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+[
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2100688874",
+    "paper_b_id": "2065267050",
+    "paper_a_count": 40,
+    "paper_b_count": 11,
+    "time_period": "1998-09",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "we investigate the key determinants of the optimal direct mail policy in a dynamic environment where customers maximize utility and the direct mailer maximizes profits we measure the sensitivity of the customers to receiving a catalog in the mail while controlling for customer characteristics such as elapsed time in responses and number of purchases we apply our model to a database from a national cataloger that markets nonseasonal products we summarize the results of our model that are valid for these types of products we find that the dynamic model significantly outperforms its single period counterpart we find that it is not optimal to mail to individuals at low recency levels because they are likely to buy anyway it is better to save the mailing dollars for customers at higher recency levels we find that it is optimal to mail to customers who have purchased only a small or a medium number of times to induce them to continue to buy from this catalog and not switch to others it is not necessary to mail often to customers who have purchased many times before from the company unless they have high recency values we find that under the optimal mailing policy the cataloguer enjoys higher profits than under the current mailing policy",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "price clustering and optimal tick sizes have recently been topics of substantial public policy interest and this paper presents evidence which is relevant to both debates around 98 of quoted and traded prices for liffe stock index derivatives are found to occur at even ticks we report that clustering increases with volatility and transaction frequency and decreases with trade size and find that the proportion of odd ticks is significantly lower near the market open and higher near the close further an inverse relationship is reported between bid ask spreads and the number of odd ticks and spreads cluster at even tick values this evidence of extreme price clustering is the first to be presented for financial derivatives the results support both the price resolution and the negotiation hypotheses of price clustering",
+    "paper_a_title": "optimal mailing of catalogs a new methodology using estimable structural dynamic programming models",
+    "paper_b_title": "extreme price clustering in the london equity index futures and options markets"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2158145505",
+    "paper_b_id": "2137234912",
+    "paper_a_count": 15,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "1986-12",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "this paper examines the influence of risk aversion on the pricing policies of a market maker for securities it is shown that a market maker s bid ask spread can be decomposed into a portion for the known limit orders a risk neutral adjustment for expected market orders and a risk adjustment for market order and inventory value uncertainty it is dem onstrated that a risk averse market maker may set a smaller spread than a risk neutral specialist finally this paper demonstrates the pervasive role of inventory in affecting both the placement and size ofthe spread",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "option pricing is a common and important practice in the financial community and has become a fundamental theoretical construct in financial economics the theory is quite rich and has potential uses in many other problem domains this paper develops a variant of the theory as applied to inventory planning in particular we consider a risk management approach that uses negotiated option contracts for hedging against price and quantity uncertainty in inventory procurement we derive conditions for the inclusion of options in inventory control as a function both of managerial attitudes toward risk and of the correlation between price and demand",
+    "paper_a_title": "the microeconomics of market making",
+    "paper_b_title": "contingent claims contracting for purchasing decisions in inventory management"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2089119736",
+    "paper_b_id": "2098239985",
+    "paper_a_count": 13,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "1985-03",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "this paper provides some theoretical grounds to relate asymmetries in cost structures and incentives towards price competition typically low cost firms favor price competition whereas the reserve is true for high cost firms increased price competition will tend to diminish price cost margins for all firms but the low cost firms may increase their total profits through an enlarged market share this analysis depends on two relevant parameters the way the overall market will react to increased price competition and interfirm cross elasticities this is proved using comparative statics at the nash equilibrium of an oligopolistic model",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "this paper characterizes conditions under which asset returns and consumption are consistent with risk averse preferences it is shown that risk aversion is equivalent to zero arbitrage on a transformation of the payoff space the implicit state prices which are dual to this no arbitrage condition can be interpreted as prices of pure consumption hedges this zero arbitrage restriction implies the usual restrictions associated with nonsatiation the analysis holds in both complete and incomplete market settings through a number of recent papers in financial economics we have come to understand that the absence of arbitrage opportunities is equivalent to the existence of positive implicit state claim prices in addition given a particular allocation of consumption quantities for different states of the world absence of arbitrage is necessary and sufficient for the consumption plan to be a consumer optimum for some monotonic preference ordering the purpose of this paper is to inquire into the additional restrictions on asset returns imposed by requiring that an allocation be a consumer optimum when preferences are concave monotonic von neumann morgenstern vnm stateindependent and defined over a single good we find that a necessary and sufficient condition is that there is absence of arbitrage not only on the original payoff space but also on a simple transformation of the payoff space this transformation has an intuitively appealing form and can be interpreted as a type of risk adjustment perhaps the classic development of the duality between absence of arbitrage and positive implicit state prices is contained in ross 9 working with a finite number of assets and states ross shows that when positive state prices exist and price returns in a manner consistent with the observed market values of the assets arbitrage is precluded when markets are complete the implicit state prices are uniquely determined and it is easy to check if they are positive more generally there will be many vectors of state prices which value assets in a manner consistent with their observed market prices absence of arbitrage opportunities implies that at least one of these is positive analogues of this result have been shown to hold in more general environments by garman 3 ross 10 harrison and kreps 6 and hansen and richard 5 among others several authors have also noted that zero arbitrage restrictions are necessary and sufficient for an arbitrary positive consumption bundle to be a consumer optimum for some set of monotonic preferences kreps 7 provides perhaps the most general discussion of this point both authors from graduate school of industrial administration carnegie mellon university",
+    "paper_a_title": "asymmetries in cost structures and incentives towards price competition",
+    "paper_b_title": "risk aversion and arbitrage"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2043634452",
+    "paper_b_id": "2042966418",
+    "paper_a_count": 59,
+    "paper_b_count": 7,
