Environmental Conditions Biomass production, N uptake, and C:N ratio vary widely across the United States, with Nebraska on the lower end of productivity. The N in cover crop biomass will be released within a few weeks after termination, however, decomposition varies with soil moisture, soil temperature and C:N ratios. Therefore, not all biomass N will be available for the subsequent crop. A better understanding of cover crop N release and cash crop N uptake can help to optimize crop synchrony and the choice of species to grow. Some cover crop species have the potential to produce a high amount of biomass, providing great soil protection and reduce nitrate leaching, but they may not be suitable as an N source for a subsequent crop. Mixing cover crop species can overcome shortfalls of individual species and should be explored in more detail. Table 1 Cover crop species \| Cover crop biomass lb/ac \| N in biomass lb N/ac \| C:N ratio of biomass \| Location \| Study reference \| Legumes \| \|\|\|\|\| Hairy vetch \| 690 \| 29 \| - \| Nebraska \| Power, 1991 \| Red clover \| 2500 \| 78 \| - \| Nebraska \| Koehler-Cole et al. 2020 \| Hairy vetch \| 364 \| 13 \| 11 \| Nebraska \| Koehler-Cole and Elmore, 2020 — vetch broadcast in corn, before soybean \| Hairy vetch \| 724 \| 28 \| 10 \| Nebraska \| Koehler-Cole and Elmore, 2020 — vetch broadcast in soybean, before corn \| Hairy vetch \| 2658 - 5076 \| 93 - 160 \| 11 \| Maryland \| Clark et. al.,2007 \| Hairy vetch \| 2685 -4915 \| 89 -161 \| - \| Michigan \| Hayden et al., 2014 (Thapa et. al.2018) \| Field pea \| 1452 \| 49 \| - \| New York \| Schipanski, M. E. and L.E. Drinkwater. 2011. \| Red clover \| 2109 \| 67 \| - \| New York \| Schipanski, M. E. and L.E. Drinkwater. 2011. \| Red clover \| 1972 \| 72 \| - \| Michigan \| Gentry et. al. 2013 \| Red clover \| 1847 \| 83 \| - \| Michigan \| Gentry et. al. 2013 \| Alfalfa \| 7794 \| 45- 89 \| - \| Kansas \| Gil & H. Fick, 2001 \| Red clover \| 3827 \| 27-67 \| - \| Kansas \| Gil & H. Fick, 2001 \| Red clover \| 1338 - 2052 \| 51 - 67 \| 13-Nov \| Minnesota \| Perrone et. al.,2020 \| Grasses \| \|\|\|\|\| Rye \| 1312 \| 34 \| 17 \| Nebraska \| Koehler-Cole and Elmore, 2020 — rye broadcast in corn, before soybean \| Rye \| 2073 \| 54 \| 17 \| Nebraska \| Koehler-Cole and Elmore, 2020 — rye broadcast in soybean, before corn \| Winter rye \| 669 \| 23 \| - \| Minnesota \| Weyers et.al.2019 \| Rye \| 4193 -6691 \| 36-78 \| 30 - 40 \| Minnesota \| Perrone et. al.,2020 \| Rye \| 2114 \| 31 \| 28 \| Maryland \| Clark et. al.,2007 \| Rye \| 4166 \| 33 \| 57 \| Maryland \| Clark et. al.,2007 \| Rye \| 2703- 3693 \| 36 \| - \| Michigan \| Hayden et al.,2014 (Thapa et. al.2018) \| Rye \| 154 \| 7 \| - \| Minnesota \| Wilson et.al. 2019 \| Wheat \| 1401 \| 21 \| 29 \| Illinois \| Weidhuner et.al.2019 \| Brassicas \| \|\|\|\|\| Winter camelina \| 352 \| 15 \| - \| Minnesota \| Weyers et.al.2019 \| Radish \| 1081 \| 35 \| - \| Minnesota \| Weyers et.al.2019 \| This research was carried out with funding from the Nebraska Environmental Trust and the Nebraska Corn Board. For Further Reading Koehler-Cole K., Brandle, J., Shapiro C., Francis, C. Undersowing Red Clover Into Winter Wheat as an N Source for Corn. March 11, 2020. Midwest Cover Crop Council, 2019. Nebraska Cover Crop Recipe – Post Soybean, Going to Corn. Redfearn, D. 2016. Is nitrogen fixation oversold with legume cover crops? Bergtold, J. S., Ramsey, S., Maddy, L., &Williams, J. R. (2017). A review of economic considerations for cover crops as a conservation practice. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 34(1), 62-76. Clark, A. J., Meisinger, J. J., Decker, A. M., &Mulford, F. R. (2007). Effects of a grass‐selective herbicide in a vetch–rye cover crop system on nitrogen management. Agronomy Journal, 99(1), 36-42. Gentry, L. E., Snapp, S. S., Price, R. F., &Gentry, L. F. (2013). Apparent red clover nitrogen credit to corn: Evaluating cover crop introduction. Agronomy Journal, 105(6), 1658-1664. Gil, J. L., &Fick, W. H. (2001). Soil nitrogen mineralization in mixtures of eastern gamagrass with alfalfa and red clover. Agronomy Journal, 93(4), 902-910. Hayden, Z. D., Ngouajio, M., &Brainard, D. C. (2014). Rye–vetch mixture proportion tradeoffs: Cover crop productivity, nitrogen accumulation, and weed suppression. Agronomy Journal, 106(3), 904-914. Koehler-Cole, K., Brandle, J. R., Francis, C. A., Shapiro, C. A., Blankenship, E. E., &Baenziger, P. S. (2017). Clover green manure productivity and weed suppression in an organic grain rotation. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 32(5), 474. Perrone, S., Grossman, J., Liebman, A., Sooksa-nguan, T., &Gutknecht, J. (2020). Nitrogen fixation and productivity of winter annual legume cover crops in Upper Midwest organic cropping systems. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 1-16. Power, J. F., Doran, J. W., &Koerner, P. T. (1991). Hairy vetch as a winter cover crop for dryland corn production. Journal of production agriculture, 4(1), 62-67. Schipanski, M. E., &Drinkwater, L. E. (2012). Nitrogen fixation in annual and perennial legume-grass mixtures across a fertility gradient. Plant and Soil, 357(1-2), 147-159. Sievers, T., &Cook, R. L. (2018). Aboveground and root decomposition of cereal rye and hairy vetch cover crops. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 82(1), 147-155. Thapa, R., Poffenbarger, H., Tully, K. L., Ackroyd, V. J., Kramer, M., &Mirsky, S. B. (2018). Biomass Production and Nitrogen Accumulation by Hairy Vetch–Cereal Rye Mixtures: A Meta‐Analysis. Agronomy Journal, 110(4), 1197-1208. Tonitto, C., David, M. B., &Drinkwater, L. E. (2006). Replacing bare fallows with cover crops in fertilizer-intensive cropping systems: A meta-analysis of crop yield and N dynamics. Agriculture, Ecosystems &Environment, 112(1), 58-72. Weidhuner, A., Afshar, R. K., Luo, Y., Battaglia, M., &Sadeghpour, A. (2019). Particle Size Affects Nitrogen and Carbon Estimate of a Wheat Cover Crop. Agronomy Journal, 111(6), 3398-3402. Weyers, S., Thom, M., Forcella, F., Eberle, C., Matthees, H., Gesch, R., ... &Wyse, D. (2019). Reduced potential for nitrogen loss in cover crop–soybean relay systems in a cold climate. Journal of environmental quality, 48(3), 660-669. Wilson, M. L., Allan, D. L., Baker, J. M., &Pagliari, P. H. (2019). Comparing methods for overseeding winter rye into standing soybean. Agrosystems, Geosciences &Environment, 2(1), 1-7. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. Carbon to nitrogen ratios in cropping systems. Koehler-Cole, K., & Elmore, R. W. (2020). Seeding Rates and Productivity of Broadcast Interseeded Cover Crops. Agronomy, 10(11), 1723. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111723. Online Master of Science in Agronomy With a focus on industry applications and research, the online program is designed with maximum flexibility for today's working professionals.
The lottery is a form of gambling where people can win money by drawing numbers. It is a popular form of raising funds for a wide variety of projects, including education, health care and infrastructure. In many countries, the government operates lotteries to raise revenue for its activities. The concept of the lottery is quite simple: participants buy tickets and the winners are selected through a random draw. There are some issues surrounding the lottery, such as the risk of compulsive gambling and regressive impacts on lower-income groups, but there are also reasons why it should be supported. The first state to introduce a lottery was New Hampshire in 1964. It was followed by New York in 1967, and twelve more states introduced their own lotteries during the 1970s (Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont and Wisconsin). Today, forty-five states have a state lottery or similar system. In addition to being a source of entertainment for participants, the lottery has several advantages over other types of gambling. For example, it is a low-risk investment because the amount of the prize is known in advance and there are no hidden costs or fees. This makes it attractive to people who would otherwise be reluctant to invest in other types of gambling such as casinos, esports and horse racing. There is a large group of people who participate in the lottery on a regular basis, and it is estimated that more than half of all Americans play it at least once a year. This is partly because of the enormous jackpots that are sometimes awarded. These jackpots have a huge impact on lottery sales, because they attract attention and encourage people to buy tickets. They can also boost sales when they are carried over to the next drawing, thereby increasing the size of future jackpots. Another factor that influences the size of lottery jackpots is the rate of interest. The fact that a jackpot is paid out over 29 years means it will earn a small amount of interest every year, and this in turn drives up the value of the prize. A third factor that affects the size of jackpots is changes in the formula used to calculate winnings. Those who win the lottery can spend the money in various ways, but they usually choose to invest it. In this way, they can make it grow even more rapidly. One example of this is Stefan Mandel, who won the lottery 14 times and subsequently shared his winnings with investors. As a result, his winnings were worth an impressive $1.3 million. However, this type of investment is not suited to everyone and is therefore not recommended. Instead, a person should consider investing their money in stocks and mutual funds. This will provide them with greater flexibility, as they will have the potential to generate higher returns over a longer period of time.
