---
license: apache-2.0
task_categories:
  - text-classification
language:
  - code
tags:
  - code-comprehension
  - llm-evaluation
  - software-metrics
  - input-output-prediction
  - code-understanding
  - benchmark
pretty_name: "Beyond Accuracy: Code Comprehension"
size_categories:
  - 10K<n<100K
dataset_info:
  features:
    - name: sample_id
      dtype: string
    - name: code
      dtype: string
    - name: genome
      dtype: string
    - name: io_pairs
      dtype: string
    - name: correct_io_input
      dtype: string
    - name: correct_io_output
      dtype: string
    - name: incorrect_io_input
      dtype: string
    - name: incorrect_io_output
      dtype: string
  splits:
    - name: test
      num_examples: 12584
---

# Beyond Accuracy: Code Comprehension Dataset

Dataset for the paper **"Beyond Accuracy: Characterizing Code Comprehension Capabilities in (Large) Language Models"** by Machtle, Serr, Loose & Eisenbarth (University of Luebeck).

[[Paper]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.12951) | [[Code]](https://github.com/UzL-ITS/code-comprehension-capabilities-llms/)

## Task

**Binary I/O consistency**: given a Python program `p`, an input `x`, and a candidate output `y`, determine whether `y` is the correct output of running `p(x)`.

Each sample contains a **correct** I/O pair (label=1) and an **incorrect** I/O pair (label=0). Incorrect pairs are generated via *in-program shuffling* — pairing an input with the output of a *different* input to the same program — preserving lexical and stylistic characteristics while being semantically wrong.

## Quick Start

```python
from datasets import load_dataset

ds = load_dataset("Felix6326727/beyond-accuracy-code-comprehension", split="test")

sample = ds[0]
print(sample["code"][:200])
print(f"Correct:   {sample['correct_io_input']!r} -> {sample['correct_io_output']!r}")
print(f"Incorrect: {sample['incorrect_io_input']!r} -> {sample['incorrect_io_output']!r}")
print(f"GPT-OSS 120B success: {sample['llm_gpt_oss_120b_success']}")
print(f"Cyclomatic complexity: {sample['metric_cyclomatic_complexity']}")
```

## Dataset Summary

| | |
|---|---|
| **Columns** | 249 |
| **Source** | Python subset of [Project CodeNet](https://github.com/IBM/Project_CodeNet) |
| **I/O generation** | Type-aware fuzzing with hill-climbing type inference |
| **Models evaluated** | 5 LLMs |
| **Code metrics** | 224 static analysis features |

## Column Groups

### Core Columns (10)

| Column | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| `sample_id` | string | Unique identifier (`{problem_id}.{solution_id}`) |
| `code` | string | Python source code |
| `source_file` | string | Original CodeNet file path |
| `genome` | string | Inferred input type signature (e.g. `"is"` = integer + string) |
| `io_pairs` | string | JSON array of all generated `[input, output]` pairs |
| `num_io_pairs` | int | Number of I/O pairs generated |
| `correct_io_input` | string | Input for the correct I/O test case |
| `correct_io_output` | string | Expected output (ground truth) |
| `incorrect_io_input` | string | Input for the incorrect I/O test case |
| `incorrect_io_output` | string | Shuffled (wrong) output |

### LLM Evaluation Columns (15)

Per-model results from the binary I/O consistency evaluation. Each model has 3 columns:

| Column pattern | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| `llm_{model}_success` | bool | `True` if the model answered all test cases correctly for this sample |
| `llm_{model}_num_correct` | int | Number of test cases answered correctly (out of `num_total`) |
| `llm_{model}_num_total` | int | Total test cases for this sample (typically 2: one correct, one incorrect) |


### Code Metric Columns (224)

All prefixed with `metric_`. Values are floats (or null if unavailable).

**Size & Complexity (67 columns)** — includes `cyclomatic_complexity`, `loc`, `sloc`, `lloc`, `maintainability_index`, `code_length`, Halstead metrics (`h1`, `h2`, `N1`, `N2`, `vocabulary`, `length`, `volume`, `difficulty`, `effort`, `bugs`), `num_branches`, `num_loops`, `num_identifiers`, `num_literals`, `num_data_flows`, `parameter_count`, `variable_count`, and more.

**AST / Graph Structure (118 columns)** — `metric_graph_nodes_*` columns counting occurrences of each AST node type: `if_statement`, `for_statement`, `call`, `assignment`, `binary_operator`, `identifier`, `block`, etc. Also includes graph-level metrics: `num_nodes`, `num_edges`, `density`, `diameter`, `average_shortest_path_length`, `average_clustering`.

**Opcode Statistics (39 columns)** — Python bytecode features: `num_opcodes`, `sum_opcodes`, `avg_opcode_count`, `min_opcode_count`, `max_opcode_count`, individual opcode counts (`opcode_1`, `opcode_83`, ...), `opcodes_used0`–`opcodes_used3`, and `top_0_opcode_name` through `top_19_opcode_name`.


## Data Generation Pipeline

```
Python files (CodeNet)
        |
        v
  hill_climb.py ─── infer input types ("genome") via coverage-guided search
        |
        v
  fuzzer.py ──────── generate & shrink minimal I/O pairs
        |
        v
  export_io.py ───── create correct + incorrect (shuffled) I/O pairs
        |
        v
  This dataset
```

See the [GitHub repository](https://github.com/UzL-ITS/code-comprehension-capabilities-llms/) for the full pipeline code.

## Citation

```bibtex
@article{machtle2025beyond,
  title={Beyond Accuracy: Characterizing Code Comprehension Capabilities in (Large) Language Models},
  author={Machtle, Felix and Serr, Jan-Niclas and Loose, Nils and Eisenbarth, Thomas},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.12951},
  year={2025}
}
```

## License

Derived from [Project CodeNet](https://github.com/IBM/Project_CodeNet) (Apache 2.0).