+    "time_period": "2001-06",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "we study a contest with multiple not necessarily equal prizes contestants have private information about an ability parameter that affects their costs of bidding the contestant with the highest bid wins the first prize the contestant with the second highest bid wins the second prize and so on until all the prizes are allocated all contestants incur their respective costs of bidding the contest s designer maximizes the expected sum of bids our main results are 1 we display bidding equlibria for any number of contestants having linear convex or concave cost functions and for any distribution of abilities 2 if the cost functions are linear or concave then no matter what the distribution of abilities is it is optimal for the designer to allocate the entire prize sum to a single first prize 3 we give a necessary and sufficient conditions ensuring that several prizes are optimal if contestants have a convex cost function",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "marketing scholars and practitioners frequently infer market responses from cross sectional or pooled cross section by time data such cases occur especially when historical data are either absent or are not representative of the current market situation we argue that inferring market responses using cross sections of multimarket data may in some cases be misleading because these data also reflect unobserved actions by retailers for example because the opportunity costs of doing so do not outweigh the gains retailers are predisposed against promoting small share brands as a consequence local prices and promotion variables depend on local market shares the higher the local share the higher the local observed promotion intensity we refer to this reverse causation as an endogeneity ignoring it will inflate response estimates because both the promotion effects on share as well as the reverse effects are in the same direction in this paper we propose a solution to this inference problem using the fact that retailers have trade territories consisting of multiple contiguous markets this implies that the unobserved actions of retailers cause a measurable spatial dependence among the marketing variables the intuition behind our approach is that by accounting for this spatial dependence we account for the effects of the retailer s behavior in this context our study hopes to make the following contributions at the core of which lies the above intuition first we separate the market response effect from the reverse retailer effect by computing responses to price and promotion net of any spatial and therefore retailer influence second underlying this approach is a new variance decomposition model for data with a panel structure this model allows to test for endogeneity of prices and promotion variables in the cross sectional dimension of the data this test aims to complement the one developed by villas boas and winer 1999 who test for endogeneity along the temporal dimension third to illustrate the approach we use information resources inc iri market share data for brands in two mature and relatively undifferentiated product categories across 64 iri markets whereas we only use data with very short time horizons to estimate price and promotion responses with the spatial model we do have data over long time windows we use the latter to validate the approach specifically within market estimates of price and promotion response are not subject to the same endogeneity because we hold the set of retailers constant therefore comparing within and across market estimates of price and promotion responses is a natural way to validate the approach consistent with our argument ignoring the reverse causation in the cross sectional data leads to inferences of price and promotion elasticities that are farther away from zero than the elasticities obtained from within market analysis in contrast cross sectional spatial estimates and time series estimates show convergent validity from a practical point of view this means it is possible to obtain reasonable within market estimates of price and promotion elasticities from predominantly cross sectional data this may benefit marketing managers the manager who would act on the inflated elasticities will over allocate marketing resources to promotions because she ignores retailers censorship of promotions on the basis of already existing high share we explore other approaches to correct for the inference bias and discuss further managerial issues and future research",
+    "paper_a_title": "the optimal allocation of prizes in contests",
+    "paper_b_title": "unobserved retailer behavior in multimarket data joint spatial dependence in market shares and promotion variables"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2142223741",
+    "paper_b_id": "2143022498",
+    "paper_a_count": 25,
+    "paper_b_count": 8,
+    "time_period": "2000-05",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "the issue of power in the marketing channels for consumer products has received considerable attention in both academic and practitioner journals as well as in the popular press our objective in this paper is to provide an empirical method to measure the power of channel members and to understand the reasons demand factors cost factors nature of channel interactions for this power we confine our analysis to pricing power in channels we use methods from the game theory literature in marketing on channel interactions to obtain the theoretical framework for our empirical model this literature provides us a definition of power one that is based on the proportion or percentage of channel profits that accrue to each of the channel members there can be a variety of possible channel interactions between manufacturers and retailers in channels the theoretical literature has examined some of these games for example choi 1991 examines how channel profits for manufacturers and retailer vary if channel interactions are either vertical nash or if they are stackelberg leaderfollower with either the manufacturer or the retailer being the price leader each of these three channel interaction games has different implications for profits made by manufacturers and retailers and consequently for the relative power of the channel members in contrast to the previous literature that has focused largely on the above three channel interaction games our model extends the game theoretic literature by allowing for a continuum of possible channel interactions between manufacturers and a retailer furthermore for a given product market we empirically estimate from the data where the channel interactions lie in this continuum more critically we obtain measures of how channel profits are divided between manufacturers and the retailer in the product market where a higher share of channel profit is associated with higher channel power we then examine how channel power is related to demand conditions facing various brands and cost parameters of various manufacturers in going from game theory based theoretical models of channel interactions to empirical estimation we use the new empirical industrial organization framework bresnahan 1988 as part of this structural modeling framework we build retail level demand functions for the various brands manufacturer and private label in a given product category given these demand functions we obtain optimal pricing rules for manufacturers and the retailer in determining their optimal prices manufacturers and the retailer account for how all the players in the channel choose their optimal prices that is we account for dependencies in decision making across channel members these dependencies are characterized by a set of conduct parameters which are estimated from market data the conduct parameters enable us to identify the nature of channel interactions between manufacturers and the retailer along the continuum mentioned previously in addition to the demand and conduct parameters manufacturers marginal costs are also estimated in the model these marginal cost estimates along with the manufacturer prices and retail prices available in our dataset enable us to compute the division of channel profits among the channel members hence we are able to obtain insights into who has pricing power in the channel in the empirical application of the model we analyze a local market for two product categories refrigerated juice and tuna in both categories there are three major brands the difference between them is that the private label has an insignificant market share in the tuna category our main empirical results show that the usual games examined in the marketing literature do not hold for the given data we also nd that the retailer s market power is very significant in both these product categories and that the estimated demand and cost parameters are consistent with the estimated pattern of conduct between the manufacturers and the retailer given the evidence from the trade press of intense manufacturer competition in these categories as well as the commodity nature of these products the result of retailer power appears intuitive",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "as electricity markets are liberalized consumers become exposed to more volatile electricity prices and may decide to modify the profile of their demand to reduce their electricity costs this paper analyzes the effect that the market structure can have on the elasticity of the demand for electricity it then describes how the consumers behavior can be modeled using a matrix of self and cross elasticities it is shown how these elasticities can be taken into consideration when scheduling generation and setting the price of electricity in a pool based electricity market these concepts are illustrated using a 26 generator system",
+    "paper_a_title": "manufacturer retailer channel interactions and implications for channel power an empirical investigation of pricing in a local market",
+    "paper_b_title": "factoring the elasticity of demand in electricity prices"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2142223741",
+    "paper_b_id": "2052556080",
+    "paper_a_count": 25,
+    "paper_b_count": 7,