Employee Appreciation Day arrived on 3rd March which was a fantastic opportunity to take a look at some of the ways in which organisations can show their people thanks for their ongoing efforts. This year though, instead of listing a range of short-lived ideas to say thank you, we're focusing instead on what all employees really value when they go into work every day – a great company culture. Here's a look at why a great culture matters, and how to work out if your organisation has a great one too. You can't begin to measure something which you can't define. Resolving a singular definition of what company culture actually is has been a challenge for people leaders, HRDs and organisations the world over. Some may say it's a combination of the activities and benefits put in place that surround the work itself, such as team events or introducing a flexible working schedule. Others may say it's a feeling, a vibe, and something you feel as you walk into the office or log on to Teams in the morning. There are some great definitions out there from the likes of Great Places to Work and HBR, though. Company culture could describe the shared values, goals, attitudes and practices that characterise an organisation. Or, more simply, it's how you do what you do in the workplace. To simplify things and cut through the different definitions, it may be helpful to get an idea of what company culture is… and isn't: What company culture is: your shared values, mission and collective goals, and how you work together to live them every day What company culture isn't: pizza parties, pool tables, free coffees, goat yoga classes Understanding the difference between the two can help to formulate a shared idea within your organisation of what culture is, and what you want to continue building upon. Why improving your company's culture matters What business wouldn't like higher sales, more creativity, happier customers and lower staff churn? Company culture matters because it influences pretty much all areas of your organisation – which can either be a great thing, or in the cases of toxic cultures, a very slippery corporate slope. Creating a healthy and safe culture encourages employees to be braver, take more calculated risks, and to speak their minds. This drives collective productivity and better work outcomes. Great cultures are also paramount to supporting long-term employee engagement – the holy grail for people leaders – and taps into the innate motivation of all employees to help the organisation succeed. How to measure your company culture Measuring culture is hard, as is any attempt to put a figure against a concept. But there are some methods you can deploy internally, as well as more macro-view analysis, to help understand it. You could create your own internal scoring system that factors in self-reported employee happiness, staff churn, project success rates, internal promotions and job referrals – with each metric contributing to a larger total figure or percentage which can be compared year on year. Three key metrics you should look to include in your calculations are: - Sentiment: what employees tell you they're feeling about their role and the organisation, typically gathered through pulse surveys or annual reviews. - Behaviour: understand how employees are living up to your corporate values through the work they do, the targets they meet, and the actions they take. - Relationships: how connected are staff to other peers, and how cohesive are your teams? Great cultures foster higher levels of communication and collaboration across departments. Recent research from the London School of Economics has gone one step further, analysing publicly-available company data to measure corporate culture more effectively. Their approach, entitled the 'Unobtrusive Corporate Culture Analysis Tool', removes self-reporting and any potential for bias by looking solely at: - Annual reports - Financial records - Press releases - Databases And according to LSE researchers, data derived from a combination of these records can indicate an organisation's cultural footprint. How to build a culture that helps your people (and organisation) to thrive We're beginning to understand what culture truly is, and the ways in which we can begin to measure it. But how do you go about improving your company culture? There are some tools and strategies already at work in the world of work which are making a difference. Be transparent and embrace autonomy Trust and being given the space to do your best work are critical in creating the best company culture. Transparent organisations enjoy higher levels of trust. But micromanagement can quickly erode motivation, engagement and productivity. Recognise great work Recognising the ongoing positive contributions of your people – especially where it relates to a value or shared mission – is a fundamental tool to boosting engagement and growing a wider, more positive culture. Embrace diversity Organisations have an obligation to create workplaces that are fair and equitable to all staff – no matter their race, gender or faith. Workplaces which embrace diversity at the heart of everything they do generate happier teams that are more strongly aligned with the overall mission of the company. Focus on personal and professional development When people thrive, their positivity and resultant great work ethic rubs off on everyone around them. And when all the people in your organisation are supporting in their personal and professional development, it can lead to a culture of peer support and a collective strive to reach new levels. Leaders who know how to communicate Leaders set the overall tone of the workplace, and the way in which they communicate with others is critical to set that tone. Leaders who are active advocates for their teams, clearly communicate the direction of travel for the organisation, and truly live the values of the organisation for all to see, help to create an environment where a positive workplace culture can arise. Poor leadership can turn a great culture into a toxic one, just as great leaders can turn a toxic place to work into a great one. Embrace technology to support your culture-building efforts HR teams, people leaders and organisations on the whole, can utilise market-leading technologies to support their understanding of what their current culture is, how it's performing, and look to build upon it. Platforms that support gathering employee feedback through pulse surveys, team-communications apps, and employee recognition and reward platforms, are just some of the quick-to-deploy and cost-effective solutions available. For a true sense of what's going on in your organisation, looking to adopt an integrated HR system which can handle the day-to-day runnings of a team, alongside all the engagement-boosting, culture-measuring functionality you need to effectively run a modern workplace, is an investment worth making. At Phase 3, we help organisations just like yours to plan, research, and deploy systems that support their strategic goals – from HR to finance and payroll. Learn more about what we do and how we can support your culture-building efforts here.
How to clean carpet without machine? Keeping your carpet clean is essential for maintaining a fresh and healthy home environment. While professional carpet cleaning machines are commonly used for deep cleaning, you can still achieve satisfactory results without a machine. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore effective methods for cleaning carpets without a machine. By understanding these techniques, you can successfully remove dirt, stains, and odors, leaving your carpets looking and smelling their best. Preparing to Clean Without a Machine How to clean carpet without machine? Gather Cleaning Supplies: Prepare a bucket of warm water, mild detergent (such as dish soap or carpet shampoo), white vinegar, clean white cloths or microfiber towels, a soft-bristle brush or sponge, and a vacuum cleaner. Clear the Area: Remove any furniture or objects from the carpeted area, allowing for easier access and thorough cleaning. Spot Cleaning and Stain Removal Blotting Stains: For fresh stains, blot the affected area with a clean cloth or paper towel to absorb as much liquid as possible. Avoid rubbing or scrubbing, as this can push the stain deeper into the carpet fibers. Homemade Stain Removal Solutions: Create a homemade stain remover by mixing a solution of warm water and a few drops of mild detergent or white vinegar. Test the solution on a small inconspicuous area of the carpet to ensure it does not cause discoloration or damage. Treating Different Types of Stains: For common stains like coffee, wine, or pet urine, apply the homemade stain remover to the stain and gently blot with a clean cloth until the stain is lifted. Repeat the process as necessary until the stain is fully removed. The presence of mold on carpets can pose several hazards, including: Health Risks: Mold releases airborne spores that can trigger various health issues, particularly for individuals with respiratory conditions or allergies. Exposure to mold spores can cause respiratory symptoms, irritation, coughing, sneezing, or allergic reactions in some people. Structural Damage: Mold can penetrate deep into the carpet fibers and degrade the structural integrity of the carpet. It can weaken the fibers, cause discoloration, and lead to permanent damage if left untreated. Spreading of Mold: If not properly addressed, mold can spread to other areas of your home or contaminate nearby materials, exacerbating the mold issue. To prevent future mold growth on carpets, ensure proper ventilation, control indoor humidity levels, address any leaks or water issues promptly, and regularly clean and maintain your carpets to prevent moisture buildup. If you suspect a severe or extensive mold problem, it's recommended to consult a professional mold remediation specialist for proper assessment and treatment. If you find mold on your carpet: If you find mold on your carpet, it's important to address the issue promptly as mold can pose health risks and damage the carpet. Here's how to handle it: Safety Measures: Before starting the cleaning process, wear protective gear such as gloves, goggles, and a mask to prevent direct contact with mold spores and inhalation. Dry the Area: Mold thrives in damp environments, so the first step is to dry the affected area. Use fans, open windows, or dehumidifiers to promote airflow and reduce moisture. You may also consider using a wet-dry vacuum to extract excess water. Remove Surface Mold: Use a stiff brush or sponge to scrub the visible mold off the carpet surface. Be careful not to spread the spores further while doing this. Place the brush or sponge into a bag and dispose of it properly. Treat and Clean: Mix a solution of water and mild detergent or a carpet cleaning solution. Dampen a clean cloth or sponge in the solution and gently blot the affected area, working from the outer edges towards the center. Avoid saturating the carpet, as excess moisture can exacerbate the mold growth. Dry the Carpet Thoroughly: After cleaning, thoroughly dry the carpet using fans or dehumidifiers. Ensure the carpet is completely dry to prevent further mold growth. Professional Cleaning: If the mold infestation is extensive or persists after DIY cleaning, it's advisable to seek professional help. Professional carpet cleaners have the expertise and equipment to effectively remove mold and treat the affected area. Cleaning the Entire Carpet Before cleaning the entire carpet, start by thoroughly vacuuming to remove loose dirt, debris, and surface-level stains. Pay extra attention to high-traffic areas or spots that require more intensive cleaning. Shampooing Solution: Mix warm water with a small amount of mild detergent or carpet shampoo in a bucket. Dip a sponge or soft-bristle brush into the solution and gently work it into the carpet, focusing on dirty or stained areas. Brushing and Agitating: Use a soft-bristle brush or sponge to agitate the cleaning solution into the carpet fibers. Work in small sections, applying light pressure in a circular motion to loosen dirt and stains. Absorbing Excess Moisture: After shampooing, blot the carpet with a clean cloth or towel to absorb excess moisture. Repeat the process until the cloth no longer absorbs moisture, but remains damp to the touch. Drying and Refreshing the Carpet Speeding up the Drying Process: Open windows or use fans to promote airflow and expedite the drying process. Avoid walking on the carpet until it is thoroughly dry to prevent dirt and new stains from setting in. Eliminating Odors: Sprinkle baking soda liberally over the carpet and let it sit for several hours or overnight. Vacuum the carpet thoroughly to remove the baking soda and any lingering odors. Regular Maintenance Tips Vacuuming Routinely: Establish a regular vacuuming schedule to keep your carpets clean and prevent the accumulation of dirt and allergens. Vacuum at least once or twice a week, paying attention to high-traffic areas. Prompt Stain Removal: Address stains as soon as they occur to prevent them from setting into the carpet fibers. Blot fresh stains and treat them using the spot cleaning methods mentioned earlier. How to clean carpet without machine? While professional carpet cleaning machines offer deep cleaning capabilities, it is possible to clean carpets effectively without a machine. By following these methods for spot cleaning, shampooing, and maintaining your carpets, you can achieve fresh and spotless results. Regular maintenance and prompt stain removal are key to maintaining the cleanliness and longevity of your carpets. With proper care and attention, your carpets will continue to enhance your home's comfort and aesthetic appeal.
From Page to Scream: A Screenwriter's Guide to Adapting Horror Tales Adapting horror tales from literature to screen is a journey filled with challenges, creativity, and the uncanny ability to translate fear from the page to the visceral experience of cinema. The horror genre, with its potential to explore the depths of human psychology, societal fears, and the supernatural, offers a fertile ground for screenwriters. However, the process of adaptation requires a nuanced understanding of both mediums and the elements that make horror resonate with audiences. This guide aims to assist screenwriters in navigating the complexities of bringing horror tales from page to scream. Understanding the Source Material The first step in adaptation is immersing oneself in the source material. A thorough understanding goes beyond the plot; it involves grasping the themes, tone, character depth, and the original author's intentions. Horror literature can be subtle, relying on the reader's imagination to fill in the terrifying blanks, whereas film is a visual medium that shows rather than tells. Deciphering what makes the story horrifying and why it elicits a particular emotional response in readers is crucial. Identifying Core Elements to Preserve While not all details from the source material can make it to the screen, identifying the core elements—those that are pivotal to the narrative and thematic integrity of the story—is essential. This might include specific characters, settings, plot twists, or scenes that are crucial for maintaining the story's essence. The challenge is to balance fidelity to the source material with the creative liberties needed to translate the story effectively into a visual narrative. Expanding Visual and Auditory Horrors One of the most significant transformations in adapting a horror tale is the shift from imagined fear to visual and auditory terror. Screenwriters have the task of expanding the story's horror elements to take full advantage of the cinematic experience. This might involve more graphic visual representations of monsters or ghosts, a greater emphasis on unsettling atmospheres, and the strategic use of sound and music to heighten tension. The goal is to evoke a sensory response that mirrors the psychological impact of reading the original story. Character Deepening for an Emotional Connection In horror films, the audience's emotional connection to the characters is paramount. This connection often determines the intensity of the viewer's fear response. Adapting a tale involves deepening character backstories, motivations, and relationships to build empathy and make the characters' experiences more relatable and terrifying. The screenplay must find ways to express internal character dynamics and conflicts visually, translating introspective moments from the page to performance and action on the screen. Adapting Pacing and Structure The pacing and structure of a literary work might not directly translate well to film. Screenwriters need to adapt the story's pacing to fit the cinematic format, sometimes restructuring the narrative for increased tension and engagement. This could mean rearranging scenes, adding or combining characters, or even altering the story's climax to ensure that the film maintains a grip on the audience's attention throughout its duration. The Importance of Atmosphere Atmosphere is a critical component of horror, whether in literature or film. However, creating an atmosphere of dread or suspense in cinema involves a different toolkit, utilizing lighting, set design, cinematography, and sound design. Screenwriters should consider these elements when scripting scenes, suggesting ways to use the film medium to replicate or even enhance the eerie or horrifying ambiance of the original tale. Adapting a horror story from page to screen is a delicate art that requires a deep respect for the source material paired with the creativity to imagine its life in a new medium. By understanding the essence of the original tale, maintaining its core elements, and skillfully utilizing the tools of cinema to evoke fear and empathy, screenwriters can transform written horror into memorable, spine-chilling films. This guide offers a foundational pathway, but the journey of adaptation is unique to each story and screenwriter, promising endless possibilities for innovation and terror.