+    "time_period": "2000-05",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "the issue of power in the marketing channels for consumer products has received considerable attention in both academic and practitioner journals as well as in the popular press our objective in this paper is to provide an empirical method to measure the power of channel members and to understand the reasons demand factors cost factors nature of channel interactions for this power we confine our analysis to pricing power in channels we use methods from the game theory literature in marketing on channel interactions to obtain the theoretical framework for our empirical model this literature provides us a definition of power one that is based on the proportion or percentage of channel profits that accrue to each of the channel members there can be a variety of possible channel interactions between manufacturers and retailers in channels the theoretical literature has examined some of these games for example choi 1991 examines how channel profits for manufacturers and retailer vary if channel interactions are either vertical nash or if they are stackelberg leaderfollower with either the manufacturer or the retailer being the price leader each of these three channel interaction games has different implications for profits made by manufacturers and retailers and consequently for the relative power of the channel members in contrast to the previous literature that has focused largely on the above three channel interaction games our model extends the game theoretic literature by allowing for a continuum of possible channel interactions between manufacturers and a retailer furthermore for a given product market we empirically estimate from the data where the channel interactions lie in this continuum more critically we obtain measures of how channel profits are divided between manufacturers and the retailer in the product market where a higher share of channel profit is associated with higher channel power we then examine how channel power is related to demand conditions facing various brands and cost parameters of various manufacturers in going from game theory based theoretical models of channel interactions to empirical estimation we use the new empirical industrial organization framework bresnahan 1988 as part of this structural modeling framework we build retail level demand functions for the various brands manufacturer and private label in a given product category given these demand functions we obtain optimal pricing rules for manufacturers and the retailer in determining their optimal prices manufacturers and the retailer account for how all the players in the channel choose their optimal prices that is we account for dependencies in decision making across channel members these dependencies are characterized by a set of conduct parameters which are estimated from market data the conduct parameters enable us to identify the nature of channel interactions between manufacturers and the retailer along the continuum mentioned previously in addition to the demand and conduct parameters manufacturers marginal costs are also estimated in the model these marginal cost estimates along with the manufacturer prices and retail prices available in our dataset enable us to compute the division of channel profits among the channel members hence we are able to obtain insights into who has pricing power in the channel in the empirical application of the model we analyze a local market for two product categories refrigerated juice and tuna in both categories there are three major brands the difference between them is that the private label has an insignificant market share in the tuna category our main empirical results show that the usual games examined in the marketing literature do not hold for the given data we also nd that the retailer s market power is very significant in both these product categories and that the estimated demand and cost parameters are consistent with the estimated pattern of conduct between the manufacturers and the retailer given the evidence from the trade press of intense manufacturer competition in these categories as well as the commodity nature of these products the result of retailer power appears intuitive",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "fund managers may sensibly be averse to earning a time averaged portfolio return that is less than the average return of some designated benchmark when a portfolio is expected to earn a higher average return than the benchmark return the probability that it will not approaches zero asymptotically at a computable exponential decay rate the probability decay rate is thus proposed here as a new portfolio performance index in the widely analyzed special case in which returns are normally distributed the new performance index maximizing portfolio is the same as the popular sharpe ratio maximizing portfolio the results of the two approaches generally differ however because of nonnormal levels of skewness and or kurtosis in the portfolio attributable to large asymmetrical economic shocks or investments in options and other derivative securities an illustrative example will show that the new index is easy to implement and consistent with empirical evidence on portfolio choice favors investments with",
+    "paper_a_title": "manufacturer retailer channel interactions and implications for channel power an empirical investigation of pricing in a local market",
+    "paper_b_title": "a portfolio performance index"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2023732846",
+    "paper_b_id": "2143022498",
+    "paper_a_count": 18,
+    "paper_b_count": 8,
+    "time_period": "2000-05",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "abstract we study economies with indivisibilities that satisfy the gross substitutes gs condition we define an excess demand set with the property that increasing the prices of all goods in excess demand eventually leads to the smallest walrasian prices this procedure is a generalization of the auction studied by g demange d gale and m j sotomayor polit econ 94 1986 863 872 in our auction truthful revelation of demand is a perfect bayesian equilibrium if the smallest walrasian prices correspond to the vickrey clarke groves payments however no dynamic auction can reveal sufficient information to implement the vickrey mechanism if all gs preferences are allowed journal of economic literature classification numbers d4 d44 d5 d51",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "as electricity markets are liberalized consumers become exposed to more volatile electricity prices and may decide to modify the profile of their demand to reduce their electricity costs this paper analyzes the effect that the market structure can have on the elasticity of the demand for electricity it then describes how the consumers behavior can be modeled using a matrix of self and cross elasticities it is shown how these elasticities can be taken into consideration when scheduling generation and setting the price of electricity in a pool based electricity market these concepts are illustrated using a 26 generator system",
+    "paper_a_title": "the english auction with differentiated commodities",
+    "paper_b_title": "factoring the elasticity of demand in electricity prices"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2023732846",
+    "paper_b_id": "2052556080",
+    "paper_a_count": 18,
+    "paper_b_count": 7,
+    "time_period": "2000-05",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "abstract we study economies with indivisibilities that satisfy the gross substitutes gs condition we define an excess demand set with the property that increasing the prices of all goods in excess demand eventually leads to the smallest walrasian prices this procedure is a generalization of the auction studied by g demange d gale and m j sotomayor polit econ 94 1986 863 872 in our auction truthful revelation of demand is a perfect bayesian equilibrium if the smallest walrasian prices correspond to the vickrey clarke groves payments however no dynamic auction can reveal sufficient information to implement the vickrey mechanism if all gs preferences are allowed journal of economic literature classification numbers d4 d44 d5 d51",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "fund managers may sensibly be averse to earning a time averaged portfolio return that is less than the average return of some designated benchmark when a portfolio is expected to earn a higher average return than the benchmark return the probability that it will not approaches zero asymptotically at a computable exponential decay rate the probability decay rate is thus proposed here as a new portfolio performance index in the widely analyzed special case in which returns are normally distributed the new performance index maximizing portfolio is the same as the popular sharpe ratio maximizing portfolio the results of the two approaches generally differ however because of nonnormal levels of skewness and or kurtosis in the portfolio attributable to large asymmetrical economic shocks or investments in options and other derivative securities an illustrative example will show that the new index is easy to implement and consistent with empirical evidence on portfolio choice favors investments with",
+    "paper_a_title": "the english auction with differentiated commodities",
+    "paper_b_title": "a portfolio performance index"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1496283905",
+    "paper_b_id": "3122609377",
+    "paper_a_count": 10,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "2000-01",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "this article presents a simple unified approach for valuing a variety of financial assets using digital contracts three types of digitals are used a digital option paying either one dollar or nothing a digital share paying nothing or converting into one share of the underlying asset and a first touch digital paying one dollar the first time that the price of the underlying stock moves into some specified region it is shown how the values of these three types of digitals can be determined for a wide variety of payoff events and how they can be combined to price complex contracts copyright 2000 by university of chicago press",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "in this article we explore the effects of labor demand shifts and population adjustments across metropolitan areas on the employment and earnings of various demographic groups during the 1980s we find that population shifts across areas at least partially offset the effects of these demand shifts but less educated workers showed substantially lower population adjustments in response to these demand shifts these limited supply responses apparently contributed importantly to relatively greater deterioration of employment and earnings of these groups in declining areas during the 1980s",
+    "paper_a_title": "digital contracts simple tools for pricing complex derivatives",
+    "paper_b_title": "demand shifts population adjustments and labor market outcomes during the 1980s"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1580840967",
+    "paper_b_id": "1906327481",
+    "paper_a_count": 17,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "1990-01",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "historically english and dutch auctions have been used for the exchange of single objects such as works of art or single lots of a good such as produce fish or cut flowers where these institutions have been used for the exchange of multiple units such as the australian wool auction using english rules successive lots of the good are sometimes sold sequentially at auction in some but not all instances this is because the goods are not identical even though the various lots may be close substitutes see penny burns 1985 where the goods are accepted universally as being homogeneous as in the securities markets multiple units are often commonly auctioned simultaneously in the securities industry orders are batched for simultaneous execution in multiple unit auctions in what are referred to as call markets that is the security is called for auction at a particular point in time this type of market is used on the stock exchanges of austria belgium france germany and israel some of these are verbal and some are sealed bid auctions although the u s organized exchanges are predominantly continuous rather than call markets except that call markets are used each day to open trading in each listed security there is a growing number of exceptions such as the proliferation since 1984 of auction preferred stock goldman sachs and co october 1984 and money market preferred stock lehman brothers july 1984 we now have dutch auction rate transferable securities called darts stated rate auction preferred stock or straps and many more after the initial subscription offering of this type of security the market is called every 49 days to reset the preferred dividend rate using a multiple unit auction the exchange of shares and the dividend determination is based on the array of stated dividend rates at which existing holders and potential new holders are willing to sell and or buy corresponding quantities the dividend rate and exchange of shares every 49 days is executed using the uniform price or competitive sealed bid mechanism vernon l smith et al 1980 the discussion to follow will be confined to this sealed bid form of the call market call markets provide temporal consolidation of trade orders or other forms of expressing the desire to buy and sell by comparison with continuous trading call markets offer both advantages and disadvantages robert a schwartz 1988 pp 442 6 the cited advantages include low cost of operating the exchange information aggregation and presumed pricing efficiency price stability individual trades which are thought to have a small impact on price reduced price uncertainty and finally nondiscriminatory pricing however there are offsetting disadvantages 1 the market is inaccessible except at the time of call 2 no bid offer contract or price information is available until the results of the call are announced and 3 there is transaction uncertainty because a submitted bid offer may be too low high to execute inside the supply demand cross these conditions are only partially alleviated if there is a secondary market between calls these disadvantages may be significant in september 1988 the wall street journal published an article on the failure of a call market for the auction rate preferred stock economic science laboratory university of arizona tucson arizona this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant no ses 8320121",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "1990 a one factor model of interest rates and its application to treasury bond options financial analysts journal vol 46 no 1 pp 33 39",
+    "paper_a_title": "auction institutional design theory and behavior of simultaneous multiple unit generalizations of the dutch and english auctions",
+    "paper_b_title": "a one factor model of interest rates and its application to treasury bond options"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2014596215",
+    "paper_b_id": "2024844904",
+    "paper_a_count": 39,
+    "paper_b_count": 15,
+    "time_period": "1995-07",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "this article focuses on the distribution of price sensitivity across consumers we employ a random coefficient logit model in which brand specific intercepts and price slope coefficients are allowed to vary across households the model is estimated with panel data for two product categories the implications of the estimated model are deduced through an optimal retail pricing analysis that combines the panel data with chain level cost figures we test parametric distributional assumptions using semiparametric density estimates based on series expansions",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "yasushi hamaocolumbia universityjoel hasbroucknew york universitythis article investigates the behavior of intra day trades and quotes for individual stocks onthe tokyo stock exchange tse we examine thetransaction and quote record for three firms forthe first 3 months of 1990 our findings suggestthat the immediacy available at least for smalltrades in the market is high despite the re liance on public limit orders to supply liquidity when orders that would otherwise walk throughthe limit order book are converted into limit or ders execution is delayed but some orders exe cute at least in part at more favorable prices",
+    "paper_a_title": "modeling the distribution of price sensitivity and implications for optimal retail pricing",
+    "paper_b_title": "securities trading in the absence of dealers trades and quotes on the tokyo stock exchange"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2014596215",
+    "paper_b_id": "2132072990",
+    "paper_a_count": 39,
+    "paper_b_count": 7,
+    "time_period": "1995-07",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "this article focuses on the distribution of price sensitivity across consumers we employ a random coefficient logit model in which brand specific intercepts and price slope coefficients are allowed to vary across households the model is estimated with panel data for two product categories the implications of the estimated model are deduced through an optimal retail pricing analysis that combines the panel data with chain level cost figures we test parametric distributional assumptions using semiparametric density estimates based on series expansions",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "we develop a simple approach to valuing risky corporate debt that incorporates both default and interest rate risk we use this approach to derive simple closed form valuation expressions for fixed and floating rate debt the model provides a number of interesting new insights about pricing and hedging corporate debt securities for example we find that the correlation between default risk and the interest rate has a significant effect on the properties of the credit spread using moody s corporate bond yield data we find that credit spreads are negatively related to interest rates and that durations of risky bonds depend on the correlation with interest rates this empirical evidence is consistent with the implications of the valuation model",
+    "paper_a_title": "modeling the distribution of price sensitivity and implications for optimal retail pricing",
+    "paper_b_title": "a simple approach to valuing risky fixed and floating rate debt"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2024844904",
+    "paper_b_id": "2132072990",
+    "paper_a_count": 15,
+    "paper_b_count": 7,
+    "time_period": "1995-07",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "yasushi hamaocolumbia universityjoel hasbroucknew york universitythis article investigates the behavior of intra day trades and quotes for individual stocks onthe tokyo stock exchange tse we examine thetransaction and quote record for three firms forthe first 3 months of 1990 our findings suggestthat the immediacy available at least for smalltrades in the market is high despite the re liance on public limit orders to supply liquidity when orders that would otherwise walk throughthe limit order book are converted into limit or ders execution is delayed but some orders exe cute at least in part at more favorable prices",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "we develop a simple approach to valuing risky corporate debt that incorporates both default and interest rate risk we use this approach to derive simple closed form valuation expressions for fixed and floating rate debt the model provides a number of interesting new insights about pricing and hedging corporate debt securities for example we find that the correlation between default risk and the interest rate has a significant effect on the properties of the credit spread using moody s corporate bond yield data we find that credit spreads are negatively related to interest rates and that durations of risky bonds depend on the correlation with interest rates this empirical evidence is consistent with the implications of the valuation model",