It is very important to learn concerning the basics of traveling, in order to avoid accidents and injuries. It is not smart to just venture out into the open road without knowing what you are really doing. The definitive goal of driving ideas is to offer you full knowledge about the traffic rules, and road laws and regulations. This will assist you to avoid the problems that will arrive along the way. If you know all of the rules of the street, after that it will be a complete great deal much easier for you yourself to generate safely. The first thing that you need to do would be to become acquainted with the fundamentals of driving. It is possible to avail a course from a good driving college or get advice from a specialist, or else you can take help from the web. First of most, you need to read the road rules very carefully, so you shall know how to adhere to them properly. An excellent start is to read the rules for driving on your own and find out what is the procedure for an end. Next thing you need to know is the rules of the street while becoming towed. You need to know that creating a U-turn without signaling or giving sufficient time for another driver to respond can be a common traffic laws violation. You might have browse the guidelines Once, you need to get used to traveling by taking operating lessons. The first step towards understanding how to drive, would be the driving test. It's the most important stage, if you want to become a licensed driver. You need to pass this check to become driver license holder. There are usually two different varieties of tests, one may be the written test and the other may be the practical driving test. Both of these types of checks are important and they all involve basic driving skills. Some of the issues that you will need to understand include steering, brake and shift mechanisms, gear selection, liquid levels, gear control, gears, clutch, and how to stop once the brakes are hit by you. Once you have passed the written test, it is possible to move on to another step which is the most important which is the practical driving test. The useful driving test needs you to display your understanding on the rules of the street. In this check, you will need to go through an array of factors that you need to know. You will need to know about car mechanics, how to use your lights and wipers, how exactly to apply the parking brake, and the emergency kit. For the safe driving, it's important to be able to maneuver the motor car in various circumstances. You will need to find out about traffic symptoms and landmarks furthermore. If you are feeling that you'll require help while driving, then you can get the help of an experienced driver. The best example of ways to get the very best traveling guidelines will be the operating college. You can ask them what they take into account the best way to operate a vehicle. In case you are clueless about something, you'll be able to also ask an expert to describe it for you. With the right knowledge, you will also be able to choose the right car and ensure that you can get yourself a license very quickly. By following basic driving suggestions, you'll be able to drive securely and easily. You will be able in order to avoid any incident furthermore. If you have any thoughts pertaining to wherever and how to use just click the up coming site, you can get in touch with us at the web page. Linked content shown by followers in the website:
Respiratory regulation as influenced by altitude, cold and anoxia Major Professor Committee Member Journal Title Journal ISSN Volume Title Research Projects Organizational Units Journal Issue Is Version Of Tracings of the respiratory pattern were obtained during three levels of activity at ground level, exercising at 20,000 and 35,000 feet and while shivering in the cold. From these tracings the instantaneous rate of flow of the air into and out of the lungs was calculated. The per-minute rate of ventilation and the maximum instantaneous rate of inspiration and expiration do not appear to be significantly altered in mild degree of work at these altitudes or when shivering;Using a low pressure chamber open parachute descent from 30,000 feet has been simulated. The degree of anoxia reached, which is considerable, increases the ventilation rate about two and one-half times. This stimulation is opposed by alkaline condition brought on by a reduced carbon dioxide tension in the blood;Hyperventilation while resting begins at approximately 15,000 feet breathing air, and about 38,000 feet breathing 100 percent oxygen. At about 37,000 feet the arterial oxygen saturation of the blood begins to fall below normal in spite of the inhalation of 100 percent oxygen. At 44,800 feet the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolar air is at a critically low level;Although a virtual equilibrium exists between the barometric pressure and the sum of the partial pressures of oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor at extremely high altitudes while breathing 100 percent oxygen if at rest, it is concluded from work tests at 38,000 and 40,000 feet that this equilibrium breaks down in exercise. The transfer of oxygen from the lungs to the blood appears to depend on more than simple diffusion;It is concluded that the adequacy with which the anoxia is capable of stimulating respiration determines in a large measure a man's "ceiling". Anoxia in most cases is capable of maintaining adequate respiration at least to an altitude of 44,800 feet.
Motorbikes in Vietnam are the most popular means of transportation, and this article provides insight into why this is the case. Vietnam is a country that has always been associated with motorbikes. From the bustling cities to the remote villages, you will find motorbikes everywhere. In fact, Vietnam has the largest number of motorbike users in the world, and it's not just because they are affordable. I. Motorbikes are Affordable in Vietnam Motorbikes are an affordable mode of transportation for many people around the world, including Vietnam. Compared to cars or other vehicles, motorbikes typically have lower upfront costs and require less maintenance. Additionally, they are more fuel-efficient, making them a cost-effective choice for commuting or traveling short distances. With the ease of parking and maneuvering in crowded areas, motorbikes are also a popular choice for urban dwellers. Overall, their affordability and practicality make motorbikes a preferred choice for many people in Vietnam and beyond. II. Easy to Maneuver in Traffic Vietnam's cities are known for their busy and chaotic traffic. In such a scenario, motorbikes offer an easy way to navigate through the traffic. They can weave through narrow lanes and can take shortcuts that cars cannot. This makes motorbikes a transportation in Vietnam so popular in cities like Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi. III. Motorcycle culture has a long history in Vietnam Motorbikes have been a part of Vietnam's culture for decades. They are seen as a symbol of freedom and independence, and many Vietnamese people take pride in owning one. For some, motorbikes are also associated with the Vietnamese war of independence, where they were used by the Viet Cong to transport soldiers and supplies. IV. Lack of Alternative Options Public transportation in Vietnam is not always reliable, and cars can be expensive. This leaves motorbikes as the most practical option for many Vietnamese people. Additionally, the government has not made any major investments in public transportation infrastructure, which further contributes to the popularity of motorbikes. V. In conclusion Motorbikes in Vietnam The large number of motorbikes in Vietnam can be attributed to a combination of affordability, maneuverability in traffic, traditional culture, and lack of alternative options. Motorbikes have become a way of life in Vietnam and continue to be an essential part of the country's culture and daily life. Happy Travel!
If you're a coffee lover, you know that there's something special about sipping a rich and aromatic cup of Italian espresso. The bold flavors, velvety texture, and the ritual of brewing it all contribute to the experience. But what if you could recreate that Italian espresso goodness at home? That's where the Moka Pot comes in. The Moka Pot is a stovetop espresso maker that allows you to brew authentic Italian espresso without the need for expensive machines or barista training. It was invented in 1930s Italy and has since become an integral part of the stovetop coffee ritual in Italian households and beyond. The Moka Pot gets its name from the city of Mocha, Yemen, which has a long history of coffee excellence. It consists of two chambers – a lower chamber for heating water and an upper chamber for collecting the brewed coffee. The magic happens as the water heats up and creates vapor pressure, pushing it up through the coffee grounds and resulting in a full-bodied and aromatic cup of espresso. Key Takeaways: - The Moka Pot allows you to brew authentic Italian espresso at home. - It is a stovetop espresso maker that has been used since the 1930s. - The Moka Pot consists of two chambers and uses vapor pressure to brew coffee. - While it's not technically espresso, the Moka Pot produces espresso-like results. - Using the right grind and good-quality coffee is crucial for a perfect cup of Moka Pot coffee. How to Make Moka Coffee Making Moka coffee with a Moka Pot is a simple and satisfying process. With just a few steps, you can enjoy a flavorful cup of Moka coffee brewed using the stovetop method. Here's how: - Fill the Base Chamber: Begin by filling the base chamber of your Moka Pot with cold water. Fill it up to the level of the valve, ensuring not to overfill. This will prevent any water from coming into contact with the coffee grounds. - Insert the Filter and Add Ground Coffee: Place the filter in the middle section of the Moka Pot. Fill the filter with your preferred ground coffee, making sure not to pack it down too tightly. The coffee should be evenly distributed without excessive compression. - Assemble the Moka Pot: Once the filter is filled with coffee, ensure that both the filter and rubber gasket are properly in place. Then, carefully screw the upper chamber onto the base chamber, making sure it is tightly secured. This will prevent any pressure from escaping during the brewing process. - Heat the Moka Pot: Place the Moka Pot on the stove over low heat. It is important to choose a low flame to prevent overheating the coffee. This will allow the water to heat gradually and produce a smooth and flavorful extraction of the coffee. - Watch for the Gurgling Sound: As the water heats, it will start to rise through the coffee grounds, producing a gurgling sound. This is an indication that the brewing process is almost complete. At this point, it is recommended to remove the Moka Pot from the heat source. - Mix and Serve: Before pouring the coffee into cups, give it a gentle stir with a spoon to ensure an even distribution of flavors. Moka coffee is known for its rich and bold taste, which often results in a crema-like layer on top. Pour the coffee into cups and savor the aroma and flavor of your homemade Moka coffee. Once you have enjoyed your delicious cup of Moka coffee, remember to rinse the Moka Pot with hot water and let it dry thoroughly before reassembling for future use. What Makes a Moka Pot Different from Espresso Machines While a Moka Pot brews a type of coffee known as moka, it is technically different from espresso. Traditional espresso machines use higher pressure and finely ground coffee, whereas a Moka Pot uses lower pressure and a medium grind. However, with the right grind and good-quality coffee, a Moka Pot can produce espresso-like results, including a layer of crema on top. Moka Pots are more affordable and accessible for home use compared to professional espresso machines, making them a popular choice among coffee lovers. Comparison \| Moka Pot \| Espresso Machine \| Pressure \| Lower pressure \| Higher pressure \| Coffee Grounds \| Medium grind \| Finely ground \| Coffee Result \| Espresso-like with crema \| Pure espresso with crema \| Price \| More affordable \| Higher cost \| Accessibility \| Accessible for home use \| Professional use \| As shown in the comparison table above, Moka Pots and espresso machines have distinct differences. While both produce coffee with crema, the pressure and grind size vary. Moka Pots offer an affordable and convenient way to enjoy espresso-like coffee at home without the need for expensive equipment. It's important to note that the flavor and intensity of the coffee may differ between the two methods, but the Moka Pot still delivers a satisfying and flavorful cup of coffee. Tips for Perfect Moka Pot Brewing To achieve the perfect cup of coffee with your Moka Pot, there are a few tips to keep in mind: - Use a low flame when brewing to prevent overheating the coffee. - Make sure to use the right grind – a medium grind is recommended for Moka Pots. - Clean and maintain your Moka Pot properly – rinse it with hot water after each use and let it dry thoroughly before reassembling. - Periodically change the filter and rubber gasket to ensure optimal performance. By following these simple tips, you can ensure that every brew from your Moka Pot is a delightful and flavorful experience. Enjoy the process and experiment with different coffee blends to find your perfect cup! Expert Quote: "Maintaining the right brewing temperature and using the correct grind are crucial aspects of Moka Pot brewing. These small adjustments can make a big difference in the taste and quality of your coffee." – Sarah Wilson, Owner of BrewtifulCafe.com Tip \| Description \| Use a low flame \| To prevent overheating the coffee and maintain optimal flavors. \| Medium grind \| Choose the right grind size for a balanced extraction. \| Clean and maintain \| Rinse the Moka Pot with hot water after each use and periodically replace the filter and rubber gasket. \| Choosing the Right Coffee for Your Moka Pot When it comes to brewing coffee with a Moka Pot, selecting the right coffee is key to achieving a flavorful and authentic espresso experience. The type of coffee you choose, along with its roast level and grind size, can significantly impact the taste and quality of your brew. If you want to extract the genuine flavors of Italian espresso from your Moka Pot, opt for coffee that is specifically roasted for making espresso. Look for blends labeled as "espresso roast" or "Italian roast," as these are typically crafted to complement the Moka Pot brewing method. The roast level plays a crucial role as it affects the coffee's flavor profile. For a Moka Pot, aim for a medium or medium-dark roast, which strikes a balance between capturing the coffee's inherent flavors and developing rich, bold notes during the roasting process. Equally important is the grind size. Moka Pots work best with a medium grind, which is slightly finer than the coarse grind used for French press coffee, but coarser than the fine grind required for espresso machines. The medium grind allows for optimal extraction, ensuring the right balance of flavors and achieving a smooth, robust cup of coffee. If you're uncertain about which coffee brands to try, consider popular options like Lavazza or Illy, known for their expertise in crafting exceptional coffee blends. These brands offer medium-grind espresso blends specifically designed for Moka Pot brewing, guaranteeing a satisfying and authentic espresso-like experience. For coffee enthusiasts who prefer to have more control over the grind size and freshness, whole bean coffee is a fantastic option. Invest in a high-quality burr grinder and select espresso beans that suit your taste preferences. Grinding the beans yourself allows you to achieve the perfect medium grind size, ensuring optimal extraction and a delicious cup of Moka Pot coffee. You Deserve the Best Cup of Coffee "Investing in high-quality coffee is essential for a satisfying Moka Pot experience. Choosing espresso roast coffee with a medium grind will ensure you achieve the perfect balance of flavors, allowing you to savor every sip of your rich, aromatic cup." By selecting the right coffee for your Moka Pot, you'll be able to unlock the full potential of this classic Italian brewing method. Whether you opt for pre-ground espresso blends or prefer to grind your own beans, the key is to prioritize espresso roast coffee with a medium grind that can deliver exceptional flavor and a delightful coffee experience. Enhancing Your Moka Pot Coffee Experience With a Moka Pot, you can take your coffee brewing to the next level. In addition to brewing delicious espresso, you can create a variety of coffee-based drinks and experiment with different recipes. Let's explore some ways to enhance your Moka Pot coffee experience. 1. Frothing Milk for Cappuccinos and Lattes If you enjoy creamy and frothy milk in your coffee, you can easily achieve it with a Moka Pot. There are a couple of methods you can use to froth milk at home: - Use a milk-foaming mug: Heat the milk in a small saucepan or microwave until hot but not boiling. Then, pour the heated milk into a milk-foaming mug and pump the plunger up and down vigorously to create thick and velvety foam. - Try a French press coffee maker: Heat the milk in a small saucepan or microwave until hot but not boiling. Pour the hot milk into a French press and then push the plunger up and down rapidly to froth the milk. This method also creates creamy foam perfect for cappuccinos and lattes. Experiment with different techniques to find the one that suits your taste preferences best. 2. Exploring Coffee Accessories Enhance the flavor and presentation of your Moka Pot coffee by exploring various coffee accessories. Consider adding: - Flavored syrups: Elevate the taste of your coffee by adding a flavored syrup of your choice. Whether you prefer caramel, vanilla, or hazelnut, these syrups can transform a simple cup of coffee into a gourmet delight. - Chocolate shavings: Sprinkle some chocolate shavings on top of your freshly brewed Moka Pot coffee to add a touch of indulgence and a rich, chocolaty flavor. - Coffee stencils: Impress your guests with beautifully patterned coffee by using stencils. Simply place the stencil over your cup and dust cocoa powder or cinnamon onto the coffee's surface to create intricate designs. Try different combinations of accessories to discover unique flavors and create your signature Moka Pot coffee. Now that you know how to froth milk and enhance your coffee with accessories, it's time to go beyond basic recipes and explore some exciting Moka Pot recipes, including flavored variations and creative coffee blends. \| Recipe \| Description \| \| Moka Macchiato \| A classic espresso with a dollop of foamed milk \| \| Mocha Delight \| Moka coffee blended with chocolate syrup and topped with cream \| \| Vanilla Affogato \| Moka coffee poured over a scoop of vanilla ice cream \| \| Caramel Latte \| Moka coffee mixed with caramel syrup and steamed milk \| Try these recipes and experiment with your own creations to elevate your Moka Pot coffee to new heights. Enjoying the Art of Moka Pot Brewing When it comes to brewing coffee with a Moka Pot, it's not just about getting your caffeine fix – it's about engaging in a centuries-old coffee ritual. Immersed in the rich coffee culture and traditions of Italy, many Italians incorporate the Moka Pot into their morning routine, taking pride in perfecting their coffee-making skills. By following the steps of preparing and brewing Moka Pot coffee, you can also become part of this sacred tradition. With practice and attention to detail, you can elevate your coffee experience, becoming your own personal barista and enjoying the authentic flavors of Italian espresso in the comfort of your home. Brewing with a Moka Pot is more than just a process – it's a journey. As you carefully measure the water and coffee, screw the chambers together, and place the pot on the stove, you become an active participant in the art of coffee-making. With each cup you brew, you hone your skills, learning to adjust the flame and the grind to reach that perfect balance of aroma and flavor. So, embrace the Moka Pot ritual and savor the coffee culture that has been passed down through generations. Connect with the Italian coffee tradition and experience the joy of creating your own exquisite cup of espresso. With the Moka Pot as your guide, enjoy the journey of discovery and taste the essence of Italy with every sip. What is a Moka Pot? A Moka Pot is a stovetop espresso maker that allows you to brew authentic Italian espresso at home. How do I make Moka coffee? To make Moka coffee, start by filling the base chamber with cold water, then insert the filter and fill it with ground coffee. Screw the chambers tightly together, place the Moka Pot on low heat, and remove it when the coffee starts to gurgle. Mix the coffee before pouring it into cups. How is a Moka Pot different from espresso machines? While a Moka Pot brews a type of coffee known as moka, it is technically different from espresso machines in terms of pressure and grind size. Moka Pots use lower pressure and a medium grind, while espresso machines use higher pressure and finely ground coffee. What are some tips for perfect Moka Pot brewing? Use a low flame when brewing, use the right grind (medium), and clean and maintain your Moka Pot regularly. Rinse it after each use, change the filter and rubber gasket periodically, and let it dry before reassembling. What coffee should I use for my Moka Pot? It is recommended to use coffee that is specifically roasted for making espresso and is a medium grind. Brands like Lavazza or Illy offer medium-grind espresso blends designed for use in Moka Pots. Alternatively, you can grind whole beans yourself. How can I enhance my Moka Pot coffee experience? You can enhance your Moka Pot coffee experience by frothing milk for cappuccinos or lattes using a milk-foaming mug or a French press coffee maker. You can also explore coffee accessories like flavored syrups or chocolate shavings to enhance the flavor and presentation. What is the significance of Moka Pot brewing? Brewing coffee with a Moka Pot is not just about getting your caffeine fix, but also engaging in a coffee ritual. Many Italians incorporate the Moka Pot into their morning routine and take pride in perfecting their coffee-making skills.
The convenience and low initial cost of single-use sachets makes it easy to use them and dispose of them on repeat. But after 40 years of plastic-heavy sachets being produced and consumed in mass quantities, our environment has accumulated a staggering amount of sachet waste. Enough sachets are sold each year to cover the surface of our planet, about 855 billion in number. And they're not going anywhere. What begins as a small, everyday item like a ketchup packet, shampoo sample, or single-use laundry detergent creates a recycling nightmare. Sachets are typically made of a material like plastic or paper and then lined with foil or plastic to keep out air and moisture. But those bonded materials cannot be separated at a later point for reuse. If well-meaning consumers try to recycle them, they contaminate recycling streams. As a result, the hundreds of billions of sachets used each year go straight into a landfill or end up as environmental pollution, clogging waterways and littering land. Broc Shot faced this problem when developing its own single-use sachet, packaging that also needed to be air- and water-tight to protect the high quality of its broccoli sprout powder. A low or zero waste solution was the only option in the minds of Broc Shot's founders Benjamin Silver and Gracia Walker. "We firmly believe in the cradle-to-cradle philosophy, which means that a company is responsible for the full lifecycle of the products that it puts out, including the waste. Up to this point, so many brands— and the plastics industry as a whole— have put the onus on the end consumer to be the one recycling," says Silver. Broc Shot's sachet development process began with a packet that was commercially compostable through municipal recycling, but evolved to a home and commercially compostable packet derived from wood pulp, sugarcane, and cornstarch, and designed by Silver. Broc Shot's sachets are free from plastic and foil, and certified as BPI compostable, with 90% degradation of the sachet materials in 6 months. "You can literally put this sachet in your own backyard soil to break down. Our inks are also no impact, so everything can be put back into the soil," he says. While the packaging cost is considerably higher for Broc Shot, it was the only responsible choice for Silver and Walker. "Our sachets cost sixteen times what other sachets cost. But to spend more money on them was a no-brainer for us because the expense on the tail end is a generational expense. It's an expense that we just can't afford as humans who want to be able to live on this planet for generations to come," says Walker. As a bonus for Broc Shot consumers, Broc Shot's sachet prevents plastic exposure to its broccoli sprout powder. The contents of each plastic-free sachet is designed to be mixed in the accompanying stainless steel shaker or a drinking glass. "Stainless steel and glass are the best materials for anything we are ingesting. So our customers can count on the product being good for their bodies, safe for them to use, and safe for the planet long-term."
One way to make your icing white is to heat it up before adding it to the cake. Another way is to use a food chopper or a blender to get the consistency you want. Making icing white can be a difficult task, but there are a few ways to do it. One way is to use an ice cream maker. Another way is to make your own icing. How to make your Buttercream Frosting White – Cake Decorating Tutorial How do I make sure my buttercream is white? Making sure your buttercream is white can be a challenge, but it's not difficult to do. Here are a few tips to make sure your buttercream is white: - Use the correct ingredients - Follow the recipe exactly - Use a non-stick pan What is white frosting made of? White frosting is made of sugar, eggs, and vanilla extract. It is used to frost cakes, cupcakes, and other desserts. White frosting is made up of sugar, cream, eggs, vanilla extract, and a little bit of butter or oil. It often refers to cakes, cupcakes, and other desserts because it is often used as a frosting for these products. How do you make white buttercream without food coloring? White buttercream can be made without food coloring using a few simple techniques. By using an understanding of these techniques, you can make your white buttercream look just like the real thing. How can I change the color of my icing? Changing the color of icing can be a pretty easy task, but it takes a little bit of effort. Here are a few tips to help: - Start by measuring the circumference of your cake or cupcake and then finding out the size of your pan. This will give you an idea of how much icing to make for each color. - Use a bright color for the front and back of your cake, and use a less bright color for the sides and bottom. - If you want to change colors gradually, start with one color and work your way up, or keep using one color until all parts of your cake are covered in icing. - Don't forget to top off your cake with some Vaseline or water before closing it in an airtight container! Why is my icing not white? Icing is a delicate part of any dessert or cake. The sugar and butter mixture is added to the eggs and then whipped into a foam. If the icing is not white, it means that there are too many sugars or too few butter fats in the recipe. Without a good understanding of how different ingredients affect icing color, many customers end up with gray or dark colors on their desserts. Why does my white icing turn yellow? There are a few reasons why this might happen. One reason is that the sugar in white icing is converted to starches when cooked, which can cause it to turn yellow. Another reason is that the heat from a cook's oven can cause the sugar in white icing to caramelize, which can change it from white to yellow. How do you make royal icing white? How to make royal icing white is a question that has been asked by many cooks in the past. There are a few ways to do this and it all comes down to what ingredients you have at hand. Here are three tips: 1) Use a food processor to create a smooth royal icing; 2) Use an oven at 350 degrees F (175 degrees C) for two minutes; and 3) Add salt and sugar before mixing. What flavor is white icing? White icing is made up of sugar, eggs, and butter. It is often used to frost cakes, cupcakes, and other desserts. This article is about the difference between white icing and brown icing. What is white icing called? The popular holiday dessert known as white icing is made from sugar, egg whites and cornstarch. The name of the white icing that is used in cakes, cupcakes, and other dessert recipes varies depending on the region where it is made. In some cases, it is called "white cake" or "white frosting. How do I make white food coloring? Making white food coloring is a lot like making paint. You need to mix two colors together to create a new color. In the same way, you'll need two different ingredients to make white food coloring. The two ingredients are food color and a pigment. When you mix these together, they will create the desired color. There are many different types of food colorants out there, so it really depends on what you're looking for. If you're just looking for a basic white food coloring, there are plenty of options out there. However, if you're looking for something more intense or Fancy White Food Coloring, then you'll want to check out some of the newer brands like D'Irene or Creative Coloring. Does white icing have food coloring? The answer is yes, white icing has food coloring. This is usually found in cake recipes and frosting applications. Yes, some white icing recipes do have food coloring. However, it is typically very small amounts and mostly in the form of natural colors like green and blue. What is the difference between buttercream and white frosting? Buttercream is a type of frosting that is often used on cakes, cupcakes, and other desserts. White frosting, on the other hand, is a type of frosting that is used on most dishes. When it comes to frosting, there is a big difference between buttercream and white frosting. Buttercream is a type of icing that is typically used to decorate cakes and cupcakes. White frosting, on the other hand, is a type of frosting that is used to top certain types of foods like cake or ice cream. What's the difference between frosting and icing? In frosting, ingredients like sugar, butter, and eggs are whipped into a smooth mixture and used to cover or decorate cakes, cupcakes, and other desserts. In icing, the ingredients are already mixed together and then put on top of food items like cake or cupcakes. What cancels out yellow in buttercream? While different ingredients can add different colors to a cake or frosting, some common culprits include milk and butter. When these two ingredients come into contact with one another, the color is canceled out. This is why yellow buttercream often looks orange or green instead of white or yellow How do I stop my icing going yellow? If you're like most people, you probably think about icing as a way to make your cake look its best. But sometimes, the icing can get yellow and not be able to be removed. This is called "yellowing" and can happen because of something called an "aluminum oxide crystal." It's a type of crystal that forms when aluminum dioxide (common in cakes) is heated in the oven. When this happens, it breaks down the aluminum into very small crystals. These crystals are easy for air and other substances to enter and cause the cake to turn yellow. Do I need white food coloring for royal icing? If so, there are a few things you can do to make sure that your recipe is safe. First, research the ingredients involved in royal icing before beginning to make it. This will help ensure that any white food coloring you use is safe and won't affect the end product. Second, follow the directions closely when making royal icing. Doing so will ensure that your recipe is correctly balanced and produces a sturdy result. What colors make white? A range of colors can make white, from light gray to black. This is due to how the light reflects off different substances. There is no right or wrong answer to this question, as different people have different preferences. However, some people believe that the colors blue and black make white. Is white icing the same as royal icing? We all know that white icing is different than royal icing. What most people don't know is that there are a few different types of white icing, and each has its own unique properties. Here are three examples: - American Gothic White Icing: This type of white icing is made with sugar and eggs instead of cinnamon or allspice. It's often used to make cakes or cupcakes look like they've been decorated with a coat of paint. - Bourbon White Icing: This type of white icing is made with bourbon instead of sugar or eggs. It gives cakes and cupcakes a more pronounced taste than other types of white icing. - Quebec White Icing: This type of white icing is made with flour, butter, and salt instead of sugar, eggs, and cinnamon or allspice.