+    "paper_a_title": "securities trading in the absence of dealers trades and quotes on the tokyo stock exchange",
+    "paper_b_title": "a simple approach to valuing risky fixed and floating rate debt"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2135911384",
+    "paper_b_id": "2171301754",
+    "paper_a_count": 31,
+    "paper_b_count": 8,
+    "time_period": "1993-09",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "the multimillion dollar price guarantees that an auction house can offer for paintings have already had a large impact on auction house profits and place new demands on the auctioneer s decision making and negotiating skills yet auctioneers have not been studied as independent entities and decision makers to create a price guarantee the auction house and the seller must negotiate both the guarantee amount and the extra commission the seller pays if the auction price exceeds the guarantee we present a normative model of negotiations and find the frontier of guarantee and commission that is the nash bargaining solution we also determine the optimal reserve that the auctioneer should place on guaranteed property we find that guarantees decrease the auction house s expected revenue compared to a conventional auction but do allow it to attract business which might otherwise be lost guarantees benefit sellers increasing the expected value and lowering the variance of their auction revenue the auctioneer s optimal strategy depends not only on the distribution of the artwork s auction price but also the price it will bring if it fails to sell at auction in the latter case the auction house must pay the seller the guarantee and then sell the artwork which it now owns in a private secondary market where buyers regard the property as damaged goods and lower their offers although all points on the frontier produce equal expected revenue several frequently used decision making rules suggest that both parties may prefer a guarantee arrangement where the seller pays no additional commission and the guarantee has the lowest value on the frontier",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "it is generally optimal for risk sharing reasons to base a charge for information on the signal realization when this is not possible a charge based on the amount of trading a brokerage commission may be a good alternative the optimal brokerage commission schedule is derived for a risk neutral information seller faced with risk averse purchasers who may differ in their risk aversion revenues from the brokerage commission are compared with those from a fixed charge for information and the optimal mutual fund management fee the brokerage industry is a significant source of information for investors about prospective security returns one indication of this is that of the 11 817 members of the association for investment management and research who listed their occupations as investment management or research in 1991 21 percent worked for brokers and investment dealers another is that since the abolition of fixed commissions a distinction has arisen between full service brokers who provide investors with investment information and discount brokers who charge lower commissions and provide only transaction services 1 the information produced by broker research is typically provided free of charge to investors in the expectation that it will stimulate trade rewarding the brokerage house with commissions 2 this paper compares the sale of investment information in return for a brokerage commission with direct sale for a fixed payment and indirect sale through the provision of investment management services in return for a",
+    "paper_a_title": "guarantees in auctions the auction house as negotiator and managerial decision maker",
+    "paper_b_title": "brokerage commission schedules"
+  }
+]

sciscinet/patents_pair/history_train_pairs.json

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+[
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2334519952",
+    "paper_b_id": "2313937026",
+    "paper_a_count": 18,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "1984",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "practice forts with attendant construction camps following their investigation by the late sir ian richmond in the 1920s 1 the fundamental reason for his interpretation of cawthorn as the site of military manoeuvres rather than as a normal fort site was its alleged unsuitability for permanent occupation coupled with apparently unfinished defences 2 however it has recently been postulated that camp d the most regularly laid out of the four represents an auxiliary fort 3 this suggestion does not contravene the evidence indeed camps a and b the secondary enlargement of a need no more be connected with manoeuvres than camp d one of the major objections to their being regular forts is based upon the presence of ballistaria richmond used these as proof that legionaries rather than auxiliaries were involved at cawthorn 4 certainly it seems that the auxilia were not equipped with artillery in the first and second centuries a d 5 so that artillery platforms at this date should indicate the presence of legionaries the conclusion that the encampments are not regular forts but practice works is reinforced by the fact that none of the ballistaria is situated at a strongly defensive position 6 thus the application of richmond s hypothesis to camps a and b appears to be sound nevertheless it represents the only evidence that the romans ever built forts specifically for practice although practice camps are abundant both in the archaeological record7 and in the literary sources 8 nowhere are practice forts attested this brings us back to the question of ballistaria since it is upon these that the interpretation of the cawthorn encampments largely hinges their physical appearance in the first to midthird century a d derives from the work of richmond at cawthorn 9 high rochester 10 chew green 11 halton chesters 12 and hod hill 13",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "d ue to the continuous occupation of the town site ancient mytilene for the most part lies buried under modern structures many greek and roman buildings however can still be recognized from elements reused in more recent construction the late mediaeval fortification walls of the genoese castle on the acropolis constitute a prime source of such material at the invitation of the town council of mytilene lesbos the canadian archaeological institute at athens in may 1983 undertook a survey of the numerous classical architectural fragments built into the walls the buildings identified have provided information about types of stone used at various periods local architectural styles and the place of mytilenean buildings in more general architectural developments especially during the hellenistic and roman periods when western asia minor was important in the creation of distinctive forms of buildings and of architectural decor",
+    "paper_a_title": "ballistaria in first to mid third century britain a reappraisal",
+    "paper_b_title": "hellenistic and roman buildings in the mediaeval walls of mytilene"
+  }
+]

sciscinet/patents_pair/history_val_pairs.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+[]

sciscinet/patents_pair/philosophy_val_pairs.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+[]

sciscinet/patents_pair/physics_train_pairs.json

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:f86e2811c876dbd89bc8a2f89179bc754818138d6dfa5a37201e6f6b65ede135
+size 20879510

sciscinet/patents_pair/politicalscience_train_pairs.json

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+[
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2008118025",
+    "paper_b_id": "1977502087",
+    "paper_a_count": 29,
+    "paper_b_count": 11,
+    "time_period": "2000-02",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "europe s historic plurality and the lack of a commonly accepted definition of the moral status of the embryo have led to varying regulation in european countries council of europe and european union legislation based on fundamental ethical principles does exist for specific issues such as prohibition against producing embryos solely for research such principles have recently been elucidated by the european group on ethics in science and new technologies newly emerging research techniques are beginning to cause reconsideration of the regulation of embryo research in europe",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "since their discovery in 1998 human embryonic stem cells have raised hopes that they will one day provide unlimited tissues for replacing those damaged by disease but their source has raised ethical quandaries as well and currently public funds cannot be spent on research on the cells in the united states now researchers are considering whether adult stem cells which have shown surprising versatility might do everything the embryonic cell can thereby relieving the ethical and political quandaries the jury is not yet in on this issue however both adult and embryonic stem cells have their strengths and weaknesses and harnessing either one for medical therapies will be tough the experts say",
+    "paper_a_title": "europe confronts the embryonic stem cell research challenge",
+    "paper_b_title": "can old cells learn new tricks"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2013028531",
+    "paper_b_id": "1988826988",
+    "paper_a_count": 37,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "1998",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "the lancet vol 352 september 26 1998 1053 and provide a haven for real distress at the worst times of illness all this requires money as well as new socially inclusive attitudes from the community and its representatives mental illness is no respecter of persons it affects many in society black and white young or old rich or poor but to be black poor and mentally ill is to suffer the most extreme discrimination that society can impose the uk disability discrimination act 1996 should be widened to encompass social discrimination against people with mental illness and the equal opportunities commission charged with tackling this last bastion of endemic discrimination little has been heard of the un commission on human rights declaration on the rights of mentally ill people adopted in 1991 with the incorporation of the european convention on human rights into uk law perhaps the uk government could go one step further and enshrine the rights set out in the declaration those suffering discrimination as a result of mental illness would then have a statute against which to claim protection and redress other jurisdictions might then follow only a bold move of that sort demonstrating governments real determination to outlaw discrimination against disabled people will change attitudes to those who have been unjustifiably neglected for so long",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "korea is now experiencing severe economic hardship and the new government of the republic of korea which was born in the middle of the financial crisis is exerting every effort to overcome these economic difficulties the key to the revitalization of the korean economy is having a strong capability in science and technology because in the knowledge based global economy of the 21st century economic prosperity can be attained only through success in these areas in this regard i am optimistic because i have confidence in korea s scientific and technological potential korea is estimated to have 150 000 available researchers and korea is second only to the united states in the number of college graduates per unit of population every year we produce more than 13 000 scientists and engineers with doctoral or master s degrees in addition we are expanding our already considerable government investments in r d from 3 7 of the total government budget to 5 by the year 2002 because of its devotion to science and technology korea s achievements over the past three decades have been remarkable the performance of korean industries in such areas as semiconductors steel and shipbuilding is well known and korea has shown great potential in telecommunications automobiles and biotechnology indeed i believe that we have the capability to work on a par with advanced countries in these areas take as an example the highly advanced national project which is an interministerial r d program some fruitful results are the development of code division multiple access for cellular telecommunications systems the 1 gigabyte d ram semiconductor transgenic goats which will produce valuable proteins in their milk and new materials despite korea s remarkable accomplishments in science and technology our rate of increase in patents is now fourth in the world we still have a long way to go in terms of the productivity and efficiency of our r d system therefore the new korean government is reevaluating the current systems in order to respond appropriately to the global economy for example we are restructuring our country s science and technology policy in his inaugural speech president kim dae jung envisaged korea s future as a technology based industrial economy reflecting this and contrary to the overall reduction of ministries and agencies the new government has strengthened the functions of the ministry of science and technology by enhancing its rank relative to the other ministries in addition the government will soon establish a national science and technology council which will be chaired by the president himself and will coordinate policies and investments by the government the government is also taking bold measures to reform its research institutions laws and regulations related to r d are being amended to encourage private sector technology development within a market economy moreover the korean government will promote basic scientific research and nurture creative young minds who will lead national development in the 21st century for example we will increase our financial support for university research especially for centers of excellence and regional research centers presently 75 expanding to 150 by the year 2002 we will also increase investment in such basic research programs as the creative research initiative although our current budget for basic science stands at 14 8 of the total r d budget we are planning to increase that share to 20 by the year 2002 internationalization is another key element in our effort we plan to open domestic institutions and national r d programs to non korean scientists and we hope that they will accept our invitation at the same time we believe that scientific and technological cooperation between korea and other countries including the united states must be based on pragmatism and a mutual understanding of our common interests we do all this in the face of difficult economic conditions because we value science as a driver of our future well being",
+    "paper_a_title": "stigma of manic depression a psychologist s experience",
+    "paper_b_title": "korean science and technology"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1664180811",
+    "paper_b_id": "1969416905",
+    "paper_a_count": 60,
+    "paper_b_count": 20,
+    "time_period": "1996",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "heidelberg jurgen ruttgers germany9s minister for science and education had good and bad news for the country9s scientists last week after weeks of speculation while the federal government hammered out massive budget cuts for 1997 his ministry emerged with 10 billion 2 5 less than last year the second straight year of cuts the most conspicuous victim appears to be the german space agency dara which will be disbanded and some of its functions taken over by the aerospace research establishment but ruttgers added a positive spin with a set of proposals to bring much needed reform to many of germany9s nonuniversity research centers more autonomy less red tape and more competition in funding",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "1996 american foreign policy and the fungibility of force security studies vol 5 no 4 pp 7 42",
+    "paper_a_title": "less money but much needed reform",
+    "paper_b_title": "american foreign policy and the fungibility of force"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2008118025",
+    "paper_b_id": "1930739720",
+    "paper_a_count": 29,
+    "paper_b_count": 8,
+    "time_period": "2000",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "europe s historic plurality and the lack of a commonly accepted definition of the moral status of the embryo have led to varying regulation in european countries council of europe and european union legislation based on fundamental ethical principles does exist for specific issues such as prohibition against producing embryos solely for research such principles have recently been elucidated by the european group on ethics in science and new technologies newly emerging research techniques are beginning to cause reconsideration of the regulation of embryo research in europe",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "forensic scientists are equipping police investigators with powerful tools for collecting and analyzing evidence but as detection techniques become increasingly sensitive the problem of sifting the wheat from the chaff at a crime scene mushrooms guaranteeing a role for the human investigator despite all the gadgetry moreover some developments are also raising civil liberties concerns",
+    "paper_a_title": "europe confronts the embryonic stem cell research challenge",
+    "paper_b_title": "a new breed of high tech detectives"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2008118025",
+    "paper_b_id": "3123500784",
+    "paper_a_count": 29,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "2000",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "europe s historic plurality and the lack of a commonly accepted definition of the moral status of the embryo have led to varying regulation in european countries council of europe and european union legislation based on fundamental ethical principles does exist for specific issues such as prohibition against producing embryos solely for research such principles have recently been elucidated by the european group on ethics in science and new technologies newly emerging research techniques are beginning to cause reconsideration of the regulation of embryo research in europe",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "eugene volokh s masterful contribution to this symposium examines caselaw doctrine and theory to reach the conclusion that information privacy rules are not easily defensible under existing free speech law although permitting a narrow exception for privacy protection through contract volokh casts doubt on the constitutionality of the common law privacy tort of invasion of privacy and most governmental statutes existing or potential that impose information privacy on the private sector 2 his chief worry as he claims at a number of junctures is less the legal protection of personal information per se than its accompanying twisting and stretching of the first amendment volokh argues that the government s safeguarding of information privacy endangers a wide range of speech unrelated to personal data 3",