A portion of the aim of treatment therapy is to relieve the underlying disease ultimately causing hypercalcemia (discussed lower than) Whether the patient requires instantaneous treatment of hypercalcemia depends on the new presence off symptoms plus the level of solution calcium. People that are asymptomatic that have calcium supplements degrees of 12-fourteen milligrams/dL don't usually need immediate procedures. They must end pills that cause hypercalcemia and may boost liquid intake in order to at least 2 liters per day to cut back the possibility of kidney rocks. Next treatment are going to be geared towards the underlying cause of the hypercalcemia https://datingranking.net/de/schwarze-dating-sites. People offensive medicines must be avoided. Patients with acute symptoms of hypercalcemia (even if the serum calcium level is <14 mg/dL) require immediate treatment and steps must be taken to lower the serum calcium level. Furthermore, patients with serum calcium levels >14 mg/dL require immediate treatment regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms. Patients with a hypercalcemic crisis should be managed initially in the intensive care unit. Conventional treatments The trusted and more than productive immediate treatment solutions are intravenous frequency resuscitation having normal saline so you're able to euvolemia, and in case the average person has actually sensible cardiac and you can renal setting. Customers having hypercalcemia are usually regularity depleted and you may infusion off saline corrects the amount exhaustion and and so decreases the reabsorption regarding salt and calcium supplements throughout the proximal tubule of kidney. The speed off saline infusion hinges on the seriousness of hypercalcemia and you will patient activities and cardiac or renal situation. In case the diligent does not have high cardiac or kidney malfunction it's reasonable first off the conventional saline infusion at the two hundred-400 mL/hr and then to improve the pace to keep pee productivity doing a hundred mL/hr. The in-patient need to be monitored meticulously for signs of frequency overburden. Earlier patients become more subject to frequency excess with rapid infusions from saline. Major cardiac or kidney incapacity try contraindications in order to high volume extension with saline. Infusion off saline is just familiar with repair euvolemia. The means to access saline immediately following euvolemia is reached isn't required provided the possibility of ample volume overload. Loop diuretics (e.grams. furosemide) may be extra due to the fact an adjunct procedures so you're able to saline just after volume extension are achieved. This helps prevent volume excess and you may considerably increases the fresh urinary removal away from calcium. The new serving away from intravenous (IV) furosemide utilized is according to research by the estimated glomerular filtration price (eGFR) of your patient. To possess clients which have a keen eGFR >sixty ml/min, 20 milligrams regarding IV furosemide is a reasonable undertaking serving whereas people which have a keen eGFR of thirty five-59 ml/minute need 40 mg IV. It is always far better use conventional dosing (i.e. 20 milligrams IV as starting dose) since the a reaction to confirmed dosage away from furosemide is tough so you can expect. Caution should be brought to guarantee that circle diuretics are only provided immediately following regularity resuscitation is finished since diuresis usually direct to death of salt and you will liquid. The brand new intake and you can production of your patient have to be monitored carefully because the patients will require replacement of your own lost salt and you will drinking water. Gel electrolytes, particularly potassium and you will magnesium, should be tracked closely as cures can lead to significant hypokalemia and you can hypomagnesemia. Pharmacologic therapy In the event that traditional therapies don't reduce the solution calcium height otherwise clients features contraindications so you're able to saline cures next pharmacologic therapies might be used. Intravenous bisphosphonates work very well for treating hypercalcemia. Bisphosphonates block osteoclast mediated limbs resorption using induction regarding osteoclast apoptosis. Pamidronate (60-90 mg IV more than 4 period) and zoledronate (cuatro mg over 15 minutes) are usually the fresh agencies of choice and are accepted in the Us for treating malignancy associated hypercalcemia. Zoledronate is more strong than pamidronate in the reversing hypercalcemia.
Innovative Ways to Utilize Consumer/Peer-Run Organizations in SOAR This webinar, held on May 13, 2015, provided the background, tips and tools necessary to implement consumer/peer initiatives within SOAR programs to increase service capacity. Type: Webinar Date: Apr, 2015 Strategies to Increase Health Insurance Enrollment for People Who Are Homeless SOAR TA Center Director, Kristin Lupfer, was featured on this webinar presented by HUD's Office of Special Needs Assistance (SNAPs) and Office of HIV/AIDS Housing (OHH). Type: Webinar Date: Sep, 2015 Medicaid and Medicare: An Overview Both SSA disability programs have health insurance programs associated with them. For SSI it is Medicaid; for SSDI it is Medicare which begins two years after the date of eligibility. Establishing eligibility for SSI or SSDI can be key to connecting with Medicaid or Medicare health insurance. Type: Article Date: Oct, 2015 Medicare Savings Programs Recipients of SSDI are eligible for Medicare two years after their SSDI eligibility began. This article provides an overview of programs that can assist individuals with the expenses associated with Medicare, such as premiums, deductibles, and co-pays. Type: Article Date: Oct, 2015 SOAR for Children who have HIV/AIDS Children who have HIV/AIDS often have multiple disabling conditions, such as serious mental illnesses, cognitive disorders, and other chronic physical health conditions. SSA disability benefits provide income and health insurance, making it possible for many to gain access to housing, treatment and other supports. Type: Article Date: Apr, 2018 Brain Injury Awareness and Education Resources Here are a number of resources for professionals as well as for individuals with brain injuries and their families. This information was compiled by Anastasia Edmonston MS CRC., TBI and Person Centered Planning Trainer, Maryland Behavioral Health Administration 2015*, and additional resources have been added as they have become available. Type: Article Date: Apr, 2018 Peer Support Workers and Peer-Run Organizations: A Beneficial Resource for Implementing SOAR Peers have a unique ability to engage with individuals and help people share information about how their conditions affect their ability to function, treatment sources, and collateral sources of evidence. This issue brief developed by the SAMHSA SOAR TA Center explores how peers are a natural fit to help people with the SSI/SSDI application process using SOAR. Type: Issue Brief Date: Feb, 2020 Integrating SOAR with Peer Certifications The SAMHSA SOAR TA Center is proud to debut a new resource guide on practical ways that SOAR can be integrated into the peer-certification process. Type: Issue Brief Date: Aug, 2021 Spotlight on Peer Support Workers Highlighted below are some of the ways peers from around the country have incorporated their lived expertise into their SOAR work. Type: Article Date: Aug, 2021 SOAR Webinar: Peer Support Specialists: A Critical Component for SOAR Programs On this webinar, held on January 25, 2022, panelists shared best practice examples on how they have incorporated their lived expertise into their SOAR work. Type: Webinars Date: 25 Jan 2022
What Time Zone is California in Now? California is currently in the Pacific Daylight Time (PDT) zone, which is UTC-7:00 during daylight saving time. Outside of daylight saving time, it follows Pacific Standard Time (PST), which is UTC-8:00. 1) What Time Zone is California Currently In? California is currently in the Pacific Time Zone. This delightful region along the West Coast of the United States embraces a sunny disposition, stunning landscapes, and an abundance of cultural diversity. Known for its iconic cities such as Los Angeles and San Francisco, California has attracted millions of residents and tourists alike with its captivating allure. The Pacific Time Zone stretches from the western edge of Nevada to Alaska's Panhandle but remains synonymous with California due to its prominence within this vibrant state. So, whether you're basking under palm trees on Venice Beach or exploring wine country in Napa Valley, it always helps to know what time zone you're operating in! But why choose Pacific Standard or Daylight Saving Time over other options? Well folks, grab your surfboards because we're diving into some fascinating facts about these Californian temporal gimmicks! First up is Pacific Standard Time (PST), observed during most months of the year except for our beloved summer season. PST lays claim to being 8 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC-8). It may sound like a mouthful but put simply; while Londoners are sipping afternoon tea at 3 PM GMT(UTC+0), Californians would be just starting their workday bright-eyed at 7 AM PST. However friends, when spring rolls around each year bringing longer days and sunnier dispositions – cue daylight saving time (DST)! Starting on every second Sunday in March until that much-needed extra hour hibernates away again on every first Sunday in November – welcome pacific daylight time(PDT)! During PDT season local clocks take another step forward one hour from UTC-7 overriding standard timing practices for those blissful summery evenings filled with beachside barbecues till sundown. This temporary adjustment ensures that dusk retreats later into early mornings letting everyone soak up more vitamin D before fading sunlight finally bids us adieu. It's worth noting though dear reader, that not all states within the Pacific Time Zone observe DST, but California sure does! So if you ever find yourself visiting Oregon or Washington during those balmy months where PDT dances through evenings and weekends—be prepared to make some minor adjustments. But let's face it; Californians love their year-round beach-ready vibes so slipping into PST as autumn arrives may necessitate a cup of pumpkin spice latte. Don't worry too much though because these time zone alterations are managed seamlessly by most smartphones, computers and even sneaky little digital clocks on microwaves – serving up precision with every tick. So whether you're sipping wine in Napa Valley or hiking along the breathtaking coastline near Big Sur – knowing your way around California's current time zone will keep you right on schedule while appreciating its sun-soaked wonders. And should anyone ask what magic keeps things running smoothly here? Simply reply with a wink and say," We operate on our very own laid-back Pacific Time!" 2) How to Determine the Current Time Zone of California Title: Unraveling the Enigma of California's Current Time Zone Have you ever found yourself puzzled about what time zone California is in? With its vast geographical expanse and diverse regional dynamics, determining the current time can sometimes feel like deciphering a cryptic code. Fear not! In this blog post, we will effortlessly guide you through the mysteries of California's time zones and equip you with clever strategies to determine its present temporal landscape. 1) The Basics: Pacific Standard Time (PST): California primarily follows Pacific Standard Time (PST), which operates when it is 8 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC-8). However, during daylight saving periods observed by most regions within the state, they shift their clocks forward one hour ahead to utilize Daylight Saving Time (DST). 2) Observing Daylight Saving Time: Before embarking on your quest for accurate Californian timing information, be aware that DST kicks off at 2 AM local standard time on the second Sunday in March. When spring arrives dancing merrily across other lands as well, remember that California invariably springs an hour into PDT or PDT+1 – Pacific Daylight Savings Togetherness! 3) Divisions Within Division – Confounding Codes! Hold tight — things are about to get slightly complex but intriguing now! You may assume all parts of beautiful California follow PST religiously; alas!, such simplicity escapes our beloved Golden State. Brace yourselves as we demystify Cali's hidden subdivisions governing precise clock settings: Southern California Region The southernmost part pays faithful allegiance solely to PST/PDT rules without any intricate twists or turns. Central Valley & Central Coast Regions Surprisingly enough, these areas march under "split allegiance." While some portions pledge unwavering loyalty strictly according to PST principles year-round citing agricultural implications and solidarity with Southern neighbors—other sections dutifully adhere fully-fledged to DST, believing in the power of extended sunlight. Northern California Region Ahoy! For those venturing into NorCal's enchanting realm where eccentricities reign supreme, be prepared for a delightful quirk – some areas gallantly adopt Pacific Standard Time all year long despite their neighboring regions' ongoing dalliance with Daylight Saving! 4) Implementing Savvy Technological Resources: In this digital age, technology has your back and sides too. Embrace nifty time zone converters or clock apps like 'Time Buddy' or online tools provided by The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), ensuring accuracy even while traversing through multiple zones. 5) In Times of Doubt: Internet Magic Works Wonders! When perplexed about Californian temporal conundrums beyond standard PST/DST conventions, remember that search engines are reliable comrades-in-arms. Simply typing "current local time in [specific city], California" will unravel accurate information within milliseconds! Congratulations on finding your way out from the maze-like expanse of Californian chronology enigmas! Armed with knowledge about its key peculiarities and utilizing savvy technological resources at hand when necessary, you now possess an unbeatable arsenal enabling effortless determination of current time zones across every corner bathing beneath golden sunsets in picturesque California. So go forth confidently armed with witty insights presented here—together we'll conquer any temporal quandary laid upon us amidst palm-lined beaches or towering redwoods alike! 3) Step-by-Step Guide: Checking the Present Time Zone of California Title: Navigating Time Zones in California: A Step-by-Step Guide Time zones play a crucial role in our daily lives, especially when it comes to planning meetings or staying connected with loved ones across different regions. In this step-by-step guide, we'll unravel the mystery surrounding the present time zone of sunny California. So grab your map and let's get started on uncovering this important piece of temporal information! Step 1 – Understanding The Concept Of Time Zones Before diving into locating California's current time zone, let's briefly touch upon what these fascinating divisions are all about. Time zones exist because our planet experiences daylight and darkness at varying hours due to its rotation. These designated areas help synchronize clocks within each region for consistency among neighboring cities and countries. Step 2 – Grasping Californian Chronology Next stop – understanding Californian chronology! As you're probably aware, the state is divided into two main sections: Northern and Southern California; both observing Pacific Standard Time (PST) during certain months. However, there exists an exception that adds intrigue to their timing tango known as Daylight Saving Time (DST). DST commences from spring until early fall when residents turn back their watches by one hour – effectively switching from PST to Pacific Daylight Time (PDT). To summarize: • Non-Daylight Saving Periods: Observe standard PST. • During Daylight Saving Periods(Spring-Fall): Transition gracefully over PDT by setting clocks forward one hour. Now armed with knowledge of how things work behind-the-scenes regarding clock-changes inCalifornia let us proceed further! Step 3 — Gathering Information From Online Resources Save yourself unnecessary hassle while ensuring accuracy! Numerous online platforms offer real-time information about up-to-date time zones around the globe—these should be your go-to source. Trusted websites such as worldtimebuddy.com provide users a detailed breakdown down including specific cities, enabling you to effortlessly determine California's current local time at any given moment. Step 4 — Check Your Device Settings If accessing online resources feels like a chore or if you simply prefer convenience, your device might be your best ally after all. Smartphones and computers are generally configured with automatic timezone settings that adapt according to your physical location—making them highly accurate digital companions. Hit the "settings" button on your trusty gadget and ensure the auto-timezone feature is enabled for seamless day-to-day coordination. Closing Thoughts: Navigating through different time zones can feel akin to solving an intriguing puzzle; however, with this step-by-step guide under our belts, we've mastered locating the present time zone of sunny California! Understanding how PST switches seamlessly into PDT during daylight saving periods empowers us when working remotely with colleagues in Golden State or planning leisurely chats across borders. Remember: our awareness of these intricate temporal divisions truly keeps us connected even while physically apart! So next time someone asks about checking Californian's present timezone – decode it confidently using our guide! Happy timing! 4) Frequently Asked Questions: What Time Zone is California in Now? Title: Clearing Confusion: Unraveling California's Time Zone Conundrum In the vast landscape of time zones, it is common for individuals to lose track or feel perplexed when pondering over which time zone a particular place falls into. One frequently asked question that often arises is, "What time zone is California in now?" In this blog post, we aim to provide you with a comprehensive breakdown of California's current time zone status and demystify any confusion surrounding this topic. Understanding Time Zones: Time zones exist due to Earth's rotation on its axis, dividing our planet into 24 different sectors based on longitudinal lines. This division ensures that each region around the globe experiences daylight and darkness at reasonably similar times throughout the day. California—The Golden State: Located along the western coastline of North America lies one of America's most iconic states – California. Known as "The Golden State," this vibrant locale proudly spans multiple latitudes while encompassing diverse landscapes ranging from breathtaking mountainscapes to picturesque coastal regions. However, within its expansive boundaries exists only one standard time across all counties – Pacific Standard Time (PST). Pacific Standard Time (PST): As indicated by its name itself, Pacific Standard Time corresponds primarily to areas bordering or near the majestic waters of the mighty Pacific Ocean. Starting from Sunday following November's first Saturday until March every year, most Californians adhere strictly to PST offsetting Greenwich Mean Time (GMT-8). Thus during these months; if you find yourself wondering about what current local hours correspond precisely with events occurring elsewhere globally—be they business meetings or thrilling sports fixtures—it would be prudent indeed not forgetting about subtract those inevitably mystifying eight precious little hours. Daylight Saving Transitions: An intriguing aspect related to deciphering whether it currently aligns with Daylight Saving Time or firmly resides in its non-adjusted counterpart pertains specifically
Last week, Glenmont Elementary School students were treated to a special presentation by science author and educator, Dr. Jodi Wheeler-Toppen. The event was organized by the school's library media specialist, Angela Datri, and the PTA. Dr. Wheeler-Toppen delivered two presentations tailored to different grade levels. For kindergarten through second-grade students, she presented "How a Worm Wiggled into a Book," which focused on worm anatomy and the importance of revision in writing. The students were able to interact with live worms and ask investigative questions to increase their knowledge of earthworm science. For third through fifth-grade students, Dr. Wheeler-Toppen presented "Purr-fect Research is so Dog-gone Fun!" highlighting the research process involved in nonfiction writing. Using examples from her book, Dog and Cat Science Unleashed!, she encouraged students to use a research cycle strategy to effectively gather information. The event was well received by the students who expressed gratitude for this special opportunity to learn from a science expert and gain valuable insights into the world of writing and research.
Does Target Take Ebt Cash - Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach that goes beyond mere policy reform. At their core, food assistance programs are a testament to the principle of solidarity. It demands a shift in societal attitudes toward hunger and poverty, recognizing that access to food is not a privilege but a fundamental human need. In a world where access to nutritious food is essential for overall well-being, food assistance programs serve as a critical resource for individuals and families facing economic hardship. Benefits are typically provided through electronic benefit transfer (EBT) cards or vouchers, which can be used to purchase eligible food items at authorized retailers, including grocery stores and farmers' markets Food stamps, also known as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), are a lifeline for millions of individuals and families across the United States, providing them with the means to purchase essential groceries and maintain their health and well-being. If you're unsure where to start, reach out to local social service agencies or community organizations for assistance and guidance. In conclusion, food stamps are a vital lifeline for millions of Americans, providing them with the means to access nutritious food and improve their overall health and well-being. This process may take several weeks, depending on the volume of applications and the processing times of the program. By providing financial assistance specifically earmarked for purchasing groceries, these initiatives empower recipients to make choices that align with their dietary needs, cultural preferences, and personal circumstances Does Target Take Ebt Cash Administrative hurdles, limited funding, and stigma all pose barriers to access for those who need assistance. Additionally, SNAP benefits adjust automatically based on changes in income and household size, ensuring that assistance is targeted to those who need it most. Be patient and follow up with the program if you have not received a response within a reasonable timeframe. However, studies have consistently shown that SNAP has one of the lowest rates of fraud among government assistance programs. One of the greatest strengths of the SNAP program is its responsiveness to economic fluctuations and individual circumstances As we continue to confront challenges such as poverty, hunger, and economic inequality, ensuring the strength and effectiveness of programs like SNAP must remain a top priority. However, there may be additional local or state-run programs that provide similar assistance. Follow the instructions provided by the program to ensure that your application is submitted correctly and promptly. It necessitates investments in education and outreach to raise awareness about available resources and debunk myths surrounding food assistance programs. Attend an Interview (if required): Some food assistance programs require applicants to participate in an interview as part of the application process Explore online resources or contact local social service agencies to learn about your options. In a world where access to nutritious food is not always guaranteed, programs like food stamps play a crucial role in ensuring that everyone has the opportunity to nourish themselves and their families. If you or someone you know is in need of assistance, understanding how to access these programs is crucial. Every dollar spent on SNAP generates economic activity, as recipients purchase food from local retailers, including grocery stores, supermarkets, and farmers' markets.
Pounding rhythm. My pulse is an iron hammer. I'm standing in the short corridor between train carriages. The metal plates grind and shudder and clank beneath my feet. I check my phone – 4am. Soon, the border, and Poland. Outside the window is a black smear. The occasional lights are like comets with long streaking tails. These are the Bloodlands of the second World War. Bloodshed and death have returned to Ukraine. I think back on the last week in Kyiv. Seven of us have come to run two back-to-back two-day "train-the-trainer" courses in advanced pre-hospital emergency interventions for more than 100 Ukrainian first responders – military and civilian. The course has been developed by UCD's Ukraine Trauma Project. This is the third visit to Ukraine since the invasion. We bring translated teaching materials, simulation mannequins, 3-D printed bones, training equipment, artificial blood. It's an intense, immersive course. The participants train in practical skills; they also learn teaching skills so they can train others. On top of this, they have assignments and an assessment. At the end of each course, we dispense tourniquets, haemostatic bandages, ampoules of tranexamic acid (a drug to control massive haemorrhage), special drills to insert needles into bone (when there are no veins), shears to cut away clothes to expose wounds, chest wound seals, pelvic fracture binders, anti-hypothermia foil blankets and much more besides. [ Ukraine war: Zelenskiy fights Washington scepticism as he tries to shore up support ] Most of the participants are in their 20s and 30s. A third of them are women. Most have seen horrific trauma. Those who work on the frontline tell us that they are specifically targeted – especially by drones. They are all eager to learn and pick up things quickly. Despite the extremely difficult circumstances they work under, no one complains. A young woman who sold make-up online before the war is a combat medic; she thinks nothing of putting her life in danger to save the lives of others. The idealism of a young obstetrician from Odesa restores my lost faith. He arrives on the morning of the course and leaves on a late evening train when it's over – and is back working in the maternity hospital the next day. A woman whose husband was killed on the front line a week ago tells me she is doing this for her husband, her children, her country. She tells me "my husband is my hero". She hopes they will retrieve his body soon. Lost for words I light a candle in St Michael's Golden Domed Monastery for him, for her, for all the course participants, for all whom they have lost. A priest holds an icon up for long queue to kiss – suddenly I'm an altar boy back in Dublin in the 1960s. Outside St Michael's, children play in sunshine on a tank – captured, rusting, covered in graffiti. On the last day of each course, it's highly emotional as we say goodbye. The seven of us have lumps in our throats saying "Beannacht Dé oraibh go léir". It's like no other teaching experience any of us have had. Before I leave Kyiv, I go to a play. It's called Ukraine in Flames. I don't understand the dialogue – but I understand the meaning. There are no air-raid alarms during the performance. At the end, people are standing and clapping and cheering and crying. So am I. Afterwards, I meet one of the actors. The last time I saw him was in Dublin a few months ago when he was playing in Brian Friel's Translations. On his last night in Dublin, he was viciously assaulted – but he has only good things to say about Dublin. I have a coffee with him and the theatre manager. They are passionate about the importance of keeping the theatre going during the war. "Our culture is worth fighting for," the theatre manager says. On the way back to the hotel I come across a group of teenage girls making a pop-video on the street. I WhatsApp a video clip to my family and friends with a one-word message: "Resilience". Before I go to the train station, I stand on a bridge over the Dnipro. In my hand, I have a photo of my parents taken in 1954 by Arthur Fields, the Ukrainian-born photographer who stood on Dublin's O'Connell Bridge for 50 years. I can't fully explain it – but coming here is close to my heart. Soon the train will stop. The border guard will give me back my passport – but I know we'll be back again soon. Chris Fitzpatrick is a clinical professor in UCD and Vice-Chair of the UCD Ukraine Trauma Project Steering Group
Author: Kröyer, 1845 Anarhichas denticulatus Kroyer, 1845 Status in World Register of Marine Species: Accepted name: Anarhichas denticulatus Krøyer, 1845 (updated 2009-06-25) Diagnosis. body fairly deep, tissue soft, watery, jelly-like to handle. Head large, a little pointed; jaw teeth strong, canine-like teeth in front, rounded or pointed teeth behind; teeth on vomer large, rounded or pointed, not reaching back as far as line of palatine teeth on either side of them. Caudal fin truncate, with 18-22 finrays. Colour: greyish to dark chocolate, with light violet sheen, often with blurred dark bars or or spots on back and sides. Size: to 138 cm TL, usually 70-120 cm. Habitat: offshore waters in midwater; adults also near bottom at 30-970 m, mainly 1O0-900 m. Food: sea gooseberries, medusae, small fishes, also echinoderms, crustaceans and molluscs (not so hard-shelled as in A. Iupus). Reproduction: April-October; 2 pelagic larvae recorded in May; clusters of eggs not yet found. Distribution: Spitsbergen, Novaya Zemlya, Barents and Norwegian Seas, the Shetlands, the Faroes, Iceland and south-eastern coasts of Greenland; also known occasionally in northern North Sea and Skaggerak. Elsewhere, south-western coasts of Greenland and southward almost to Cape Cod. Eggs, larvae and young stages: Koefoed, 1907: pl. LXXVII (fig. 12) \| Barsukov, 1959, fig. 42 (3) \| Baranenkova et al., 1960 \| Barsukov, 1961: 25, fig. 1; 1967: 177-178. Otoliths (sagitta): Nijssen, 1964: 181-183, fig. 3 \| Schmidt, 1968: 47, pl. 9, fig. 126.