+    "paper_a_title": "europe confronts the embryonic stem cell research challenge",
+    "paper_b_title": "free speech vs information privacy eugene volokh s first amendment jurisprudence"
+  }
+]

sciscinet/patents_pair/sociology_test_pairs.json

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+[
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2050579031",
+    "paper_b_id": "2143969326",
+    "paper_a_count": 95,
+    "paper_b_count": 14,
+    "time_period": "1996",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "abstract this article examines the relationship between federation transition and ethnoregionalism within russia it is divided into three parts part one examines the federalization of post soviet russia teasing out in particular the initial problems associated with constructing a federation based on compromising the ethno republics and their conception of national self determination in part two the tensions generated between the centre and the ethno republics are considered by focusing on the relationship between federation and democracy economic relations and fiscal federalism and over cultural rights and autonomy while it is noted that such tensions have fuelled ethnoregionalism calls for full political sovereignty have been limited to only one ethno republic chechnya part three therefore examines why the appeal of secessionism has been limited by drawing upon resource mobilization theory the role in particular that local political elites communal identities and economic viability play",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "when computer networks link people as well as machines they become social networks such computer supported social networks cssns are becoming important bases of virtual communities computer supported cooperative work and telework computer mediated communication such as electronic mail and computerized conferencing is usually text based and asynchronous it has limited social presence and on line communications are often more uninhibited creative and blunt than in person communication nevertheless cssns sustain strong intermediate and weak ties that provide information and social support in both specialized and broadly based relationships cssns foster virtual communities that are usually partial and narrowly focused although some do become encompassing and broadly based cssns accomplish a wide variety of cooperative work connecting workers within and between organizations who are often physically dispersed cssns also link teleworkers from their homes or remote work centers to main organi",
+    "paper_a_title": "russia ethnoregionalism and the politics of federation",
+    "paper_b_title": "computer networks as social networks collaborative work telework and virtual community"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2050579031",
+    "paper_b_id": "1581110168",
+    "paper_a_count": 95,
+    "paper_b_count": 8,
+    "time_period": "1996",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "abstract this article examines the relationship between federation transition and ethnoregionalism within russia it is divided into three parts part one examines the federalization of post soviet russia teasing out in particular the initial problems associated with constructing a federation based on compromising the ethno republics and their conception of national self determination in part two the tensions generated between the centre and the ethno republics are considered by focusing on the relationship between federation and democracy economic relations and fiscal federalism and over cultural rights and autonomy while it is noted that such tensions have fuelled ethnoregionalism calls for full political sovereignty have been limited to only one ethno republic chechnya part three therefore examines why the appeal of secessionism has been limited by drawing upon resource mobilization theory the role in particular that local political elites communal identities and economic viability play",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "this article uses the concept of intellectual anarchy to access the matrix of tensions and representations comprising french intellectual discourse at the turn of the century it shows that by accusing one another of fomenting intellectual anarchy scholars critics and poets betrayed masculinist and elitist anxieties about gender and class which while traditionally depicted as external to such disinterested pursuits emerge as important organizing structures of the intellectual enterprise itself while few proletarians and women actually participated in french intellectual life specters of intellectual proletarianism and effeminacy allowed elites at once to articulate external anxieties regarding collectivism and feminism while using the same principles to distinguish themselves internally from rival groups that is as a relatively autonomous space within society the intellectual field reproduced according to its own internal logic the structures of domination that marked the social field",
+    "paper_a_title": "russia ethnoregionalism and the politics of federation",
+    "paper_b_title": "intellectual anarchy and imaginary otherness gender class and pathology in french intellectual discourse 1890 1900"
+  }
+]

sciscinet/patents_pair/sociology_train_pairs.json

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+[
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2137653240",
+    "paper_b_id": "2130316909",
+    "paper_a_count": 36,
+    "paper_b_count": 12,
+    "time_period": "2001",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "this essay examines the ontological and epistemological foundations of paulo freire s philosophy of praxis and critiques the structure of his argument it outlines a more consistent historicist interpretation of liberation education that retains the liberatory power of modernism and its critique of dehumanization recognizes the malleability and contradictions of identity embraces epistemic uncertainties and the varieties of reason in knowledge and respects the plural conceptions of the good which can shape moral and political life finally the essay argues that this understanding of liberation education requires an ethics grounded in militant nonviolence",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "for more than a decade sociologists of religion have been debating the answer to a basic question what is the relationship between religious pluralism and religious vitality the old wisdom was that the relationship was negative that pluralism undermines vitality this view has been challenged by advocates of a supply side model of religious vitality they argue that the relationship is positive that pluralism increases vitality and this empirical claim has become foundational to the larger project of applying economic theory to religion we review the relevant evidence and reach a straightforward conclusion the empirical evidence does not support the claim that religious pluralism is positively associated with religious participation in any general sense we discuss this conclusion s theoretical implications and we identify potentially productive directions for future research on religious pluralism church state relations and religious competition it appears that north americans are religious in",
+    "paper_a_title": "on paulo freire s philosophy of praxis and the foundations of liberation education",
+    "paper_b_title": "religious pluralism and religious participation"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2137653240",
+    "paper_b_id": "2167046270",
+    "paper_a_count": 36,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "2001",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "this essay examines the ontological and epistemological foundations of paulo freire s philosophy of praxis and critiques the structure of his argument it outlines a more consistent historicist interpretation of liberation education that retains the liberatory power of modernism and its critique of dehumanization recognizes the malleability and contradictions of identity embraces epistemic uncertainties and the varieties of reason in knowledge and respects the plural conceptions of the good which can shape moral and political life finally the essay argues that this understanding of liberation education requires an ethics grounded in militant nonviolence",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "during the past thirty years catholics in northern ireland have experienced unprecedented upward social mobility some commentators have suggested that this has led catholics not merely to adopt the lifestyles of the middle class but also to modify their constitutional preferences leading to a decline in nationalism in this paper i examine the relationship between social mobility on the one hand and on the other both constitutional preferences and political left or right wing preferences among catholics and protestants in northern ireland using survey data collected in 1996 there is no evidence that catholics constitutional preferences are related to their mobility experiences",