Understanding SARMs Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are a class of therapeutic compounds with a similar structure to anabolic steroids. They are designed to selectively bind to androgen receptors in the body and stimulate muscle growth and repair, bone density, and strength. The Role of Diet in SARMs Diet plays a crucial role in maximizing the effects of SARMs. It is important to consume a diet that is rich in protein and carbohydrates. Protein is essential for muscle growth, while carbohydrates provide the energy needed to fuel workouts. Consuming a diet that is rich in fruits and vegetables is also important when taking SARMs. These foods are rich in antioxidants which help to reduce inflammation, protect the body from oxidative stress and maximize recovery. The Role of Exercise in SARMs Exercise is one of the most important factors to consider when taking SARMs. It is important to engage in a comprehensive workout program that includes resistance training and cardiovascular exercise. Resistance training is particularly beneficial when taking SARMs. It helps to increase muscle size, strength, and power while reducing body fat. Resistance training should be done two to four times per week depending on your fitness level and goals. Cardiovascular exercise is also important when taking SARMs. It helps to improve cardiovascular health, reduce body fat, and increase endurance. It is recommended to engage in cardiovascular exercise three to five times per week depending on your fitness level and goals. The Importance of Rest and Recovery Rest and recovery are essential when taking SARMs. The body needs time to recover after a workout and rebuild muscle tissue. It is important to take at least one to two rest days per week and get adequate sleep each night (seven to nine hours). To maximize recovery, it is important to stretch before and after exercise, engage in active recovery techniques (such as foam rolling) and consume a diet that is high in protein and antioxidants. In conclusion, SARMs are a powerful tool for building muscle and improving athletic performance. However, to maximize their effects, it is important to consume a diet that is rich in protein, carbohydrates, fruits and vegetables, engage in a comprehensive workout program that includes resistance training and cardiovascular exercise, and get adequate rest and recovery. By following these guidelines, individuals can maximize the benefits of SARMs and achieve their fitness goals safely and effectively. Looking to further investigate the subject? https://sarmsstore.co.uk, we've chosen this resource to supplement your learning. Visit the related links and dive deeper into the topic discussed:
The Link Between Addiction and PTSD Written By DreamLife RecoveryThe complex tapestry of human emotions and experiences weaves patterns that are as personal as they are universal. Two threads in particular, though seemingly distinct, are bound by an invisible yet indelible link: addiction and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This blog post unearths the deep connection between these often-misunderstood conditions, exploring how they may manifest in individuals, affect their loved ones, and challenge treatment paradigms. A Closer Look at Addiction Addiction is a multi-faceted disease, gripping individuals with a relentless pursuit of the substance or behavior despite the negative consequences. It comes in myriad forms – from substance addictions like alcohol, drugs, and, increasingly, pharmaceuticals to behavioral addictions such as gambling, internet use, and even exercise. But what exactly is it that makes addiction so formidable? The Anatomy of Addiction At its core, addiction rewires the brain's reward pathways, hijacking the natural system of dopamine release in response to pleasurable activities. This hijack turns what should be occasional bursts of happiness into an insatiable craving, a cycle that is self-reinforcing and, ultimately, destructive. Genetics and Environment: The Making of an Addict Nature versus nurture takes center stage in the discussion around addiction causality. Family history of addiction, concurrent mental health disorders, and early life trauma all increase one's predisposition to developing an addiction. Environmental factors, too, play a significant role: peer pressure, access to substances, and societal norms can tip the scales for those teetering on the edge. A Mind Stuck in Time: Understanding PTSD Post-traumatic stress disorder is an anxiety disorder that can develop after an individual is exposed to a traumatic event – whether directly or indirectly. The symptoms of PTSD can persist for months or even years, rearing their head in both predictable and unpredictable ways. The Aftermath of Trauma PTSD can be a veritable time capsule, trapping the mind in the events of the past. Flashbacks, nightmares, severe anxiety, and uncontrollable thoughts about the event characterize the experience, making everyday life a battleground for those affected. Rooted in Helplessness and Horror The causes of PTSD are stark and sobering. Witnessing or experiencing violence, war, natural disasters, or personal assaults can all serve as trigger points for the disorder. However, it's not just the event itself – but the feelings of helplessness, horror, or numbing that wrap around the individual's psyche and refuse to let go. The Connection Between Addiction and PTSD Common sense would dictate that trauma and addiction are a combustible combination, with one feeding into the other. Shared risk factors and underlying mechanisms reveal the profound influence trauma has on the development and maintenance of addiction. 1. A Shared Vulnerability Those with a history of trauma are more likely to use substances as a coping mechanism. The initial substance use, often initiated as a maladaptive response to sever mental pain, can soon cross the threshold into a full-blown addiction. 2. The Role of Trauma in Substance Abuse Trauma breeds a sense of disconnection and pain that is profound. Substances that provide relief, however temporary, can quickly become the only solace available to those looking to escape the specters of their past. 3. The Self-Destructive Cycle Addiction, in turn, can lead to a cycle of trauma – from risky behavior associated with obtaining substances to the physiological and psychological trauma that accompanies withdrawal and continued substance use. Co-Occurrence and Prevalence Rates The intertwining of addiction and PTSD is more than theoretical. Studies have shown a staggering co-occurrence rate, with individuals diagnosed with PTSD being nearly twice as likely to suffer from a substance use disorder. And this is not just limited to a single substance since the pattern holds across a spectrum of addictive agents and behaviors. Numbers that Tell a Tale The numbers are as alarming as they are revealing. According to a discussion paper published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes, approximately 50-80% of individuals in treatment for substance abuse have a history of trauma, often in the form of PTSD. The hidden costs of this bond are far-reaching. The risk of relapse, the severity of substance abuse, and even the efficacy of treatment are all affected by the presence of untreated trauma, creating a vicious circle that is hard to escape. How to Support Your Loved Ones If you suspect that a loved one may be grappling with the combination of addiction and PTSD, your role as a supporter is critical. Understanding the signs, knowing how to offer support, and seeking professional help are key navigational tools. 1. Recognizing Red Flags Subtle changes in behavior, chronic avoidance, and escalating substance use can be indicators of underlying trauma and addiction. Awareness is the first step towards being able to offer help. 2. Offering a Lifeline The support of family and friends can be the difference between succumbing to the cycle of addiction and finding a path to healing. Compassion, non-judgmental listening, and a willingness to engage in the sometimes-difficult conversations are powerful tools. 3. Seeking Professional Assistance The journey to recovery is not one that anyone should take alone. Professional help, whether in the form of therapy, support groups, or rehabilitative programs, can offer avenues for healing that may seem elusive to those in the throes of their disorders. Untangling the Web of Suffering By understanding the link between addiction and PTSD, we lay the groundwork for a more empathetic, more effective approach to treatment. The relationship between trauma and addiction is not one of mere correlation – it is one of profound causality, where one often sows the seeds for the other. At DreamLife Recovery, we understand the unique challenges presented by co-occurring disorders. Our dual diagnosis program offers a bridge over the gap that often separates addiction and mental health treatment. We believe that in order to truly heal, we must address not just the symptoms, but the underlying causes. It is a philosophy that drives our commitment to our patients and our dedication to their recovery. For an integrated and holistic treatment approach for both addiction and PTSD, call us at (844) 384-5808 or fill out this contact form to get started on our dual diagnosis program.
In the future world of work, your transferable skills will be more important than ever. Gone are the days of getting one qualification and being done for good – today, jobs are constantly evolving, which means our knowledge and skills need to as well. The popularity of microcredentials has exploded over the last few years to fill this need. They're a new take on learning; instead of a course taking you months or even years, microcredentials are designed to teach you something new in no time at all. What is a microcredential? Microcredentials are highly-tailored short courses, typically taught over the course of a few days or weeks, that teach skills and knowledge in specific areas. They are a great way to quickly learn new skills or refresh existing ones. They're most commonly used as a way for employees to upskill if they're looking for a promotion or to pivot into a new role. But they're becoming more common in the wider education space as well, particularly as a way for students to learn valuable skills for their first job. The National Microcredentials Framework In Australia, the Department of Education, Skills and Employment has developed a National Microcredentials Framework, which you can read more about here. Essentially, it means that providers and courses are regulated, so you can take a course without the risk of investing time, energy and money into a something that may or may not be recognised down the track. The benefits of microcredentials Wondering what the benefits of microcredentials are? Here are just a few. They're short One of the most obvious benefits of microcredentials is that they're short. You don't need to disrupt your work or social commitments to finish one. Employers love them too because it means they can upskill their employees without having to take time off. They're cheap Another benefit is that they're often low-cost. If you can't afford the fees for a vocational or university qualification just yet, microcredentials could be an affordable alternative that will get you into the jobs you'd like to do, even if they are starting positions for now. They're a great way to update your skills and knowledge Most importantly, microcredentials allow you to keep your skills and knowledge up to date in a rapidly changing world. Technology is advancing so fast that what you learn over a two- or three-year course might be obsolete by the time you finish. But with microcredentials, you can learn quickly and stay up to date. They're industry-driven Lots of microcredentials are industry-driven, which means that if they're not designed by professionals in the roles, they'll be approved by industry bodies and will therefore be recognised by lots of employers. They can be used as a stepping stone to further study Recognised as a stand alone qualification, some mircocredentials may be "stacked" so that you'll end up with a higher-level outcome, and some courses might even count as credit towards other tertiary courses. What does a microcredential involve? Just like other courses, each microcredential is structured differently, so you'll need to do some research before signing up. Typically, they will consist of learning through live or pre-recorded seminars and other resources, and usually involve some sort of assessment or test to ensure you've taken the course content on board. Once you're finished, you'll receive a digital badge or certificate to show you've successfully completed the course. You can add this to your digital portfolio, resume, or even show it off on platforms like LinkedIn. There are different levels of courses, all the way from novice to expert, so you'll need to pay attention to the criteria to make sure you have any pre-existing knowledge that's required. Want to know more? It's easy to take microcredentials online. Here are some places you might be interested in looking at: Or you can read more about your study options on our website here.