+    "paper_a_title": "on paulo freire s philosophy of praxis and the foundations of liberation education",
+    "paper_b_title": "social mobility and constitutional and political preferences in northern ireland"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2130316909",
+    "paper_b_id": "2167046270",
+    "paper_a_count": 12,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "2001",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "for more than a decade sociologists of religion have been debating the answer to a basic question what is the relationship between religious pluralism and religious vitality the old wisdom was that the relationship was negative that pluralism undermines vitality this view has been challenged by advocates of a supply side model of religious vitality they argue that the relationship is positive that pluralism increases vitality and this empirical claim has become foundational to the larger project of applying economic theory to religion we review the relevant evidence and reach a straightforward conclusion the empirical evidence does not support the claim that religious pluralism is positively associated with religious participation in any general sense we discuss this conclusion s theoretical implications and we identify potentially productive directions for future research on religious pluralism church state relations and religious competition it appears that north americans are religious in",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "during the past thirty years catholics in northern ireland have experienced unprecedented upward social mobility some commentators have suggested that this has led catholics not merely to adopt the lifestyles of the middle class but also to modify their constitutional preferences leading to a decline in nationalism in this paper i examine the relationship between social mobility on the one hand and on the other both constitutional preferences and political left or right wing preferences among catholics and protestants in northern ireland using survey data collected in 1996 there is no evidence that catholics constitutional preferences are related to their mobility experiences",
+    "paper_a_title": "religious pluralism and religious participation",
+    "paper_b_title": "social mobility and constitutional and political preferences in northern ireland"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1965134280",
+    "paper_b_id": "2007047171",
+    "paper_a_count": 17,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "1990",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "this review encompasses work published in the 1980s that concerns the causes of divorce in the united states substantive findings are reviewed under three broad headings macrostructure demographics and the life course and family process trends in methods samples and theory are also reviewed this decades research on divorce is characterized by bigger and better data sets more sophisticated research techniques and a growing body of conclusive empirical findings in the areas of demographic and life course factors relatively neglected areas include theory and family process the review ends with recommendations for future research excerpt",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "observing that the violent realities of family life belie the social rhetoric of harmony most sociologists recommend demythologizing the family this paper challenges that view arguing that social rhetoric must be analysed rather than debunked the sense making activities of actors who engage in violent family events are identified as a strategic site for such an analyses the paper explores the ways in which the rhetoric of family harmony is routinely sustained and reproduced two kinds of supports are considered i macrosocial supports which sustain family rhetoric by integrating it into a wider system of collective representations and ii microsocial supports which sustain family rhetoric by embodying it in the accounts of family members language en",
+    "paper_a_title": "determinants of divorce a review of research in the eighties",
+    "paper_b_title": "violent families and the rhetoric of harmony"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2315992956",
+    "paper_b_id": "1424375042",
+    "paper_a_count": 26,
+    "paper_b_count": 10,
+    "time_period": "2000",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "quarterly 28 178 200 weissberg roger and mark greenberg forthcoming school and community competence enhancement and prevention programs chapter 13 in handbook of child psychology vol 4 child psychology in practice edited by i siegel and a renninger 5th ed new york john wiley whitehurst grover 1998 getting ready to read family influences in context paper read at the conference on achieving universal literacy university of texas at dallas april 24 zahn mary 1999 head of the class inside the back to basics world of the marva collins school milwaukee journal sentinel february 21",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "there is a great tradition in public health that seeks to locate patterns of morbidity and mortality within the broad socioeconomic context that defines peoples lives in this article the author comments on issues concerning health policy and its contributing factors in preventing disease and death he stresses that lives can be saved even if governments fail to address the unyielding social factors that contribute to intravenous drug use moreover he notes that the resurgent pattern of tuberculosis in the mid 1990s was brought to an end not because poverty had vanished but because the public health infrastructure had been sufficiently enhanced to make possible more effective treatment of the disease the author termed this perspective public health nihilism because according to him it suggests that public health officials can do little or nothing to change the prevailing patterns of morbidity and mortality in the absence of social change",
+    "paper_a_title": "fostering a justice based health care system",
+    "paper_b_title": "health policy and ethics forum the population debate editors note public health nihilism revisited"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2315992956",
+    "paper_b_id": "1972358841",
+    "paper_a_count": 26,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "2000",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "quarterly 28 178 200 weissberg roger and mark greenberg forthcoming school and community competence enhancement and prevention programs chapter 13 in handbook of child psychology vol 4 child psychology in practice edited by i siegel and a renninger 5th ed new york john wiley whitehurst grover 1998 getting ready to read family influences in context paper read at the conference on achieving universal literacy university of texas at dallas april 24 zahn mary 1999 head of the class inside the back to basics world of the marva collins school milwaukee journal sentinel february 21",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "the prospects for politics at a world scale are a casualty in the polarizing discussions that too often characterize reflections on globalization the three volumes of marx s capital are taken as a field in which to mine a conception of the socializing effects of what is often treated as global finance s sweeping reign this reading is used to understand recent financial developments in an effort to return a redesigned conception of socialism to the political arena",
+    "paper_a_title": "fostering a justice based health care system",
+    "paper_b_title": "reading capital for the socializing politics of globalization"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1424375042",
+    "paper_b_id": "1972358841",
+    "paper_a_count": 10,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "2000",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "there is a great tradition in public health that seeks to locate patterns of morbidity and mortality within the broad socioeconomic context that defines peoples lives in this article the author comments on issues concerning health policy and its contributing factors in preventing disease and death he stresses that lives can be saved even if governments fail to address the unyielding social factors that contribute to intravenous drug use moreover he notes that the resurgent pattern of tuberculosis in the mid 1990s was brought to an end not because poverty had vanished but because the public health infrastructure had been sufficiently enhanced to make possible more effective treatment of the disease the author termed this perspective public health nihilism because according to him it suggests that public health officials can do little or nothing to change the prevailing patterns of morbidity and mortality in the absence of social change",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "the prospects for politics at a world scale are a casualty in the polarizing discussions that too often characterize reflections on globalization the three volumes of marx s capital are taken as a field in which to mine a conception of the socializing effects of what is often treated as global finance s sweeping reign this reading is used to understand recent financial developments in an effort to return a redesigned conception of socialism to the political arena",
+    "paper_a_title": "health policy and ethics forum the population debate editors note public health nihilism revisited",
+    "paper_b_title": "reading capital for the socializing politics of globalization"
+  }
+]