The airline industry's landscape has been dominated for decades by two manufacturing giants: Boeing from the United States and Airbus from Europe. Their competition is not only a matter of technological innovations and market shares but also heavily pivots on their safety records. Recent data and incidents have brought this aspect into sharp focus, raising questions about the operational integrity and safety protocols of these titans. The Safety Scorecard: Comparing Boeing and Airbus In recent years, Boeing has found itself scrutinized more intensely following a series of safety lapses, most notably the tragic crashes involving its 737 MAX 8 models in 2018 and 2019. These incidents not only led to a temporary grounding of the model but also triggered a leadership overhaul with the company's CEO resigning after the loss of a door on a Boeing 737 MAX 9 in early 2024. This specific incident on an Alaska Air flight highlighted potential oversights in manufacturing, linked possibly to the company's financial incentive programs which, until recently, heavily favored profitability over quality and safety. On the other hand, Airbus has also faced its challenges, though less dramatic, with quality concerns being raised in some of its latest deliveries, including an incident involving an emergency landing by an Airbus A319 due to a door-related issue. The competition between these two industry leaders can be starkly observed in the number of reported aviation incidents. An area chart visualizing this data shows that from 2014 to early 2024, Boeing has consistently had higher incident rates compared to Airbus. For instance, in 2023, Boeing recorded 137 incidents, while Airbus had 40. The total for Boeing in early 2024 was already at 20 incidents, pointing to a troubling trend for the American manufacturer. Airbus Vs. Boeing: ¿quién suministra más aviones a las aerolíneas? https://t.co/0n6wuTbqdC — hosteltur (@hosteltur) April 14, 2024 Financials and Market Impact The financial implications of these safety issues are significant. The U.S. remains Boeing's largest market, accounting for 58% of its annual revenues. In contrast, North America ranks as the third-largest market for Airbus, trailing behind Europe and Asia. This difference in market dynamics further emphasizes the broader impacts of each incident not only on the companies' reputations but also on their financial health and global market position. Regulatory and Company Reactions Both companies have been under the microscope of regulators and industry watchdogs. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and other regulatory bodies have faced criticism for their "self-certification" policies, which were particularly highlighted after the Boeing crashes. In response, Boeing has revised its reward system to increase the emphasis on safety and quality metrics, now constituting 60% of the annual bonuses for their commercial unit. Airbus, while encountering fewer incidents, is not immune to scrutiny. The manufacturer has taken steps to address customer complaints and delays, which, although less severe than Boeing's issues, still impact customer trust and business operations. A Flight Path Forward As the data illustrates, both Boeing and Airbus are at crucial junctures. For Boeing, the challenge is to restore faith in its aircraft and safety practices, a task made urgent by the recent spate of incidents and historical safety issues. Airbus, while currently in a comparatively less severe situation, must ensure its quality control can keep pace with its growth and prevent any future safety lapses. The airline industry, serving millions and underpinning global connectivity, cannot afford complacency from its leading manufacturers. As these companies continue to navigate through their respective challenges, the focus on safety, quality, and reliability will be more critical than ever, not just for their survival but for the safety of air travel globally.
1 filtered results Introducing our delightful collection of Normal Governance and Civics worksheets, expertly crafted for 5-Year-Olds. These engaging and colorful worksheets are designed to introduce young learners to the basics of governance and civic responsibilities in a fun and accessible way. Through a series of interactive activities, children will explore fundamental concepts such as community roles, the importance of rules, and how decisions are made in simple governance structures. Perfect for both classroom and home settings, our worksheets are aimed at sparking curiosity and fostering an early appreciation for civic engagement. Embark on a journey of discovery and learning with our Normal Governance and Civics for 5-Year-Olds worksheets! Normal worksheets on Governance and Civics for 5-Year-Olds serve as foundational tools to introduce young children to the basic concepts of how societies are structured and governed. These worksheets are crafted with the understanding that early education plays a crucial role in shaping a child's worldview and their understanding of their place within the community. By engaging with these materials, 5-year-olds begin to grasp the importance of rules, the role of leaders, and the essence of community cooperation. The use of interactive and age-appropriate activities ensures that children are not only learning but are also enjoying the process. These worksheets help to foster a sense of curiosity and awareness about the world around them. For instance, through simple exercises, children can learn about the roles of different community helpers, how decisions are made in a community, and why rules are important for everyone's safety and well-being. Moreover, Normal Governance and Civics worksheets for 5-Year-Olds lay the groundwork for critical thinking and responsible citizenship. They encourage children to think about fairness, justice, and the importance of participating in community life. By introducing these concepts early, we are taking the first steps towards nurturing informed, thoughtful, and engaged future citizens.
It is always an individual who is the impetus for innovation; the details may be worked out by a team, but true innovation results from the enterprise and unique perception of an individual. Do you agree or disagree? Sample Answer: In recent years, the number of flights for leisure, business, and commercial purposes has significantly increased worldwide. This trend has both advantages and disadvantages, and there is a growing debate about whether flights should be taxed more. In this essay, I will discuss the main advantages and disadvantages of increased flights and provide my perspective on whether flights should be taxed more. One of the main advantages of increased flights is the boost it provides to the global economy. Flights facilitate international trade and tourism, allowing businesses to expand their reach and individuals to explore new destinations. Additionally, flights create job opportunities in the airline industry and related sectors, contributing to economic growth and prosperity. However, the increase in flights also has several disadvantages. One of the most pressing concerns is the environmental impact of air travel. Flights contribute to carbon emissions and air pollution, which are major contributors to climate change. Furthermore, the expansion of airports and the construction of new runways can lead to land degradation and habitat loss, posing a threat to biodiversity. As for whether flights should be taxed more, I believe that it is necessary to implement measures to address the environmental impact of air travel. One way to achieve this is through the implementation of a carbon tax on flights. By taxing flights based on their carbon emissions, airlines would be incentivized to invest in more fuel-efficient aircraft and adopt sustainable practices. Additionally, the revenue generated from the carbon tax could be used to fund research and development of green aviation technologies. In conclusion, the increase in flights has both advantages and disadvantages. While flights contribute to economic growth and connectivity, they also have a significant environmental impact. I believe that implementing a carbon tax on flights is a necessary step towards addressing the environmental concerns associated with air travel and promoting sustainable aviation practices. By doing so, we can mitigate the negative effects of increased flights while still enjoying the benefits of global connectivity. More Writing Task 2 Sample Essay
- Henry - March 7, 2024 - 0 Comments Introduction to mobile marketing In the contemporary digital era, where smartphones have become an integral aspect of daily life, mobile marketing has become a potent means for businesses to engage with their target audience. Mobile marketing entails advertising products and services through mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Given the continuously growing population of mobile users, businesses must embrace mobile marketing tactics to uphold competitiveness within the market. This article explores the importance of mobile marketing in the digital age, provides valuable insights into mobile consumer behaviour, and offers effective mobile marketing strategies for businesses to reach their customers effectively on the go. The significance of mobile marketing in the digital era In the digital age, mobile marketing has gained significant importance owing to the widespread adoption of smartphones and changing consumer habits; as per a study by Statista, the global smartphone user count is estimated to reach 3.8 billion by 2021. This staggering number highlights the immense potential for businesses to reach a vast audience through mobile marketing. An essential factor underscoring the significance of mobile marketing in the digital era is the convenience it affords consumers. With their smartphones constantly at hand, consumers can easily retrieve information, complete purchases, and interact with brands anytime and from any location. Businesses can tap into this convenience by leveraging mobile marketing and creating seamless customer experiences. Moreover, mobile marketing allows businesses to personalise their marketing efforts. Combining gathers valuable customer preferences and behaviour data using mobile apps and targeted advertising. This data can then be used to deliver personalised and relevant content, enhancing the overall customer experience and increasing the chances of conversion. Understanding mobile consumer behaviour Businesses must understand their behaviour and preferences to engage with mobile users effectively. Mobile consumers have unique characteristics that differentiate them from desktop users. They have shorter attention spans, are more likely to engage with visual content and expect fast-loading websites and apps. Additionally, mobile users tend to browse on the go, often multitasking and looking for quick and easily digestible information. Businesses need to optimise their mobile marketing endeavours to address these requirements. By understanding mobile consumer behaviour, companies can tailor their mobile marketing strategies to deliver a seamless and engaging experience that captures the attention of their target audience. Mobile marketing strategies for businesses To effectively leverage the power of [mobile marketing], businesses need to implement the right strategies. Here are some key strategies to consider: Optimising your website for mobile devices A mobile-responsive website is indispensable in today's digital terrain. Mobile users anticipate swift loading times and seamless navigation when accessing sites on their devices. Businesses should invest in responsive design techniques to ensure their website adapts seamlessly to different screen sizes and resolutions. This will improve the user experience and positively impact search engine rankings, as mobile-friendliness is a key factor in search algorithms. Creating mobile-friendly content In contrast to verbose text-based content, mobile users demonstrate greater engagement with visual content, like images and videos. Therefore, businesses should prioritise crafting visually captivating and succinct content that is easily digestible on mobile devices. From eye-catching images to short videos and infographics, businesses can captivate their mobile audience and convey their brand message effectively. Another aspect of mobile-friendly content is clear and concise headlines and subheadings. Given that mobile users often skim through content, it's crucial to capture their attention with compelling headings and subheadings that succinctly convey the main message of the content. The power of mobile advertising Mobile advertising is a vital element of [mobile marketing] tactics. Businesses can leverage various mobile advertising formats, such as display ads, in-app ads, and mobile video ads, to reach their target audience effectively. With precise targeting options available through mobile advertising platforms, businesses can ensure their ads are shown to the right people at the right time, maximising their chances of engagement and conversion. Moreover, businesses can also explore mobile advertising opportunities through social media platforms. Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter offer highly effective mobile advertising options that allow companies to reach a vast audience and drive engagement. Mobile marketing tools and technologies Businesses can utilise various tools and technologies designed specifically for [mobile marketing] to implement [mobile marketing] strategies effectively. Some popular [mobile marketing] tools include: Mobile analytics platforms: These tools provide valuable insights into mobile user behaviour, allowing businesses to track app usage, monitor user engagement, and measure the success of their [mobile marketing] campaigns. SMS marketing platforms: SMS marketing enables businesses to deliver tailored messages directly to their customers' mobile devices. It is a direct and effective way to engage with customers, provide personalised offers, and drive conversions. Mobile advertising platforms enable businesses to create and manage their mobile advertising campaigns. They provide advanced targeting options, tracking capabilities, and analytics to optimise performance. Mobile app development platforms: For businesses looking to create their mobile apps, they provide the necessary tools and resources to build and deploy mobile apps across different platforms. By leveraging these tools and technologies, businesses can streamline their [mobile marketing] efforts, drive engagement, and achieve their marketing goals. Mobile marketing best practices Businesses need to follow some best practices. Here are a few: Perform comprehensive research to pinpoint your target audience's mobile preferences and behaviours. Ensure your website and landing pages are optimised for mobile devices to provide a smooth user experience. Invest in mobile app development if it aligns with your business goals and target audience. Utilise mobile analytics to track and analyse user behaviour, engagement, and campaign performance. Conduct testing of your [mobile marketing] campaigns across various devices and platforms to guarantee compatibility and achieve optimal performance. Personalise your [mobile marketing] efforts based on user preferences and behaviour to maximise engagement and conversions. Stay abreast of the newest [mobile marketing] trends and technologies to maintain a competitive edge. [Mobile marketing] has become an essential requirement for businesses in the digital age. With the increasing number of mobile users and their unique preferences and behaviours, companies must adopt effective [mobile marketing] strategies to engage with their target audience. Businesses can effectively reach their customers on the go and drive engagement by optimising websites for mobile devices, creating mobile-friendly content, utilising mobile advertising, and leveraging [mobile marketing] tools and technologies. Ready to connect with your audience wherever they are? Explore '[Mobile Marketing]: Reaching Customers on the Go' with Genieoweb's expert insights. Genieoweb's digital marketing service specialises in creating effective campaigns that target mobile users and drive engagement on the go. Ready to tap into the power of [mobile marketing?] Connect with Genieoweb now, and let's reach your customers wherever they roam! Mobile marketing encompasses reaching and engaging with target audiences via mobile devices like smartphones and tablets. It's crucial for businesses because of the increasing number of mobile users worldwide and their preference for accessing content and purchasing on mobile devices. By embracing mobile marketing, businesses can effectively connect with their audience wherever they are and drive engagement. Effective mobile marketing strategies include optimising websites for mobile devices, creating mobile-friendly content that is easy to consume on smaller screens, utilising mobile advertising channels such as in-app and mobile search ads, and leveraging technologies like SMS marketing and mobile apps. These components help businesses engage with their mobile audience and drive results. To guarantee that websites are optimised for mobile devices, businesses should prioritise responsive design, which automatically adjusts the layout and content of a website to fit various screen sizes. Furthermore, optimising page load times, simplifying navigation, and ensuring clickable elements are easy to tap on mobile screens are essential for providing a seamless mobile experience. Genieoweb specialises in creating effective mobile marketing campaigns that target mobile users and drive engagement. The Genieoweb team works closely with businesses to develop tailored strategies that leverage mobile-friendly content, advertising channels, and innovative technologies to effectively reach and connect with their mobile audience. Businesses can gauge the effectiveness of their mobile marketing endeavours using diverse metrics, including mobile website traffic, app downloads, mobile ad clicks and conversions, mobile engagement rates, and app user retention. Through analysis of these metrics, businesses can evaluate the performance of their mobile marketing strategies and make informed decisions to enhance their campaigns for improved outcomes.

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.